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22 3.4.2 Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture The Voluntary National Review (VNR) Goal 2, Zero Hunger discusses several important indicators of the targets to end hunger, to achieve food security and to improve nutrition and to promote sustainable agriculture. The discussion covers an analysis of trends and successes, challenges and means to overcome them, innovations and important efforts made, emerging issues and lessons. 1. Trends and Analysis a. End Hunger The National Socio Economic Survey (Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional/ Susenas) reported a trend in the proportion of population with a minimum calorie intake below 1400 Kcal/capita/day (Figure 3.12) that fluctuated for quintile 1 from 2006 to 2016. However, since 2012 the minimum calorie intake of the poorest population (quintile 1) decreased from 41.8% to 32.8% in 2016. The same pattern occured for the proportion of the population in quintiles 2 to 5. Among the 5 quintiles, the highest consumption of minimum calorie intake is found in the poorest population. Figure 3.12. Proportion of thePopulation with a Calorie Intake/Capita/Daybelow 1400 Kcal Based on Quintile for 2006-2016 Source: BPS-Statistic Indonesia, Susenas b. End All Forms of Malnutrition The prevalence of stunting in children under five years of age declined over the last 10 years, however the proportion remains high at 33.6% by 2016. Although the prevalence of stunting in children under two years of age shows a downward trend, it is still quite high at 26.1% (2016) (Figure 3.13), when the age of children from birth to two years is a critical period in achieving optimal development potential. The prevalence of wasting children under five years of age decreased significantly from 13.6% (2007) to 9.8% in 2016 (Figure 3.14). 37.64 31.11 25.44 33.24 11.32 37.30 41.76 40.18 36.79 34.12 32.78 0 10 20 30 40 50 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Trend proportion of population with minimum calorie intake below 1400 Kcal/capita/day fluctuated from 2006-2016, but decreased from 2012-2016 The trend of stunting prevalence declined in 2007- 2016, but the proportion remains high • • • • • 23 Figure 3.13. The Prevalence of Stunting in Children under Five and Two Years of Age, 2007-2016 Note: * 2016: Results of Sirkesnas Interim Analysis Source: Basic Health Research Indonesia (Riset Kesehatan Dasar/Riskesdas) 2007, 2010, and 2013, National Health Indicator Survey (Survei Indikator Kesehatan Nasional/Sirkesnas) 2016 Figure 3.14. Prevalence of Wasting Children Under Five Years of Age, 2007- 2016 Note: * Results of Sirkesnas Interim Analysis 2016 Source: Riskesdas 2007 - 2013, Sirkesnas 2016 The problem of malnutrition among under five children is closely linked to poverty. The impact of poverty is significant on inadequate nutritional intake which ultimately leads to a lower intelligence and productivity and a higher risk of non￾communicable diseases in their adulthood. Districts with a high proportion of poor tend to have a high prevalence of stunting. Figure 3.15.Linkage Between Stunting and Poverty Source: Trihono, et al., 2015 13.6 13.3 12.1 9.8 0 5 10 15 2007 2010 2013 2016* Stunting in Children Under Five Stunting in Children Under Two 36.8 35.6 37.2 33.6 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 2007 2010 2013 2016* 36.8 32.9 26.1 0 10 20 30 40 2007 2013 2016* :. i 60.00 '.fi :,:: 40.00 -'!.. = C I ,; 20.00 • • • • • • I••• _::. ________ ;.,-----~• .,. .. . . . _ _____ ,._______ . ...... --;~.-=---------~----~- R2 Linear •0.214 • • • Poorest (Q1) 24 Furthermore, nutritional status is also linked to education and environmental conditions. Education affects behavior on parenting and eating patterns. The lower the level of education of parents the poorer the nutritional status of the children. Environmental health conditions such as access to sanitation and clean water also affects the child's nutritional status. c. Prevalence of Anemia in Pregnant Women The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women increased from 24.5% (2007) to 54.9% (2016). Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) among pregnant women and women of childbearing age (non-pregnant women) also increased. Anemia and CED in pregnant and women of childbearing age may result in fetal growth faltering, maternal mortality risk, low birth weight (LBW) infants, miscarriages, and premature births. The greatest risk occurs among young women. Figure 3.16. Percentage of CED in pregnant and non-pregnant women by age group Source: Riskesdas 2007 and 2013 d. Percentage of Infants Under 6 Months Receiving Exclusive Breast Milk Figure 3.17.Percentage of Exclusive Breastfeeding2007-2013 Source: Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2007 and 2012, Riskesdas 2010 and 2013 The nutritional status of under five children is not only influenced by the nutritional status of pregnant women but also influenced by exclusive Pregnant Women Non-Pregnant Women Community nutritional status is closely linked to education and poverty Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women increased during 2007- 2016 Exclusive breastfeeding coverage of infants aged 6 months increases in 2010-2013, but remains low <5 <o 55 50 25 lO 15 10 5 0 38,5 lS-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 • 2007 • 2013 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2006 2007 JS-39 40-44 45-49 50 45 Riskesdm, 2010 2008 2009 2010 46,6 30,6 18,21 19,3 I ilii1i1i1i 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 • 2007 • 2013 30,2 2011 2012 2013 2014 25 breastfeeding patterns. The 2007 and 2012 IDHS data revealed an increase coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in infants aged 6 months from 17.8% to 27.1%. Riskesdas data also showed that exclusive breastfeeding coverage increased from 15.3% (2010) to 30.2% (2013). However, results of the Sirkesnas interim analysis showed exclusive breastfeeding coverage decreased to 22.8% in 2016 e. Quality of Food Consumption The quality of food consumption is improving that is indicated by higher score of desirable dietary pattern (DDP) from 75.7 (2009) to 85.2 (2015). In urban areas DDP score (89.4) is higher than in rural areas (79.9)in 2015. This shows that food availability, food diversity, community knowledge on food and nutrition, physical and economic accessibility of urban are better than rural communities. Table3.1. Desirable Dietary Pattern (DDP) Score, 2009-2015 Description 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Indonesia 75.7 85.7 85.6 83.5 81.4 83.4 85.2 Urban 78.2 88.0 87.3 86.3 84.0 86.0 89.4 Rural 73.3 83.5 83.7 80.5 78.4 80.5 79.9 Source: Food Security Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, 2016 f. Agricultural Productivity Production of carbohydrates (rice, corn, sweet potato, and cassava) and protein sources continues to increase. Over the last 10 years, production of rice, corn, sweet potato and cassava has increased by 3.7%; 6.3%; 2.6%and 1.1% per year respectively. Beef production increased 3.1% per year. The increase in the production of eggs and chicken is relatively high, around 4.5% and 5.7% per year. Table3.2. Production of Food Commodities (000 tons), 2006-2015. Year Rice Corn Soybean Sweet Potato Cassava Beef Eggs Chicken 2006 54,455 11,609 0.748 1,854 19,987 396 1,011 1,202 2007 57,157 13,289 0.593 1,887 19,988 339 1,162 1,238 2008 60,326 16,317 0.776 1,882 21,757 392 1,123 1,292 2009 64,399 17,630 0.975 2,058 22,039 409 1,070 1,300 2010 66,469 18,328 0.907 2,051 23,918 437 1,121 1,539 2011 65,757 17,643 0.851 2,196 24,044 485 1,215 1,665 2012 69,056 19,387 0.843 2,483 24,177 509 1,337 1,734 2013 71,280 18,512 0.780 2,388 23,937 505 1,419 1,895 2014 70,846 19,009 0.955 2,383 23,436 498 1,429 1,939 2015 75,398 19,612 0.963 2,298 21,801 507 1,481 2,031 % / year 3.72 6.31 4.17 2.56 1.08 3.11 4.50 5.74 Source: BPS-Statistics Indonesia for food crop commodities and the Ministry of Agriculture for livestock commodities (various publications). The quality of food consumption is improving that is indicated by higher score of DDP Production of food crops and livestock increased during 2006- 2015 I I I I I I I I 26 High Yielding Varieties (Varietas Unggul Baru/VUB) of plants and livestockhave been developed and promoted. By 2015, Indonesia had released 403 VUB of inbred rice and 100 VUB of hybrid rice. During the last 6years (2010-2015) the Minister of Agriculture had released 57 VUB of rice, 25 VUB of corn, and 10 VUB of soybeans. The VUB rice were designed to be utilized in various agro-ecosystems, of which 32 were developed on irrigated and/or rain￾fed lands, 10 on dry land and 6 in swamplands (Table 3.3). Table3.3. Release of High Yielding Varieties (Varietas UnggulBaru/VUB) of Rice, Corn, and Soybeans, 2010-2015 Variety 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 2010-2015 Rice 10 17 12 8 5 5 57 1. Inbred a. Rice Field 6 5 10 3 4 4 32 b. Dry Land 3 3 1 2 - 1 10 c. Swampland 1 3 1 - 1 - 6 2. Hybrid - 6 - 3 - - 9 Corn 5 7 3 5 3 2 25 1. Inbred - 2 - 2 - - 4 2. Hybrid 5 5 3 3 3 2 21 Soybean - 1 1 4 3 1 10 3. Inbred - 1 1 4 3 1 10 Source: Annual Report Agricultural Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, 2010, 2011,2012,2013, 2014, 2015. Jakarta Utilization of various crop varieties of breeder in the country is quite intensive and widespread. In 2016, over 95% of Indonesia's paddies covering 14.2 million ha uses VUB rice. During 2006-2015, only about 52% of the average total rice seed demand (336 thousand tons) used certified high yielding seeds. Approximately 56% of corn farms use imported hybrid corn seeds. For soybean seeds, domestic seed production is still relatively low, only about 35% of the national demand. The Minister of Agriculture released domestic hens VUB breedscalled KUB-1 in 2014 and broiler chickens VUB breeds called SenSi in 2017. Meanwhile, ducks VUB called Mojomaster-1 Agrinak and Alabimaster-1 Agrinak were released in 2015. Domba Compass Agrinak, a Sumatran composite sheep (genetic composition 50% of local sheep, 25% St. Croix, 25% Barbados Blackbelly) that had been bred since 1986, was released in 2014 by the Minister of Agriculture. Indonesia has a genetic bank of crops and livestock to create High Yielding Varieties More than 95% of Indonesia's paddies covering 14.2 million ha uses VUB rice 27 Several of local breeds are being at risk of extinction. 3 For example, the Gembrong Goatis at risk because the current population is only 52 goats. The Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) reported that there are 146 indigenous and local livestock breeds, 89 of them are local breeds (buffalo 11, cattle 13, goats 10, sheep 8, chickens 31, and ducks 18). Indonesia develops and utilizes these genetic resources to improve the supply of animal protein and to preserve the genetic resources. 2. Challenges and Improvement Measures a. Challenges 1) The archipelagic characteristics and transportation/logistic systems remain a challenge to distribute food that leads to volatility and fluctuations in food prices. Consequently, this impacts food affordability for the poorest quintile to meet the minimum calorie intake. 2) Changes in food consumption patterns to non-local foods, especially flour. This hinders efforts to diversify food consumption patterns. It is also raises concerns on the dependence of food consumption on imported food. At the local level, the diversification of consumption of local food is expected to be able to drive the economy ofthe local communities. 3) Scarcity of land and water resources. Food production capacity will also face constraints due to decreasing quantity, quality, and continuity of natural resources. Land and water resources are becoming increasingly rare from year to year. Continuous of population growth and industrialization will increase pressure to agricultural land. Moreover, land degradation is also expected to bemore massive. Climate change will also become an increasingly alarming issue in relation to national food production. 4) Limited access to food and inadequate knowledge of the community on balanced nutrition causes the fulfillment of nutritional adequacy is not optimal. Maternal education and inadequate parenting practices shown by the low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding contribute to the nutritional problems in Indonesia. Furthermore, the lack of community empowerment to improve nutrition status also leads to irregular monitoring of the growth of children weight and height. Therefore, early malnutrition detection could not be done optimally. 5) Nutrition-sensitive interventions such as provision of clean water, sanitation, access to food, access to education services and women's empowerment; and nutrition-specific interventions such as micronutrient supplementation and supplementary feeding have been carried out. However, these interventions are not integrated optimally due to lack of knowledge and communication among program managers. Thus, it only brings low leverage to acceleration of nutritionimprovement. In addition, the commitment of stakeholders, especially at the local level to implement multistakeholder interventions formulated in the Food and Nutrition Action Plan are not translated into operational actions. Moreover, nutrition *) According to the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture No. 117 of 2014 a livestock breed is not at risk if a breed has aproductive male to female ratio of 20:40 (cattle and water buffaloes), 20:50 (goats, sheep and pigs), 20: 200 (chicken, ducks, geese). The status of the breed is at risk when it isin a condition that is leading to the loss of the genetic resources of the livestock. Food and nutritional challenges, among others: transportation/ logistic systems; scarcity of land and water resources; limited access to food and inadequate knowledge of the community on balanced nutrition; coordination of food and nutrition improvement across stakeholders 28 improvement interventions that have been proven to be effective through various pilot projects have not been able to be scaled up due to resource constraints. 6) The gap between regions in reducing nutritional problems is another challenge. In 2013, there were 15 out of 34 provinces that showed a serious stunting issue where sunting prevalence is more than 40%. b. Improvement Measures To overcome these challenges, an integrated food and nutrition development approach is needed. Policies on food production and supply need to be directed to provide adequate, diversified, balanced, and safe food, at affordable price to most people. In addition, the government needs to strengthen the policies to ensure food accesibility and to promote balanced nutrition/dietary behavior, adequate parenting practices, and access to health services such as immunization. Policy instruments to address these challenges include: 1) Intensify continous agricultural research and development to create innovative agricultural technology and agricultural institutional engineering that can improve productivity, business efficiency, and competitive products in domestic and international markets. 2) Accelarate the issuance of local regulations on the land allocation for sustainable agriculture and new potential agricultural land. 3) Build and rehabilitate agricultural infrastructures, promote/facilitate private investment in rural agribusiness, and empower smallholder farmers and farmer groups to improve productivity, business efficiency and product competitiveness. 4) Improve post-harvest handling and its distribution to final consumers to significantly reduce food loss. 5) Intensify socialization to decision makers, program managers, and the general public on the importance of quality food consumption and good nutrition for health and productivity, including socialization of a food consumption pattern namely diversified, nutritionally balanced and safe (Beragam, Bergizi Seimbang dan Aman/B2SA) that is based on local products. 6) Improve coordination and operationalization of Food and Nutrition Action Plan documents at the central and local levels, including increasing participation of philantrophy and businesses, CSOs, academics and development partners in improving food and nutrition. 7) Accelerate the implementation of the First 1000 Days of Life Movement (Gerakan 1000 Hari Pertama Kehidupan/HPK) through an integrated interventions to reduce the prevalence of stunting and other forms of malnutrition. The right nutrition of the first 1,000 days between a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s 2nd birthday is a window of opportunity that has a profound impact on a child’s ability to grow, learn and thrive and a lasting effect on a country’s health and prosperity. Malnutrition early in life can cause irreversible damage to children’s brain development and their physical growth, leading to a diminished capacity to learn, poorer performance in school, greater susceptibility to infection and disease and a lifetime of lost earning potential. Improvement measures, among others: intensification of agricultural research and development; issuance of local regulations on sustainable agriculture; accelerate the implementation of 1000 HPK. 29 8) Implement regional development approach and strengthen the provision of supporting data to reduce the gap between regions. 3. Innovation and Key Efforts Various innovations and key efforts related to the achievement of the SDG Goal 2 Zero Hunger have been developed and implemented by the government with stakeholders in food and nutrition improvement, include: a. In terms of regulation and policy, several regulations that support efforts to accelerate the nutritionimprovement have been enacted. i. The policy on nutrition improvement that focuses on Gerakan 1000 HPK under the Presidential DecreeNo. 42 of 2013 concerning the National Movement for the Acceleration of Nutrition Improvement. This policy integrates health services, specifically maternal and child health and diseases control through a cross-sectoral approach. ii. The National Action Plan on Food and Nutrition (Rencana Aksi Nasional Pangan dan Gizi/RAN-PG) was formulated for the period of 2005-2010; 2011-2015, and 2015-2019, followed by the formulation of the Regional Action Plan on Food and Nutrition (Rencana Aksi Daerah Pangan dan Gizi /RAD-PG) at the provincial and district levels. Currently, Presidential Decree on Strategic Policy on Food and Nutrition (Kebijakan dan Strategi Pangan dan Gizi/KS-PG)is being drafted to be a guideline in integrating food and nutrition improvement intervention. iii. Efforts to fulfill children's rights to the best nutrition and to protect mother’s rights to exclusively breastfeed are supported by Government Regulation No. 33 of 2012 concerning on Exclusive Breastfeeding. iv. As one of the first countries from the 59 countries that joined Scalling￾Up Nutrition (SUN) Global Movement, Indonesia has developed and implemented the SUN platform through advocacy to the highest level leaders, increased stakeholder participation (philantrophy and businesses, CSOs, academics and development partners), ensured coherent policies through program legal framework, aligned relevant programs to the SUN Movement framework, and identified sources of fund. b. Integration of sensitive and specific intervention components has been done butstill limited both in design and scope, for example the pilot project to integrate nutrition-specific interventionsand sensitive interventions such as sanitation i.e. the National Community Empowerment Program for Healthy and Smart Generation (Program National Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Generasi Sehat dan Cerdas/PNPM-GSC), and the Prestasi Family Hope Program (PKH) achievement. Currently, a design of integration of nutrition improvement interventions with basic social services such as clean water and sanitation, birth certification services, health insurance, and community empowerment is being developed. c. Non-cash food subsidy (an enhanced form of rice subsidy) for the poor that enable people from the lowest quintile to have wider food options (e.g rice and egg) and quantity based on their actual needs to meet the minimum Food and nutrition innovations, among others: Presidential Decree No. 42 of 2013/on SUN movement; national and regional action plan on food and nutrition; Integration of sensitive and specific intervention with poverty alleviation program; BULOG as national agency to maintain food availability and price stability 30 dietary intake. This subsidy is implemented through poverty alleviation prgram. d. Policies on central and local government food reserves; food diversification and community nutrition improvement; food crisis criteria and response; distribution, trade, and food subsidy; as well as food and nutrition information system (Government Regulation No. 17 of 2015 concerning Food Security and Nutrition). e. Assignment to National Logistic Agency (Badan Urusan Logistik/ BULOG) to maintain food availability and price stability at the producer and consumer levels for 11 food commodities, through management of government food reserves, food distribution, and development of food￾based industries (Presidential Decree No. 48 of 2016 concerning Assignment of BULOG for Food Security). f. Empowerment of rural communities to be more self-sufficient in food availability andsecurity, through among others, the Village Food Secuirty Program (Desa Mandiri Pangan) and Home-Food Gardening Program (Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari). 4. Emerging Issues  Overweight and Obesity Trend in Adult Along with changes in lifestyle, especially inadequate consumption of vegetables and fruits; consumption of foods with high sugar, salt, and fat; and lack of physical activity; leads to the increase of obesity prevalence. Therefore, Indonesia encounters double burden malnutrition, on the one hand the Government is working to overcome under nutrition and on the other hand the problem of obesity begin to be addressed. In the adult population (over 18 years of age), the prevalence of obesity has increased from 11.7% (2010) to 20.7% in 2016 (Figure 3.18), that is higher than the target of the RPJMN 2015-2019 to be maintained at 15.4%. Similarly, the prevalence of obesity in children under five of age had reached 11.9% (2013), that decreased not significantly from 12.2% (2007). Figure 3.18.Overweight and Obesity Trendin Adults (Age> 18 Years) Note: * Results of Sirkesnas Interim Analysis 2016 Source: Riskesdas 2010 and 2013, Sirkesnas 2016 10.0 13.5 12.8 11.7 15.4 20.7 0 5 10 15 20 25 2010 2013 2016* Overweight Obesity Lifestyle changes increase the prevalence of obesity ( • • 31  Population Dynamic in Rural Areas Urbanization pushes productive age from rural to migrate to urban areas, leading to a scarcity of productive human resources in producing food. The unproductive human resources in rural areas is among others the aging population. The 2010-2035 Indonesia population projection reported the proportion of people living in urban areas will increase from 49.8% (2010) to 66.6% (2035). Therefore, availability of human resources in rural areas for agriculture poses a heavy challenge for future food production capacity. 5. Lessons Learned Achieving the targets ofGoal 2 requires an integrated approach across sectors and among stakeholders. Management of hunger is closely linked to poverty alleviation. Improving community nutritional status is closely linked to efforts to improve theeducation level of the community. Integration of development programs and activities is vital in achieving the SDGs. Program planning and implementation should be supported with accurate data and information. In the case of Indonesia, management of hunger and food insecurity is based on the Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas (FSVA). This FSVA contains information of the level of food insecurity and vulnerability up tosub-district levels, with various variables of food security including access to healthcareservices and clean water. This FSVA is very useful to focus development activities to prioritize as well as to better allocate budget tothe targetedareas. Surveillance, including early monitoring, plays a great role in addressing hunger and nutrition issues. Monitoring and evaluation system on food and nutrition needs to be implemented continuously, thoroughly and periodically. The Government has developed a food and nutrition surveillance system since the 1980s, where local governments monitor continuously, to early detectfood and nutrition issues in the community. 1) Technology Aspect. Under the scarcity of land and water resources and the competition in their utilization, along with extreme climate change, the rising food demand can only be met by increasing food productivity. Thus, technology innovation and institutionalengineering are needed. Consequently, investment in agricultural research and development needs to be prioritized. 2) Community empowerment, including knowledge increased is one of the key factor to achieve food and nutrition development Goal. The target group of community empowerment should cover food production side namely small farmers and their families and food consumption side those are housewife and her family 3) Regional development approach is an approach to accelerate nutrition improvement. The Interventions are designed based on local conditions that will lead to the success in addressing the local specific issues. 4) Integrated nutrition improvement interventions need to be strengthened. Currently, interventions carried out by multisector are actually quite comprehensive but in the implementation they are working in silos. Therefore, one design or a complete intervention policy is needed that can synergize the nutrition improvement efforts carried out by all sectors. Lesson learned, among others: integrated approachesamong sectors, nutrition surveillance to support policy formulation and investment in agricultural research and development Urbanization may influence food production capacity 5) Evidence-based intervention is currently only project-based with limited scope and coverage. Therefore, the interventions that have been proven to be effective are not able to be scaled up easily and become national policies.
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{ "country": "idn", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-idn-2017-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2017 }
198 4.2.2 Goal 2. No Hunger The discussion of Goal 2. Zero Hunger is focused on the achievement of nutrition improvement and food availability. SDG2 indicators include: (1) prevalence of stunting in children under five years old, (2) prevalence of wasting in children under five years old, (3) desirable dietary pattern score. Various identified challenges and policies to overcome the hunger and malnutrition are outlined below. A. Trend Analysis a. Nutrition Improvement The prevalence of stunting in children under five years of age declined over the last 10 years, however the proportion remained high at 30,8% in 2018. The prevalence of wasting in children under five years of age decreased significantly from 13,6% (2007) to 10,2% (2018). 199 b. Food Availability The quality of food consumption improved, indicated by higher score of desirable dietary pattern (DDP) from 75.7 (2009) to 90.7 (2018). This shows that food availability, food diversity, community knowledge on food and nutrition, physical and economic accessibility has improved from time to time. B. Challenges In terms of overcoming the problem of malnutrition in children, issues of welfare and food security of the household are closely related. Low household food security can cause low quantity and quality of children’s nutritional intake. The influencing factors are poor parenting, mainly caused by low levels of parents’ education, poor environmental conditions (such as access to sanitation and clean water), and low access to health facilities. In terms of food provision, the challenges and problems that occur include: (1) conversion of agricultural land for other uses continues while expansion of agricultural land remains limited; (2) degradation of the quality of water resources and competition of water use for other purposes; (3) food agriculture business is dominated by small-scale farmers who are old with relatively low formal education, thus they have limited access 200 to technology, information, markets, and business financing; (4) increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters related to climate change; (5) the proportion of yield loss and food waste is still large; (6) logistical infrastructure and food distribution are unequal, particularly in the eastern region of Indonesia, causing food insecurity in the region; and (7) limited partnerships between small and large scale agricultural enterprises. C. The Way Forward Based on the Government Annual Work Plan Document, the policy directive for the issue of malnutrition and the provision of food in 2019 and beyond is as follows: (1) accelerating the improvement of community nutrition; (2) strengthening food security towards food sufficiency by increasing staple food production, (3) stabilizing food prices, (4) improving the quality of food consumption, (5) mitigating disruptions to food security, and (6) improving the welfare of food businesses, especially farmers, ranchers, fishermen and fish farmers.
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290 ANNEXES GOAL 2 ZERO HUNGER LIST OF GOOD PRACTICES FOR GOAL 2 1. Food Provision during the COVID-19 Pandemic from Domestic Production By Ministry of Agriculture To overcome the possibility of a national food crisis as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, at the direction of the President of the Republic of Indonesia Joko Widodo, the Minister of Agriculture Syahrul Yasin Limpo has refocused agricultural development policies and programs, one of which is by launching the Food Availability Improvement Program in the New Normal Era. This program consists of four actions (CB), namely: CB1 : Increasing production capacity, which consists of accelerating rice planting; development of new food agriculture land in Central Kalimantan covering an area of 30.00 hectares; expansion of new planting areas for rice, corn, soybeans; and increasing high-growth food production to reduce dependence on imports. CB2 : Diversifying local food, which consists of diversifying carbohydrate-based local according to local wisdom that are focused on one main commodity for each province (cassava, corn, sago, banana, potato, and sorghum); as well as utilization of home yards to increase food availability and nutrition, by empowering 4,300 Women Groups through Sustainable Home Yard (P2L) activities. CB3 : Strengthening food reserves and logistics systems, which consists of strengthening rice reserves of the central government and district/city governments; development of village-based community food granaries in 33 provinces; development of a national food logistics system to stabilize food supply and prices through 1,548 Community Food Business Development (PUPM) and 3,796 Indonesian Tokok Tani (TTI) in all provinces; and alleviation of food insecure areas in all provinces. CB4 : Development of modern agriculture, which consists of developing smart farming, developing and utilizing screen houses, developing food estates, and developing farmer corporations. This program aims to increase the availability and domestic production of rice, carbohydrate-based food other than rice, as well as various foods around the community. It also aims to establish additional food reserves throughout districts/cities to villages and develop modern agriculture that is effcient and competitive, as well as increasing the productivity of food agriculture businesses. 291 INDONESIA’S VNR 2021 2. Assistance for Vegetable Farmers in the midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic By Ministry of Agriculture Four months after the COVID-19 pandemic entered Indonesia and with the imposition of large-scale social restrictions (PSBB), vegetable horticultural farmers in various regions experienced marketing diffculties and prices fell. This is confrmed by the results of a rapid assessment of the Center for Socio-Economic and Agricultural Policy (PSEKP) of the Ministry of Agriculture in four vegetable production centers in Cianjur District, West Java; Magelang District, Central Java; Banyuwangi District, East Java; and Minahasa District, North Sulawesi. Vegetable farmers experienced severe shocks in the form of major obstacles in marketing their perishable products. Regular customers such as hotels, restaurants and caterers cut off contact because their business activities declined sharply. Likewise, the volume of marketing to supermarkets and traditional markets has decreased sharply, only around 10%. Due to the large excess supply coupled by the perishable nature of vegetables, the price drops sharply. For example, in Pacet Subdistrict, Cianjur, tomatoes, which were usually sold at a contract price of IDR 31,500/kg, had to be sold very cheaply at IDR 3,000/kg. In Kaliangkrik Subdistrict, Magelang, the price of green onions was only IDR 2,500/kg to the normal 10,000/ kg. In Tompaso District, North Sulawesi, curly red chilies were only valued at IDR 4,000-5,000 per kg, whereas before the pandemic it was still around IDR 15,000/kg. Most of the agricultural products from Banyuwangi District were sent to Bali and Surabaya before the pandemic, but it cannot be done anymore because of restrictions on transportation movements. Vegetable farmers in Pacet District, Cianjur overcome the problem of marketing by optimizing online sales. The Jaya Giri Multi Tani Farmers Association (Gapoktan MUJAGI) marketed their vegetables through direct selling to residential and offce consumers. In mid-May 2020, this Farmer Group has explored online sales through kedaisayur.com, Bukalapak, and Tokopedia. Gapoktan MUJAGI’s efforts to market their products online have paid off. Several agencies in Bogor City (about 1 hour drive from Cianjur) have responded to help overcome the diffculties of the vegetable farmers in Pacet Cianjur sub￾district, one of which is PSEKP. The head of PSEKP, Sudi Mardianto, said that the purchase was carried out as a form of concern for farmers affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The purchase price was agreed to be above the production price, so that farmers still proft, he said. A total of 300 packages of vegetables at a price of IDR 40 thousand per package were ordered by the offce staff who were coordinated by their leaders. The vegetable package consists of various chilies, cabbage, eggplant, carrots, leeks and tomatoes. Of the 300 packages ordered, with the spirit of sharing in times of trouble, 150 packages were collected to be distributed to cleaners, security guards, and households around the offce complex. According to the Chairman of Gapoktan MUJAGI, Suhendar’s purchases using this pattern greatly helped the farmer’s economy during diffcult conditions and situations due to the pandemic. However, this diffcult situation does not discourage Gapoktan MUJAGI from producing. In fact, this Gapoktan, which has seven farmer groups, continues to plant vegetables on the harvested land. According to Suhendar, this step is a solution to survive during a pandemic, coupled with efforts to expand marketing through online sales. Source: Ashari and Gunawan E. 20 Mei 2020. Apakah Petani Sayuran Terdampak Pandemi COVID-19. http://pse.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ ind/index.php/COVID-19/berita-covid19/337- Republika.co.id. 16 April 2020. Petani Sayur Cipanas Alih Strategi Jualan Daring. 16 April 2020. https://republika.co.id/berita/ q8vrxc366/petani-sayur-cipanas-alih-strategi-jualan-daring 292 ANNEXES 3. Community-Based Food Safety Improvement By Food and Drug Authority Ensuring safe food is part of the effort to provide quality food that is nutritious, safe and healthy. In accordance with the mandate of Law No. 18/2012 concerning Food, food supply for the fulfllment of food community consumption is carried out by involving the participation of all stakeholders, including the community, starting from planning, implementation and supervision. The Food and Drug Authority (BPOM) initiated a Community-Based Food Safety Program, which is an intervention program that engages the community to play an active role in fulflling food safety. This intervention is comprised of three programs, namely: (1) safe food village program; (2) safe snack program for school-age children; and (3) community-based safe market program. This program has been running since 2014 in villages/ urban villages/schools/markets in 34 provinces. Intervention is carried out on the supply side, namely through the development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the food sector in villages/urban villages in the food sector and the demand side, namely through empowerment activities for cadres and rural communities and school communities. Through this program, from 2012 to 2020, interventions or empowerment have been carried out regarding food security in 5,214 villages/urban villages and 301 markets in 34 provinces; and capacity building has been carried out to more than 15 thousand cadres and more than 105 thousand communities. The gap assessment study before and after the intervention has found an increase in food safety knowledge in the group of housewives, PKK women, teachers, youth organizations, and school students (see the infographic below). In the future, this program needs to strengthen coordination and cooperation with various stakeholders, including the government, business actors and the community in order to increase awareness and implementation of food safety, given that food safety is everyone’s business. The total number of villages that have been intervened through this program is around 6.2% of 83,880 villages/urban villages, 16% of schools and 1.9% of the market. This achievement is still very low, so it is necessary to increase the scope of activities and encourage local governments to replicate this program. In this regard, BPOM is carrying out program revitalization, namely by implementing an integrated food safety program through three integration strategies: program integration, regional integration and data integration. Picture A1. Achievement of Community-Based Food Safety Programs. 293 INDONESIA’S VNR 2021 4. Rumoh Gizi Gampong (RGG) in East Aceh District, Aceh Province By Government of East Aceh District District/city governments and community institutions recognize the importance of reducing the prevalence of stunting as an investment to build a future Indonesian people who are healthy, active, intelligent, and productive. One effort that is considered as an example of best practice is an initiative by the District of East Aceh, Aceh Province, which has a fairly high stunting rate. The Regional Government of East Aceh District is implementing a program to accelerate the reduction of the prevalence of stunting called Rumoh Gampong (RGG). The main activity of RGG is to increase institutional capacity and human resources through training on stunting. In order to empower village communities and cadres in an effort to accelerate the prevention of stunting. The Regional Government of East Aceh District, Aceh Province designed the Rumah Gizi Gampong (RGG) program. This activity is carried out in an integrated and community-based manner at the gampong/village level. RGG is a model for handling and preventing stunting in an integrated manner through a family and community empowerment approach at the village level with a specifc and sensitive scope of activities with a main focus on 3 aspects, namely (a) nutrition services for risk groups (PMT-local, supplementation, and other forms of nutrition services); (b) education and capacity building of families and communities; and (c) strengthening family food security, family empowerment and PHBS, and other activities according to conditions and problems in the village. The purpose of RGG in combating stunting is: a. Empowering families and communities in an effort to improve nutrition services independently by involving various related sectors. b. Increase the knowledge and skills and capacity of families and village communities in efforts to prevent and control stunting c. Empowering the community in an effort to increase food security, economic empowerment, improve hygiene and healthy living habits in support of stunting reduction. The main activities of RGG include sensitive and specifc activities in the prevention of stunting, as follows: a. Nutrition service activities and increasing nutritional intake from family meals, namely: (i) routine education/ counseling, (ii) family menu review (analysis of energy and nutrient availability), (iii) assistance in family menu preparation, (iv) monitoring of Local PMT consumption, (v) PKK and posyandu cadres supervised by Village Nutrition Assistants/TPGD, as well as (vi) distribution and supervision of supplementation (Vit A, Iron Tablets) and other interventions. b. Educational activities and capacity building, namely: (i) PMBA counseling for children and nutritional counseling for pregnant and breastfeeding women, (ii) PMBA module and balanced nutrition module for pregnant and breastfeeding women, (iii) parenting and stimulation of growth and development, development of simple tools for cadres, and (iv) Food Monitoring Cards (KMM) conducted by posyandu cadres, supervised by Village Nutrition Assistants/TPGD, with 1:3 or 1:5 ratio. Picture A2 Documentation of Rumoh Gizi Gampong Activities. 294 ANNEXES 5. OMABA Cooking Center: A Bottom-Up Solutiont To Eliminate Stunting By Government of Bandung City Meanwhile, the Regional Government of Bandung City, West Java Province implemented the OMABA Cooking Center Program: A Bottom-Up Solution To Eliminate Stunting. The main activity of this program is to produce healthy food for consumption of malnourished children, sent by motor transportation. This program has succeeded in increasing public awareness of the need to rapidly reduce the prevalence of stunting. The lesson from this program is that cooperation between stakeholders is one of the keys to the success of reducing stunting. In an effort to eliminate stunting, the Government of Bandung City has initiated the OMABA Cooking Center Program in Cisaranten Kidul Village, Bandung City since 1 January 2013. This program is an initiative of cadres of the Riung Health Center Technical Implementation Unit, Cisaranten Kidul Village and Cisaranten Kidul Village PKK, with material assistance and guidance from PT. Pertamina and the Government of Bandung City. The stunting rate in West Java is still higher than the national level. Cisaranten Kidul Urban Village has a high prevalence of stunting. In 2013, of the 29 cases of stunting in Gedebage District, 19 cases occurred in Cisaranten Kidul Urban Village. OMABA Cooking Center produces healthy meals for the consumption of severely malnourished children targeted by the Supplement-Recovery Feeding (PMP-T) program. The processed products from OMABA’s kitchen were then sent to the children using motor transportation. This program was triggered by the impression that the implementation of the PMT-P program in this urban village was ineffective, because the food provided in the form of formula milk was often not consumed by the target children, but was sold to small shops. In addition, the limited food budget for targeted children is also an obstacle, especially considering the scattered locations of the targeted children. The OMABA program specifcally helps food access for children who are stunted and helps ensure good nutrition. The target of this program is children who have previously received PMP-T assistance but have not experienced a change in weight growth. The OMABA program also demonstrates that collaboration between the government, the private sector and the community can help create positive results for government programs. Community participation in food preparation and assistance not only creates attractive and healthy nutritional intake for target children, but also ensures that food reaches the children targeted by the PMT-P program. Participation in this program, both as recipients and implementers, has also created awareness in the community about the importance of good nutrition for children. Source: Amalia, S. D. (2017). Proses Pelayanan Kesehatan Ojek Makanan Balita (Omaba) Sebagai Bentuk Upaya Pengentasan Gizi Buruk Balita (Studi Kasus Upt Puskesmas Riung Cisaranten Kidul Kota Bandung). Dipetik Februari 16, 2021, dari Brawijaya Knowledge Garden: http://repository.ub.ac.id/5593/ Nurmatari, A. (2016, September 6). Kisah Warga Bandung yang Sukses Berantas Gizi Buruk dengan Ojek Makanan Balita. Dipetik Februari 3, 2021, dari DetikNews: https://news.detik.com/berita￾jawa-barat/d-3292147/kisah-warga-bandung￾yang-sukses-berantas-gizi-buruk-dengan-ojek￾makanan-balita2 Pertamina. (2019, January 25). Balita Sehat Berkat OMABA. Dipetik Februari 3, 2020, dari Pertamina: https://pertamina.com/id/news-room/csr-news/ balita-sehat-berkat-omaba 295 INDONESIA’S VNR 2021 6. Bandung Tanginas By PKK of Bandung City, West Java Non-governmental organizations also play an active role in efforts to reduce stunting. One of the best practices is the Bandung Tanginas Program (Bandung Responds to Stunting with Safe and Healthy Food) from the Bandung City PKK Steering Team and the Bandung Sehat Forum. The main activities of this program include the socialization of stunting prevention in 30 sub-districts, provision of healthy food intake, capacity building for posyandu cadres, and the Friday Fortune Call. These activities were carried out in partnership with related agencies in the City of Bandung and received funding assistance from several institutions such as the Bandung City Baznas, Bandung City IZI, and Pegadaian Syariah. In order to achieve Bandung zero stunting, specifc interventions were carried out for pregnant women, breastfeeding women, under-fve and toddlers, as well as sensitive interventions with economic strengthening through training for stunting families as an independent effort to increase family income. The activities include: 1. Socialization of stunting prevention in 30 districts 2. Providing healthy food intake for pregnant women, breastfeeding women, under-fve and toddlers (Zero New Stunting) 3. Capacity building for posyandu cadres: basic health services for pregnant women and children (measuring, weighing, providing counseling), 4. Successing a family-based, community￾based independent food house (RPM), within Buruan SAE neighborhood: supported by a menu creation competition and Buruan SAE photo competition, 5. Providing training for stunting families as an independent effort to increase family income: training in sewing and hair shaving (20 people per district), 6. Friday Fortune Call: calling pregnant women/ breastfeeding women/parents of under￾fve in providing motivation and education related to stunting (by the Chairperson and Deputy of TP-PKK Kota Bandung/Healthy Bandung Forum) 7. Bandung SAE Movement (Exclusive Breastfeeding Sadayana): a campaign effort to increase public awareness of exclusive breastfeeding for infants of 0-6 months. Supported by the preparation of an ASI draft plan by the Government of Bandung City. 8. 100 percent ODF movement in Bandung City In its implementation, this program involves various stakeholders, namely: Bappelitbang, the Offce of Population Control and Family Planning, the Offce of Women Empowerment and Child Protection, the Health Service, the Agriculture and Food Security Service, and the Kominfo Offce. The sponsors of this activity are Baznas of Bandung City, IZI of Bandung City, Pegadaian Syariah, BJB, Rumah Zakat Indonesia. Social media: @tp_pkk_kota_bandung #bandungtanginas Picture A3. Documentation of Bandung Tanginas Program 296 ANNEXES The benefciaries of this program include 17,476 posyandu cadres from 1,998 posyandu, 3775 stunting families (pregnant women, breastfeeding women, under-fve, toddlers) and 3,775 RWs. The result of this activity is an increase in the nutritional status of the community, especially the stunting target of 1000 HPK; increasing knowledge of cadres and the community about stunting, its causes and ways to prevent it; increasing economic independence of the community and the target families with stunting children, increasing the number of infants who are exclusively breastfed. The challenges of this program include minimal budget and diffculties in changing people’s habitual behavior patterns. This activity is very likely to be replicated in urban and rural areas. 7. Stunting Free Village By Rumah Zakat One other best practice carried out by community organizations is the Stunting Free Village Program, which is implemented by Rumah Zakat. The main activity of this program is strengthening breastfeeding women. This program assists 526 posyandu throughout Indonesia. Activities in the Stunting-Free Village include monitoring the growth and development of children under fve, providing additional nutrition, providing intensive nutrition for toddlers with nutritional problems, facilitating access to health services for toddlers with comorbidities, and providing additional supplements. In addition, there are activities for pregnant and breastfeeding women in the form of supplementation, supplementary feeding, education, nutrition consultation and mentoring. Education and workshops/training were also held for cadres or free stunting agents. Activities in the Stunting Free Village began with a data collection process and coordination with related stakeholders such as the Puskesmas and the local village government. The next process is building Rumah Gizi to provide complementary foods. The provision of complementary foods employs mutual cooperation system, where products are sold to families who can afford the capacity of village health cadres to maximize efforts to fulfll nutrition and reduce the factors that cause infection; with target benefciaries include toddlers, pregnant women, and breastfeeding women. One of the results of this program is the increased awareness of the community and cadres about the nutritional needs of children under fve and the ability to process complementary foods according to nutritional needs. Stunting-Free Village is a program pioneered by Rumah Zakat, covering 186 villages in Indonesia, starting from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020. Indonesia has serious nutrition problems in children under fve. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under fve is still quite high, especially in rural areas. Rumah Zakat intends to contribute in dealing with these nutritional problems. Stunting-Free Village is an effort made by the community to free Indonesian children from the threat of stunting, through strengthening the capacity of village health cadres to maximize nutritional fulfllment and reduce infection￾causing factors. The targets of the Stunting Free Village are toddlers, pregnant women and Picture A4 Documentation of Stunting Free Village Program and example of its pamphle 297 INDONESIA’S VNR 2021 it and the benefts will be given to toddlers who have nutritional problems. In addition, the program provides Mother Class for Toddlers, cooking classes and regular monitoring of the toddler’s weight and height. Throughout 2020, the Stunting-Free Village Program has assisted 2,366 Posyandu cadres and held 466 training for them. Through this program, assistance was provided to 18,725 children under fve, 496 with stunting, 72 with wasting and 204 with underweight. The program also provided counseling for mothers about child nutrition and immunization to 224 children under fve. The Stunting-Free Village also makes the community and cadres better understand the nutritional needs of children under fve, and are able to process complementary foods according to nutritional needs. The lessons learned in implementing a Stunting-Free Village is the limited program implementation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Toddler monitoring activities were carried out by visiting the toddler’s house directly or to a limited number of associations. This program can be replicated and carried out in other areas with the same process, starting from data collection to program implementation and can be carried out similarly. The opportunity for replication is quite large, as can be seen from the distribution of the program, which to date has reached 186 points throughout Indonesia.
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10 SDG 2: Zero Hunger | End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture Significant progress has been made in improving food and nutrition security. Nevertheless, challenges remain. For instance, a substantial reduction in stunted and underweight children has been achieved between 2005-06 and 2015-16. But the absolute levels of stunted and underweight children remain high. 11 Access to Nutritious Food India’s food security programmes are among the largest in the world and cover more than 800 million people in the country by providing affordable access to grains. In recognition of empirical evidence that women pay greater attention to food security, the ration card is issued in the name of the senior most female member of the household. Food governance in terms of responsiveness, transparency and accountability has improved significantly. Nearly 232 million ration cards entitling people to food and other supplies have been digitized. Additionally, 77% of the ration cards have been linked to the unique identity number thereby enabling cash transfers for promoting dietary diversity. Nearly 20 out of the 29 states in India have automated the supply chains and Fair Price Shops (delivery outlets). An online grievance redressal system has also been operationalized across the country. Other programmes aim to address the nutrition security of specific population groups. For instance, ICDS caters to the nutritional requirements of over 83 million young children and 19 million pregnant and lactating mothers in the country. The Mid-Day Meal Programme delivers nutritious cooked meals to 100 million children in primary schools. Sustainable and Adaptive Agriculture India is the largest producer of milk, pulses and spices in the world. It also has the largest area under cultivation for rice and cotton. Approximately 55% of India’s croplands are rain-fed and it has vast coastal lands under agriculture. Food production in the country is therefore vulnerable to climate change. 12 The National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), in collaboration with other Missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, is striving towards mitigating the impact of climate change and sustaining agricultural productivity. Under NMSA, Soil Health Cards are being issued to farmers for providing crop-wise nutrient management recommendations and enabling them improve soil fertility as well as crop productivity. More than 62 million Cards have been issued thus far. Land under organic farming has increased by over 17- fold over the last decade. Village Laporiya: Innovation in Water Conservation Laporiya is a small village, which was facing severe water shortage thirty years ago. Most of the rainwater was not utilized appropriately and the villagers were unaware of ways of ensuring sustainable use of natural resources. As a response to this critical situation, Mr. Laxman Singh, a local belonging to the area, devised a technique called the CHOUKA SYSTEM (building small rectangular dykes with an entry and exit point) for recharging the ground water. After years of experimentation, this technique has proved to be very effective and is now being implemented widely. Efforts have also been made to revamp crop insurance support for minimizing the losses incurred by farmers and providing single-window comprehensive risk coverage for various crops. Against a target of covering 50% of the total cropped area in the country during 2016-19, 30% has already been accomplished. Further, access of farmers to new information and skills is being strengthened. For instance, 652 Agricultural Technology Management Agencies have been established across the country for disseminating the latest technologies to farmers. These Agencies collectively reached out to 1.2 million farmers during 2016-17, half of whom were women. Another important aspect of sustainable agriculture is managing seed quality and diversity. The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, for instance, has a collection of 257,432 germplasm accessions. Several research-backed and innovative interventions are also being promoted. For example, the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute has successfully developed and deployed customized salt-tolerant varieties in major crops like rice, wheat and mustard. 13 Agricultural Productivity and Farmers’ Income Small and marginal farmers constitute nearly 80% of all Indian farmers. More than 90% of them are engaged in rain-fed agriculture. It is therefore crucial to raise farmers’ income by adopting different strategies. Several states in India have made progress with respect to revising their land leasing Acts along the lines of a Model Act developed by NITI Aayog. The Model Act is aimed at protecting the rights of the tenant while also ensuring that the landowner does not run the risk of losing the ownership of her land to the tenant. During 2015-17, an area of nearly 1.3 million hectares has been brought under micro-irrigation. The average productivity of fruits and vegetables has increased by 42.3% and 52.8%, respectively, on account of crop spacing, judicious use of water and other inputs. In rain-fed areas, approximately 38,000 hectares have been covered during 2016-17 under the integrated farming system. This initiative links the cropping system with activities such as horticulture, livestock farming and fishery for enhancing productivity. It also helps protect farmers’ income against the vagaries of nature. Integrated Marketing and Better Prices for Farmers in Karnataka Online trading in agricultural commodities has proved to be a successful model promoted in the state of Karnataka. The Unified Market Platform (UMP) has led to better price realization for farmers as compared to previous years. More than 1.4 million farmers had registered on the UMP till April, 2016 and benefitted from a rise in prices due to the introduction of online trading in 107 Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees across the state. There was a significant increase in the prices of groundnut, pigeon peas, chick peas and turmeric, among others. Nearly 250 wholesale agricultural markets across 10 states have been integrated with the electronic National Agricultural Marketing Platform. A number of other agricultural reforms are being pursued in cooperation with state governments including direct purchase of agricultural produce from the farmer, promotion of e￾trading and ensuring the validity of a single trading license across the state.
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Eradicating hunger and all forms of malnutri￾tion, and increasing agricultural productivity are the prerequisites for lifting millions from poverty, deprivation and underdevelopment. Under-nutrition is the prime risk factor in over 40 per cent of under-five child deaths in India. Food security is influenced by a number of factors, including those that determine food availability — domestic food production and the capacity to import food, as well as determi￾nants of food access, utilisation and vulnerabil￾ity. Access to food is determined by purchasing power of households, access to government programmes and gender inequality. India is amongst the world’s largest producers of wheat, rice, sugarcane, milk, pulses, fruits and vegetables. Yet, improving access, utilisation and reducing vulnerability remain a challenge. Vulnerability to shocks and disasters too influ￾ence food security. Despite serious challenges, India has made signif￾icant progress in improving food and nutrition security. With nearly a six-fold increase in food grain production from 50 million tonnes in 1950- 51 to more than 292 million tonnes in 2019-20, India has done well to expand food production and build stocks of food grains. Access to subsi￾dised food has been made an entitlement and the public distribution system enables access to basic food across the country. Given the fact that 70 per cent of rural Indian households and 59 per cent of India's workforce are dependent on agriculture, the Government has prioritised strengthening agriculture through measures to improve irrigation and agri-marketing infrastruc￾ture, reduce risks through public procurement and crop insurance, and improve productivity through better yielding varieties. Food Security India’s food security programme is the largest of its kind in the world, which provides aforda￾ble access as a legal entitlement. The imple￾mentation of the revamped Public Distribution System under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, which moved from welfare to a rights-based approach, with a coverage of around 813 million people, is a paradigm shift in the approach towards the issue of food security at the household level, for almost two-thirds of India's population. In recognition of women’s central role in food security, ration cards are issued in the name of the senior female member of the household. Under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY), 25 million families from econom￾ically weaker sections are entitled to 35 kg of food grains per household per month while the remaining ‘priority category’ households get 5 kg of food grains per person per month. The food grains are distributed through a network of over 5,40,000 Fair Price Shops all over the coun￾try and at highly subsidised prices of INR 1/2/3 (1.3-5 cents) per kg, which is less than one-tenth of the total economic cost to the government. 39 INDIA’S MARCH FORWARD: PROGRESS ON THE SDGs SDG 2 ZERO HUNGER End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 97.6% NFSA BENEFICIARIES covered in 2018-19 from 95.2% in 2015-16 In order to improve access to and efciency of food distribution at such a massive scale, vari￾ous reform measures have been put in place in the recent years. These include digitisation of 234 million ration card database across States/ Union Territories (100 per cent completed); computerisation of supply chain management (close to 100 per cent); Aadhaar seeding of ration cards, thereby enabling biometric authentication of the beneficiaries (90 per cent completed); and automation of Fair Prices Shops and installa￾tion of electronic-Point of Sales (PoS) machines (90 per cent completed). In addition to online allocation of food grains to all ration shops, there are online grievance redressal systems, toll-free helplines and transparency portals for the entire country. Further, India has launched the ‘One Nation One Card’ scheme in 2020 which enables beneficiaries to get access to subsidised grains from anywhere in the country. This ration card portability will provide a major boost to the food security system and benefit over 130 million migrant population. Nutrition Security India has addressed the issue of food access to a large extent, however, undernourishment remains a challenge, indicated by the high prevalence of stunting and wasting amongst children under the age of five. Such undernourishment is on account of complex interactions of several factors like sanitation, genetics, environment and food intake. India accords high priority to the issue of malnutrition and implements several schemes and programmes to address the same, such as Anganwadi Services, Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) and the Scheme for Adolescent Girls (SAG) under the umbrella Integrated Child Development Services Scheme (ICDS) to address the problem of malnutrition among women and children in the age group 0-6 years. The Anganwadi Services scheme provides a package of six services including supplementary nutrition, pre-school non-formal education, nutrition and health education, immunization, health and referral services. These services operate through 1.38 million Anganwadi Centres, benefitting 79.6 million people of which 64 million are children under six years of age and 15.6 million are pregnant women and lactating mothers. Pre-school education is provided to 28.5 million children of 3-6 years of age. In addition, the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, Adolescent Health and Nutrition programme (RMNCAH+N) under National Health Mission (NHM) is also implemented to reduce malnutrition across the life cycle. In a renewed focus on synergised eforts to battle stunting, wasting, anaemia and malnutrition among children, the Poshan Abhiyan (National Nutrition Mission) was launched in 2017. This multi-ministerial convergence mission aims to mount a concerted attack on stunting, under-nu￾trition, anaemia and low birth weight by 2, 2, 3 and 2 per cent per annum, respectively, over a three-year timeframe. It targets to bring down stunting among children in the age group 0-5 years from 38.4 per cent to 25 per cent by 2022. The prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting among children aged 0-4 years was 34.7, 33.4 and 17.0 per cent respectively in 2018 while prevalence of anaemia in (children in the age group 1 to 4 years) was pegged at 40.5 per cent. Cooked meals for children in Anganwadi centres and Mid-Day Meal (MDM) for school-going chil￾dren are the twin pillars of improving nutrition and education related outcomes. The MDM Programme in the public sector schooling system is also one of the world’s largest programmes of supplementary school nutrition which ensures access to nutritious cooked meals to 116 million children at primary and upper primary level. 40 INDIA VNR 2020 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 5,40,000 Fair Price Shops 234 MILLION Ration Cards Digitized COMPUTERISATION of Supply Chain Management AADHAAR SEEDING of Ration Cards ELECTRONIC POS Machines PDS TRANSFORMATION Agricultural Productivity and Farmers’ Income With more than 85 per cent of farmers belonging to the small and marginal categories, India has been implementing a multi-faceted strategy for doubling farmers’ income by 2022 by focusing on seven growth factors. These are: improved crop productivity, increased livestock productivity, cost-efective production processes, increased cropping intensity, crop diversification favour￾ing high-value crops, access to better prices and shifting to non-farm occupations. As 55 per cent of India’s gross cropped area are rain-fed, food production has high vulnerabil￾ity to climate change. The National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) and other allied Missions under the comprehensive National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) strive to mitigate the effects of climate change by building climate resilient agricultural practices. Under NMSA, 224 million soil health cards have been distributed to farmers for crop-wise nutrient management recommendations for enhancing soil fertility. Land under certified organic farming has increased by about 2.5 times from 0.72 million hectares in 2013-14 to 1.78 million hectares by 31st March 2018. India’s agricultural productivity has been on the rise: to 2659 kg/ha for rice and 3507 kg/ha for wheat in 2018-19, from 2391 kg/ha for rice and 2750 kg/ha for wheat, respectively, in 2014-15. This marks an increase of 11 per cent and 28 per cent respectively, for rice and wheat. 41 INDIA’S MARCH FORWARD: PROGRESS ON THE SDGs Graph 2. Yield Per Hectare of Major Crops (Kg/ Hectare) 224MILLION SOIL HEALTH CARDS distributed INR 68,531 GVA IN AGRICULTURE per worker Increased from INR 57,087 in 2011-12 2017-18 A host of interventions are in place for boost￾ing agricultural productivity. Improved water efciency with the motto of Har Khet Ko Paani and ‘Per drop more crop’ is being driven under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), which provides end-to-end solutions in the irriga￾tion supply chain, viz. water sources, distribution network and farm-level applications. Eforts have been made to revamp crop insurance support for minimising farm losses, proving subsidised credit and ensuring single-window comprehensive risk coverage for crops under Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). The increase in minimum support price for all kharif and rabi crops, at least by 150 per cent of the cost of production, has also shored up farmers’ income. Additionally, Pradhan Mantri Kisan Yojana guarantees a mini￾mum support of INR 6,000 per year to 125 million eligible farmers. Focusing on the agro-value￾chain, the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana, finances the establishment of mega food parks, agro-processing clusters, integrated cold chain and other value addition infrastructure. Monitoring Progress at the National and Sub-National Levels While measuring the country's performance on the SDG India Index and Dashboard, for SDG 2 and its disaggregated seven national indicators, the overall Index Score for the country is 35 and ranges between 22 and 76 for the States, and between 12 and 73 for the UTs, on a scale of 0-100. This indicates that the distance to target covered so far by India in Zero Hunger remains 35, with a significant variation among the sub-national units The initiative helped improve rates of breastfeeding within the first hour from 42.9 per cent in 2015-16 to 85.5 per cent in the district. BREAST MILK BANK was established in the Aspirational District of Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu to provide access to breast milk for low birth weight, pre-term and orphan babies. CENTRALISED KITCHENS FOR BETTER NUTRITION: In the Aspirational District of Nandurbar, Maharashtra, central kitchen has been set up by the Tribal Development Department of the State Government to provide hot and nutritious meals to children in residential schools, known as Ashram Shalas. This central kitchen caters to 28 ashram schools with a capacity up to 10,000 students. good practices 85.5% ACCESS TO BREAST MILK 42 INDIA VNR 2020 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Current status for the age group 0-4 years WASTING 17% STUNTING 34.7% UNDERWEIGHT 33.4% Challenges and Way Forward { While almost 11.4 million hectares have been brought under micro-irrigation in 2019, and average productivity of fruits and vegetables has increased by about 11 per cent between 2013-14 and 2017-18, food wastage remains a challenge, at harvest, post-harvest, distribu￾tion and storage stages. Such food could be salvaged by withdrawing it in time from the distribution network, aggregating it and then redirecting it to the people in need. Social structures also determine food availability, especially for women, whose nutritional requirements are often overlooked. { India continues to combat high levels of malnutrition, stunting and anaemia. NFHS-4 (2015-16) points out that almost half of the pregnant women aged between 15 and 49 years are anaemic and more than one-third of women have a low Body Mass Index. Among children younger than five years of age, prevalence of detrimental under￾nourishment conditions like stunting and wasting remains a challenge. Food security and nutrition related challenges in India are modulated by a number of factors such as access to nutritious food, water and sanita￾tion, micronutrient deficiencies and inade￾quate awareness. { With climate change looming large on the horizon, a fundamental measure to sustain food security is climate-smart agriculture. Challenges remain for wider adoption of climate-adaptive sustainable agriculture practices, new technology and develop￾ment plans involving large swathes of land cultivated by small and marginal farmers, who constitute about 85 per cent of all farmers, but often lack necessary assets and resources. In addition to sensitisation and capacity development, their access to technology, financial inputs and services like insurance, advanced weather-forecasting systems and appropriate agricultural exten￾sion support will be essential. 43 INDIA’S MARCH FORWARD: PROGRESS ON THE SDGs Food security and nutrition related challenges in India are modulated by a number of factors such as access to nutritious food, water and sanitation, micronutrient deficiencies and inadequate awareness. • •
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Chapter 4 Goals and TarGeTs 28 Voluntary National Review 2018 Goal 2: Zero Hunger Agriculture is Ireland’s largest indigenous sector, and eradicating hunger and malnutrition are longstanding priorities of our development cooperation programme. As such, Ireland’s engagement with SDG 2 is high both domestically and internationally. In 2016, Ireland had the highest level of Government support to agricultural research and development per capita within the EU. In relation to the environmental impacts of agriculture, Ireland’s gross nitrogen balance on agricultural land was below the EU average [based on 2013 data] which also has positive impact on nitrate levels in groundwater [see SDG 6]. Ammonia emissions from Irish agriculture [measure in kg per hectare] are marginally above the EU average. Ireland had the second lowest percentage of land under organic farming among EU Member States. In 2016, Irish farming incomes, measured by way of agricultural factor income per annual work unit [AWU] were above the EU average. In common with other EU Member States, malnutrition in Ireland is primarily associated with overnutrition as opposed to undernutrition. Obesity rates in Ireland are above the EU average based on 2014 data. Childhood obesity rates are not included in the EU SDG indicator set. National data published in 2017 indicates that childhood overweight and obesity rates are stabilising in Ireland, but at a high level of approximately 20%. The Healthy Ireland Survey and the Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative [COSI] both measure obesity rates in Ireland. Ireland’s national response to overnutrition and obesity is set out in A Healthy Weight for Ireland – Obesity Policy and Action Plan 2016-2025 [SDG 2.2], This Plan sets a target for the prevalence of obesity in Ireland over the plan’s lifetime, specifc short term [fve-year] targets are included in the plan, and progress will be measured every two years. A whole-of-Government Strategy for Young Children [0-5] and their families, to be published in 2018, will also support SDG 2.2. While less nationally prevalent than obesity, food poverty is also experienced in Ireland, with 9.2% of the population experiencing food poverty in 2016. For children under fve years of age in 2016, some 10.2% experienced food poverty in 2016. This rate was higher in lone parent families with children at 23.5%. Published in 2015, Food Wise 2025 sets out a ten year plan for the agri-food sector. And includes an ambitious set of projections to be achieved under the lifetime of the Plan, including: u 85% increase in exports to €19 billion; u 70% increase in value added to €13 billion; u 60% increase in primary production to €10 billion; and u The creation of 23,000 additional jobs all along the supply chain from producer level to high end value added product development. 29 Chapter 4 Goals and TarGeTs Voluntary national review 2018 At the same time, Food Wise 2025 recognises that a signifcant increase in food production cannot be considered in isolation from its environmental impact, in particular regarding concerns associated with the depletion of natural resources and the potential impact on climate change. To address this, future food production systems must be as focused on managing and sustaining Ireland’s natural resources as they are on increasing production. This approach is summed up as Environmental protection and economic competitiveness are equal and complementary: one will not be achieved at the expense of the other [SDG 2.3]. Improving the environmental impact of agriculture is also addressed through the National Biodiversity Action Plan 2017-2021 and the Rural Development Plan 2014-2020. Ireland has adopted National Genetic Conservations Strategies for both plants and animals [SDG 2.5], and both the National Biodiversity Action Plan 2017-2021 and the Rural Development Plan 2014-2020 support these strategies by, respectively, conserving and restoring biodiversity and ecosystem services in the wider countryside and encouraging conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources associated with food and agriculture. Supporting the SDGs Globally The eradication of hunger and under-nutrition has long been a cornerstone of Ireland’s international development cooperation programme. Ireland recognises the central role of nutrition in achieving sustainable development and that improvements in nutrition are necessary for progress on global health, education, poverty, female empowerment, and inequality. Simultaneously, poverty and inequality, water, sanitation and hygiene, education, food systems, climate change, social protection, and agriculture all have an important impact on nutrition outcomes. Ireland is a founding supporter of the Scaling Up Nutrition [SUN] Movement which focuses on maternal, infant and child nutrition, and increasing political will and investment to address under-nutrition in early childhood. In addition to directing resources to child wasting and child stunting, we also focus on micro-nutrients through a comprehensive range of approaches to fortifcation. In line with the multi-sector/multi-stakeholder approach that SUN embodies, Irish Aid addresses hunger and under-nutrition across other priorities of humanitarian and development funding, supporting Irish Aid’s continued delivery against the commitment made by the Taoiseach to double our nutrition-relevant spend by 2020. In addition,the unprecedented level and duration of humanitarian crises is demanding a renewed focus on the need to improve linkages between humanitarian and development work. We are examining the central role of nutrition in resilience, including the links between stunting and wasting and the resultant policy and programming implications. Ireland is also working to leverage private sector engagement on nutrition, as a critical piece of the multi-stakeholder approach and a contribution to sustained eradication of hunger and malnutrition [SDG 2.1/2]. On agriculture, Ireland is focused on the role of smallholders, particular women, within sustainable food systems. We support research and learning on nutrition sensitive and climate resilient agricultural technologies and techniques. Regarding our engagement with global partners, while on the Executive Board of the International Fund for Agriculture Development in 2017 [IFAD], Ireland was active in ensuring that the revision of IFAD’s Performance Based Allocation System [PISA] delivered increasing resources, in the form of grants and loans, to low-income and fragile countries [SDG 2.3]. Chapter 4 Goals and TarGeTs 30 Voluntary National Review 2018 Ireland is a founding member of the Agriculture Markets Development Trust in Tanzania which focuses on increasing incomes and employment opportunities for poor women, men, and young people in agricultural value chains. The Trustworkswith the private sector, government and civil society organisations to promote changes to market systems leading to broad, sustained impact on the lives of poor smallholder farmers.With a focus on maize, sunfower and pulses it has helped deliver improved access to markets and better prices for produce for smallholder farmers.Additionally, in 2017,Ireland launched the Ireland-KenyaAgri-Food Strategy [2017-2021] which seeks to strengthen support for the Kenyan Agri-food sector and expand opportunities for IrishAgri-food andAgri-business companies to investinKenya.Aprimary goal of the Strategy is to increase agricultural output and family incomes in Kenya [SDG 2.3]. Ireland is investing in a number of programmes seeking to promote and expand sustainable agricultural practices in our PartnerCountries.InMalawi,Ireland is supporting a multi-donor World Bank programme focusing on the expansion of Conversation Agriculture to strengthen the natural resource base in agricultural lands. Similar projects are also being supported in Ethiopia and Zambia, working with various Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers [CGIAR] centres and local civil society, to integrate agroforestry practices within farming systems for greater climate resilience [SDG 2.4]. Also in Malawi, and in partnership with the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics [ICRISAT], Ireland is making signifcant progress in developing the availability of quality legume seeds across the country. This partnership brings together key government, civil society, and private sector actors under a national legume platform to advance the production of legumes such as groundnut, pigeon-pea chickpea and other nutritious crops, delivering both economic and nutritional impacts. Similar progress has been made in partnership with International Potato Research Institute [CIP] advancing the production and consumption of Irish and Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato. In Ethiopia, Ireland is working in partnership with the Agriculture Transformation Agency to expand community-based seed production initiatives in several regions focusing on improved seeds that are high-producing and resistant to pests and diseases [SDG 2.5]. Ireland currently is a member of the World Food Programme Executive board and will focus on nutrition as one of its main themes for the duration of its membership. In 2017 Ireland provided extra budgetary funding to the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the UN to achieve better production capacity and enhanced resilience for returning internally displaced persons in northeast Nigeria; for the improvement of food and nutrition security of the communities affected by the crisis in the Central African Republic; and for the sustainable management of Fall Armyworm [FAW] which poses a serious threat to food security for small holder farmers heavily reliant on crops most vulnerable to FAW attacks.
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[ 2 ]
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29 School meals in Malawi The Icelandic government launched a pilot project in Malawi with the WFP on locally grown school meals in three elementary schools in Iceland’s cooperation district, Mangochi District, in 2012. The project was one aspect of combating hunger and malnutrition, but also had many other goals, such as reducing students’ drop￾out rate and supporting local farmers with steady business. The project succeeded extremely well and prompted the WFP to launch similar projects in almost all the country. The number of schools offering locally grown meals increased steadily over the next few years. Last year, there were 783 schools in thirteen districts, and the students numbered almost one million. The Icelandic Embassy in Lilongwe took up the project in collaboration with WFP in six schools in Mangochi District, of which three of the schools receive special support from Iceland under the Mangochi Basic Service Programme. School meals are of great importance to students in countries such as Malawi where poverty is widespread and many households lack food. Child malnutrition causes permanent and irreversible growth impairment, which is widespread in Malawi. The meals not only help the children, because the local community benefits from the locally grown school meals: farmers - who are often parents - are the schools’ main suppliers and can therefore obtain a secure market for their products and are ensured a stable income. All the practical arrangements for the school meals are in the hands of a large number of volunteers connected with the schools. In each school there is a food committee that handles shopping and cooking and ensures that sufficient water and firewood are available. Precise accounts are kept and regular information provided to the community on finances, procurement and the number of children with full stomachs who take their seats in the classroom in the morning. SDG target 2.1 Access to school meals is of great importance to students in countries where poverty is widespread an many households lack nutritious food.
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26 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture I f properly pursued, agriculture and fisheries can provide everyone with sufficient and nutritious food in addition to creating employment and income. However, the reality is different. Soil, freshwater, oceans, forests, and biodiversity are, in part due to climate change, at greater risk than ever, with foreseeable negative consequences for people’s lives and the environment. Climate change has also aggravated the problems, as it increases the chances of both flooding and prolonged drought. In many developing countries, people living in rural areas find it difficult to make ends meet, causing many to migrate to cities, where often unemployment and poverty await them. International markets for food and agricultural products need to change significantly for nutritious foods to be guaranteed for everyone. In international development cooperation, the Icelandic government has directed its efforts at reducing poverty and hunger, both in partner countries and through international organisations. Eliminating hunger and improving access to food In Iceland, there is a good supply of nutritious food and no one should have to go hungry. The role of the state and local authorities is to ensure that those who cannot make ends meet receive appropriate assistance. It is important to reach out to all those in such a position, in accordance with the SDG target of leaving no groups behind in their implementation. The government’s platform provides for consultation with representatives of disability pensioners on changes to the benefits system with a view to achieving a consensus on simplifying it, ensuring secure support for disability pensioners and encouraging their participation in the community.9 Those who are disadvantaged need particular support. An assessment will be made of the situation of the lowest income groups in Icelandic society, proposals for improvements made and followed up on. Particular attention must be paid to the situation of children living in poverty, as they are among the most vulnerable groups in society. The government’s fiscal strategy emphasises the need to pay particular attention to children who live in poverty and the interaction between the benefits system and the tax system regarding child benefits.10 Welfare Watch conducted a study on the standard of living and poverty MAIN CHALLENGES: • Sustainable development in fsheries and agriculture • Organic and wholesome production • Secure livelihood for all citizens Leave no one behind 27 among children in Iceland 2004-2016.14 Its main findings are that it is most urgent to improve the living conditions of single parents and their children, as nearly four out of every ten children classified as below the poverty level are children of single parents. Children of disabled parents also need to be considered. Among individual factors, the housing situation turned out to have a significant impact on the children’s standard of living, especially the children of single parents and the disabled. The study used a modified OECD equivalence scale, which is the scale used by Eurostat. As previously mentioned, 1.3 to 3% of the country’s population is in the group defined by the Welfare Watch as living in extreme poverty. This is the most vulnerable group, and care needs to be taken to see that its basic needs are met, including the need for adequate and nutritious food. It must be ensured that hunger and malnutrition will never be a problem in Iceland, especially among the poor, the elderly and the disabled. Sustainable food production The Icelandic government emphasises leading the way in producing wholesome agricultural products. Emphasis is placed on innovation and product development to support regional stability, increase value creation and utilise opportunities based on interest in food culture and food tourism, with sustainability and quality the guiding principles. The main objective is for agriculture in Iceland to be sustainable and to ensure the protection of animal stocks. The policies that support sustainable development and include actions contributing to the health of the population are the government’s Bioeconomy Policy, Food Policy, and Food Procurement Policy for the public sector. Since August 2018, a working group at the Ministry of Industries and Innovation has been drafting a food policy for Iceland. Furthermore, a special ministerial committee will be set up to discuss this policy, as food production will be one of the major political challenges of the future, and formulation of the policy falls under the mandate of numerous ministries. In formulating the policy, emphasis will be placed on the connection between food and public health and the interaction between food production and climate change.15 The government is committed to improving the situation of sheep farmers both in the short and long term. In tandem with a new generation of agricultural agreements, special adaptation agreements for new activities in rural areas will be introduced. 14 EDDA Centre of Excellence, February ࠀ߿ࠁ9, Lífskjör og fátækt barna á Íslandi ߿߿ࠁ4-ࠀ߿ࠁ6) Standard of living and poverty among children in Iceland 2004-2016). 15 The Prime Minister’s Offce and the Ministry of Industries and Innovation, 5 April ࠀ߿ࠁ9, Ráðherranefnd um matvælastefnu fyrir Ísland (Ministerial Committee for Food Policy for Iceland). “No one should have to be in doubt about when and where the next meal will come from.” Auður Bjarnadóttir, 15 years old Leave no one behind Leave no one behind 28 They will pave the way for farmers to develop new agricultural pursuits or establish themselves in other areas. Such adaptation agreements for farming transformation will be for specified periods and take into consideration regional stability, value creation and residence on the farm in question. They can contribute to innovation, nature conservation and new research and education priorities. The government will also undertake actions to further develop the bioeconomy, green solutions and methods to reduce the environmental impact of food production by means of incentives and support aimed, among other things, at carbon offsetting the sector. Organic farming needs to be strengthened for this purpose, and the uniqueness of Icelandic raw material cultivated under sustainable conditions highlighted. International actions Iceland’s main objective in international development cooperation is to reduce poverty and hunger and to promote general welfare based on gender equality, human rights and sustainable development. Particular attention should be paid to children’s rights and to giving them opportunities to thrive and develop their abilities. Malnutrition can have a lasting negative effect on children’s mental and physical development. Access to nutritious foods is a key factor, but other factors such as access to clean water and improved sanitation facilities, vaccinations and access to basic healthcare are also of great importance. In Iceland’s bilateral partner country Malawi around 42% of children under the age of five have severely impaired growth.16 In that country, the Icelandic government has provided funds for projects for clean water provision, hospital construction and meals for school children. Among other things, Iceland supports the UN World Food Programme (WFP) and UNICEF. Both organisations provide important nutritional assistance to developing countries and regions receiving humanitarian assistance. Iceland’s support is in the form of framework agreements and agreements on providing Icelandic experts, in addition to which it responds to emergency calls insofar as possible with emergency contributions. In 2018, Iceland placed major emphasis on supporting the WFP and UNICEF in Syria and Yemen and will endeavour to continue to direct humanitarian aid to war and conflict zones in 2019. It should also be mentioned that Iceland’s international development cooperation and other international collaboration in the field of land reclamation and sustainable fisheries is aimed at increasing global food security. 16 UNICEF, UNICEF Data: Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women, data.unicef.org/country/ mwi/. Leave no one behind
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60 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW | ICELAND 2023 Goal 2 Zero Hunger The supply of nutritious food in Iceland is good enough so no one should have to live with hunger. No significant malnutrition exists among the Icelandic population. Nutritional challenges are mainly related to the prevalence of obesity. Farmers in Iceland receive government support, and everyone has equal rights to land along with other productive resources and inputs. Iceland aims to make all its food production sustainable for Icelandic food to reflect the goals of sustainability, quality, and purity. Iceland is a member of NordGen, but no laws exist on access and fair distribution of genetic resources. Main achievements Iceland’s first food strategy and action plan were published in 2020. It aims to promote increased value creation in food production, ensure food safety, and increase people’s well-being in harmony with the environment and nature. An extensive review was carried out on the provision of food aid from the country’s main domestic aid organizations and the results are being used to improve public services to ensure that the resources meet the needs of all those in need, including low-wage workers and people of foreign origin. Main challenges It is necessary to continue to ensure that hunger and malnutrition do not become a problem among the poor, the elderly, and the disabled. There is also a need for further measures regarding obesity, health, and well-being, where physical, mental, and social factors are looked at holistically to improve the health, well-being, and quality of life of the citizens over the long term. International cooperation Iceland’s main objective in international development cooperation is to reduce poverty and hunger and to promote general welfare based on gender equality, human rights, and sustainable development. Particular attention is paid to children’s rights and to giving them opportunities to thrive and develop their abilities. Iceland supports the World Food Programme (WFP) and UNICEF. Both organisations provide important nutritional assistance to developing countries and regions receiving humanitarian assistance. Iceland’s support is in the form of framework agreements and agreements on providing Icelandic experts. Iceland also responds to emergency calls insofar as possible with emergency contributions. For example, Iceland supports a project run by WFP that gives over twelve thousand primary school students in Malawi access to home-grown school meals. Next steps • New food, agriculture, and fisheries policies combined with action plans that focus on sustainable development. • Strategic priorities in prevention, health promotion, and treatment of obesity based on scientific knowledge. Implement actions to promote public health with an emphasis on healthy lifestyles to reduce the health consequences of obesity. Iceland has an ample supply of nutritious food. Authorities aim to ensure access for all to safe and healthy food choices of high quality as well as to inspire sustainable practices in local food production. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Dashboard Statistics 2008 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Index Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Iceland 61 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW | ICELAND 2023 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Goal 2 Civil society’s assessment ÖBÍ - The Icelandic Disability Alliance, UNICEF Iceland, Icelandic Red Cross, Icelandic Church Aid - ACT Alliance, The Icelandic Confederation of Labour, The Icelandic Salvation Army, and Samhjálp participated in this assessment. Hunger, or lack of sufcient nutrition, is an issue for certain groups of people in Iceland. Although comparatively few, the group is growing. The rise of housing prices has resulted in more of an average person’s income goes to housing, leaving less for other necessities, including food. The system providing food assistance is unregulated and data is lacking. However, it clear from the data from the service providers that the number of people in Iceland who rely on food assis￾tance has multiplied since mid-2022. The recipients are people with the lowest incomes, people with disabilities, and marginalised groups. There is a clear rise in the number of asylum seekers receiving food aid with this group now being the majority of recipients. Food assistance is mostly delivered by non-governmental organisations who rely on voluntary donations. Food prices are also high in Iceland, in part due to a heavily regulated market for the production and import of agricultural products and limited competition in the grocery market. School meals are not uni￾form and difer between municipalities in terms of access and price. A food policy and strategy was recently put forth by the Minister of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries to guide improvement in this area until 2040. The policy is intended to be a guiding principle in decision making to increase value creation in domestic food production, ensure food security, and increase the well-being of people in harmony with the environment and nature. The strategy focuses on sustain￾able food production, society, food security, consumer needs, research, innovation, and education. Iceland should consider making school meals completely free of charge or otherwise linking them to income to ensure equal access. The right to nutrition includes the availability of healthy food and all forms of food policies and assistance should take this into account. Food security should be increased and ensured by focussing on sustainable agriculture and increased subsidies for electricity for vegetable production. Food waste persists, but numerous solutions were recently formulated to limit the problem. However, the status of their implementation is unknown. The current agricultural system should be revised to increase competition in the market, sustainability of the products, and lower food prices. People who lack food and the right nutrition certainly exist in Iceland, their needs can be met, and the issues resolved. Therefore we stress the importance of prioritising the poorest countries in the world with Iceland’s ODA to achieve SDG 2. Recommendations to the Government Ieland should: • set a comprehensive policy on food assistance to ensure funding, oversight, and access. This should include a focus on how to limit the need for food assistance in the long term in conjunction with other social policies. • monitor data on how many people need food assistance and how this assistance is best provided. • ensure that all children receive school meals, irrespective of socio-economic background. • gather and monitor data on children’s participation in school meals. • make eforts to lower food prices. • increase support for sustainable agriculture and facilitate access for agricultural production. • regulate limitations on food waste. • ensure that 0.2% of GNI always goes to the world’s poorest countries according to the UN target, with a focus on climate resilient food production.
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[ 2 ]
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Goal 2 – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture A key area of focus is to address the food and nutrition needs of the poor and vulnerable, including children, persons with disabilities and the elderly. Within the national context, there is a high level of interlinkages between Goal 2 and other SDGs relating to poverty, women’s empowerment and job creation. Tis is in keeping with Vision 2030 Jamaica, the National Food and Nutrition Security Policy, and the SPS. Critical to the presentation of national priorities on the agriculture and food security goal, is the focus on climate change adaptation and risk resilience. Target 2.1 – By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufcient food all year round. Jamaica has formally addressed the issues of food security and hunger in its National Food and Nutrition Security Policy (2013). Te Policy provides a framework for strategic actions in support of ensuring food availability, afordability, access, stability, and utilization. Special focus is given to the need for food as a basic right of all citizens, and actions to guarantee that the most vulnerable have their food needs met. Medium and long-term strategies also focus on, inter alia, food production and marketing, nutrition and food safety. Te school feeding programme is an integral part of the Government’s initiatives to address food and nutrition security. In 2016, the programme was funded at J$4.5 billion and provided meals for over 560 000 students from the early childhood to secondary levels. Target 2.2 – End all forms of malnutrition Tere is sustained progress to achieve the internationally agreed targets of ending malnutrition by 2025 through the protection and improvement in the nutritional wellbeing of infants and young children. Interventions include: development of nutrition-related policies, delivery of quality food and nutrition services, expert 26 JAMAICA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT guidance to policy makers, and provision of technical direction for Regional Health Authorities, other MDAs, as well as NGOs. National programmes geared towards food security among infants and young children include the Poor Relief Programme and PATH. Te Poor Relief programme provides cash and “in-kind” benefts that support nutrition. Trough the school feeding programme, PATH benefciaries have access to school meals. Current interventions towards achievement of this target, specifcally in the area of health include: • Food-Based Dietary Guideline Social Marketing Campaign • Development of the draf National Infant and Young Child Feeding Policy and Strategic Plan • Launch of a National Food Industry Task Force • A programme for integrated approach to Neonatal Nutrition was developed under the Programme for Reduction in Maternal and Child Mortality (PROMAC) Tere is need for sustainable programmes for iron supplementation to address anaemia, a common nutritional defciency in Jamaican children and adolescents. Despite ad hoc food supplementation, food demonstrations and onsite feeding which are conducted in clinics across the island, and the fortifcation of selected food items, which has far-reaching efects, challenges remain in relation to routine iron supplementations to reduce anaemia. In relation to targets 2.3–2.4 the issues of hunger and food security are interlinked with the promotion of sustainable agricultural approaches. Approximately 95.0 per cent of domestic food production is undertaken by an estimated 200 000 farmers producing an average of 2 hectares of land or less. Te resilience of small-scale agricultural production remains an imperative for the local economy. Addressing the livelihood of small farmers and agricultural producers in terms of their income resilience and their adaptability is recognized to have signifcant impact on domestic food security and its synergy with agricultural production. Trough the Ministries with responsibility for agriculture including fsheries, commerce and land, as well as agencies that provide agriculture support, measures exist to address knowledge and capacity of small-scale farmers, land tenure and titling, irrigation, access to markets, competitiveness, inter alia. Te combination of supportive measures is intended to advance sustainable agriculture for the domestic economy. Several NGOs and IDPs are involved in the sector in support of the Government’s strategic thrusts. Te National Youth in Agriculture Policy and Implementation Plan (2016) provides the framework for youth participation in the agricultural sector. Tis policy G O A L S A N D TA R G E T S 27 is expected to establish a clear pathway for transition and sustainability in the agricultural sector. Other Programmes and Projects instituted to enhance sustainability include: • Te Import Substitution Programme – designed to ensure the sustainable development of select agro-industries. Tis programme is geared at reducing Jamaica’s dependency on imports as well as achieving self-sufciency in the selected agro-industries. • Te Agro Parks Project (2012) – designed to facilitate the expansion of the productive capacity of the agricultural sector through the building of infrastructure to support investments in the production of selected crops, as well as providing raw materials for agro-processing and non-traditional exports. As at 2015, nine Agro Parks were established and operationalized. • GLOBALGAP CERTIFICATE Programme is designed to improve efciency, sustainability and safety in the agricultural production system. Target 2.5: By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of: seeds; cultivated plants; farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversifed seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels; and promote access to fair and equitable sharing of benefts arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge as internationally agreed. National Seed Policy and Implementation Plan (2018) seeks to establish a sustainable seed system that ensures a consistent and reliable supply of clean, afordable and accessible seeds in support of agricultural production, productivity, food security and biodiversity. Tere remains need for greater streamlining of resources and collaboration in the relevant sectors, and improved partnership with academia in the area of biodiversity, and plant and animal research. 28
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[ 2 ]
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41 Food Security Jordan has always atached priority to the issue of food security, from both an access and availability standpoint. The most recent estmates show that the prevalence of food insecurity in the country remains excessively high: the Food Insecurity Experience Scale survey shows that 12.8% of the total populaton was afected by severe food insecurity during the period of 2014-2016. The latest data on stuntng shows that 7.7% of children under fve years of age sufered from some form of under-nutriton in 2012. In terms of food availability, food security is closely linked to populaton growth and reliance on the global commodity markets. In 2013, DOS reports estmated that the ofcial yearly overall growth rate was 2.21%. This growth rate has changed signifcantly afer the infux of hundreds of thousands of Syrian refugees during the years since 2011. The results of the last census (2015) indicated that the average rate of populaton growth over the period 2004-2015 (the two recent censuses) was 5.3%. They also showed that the average populaton growth rate for the same period was 3.1% for Jordanian natonals and 18% for non-Jordanians. This situaton has translated into a sharp rise in the import of basic food commodites and infaton, afectng the poor disproportonately. With 81% of its food requirements procured externally, Jordan is highly vulnerable to fuctuatons in internatonal prices of basic commodites. Satsfying the growing demand for food, by a growing populaton, will need to be addressed within the context of extreme water scarcity, as the demand for water for domestc use and sanitaton services is increasing for Jordanian and non-Jordanian residents alike. This struggle falls among many other economic and social challenges. As mentoned above, the absolute poverty rate (food and non-food) was 14.4% in 2010, and the abject poverty rate (food poverty) was 0.32 % in 2010. The rural poor make up 33.5% of the total poor in Jordan, the disadvantaged among rural populatons are ofen the frst victms of natural resource degradaton and are impacted by crisis more severely than any other segment of the populaton. Lack of employment opportunites, poor labour productvity and lack of decent employment in agriculture are, therefore, a serious constraint to food security in Jordan. This situaton also contributes to increasing rural-urban migraton and the accumulaton of food insecure people in the cites. Adequate water is a fundamental element in food producton. Consequently, water is a vital issue in food security from the perspectve of providing safe and adequate food supplies in the short and long￾term. Given the multple-use dimension of water resources, there has always been competton for the limited amount of available water between the municipal, agriculture, industrial and tourism sectors. The porton of water resources allocated to agriculture has dropped from about 70% a couple of decades ago, to 51% at the end of 2013. Agriculture will, therefore, have to optmize the productvity of water, in terms of its efciency of use, value added, job opportunites provided by this sector, and develop mechanisms that beter refect the value of water in agricultural producton. Part 4 - Natonal Priorites 42 Food and agricultural producton is facing many challenges, including: limited availability of surface water resources in the Jordan Valley; the rapid depleton of groundwater resources in the uplands due to over-exploitaton; inefcient and misuse of irrigaton water; and degradaton of soil and water quality. Small size holdings, especially in the Jordan Valley and weak extension services that link agricultural research results with farmers are additonal constraints. Another major challenge facing the agriculture sector is marketng that is closely linked to high post-harvest losses; inefcient markets; food safety issues; and the difcultes to ensure producton that meets quality standards. The recent loss of some export markets has also afected agriculture considerably. In response to the challenges of food security and agriculture, the Government has developed the Natonal Strategy for Agricultural Development in additon to the Natonal Water Strategy in line with the “Jordan 2025”. Policies have been developed that will increase growth in agricultural producton. Part 4 - Natonal Priorites
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "jor", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-jor-2017-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2017 }
98 Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Among the indicators on child poverty established in the "General Principles of Policy on Child Poverty" (approved by the Cabinet in November 2019), as of 2017, 16.9% of households that have children were unable to buy the food their family needed because of the environment in which they were born and raised (2.5% often had this problem, 5.1% sometimes had this problem, and 9.2% rarely had this problem) (Source: National Institute of Population and Social Security Research "Survey on Livelihood and Support for Each Other" (special tabulation)). This clearly shows that there are children who cannot eat a well-balance diet due to the environment in which they were born. The General Principles stipulate that support will be provided to low-income households through educational assistance under the livelihood protection system and subsidies for school lunches under the school attendance assistance system, and that efforts will be made to promote the spread and improvement of quality of school lunches and dietary education to maintain and improve health through proper nutrition. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of private initiatives by local residents, such as children's cafeterias, which provide free or inexpensive nutritious meals and warm gatherings and provide opportunities to eat together for children who have difficulty eating together at home. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of such efforts is increasing, and emergency support projects are being implemented by NPOs and other organizations. The role of food banks, which provide food to children's cafeterias etc., is also becoming more important, and support is being provided to food banks to increase their acceptance and provision of food. In addition, through dietary education, Japan will review the nature of nutrition and diet, and promote efforts to increase the rate of food self-sufficiency and establish food security. In May 2021, the "Strategy for Sustainable Food Systems “MeaDRI”" was formulated as a new strategy to enhance both productivity potential and sustainability of the agriculture, forestry, fisheries and food industries through innovation. The strategy calls for zero CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, 50% reduction in risk-weighted use of chemical pesticides, 30% reduction in chemical fertilizers use, increase in organic farming to 1 million hectare(equivalent to 25% of farmland), sustainable sourcing for imported materials by 2030. Malnutrition has been worsening not only in vulnerable areas but also in many parts of the world due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In response, Japan is strengthening its contribution to improving global nutrition. In consideration of the United Nations Food System Summit will be held in September 2021 and The Tokyo Nutrition 99 for Growth (N4G) Summit will be held in Tokyo in December in the same year, Japan will further promote a "No One Left Behind" nutrition policy for people in all life stages, based on Japan's more than 100 years of experience in nutrition policy. As a part of this effort, Japan is promoting the development of a healthy and sustainable food environment, which will be included in its commitment at the N4G Summit and could be applicable to other countries including Asian countries. In addition, Japan will cooperate internationally to improve nutrition through the solving the world's food problems and will encourage other countries to make commitments to fund and support policies for international nutrition improvement.
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3232 Goal 2 END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 32 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 33 GOAL 2 Figure 7. Prevalence of malnutrition (%) With the continuing growth of the world's population, the issues of eliminating hunger, eradicating all forms of malnutrition, increasing agricultural productivity and creating sustainable food production systems are becoming an important part of the global sustainable development agenda. The world has all the resources to produce enough food for the entire population of the planet. In some countries, hunger is a very serious issue, while in others, modern food problems are associated with unsustainable harvesting methods, food waste and inadequate distribution. In Kazakhstan, hunger is not an issue and the prevalence of malnutrition remains at a low level in contrast to other comparable countries. Source: Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 3434 Over 80% of the country's food security on major food products is provided through local production. In 2018, Kazakhstan ranked 57th among 113 countries in the Global Food Security Index and continues to actively pursue a policy of improving the competitiveness of the agro-industrial sector (AIC). The challenge for Kazakhstan is to increase labour productivity in agriculture. To address this issue, the latest technologies and modern production methods are being introduced in the agricultural sector. Work is under way to digitize the agro-industrial sector: 100% of arable land and 70% of pasture land have been digitised, with the overall goal being to create at least 20 digital and 2,000 advanced farms that will use precision farming technologies (electronic field maps, accurate weather data, sensors, space monitoring and other solutions) by 2021. EGISTIC START-UP The EGISTIC information platform is based on the implementation of an integrated solution for monitoring and managing cultivated areas using remote sensing technology, high-precision satellite navigation, geoinformation systems and machine learning. EGISTIC processes information from satellite systems (LANDSAT 8, Sentinel 2), meteorological satellites, and field research in automatic mode and uses all this data as input to a mathematical model for the classification of biomass heterogeneity. The project plans to introduce the following technologies: - vegetation identification and control system; - system of cultivated areas monitoring and management; - mapping of cultivated areas; - identification of biomass heterogeneity based on machine learning algorithms; - mapping of weeds; - mapping of differentiated herbicide and fertilizer application; - definition of harvesting chain; - weather and crop yield forecasts. The project results will enable protective measures to be introduced for agricultural crops locally and pointwise, which will enhance the use of environment-forming and health-saving technologies to improve product quality, as well as minimize phytosanitary risks from quarantine weeds, the range of which expands with the development of trade and exchange of plant products. In general, the use of EGISTIC will help solve the problems associated with the high volatility of crop yields in Kazakhstan. 4 GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY INDEX 2018. A report from The Economist Intelligence Unit 4 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN 35 As a result, Kazakhstan has increased the agricultural labour productivity by 4.4 times; from 2010 to 2018, this figure increased from KZT 429,000 to almost KZT 1,913,900. Despite the level of food security achieved, issues such as malnutrition, obesity and micronutrient deficiency remain topical in the country. In Kazakhstan, in 2016, the age￾standardized prevalence of overweight was 54% for men and 53% for women. Furthermore, 19% of men and 23% of women are obese. It is therefore important to create the conditions and ensure equal opportunities for having a balanced diet, and a healthy and safe lifestyle. The monitoring and control of the quality and safety of locally-produced and imported food products, including counterfeit and genetically-modified foods, are carried out on an ongoing basis. Uniform standards for schoolchildren's diets were developed and have been introduced in schools since 2018. Additionally, free and reduced-price in-school meals are provided to certain categories of students. A project is currently under way to modernize school canteens, involving collaboration between businesses and schools and the establishment of public control. The sale of sweet and carbonated drinks has been banned in schools and measures are being taken to lodize edible salt, and to fortify flour and a number of other foods with minerals and vitamins. Next steps to implement SDG 2: increase labour productivity in agriculture through the introduction of modern technologies, the use of high-quality seeds, fertilizers and plant protection products, the diversification of agricultural production, as well as the development of agricultural science and the system of knowledge dissemination; produce organic products and export them to developed countries; digitalize the agro-industrial sector; creating digital and advanced farms, and automating processes and public services; increase the population's responsibility for their health by balancing nutrition, stimulating a healthy lifestyle, and developing sanitary and physical education. Figure 8. Labour productivity in agriculture (thousands, KZT) Source: Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 428.8641.6 612.2 781.9 1070.2 1242.3 1401.9 1636.2 1913.9 GOAL 2
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "kaz", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-kaz-2019-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2019 }
Goal 2: End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture Across Kenya, households are highly dependent on buying their food and therefore market integration and food prices are key determinants of household food security. The indicator of food price anomalies was 5.66% in 2014 before decreasing to 3.5% in 2016. Rural households purchase around 76 percent of their food consumption days, while the pastoralist community in Kenya’s poorest and most Arid and Semi Arid Lands (ASALs) areas have to buy all commodities apart from livestock products and milk. As a result, they have high levels of low dietary diversity. Food security levels would quickly drop in the likely event of a drought that would make their animals less productive or die and in the event of food price rises. Over the years, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger has been fluctuating. Kenya also faces malnutrition especially in area with poor intake of adequate and nutritious food in children leading to stunting, wastage, immune-compromise, high morbidity incidences with poor health outcomes among children. Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age is 26 percent down from 35.3 percent (KDHS 2008). However, there is a marked urban/rural difference whereby the prevalence rises to 29.1 percent in rural areas compared to 19.8 percent in urban areas. Prevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 is 4.1 percent, considered acceptable by WHO cut-offs a marked improvement from 6.7 percent in 2008. However, levels are high for children in the poorest households, in households with poor food consumption, and in households with high coping strategies. This, however, is likely to change drastically with increased devolved funding. In order to ensure progress in the attainment of this goal, the country needs to fast track interventions to enhance high quality and quantity food production, access and availability through increased agricultural productivity as a way of ensuring increased household access to food in sufficient quantity, quality and surplus for sale. Towards this, the government has been implementing irrigation projects like the Galana Kulalu Irrigation Project, interventions to transform agriculture from subsistence to productive commercial farming and subsidizing fertilizer and seeds, distribution of drought tolerant crops, strengthening the PPPs framework; implementation of livestock and livelihood support projects, construction and renovation of fresh-produce markets; provision of extension services to improve horticultural and livestock farming. During the period under review period, the government strengthened research and development through revamping and restructuring the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) by putting together all agriculture and livestock related research institutes1 to form the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO). This is expected to diversify seeds, cultivated plants, farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species. 22 Efforts by non-state actors to support the implementation of this goal including providing ready market to small holder farmers in ASAL areas, piloting the fertilizer to establish suitability of local soil and crop requirements, providing micronutrient powder (MNP) to children aged 6-59 months, offerings peer-to-peer service that helps farmers share information with each other via SMS or through internet helping farmers get market information and improve their agriculture productivity and providing up-to-date market information linking farmers to buyers through our marketplace and current agriculture-trends. Challenges i. The adverse effects of climate change leading to severe droughts, crop diseases and pests resulting in lower agricultural productivity; ii. Inappropriate agronomic methods and practices; iii. High population growth rates exerting pressure onto the limited productive arable land leading to land fragmentation into unviable farming units. This has led to declining trends in agricultural productivity and food insecurity. iv. Emergence and re-emergence of both crop and livestock diseases and pests exacerbated as well as cross-border livestock diseases; v. Inadequate marketing strategies and systems for agricultural products; and vi. Low uptake and adoption of modern technology, especially in the agricultural, livestock and fisheries sector. 23
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[ 2 ]
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| SECOND VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS - JUNE, 2020 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.2 END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Indicator 2.1.1: Prevalence of undernourishment Te proportion of Kenyan population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (also referred to as prevalence of undernourishment) remained steady at 30 per cent from 2016-2018 (Figure 4-1). Figure 4-1: Undernourishment in Kenya Indicator 2.1.2: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity was 56.5 per cent while the prevalence of severe food insecurity was 19.1 per cent in 2016. Te arid and semi-arid lands bore the brunt of food insecurity. Figure 4-2 shows the level of food insecurity in Kenya from 2014 to 2018. Prevalence of undernourishment (%) (3-year average) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JUNE, 2020 - SECOND VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS | 41 Figure 4-2: Level of food insecurity in Kenya Indicator 2.a.1: Te agriculture orientation index for government expenditures Te agriculture orientation index for Government expenditures was 0.06 in 2016 and has remained at 0.05 since 2017. Indicator 2.c.1: Indicator of food price anomalies Te indicator of food price anomalies was 13.4 per cent in 2017 before decreasing to 1.37 per cent in 2018. It increased to 6.43 per cent in 2019. Rural households purchase around 76 per cent of their food consumption days, with people in semi-arid areas contributing most to this hence their low dietary diversity. Food security levels would quickly drop in the unlikely event of a drought that would make their animals less productive or die and in the event of a rise in food prices. Challenges to End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture 1. High population growth rates exerting pressure onto the limited productive arable land, leading to land fragmentation into uneconomical farming units 2. Te adverse effects of climate change on long established productive system leading to severe droughts 3. Increase in crops and livestock diseases and pests 4. Underdeveloped rural infrastructure has led to high transport costs for agricultural produce and farm inputs 5. Low uptake and adoption of modern technology and declining soil fertility 6. Disinterest of lenders to fund agricultural activities 7. High post-harvest losses Selected ongoing interventions to End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture 1. Fertiliser subsidy programme to make fertilisers affordable for farmers 2. Enhancing strategic Food Reserves 3. Promotion of large efficient commercial farming 4. Increased agricultural mechanisation 5. Enhancing grain drying and storage facilities 6. Revitalisation of Industrial crops that provide forward and backward linkages 7. Kenya Cereal Enhancement Programme. Tis is an e-voucher scheme to facilitate access to agricultural inputs to vulnerable subsistence cereal farmers 8. Crop Insurance Project meant to enhanced mitigate risks and losses 9. Climate smart agriculture Emerging issues 1. Re-emerging transboundary crop diseases and pests like the fall army worms which compromised maize necrosis disease and desert locusts which compromise food production 2. Emerging and re-emerging livestock diseases that hinder trade in livestock and livestock products Number of severely food insecure people (million) (3-year average)
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[ 2 ]
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Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in the Kyrgyz Republic 43 PEOPLE, FAMILY AND SOCIETY End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture Goal 2. I. Analysis of the current situation based on the indicators for the goal Ensuring food security and balanced nutrition for the population is one of the priorities of state policies. The quality, quantity and variety of consumed food depend on the well-being of a household. The energy value of the nutrition in non-poor households in 2018 was 29.5% higher than that in poor households, and 50.9% higher that than in extremely poor households. When analyzing the nutrition of adults aged 18 years and over, the body mass index was applied.14 More than half (52.1%) of the adult population had normal body weight for their size. Among adults, overweightness and obesity are more widespread than malnutrition. People of pre-retirement and retirement age prevail among the overweight population, both among men and women.15 The proportion of the population consuming less than 2,100 kcal decreased by 1.5 percentage points between 2014 and 2018. For women this decreased by 0.5 percentage points and for men by 2.8 percentage points16. The diet of the country’s population includes high levels of trans fatty acids (TFAs). 44 Malnutrition and weight defciency in the Kyrgyz Republic lie within the biological norms and do not exceed 5% across all groups of children. Low body weight due to inadequate nutrition was observed in 2% of children under 5 years of age, with low body weight more typical for children under 1.5 years old. Since 2013, the Government has been implementing a program to optimize school nutrition to provide adequate nutrition to students. With the support of local authorities and development partners, conditions for warm meals in schools are being created. Warm meals are currently organized in 1,371 (60%) of the 2,265 schools in the country. All 1,497 standard kindergartens of the Kyrgyz Republic provide a balanced diet, and the population is informed about proper childcare. An updated “Preschool Education and Child Care” state standard has been developed. It includes basic requirements for catering in preschool educational institutions following the Customs Union Technical Regulations and Compliance of the Diet with Daily Energy Consumption. As an agricultural country, the Kyrgyz Republic is dependent on various factors affecting food systems that may impede the improvement of diet and nutritional outcomes. Sharp increases in food and fuel prices in the global and regional markets can lead to instability in food production and staple food market prices. Climate change harms natural resources and agricultural production; thus, affecting the main source of livelihood for the majority of the country’s population. Urbanization also affects the food environment and the diet of the population, increasing the risks of overnutrition and development of non-communicable diseases. At the same time, expanding urban markets provide opportunities to increase added value for farmers and food producers. The agricultural growth rate is lower in the Kyrgyz Republic than for the entire economy, given the considerably high population growth rates. Between 2012-2017, the country’s economy grew by 30.8%, and the growth of agricultural production amounted to 13.9% (in real prices).17 The population growth in the country requires a higher agricultural production growth rate for basic foodstuffs and greater productivity. Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in the Kyrgyz Republic 45 PEOPLE, FAMILY AND SOCIETY Snapshot: Under the “One Village - One Product” project, aimed at reducing unemployment in the regions, specialized groups (jamaats) have been created for the development and production of regional brands. Hundreds of people have acquired new professions and a regular source of income. In the Issyk-Kul region alone, more than 2,300 people were employed under the project. The total sales of manufacturers’ products of the Kyrgyz Republic under the project for 8 months in 2019 amounted to 24.7 million soms. Felt products and honey were exported to various countries, including Japan, the USA, China, Russia and European counties. II. Challenges (Targets 2.1, 2.2) There is an issue of unbalanced diet, with a high content of trans fatty acids, in the Kyrgyz Republic. This is due to both poor awareness of the negative effects of malnutrition and the consumption of excess nutrition and harmful food components. Issues with the provision of clean drinking water and sanitation in settlements remains a signifcant threat in providing quality nutrition due to the microbial and chemical contamination of tap water. (Targets 2.3, 2.4, 2.5) For four out of the nine types of products (food safety indicators), the Kyrgyz Republic provides for its needs. It imports the remaining five to cover the rest of its food needs. The country covers its need for potatoes, vegetables and melons, milk and sugar, while meat, eggs, vegetable oil and bread products in terms of grain are imported. Women employed in rural areas are more often involved in small-scale processing of agricultural products, as well as in fruit and vegetable cultivation on small land plots. In 2018, the share of women 46 employed in the agriculture sector made up 39.2% of the total number of employees, although only 20.6 per cent of the active economic entities in agriculture were led by women (compared with 79.4 per cent by men). III. Next steps - ensuring state control over the safety of produced and imported bread wheat and its processed products to be addressed, inter alia, through the establishment of a system of state laboratory quality control of purchased, delivered and shipped grain and its processed products for the state reserve; - improving availability and diversity of food for public consumption; - ensuring food accessibility for the population; - improving the nutritional status of the population through evidence-based direct and indirect nutritional activities such as promoting good nutritional practices; increasing intake of vitamins and minerals; providing micronutrients through food enrichment for all; therapeutic nutrition for wasting children using special foods; improving nutrition among pregnant women, especially in rural areas; raising accessibility of health services; increasing nutrition in education (school meals, teaching schoolchildren healthy eating skills); improving hygiene and sanitation; providing clean drinking and irrigation water; building dietary diversification; diversifying agricultural production; improving access to nutritious food for everyone; supporting farming as a source of income for women and families; - improving the safety of food products; - fostering agricultural production of basic food products, the domestic production of which remains insufficient (bread and bakery products, fruits and berries, sugar, vegetable oil, eggs), using existing agricultural financing tools, including soft loans; - developing and implementing an industry target program for the production of fruits and berries aimed at creating conditions for gardening; - improving the provision of seeds, development of processing enterprises, use of new irrigated land, and effciency of pastures and water resources; - intensifying production by updating the breeding stock in terms of livestock and poultry and use of high-quality seeds by farmers.
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[ 2 ]
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CSDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutriton and promote sustainable agriculture CAMBODIA’S VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019 49 OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 2030 AGENDA Progress In the absence of more recent evidence, reporting here is based on the CDHS 2014 results showing that in 2014, 32% of Cambodian children under 5 were stunted. Although this represents a signifcant improvement since 2010, when over 40% were stunted, it is still considered very high based on WHO/UNICEF prevalence thresholds. Children in rural areas are more likely to be stunted than children in urban areas. Table 10: Progress of CSDG 2 Sources: CSDG Framework and ministries CAMBODIA’S VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019 OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 2030 AGENDA 50 Consumption of diversifed food among households is a concern as the percentage of households with low dietary diversity score was 11.6% (CSES 2014). Prevalence of overweight or obesity among women of reproductive age increased substantially from only 6% in 2000, to 11% in 2010 and 18% in 2014 (CDHS 2014). Challenges Some challenges faced include: (1) the quickly changing context of Cambodia’s development status including population growth, socio-economic conditions, urbanization, migration, and climate change; (2) diet quality of pregnant women and children under 5 remains inadequate; (3) public budget needed for sustainability and private investments are still lacking; (4) increase in incidence of obesity especially among women of child-bearing age; and (5) the need to make for more diversifed agricultural production and protection of natural resources crucial for agriculture, forestry and fshery. Key Policies/Accelerating Strategies The National Fast Track Roadmap for Improving Nutrition (2014-2020) provides long-term direction to solve maternal, infant and young child malnutrition issues, particularly to reduce their illness and mortality rate. The National Strategy for Food Security and Nutrition (NSFSN) 2014-2018 aimed to improve physical, social and economic access to suffcient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences and optimize the utilization of this food to keep a healthy and productive life. The Mid-Term of Review of the Strategy was conducted in 2017 to incorporate the National Action Plan for Zero Hunger Challenge in Cambodia 2016-2025 and inform the preparation of the NSFSN 2019-2023. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries developed the Agriculture Sector Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018 to accelerate agriculture development, including enhanced agricultural productivity, diversifcation and commercialization, promotion of livestock farming and aquaculture, land reform and sustainable management of natural resources. CAMBODIA’S VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019 51 OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 2030 AGENDA
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "khm", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-khm-2019-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2019 }
Cambodia’s Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2023 Review of Progress, Challenges, and Policy Direction of CSDGs 36 CSDG 2: End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture Progress Progress in CSDG 2 was moderate, as this goal was severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) rose slightly from 6% to 6.3% over 2019–2020, reversing the steady decline of 8.5% which had been occurring during 2015–2017. The prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity also increased from 46.6% in 2019, to 50% in 2020, as a result of supply disruptions and reduced access to food during critical periods of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) data shows good progress in the reduction in stunting of children under five, which fell from 32% in 2014, to 22% in 2021–2022. However, there has been no progress in terms of the prevalence of wasting in children under five years, with 10% estimated to be suffering from wasting in 2014, and 10% in 2021–2022. The percentage of children under five years recorded as being overweight or obese has doubled from 2% in 2014, to 4% in 2021–2022. While the percentages are low relative to many other countries, this is also an alarming trend. The percentage of exclusive breastfeeding children aged 0–5 months has decreased from 64.6% in 2014, to 51% in 2021–2022. The total official flows to the agricultural sector as percentage of GDP over the reported period were slightly higher than the targeted value due to the increase in loan disbursements during the COVID-19 response, coupled with the contracted GDP growth. Challenges There is a continuing concern for chronic moderate and severe acute malnutrition (wasting) and chronic food insecurity in Cambodia and for the devastating impacts of malnutrition on individual lives and national development. It is crucial that the most vulnerable children are identified at national and sub-national levels to inform evidence-based policy interventions. According to UNESCAP LNOB Platform, the prevalence of stunting is particularly high among boys living in poorer households and in Kampong Thom, Pursat and Kampot where over one-third of the furthest behind children are stunted. Wasting is particularly high among boys living in poorer households where mothers have lower education. Among these children about 14% experience wasting. Prevalence is particularly high in Kampong Chhnang where over one-third of furthest behind children experience wasting. Prevalence of overweight is increasing in urban areas among boys whose mothers have secondary or higher education. Among these children, 8% are overweight, which is double the national average. For wasting, the furthest behind represent 11% of the population of children under 5 in Cambodia. The remaining challenges include, (i) lack of up-to-date data, (ii) operationalization and implementation, (iii) legal and regulatory environment, (iv) lack of budget, resources and equipment, and (v) limited coordination. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak had a detrimental impact on food security and nutrition for the most vulnerable groups. Linked to affordability issues, food security for the most vulnerable deteriorated in 2021, along key dimensions, including food consumption and quality of diets, resulting from households’ income loss. The pandemic has also hindered the national fiscal space and the implementation of joint priorities. Cambodia’s Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2023 Review of Progress, Challenges, and Policy Direction of CSDGs 37 Table 7: Progress of CSDG 2 Indicators Unit Planned Actual Progress 2019 2020 2021 2022 2019 2020 2021 2022 2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment. % 14.2 14.2 13.8 13.1 6 6.3 on track 2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) % 44.1 42.1 40.1 38.1 46.6 50 off track 2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting (height for age <- 2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age % 25 25 25 25 22 on track 2.2.2a Prevalence of wasting (weight for height <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age % 6 6 10 off track 2.2.2b Prevalence of overweight and obesity >+2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age. % 2 4 off track 2.3.1 Value of agricultural production per unit of labour engaged in agriculture (farming, animal husbandry and fisheries). $/farmer 1,878 2,000 2,130 2,416 no data 2.4.1 Agricultural land productivity. $/ha 1,736 1,804 1,874 1,948 no data 2.5.1 Number of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in policy, strategy and either medium or long-term conservation facilities. number 102 105 108 110 100 100 100 100 On track 2.5.2 Percentage of households in protected areas improving their livelihoods through receiving the benefits from NTFPs, integrated agriculture, eco-tourism. % 168 (29%) 174 (31%) 179 (33%) 184 (35%) 168 (29%) 174 (31%) 182 (33%) 190 (35%) on track 2.a.1 Total official flows (official development assistance + other official flows) to agriculture sector (as % of GDP). % 0.58 0.54 0.51 0.48 1.05 0.83 1.03 0.98 on track Policies The key policies to accelerate progress of this goal include: the National Strategy for Food Security and Nutrition; the Fast-Track Road Map for Improving Nutrition; the Country Operational Roadmap for Global Action Plan on Child Wasting; and the Cambodia Roadmap for Food Systems for Sustainable Development 2030. The RGC set national targets in the Nutrition for Growth commitments that will require reporting in 2023. The RGC also recognizes that achieving CSDG 2 requires a multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder approach, complemented by clear sectoral contributions. A major step towards ensuring convergence was the setting up of Provincial Working Groups on Food Security and Nutrition in all provinces. In addition, there are policies and strategies relating to each of the key sectors, including health, agriculture, education, water supply and sanitation, commerce, industry, and social protection. The main successes by sector include: expanding social protection during COVID-19; expanding agricultural production and increasing crop diversity; increasing expenditure for the health sector during COVID-19; developing and adopting a systems approach to the food system through the food systems dialogues; passing the Food Safety Law; adding nutrition indicators to the Health Management Information System; the School Meal Programme becoming nationally owned; launching of the National Action Plan for Early Childhood Care and Development; improving the school food environment by banning six categories of unsafe and unhealthy food and beverages in schools; increasing access to clean water; promoting Cambodia’s Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2023 Review of Progress, Challenges, and Policy Direction of CSDGs 38 breastfeeding; setting up of the SUN Business Network; and formulating national commitments for Nutrition for Growth. In the context, ODA remains a catalyst to leverage and complement domestic development finance sources. The RGC remains committed to leading the coordination and management of ODA at maximum effectiveness to support the RGC’s national priorities, such as the national COVID-19 recovery plan, LDC graduation, upper-middle-income country status, the realization of Agenda 2030, and Nutrition for Growth Commitments. On this basis, CRDB/CDC is formulating a new Development Cooperation and Partnerships Strategy 2024–2028 to strengthen effective development cooperation by establishing objectives, principles, and identifying mechanisms and tools that are used to promote partnerships in development and align ODA with the RGC’s priorities and ambitions.
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33 Extreme hunger is not a pressing priority in the state of Kuwait. However, the Public Authority for Food and Nutrition (PAFN) is working closely with relevant government and non-government stakeholders to constantly measure the prevalence of food insecurity in the country, and to ensure uninterrupted access to adequate, safe and nutritious food for all. As an example of community e!orts towards achieving this objective, Kuwait Food Bank (KFB) continues to support thousands of families, elderly and orphans in need. KFB implements the “Subsidies’ Bank Project”, which provides food and beverage throughout the year to vulnerable groups across the 6 governorates, with the support of the General Secretary of the Awqaf. Furthermore, this project falls under the general guidance and instructions of His Highness the Emir of Kuwait to ensure that all people in Kuwait have access to su"cient food supplies. However, Kuwait has been experiencing a relatively high incidence of overweight and obesity, which represent some of the major health risks in the country. In 2008, the WHO stated that Kuwait was one of the Arab countries that were exposed the most to obesity and overweight, with prevalence reaching up to 42% of the whole population. The results of the Kuwait National Nutrition surveillance (KNNS) program showed that prevalence of overweight and obesity in children from zero to 23 months old, was 7% and 2% respectively. For children aged 24-60 months, overweight was 6% and obesity was 4%. For those aged 5 to 19 years, the prevalence of overweight was 26% while SDG 2 ZERO HUNGER End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Kuwaiti CSO Al Najat Charity, an ambitious campaign to eliminate hunger in the world. 34 Kuwait Voluntary National Review 2019 Percentage of Agricultural Land Dedicated for Sustainable Productive Agriculture Figure 9 Table 8 20% of them were obese. Obesity was more common among males than females aged 9 to 17 years, which showed the high rates of obesity and weight gain in terms of age. Obesity rates and overweight among Kuwaiti adults were 44% and 34%, respectively in 2016 (KNNS 2016). More recently, in 2018, a study assessing the prevalence of obesity and overweight among adolescents revealed that among the 591 adolescents surveyed, 54.3% were either obese or overweight, and that prevalence was higher among males than females. Programmes aimed at addressing this issue are being currently considered and their implementation and impact will eventually be integrated under this goal in future reporting. Of relevance to food security, it is worth mentioning that a special area was dedicated for productive and sustainable agriculture during the period 2012 – 2016. The size of that area remained stable and consisted of around 96% of the total area dedicated for agriculture. (CSB)t Because Kuwait lacks sufficient natural freshwater resources or arable lands, the government recognizes the need to bring in dry land urban agriculture and adequate technologies as well as other necessary resources and skilled labour to enhance its food production. Nonetheless, PAFN implements a number of activities and interventions to prevent malnutrition and to ensure wholesome practices and promote active and healthy lifestyles. For instance, their e!orts in partnership with six local companies have succeeded in reducing added sugars in juices with a rate varying between 6 and 17 percent. PAFN is also working hard with relevant authorities to promote healthy and nutritious patterns. Most challenges that are being confronted under this heading are the lack of quali#ed technical sta! and the insu"cient implementation of guidelines and principles set by the Civil Service Bureau. However tailor-made programmes are being designed and implemented to address these challenges, and will be monitored for impact and e"ciency. The Central Statistical Bureau is issuing data on a monthly and yearly basis, re$ecting the Consumer Price Index on a number of basic services, as per the below table.
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The Second Voluntary National Review Report on SDGs (VNR2) – 2023 45 SDG 2: ZERO HUNGER End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 110 Social Reform Association (2020). Fourth Sustainability Report 2020. Social Reform Society Planning Ofce 111 CSB of Kuwait (2022). SDG 2 – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. As per recent Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) re￾cords pertaining to the prevalence of undernourishment, Ku￾wait maintained a commendable rate of below 2.5 per cent between 2016 and 2019 when the world’s rate was fuctuating between 7.8 and 7.6 per cent, reaching 8 per cent in 2019. In 2020, the world’s rate went even up to 9.3 per cent, when Ku￾wait’s rate increased only by a two fraction points to 2.7 per cent, most likely as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which put signifcant resources under pressure then, including food and livelihood (see fgures 12, 13 14 below). On target 2.1, it is worth mentioning the work of Al Eslah Society in 2020 considering their distribution of food supply during the pandemic and thereafter (meat, bread and food baskets), which beneftted more than 1,612,857 persons110. On indicator 2.2.1, the prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years has been steady since 2012 at a rate of 5.8 per cent. It increased slightly however, to 6.0 per cent in 2020111. The State of Kuwait is the frst Gulf country to introduce the soilless cultiva￾tion system 46 The Second Voluntary National Review Report on SDGs (VNR2) – 2023 Men Women Total 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Figure 13: Prevalence of Moderate or Severe Food Insecurity Among Adult Populations (≥15 years) CSB, SDG2, 2022 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.9 1 1 1.1 1.1 1 Figure 14: Prevalence of Severe Food Insecurity Among the Adult Population (≥15 Years). CSB, SDG2, 2022 Men Women Total 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Figure 12: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. SB, SDG2, 2022 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 The Second Voluntary National Review Report on SDGs (VNR2) – 2023 47 On indicator 2.2.2, the diference in the rates is signifcant between the prevalence of wasting among children under 5 years of age (2.5 per cent in 2020) and the prevalence of overweight among children in the same age group (7.1 per cent). However, it is important to note that the rate of over￾weight children witnessed a major decrease since 2015, where it recorded 8.7 per cent112. Data on the prevalence of ane￾mia among women of childbearing age (indicator 2.2.3), became available only in 2019 when the rate recorded 23.7 per cent. Monitoring this rate in the near future would enable ascertaining evolving trends and would inform appropriate policies. As for target 2.4, measuring the agricultural area al￾located for productive and sustainable agriculture, the records show an increasing trend over the years, starting with 40.8 per cent in 2013 and reaching 43.7 per cent in 2019, however there has been a slight decrease between 2017 and 2018 reaching 43%113. As for indicator 2.a.1, the percentage of government’s ex￾penditure on the agricultural orientation index has been slightly increasing over the years from 0.36 per cent in 2016 to 0.46 per cent in 2020. Alternatively, the development assis￾tance percentage provided by the Kuwait Fund for Develop￾ment to the agricultural sector (indicator 2.a.2) has slightly decreased from 10.34 per cent in 2016, to 9.66 per cent in 2020. It is worth mentioning that no development loans were re￾ported for the agricultural sector in 2021. Finally, on indica￾tor 2.c.1, the food prices index moved up from 0.19 per cent in 2016 to 7.48 per cent in 2022114, most probably due to the pandemic, the closure of many borders and the disruption of exports and imports. On support to livestock, the State Audit Bureau superviso￾ry work covers the Livestock Transport & Trading Company (KLTT), which is a Kuwait based shareholding company aimed at operating the production and trade of meat115. The Bureau supervises KLTT to guarantee price stability and prevent mar￾ket fuctuations. This is manifested through a) opening the biggest livestock market in the Middle East; b) opening new markets for the import of sheep from Romania, South Africa, Djibouti, Iran, and Jordan; and, c) founding Al-Mawashi Sub￾sidiary company in South Africa. The company made sure to provide the population with their needs during lockdowns by 112 CSB of Kuwait (2022). SDG 2 – Op. cit. 113 CSB of Kuwait (2022). SDG 2 – Op. cit. 114 CSB of Kuwait (2022). SDG 2 – Op. cit. 115 State Audit Bureau (2020). Achievements of the State Audit Bureau towards achieve the Sustainable Development Goals – Annual Report, Twelfth Edition. 116 State Audit Bureau (2020). Op. cit. 117 State Audit Bureau (2020). Op. cit. 118 UNCT of Kuwait (2020). United Nations Country Team Comments on the Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Kuwait. The United Nations Country Team of Kuwait. delivering products to the houses while maintaining the pric￾es unchanged116. Other development projects implemented by SAB are i) the National Laboratory Center, ii)) the Mobile Labs for food inspection, iii) establishment of facilities for the development of modern and integrated agricultural systems to reinforce sustainable agricultural production, and iv) a sus￾tainable economic farm with modern technology117. Some of the recommendations that are being considered to achieve a better performance under this goal are as follows: i) developing a nutritional program with the promotion of positive social norms regarding health-building habits from early childhood through to adulthood; ii) encouraging exclu￾sive breastfeeding; iii) developing a knowledge promotion platform to enhance the health of adolescent girls; and, iv) im￾plementing a national strategy for food security and nutrition that takes into consideration the nutritional needs for children and incorporates nutrition education in schools118. Abdulhafz Marafe Farm is the frst farm in Kuwait managed by solar ener￾gy and operating on nano system
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "kwt", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-kwt-2023-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2023 }
xvi The Second Voluntary National Review Report on SDGs (VNR2) – 2023 11. On SDG2, Kuwait maintained a commendable rate of undernourishment below 2.5 per cent when the world’s rate was fuctuating between 7.6 and 7.8 per cent. The prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years has been rather steady since 2012, whereas the rate of overweight children witnessed a major decrease since 2015. As to the space allocated for productive and sus￾tainable agriculture the records show an increasing trend over the years. Many projects are currently being implemented with a view to reinforcing sustainable ag￾ricultural production and a sustainable economic farm with modern technology. Kuwait is considering devel￾oping a nutritional program with the promotion of pos￾itive social norms regarding health-building habits from early childhood through to adulthood.
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19 20 2.1. Progress and challenges Lao PDR has achieved the MDG target of halving the proportion of hungry people. 21 The proportion of undernourished in the population22 has declined from 42.8 percent in 1990 to around 18.5 percent in 2015.23 Lao PDR reaffrmed its commitment to fght hunger and undernutrition through the launch of the National Zero Hunger Challenge in May 2015, and through its Agricultural Development Strategy, National Nutrition Strategy, and the NSEDP. Despite recent progress, Lao PDR is still off￾track on the target of reducing underweight and stunting. In 2016/17, some 33 percent of children under fve years of age were stunted, and 9 percent were wasted. Undernutrition in Lao PDR shows strong inequalities, associated with poverty patterns. Stunting in rural areas without road access is twice that in urban areas. Stunting in children from some highland ethnic groups are nearly double those of children from lowland groups. Children from the poorest households have stunting rates three times higher than those among children from the richest households. Even in rich households, 20 percent of children suffer from stunting.24 The causes of undernutrition have not been adequately addressed. 25 These are primarily poor infant and young child feeding practices (including low rates of exclusive breastfeeding for children under the age of 6 months), poor maternal nutrition, high adolescent birth rates among some ethnic groups, and poor female education. Children of uneducated women have stunting rates four times higher than do children of mothers with at least secondary education.26 Food insecurity is still signifcant. Threats to food security include soil degradation and decreasing yields, linked to land pressure from population and large-scale investment projects, limited access to irrigation, rainfall￾dependent agricultural practices, disease outbreaks among livestock, the diffculties for farmers to fnd economically attractive legal alternatives to opium growing,27 low resilience to natural disasters and climate change, and UXOs, which make farmland unsafe. Around 11 percent of rural households have poor and borderline food consumption.28 Measurement issues: Undernourishment is tracked from food balance sheets and food consumed by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO)29 for three-year periods. Undernourishment is also measured in fve-yearly Lao Household Expenditure and Consumption Surveys (LECS) that produce the percentage of population under the Food Poverty Line, that is, those consuming less than the minimum dietary energy requirements of 2,100 kcal/ person/ day. LECS will also measure for the very frst time in Lao PDR the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Child undernutrition is measured by child anthropometry surveys, which are not conducted annually. Mechanisms need to be put in place for tracking child malnutrition more frequently, such as sentinel surveillance and/or rapid assessment methods. Much more data is needed on adolescent girls’ nutrition in Lao PDR. Future design of surveys and agricultural censuses will need to incorporate measures of agricultural productivity and incomes of small￾scale food producers by sex. At present, the proxy indicator agricultural value added per labour unit is inadequate. 2.2. Looking forward The Government of Lao PDR is prioritizing the following strategies: • Accelerating the implementation of the Agricultural Development Strategy 2020. The Strategy supports the shift from a subsistence to market-oriented agricultural production that is adapted to climate change and focused on smallholder farmers. Other related measures include increasing the capacity of farmers’ associations, improving agricultural production infrastructure, upgrading technologies, and strengthening farmers’ access to inputs and fnancial products, which will all help to add value to farmers’ agricultural products. • Accelerating the implementation of the National Nutrition Strategy to 2025 and Plan of Action 2016-2020. The Plan emphasized a multi-sectoral response to undernutrition, with nutrition-specifc and nutrition-sensitive interventions that converge on high-risk districts. The Government is also scaling up the “First 1,000 Days” approach30 (from pre￾conception to two years of age) with behaviour change interventions. • Strengthening service delivery to the most deprived, using participatory strategies. Such strategies involve empowering village health volunteers, 21 farmer groups, and village extension workers with the required knowledge and support. The most deprived groups with the lowest access to services, and also the highest levels of child stunting are those living in rural areas without road access (constituting 7 percent of the total population in 2011/12), households in the poorest quintile (19 percent of the total), families with uneducated or poorly educated women (21 percent of the total), and ethnic groups living in high remote areas (33 percent of the total).31
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{ "country": "lao", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-lao-2018-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2018 }
30 SDG 2 – Zero Hunger (End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture) 31 Food production outcomes. Lao PDR is performing well in food production, particularly farm production is meeting or exceeding all the national per-capita food production targets. Even with flooding and a major pest infestation, the production since 2016 was strong: rice production was more than double the national consumption targets for 2020, vegetable production was nearly four times, and fruit production was over seven times the consumption targets. Lao PDR as a country is, therefore, producing sufficient quantity and diversity of foods for good nutrition. Food and nutrition security have improved over the years. However, it is still an issue of concern. Proportion of hungry people has declined from 33% (2010) to 23% (2018). The country ranked 87/117 in the 2020 World Hunger Index. With a score of 25.7, Lao PDR suffers from a level of hunger that is serious. Food and nutrition insecurity has been an issue even prior to COVID-19. Percentage of prevalence of undernourishment in the population remains almost unchanged (16.8% in 2015) and (16.5% in 2018). Significant threats to food security. The threats to food security include soil degradation and decreasing yields, linked to land pressure from population and large-scale investment projects, limited access to irrigation, rainfall-dependent agricultural practices, disease outbreaks among livestock, the difficulties for farmers to find economically viable alternatives to opium growing, low resilience to natural disasters and climate change, and UXOs, which make farmland unsafe. Around 11% of rural households have poor and borderline food consumption. Insufficient food supply is still a concern in some key provinces among others such as Phongsaly, Bokeo, Houaphanh, Sekong & Attapeu. These have been exacerbated during the time of COVID-19 and the threats to food security will remain. As such, the Government is working with national and international to come up with proper measures to sustain food security recovery in coming years. Child nutrition outcomes. Recent Government survey (LSIS) and administrative data show that moderate or severe stunting among children under age five had decreased to 33% (2018) from the previous 2012 level of 44%. However, wasting among children in the same age group has not improved; rather, moderate or severe wasting has increased to 9% in 2018, from 5.9% in 2012. Underweight has been reduced from 26.6% in 2012 to 21.1% in 2018. At the same time, overweight has been a concern as it prevalence increased from 2.5% in 2015 to 3.5% in 2018. Slow progress and disparities. Undernutrition in Lao PDR is still high, showing strong inequalities, associated with poverty patterns. While all provinces have seen reductions in stunting rates in 2018 compared to 2012 levels, stunting in rural areas without road access (43.3%) is twice that in urban areas (21.5%). Children from the poorest households have stunting rates 3.4 times higher than children from the richest households. Even in households of the richest and fourth quintiles, some 14% and 23% of children respectively suffer from stunting. The extremely high levels of stunting and wasting in many provinces as per the summary highlighted in the following table have become a public health concern according to the prevalence cut-off values for public health significance as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO).8 Table 2.1 - Children under age 5 by nutritional status % of children under age 5 by nutritional status according to the anthropometric indices of height for age (stunting), and weight for height (wasting), Lao PDR, 2018 (in order of stunting prevalence) Stunting Wasting Moderate & severe Severe Moderate & severe Severe Vientiane Capital 13.8 5 5.5 1.8 Champasack 24.6 7.1 9 2.7 Xayabury 25.1 10.9 19.1 8.4 Savannakhet 28.4 11.2 10.4 2.9 8 WHO, 2010. Nutrition Landscape Information System (NLIS) country profile indicators: interpretation guide. Geneva: WHO. 32 % of children under age 5 by nutritional status according to the anthropometric indices of height for age (stunting), and weight for height (wasting), Lao PDR, 2018 (in order of stunting prevalence) Stunting Wasting Moderate & severe Severe Moderate & severe Severe Attapeu 29.6 12.5 15 4.2 Khammuane 29.7 8.8 9.8 2.3 Borikhamxay 29.9 9.6 5.6 1.6 Vientiane 33 12.1 6.6 2.3 Luangnamtha 34.1 9.1 3 1.4 Bokeo 34.7 11.3 4 0.7 Huaphanh 40.7 18.1 16.4 8.3 Luangprabang 41.3 16.5 8.9 3.2 Oudomxay 42.7 17 6.2 1.6 Saravane 42.9 20 12.5 3 Xaysomboune 44 17.9 5.8 1.1 Xiengkhuang 46.3 14 5 1.8 Sekong 49.9 21.8 8 2.9 Phongsaly 54 28.9 8.9 4.5 Lao PDR 33 12.7 9 3 Source: Lao Statistics Bureau, 2018. Lao Social Indicators Survey. The causes of undernutrition have been inadequately addressed. These are primarily poor infant and young child feeding practices (including low rates of exclusive breastfeeding for children under the age of 6 months), cessation of breastfeeding before the recommended 2 years of age, poor maternal nutrition, high adolescent birth rates in some communities, and poor sanitation and hygiene practices, including open defecation. The percentage of children below the age of six months who were exclusively breastfed remains low, although slightly increased from 40.4% in 2012 to 44.9% in 2018. The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to worsen the nutrition and food security situation across the country. At the global level, due to COVID-19, it is estimated that there could be a 14.3% increase in the global prevalence of moderate or severe wasting among children under five years as this relates to a prediction in mortality rates and country specific losses in GNI per capital. Although there is no official predicted data for Lao PDR, the trend will be similar to those of the global picture. Making progress toward the target of reducing undernutrition is the most challenging task for the country. Stunting is declining but still affects nearly 33% of children under 5 years and wasting 9% which is rising. COVID-19 will increase wasting by 14.3%. 9 Children from rural areas, poorer households, ethnic groups and whose mothers are not educated were more likely to be stunted. Food insecurity is unevenly distributed across districts and low-income households and farm laborers were most likely to be affected by COVID-19. The agriculture and forestry sector - the main source of livelihoods - grew at an average rate of only around 3% over in recent years. This growth lagged the other sectors although the sector is central to the Lao PDR economy. While the Government aims for non-resource industrial growth as a key to the country’s future development model, the agricultural sector will remain critical for meeting the country’s aspirations related to poverty reduction and inclusive growth. The sector accounts for nearly 70% of total employment over 60% of expenditure for low-income groups.10 For the near future, agriculture will still be the primary source of income and livelihoods for a majority of people—many of whom remain at a subsistence level. Reducing poverty and more 9 Rapid Assessment of Food Security and Agriculture in Lao PDR, May 2020. 10 ADB Country Diagnostic (2018). 33 widely sharing the gains of development requires measures to help this population increase productivity, become more commercially-oriented, and better connect to markets. Managing the shift to commercialization. The agriculture sector faces challenges in managing the shift to commercialization. One challenge is to better integrate nutrition within the effort to promote equitable commercialization. Unless this is done, the rapid commercialization of agriculture could undermine local food security and nutrition strategies. Addressing this challenge requires promoting the local production of nutritious foods in quantities sufficient for local consumption, not just for export, and helping communities that have shifted to commercial production to access nutritious foods produced nearby. Another challenge is to address women’s workload and empowerment within the agriculture sector. Several studies have indicated that as women are working more in commercial agriculture, making more money than before, they are away from home for more hours, and have less time for attending to family nutrition needs in traditional ways. Strategies that genuinely empower women need to involve men.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "lao", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-lao-2021-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2021 }
21 SDG 2 Zero Hunger Lebanon does not have severe or chronic nutritional imbalances. The percentage of the population suffering from undernourishment10 was 5.4 percent in 2015, almost the same as a decade ago. Around 11 percent of Lebanese households are vulnerable to food insecurity. These are mainly in rural regions where the majority of displaced Syrians have settled. More food-insecure households are headed by women than men. The MoSA runs programmes that address hunger and household nutrition, such as providing a free hot meal to the elderly and poor once a week through existing charities, and food vouchers provided by the NPTP. Food availability in Lebanon is relatively secure and stable. The government’s social assistance, sector strategies, and humanitarian organisations’ programmes are working to further improve food security and sustainable agriculture. However, access to food by many poor households is restricted by its affordability. Lebanon imports 65 to 80 percent of its food, particularly staples like cereals and sugar. This makes it vulnerable to international food price shocks, which the government tries to offset by subsidising wheat and bread.11 In 2011 the agricultural sector constituted four percent of Lebanon’s GDP and in 2009 employed six percent of the total labour force. Agriculture is the primary source of income and employment in rural areas, where the sector employs up to 25 percent of the labour force and makes up 80 percent of GDP in rural areas. The Ministry of Agriculture 2015–2019 Strategy is based on principles of good governance. It aims to develop the agriculture sector by ensuring food security and food safety, reducing poverty and rural–urban migration, creating job opportunities, and increasing efficiency and sustainable use of natural resources. Its specific objectives are: 1. to provide safe and good quality food. 2. to improve the contribution of agriculture to the economic and social development of the country by raising agriculture’s share of GDP from four to six percent and reducing the current agriculture trade deficit. 3. to promote the sustainable management of natural and genetic resources. This is being implemented through eight courses of action, 30 components, and 104 area interventions. The ministry’s strategic objectives are supported by other initiatives, such as the IDAL Agri-Plus programme that provides agricultural export subsidies to local producers and other incentives to enhance product quality and improve packaging, promotion and marketing. The Central Bank of Lebanon also subsidises medium- and long-term agricultural loans and provides microfinance to enterprises with up to four workers.12 In addition the Ministry of Economy and Trade subsidises wheat and controls bread price and the Ministry of Finance subsidises farmers planting tobacco.
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42 GOAL 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture The extent of hunger in Liberia In the 2019 Global Hunger Index, Liberia ranks 112th out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 34.9, Liberia suffers from a level of hunger that is serious. This is an improvement from a decade ago when the GHI score indicated ‘alarming’ levels of hunger in Liberia. There has been a slow yet steady decline in chronic food insecurity among people in Liberia. In 2010, nearly 41% of households were food insecure, 49% in 2012, 16% in 2015 and 18% in 2018. Chronic food insecurity is a grave concern in Liberia largely due to poverty, unsustainable livelihoods, low agricultural production and productivity, land constraints and gender inequalities. High numbers of Liberians continue to suffer from hunger and undernutrition, the consequences of which severely hamper social and economic development. Currently, about 20 per cent households are consuming diets deprived of the most needed nutrients found in animal products, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. Poor diets are intrinsically linked with poverty. According to Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016, 50.9% of households in Liberia are living in poverty. Households are highly dependent on food markets, which are often inaccessible during the rainy season or lean period. Household food expenditure is extremely high (60% of total income) compared with spending on education, health, and other necessities. Stunting or chronic malnutrition remains a persistent public health concern in Liberia. The Comprehensive Food Security and Nutrition Survey 2018 estimate that 35.5% of children under five years are stunted like the 2012 prevalence of 35.0%. The recently released Key Indicator Report of Demographic and Health Survey 2019 indicates that while the nutritional status of children in Liberia continues to be of concern, there have been some improvements in key indicators. Between 2013 and 2020, the per centage of children who are stunted (low height for age) decreased from 32 per cent to 30 per cent; the per centage of children who are underweight (low weight for age) decreased from 15 per cent to 11 per cent, and the per centage of children who are wasted (low weight for height) decreased from 6 per cent to 3 per cent. The per centage of overweight children has increased to 4 per cent from 1 per cent in 2013. The per centage of children who are exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life has not changed since 2013 at 55 per cent. Agriculture Liberia depends heavily on food imports and the dependency trend is increasing and the development towards the strategic objective is not going in the desired direction. Liberia’s subsistence farming on insecure tenured land makes it hard for Liberians to compete on the market with cheaper food imports, and agriculture has not recovered from the 2014 Ebola outbreak and prolonged civil crises. The 43 agricultural productivity remains low and artisanal fisheries have not progressed for over three decades due to lack of credit, capacity, illegal fishing, and continuous environmental degradation to which the fishermen in part contribute to themselves through destructive practices and wrong gear. Farming households comprised 35 per cent of Liberian households in 2016.20 Slightly more than half a million Liberians make their livelihood through the farm or related ventures. Secure access to productive land remains their most valuable resource and the most severe constraint. Only five per cent of cultivated land is privately owned; and less than three per cent of farming households have a deed that can be collateralized or transferred from one generation to the next to build wealth. Most farming land is in community, tribal trust, or family held. Liberia’s agriculture strategy is aligned with SDGs - specifically, eradication of extreme poverty (SDG 1); ending hunger (zero hunger) (SDG 2); equality in gender (SDG 5); sustainable and reliable access to energy services (SDG 7); decent employment and economic growth (SDG 8); build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization that benefits all (SDG 9); preserve, restore, and sustainably manage terrestrial ecosystems and forests (SDG 15); and strengthen capacity to implement sustainable development initiatives (SDG 17), amongst others. Vision for the Agricultural Sector (2017-2025) In line with the SDGs, the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), the Regional Agricultural Investment Programme (RAIP), the Malabo Declaration and the Economic Community of West African States Agriculture Policy (ECOWAP), the Ministry of Agriculture led the process of formulating the second generation of the Liberia National Agriculture Investment Plan called Liberia Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (LASIP II), which builds on past progress and reaffirms the Government of Liberia’s commitment to transforming its agricultural sector. The process was supported by the ECOWAS and the Food and Nutrition Security Impact, Resilience, Sustainability and Transformation (FIRST) European Union – Food and Agriculture Organisation partnership program, and in close consultation with donors, state and non-state actors as well as with active participation of relevant stakeholders in the sector. Challenges include inefficient production systems, weak policy and business environment, human resource challenges, inadequate infrastructure, insufficient agricultural funding, subsistence farming, weak natural resources management, and poorly developed agricultural research and development. Various studies conducted in recent years indicate that Liberia has a comparative advantage in the primary production and value addition of some specific crops in terms of its contribution to food and nutrition security and export earnings. These are oil palm, rubber, cocoa, fisheries (marine/aquaculture), rice, cassava, horticulture (i.e., vegetables), and poultry/livestock. Producing diverse outputs (including value￾added products) for domestic and international markets could result in gains in agricultural and economic growth. Five major inter-related components have been identified as strategic in delivering the plan. These components are food and nutrition security; competitive value chain development and market linkages; agricultural extension, research, and development; sustainable production and natural resource management; and improved governance and institutional strengthening. Direct food support In coordination with the Government and United Nations agencies, WFP reached vulnerable communities in nine counties across Liberia with direct food and nutrition support. In addition to the implementation of school feeding activities and enhancing agricultural value chains through strengthening the capacities of smallholder farmers, WFP provided essential food and logistics assistance for the national emergency response to seasonal flooding between August and October 2018. Targeting was informed by the 2013 Comprehensive Food Security 44 and Nutrition Survey (CFSNS) complemented by other food security and nutrition-related assessments and studies conducted by the government and partners. Moreover, WFP supported the Government to conduct the 2018 Comprehensive Food Security and Nutrition Survey (CFSNS), the first survey since 2013 to assess the level of household food insecurity and malnutrition. In 2018, WFP provided enhanced support to the Government in implementing home-grown school feeding (HGSF) as a vital social safety-net in Liberia. Through the convening of a national stakeholder conference and a multi-sectoral planning and coordination committee, the Government has prioritized HGSF as a mechanism to strengthen agriculture and education as well as advance overall economic and social development. The Government acknowledged WFP’s expertise in developing a sustainable, nationally owned HGSF program to enhance the livelihoods of vulnerable Liberians In 2018, WFP interventions under this strategic outcome included support to the government's effort to put in place a robust food security monitoring system (FSMS) identified by the national food security and nutrition strategy (NFSNS). The FSMS consists of three components: (1) market price monitoring, (2) food security and nutrition surveillance system (FSNSS), and (3) comprehensive food security and nutrition survey (CFSNS). As part of this initiative, WFP provided technical and financial support for the finalization of the 2018 CFSNS. Market price monitoring was supported for only the first quarter of 2018 due to resource constraints. Fisheries The sector has made progress towards expanding the fisheries capacity in the country with investment in the Mesurado fishing pier and has increased awareness of the fisheries management framework to help tackle illegal fishing. Forestry production has also been boosted through granting community forest status to 11 communities and the FDA has taken over the chain of custody operations from a private provider saving the government $0.7m. The government worked towards increasing production in the fisheries sector and increase its contribution to the GDP from 3% to 6% by improving harbor facilities for industrial fishing to increase efficiency and facilitate local consumption and enhance exports. To complement this, the govt aimed to establish a robust fishery monitoring and surveillance system, and fisheries governance, to tackle Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU). A draft proposal for Mesurado Fishing Pier Expansion has been completed and the government has signed a $3.7 Million Fisheries Project Preparatory Agreement with the World Bank which will help increase industrial fishing activities and exports. Activities have been undertaken to raise awareness of the establishment of a comprehensive fisheries management framework by National Fisheries Authority which will help reduce IUU fishing Under 5 malnutrition Stunting or chronic malnutrition remains a persistent public health concern in Liberia. The 2019-20 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey (LDHS)1 results show that 30 per cent children under age 5 are stunted while 10 per cent are severely stunted. The stunting prevalence can be classified as ‘very high’ based on the WHO-UNICEF threshold of ≥30 per cent. Stunting rates are spatially distributed across the county with geographical variations. For instance, children residing in urban areas are less likely to be stunted than those living in rural areas (25 per cent and 35 per cent, respectively). Additionally, stunting is lower in the South-Central region (25 per cent) than in the other regions (33-34 per cent). Among the counties, the prevalence of stunting is highest in River Cess (41 per cent) and lowest in Montserrado (21per cent) again indicating the urban-rural disparities. The prevalence of stunting decreases with increasing mothers’ education and household wealth showing an inverse correlation. Children from educated mothers and those from the highest wealth quintile are less likely to suffer from stunting. Stunting has long-term 45 consequences for children’s survival and development because of the effects of stunting on brain development, learning performance and, ultimately, on adults’ health and productivity, and its strong association with increased morbidity and mortality. Three per cent of Liberian children are wasted, and 1 per cent are severely wasted (-3 SD). There is no variation in wasting between based on the area of residence with children in both urban and rural areas being wasted at 3 per cent each. Also, wasting is similar among boys (4 per cent) and girls (3 per cent). Unlike with stunting, there is no clear relationship between the prevalence of wasting and mother’s education; however, wasting increases with increasing wealth status before dropping among children in the highest wealth quintile. With regards to underweight, the 2019-2020 demographic and health survey showed that 11% of Liberian children are underweight, with 3per cent classified as severely underweight. The proportion of underweight children varies by residence, with 13 per cent of children in rural areas and 9 per cent in urban areas being underweight. By region, the proportion of children who are underweight ranges from 9 per cent in North Central to 16 per cent in North Western. The proportion of underweight children is highest in River Cess County (20 per cent) and lowest in River Gee County (7 per cent). A trend analysis of anthropometric data in the 2013 and 2019-20 LDHS surveys shows that stunting, wasting, and underweight have improved in the last seven years. Over this period, stunting prevalence took a downward trend moving from 32 to 30 per cent, wasting decreased from 6 to 3 per cent while the proportion of underweight children decreased from 15 to 11 per cent. Additionally, both surveys show that stunting prevalence in Liberia varies with age with the highest increase recorded among children within the complementary feeding age of 6-23 months. In the 2019-2020 LDHS, the prevalence of stunting increases gradually from around 13 per cent among children aged 6-8 months and peaks at 31 per cent among children 18-23 months. To reduce under-5 malnutrition a Unit was established and well equipped with twenty-four (24) trained staff at the JFK Medical Centre and ELWA Hospital catering to malnourished children. The National Nutrition policy and an Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition (IMAM) guideline was revised and disseminated. The children under-5 treated for malaria have increased to over 133,782 since 2018. The key achievements in nutrition include the following. - Significant improvements in the coverage of nutrition interventions have been achieved: Based on routine data from the MoH, micronutrient powder supplementation and counseling on Infant and Young Child Feeding are now reaching over 70 per cent of target population cohorts from baselines of less than 10 per cent for both interventions. On the other hand, the treatment coverage of SAM improved from 45 to 57 per cent. More details can be found in the graph alongside. 46 - - Nutrition services have been embedded into the public health care system fostering sustainability: Nutrition services are now provided in over 80 per cent of all public health facilities from baselines of less than 30 per cent. The embedding of nutrition services into the public health care system was very successful in improving access and availability of the same to the population. - A comprehensive package of ten nutrition interventions is now provided in health facilities across the country: UNICEF supported the MoH to expand the package of nutrition services from three to ten with most of these services (seven) now provided routinely in public health facilities. - Capacities in the area of nutrition have been strengthened with health care providers from across the country trained on diverse aspects of nutrition. - A full set of standard nutrition Indicators are now included in the Health Management Information System (HMIS) which has improved monitoring of implementation, enhanced accountability, and fostered sustainability of nutrition services. At the upstream level, the following has been achieved in shaping positively the enabling environment for the implementation of the nutrition program. UNICEF has supported, influenced, and catalyzed the following. - The National Nutrition Policy (NNP) has been revised and updated and is presently under implementation. - Nutrition has been included as a priority in the government PAPD. - Nutrition objectives are now included as part of the outcomes of the Liberia Social Safety Net (LSSN) program. - The development of a Multisectoral costed plan of action for nutrition is currently ongoing. The Scaling Up Nutrition movement is now fully functional in the country following the appointment of a SUN focal point by the government. Despite the progress made in mainstreaming nutrition services into the health care system, opportunities exist to further strengthen the quality of the services and to enhance the effective coverage of some of the key interventions. Furthermore, there is a need to expand select DNIs to the community level to achieve universal coverage. 45 48 54 57 1 31 62 78 8 30 73 92 78 88 84 81 2016 2017 2018 2019 COVERAGE TRENDS OF SELECT DNI IN PHASE ONE 2016 - 2019 SAM IYCF Counselling MNP supplementation IFA Supplementation 47 Going forward, it is paramount to apply multi-sectoral approaches in addressing stunting to ensure that all causal pathways are fully addressed. There is a need to implement nutrition-sensitive interventions and programs since they address the underlying determinants of malnutrition—such as poverty, food insecurity, and scarcity of access to adequate care resources. 16 2017 Figure...Liberia maternal mortality ratio 2010-2017 Maternal mortality ratio
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27 4.2. Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 1.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment The 2021 Global Hunger Index report ranks Liberia 110th out of the 116 countries with sufficient data to calculate 2021 GHI scores. With a resulting GHI score of 33.3, Liberia is deemed to have leaped one step in the global Hunger Index threshold rating from “Alarming” to being deemed “serious”. This steady decline in Liberia’s GHI score correlates with a general decline in chronic food insecurity among the people of Liberia from 49 percent of households deemed food insecure in 2012 to 18 percent in 2018. 7 2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age At the time of the 2013 LDHS, 32 percent of children were stunted. In 2019-2020, the prevalence of stunting among children reduced slightly to 29.8 percent. Liberia has made some progress towards reducing stunting, but 29.8 percent of children under 5 years of age are still affected, which is lower than the average for the Africa region (30.7 percent).8 28 2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight) In 2013, 6 percent of children under 5 years of age were wasted, while 3 percent were overweight. The LDHS 2019-2020 showed a decrease in children who are wasted (3 percent), and an increase in overweight children (4 percent). Liberia is 'on course' for the target for wasting, with 3 percent of children under 5 years of age affected, which is lower than the average for the Africa region (6.0 percent).9 Liberia’s progress in improving nutritional status is indicative of strong commitments, collaboration, and partnership. In 2014, Liberia became the 47th country to commit to scaling up nutrition with the SUN Movement which is comprised of sixty-five countries leading a global movement to end malnutrition in all its form. As a SUN member country, Liberia remains committed to reducing malnutrition through multi￾sectoral strategies aimed at tackling and addressing the immediate and underlying causes of malnutrition. Liberia has also effectively harnessed other coordination mechanism and multi sectorial platforms such as the United Nations Renewed Efforts Against Child Hunger and Under-nutrition (UN-REACH) for improving nutritional outcomes. The UN-REACH movement is a country-led approach aimed at improving multi-sectoral nutrition governance for addressing child undernutrition through the partnership and coordinated actions of UN agencies, civil society, donors, and the private sector, under the leadership of national governments. 2.a.1 The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures The GOL’s agriculture spending as a percentage of total expenditure has been very low over the decades and has not exceeded 3 percent of total expenditure. Specifically, Liberia’s annual budgetary allocation to the agriculture sector has been declining over the years, falling from 2 percent in the fiscal year 2010/2011 to just 1.1 percent (or $5.8 million) in 2019/2020.10 29 Status of Hunger in Liberia The increasing levels of poverty in Liberia compel many Liberians to go to bed hungry. Hunger remains a serious policy challenge in Liberia. The most recent data on hunger indicates that hunger remains high in Liberia. In the 2021 Global Hunger Index (GHI).11 Liberia ranks 110th out of the 116 countries, with a score of 33.3 points out of 100. The ranking and corresponding score implies that Liberia has a level of hunger that is serious.12 On April 7, 2022, the Global Hunger Index report was released by Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide in Monrovia. The report revealed that even though Liberia’s GHI score has decreased by 14.8 points since 2000, hunger is still categorized as serious in the country. It estimates that hunger will increase, because the GHI decline seen since the beginning of the century is slowing down.13 Food Security and Nutrition The serious nature of hunger is as a result of food insecurity. In Liberia, food insecurity remains a chronic challenge due to problems of post-conflict social rehabilitation, volatile food prices, change in food supply, low-scale merchandise farming and potential health crises, one of which is the COVID-19 pandemic.14 Like other countries, COVID-19 has disrupted all four pillars of food security in Liberia - food availability, food stability, food utilization and food accessibility. The share of Liberia’s population who consume fewer than 2,400 calories per day, the minimum threshold for per capita intake, is approximately 39 percent.15 In 2021, the GOL provided preventive nutrition services across 514 health facilities in 2021 (up from 228 in 2020 nationwide). In total, 244,273 caregivers of children aged 0–23 months received infant and young child feeding counselling; 140,676 pregnant women received iron folic acid (IFA) supplementation; and 171,616 children aged 6–23 months received micronutrient powder supplementation.16 For the first time, an adolescent nutrition program was introduced and piloted in 124 schools. The package included weekly IFA supplementation, twice yearly deworming, and nutrition education for adolescent girls. The reopening of schools in January 2021 enabled acceleration of the school adolescent nutrition program, which reached 30,077 adolescent girls (above the 18,080 target).
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[ 2 ]
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13 4 Implementation of the individual SDGs Situation in Liechtenstein The remarks concerning SDG 1 make it clear that poverty is not a significant problem at the national level. It can also be concluded that nobody in Liechtenstein needs to go hungry. As for most countries around the globe, ensuring food security and healthy nutrition plays an important role in Liechten￾stein and is a long-term task of the state. Providing the population with diverse food￾stuffs is achieved both through domestic agricultural production and through imports. Thanks to the customs treaty with Switzer￾land, Liechtenstein is integrated in the Swiss customs area, which means it has unrestrict￾ed access to its agricultural and foodstuffs market. The domestic agricultural sector is relatively small. Only 0.7% of all employees were employed in the agricultural sector in 2016. However, the agricultural sector (including households) contributed 7% to gross value added in 2016. Protecting the incomes of farmers is of great importance to ensure that agricultural production is sustainable in the long term. The provision of environmental, landscape conservation and animal protection services is likewise in the public interest and is pro￾moted and subsidised by the state. Farmers can obtain financial support from the state in various ways. The Liechtenstein government has been committed to an environmentally friendly approach to agriculture for years. In addition, all farms are committed to careful manage￾ment of resources. The measures taken by the government to promote sustainable Overall assessment • Nobody goes hungry in Liechtenstein; food security is ensured • The proportion of organic farming in Liechtenstein is very high and is increasing slightly • SDG 2 is very well implemented and the trend is positive End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 14 4 Implementation of the individual SDGs Statistical indicators Utilised agricultural area in ha Trend: Decrease Assessment: negative Source: Agricultural statistics (Landwirtschaftsstatistik) 1984 1996 2002 2008 2014 5900 5700 5500 5300 5100 4900 4700 4500 Environmental compensation areas Managed semi-natural habitats and wildflower strips as a proportion of the utilised agricultural area (as a percentage) Trend: Increase Assessment: positive Source: National Statistical Office; Environmental statistics. 2000 2005 2007 2009 2010 2013 2016 14.5 15.2 15.1 15.6 15.8 16.4 13.5 20 15 10 5 0 agriculture are having the intended effect. The area of organically farmed agricultural land has continued to increase since 2005, reaching the relatively high figure of 38% in 2016. In the European Union a proportion of 6.7% was achieved in 2017. The equivalent figure in Switzerland was 14.4%. This means Liechtenstein takes a leading position inter￾nationally in terms of sustainable agriculture. Organic farming also contributes directly to a healthier diet of the population. Challenges Climate change probably poses the greatest risk to Liechtenstein’s agricultural sector. Agriculture is affected by changes in the climate in a range of areas. A combination of drought, heat stress and high ozone concen￾trations may lead to reduced production in the future. On the other hand, climate change could also have positive effects on agriculture because climate-related warming could ena￾ble an increase in production, providing that sufficient nutrients and water are available. In addition, climate change is also changing general global conditions, such as changes to the international agricultural market due to water scarcity, heavily fluctuating harvests, rising transport costs, increased demand, land use conflicts and the growing costs of production factors. Accordingly, climate￾related changes may also have an indirect impact on the agricultural markets and on production as a result. The dry summer in 2018 further raised farmers’ and the Public’s awareness of climate change as well as of conflicts between the different users of the existing water resources. As a result, significant progress was made with the development of a concept for artificial irrigation of agricultural land. 15 4 Implementation of the individual SDGs Area of organically farmed land in Liechtenstein and the EU as a percentage of the total utilised agricultural area 2005 2007 2009 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 27.9 28.2 28.2 28.1 5.6 30.5 5.7 5.8 6.2 38.0 6.7 LIE EU Trend: Increase Assessment: positive Source: Agricultural statistics (Landwirtschaftsstatistik); Eurostat. Measures In June 2018, the Liechtenstein government adopted an adaptation strategy to climate change in Liechtenstein. The strategy identi￾fies potential risks especially for the agricul￾tural sector and formulates specific measures for adapting to those risks. Some measures have already been implemented, including: • Erosion control measures; • Early warning system for harmful organisms and pathogenic microorganisms in livestock (Radar Bulletin). In addition, further specific activities are planned to improve the resilience of the agricultural sector: • Artificial irrigation of crops; • Avoidance of heat stress for animals and crops; • Early warning system for harmful organisms in crop cultivation.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "lie", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-lie-2019-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2019 }
71 SDG 6 5.9 SDG 2: The high proportion of organic farming was wel￾comed multiple times, and further expansion of sustainable food production was advocated. In this context, some ac￾tors were particularly critical of consumer behaviour and pointed out that sustainably and/or locally produced food is expensive. However, the country’s limitations when it comes to food self-sufficiency was also recognized.
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[ 2 ]
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12 SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Situation in Liechtenstein The remarks concerning SDG 1 make it clear that poverty risks at the national level are low. It can also be concluded that nobody in Liechtenstein needs to go hungry. As for most countries around the globe, ensuring food security and healthy nutrition plays an important role in Liechten￾stein and is a long-term task of the state. Providing the population with diverse foodstuffs is achieved through domestic agricultural production and, above all, through imports. Thanks to the customs treaty with Swit￾zerland, Liechtenstein is integrated in the Swiss customs area, which means it has unrestricted access to its agricul￾tural and foodstuffs market. The domestic agricultural sector is relatively small. Only 0.7% of all employees were employed in the agricultural sector in 2021. At the same time, the agricultural sector contributed 0.2% to gross value added in 2020. Protecting the incomes of farmers is of great importance to ensure that agricultural production is sustainable in the long term. The provision of environmental, landscape con￾servation and animal protection services is likewise in the public interest and is promoted and subsidised by the state. Farmers can obtain financial support from the state in vari￾ous ways. The Liechtenstein Government has been committed to an ecological approach to agriculture for years. In addition, all farms are committed to careful management of resources. The measures taken by the Government to promote sustain￾able agriculture are having the intended effect. The area of organically farmed agricultural land has continuously in￾creased since 2005, reaching the relatively high figure of 41% in 2020. In the same year, the figure for the European Union was 9.1%, and 17% for Switzerland. This means Liechtenstein takes a leading position internationally in terms of sustainable agriculture. Organic farming also con￾tributes directly to a healthier diet of the population. Challenges Perhaps more than any other sector, agriculture is very de￾pendent on climatic conditions and accordingly is strongly impacted by climate change. The dry summer of 2018 and the dry winter of 2022/23 have raised awareness about cli￾mate change amongst farmers and the public and especial￾ly about the conflicts between different groups of persons using the available water resources. Agriculture must therefore adapt to progressive climate change with a sus￾Overall assessment • Food security is ensured, so SDG 2 is generally well implemented. • The proportion of organic farming in Liechtenstein is very high and continues to grow. 13 tainable management approach. At the same time, agricul￾ture contributes to climate change and has to join other sectors of the economy and the public in reducing green￾house gas (GHG) emissions. Agricultural enterprises in Liechtenstein are generally extremely willing to do this, as long as their efforts are compensated fairly. The 2022 Agricultural Policy Report addresses these chal￾lenges and sets out specific measures to help farmers deal with the impact of climate change. Measures In the 2022 Agricultural Policy Report, the Government clearly defines its vision of an agriculture that produces sustainable foodstuffs whilst caring for and conserving the countryside. It is the task of government to create the con￾ditions required for professional and viable agriculture. Assessment negative The utilised agricultural area (including alpine pastures) has declined. Source: National Statistical Office – Environmental indicators Desired development: Stability Trend: Decrease 1984 1996 2002 2008 2014 2019 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 5,827 5,539 5,425 5,333 5,236 5,168 Statistical indicators Utilised agricultural area in ha Specific policy measures in the report are divided into the following areas: education, social affairs and society, mar￾kets, economy and technical progress, ecology and climate. For example, there are plans for the mandatory participa￾tion of agricultural workers in continuing education pro￾grammes; the establishment of a central marketing facility under private sponsorship; the introduction of a sustain￾ability assessment for farms; the reduction of GHG emis￾sions and optimising the use of pesticides. Assessment positive The proportion of ecological compensation areas as a percentage of the utilised agricultural area has increased. Source: National Statistical Office – Sustainable development indicators Desired development: Increase Trend: Increase 2000 2005 2007 2009 2010 2013 2016 2020 20 15 10 5 0 13.5 14.5 15.2 15.1 15.6 15.8 16.4 16.9 Ecological compensation areas Managed semi-natural habitats and wildflower strips as a proportion of the utilised agricultural area (as a percentage) 14 2005 2007 2009 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2020 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 27.9 28.2 28.2 28.1 5.6 30.5 5.7 38.0 6.7 41.0 9.1 5.8 6.2 Assessment positive The proportion of organically farmed land as a percentage of the total agricultural area utilised has increased. Source: National Statistical Office – Environmental indicators; Eurostat. Desired development: Increase Trend: Increase Area of organically farmed land in Liechtenstein and the EU as a percentage of the total utilised agricultural area LIE EU
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4.2 GOAL 2: END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINA - BLE AGRICULTURE 4.2.1 Lesotho Hunger Indicators Lesotho is committed to addressing hunger and undernutrition. This has been demonstrated by several policy frameworks and programmes that are in place, most importantly National Vi - sion 2020 that seeks to ensure a healthy and well-developed human resource base. The Food and Nutrition Security Policy (2017), the proposed Food and Nutrition Strategy and the Zero Strategic Review Report (2018) all pro - vide a framework to address the multi-dimen - sional causes and consequences of malnutri - tion. All these high-level initiatives and many others symbolize GoL’s efforts to achieve the WHO Targets 2025, the African Union Agen - da 2063 Goals as well as the Sustainable De - velopment Goal (SDG) target 2.2 - “ to end all forms of malnutrition by 2030”. Food and nutrition insecurity in Lesotho is re - lated to poor performance and low productivity in the agricultural sector. The population at risk of food insecurity in Lesotho varies each year with a projection of 640,000 people to be food insecure during the period of July 2019 to June 2020. This is due to a combination of droughts, lack of fnancial resources (due to rising pov - erty) to purchase inputs to increase produc - tivity, land degradation, weak management of the sector, limited extension service delivery to farmers contributing to sub-optimal applica - tion of modern agricultural methods, pest and disease outbreaks (such as army-worm infes - tations), limited grazing land and stock theft. In the 2017/18 consumption year 224,664 peo - ple in the rural areas and about 82,278 people within urban settlements have been estimated to be food insecure. Lesotho currently relies on imports from South Africa to meet 70 percent of its food security needs. 32 Figure 4.2.1: Food Consumption Score by District and Settlement– Urban and Rural Source: Vulnerability Assessment and Analysis Report 2017 Although chronic and acute malnutrition has declined since 2004 (Figure 4.2.2), the nutrition sit￾uation in Lesotho is characterised by high stunting rates in children under the age of fve years, wide-spread micro-nutrient defciencies in children, adolescents and adults, overweight and obesity in some segments of the population, and the growing incidence of diet related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which are costing lives and imposing a burden on the health system. 33 Figure 4.2.2: Prevalence of Malnutrition by Type Stunting: At least one in three children under the age of fve years is stunted (33.2 percent according the Lesotho Demographic Health Survey of 2014). Whilst both chronic and acute malnutrition in this age group of children has decreased since 2004, stunting remains high and above the WHO public health threshold of 29 percent for moderate prevalence. Chronic malnutrition is high across all districts, espe￾cially in Butha-Buthe (40.3 percent), and the mountain districts of Mokhotlong (47.7 percent) and Thaba-Tseka (40 percent). The population density varies by districts with the largest num￾ber of children chronically malnourished in the higher population districts of Maseru, Leribe and Mohale’s Hoek. Two of the districts with the highest stunting rates (Mokhotlong and in Tha￾ba-Tseka) have extreme concentrations of pov￾erty. The majority of the population in these dis￾tricts is in the lowest wealth quintile (53 and 55 percent, respectively). About 45 percent of the adult population in Lesotho is stunted (COHA Lesotho, 2016). The consequences of stunting on other SDGs is key to note. These include negative effects on cognitive functions required for successful educational outcomes, and poor maternal health outcomes. Wasting: The prevalence of wasting remains low across all districts, (under fve percent). The districts with the largest number of children under fve with acute malnutrition are Maseru, Leribe and Berea. Micro-nutrient defciencies: According to the LDHS, 2014 Report, half of all children have some form of anaemia whilst more than one in four women (27.3 percent) of age 15-49 years have anaemia. The prevalence of anaemia in women and children has remained a critical Note: The 2004 data was converted using the WHO Conversion tooI on 2006 growth standards Sources: DHS 2004, 2009, 2014 34 public health issue since 2004 and has in￾creased in recent years. Vitamin A defciency among pre-school aged children was identifed as a severe public health problem in 2005, with 32.7percent of these children being affected. However, updated data is missing. The same applies to iodine defciency in all school-aged children as one-ffth were defcient in 2002 but more recent statistics are not available. Lesotho is a mountainous country, with about two-thirds of the land characterized as not ar￾able. But, agriculture is the backbone of the rural economy with about 58 percent of the population earning their living from it. 16Howev￾er, the sector´s contribution to GDP has been declining, largely due to adverse climatic con￾ditions, thereby reaching a low of 6.9 percent in 2016. This compares with 16 percent in the early 1980s. The sector employs 9 percent of the urban population, and 54 percent of their rural counterparts. and supports livelihoods of over 80 percent of the rural population. 17While it is the main livelihood source for a majority of the rural population, the ability of Lesotho to produce its own food has declined in recent decades. 18This was largely the result of an El Nino drought, soil infertility and land degra￾dation. 19Together, these factors exacerbated vulnerability to recurrent shocks, and entrench food insecurity and undernutrition. The result has been a sharp decline in food production and a failure to plant new crops by a large pro￾portion of farmers. In addition to the formally trained and employed extension offcers, the Government of Lesotho uses the lead farmer extension model where the lead farmers are drawn from the communities to further train and mentor others. Negative effects induced by the El Niño phenomenon left 640,000 people (58 percent children) food insecure.20 4.2.2 Lesotho Action Programmes Eradicating hunger and malnutrition are long￾standing priorities in Lesotho because they are related to poverty (SDG 1), access to so￾cial services like education (SDG 4) and health (SDG 3), gender-based/sex-based violence (SDG 3, 10) and limited participation in com￾munity/country´s development (SDGs 13, 16). Therefore, eradicating hunger and reducing malnutrition through comprehensive and sus￾tained multi-sectoral approach is imperative for the country. The Government is also aware of the necessity to support to the poor and vul￾nerable groups to ensure access to food that is safe, nutritious and suffcient. i. The Government has created the Food and Nutrition Coordinating Offce’s (FNCO) under the Prime Minister´s Offce to provide leader￾ship and coordinate response to hunger and nutrition in Lesotho. It has also launched a pro￾gramme called “Renewed Efforts Against Child Hunger and Undernutrition” – REACH- to gal￾vanize efforts, implementation, monitoring and reporting on hunger and nutrition programmes and initiates. ii. Lesotho, with the UN support, fnalised the Lesotho Food and Nutrition Policy, and the Cost of Hunger in Africa Study (Lesotho Chap￾ter), which together with the Scaling Up Nutri￾tion Movement (SUN) were launched in 2016, by His Majesty King Letsie III who is also AU Nutrition Champion and FAO Special Ambas￾sador for Nutrition. iii. Capacity assessment was commissioned in August 2017, through REACH support with the aim of focusing primarily on the Food and Nu￾trition Coordinating Offce’s (FNCO) capacity to leverage multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder nutrition coordination process while ensuring effective engagement of all key actors. The capacity assessment was also undertaken to identify gaps in capacity for the line ministries and stakeholders to effectively engage in SUN process at all levels. This was one of the rec￾ommendations of the nutrition situation analy￾sis conducted in 2015. iv. Lesotho developed National Food and Nutri￾tion Strategy and Costed Action Plan (FNSAP) for Lesotho for the period 2019-2023, with a vi￾sion: “A well-nourished, healthy and productive nation”. This document articulates and defnes the national medium-term strategy for food and 35 nutrition security together with a costed action plan, both of which shall guide the design and implementation of food and nutrition security programmes, projects and related actions by all stakeholders. It presents evidence-based high-return investments that have been iden￾tifed and prioritised through a multi-sectoral consultation approach. The strategies are aligned with national development priorities as articulated in the NSDP II as well as the region￾al and international policies and protocols on food and nutrition security. 4.2.3 Poverty and Hunger - Next Steps Go￾ing Forward • Reducing poverty levels and inequalities (na￾tionally and in the districts) and reducing ine￾qualities across the country, by rolling out and sustaining the gains of the last fve years and using evidence-based and result-based man￾agement. • Enhancing food security, by improving pro￾ductivity through research and development, use of technology, optimizing agriculture land use, encouraging and supporting smart and precision agriculture/farming. • Adequate funding, effective implementation and monitoring the economic, social and en￾vironmental programmes articulated in the NSDP II. • Mobilizing fnancial and human resources for NSDP II though national, regional and interna￾tional partnerships. • Balancing social protection/humanitarian as￾sistance with development agenda – building community and households resilience. • Strengthening national coordination and en￾gagement structures for effective prioritization and monitoring of, and reporting on SDGs. • Revitalizing FNCO’s overall coordination ar￾chitecture by reviewing and reforming the gov￾ernance structures for multi-sectoral coordina￾tion. • Effective implementation and monitoring of “Renewed Efforts Against Child Hunger and Undernutrition” – REACH- initiatives. • Strengthening of health and nutrition pro￾grammes for attainment of good health. 36
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "lso", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-lso-2019-en-3.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2019 }
Status of SDG Progress Food and nutrition insecurity in Lesotho is re￾lated to poor performance and low productiv￾ity in the agriculture sector. The population at risk of food insecurity in Lesotho varies each year with a projection of 640,000 people to be food insecure during the period of July 2019 to June 2020. This is due to a combination of droughts, lack of fnancial resources (due to rising poverty) to purchase inputs to increase productivity, and land degradation. Moreover, weak management of the sector and limited ex￾tension service delivery to farmers contribute to sub-optimal application of modern agricultural methods, pest and disease outbreaks (such as army-worm infestations), limited grazing land and stock theft. Although chronic and acute malnutrition has declined since 2004, the nu￾trition situation in Lesotho is characterised by 3 high stunting rates in children under the age of fve years, wide-spread micro-nutrient defcien￾cies in children, adolescents and adults, over￾weight and obesity in some segments of the population, and the growing incidence of diet related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which are costing lives and imposing a burden on the health budget. Going forward Lesotho will focus on the following: • Reducing poverty levels and inequalities across the country, by rolling out and sustaining the gains of the last fve years and using evi￾dence-based and result-based management. • Enhancing food security, by improving produc￾tivity through research and development, use of technology, optimizing agriculture land use, en￾couraging and supporting smart and precision agriculture/farming. • Funding, effectively implementing and moni￾toring the economic, social and environmental programmes articulated in the NSDP II. • Mobilizing fnancial and human resources for NSDP II though national, regional and interna￾tional partnerships. • Balancing social protection/humanitarian as￾sistance with development agenda – building community and households resilience. • Effectively implementing and monitoring of “Renewed Efforts Against Child Hunger and Undernutrition” – REACH- initiatives. • Strengthening of health systems and nutrition programmed for attainment of good health. 4
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "lso", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-lso-2019-en-4.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "s", "type": "vnr", "year": 2019 }
10 Goal 2 The implementation of the EU common agricultural policy contributes to achieving this goal. More than EUR 3 billion have been allocated for direct payments in 2014–2020, and the budget of the Lithuanian Rural Development Programme 2014–2020 constitutes almost EUR 2 billion. Direct payments are allocated to agricultural entities for the declared areas of agricultural holdings, crops and livestock, with a END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE view to supporting income, ensuring the long-term economic vitality of farms less dependent on fluctuations of agricultural product prices. Launched in 2015, the Lithuanian Rural Development Programme 2014–2020 consists of various measures designed to promote the competitiveness of agriculture, protect the environment and conserve biodiversity, and improve the quality of life in rural areas. About 3 000 entities receive support for organic farming and the farming of fruit, berries and vegetables in accordance with the national agriculture and food quality system (support is provided to an area of more than 200 000 ha). With a focus on environmental protection and sustainable development, support is to be provided to 70 000 entities and their activities related to the promotion of environmentally friendly farming practices in areas containing natural handicaps. In 2016, the share of the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector in the gross value added created in Lithuania and in the country’s total exports accounted for 3.3% and 19.4% respectively. Lithuanian exports of agricultural and food products constituted EUR 4.4 billion and imports amounted to EUR 3.4 billion. The foreign trade balance of agricultural and food products has been positive since 2004, and in 2016 it increased from EUR 87 million to EUR 977 million compared to 2015. Lithuania boasts the largest supply of grain, milk and dairies, eggs, meat and potatoes among all agricultural products. The production of these products normally exceeds the volume consumed for domestic needs. Opposite trends dominate in the vegetable, fruit and berry market, as these products are not sufficient to meet the domestic demand due to seasonality and climatic differences. The increase of labour productivity and innovation remain one of the challenges for the development of the agricultural and food sector. This need is dictated by increased competition on international markets. To make the nutrition of the population more balanced and favourable to health, Lithuania has approved and is currently implementing strategic planning and other normative documents that will help to improve the situation related to food, nutrition and health. The above-mentioned steps in the agricultural policy provide conditions for ensuring the economic vitality of farms and the food industry and the continuation of their activities, promoting conservation of the environment and meeting other public needs. Lithuania in fact is self-sufficient in terms of agricultural and food products, which guarantees the survival of the state.
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[ 2 ]
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SDG 2. END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE KEY CHALLENGES￾ ￾ Ensuring sustainability in agriculture and fisheries ￾ Ensuring the production and consumption of organic and fair trade products ￾ Ensuring adequate nutrition for all citizens ￾IN￾PROGRESS OF KEY INDICATORS PER TARGET￾ 2.1.The proportion of the population in Lithuania that is undernourished or severely food insecure remains relatively low ￾1.9% in 2020, compared to 1.1% in 2018￾, but with rapidly rising food prices, this indicator could change negatively in the future. 2.2. In 2021, 0.6% of children under 5 (attending educational institution) had short stature, 1.8% were underweight and 2% overweight; In 2019, 41.4% of the Lithuanian population had a healthy body mass index, 37.9% were overweight and 18.9% were obese. Fruit and vegetable consumption has not changed significantly since 2018. 2.3. Lithuania's gross agricultural production is growing steadily (at current prices ￾ €2.358 billion in 2018 and €3.073 billion in 2021￾ and productivity in the agricultural sector (value added per hour actually worked in agriculture, forestry and fisheries was €6.8 in 2018 and €12.7 in 2021￾. However, Lithuania is still below the EU average. 2.4. While the share of organic area is increasing (from 8.1% in 2018 to 8.9% in 2021￾, however, GHG emissions from the agricultural sector are still increasing (the change in GHG emissions compared to 2005 emissions has increased from 4.4% in 2018 to 7.9% in 2021￾, mainly due to the use of mineral fertilisers (according to EUROSTAT, their use increased from 159 433 t in 2018 to 185 779 t in 2020￾ 2.5. As the genetic resources of animal species protected for food and agriculture are increasing in Lithuania, the proportion of native species threatened with extinction is also increasing. More information on (in)progress for specific indicators is available here. 33 SDG 2 IMPORTANCE IN THE LITHUANIAN CONTEXT SDG 2 is important for Lithuania's agriculture and fisheries sectors, as well as for public health and stability, and are reflected in various Lithuanian strategic documents and government policies. In implementing this SDG, Lithuania aims to ensure adequate and healthy nutrition, quality food and self-sufficiency of the population, develop sustainable agriculture, food and fisheries sectors, while increasing the productivity and added value of these sectors. This SDG is also of particular importance for Lithuania in the fight against climate change and its consequences. PROGRESS IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT Between 2018 and 2021, the country’s agricultural productivity has made relatively strong progress, the Lithuanian index of income from agricultural production resources per relative worker increased by up to 85%, which was the fastest growth in the EU. Thus, Lithuania's agricultural productivity has made relatively significant progress since 2018. Despite this achievement, Lithuania's agricultural production income per notional worker in 2021 remained among the lowest in the EU, behind only Croatia, Poland, Slovenia and Romania, and almost twice as low as the EU average. The objectives of the Development Programme “Increasing value added and competitiveness in agriculture, food and fisheries sectors” and “Increasing the supply of local food products and developing an efficient system of short supply chains” are directly related to SDG 2. The Comprehensive Plan for the territory of the Republic of Lithuania also contributes to the achievement of this SDG by giving priority to sustainable agriculture through the development of organic farms, mixed farming and organic food production, as well as by focusing on bringing food supply chains closer to the end consumer, increasing the practical application of scientific innovation in agriculture, and moving towards sustainable, innovative agriculture that does not have a negative impact on the environment. The Strategic Action Plan of the Ministry of Agriculture for 2021￾2023 also provides measures for ensuring the long-term competitive and sustainable development of agriculture, food sectors and rural areas, creating favourable conditions for the competitiveness and development of the fisheries sector, the conservation of fish stocks and their sustainable use. The Ministry of Health's Strategic Action Plan 2021￾2023 places a strong emphasis on promoting healthy nutrition and aims to increase the population's consumption of fruit and vegetables. The strategic objective of the Strategic Plan of the MoE for 2021￾2023 “To ensure the adequate quality of the environment for the population of Lithuania, to preserve biodiversity and the distinctive character of the landscape” seeks to continue research, monitoring, protection and restoration of protected species, natural habitats and landscape, and ensure the prevention of pollution caused by agricultural enterprises. Other strategic goal “Ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources and their further enhancement” also aims to protect and restore threatened populations of protected species in the wild. The National Climate Change Management Agenda ￾NCCMA￾, coordinated by the MoE, sets a mitigation target for the agricultural sector of at least 11% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2005, to be achieved through the following measures: by introducing innovative technologies, developing sustainable agriculture, increasing value added in all sectors of agriculture, ensuring the economical, cost￾effective and environmentally friendly use of fertilisers, and reducing the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers in agriculture by at least 15% compared to 2020. The NCCMA also aims to promote innovative, pollution-reducing animal husbandry technologies and practices, digitalisation and productivity research. It is foreseen to increase the area under organic farming, promote the use of scientifically proven safe alternatives to protect crops from pests and diseases by reducing the use of chemical pesticides and expanding integrated pest management, shorten the food supply chain by bringing it closer to the consumer, promote agriculture in urbanised areas to reduce the food miles, and eliminate the use of fossil fuels in the agricultural sector by 2040. OVERVIEW OF ￾IN￾PROGRESS As part of SDG 2, Lithuania also contributes to the preservation of the gene pool. According to the Lithuanian Rural Development Programme for 2014￾2020 measures, since 2015 farmers, who committed to keeping endangered Lithuanian old-breed animals and poultry, were supported. FIGURE 15 AGRICULTURAL INPUT INCOME PER RELATIVE WORKER, 2018-2021 (EUR, CHAIN-LINKED VOLUMES COMPARED TO 2010) Source: EUROSTAT, 2023 STRATEGIC AGENDA Lithuania's objective to strengthen Lithuania's agricultural capacities and implement SDG 2 is enshrined in the NPP, which focuses on increasing the productivity of Lithuania's food sector and developing shorter food supply chains closer to the final consumer, enabling agricultural producers to participate in processing and marketing their products themselves. It also aims to promote sustainable, environmentally friendly agriculture, develop local food supply and systems, increase demand for organic, higher quality products, protect and halt the loss of biodiversity and reduce the negative environmental impacts of the crop and livestock sectors. These NPP objectives are implemented through the Development Programme for Agriculture and Food, Rural Development and Fisheries for 2022￾2030, which aims to address the challenges of improving the competitiveness of Lithuanian agriculture, food and fisheries sectors, increasing added value, using advanced technologies, digitalisation, automation and innovation, and accelerating the application of sustainable practices. 34 In 2021, a review of the selective nucleus of rare breeds of farm animals in Lithuania were launched together with researchers by deciding how many of the old Lithuanian breeds should be kept in private breeding nuclei and how many of them should be kept separately in state-controlled breeding nuclei. Progress towards SDG 2 is also supported by the implementation of the EU Common Agricultural Policy ￾CAP￾, which contributes significantly to the development of the Lithuanian agriculture and food sector. Approximately €3 billion has been allocated for direct payments in Lithuania for the period 2014￾2020. The budget of the Lithuanian Rural Development Programme for 2014￾2020 was €2.1 billion (of which €1.663 billion were EU funds). Direct payments are granted to farmers for the declared area of agricultural land, crops and livestock in order to maintain incomes, preserve the environment and ensure the long-term economic viability of farms, making it less dependent on fluctuations in the prices of agricultural products. There are also measures to support investment in agricultural holdings, the development of agriculture and forestry, the implementation of projects related to investment in the processing and marketing of agricultural products, and important support for young farmers and small farms. Lithuania is also developing fisheries through EU investment in line with the European Union's Common Fisheries Policy ￾CFP￾, which aims to ensure the recovery of fish stocks to sustainable levels, prevent unsustainable fishing, provide economic, social and employment benefits and contribute to food security. The Ministry of Agriculture ￾MoA￾ participates in the formulation of the CFP, organises, coordinates and supervises its implementation, conducts fisheries surveys in marine waters and monitors the exploitation of fish stocks in marine waters. For each financial programming period, a European Fisheries Fund is adopted to finance the promotion of sustainable fisheries and the recovery and conservation of aquatic biological resources, the promotion of sustainable aquaculture activities and the processing and marketing of fisheries and aquaculture products, the creation of conditions for a sustainable blue economy in coastal, island and inland areas, the promotion of the development of fishing and aquaculture communities and the strengthening and safeguarding of international governance of the oceans. Approximately 3,000 farmers in Lithuania receive support for organic farming and fruit, berry and vegetable growing under the National Food Quality System. With a focus on environmental protection and sustainable development, nearly 50,000 farmers have been supported annually since 2015 (approximately 35,000 in 2022￾. Their activities are related to the promotion of environmentally friendly farming systems in areas facing natural or other specific constraints ￾ANCs). The new financial period 2023￾2027, with the Common Agricultural Policy Strategic Plan 2023￾2027 ￾CAP SP 2023￾2027￾, implements the new “green architecture” of the CAP, with ecological systems (ecoschemes)as one of its elements. Ecoschemes aim to halt soil degradation and improve soil fertility, conserve and improve water quality, reduce GHG and ammonia emissions, use plant protection products, organic and mineral fertilisers in a sustainable and less intensive way, protect biodiversity, preserve landscapes, improve animal welfare and combat antimicrobial resistance. In total, Lithuania's 31% of the CAP SP 2023￾2027 funds will be allocated to environmental and climate-related measures and ecoschemes, and a more targeted distribution of support will be ensured, in particular for small and medium-sized family farms. Redistribution of direct support will be mandatory and at least 10% of direct payments will have to be redistributed to small farms. At least 3% of the Lithuania's CAP SP 2023￾2027 budget will be allocated to young farmers. For the first time, CAP includes social clauses ￾ CAP support will only be granted to beneficiaries who comply with the requirements of European social and labour legislation. The new CAP will enter into force in 2023 and will remain in force until the end of 2027. The goals of the new CAP will be implemented through the Lithuanian Strategic Plan for Agriculture and Rural Development 2023￾2027. Lithuania is also involving various social partners in the implementation of SDG 2, focusing on public awareness raising and education, promotion of sustainable agriculture and fishing, production and consumption of organic products, and improving participation in decision-making. In order to ensure the exchange of experiences and good practices, the Lithuanian Rural Network platform brings together state and local government institutions, bodies, and public legal entities involved in rural development processes related to agriculture, food, forestry sectors, and rural development. For the CAP period 2023￾2027, the aim is to integrate agricultural knowledge and innovation measures into a single “Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System” ￾AKIS￾, which will be dedicated to the development of knowledge and innovation in the sector and will achieve the cross-cutting goal of modernising the sector through the creation and sharing of knowledge, innovation and digitisation in agriculture and rural areas, as set out in the CAP strategic plan for the new period, as well as through the promotion and application of knowledge in the field. This system is designed to involve farmers, advisors, research and study institutions, farmers' organisations, various public authorities, networks and the media in order to provide them with continuous access to the latest knowledge needed to solve the problems facing agriculture, as well as to innovate and increase the competitiveness of agriculture. Lithuania's main agricultural products are cereals, milk and dairy products, eggs, meat and potatoes. In general, the production of these products exceeds domestic consumption. The market for vegetables, fruit and berries follows the opposite trend, as they are insufficient to meet domestic needs due to seasonality and climatic variations. The small size of the domestic market and the relatively higher supply than demand means that Lithuanian agri-food products are export-oriented. According to the State Data Agency, Lithuania exported €6,042 million worth of agricultural and food products in 2021, 0.6% less than in 2020, and imported €4,604.4 million, 8.6% more than in 2020. The positive balance of trade in agricultural and food products in 2021 is €1,437.6 million. Exports of agricultural and food products accounted for 17.5% of the country's total merchandise exports, 3.7 percentage points less than in 2020. In the same year, imports of these products accounted for 12.2% of total imports, a decrease of 2.3 percentage points compared to the previous year. Key monitoring indicators for Lithuania in SDG 2 relate to sustainable agriculture. Although the share of organic farms in the total area of agricultural land used in Lithuania increased slightly between 2018 and 2021 (from 8.1% to 8.9%￾, however, over a similar period ￾2018￾2020￾, the change in GHG emissions from the agricultural sector compared to 2005 emissions increased by 3.5 percentage points (from 4.4% in 2018 to 7.9% in 2020￾. This could be partly due to increasing agricultural production, as gross agricultural output at current prices also increased between 2018 and 2021 ￾€2,358 million in 2018, €3,073 million in 2021￾ However, the main source of GHG emissions growth in this period is the use of mineral fertilisers. In order to reduce GHG emissions and increase the 35 absorption potential of the agricultural sector, the Lithuania's CAP SP 2023￾2027 includes a number of measures to promote a more sustainable use of mineral fertilisers, the conservation of organic soils, the maintenance of grasslands and the modernisation of the livestock sector. In the context of climate change, agriculture is an important sector, not only because of its role in reducing GHG emissions, but also because of its potential to absorb CO2 in soils and biomass. In recent years, the accumulation of carbon in soils has increased with the growth of no-till technologies: in 2020, 244 000 ha and in 2021, 445 000 ha was under no-till cultivation. It is important to note that the proportion of threatened native animal species (breeds) increased between 2018 and 2021, with the proportion of threatened horses breeds increased from 26.89% to 31.22% and the proportion of cattle breeds increased from 0.59% to 0.68%. THE CHALLENGES AHEAD The main challenges affecting the achievement of SDG 2 are global – climate change, loss of biodiversity and the spread of animal and human diseases. One of the biggest challenges today is Russia's military aggression against Ukraine, which is restricting and forcing changes in both export and import markets and posing problems for food security. Also relevant is the increase in energy prices, which poses challenges for both businesses and consumers, and also complicates the transformation of the agricultural and fisheries sectors. Making the transition to greener, more sustainable agricultural and fisheries practices while facing these challenges is more difficult as it becomes too expensive. On the other hand, CAP subsidies help to absorb increases in food prices, and various complementary initiatives are being developed to combat food price inflation. For example, in 2018 the MoA created an information system to compare the prices of daily groceries shopping cart in different stores, thus ensuring transparency in the market and informing market players on current market prices, thus promoting competition. However, a broader inter￾institutional and cross-border effort is needed to address these challenges. For example, by promoting investments that secure renewable energy supplies, reduce dependence on fossil fuels and support the development of the circular economy and the bio-economy. The challenge remains how to communicate the benefits of environmental protection and sustainability to the public and actors in the agriculture and fisheries sectors (including businesses). To address this issue, it is important to develop awareness among sector actors that sustainability is compatible with productivity and to consider further education programmes for both sector actors and the public. It is important to note that there is also a lack of institutional understanding of the importance and impact of food security on other government and societal activities. It is important to work towards sustainable production at the EU level, which would further motivate a switch towards organic production (as the market would no longer be flooded with cheaper products) and increase farmers' confidence in the institutions. This requires more education, trust building and additional regulatory measures. CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS Lithuania's progress on SDG 2 from 2018 onwards can be assessed as moderate. While the CAP period 2023￾2027 is shaping up with developments in knowledge and innovation in the sector and the implementation of additional sustainability measures, with a significant increase in the share of organic land and in the productivity of the agricultural sector, a number of key challenges remain to accelerate progress towards this SDG. Lithuania's agricultural productivity still lags behind the EU average, and the increase of energy prices poses additional challenges to the agriculture, food and fisheries sectors and complicates the green transformation of these sectors. Global issues such as climate change, biodiversity loss and the spread of animal and human diseases, as well as Russian military aggression against Ukraine, are also having a major impact. Another major challenge is the indifference of actors in the agricultural and fisheries sectors, as well as to the benefits of environmental protection and sustainability. Thus, in order to achieve further progress in the implementation of SDG 2, it is necessary to take into account the rapid increase in food prices observed in recent years. It is particularly relevant for those who have lower income or do not work, as well as persons of retirement age. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the ability of these most vulnerable groups to provide themselves with food, reducing income inequality among the population or, in certain cases, providing food directly. Sustainability in the agriculture, food and fisheries sectors is essential to ensure food security and the resilience of food systems. It is particularly important to reduce GHG emissions and increase energy efficiency, while supporting the growth of Lithuania's agricultural productivity. Finally, it is important to ensure the production and consumption of organic products, as well as to further educate the public and the agricultural, food and fisheries sectors in the areas of sustainability and innovation. FIGURE 16. CHANGES IN THE SHARE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND UNDER ORGANIC FARMING AND IN EMISSIONS FROM THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN LITHUANIA, 2018-2021. Source: State Data Agency, 2023. 36
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AGENDA 2030 – Luxembourg Page 22 sur 173 Objectif 2. Éliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable Cible 2.1 D’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès tout au long de l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffisante Cible 2.2 D’ici à 2030, mettre fin à toutes les formes de malnutrition, y compris en réalisant d’ici à 2025 les objectifs arrêtés à l’échelle internationale relatifs aux retards de croissance et à l’émaciation parmi les enfants de moins de 5 ans, et répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des adolescentes, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées Cible 2.3 D’ici à 2030, doubler la productivité agricole et les revenus des petits producteurs alimentaires, en particulier les femmes, les autochtones, les exploitants familiaux, les éleveurs et les pêcheurs, y compris en assurant l’égalité d’accès aux terres, aux autres ressources productives et intrants, au savoir, aux services financiers, aux marchés et aux possibilités d’ajout de valeur et d’emploi autres qu’agricoles Cible 2.4 D’ici à 2030, assurer la viabilité des systèmes de production alimentaire et mettre en œuvre des pratiques agricoles résilientes qui permettent d’accroître la productivité et la production, contribuent à la préservation des écosystèmes, renforcent les capacités d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, à la sécheresse, aux inondations et à d’autres catastrophes et améliorent progressivement la qualité des terres et des sols Cible 2.5 D’ici à 2020, préserver la diversité génétique des semences, des cultures et des animaux d’élevage ou domestiqués et des espèces sauvages apparentées, y compris au moyen de banques de semences et de plantes bien gérées et diversifiées aux niveaux national, régional et international, et favoriser l’accès aux avantages que présentent l’utilisation des ressources génétiques et du savoir traditionnel associé et le partage juste et équitable de ces avantages, ainsi que cela a été décidé à l’échelle internationale Cible 2.a Accroître, notamment dans le cadre du renforcement de la coopération internationale, l’investissement en faveur de l’infrastructure rurale, des services de recherche et de vulgarisation agricoles et de la mise au point de technologies et de banques de gènes de plantes et d’animaux d’élevage, afin de renforcer les capacités productives agricoles des pays en développement, en particulier des pays les moins avancés Cible 2.b Corriger et prévenir les restrictions et distorsions commerciales sur les marchés agricoles mondiaux, y compris par l’élimination parallèle de toutes les formes de subventions aux exportations agricoles et de toutes les mesures relatives aux exportations aux effets similaires, conformément au mandat du Cycle de développement de Doha Cible 2.c Adopter des mesures visant à assurer le bon fonctionnement des marchés de denrées alimentaires et des produits dérivés et faciliter l’accès rapide aux informations relatives aux marchés, y compris les réserves alimentaires, afin de contribuer à limiter l’extrême volatilité du prix des denrées alimentaires Quelque 800 millions de personnes souffrent encore de faim et 2 milliards de personnes de carences en micronutriments, ce que l'on appelle « la faim cachée ». 165 millions d’enfants dans le monde souffrent de retard de croissance avec des conséquences néfastes sur leur développement physique et mental. Dans le cadre de l’Agenda 2030, les Etats membres des Nations Unies ont retenu une AGENDA 2030 – Luxembourg Page 23 sur 173 agriculture durable et résiliente, innovante et productive comme clé de la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. a. ODD2 et ses cibles Si les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD) ont ciblé la lutte contre la faim avec pour objectif de la réduire de moitié d’ici à 2015 par rapport à 1990, l’ODD 2 cible l’éradication complète de la faim (2.1) et de toutes les formes de malnutrition (2.2). Pour y parvenir, il convient de doubler la productivité agricole et le revenu des petits producteurs en garantissant notamment à ces derniers l’accès aux ressources productives (2.3). L’ODD 2 vise en particulier la nécessité d’assurer la durabilité des systèmes alimentaires et d’appliquer des méthodes agricoles résilientes, qui protègent les écosystèmes, résistent aux changements climatiques et permettent une amélioration progressive de la qualité du sol et la préservation de la diversité génétique (2.4), et garantissent un partage équitable des bénéfices (2.5). Des investissements dans le développement rural ainsi que des échanges de pratiques et la mise au point de technologies doivent soutenir la production alimentaire dans les pays les moins développés (2.a). Les barrières commerciales et les distorsions sur les marchés agricoles doivent être corrigées, toutes les subventions à l’exportation agricole ayant des effets similaires doivent être abolies (2.b). Les fluctuations extrêmes de prix des denrées alimentaires doivent être limitées (2.c). b. ODD2 au niveau national Le défi quant à la mise en œuvre nationale de l’ODD 2 concerne notamment la cible 2.4 concernant « la viabilité des systèmes de production alimentaire et la mise en œuvre de pratiques agricoles résilientes en vue d’accroître la productivité et la production, qui contribuent à la préservation des écosystèmes, renforcent la capacité d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, à la sécheresse, aux inondations et à d’autres catastrophes et améliorent progressivement la qualité des terres et des sols. » Le défi d’une agriculture durable a été souligné dans le cadre de plusieurs plans et programmes nationaux au cours des dernières années : du Plan national pour un développement durable (PNDD) d’octobre 2010, en passant par le Programme de développement rural (PDR) 2014-2020 et le Plan national protection de la nature de janvier (PNPN) 2017. Dans le cadre du Plan national pour un développement durable (2010), il a été constaté que le Luxembourg aurait besoin du double de sa superficie agricole pour nourrir sa population (125 000 ha de SAU actuelle, dont 65 000 ha de pâturages et prairies permanentes). En 2015, le pays présentait les taux d’autonomie suivants : 112% pour les produits laitiers et frais ; 63,2% pour le beurre ; 36,8% pour le fromage ; 117,5% pour les viandes de veau et de bœuf ; 61,1% pour la viande de porc ; 39,87% pour les œufs ; 0,5% pour la viande de volaille ; environ 50% pour le vin ; 9% pour les céréales ; 39,2% pour les pommes de terre et moins de 1% pour les fruits et légumes. En ce qui concerne les autres produits agricoles, on ne dispose pas de données détaillées pour apprécier la part de la production locale, souvent marginale voire inexistante. Le grand besoin de surfaces cultivables est surtout dû à une consommation importante d’aliments d’origine animale (96,2 kg par habitant en 2015). Cependant des tendances vers une consommation moindre de protéines animales sont actuellement constatées. AGENDA 2030 – Luxembourg Page 24 sur 173 Certaines pratiques dans l’agriculture ont été identifiées comme une des causes de la perte de la biodiversité au Luxembourg, à côté du développement des agglomérations (conurbation), zones commerciales et industrielles incluses, de l’extension des voies de communication et de la reconversion des zones humides et des cours d’eau. 10% des eaux souterraines sont distribuées comme eau potable, dont environ 7000 m3 doivent être traités en raison de la présence de produits phytosanitaires provenant principalement de l’agriculture. Cette situation entraîne des coûts additionnels de traitement à charge des consommateurs (estimés à 0,3-0,5 €/m3 ou à 1.000.000 €/par année). Le changement climatique risque d’intensifier risque d’intensifier la volatilité sur les marchés agricoles. En 2050, le risque d’une baisse des rendements des récoltes est estimé à 25%, alors que l’augmentation de la population va entraîner une hausse de la demande en produits alimentaires de 70%. A souligner, dans ce contexte, que la part du secteur agricole luxembourgeois dans les émissions totales nationales de gaz à effet de serre est de 5,65%. De par la forte part de la population des pays les moins avancés (PMA) vivant en milieu rural et de l'agriculture de subsistance pratiquée, le Luxembourg a retenu le développement rural comme un des trois secteurs prioritaires de la coopération luxembourgeoise. Dans les pays partenaires de la coopération en Afrique subsaharienne, 70% de la population vit en milieu rural. Développer l'agriculture elle-même mais aussi les services sociaux en milieu rural améliore la vie de ces populations et évite ainsi un exode vers les villes. c. Description des mesures entreprises par le Luxembourg Résumé ODD2 – Faim Zéro – Agriculture durable La priorité est donnée à la cible 2.4 qui concerne la viabilité des systèmes de production alimentaire. Les principales mesures sont mises en œuvre dans le cadre du PDR 2014-2020, notamment par les mesures agri-environnementales (dont l’agriculture biologique). Complémentairement, la cible 2.2 est mise en œuvre par la promotion d’une alimentation saine, provenant de produits régionaux, assurée par le service de restauration scolaire Restopolis. Sur le plan international, des aides structurelles sont accordées par le MAVPC dans le domaine de l’agriculture et de l’élevage (dont formation). (2.1) Dans le cadre du système de chèque-service accueil (CSA) mis en place en 2009, Le Luxembourg assure une action de solidarité sociale, puisque parmi les services offerts, les enfants bénéficient d’un repas principal par jour (détail chèque-service accueil pour les enfants : voir sous ODD1 – Cible 1.2). Par ailleurs, au niveau international, en Afrique notamment, le MAVPC soutient diverses actions dans le domaine agricole depuis plusieurs d'années, via l'association des Jongbaueren a Jongwenzer qui fournit des aides structurelles pour lutter contre la faim dans le monde et qui réalise des formations dans le domaine agricole et l'élevage. (2.2) Le Luxembourg (via le MENJE) a mis en place un service de restauration scolaire, Restopolis, qui s’engage dans la protection de l’environnement via la promotion de produits frais, de saison, provenant partiellement de productions régionales, de l’agriculture biologique et du commerce AGENDA 2030 – Luxembourg Page 25 sur 173 équitable. Le service promeut les produits avec le logo « produit du terroir » ainsi que les produits provenant des régions proches du Luxembourg en suivant le principe du « trajet le plus court ». Restopolis s’engage à utiliser au moins 3% de produits provenant de l’agriculture biologique dans la préparation des plats. Le service participe à la campagne anti-gaspillage alimentaire en octobre 2016. (2.3) Cette cible est peu pertinente pour le Luxembourg car elle ne correspond pas aux exigences de l’agriculture durable que souhaite promouvoir le pays sur son territoire, en réponse au juste équilibre à trouver entre les grands utilisateurs de l’espace que sont l’agriculture, l’environnement naturel et le développement urbain ; aucun indicateur de suivi proposé (2.4) Dans le domaine agricole, et dans la ligne de ses engagements européens, le Luxembourg soutient une agriculture durable en orientant ses activités agricoles et sylvicoles vers une production capable de générer des revenus décents, ces activités participant d’une part au développement des régions rurales et d’autre part à la protection de l’environnement. En terme de durabilité, les mesures mises en œuvre par le Luxembourg visent notamment à agir contre la dégradation des sols, de l’eau, des forêts et de la biodiversité, ainsi qu’à la prévention des risques associés aux changements climatiques (catastrophes naturelles, notamment sécheresse et inondations). Ainsi, le Luxembourg met en œuvre (1) dans le cadre du Plan de Développement Rural (PDR) 2014- 2020 en cours une série de mesures agro-environnementales qui répondent aux objectifs de la politique agricole européenne et visent entre autres à développer (2) l’agriculture biologique. Ces dispositions sont complétées par le soutien à la (3) protection de la biodiversité et par un (4) plan d’actions visant la réduction de l’utilisation des pesticides dans l’agriculture. (1) Conformément à ses engagements européens, le Luxembourg est engagé dans la stratégie Europe 2020 ainsi que dans celle de la PAC, et, dans le cadre de cette dernière il met en œuvre Plan de Développement Rural (PDR) 2014-2020, en référence à la loi du 27 juin 2016 concernant le soutien au développement durable des zones rurales (dite « loi agraire »). Le PDR 2014-2020 poursuit notamment les 3 objectifs suivants qui contribuent à la viabilité des systèmes de production alimentaire : • favoriser la compétitivité de l'agriculture, • garantir la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et la mise en œuvre de mesures visant à préserver le climat, • assurer un développement territorial équilibré des économies et des communautés rurales, notamment la création d'emplois et leur préservation. Plus de la moitié des dépenses publiques du Plan de Développement Rural (PDR) 2014-2020 sont réservées aux mesures agro-environnementales, en faveur des pratiques de production agricole respectueuse de l'environnement et du climat, dont les indemnités compensatoires dans la zone défavorisée et la prime à l’entretien du paysage et de l’espace naturel (PEPEN) qui vise une optimisation de pratiques respectueuses de l’environnement sur une grande partie du territoire. Des mesures agro-environnementales plus ciblées, spécifiquement destinées à soutenir des pratiques agricoles durables, concernent, à titre d’exemples, la conversion vers des modes de production biologique, l’extensification de prairies, l’entretien de vergers traditionnels, la conservation des races AGENDA 2030 – Luxembourg Page 26 sur 173 locales menacées (animales), ou la réduction des fertilisants azotés dans certaines cultures arables, la réduction de l’emploi de produits phytopharmaceutiques, l’amélioration des technique d’épandage, de lisier et de purin, etc. Dans ce cadre, des aides sont réservées à la promotion de formation continue, de conseil et de recherche pour soutenir l’application de ces mesures. (2) Dans ce contexte, le gouvernement Luxembourgeois s’est engagé à soutenir le développement de l’agriculture biologique (3,2% de la SAU en 2016) dans les secteurs autres que ceux du maraîchage et de la fruiticulture déjà bien développés, qui, malgré une demande du consommateur forte et croissante nécessite encore une amélioration de la structuration des filières aval pour l’écoulement de ses productions. (3) Dès le début des années 2000, le gouvernement a institué un ensemble de régimes d’aides pour la sauvegarde de la diversité biologique ainsi que la conservation des habitats naturels, de la faune et de la flore menacées. Les actions soutenues s’appuient sur la cartographie des biotopes établie à l’échelle du pays permettant de faire une évaluation régulière de leur évolution, notamment des biotopes des milieux ouverts, afin de surveiller leur évolution et d'éviter leur détérioration. (4) En référence à la loi du 19 décembre 2014 relative aux produits phytopharmaceutiques, le Luxembourg a établi un plan d’action national fixant des mesures et calendriers en vue de réduire les risques et les effets de l’utilisation des produits phytopharmaceutique sur la santé humaine et animale et sur l’environnement (Programme de réduction des pesticides ; PRP) et d’encourager l’élaboration et l’introduction de la lutte intégrée contre les ennemis des cultures et de méthodes ou de techniques de substitution, telles que l’agriculture biologique ou les autres moyens non chimiques alternatifs aux produits phytopharmaceutiques, en vue de réduire la dépendance à l’égard de l’utilisation des produits phytopharmaceutiques. Depuis la réforme de la PAC de 2013, l’agriculteur obtient un tiers de ces aides directes du premier pilier uniquement si les conditions du verdissement sont remplies. Pour les subventions aux investissements, des critères de sélection se basent notamment sur des critères liés à l’environnement. Par ailleurs, le ministère de l'agriculture est en train de revoir sa politique de qualité et de promotion de produits agricoles par la mise en place d'une série de textes règlementaires encadrant cette nouvelle politique ("Paquet Qualité"). Ces démarches règlementaires concernent l'agrément des labels, la promotion d’une alimentation durable en restauration collective et le paiement d’aides au secteur pour la réalisation d’actions d’information et de promotion et la participation aux coûts des mesures de contrôle (nouvelle loi agraire). Ces démarches visent à encourager la mise en place de conditions plus contraignantes en relation avec les paramètres de durabilité au niveau des cahiers des charges qui sont à la base des productions agricoles. D’autres dispositions soutiennent les pratiques agricoles durables. Ainsi, le règlement biodiversité vient compléter certaines des mesures agro-environnementales précitées en rémunérant les agriculteurs qui assurent, sur leurs sols, la protection des espèces protégées selon la loi Protection de la nature (nouveau projet de loi PN 2016). Par ailleurs, une évaluation régulière des biotopes du milieu ouvert est réalisée pour détecter des problèmes et d'éviter la détérioration des biotopes ; AGENDA 2030 – Luxembourg Page 27 sur 173 + Voir sous ODD13 Lutte contre les changements climatiques, notamment : Cible 13.1: Renforcer, dans tous les pays, la résilience et les capacités d’adaptation face aux aléas climatiques et aux catastrophes naturelles liées au climat. Cible 13.2: Incorporer des mesures relatives aux changements climatiques dans les politiques, les stratégies et la planification nationales. Cible 13.3: Améliorer l’éducation, la sensibilisation et les capacités individuelles et institutionnelles en ce qui concerne l’adaptation aux changements climatiques, l’atténuation de leurs effets et la réduction de leur impact et les systèmes d’alerte rapide. (2.5) La loi du 27 juin 2016 concernant le soutien au développement durable des zones rurales prévoit un régime d'aides qui vise à maintenir et à rétablir des populations de races locales à faible effectif qui risquent de disparaître à long terme. L’une des mesures agro-environnementales du Plan de Développement Rural (PDR) 2014-2020 concerne ainsi la préservation des chevaux ardennais. (2.a) La coopération luxembourgeoise donne une grande importance au développement rural dans ses programmes de coopération dans les pays partenaires. Ainsi, par exemple, le nouveau programme indicatif de coopération pour le Mali couvrant la période 2015-2019 est entièrement dédié au thème de l'agriculture, avec un renforcement des chaînes de valeurs pour certains produits porteurs, une formation professionnelle spécifique pour les besoins en milieu rural, et à travers l'augmentation de la production, une meilleure sécurité alimentaire pour les personnes concernées, y compris grâce à des travaux hydrauliques. Au Laos, une grande partie du programme indicatif de coopération (2016-2020) porte sur le développement rural. Les contributions multilatérales de la coopération luxembourgeoise sont aussi axées en partie sur l'agriculture et le développement rural, notamment à travers le Fida, le PAM et la FAO. Actuellement la Coopération luxembourgeoise alloue 5,94% de l’APD à l'agriculture. Avec l'ensemble des moyens pour le développement rural, ce pourcentage est de 9,51%. Le gouvernement est disposé à s’engager d'ici 2030 à garder 10 % de l'APD pour le développement rural. (2.b) Cette cible ne semble pas réalisable en l’état actuel de la politique agricole européenne et nationale de subventions qui mène à une distorsion commerciale incompatible avec les objectifs de cette cible. Elle doit être considérée au niveau européen dans le cadre plus vaste de la poursuite des négociations internationales menées dans le cadre du Cycle de Doha. (2.c) Le Luxembourg soutient, avec d'autres bailleurs au Niger, l'initiative des 3 N (les Nigériens nourrissent les Nigériens) avec laquelle le gouvernement veut se donner les moyens de mieux gérer ses stocks alimentaires et de prévenir ainsi les famines en intervenant sur le marché, pour assurer une sécurité alimentaire. AGENDA 2030 – Luxembourg Page 28 sur 173 d. Indicateurs Pour mesurer les progrès accomplis pour la cible « 2.4 D’ici à 2030, assurer la viabilité des systèmes de production alimentaire et mettre en œuvre des pratiques agricoles résilientes qui permettent d ’accroître la productivité et la production, contribuent à la préservation des écosystèmes, renforcent la capacité d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, à la sécheresse, aux inondations et à d’autres catastrophes et améliorent progressivement la qualité des terres et des sols » — jugée pertinente pour le Luxembourg —, il a été sélectionné l’indicateur « Bilan des substances nutritives de l'agriculture ». Cet indicateur devra néanmoins être complété par des indicateurs relatifs à la qualité des sols et au risque d’érosion, ainsi que à la surface utilisée, afin de pouvoir donner des informations sur la capacité de production agricole. Pour mesurer la mise en œuvre de l’Agenda 2030 en tant qu’agenda universel, l’indicateur « part de l’Aide Publique au Développement pour l’Agriculture » a été sélectionné pour suivre la mise en œuvre de la cible « 2.a.2 Total des apports publics (aide publique au développement plus autres apports publics) alloués au secteur agricole ». 8 (indicateur donné et utilisé selon les codes OCDE/CAD) 8 Indicateurs cités à titre indicatif, liste incomplète
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "lux", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-lux-2017-fr-2.pdf", "language": "fr", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2017 }
50 51 LATVIA IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture EVALUATION OF LATVIA’S IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SDGS AND THEIR TARGETS The most relevant aspects of SDG 2 for Latvia, taking into account Latvia 2030 priorities, are ensuring sustainable agriculture, increasing the productivity of agricultural lands and promot￾ing healthy personal eating habits. The risk of hunger is minimal, and food safe￾ty and nutrition requirements have improved with Latvia’s accession to the EU. Households with critically low income levels receive social assistance from local governments, nutrition￾al needs are addressed with support from the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived, free meals are provided at school for children of all ages from large families and low-income families. In 2016, 18.5 % of households could not afford to eat meat, poultry or fish every other day (an indicator of economic strain), while 37.3% of households below the poverty thresh￾old could not afford this. The number of such households has decreased during last seven years due to economic development. The pro￾portion of obese people aged 18 and over rose to over a fifth of this age group in 2014. The coverage of free meals for children and young people at schools continues to increase, and, as of 2016, regulations were changed to allow only the sale of listed healthy products in cafeterias and vending machines at schools and their adja￾cent territories. The nation-wide “School Milk, Vegetable and Fruit” programme has an annual budget of 1.3 million euro. Sustainable agriculture entails preserving agricultural land for agricultural production while maintaining soil fertility. Efficient and sustainable management of land resources is an essential precondition for the future devel￾opment of agriculture and the bioeconomy. There have been economic incentives for the increase in agricultural production on agricul￾tural land, which grew from 88,6% in 2010 to 92 % in 2016. Agricultural land transactions in terms of number and area have decreased, but the price of land has increased one and half times – in Kurzeme and Zemgale regions it has even doubled. The rising price of agricultural land attests to the competition for this valuable resource, and imposes additional production costs for farmers. In recent years, agricultural production has increased due to modernization of agricultural farming –the use of the latest state-of-the-art technologies and knowledge intensive farming solutions. As a result, the number of people em￾ployed in agricultural production has decreased from 83,000 in 2010 to 70,000 in 2016. Public investments have not sufficiently contributed to the productivity and viability of small farms. A balance between productivity and employment has not been reached, in spite of the availablility of natural resources and the potential for adding value to agricultural pro￾duction, including through food processing. Policy that focuses largely on economic efficien￾cy of farms, increasing farm size, and modern￾ization leads to a decrease in labour and poses the need/challenge to find alternative employ￾ment for residents in rural areas to ensure suf￾ficient income for the people and sufficient tax revenues to cover costs, including state and mu￾nicipal services and infrastructure. Farmers’ incomes grew by more than 23 % from 2013 to 2016 in spite of a decrease in the market price of agricultural products. However, farm productivity is still a major challenge, as it remains one of lowest in EU. The situation is similar in food processing, largely due to the technological level of manufacturing, insufficient availability of fixed assets (machinery, equipment, buildings and structures, etc.), the large number of farms that produce only for their own needs and the low level of co-operation between small farms. One Latvia 2030 goal is to increase the share of land used for organic farming. This is up from 10.1 % in 2010 to 13.4% in 2016, and is the sixth highest in the EU. To preserve and improve the quality of land and soil, support is provided for the reconstruction of drainage systems in agricultural and forest areas. Agri-environmental subsidies are given to farmers who use environmentally friendly farming methods that reduce erosion and preserve plant nutrients in the soil. Source: Eurostat 13,42 6,69 0 5 10 15 20 25 Austria Sweden Estonia Czech Republic Italy Latvia Finland Slovakia Slovenia Spain Denmark Lithuania Germany Portugal EU-28 Greece Croatia Belgium France Cyprus Poland Hungary Luxembourg Bulgaria Netherlands United Kingdom Ireland Romania Malta Switzerland Norway Turkey Organic crop area (%) of total utilised agricultural area in 2016 SDG
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "lva", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-lva-2018-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2018 }
SDG 2. Healthy nutrition and sustainable agriculture Fresh, healthy food is in high demand in Latvia. The production of local food, such as rye bread or Midsummer cheese, is important for rural tourism. Craft markets and direct trading are widespread and valued in the urban environment, creating close interaction between urban and rural economies and promoting regional identities (brands). The number of organic farmers and the area of land under organic farming is steadily increasing. However, consumption is hampered by purchasing power and limited information on organic farming methods and products. Obesity exceeds the EU average, necessitating raising awareness on healthy eating habits and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Farms are important players in ensuring healthy nutrition for consumers and quality of life in rural areas. 36 IMPLEMENTATION AND ACHIEVEMENTS  SDG 2 ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS 2.1 High-quality food that is safe for human health and the environment is readily available, and food support for the needy increased during the Covid-19 pandemic. 2.2 One in four women and one in five men in Latvia are obese or overweight, which is above the EU average. 2.3 The Latvian Land Fund leases agricultural land in order to preserve its use for agricultural purposes. 2.4 For years the use of plant protection products per hectare of agricultural land has been one of the lowest in the EU – 0.84 kg/ha compared to the EU average of 2.05 kg/ha. 2.5 Latvia has not precisely defined the allocation of genetic resources. Key actions – The School Fruit, Vegetables and Milk scheme helps schools promote healthy eating habits. – Primary school pupils in 1st to 4th grade receive free lunches from state and local governments. Products certified under the national food quality scheme or the organic farming scheme are given preferential treatment. – Food assistance to the most deprived consists of individual food packs delivered to disadvantaged households, as well as hot meals provided at distribution points. – The Rural Development Programme supports the economic and skill development of small farmers. – Plant protection products are controlled, and their effects on different ecosystems are monitored. – Support is provided for the processing of products under the national food quality scheme and brand recognition through www. novadugarsa.lv. Latvia in the world – Latvia promotes export capacity and competitiveness of small- and medium-sized farmers in partner countries, for example, through the Latvian Rural Advisory and Education Center’s projects for agricultural development. In 2021, an E-Consultant was set up to help Ukrainian small- and medium￾sized enterprises prepare their products for export to the European Union market. – Latvia has participated in the UN Food Systems Summit, including its preparatory process. In the summer of 2021, Latvia organised a national dialogue called Resilience of the Latvian Countryside for Food and Future Generations with the participation of President E. Levits. At the beginning of 2022, Latvia submitted its National Pathway. 37 IMPLEMENTATION AND ACHIEVEMENTS  SDG 2 Good practice NOVADA GARŠA is a system designed to trace the origin and quality of locally produced food products. It creates greater brand awareness for over 6280 local products found under the following quality labels: organic farming, Inte￾grated growing, Green Spoon and Global G.A.P. The system includes a catalogue of Latvian food products, producers and processors. In addi￾tion, Novada Garša organises events, confer￾ences, competitions and master classes to raise awareness of local food in Latvia, the European Union, and the world. THE SCHOOL FRUIT, VEGETABLES AND MILK SCHEME The school programme provides preschool￾and school-age children up to 9th grade with free fruits, vegetables and milk. The scheme contributes to healthy eating habits through the consumption of fresh products. Children and their families not only learn about the importance of a healthy diet and lifestyle but also become more aware of agricultural production and related aspects of food and nutrition. IMPLEMENTATION AND ACHIEVEMENTS  SDG 2 Photo: www.ikskile.lv Photo: unsplash 38 FLOURISHING IN RURAL AREAS The Latvian Rural Forum is an association uniting Latvian Local Action Groups that foster sustainable development in Latvia’s rural areas and represent the interests of the rural population. Latvian Local Action Groups are key drivers for community development. They include local public and private sector entities that have united to develop and implement community-led local development strategies that: – develop the local economy, primarily creating non-agricultural jobs – address social cohesion by involving stakeholders from different sectors, age groups, etc. – result in territorial cohesion between rural, suburban, urban and coastal areas. Every year the Latvian Rural Forum presents a Great Projects Award for the year’s most successful local projects co-funded by the EU. The Great Projects Award draws national level attention to creative rural initiatives. Key future actions – Promoting knowledge and skills for farmers pursuing environmentally friendly agriculture. – Targeted development of organic farming. – Measures to reduce environmental pollution caused by agricultural activities. – Increasing the uptake of research and development in agri-business. – Resource efficiency on farms to conserve biodiversity and mitigate climate change. – Increasing the availability of safe and high￾quality local food for all consumers. New policies – Strategic Plan for the Common Agricultural Policy for 2023–2027. – Community-led local development strategies. Challenges – The policy of developing a more productive bioeconomy increases income for larger agricultural farms but displaces much of the rural population. The number of large farms is relatively stable, while the number of smaller, less productive farms is decreasing. This concentration of subsidies and other forms of support on large farms distorts the market for farms of different sizes. – Organic food is more expensive than conventionally produced food, and both conventionally and organically produced food is safe for human health. – Programmes aimed at promoting healthy nutrition do not always lead to a change in habits. The Latvian countryside is rich in its diversity regarding land use and production. To date, agricultural policy has facilitated the mod￾ernisation of production and processing, and increased the visibility and export of certain agricultural product lines to the global market. In turn, small-farm productivity is increas￾ingly being seen in terms of providing a wide array of specialised goods for the local market. Strengthening the visibility of small farms re￾quires smart cooperation and specialisation to respond to ever changing consumer demands. 39 COMMITMENTS AND CHALLENGES  SDG 2
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36  Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD 10,2 Insuffisance pondérale 18,1 Retard de croissance 9,3 Emacia-on 10,4 Surpoids 2,9 Insuffisance pondérale 15,1 Retard de croissance 2,6 Emaciation 10,8 Surpoids Graphique 2 : Indicateurs de la malnutrition des enfants de moins de 5 ans 2003/2004 2018 Source: Ministère de la Santé Éliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable Au Maroc, la lutte contre la faim, l’amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle et la promotion de l’agriculture durable fgurent parmi les priorités nationales. Les progrès accomplis font que la faim et la malnutrition ne sont plus aujourd’hui des questions majeures. Ces améliorations nutritionnelles sont la résultante, entre autres, de l’amélioration des disponibilités annuelles des produits alimentaires par habitant et de la couverture des besoins alimentaires, de la stabilité des prix à la consommation des denrées alimentaires et de l’amélioration de la qualité de l’alimentation. Etat d’avancement Lutte contre la faim et amélioration de la nutrition des enfants En matière de lutte contre la faim, la proportion de la population n’atteignant pas le niveau minimal d’apport calorique, nulle en milieu urbain, a baissé, entre 2007 et 2014, de 0,9% à 0,1% au niveau national et de 2% à 0,2% en milieu rural. La nutrition des enfants de moins de 5 ans a connu une amélioration continue. Entre 2004 et 2018, l’insuffsance pondérale a été réduite de 10,2 % à 2,9%, le retard de croissance a reculé de 18,1% à 15,1%, mais il reste, en 2018, deux fois plus élevé en milieu rural qu’en milieu urbain (20,5% contre 10,4%) et plus important pour les garçons par rapport aux flles (17,3% contre 12,7%). De même, l’émaciation a baissé de 9,3% à 2,6%, alors que le surpoids a été maitrisé aux environs de 10,5% (12,3% pour les garçons contre 9,2% pour les flles). Graphique 2 : Indicateurs de la malnutrition des enfants de moins de 5 ans (en %) Source : Ministère de la Santé  Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD 3737 Les disponibilités annuelles par habitant ont évolué entre 2008 et 2018 d’un taux variant, selon les produits, de 16% pour les céréales jusqu’à 43% pour les viandes blanches, à l’exception du sucre qui a connu une réduction de 6%. Tableau 1: Evolution des disponibilités annuelles des produits alimentaires par habitant entre 2008 et 2018 Evolution des disponibilités annuelles des produits alimentaires par habitant entre 2008 et 2018 Produits alimentaires 2008 2018 Tx Céréales (kg/hab) 189 219 16% Fruits et légumes (kg/hab) 245 290 18% Huile d’olive (L/hab) 3 4 33% Viandes rouges (kg/hab) 13 17 31% Viandes blanches 14 20 43% Lait (L/hab) 60 74 23% Sucre (kg/hab) 36 34 -6% Source : Département de l’agriculture De même, le taux de couverture des besoins alimentaires par la production agricole a atteint des niveaux satisfaisants. Il est passé, entre 2008 et 2018, de 98% à 100% pour les fruits et légumes, de 97% à 100% pour les viandes blanches, de 98% à 100% pour les viandes rouges, de 94% à 98% pour le lait et de 93% à 94% pour les huiles d’olive, de 50% à 72% pour les céréales et en fn de 38% à 47%, entre 2007 et 2017, pour le sucre. Sur la même période, l’indice des prix à la consommation des denrées alimentaires a connu une relative stabilité, et ce malgré l’augmentation des prix de ces denrées sur le marché mondial. En termes de qualité, les produits riches en calories (céréales, sucres et produits sucrés) reculent au proft des produits riches en protéine (viandes, poissons, œufs, produits laitiers) dont la part dans les dépenses alimentaires est passée de 33% en 2001 à 36% en 2014. Par ailleurs, l’analyse des dépenses alimentaires par catégorie sociales10 montre, en effet, que l’écart entre les 10% les plus riches et les 10% les moins aisés, continue à se creuser, passant de 7 001 dirhams en 2001 à 10 947 dirhams en 2014. Par milieu de résidence, l’écart de ces dépenses alimentaires entre les citadins et les ruraux s’est légèrement accru sur la même période, passant de 1 396 dirhams à 1 575 dirhams. 10 Enquêtes Nationales sur la Consommation et les Dépenses des Ménages 2001 et 2014, HCP. 38  Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD Promotion de la situation des petits agriculteurs, notamment les femmes et de l’agriculture durable Afn de promouvoir la situation des petits agriculteurs, notamment les femmes, le Maroc a adopté, en 2019, trois textes de loi relatifs aux terres collectives dites “Soulaliyates”, instituant le droit des femmes soulaliyates à l’exploitation de ces terres agricoles. De même, plusieurs efforts ont été consentis dans le cadre du Plan Maroc Vert, en faveur d’une agriculture durable, portant, notamment, sur : - La reconversion de la céréaliculture à des cultures à haute valeur ajoutée et moins sensibles aux aléas climatiques (olivier, amandier, caroubier, cactus) ; - Le développement des produits du terroir ayant pour objectif de générer des revenus agricoles complémentaires ; - L’intensifcation des flières animales et végétales à travers un encadrement des exploitants, permettant l’amélioration des rendements et la valorisation de la production ; - L’équipement d’environ 600 000 hectares par les techniques d’irrigation économe en eau, ce qui représente 36,5% de l’ensemble des surfaces irriguées ; - La réutilisation des eaux non conventionnelles à travers notamment le dessalement de l’eau de mer ; - La mise en place de l’assurance agricole (multirisques et multi flières) couvrant 1 005 000 d’hectares ; - Le développement de l’agriculture biologique sur une superfcie d’environ 9 500 hectares. - La conclusion et la mise en œuvre de 19 contrats-programmes flières entre l’Etat et les professionnels du secteur agricole pour le développement et la mise à niveau des principales flières de production agricole à l’horizon 2020 ainsi qu’un contrat-programme de développement des industries agro-alimentaires. - Le renforcement de la valorisation, la transformation et la commercialisation des produits agricoles à travers le développement des unités de valorisation et de transformation de la production agricole, la mise en place en cours de 7 agropoles en plus de la mise en place de plateformes logistiques et commerciales. Par ailleurs, afn de faire face à la détérioration de la qualité des aliments et donc, préserver, la santé humaine, celle des animaux et protéger l’environnement, deux lois visant à encadrer l’usage des pesticides agricoles et des fertilisants ont été adoptées, à savoir la loi relative aux produits phytopharmaceutiques et celle relative aux matières fertilisantes, à leurs adjuvants et aux supports de culture.  Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD 3939 En matière de la préservation de la diversité génétique des semences, des cultures et des animaux d’élevage, le Maroc est l’un des premiers pays qui ont ratifé plusieurs conventions, dont notamment la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique, le Plan d’Action Mondial pour la conservation et l’utilisation durable des Ressources Phytogénétiques pour l’Agriculture et l’Alimentation et le Traité International sur les Ressources Phytogénétiques pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture. Il s’est ainsi engagé dans la conservation, la caractérisation et l’évaluation des ressources génétiques, ainsi que dans la promotion de la recherche, de la formation et du transfert technologique. Dans ce sens, le nombre de ressources génétiques végétales conservées dans les banques de gènes est passé de 22 000 à 67 970 accessions entre 2008 et 2019. Graphique 3 : Evolution du nombre de ressources génétiques végétales conservées dans la banque de gènes Source : Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Pour promouvoir davantage les capacités productives du secteur agricole, le Maroc renforce ses rapports de coopération avec les différents partenaires internationaux afn de drainer plus d’investissement vers ce secteur. Les investissements publics et privés au niveau du secteur agricole sont passés de 5,6 milliards de dirhams en 2008 à 12,9 milliards de dirhams en 2018. Ainsi, l’Indice d’Orientation Agricole des dépenses publiques (AOI) a connu une amélioration entre 2008 et 2016 passant de 0,4 à 1,05 et resté presque stable sur la période 2016-2018. Pour assurer un bon fonctionnement des marchés agricoles, le Maroc déploie, conformément à son engagement international, des efforts continus pour se conformer à l’article 9 de l’Accord de l’OMC sur l’agriculture en vertu duquel les subventions à l’exportation sont soumises à des engagements de réduction. De même, un système d’information sur les prix des produits agricoles a été mis en place pour promouvoir l’accès rapide aux informations relatives aux marchés de denrées alimentaires et de produits dérivés. 22000 54590 60028 66043 67000 67970 2008 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Graphique 3 : Evolution du nombre de ressources génétiques végétales conservées dans la banque des gènes Nombre d'accessions 40  Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD Principaux défs Malgré les progrès accomplis dans la lutte contre la faim et la malnutrition ainsi que la promotion de l’agriculture durable, nombreux sont les défs qui restent à relever, dont les principaux sont les suivants : - La durabilité des acquis dans un contexte caractérisé par les effets du changement climatique et la dégradation des ressources naturelles portant préjudice à la base productive des systèmes de production alimentaires, l’augmentation des prix des produits alimentaires et énergétiques sur les marchés internationaux et l’augmentation de la consommation alimentaire due à la croissance démographique ; - La réduction des disparités sociales, territoriales et de genre en matière d’accès à une alimentation suffsante, saine et de qualité ; - La réduction des menaces qui pèsent sur la durabilité des ressources génétiques et qui risquent de s’amplifer avec l’évolution démographique et l’exploitation anarchique des ressources naturelles ; - La mobilisation des ressources fnancières ; - Le renforcement de la gouvernance au niveau régional et national et de la convergence des interventions de tous les acteurs dans le domaine de la nutrition. Stratégies et programmes Les progrès enregistrés par le Maroc dans le domaine d’amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition et de la promotion de l’agriculture durable constituent les résultats de la mise en œuvre d’un ensemble de stratégies et programmes, dont notamment : - Le “Plan Maroc Vert” (2008-2020) dont les objectifs consistaient à renforcer le poids de l’agriculture dans l’économie nationale, à consolider son intégration aux marchés national et international, à réduire la pauvreté et atténuer la vulnérabilité des petits agriculteurs et à assurer la durabilité à long terme des ressources naturelles. - La stratégie agricole « Génération Green 2020-2030 ». Cette stratégie repose sur deux fondements concernant l’élément humain et la poursuite de la dynamique du développement agricole : Le premier fondement vise la valorisation de l’élément humain, et cela à travers l’émergence d’une nouvelle génération de classe moyenne agricole, la naissance d’une nouvelle génération de jeunes entrepreneurs et d’une nouvelle génération d’organisation professionnelle dans le secteur agricole. Le deuxième fondement vise le renforcement des chaines de valeur et le développement des flières agricoles. En outre, la stratégie vise l’amélioration des circuits de distribution des produits agricoles ainsi que le développement d’une agriculture durable et résiliente notamment à travers la mise en œuvre du programme national d’approvisionnement en eau potable et d’irrigation 2020-2027.  Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD 4141 - La stratégie Halieutis (2009-2020) pour le développement du secteur des pêches maritimes qui a permis, en plus de l’augmentation de la compétitivité et de la conservation des écosystèmes marins, la diversifcation du régime alimentaire national. La Stratégie Nationale de Nutrition (2011-2019) qui visait à améliorer l’état nutritionnel des populations, à travers l’amélioration de leur accessibilité, quantitative et qualitative, aux produits alimentaires de qualité, le renforcement de la coordination entre les différents intervenants en nutrition et le développement de la recherche dans ce domaine. - Le Programme National de Nutrition global et intégré. Institutionnalisé en 2019, ce programme rentre dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie Nationale de Nutrition et s’inscrit parfaitement aux engagements internationaux notamment la Déclaration de la 2ème conférence de Nutrition de 2014, les ODD et la Décennie d’action de Nutrition 2025. Il vise à améliorer les indicateurs de l’état nutritionnel de la population tout au long de la vie, à promouvoir un mode de vie sain afn de prévenir les troubles nutritionnels et les maladies liées à la nutrition et à renforcer les compétences institutionnelles et professionnelles en nutrition. - La Stratégie de lutte contre l’obésité chez l’enfant (2018-2025) portant sur la prévention et le contrôle du surpoids et de l’obésité chez les enfants, la sensibilisation à la promotion de la nutrition de l’enfant et de l’adolescent. 42  Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD Evolution des indicateurs de l’ODD 2 Cibles Code indicateur Indicateurs 2003- 2004 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Valeur cible 2030 2.1 D’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès toute l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et sufsante 2.1.1 Prévalence de la sous alimentation (en %) (2007) 0,9 0,1 - - - - 0 2.2 D’ici à 2030, mettre fn à toutes les formes de malnutrition, y compris en atteignant d’ici à 2025 les objectifs arrêtés à l’échelle internationale relatifs aux retards de croissance et à l’émaciation chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, et répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des adolescentes, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées 2.2.1 Prévalence du retard de croissance (indice taille/ âge inférieur à -2 écarts types par rapport à la médiane des normes de croissance de l’enfant défnies par l’OMS) chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans (en %) (2004) 18,1 - - - - 15,1 0  Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD 4343 2.2.2 2.2.2.a Prévalence de la malnutrition émaciation (indice poids/ taille inférieur à -2 écarts types par rapport à la médiane des normes de croissance de l’enfant défnies par OMS) chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans (en %) 9,3 - - - - 2,6 0 2.2.2.b Prévalence de la malnutrition surpoids (indice poids/ taille supérieur à +2 écarts types par rapport à la médiane des normes de croissance de l’enfant défnies par OMS) chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans (en %) 10,4 - - - 10,8 0 44  Examen National Volontaire de la mise en œuvre des ODD 2.5 D’ici à 2020, Préserver la diversité génétique des semences, des cultures et des animaux d ’élevage ou domestiqués et des espèces sauvages apparentées, y compris au moyen de banques de semences et de plantes bien gérées et diversifées aux niveaux national, régional et international, et favoriser l’accès aux avantages que présentent l’utilisation des ressources génétiques et du savoir traditionnel associé ainsi que le partage juste et équitable de ces avantages, comme convenu à l’échelle internationale 2.5.1 Nombre de ressources génétiques animales et végétales destinées à l’alimentation et à l’agriculture sécurisées dans des installations de conservation à moyen ou à long terme - - 54590 60028 66043 2018 : 67000 2019 : 67970 - 2.a Accroître, notamment grâce au renforcement de la coopération internationale, l’investissement dans l’infrastructure rurale, les services de recherche et de vulgarisation agricoles et la mise au point de technologies et de banques de plantes et de gènes d’animaux d’élevage, afn de renforcer les capacités productives agricoles des pays en développement, en particulier des pays les moins avancés 2.a.1 2.a.1 Indice d’orientation agricole des dépenses publiques (2008) 0,4 - - 1,05 1,05 1,05 - Source : Enquête Nationale sur la Population et la Santé Familiale (2003-2004), Enquête Nationale sur la Population et la Santé Familiale (ENPSF 2018), Ministère de la Santé, Enquête Nationale sur la Consommation et les Dépenses des ménages (E NCDM 2013-2014), HCP, Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la Pêche Maritime, du Développement Rural et des Eaux et Forêts et Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
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[ 2 ]
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ÉLIMINER LA FAIM, ASSURER LA SéCURITé ALIMENTAIRE, AMéLIORER LA NUTRITION ET PROMOUVOIR L’AGRICULTURE DURABLE ODD 2 20 Rapport volontaire sur la mise en œuvre des Objectifs de Développement Durable E n raison de l’exiguïté de son territoire - 2 km2 totalement urbanisés, la Principauté ne dispose pas d’une agriculture et d’un système de ressources alimentaires qui lui soient propres. Par ailleurs, les politiques publiques font que la problématique de la faim est inexistante à Monaco. Les personnes qui le nécessiteraient peuvent toutefois bénéficier de prestations et d’aides dispensées par les services sociaux de l’État et de la Mairie. La promotion d’une alimentation équilibrée et de qualité constitue un objectif prioritaire en matière de santé publique. Conformément à la loi, les établissements préscolaires, scolaires ou de soins et de santé publics ou privés situés en Principauté de Monaco et dotés de services de restauration collective ont l’obligation d’intégrer dans la composition des repas des produits issus de l’agriculture biologique. L’introduction de tels produits dans la restauration scolaire participe à l’éducation alimentaire des enfants, qui est un élément de la lutte contre l’obésité. Dans les structures sanitaires, elle contribue directement au maintien ou à l’amélioration de l’état de santé. Les services publics assurent le contrôle de tous les établissements alimentaires publics ou privés et veillent à l’hygiène publique et la santé animale. Le lait maternel est considéré comme bénéfique pour la santé des nourrissons. Au PLAN national ©CHPG Potager du Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace Éliminer la faim, assurer la sécurite alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable 21 RESTAURATION : LUTTE CONTRE LE GASPILLAGE ALIMENTAIRE Afin de lutter contre le gaspillage, les restaurants monégasques peuvent, depuis 2016, proposer à leurs clients d’emporter leurs restes alimentaires dans des boîtes appropriées. En outre, un texte réglementaire relatif aux règles sanitaires applicables aux activités de commerce de détail, d’entreposage et de transport de produits et denrées alimentaires est venu en mars 2017 encadrer et préciser la cession d’invendus et de restes alimentaires, afin de favoriser cette pratique. Afin de permettre aux femmes qui le souhaitent d’allaiter leur enfant, le service maternité de l’hôpital organise chaque semaine, un groupe de soutien à l’allaitement au travers duquel conseils et aides sont prodigués. A l’occasion de la Semaine Mondiale de l’Allaitement Maternel, l’hôpital diffuse également une information gratuite et ouverte au public. Elle permet aux professionnels, étudiants et jeunes mamans de venir s’informer auprès de consultantes en lactation sur les bienfaits du lait maternel, l’extraction manuelle, les positions les plus confortables pour allaiter ou l’alimentation de la mère. En 2016, le taux d’allaitement à la sortie de la maternité de l’hôpital public s’élevait à 77,5%. Fixée en 2013 à 10 % de matières premières biologiques ou de produits biologiques par an, la proportion de produits biologiques dans la restauration collective a été portée à 20 % dès 2015. Campagne de la Mairie de Monaco et de l’association MC2D pour lutter contre le gaspillage alimentaire en Principauté 22 Rapport volontaire sur la mise en œuvre des Objectifs de Développement Durable P our faire face à la situation actuelle (925 millions de personnes en insécurité alimentaire dans le monde et 20 millions en situation de famine) et future (9 milliards d’habitants à nourrir en 2050), la Principauté de Monaco prône, à l’échelle internationale, un développement responsable. Seul un tel développement, soucieux de répondre aux besoins des hommes en respectant ceux de la Planète, permet en effet d’agir contre la faim et de garantir la sécurité alimentaire des populations actuelles aussi bien que des générations futures. C’est pourquoi la Principauté conduit une politique active et déterminée en faveur d’un usage plus raisonnable des ressources naturelles. Poursuivant les actions conduites au sein des enceintes internationales dédiées, cette politique de préservation de l’environnement et de la biodiversité favorise la restauration et l’exploitation durable des écosystèmes. Cela se traduit notamment par un soutien à des programmes de gestion et de restauration des écosystèmes des Petits États Insulaires en Développement et de promotion de la pêche durable, à travers des dispositifs de lutte contre les pratiques illégales et l’appui à la pêche artisanale. L’action monégasque vise notamment les besoins de court terme, ceux en particulier qui résultent de crises liées à des conflits ou des phénomènes naturels (comme les changements climatiques) affectant les populations les plus vulnérables. Au PLAN international PRODUCTIVITÉ AGRICOLE : FAO - MALI Ce projet, mené avec l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture (FAO) et le Gouvernement du Mali, a pour objet de renforcer la résilience et la sécurité alimentaire de 1.000 femmes rurales regroupées autour de périmètres maraîchers dans la région de Mopti. 10 communes et plus de 8.000 personnes sont concernées. Les infrastructures pour l’accès à l’eau, les achats de semences, la diversification vers l’élevage et la formation des femmes aux notions de gestion de base sont ciblés en priorité. © S.Darrasse-REALIS-DCI Soutien à l’agriculture familiale au Nord Mali Éliminer la faim, assurer la sécurite alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable 23 Sur le moyen terme, l’action de Monaco cible plusieurs objectifs : l’augmentation d’une production alimentaire durable (soutien à la mise en place de filières agricoles, soutien aux agriculteurs pour l’agro-écologie), la création d’emplois dans les campagnes (stabilisation des populations et amélioration des conditions de vie) et l’éducation à la nutrition (alimentation des nourrissons, des femmes enceintes). PRODUCTIVITÉ AGRICOLE : SÉNÉGAL Monaco soutient la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des familles d’éleveurs dans la région de Dagana et Podor au Sénégal. Grâce au soutien de la Principauté, plus de 1.000 familles d’éleveurs vont pouvoir augmenter leurs revenus en améliorant la production de lait et la chaîne d’approvisionnement, tout en renforçant le dialogue entre la filière interprofessionnelle laitière et les acteurs territoriaux. MALNUTRITION DES ENFANTS : CANTINES SCOLAIRES PAM - BURUNDI Ce projet est mis en place avec le Programme Alimentaire Mondial (PAM) au Burundi, pays parmi les moins avancés (PMA), dans la province de Muyinga, qui présente un des taux les plus élevés de malnutrition chronique (celle-ci frappant 1 personne sur 2 dans la région). Son objectif est d’augmenter la production et les revenus des petits exploitants agricoles avec la vente de leurs produits aux cantines de 58 écoles primaires. Ce dispositif permet également d’augmenter les inscriptions et le maintien des enfants dans le système scolaire, tout en veillant à leur alimentation. © S.Darrasse- Realis- DCI Cantines scolaires
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[ 2 ]
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42 ODD 2: FAIM ZÉRO 2.1. D’ici 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès toute l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et sufsante. 2.1.1. Prévalence de la sous-alimentation. La prévalence de la sous-alimentation augmentait rapidement en passant de 30,7% en 2012 à 40,2% en 2015, soit un dixième de la population en plus. Cette progression a été ralentie à partir de 2016 (41,4%), pour ensuite se stabiliser (41,7% en 20186 ) . La diversité alimentaire ne concerne que 20% de la population. L’objectif est d’augmenter de plus de 30% le taux de la population ayant une alimentation suffisante. Par ailleurs, « au niveau national, parmi les enfants âgés de 6-23 mois, à peine 1 enfant sur 4 bénéficie d’une diversité minimale de l’alimentation » (MICS 2018), recevant 5 à 8 groupes d’aliments recommandés. Les ménages les plus pauvres sont les plus touchés par ce manque de diversité minimale de l’alimentation. Heureusement, l’allaitement continu est pratiqué par une grande partie des mères avec 91% pour une durée de 1 an et 59% pour une durée de 2 ans. 2.2. D’ici 2030, mettre fn à toutes les formes de malnutrition, y compris en atteignant d’ici à 2025 les objectifs arrêtés à l’échelle internationale relatifs aux retards de croissance et à l’émaciation chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, et répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des adolescentes, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées. 2.2.1. Prévalence du retard de croissance chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans 6 https://donnees.banquemondiale.org/indicateur/SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS?locations=MG Une légère amélioration de l’état nutritionnel des enfants est observée à Madagascar. La prévalence de la malnutrition chronique ou retard de croissance a baissé de 5,7 points de pourcentage entre 2015 et 2018 (MICS 2018), soit de 47,3% en 2015 à 41,6% en 2018. A ce rythme, l’objectif de 38% en 2021 pourrait être atteint. Toutefois le taux reste élevé et le retard de croissance reste critique. L’insuffisance pondérale est passée de 32,4% en 2015 à 26% en 2018 (MICS 2018) pour les enfants de moins de 5 ans mais avec une disparité forte au niveau régionale à l’instar de Vakinankaratra dont le taux atteint 40% (MICS 2018). DEUXIEME RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE DE MADAGASCAR SUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE JUILLET 2021 43 Nonobstant l’impact des changements climatiques dans le sud en 2020, le renforcement des activités de prévention de la malnutrition chez les enfants moins de 5 ans, la promotion des activités nutritionnelles en faveur des adolescentes au niveau communautaire et scolaire et le renforcement de la fortification alimentaire ont commencé à porter ses fruits. Pour ce faire, le nombre de sites communautaires de prévention de la malnutrition est passé de 3 798 en 2017 à 5 790 en 2020. Dans la lutte contre la malnutrition, le cadre institutionnel de mise en œuvre a été étoffé. En 2018, le pays a produit une stratégie de lutte contre la faim, appelée «Examen National de lutte contre la faim à Madagascar». Ce document est constitué des 11 recommandations pour parvenir à des phasages d’objectifs. De plus, la Politique nationale de nutrition est actuellement dotée d’un troisième plan d’action PNAN III. Celui-ci renferme les orientations stratégiques et les actions à mener pour la période de 2017-2021. Il vise à réduire la prévalence de la malnutrition chronique de 47,3% en 2015 (Enquête ENSOMD 2012- 2013) à 38% réduire le taux d’insuffisance pondérale de 32,4% à 25%; maintenir le taux de malnutrition aiguë inférieur à 5%; et réduire le pourcentage des enfants ayant un faible poids à la naissance de 11,4% à 9%. Pour ce faire, le PNAN III (actuellement en évaluation à mi-parcours) se situe dans la continuité des réalisations du référentiel équivalent pour la période 2014-2017. Le quatrième plan est également en cours de préparation. 2.3. D’ici 2030, doubler la productivité agricole et les revenus des petits producteurs alimentaires, en particulier des femmes, des autochtones, des exploitants familiaux, des éleveurs et des pêcheurs, y compris en assurant l’égalité d’accès aux terres, aux autres ressources productives et facteurs de production, au savoir, aux services fnanciers, aux marchés et aux possibilités d’ajout de valeur et d’emplois autres qu’agricoles. 2.3.3 Taux d’augmentation de la quantité de la production rizicole Le riz marque l’identité des Malagasy qui figurent parmi les plus grands consommateurs dans le monde. Outre le fait qu’il soit leur nourriture de base, le riz est également une des plus grandes sources de revenus des ménages agricoles. De 2018 à 2019, la production de paddy est respectivement passée de 4.239.000 tonnes à 4.860.630 tonnes soit une augmentation de 14,66%. Alaotra Mangoro est la première région productrice de riz à Madagascar, suivie de Sofia et de Vakinankaratra. La production de riz dans la région Androy figure parmis les plus faible des 22 régions. Le graphe suivant montre la répartition de la production de paddy à Madagascar pour la période de 2018-2020. DEUXIEME RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE DE MADAGASCAR SUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE JUILLET 2021 44 0 100 000 200 000 300 000 400 000 500 000 600 000 700 000 Alaotra Mangoro Amoron'i Mania Analamanga AnalanjorofoAndroy Anosy Atsimo andrefana Atsimo Atsinanana Atsinanana Betsiboka Boeny Bongolava Diana Haute Matsiatra Ihorombe Itasy Melaky Menabe Sava Sofia Vakinankaratra Vatovavy Fitovinany Tonnes Nov. 2018 à Oct. 2019 Nov. 2019 à Oct. 2020 Graphique 5: Production de Paddy par Région entre période Novembre 2018 et Octobre 2020 Source: Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche, 2021 Le graphique ci-dessous montre la fluctuation des niveaux de production du riz, d’une campagne agricole à une autre. Les facteurs déterminants de l’évolution de la production rizicole sont nombreux. Le facteur climatique en est le principal car Madagascar figure parmi les pays les plus exposés aux changements climatiques (inondations, sécheresses, cyclones de plus en plus violents et fréquents) tout en étant fortement sensible aux catastrophes naturelles. Ainsi, la performance du secteur de l’agriculture, notamment de la riziculture, est fortement dépendante des conditions naturelles. Les périodes de baisse de la production de riz correspondent à des périodes de mauvaises conditions climatiques, particulièrement de la pluviométrie. Il ressort du graphique qu’au cours de ces cinq années, le taux d’augmentation de la production rizicole été le plus élevé en 2018 (9%) alors qu’il est le plus faible en 2017 (-20%) pour revenir à 4 % en 2019 et 10% en 2020. Graphique 6 : Taux d’augmentation de la quantité de la production rizicole Source: Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche, 2021 45 Avant 2019, Madagascar était en phase de transition alimentaire, marquée par un déficit de la balance alimentaire. Les politiques antérieures étaient axées surtout sur l’appui aux Exploitations Agricoles Familiales ou EAF et sur l’amélioration de la productivité agricole. Parmi les produits agricoles, le riz était au centre des préoccupations du pays. Des actions soutenues et significatives ont été prises par l’extension des périmètres irrigués, et entre 2016-2018, 121.874 Ha de terrain agricole ont été aménagés. Le Ministère en charge de l’agriculture7 a appuyé directement les EAF à l’aide de dotation d’intrants, de matériels agricoles et de financement des Activités Génératrices de Revenus. Au-delà de ces politiques, la croissance démographique et la dégradation des terrains agricoles dus aux impacts du changement climatique font que Madagascar se trouve encore dans le statut des pays importateurs des aliments de base. En 2015, le pays a importé 259.569 tonnes de riz contre 407.135 tonnes en 2019, soit une hausse de 11,9% par an en moyenne. Ainsi, Madagascar n’est pas encore autosuffisant en riz. 2.4. D’ici 2030, assurer la viabilité des systèmes de production alimentaire et mettre en œuvre des pratiques agricoles résilientes qui permettent d’accroître la productivité et la production, contribuent à la préservation des écosystèmes, renforcent la capacité d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, à la sécheresse, aux inondations et à d’autres catastrophes et améliorent progressivement la qualité des terres et des sols. 2.4.1 Proportion des zones agricoles exploitées de manière productive et durable Le régime alimentaire est basé sur les céréales (63%) et le manioc (18%). La consommation en fruits et légumes est de 3%, celle en viande de 4% et celle en poisson et fruits de mer est insignifiante. La production alimentaire n’arrive pas à suivre la croissance démographique dépendant alors des importations. La superficie des terres agricoles se situe autour de 400.000 Ha. Selon une analyse rapide du système alimentaire faite et 2020 financée par l’Union européenne, Madagascar n’a pas encore un Système Alimentaire Durable (SAD). Le système alimentaire peine à assurer la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle contribuant à la santé de tous. Il ne permet pas aux ménages agricoles de sortir de la pauvreté. Il éprouve des difficultés à gérer, préserver et régénérer le capital naturel. Madagascar dispose de 30.000.000 Ha de terrains arables, dont 18.000.000 Ha (soit 60%) non exploités et disponibles pour le développement. Pour l’élevage, nous disposons de 35.000.000 ha de pâturage avec des millions de bovins, de moutons, de chèvres. Par rapport à la production de riz, il s’agit de parvenir à exploiter 1.500.000 ha de périmètre Irrigué aménagés dont 100.000 ha de périmètres rizicoles supplémentaires (dont 50.000 ha dans le périmètre de Bas Mangoky) et 270.000 ha de surfaces nouvelles pour le riz et les autres produits vivriers.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "mdg", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-mdg-2021-fr-4.pdf", "language": "fr", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2021 }
9 Goal 2 – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Locally produced food items in the Maldives are limited. From staple goods and daily essentials to more luxury items, nearly everything is imported to Maldives. This makes the country vulnerable to external economic shocks. Fish and very few agricultural products are the only source of local produce. Even though some fruits and vegetables are cultivated, these are not produced in adequate numbers for the population’s needs. Although there is no absolute hunger in the country, food security is an issue due to the high dependency on imports of staple and daily essentials. In order to tackle this issue, there is a need for promoting sustainable agriculture in the country. Therefore, encouraging and supporting local agriculture and promoting sustainable agricultural practices will be critical to enhance food security. In addition to this, educating locals to eat healthy and nutritious food is also a key priority.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "mdv", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-mdv-2017-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "s", "type": "vnr", "year": 2017 }
SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. In Mexico, the population facing food inse￾curity has been reduced in recent years, as has the percentage of children suffering from chronic malnutrition. Nevertheless, guaranteeing quality nutrition and sustain￾able agricultural production continue to be major challenges. ADVANCES • The number of Mexicans who have proper access to food has risen by 2.8 million people (CONEVAL, 2016). • Mexico is the world’s 12th biggest food producer. EMBLEMATIC ACTIONS • The National Crusade Against Hun￾ger includes a network of 5,560 com￾munity kitchens, feeding over half a million people every day. • Price distortions for consumers have been regulated through legal decrees and the complementary supply of agricultural and livestock products. • Access to fnancing for farmers con￾tributes to improving logistics and the food supply. • Mexican agricultural products have been positioned in international mar￾kets. CHALLENGES • Guaranteeing effective access to var￾ied, quality food in suffcient quanti￾ties for all people. • Guaranteeing the access of local products to value-added markets. • Improving planning and investment in infrastructure and transportation to increase opportunities for transition￾ing towards more sustainable agricul￾tural models. • Promoting the environmental resil￾ience of the agricultural sector through universal insurance coverage for small producers. 74
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "mex", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-mex-2018-en-3.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "s", "type": "vnr", "year": 2018 }
ODS 2: Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible. En México, la población en situación de pobreza alimentaria ha disminuido en los últi￾mos años, junto con el porcentaje de niñas y niños en situación de desnutrición crónica. No obstante, garantizar la calidad de la nutrición, así como instrumentar sistemas de produc￾ción agrícola sostenibles continúan siendo desafíos importantes. AVANCES • 2.8 millones de personas más cuentan con acceso a la alimentación (CONE￾VAL, 2016). • México es el 12° productor mundial de alimentos. ACCIONES EMBLEMÁTICAS • La Cruzada Nacional contra el Hambre cuenta con una red de 5,560 comedo￾res comunitarios que atienden a más de medio millón de personas al día. • Las distorsiones de precios al consumi￾dor de productos agropecuarios se regulan mediante decretos legales y compensación de la oferta. • El acceso al fnanciamiento en activida￾des del sector rural contribuye a mejo￾rar las actividades de logística y de abasto de alimentos. • Los productos agroalimentarios mexi￾canos se han posicionado en mercados internacionales. DESAFÍOS • Garantizar el acceso efectivo a alimen￾tos de calidad y en cantidad y variedad adecuada a todas las personas. • Garantizar el acceso de los productores locales a los mercados de alto valor agregado. • Mejorar la planeación e inversión en infraestructura y transporte para aumentar las posibilidades de transitar hacia modelos sostenibles de produc￾ción agropecuaria. • Promover la resiliencia ambiental del sector agrícola mediante cobertura uni￾versal de aseguramiento para peque￾ños productores. 74
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Voluntary National Review | 24 SDG 2 – Zero Hunger General Situation Agriculture and food industry sectors are im￾portant contributors to GDP, employment, trade and rural economy. Agriculture is the third largest sector after services and industry, contributing to around 10 percent of GDP and 20 percent of employment. Agro-processing contributes another 6 percent to GDP. Another signifcant contributor the export of agricultur￾al products, especially value-added products such as wine, fruits, and vegetables. Agriculture is moving towards these high value-added products, whose rate of exports has been on the rise. Still, agriculture has yet to achieve its full potential. Even though the annual growth of agricultural value-added has averaged 2.6 percent in the past decade, the sector’s contri￾bution could be much higher. It is estimated that about 30 percent of arable land is not cul￾tivated, while only one-ffth of the area with irrigation facilities is actually irrigated. With support from the EU, North Macedonia’s food safety standards have improved. Food safety and vet￾erinary standards are being rapidly harmonized with the EU Acquis. However, inspections are not always carried out according to EU standards. Although the implementation of the phytosanitary information system has started, the capacity of the Phytosanitary Directorate to analyze collected data and devel￾op corresponding programmes for pest control and eradication remains limited. The agro-processing industry operates at only 40 percent of its capacity. Inadequate input supplies are one of the obstacles hampering it from reaching full capacity. The area under organic farming has fuctuated over the past eight years – from as high as 60 percent in 2011, to 20 percent in 2014. In 2018, the overall agricultural area used for organic farming was 30 percent. While the share of people with limited access to nutritious food has been on the rise, large quantities of food are lost or wasted along the production and supply chains. Food loss and waste have signifcant im￾plications for food security and the economy, resulting in a reduction of availability of micronutrient-rich foods and incomes of smallholders and other actors in the value chain, as well as an increase in food prices afecting urban consumers. Voluntary National Review | 25 Box 3: Success Story: A Challenge for Innovative Solutions to Provide #MealsforAll The Fund for Innovation and Technological Development in cooperation with MoLSP organized a Call for Financing Social Entrepreneurship Projects titled “A Challenge for Innovative Solutions to provide #MealsforAll”. The purpose of this challenge was to identify a systematic and sustainable food security solution for homeless people and families in need. The winner of the challenge was the association “Let’s do it North Macedonia”. This association has built a national network called “Everyone Fed”, consisting of CSOs businesses and volunteers who work together to save food sur￾pluses and provide them to people in need. As part of this project, a model for food surplus redistri￾bution was established for vulnerable people in Skopje, Kumanovo and Prilep. Volunteers distribut￾ed hot meals twice a week to people lacking mobility and the elderly. The project has contributed to strengthening social cohesion and generating social value, with the community benefting from entrepreneurial activities. From April 2018 to April 2020, “Everyone Fed” provided more than 550,000 meals. Instead of being thrown away, this food was turned into tasty meals for more than 10,000 people in need of social support. Legislative and Strategic Initiatives The National Strategy for Agriculture and Rural Development 2014-2020outlines measures and reforms aimed at increasing food production, supporting young farmers and rural women, restoring agricultur￾al machinery and growing livestock. The adoption of the EU’s Agriculture Acquis is at the core of all of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy (MAFWE) sector and sub-sector development ini￾tiatives. In 2012, the Government adopted the National Strategy for Consolidation of Agricultural Land for the period 2012-2020, which paved the way for the operationalization of the National Programme for Land Consolidation. The Law on Agriculture and Rural Development determines the key objectives of the national agricultural policy. A new Programme and Action Plan for Irrigation Development was adopted in 2015 for the period 2015-2020 and envisaged total investments of 323 million Euro for the rehabilitation and upgrading of the existing irrigation system. The 2006 Strategy for the Sustainable Development of Forestry aims at increasing forestry’s contribution to the national economy and rural development through sustainable forest management, use of renewable resources and the protection of the environment. The Government has started the preparation of a Law on Food Donation, which will be incorporated into a comprehensive National Strategy for Food Loss and Waste Reduction. Ongoing Initiatives With support from the EU and FAO, the implementation of the National Strategy for Land Consolidation is currently underway and envisages the implementation of more complex land consolidation projects, including infrastructure investments. Furthermore, with support from the UN, the Government is im￾proving the Land Tenure Governance Framework, which includes reforms in the legal framework to promote women’s access to ownership and control over land as a crucial resource for poverty reduction, food security and rural development. Other key activities in the agriculture sector include support for young farmers, restoring machinery, support for women in rural areas, investing in rural infrastructure, sewerage, water networks, green markets and restoring cultural landmarks in rural areas. In addition, considerable funds are being allocated for the rehabilitation and construction of dams and irrigation systems, thus expanding the coverage of irrigation. Another ongoing initiative is the operation of 50 public kitchens that serve about 4,000 people. The state budget allocates annual funds in their support, but due to limited resources about 90 percent of the people in need of support defned as vulnerable groups in the Law on Social Protection are not covered by this law. Key Challenges A major impediment to agricultural development is the excessive fragmentation of agricultural land and the small size of farms. Farm structure is dominated by smallholders and family farms covering about two-thirds of the country’s arable land. The average farm size of 1.6 ha is fragmented into around 7 par￾cels, often 0.5 to 2 km apart, and in many cases located in diferent cadastral municipalities. Such land structure, where the average farmed plot is smaller than 0.3 ha, makes agricultural activities inefcient, Voluntary National Review | 26 increases transport and production costs, limits investment and restricts the utilization of advanced tech￾nologies and mechanization.8 This adversely afects productivity, competitiveness and efciency of farm￾ing and leads to abandonment of arable land and depopulation of rural areas. To address this problem, the Government has adopted the National Strategy for Agricultural Land Consolidation (2012-2020), which introduces measures for the consolidation of agricultural land and investment in modern technol￾ogies. Another major barrier to agricultural development is the structure of Public Expenditures in Agriculture (PEA), which are excessively tilted toward subsidy payments (i.e., direct payments). These payments have increased substantially over the past decade, from 0.8 percent of country’s nominal GDP and 8.4 percent of country’s nominal agricultural GDP (forestry and fsheries included) in 2007, to 1.63 percent and 19.1 percent respectively in 2018. Thus, over a relatively short time PEA was doubled, which is a somewhat positive development. Given North Macedonia’s commitment to join the EU, it will be necessary to fur￾ther reform the direct payment scheme and align it with the EU Common Agricultural Policy regulations.9 The subsidization in the agricultural sector needs to be reformed by transforming direct support to investment support in order to improve agricultural productivity and its contribution to GDP. Further, farmers face challenges in accessing supply chains and markets for export-oriented food packaging and processing. Thus, investing in smallholders and enhancing farmers’ productivity and competitiveness is critical to raising incomes of the rural population, reducing poverty and increasing food security and nutrition for the poorest. Further, the country lacks a developed Geographical Indications system in various subsectors (i.e. processed food, wine, fruit and vegetables farming and processing), which would support the growth and export of agribusiness products that lack international recognition outside the Balkans region. Climate change is projected to have a signifcant impact on irrigation and crop yields. Farmers are vulner￾able due to the low adaptive capacity caused by a set of factors, including limited awareness of ongoing and future impacts, lack of funding for testing and demonstration of adaptive practices, underdeveloped irrigation systems in terms of capacity and water-saving techniques, and so on. Detailed information on post-disaster damages, losses and needs disaggregated by sex, age and other social determinants are often lacking or inadequate. Small-scale farmers, even under current agro-climatic conditions, use suboptimal seeds and production methods which limit their adaptation capacity. Besides, there is no standardized system for managing information on land resources and land suitability that could better inform policymakers. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information on crop and land resources management and land suitability. There is also a gap concerning strategies and policies regulating the production and marketing of un￾healthy foods and diets for children and engaging the broader community in healthy eating and the promotion of improved nutrition. The National Food and Nutrition Action Plan will be a useful initiative to take forward to address nutrition challenges holistically. Next Steps The Government will focus on measures to improve the structure of agricultural land as a prerequisite for the development and competitiveness of the sector, improving living and working conditions in rural areas and ensuring access to knowledge and investment in human capital through reformed extension and education services for farmers. Strengthening national capacities for integrated community devel￾opment will be another key priority, including income diversifcation for women, men and youth in rural areas, thus enhancing job creation and reducing rural migration. Sustainable agricultural productivity and protection of food security through adaptation to climate change remain a priority. The Government will expand rural development investments in rural infrastructure, grants for youth and women and investments in water management facilities. In cooperation with the World Bank, the Government will start a project for the establishment of three purchasing centers for the settlement of agricultural products. In addition, with an 80 million Euro loan from the German bank KFW, the Govern￾ment will initiate large capital investments in water management, which in the long run will alleviate the problem of irrigation. Rural development policies will aim at incentivizing people, especially young ones, to return to rural areas and engage in agricultural production.
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[ 2 ]
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33 ODD 2 : Eliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable Bien avant le lancement des ODD, le Gouvernement du Mali avait élaboré des politiques et initié des actions visant à assurer l’autosuffisance alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition, augmenter les revenus des populations et organiser les marchés. Il s’agit, entre autres : - de l’adoption de la Loi d’Orientation Agricole (LOA) en septembre 2006, constituant le document de référence des politiques et stratégies de long terme du pays dans le domaine de l’Agriculture. Son but est de promouvoir une agriculture durable, moderne et compétitive, avec pour objectif la souveraineté alimentaire en faisant de l'agriculture le moteur de la croissance économique ; - de l’adoption de la Politique de Développement Agricole (PDA) le 01 aout 2013. Son objectif est de contribuer à faire du Mali un pays émergent où le secteur Agricole est un moteur de la croissance de l’économie nationale et garant de la souveraineté alimentaire dans une logique de développement durable, reposant prioritairement sur les Exploitations Agricoles Familiales (EAF) et les Entreprises Agricoles (EA) modernes et compétitives ainsi que sur les Organisations Professionnelles Agricoles (OPA) représentatives ; - de l’élaboration du Plan National d’Investissement du Secteur Agricole (PNISA), Programme national de l’Aide Publique au Mali (fonds nationaux ou extérieurs) pour le secteur Agricole, prenant en compte les besoins, les acquis, les gaps à rechercher pour l’investissement et le fonctionnement du secteur sur un horizon de 10 ans glissants ; - de l’adoption en avril 2014 de la Politique foncière agricole visant l’accès de tous les producteurs maliens (hommes et femmes) et des autres utilisateurs des terres agricoles aménagées, bien gérées et sécurisées dans un environnement de bonne gouvernance foncière afin de favoriser des investissements publics, communautaires, individuels et privés maitrisés susceptibles de rendre les différentes formes d’exploitation plus performantes et viables dans une perspective de souveraineté alimentaire durable ; - de la création du Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire, une structure visant à faciliter la sécurité alimentaire saine et active pour la population malienne. Il assure l’accès de tous aux produits vivriers. Il apporte également des soutiens aux populations sinistrées en cas de calamités naturelles par exemple en procédant à la distribution gratuite des produits vivriers ; - de l’initiative riz visant à réaliser l’autosuffisance du pays en riz dès la campagne 2008-2009, conformément à l’objectif de production de 10 millions de tonne de 34 céréales en 2012 prôné par le Programme de Développement Economique et Social (PDES). Sa mise en œuvre était basée sur i) la subvention aux intrants agricoles (engrais et semences) ; ii) le préfinancement des équipements ; iii) le renforcement de l’appui conseil et iv) l’appui au fonctionnement de certaines structures de production ; - des actions de lutte contre la malnutrition dans sa politique sanitaire. Dans ce cadre, le Mali a bénéficié de l’appui des Partenaires Techniques et Financiers à travers le Plan Décennal de Développement Sanitaire et Social (PDDSS) 2014-2023, le Plan d’Action Multisectorielle de Nutrition (PAMN) 2014-2018, les différents programmes et projets de sécurité alimentaire, de réduction de la pauvreté et de développement. Cependant, les résultats de l’enquête nationale sur la sécurité alimentaire réalisée en février 2015 ont montré que 25 % des ménages se trouvent en insécurité alimentaire dont 3% en insécurité alimentaire sévère, 48,3% en sécurité alimentaire limite et seulement 26,3% en sécurité alimentaire.7 Après le lancement des ODD, le pays a entrepris d’autres actions dont : - l’initiative « faim zéro » dont l’objectif est d’identifier les défis majeurs que doit surmonter le pays visant à faire progresser les efforts vers la "faim Zéro". Il s’agit de faciliter la mise en œuvre et le progrès vers la réalisation de l’ODD 2, afin d’éliminer l’insécurité alimentaire et la malnutrition ; - l’initiative Unitlife, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre du renforcement des mécanismes de financement des programmes de lutte contre la malnutrition. Elle repose sur l’engagement de l’Etat à prélever à partir de 2017 une taxation financière des ressources minières à l’exportation. Pour ce faire un plan d’activités à mener dans le domaine de l’agriculture et de la santé a été élaboré ; - la Politique Sécurité Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle (POLSAN), visant à réduire structurellement la pauvreté et les inégalités en assurant l’accès de tous les maliens, à tout moment, aux aliments nécessaires pour mener une vie saine et active ; - la déclaration de Bamako sur le cadre stratégique de la sécurité alimentaire dans les pays du Comité Inter Etat de Lutte contre la Sécheresse au Sahel (CILSS), qui a pour objectif de proposer des mesures d’interventions appropriées pour faire face à la crise alimentaire et contribuer et améliorer les conditions de vie des populations dans le sahel et en Afrique de l’Ouest. La production céréalière totale de la campagne agricole 2016/2017 est évaluée à 8 849 552 tonnes. Elle a augmenté de 13,45 % et 34,4 % par rapport à 2015, représentent au total près de deux tiers de la production céréalière. Toutefois la production agricole demeure très vulnérable aux aléas climatiques, à l’insuffisance de ressources humaines, à la pauvreté des sols et à la faiblesse des activités de transformation des produits agricoles.
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[ 2 ]
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RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE 2022 SUR LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES OBJECTIFS DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE (ODD) DU MALI 41 ODD 2 : Eliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir une agriculture durable 129. Conscientes des défis liés à l’autosuffisance et la sécurité alimentaires, les Autorités maliennes se sont engagées en 2016 – 2017 à un examen stratégique national de la sécurité alimentaire appelé « Faim Zéro » dont l’objectif général est d’identifier les défis majeurs que doit surmonter le Mali pour réduire la faim à zéro. 130. La malnutrition est un véritable problème de santé publique en République du Mali, elle reste l’un des plus grands défis auxquels doit faire face notre génération durant les prochaines décennies. La malnutrition a un impact négatif sur la santé de la mère et de l'enfant, notamment un risque plus élevé de mortalité et de morbidité maternelles. Afin de faire face à ces risques, le Mali s’est engagé à : - répondre aux besoins alimentaires immédiats des populations vulnérables ; - renforcer les programmes de protection sociale ; - maintenir le commerce alimentaire mondial ; - maintenir les rouages de la chaîne d’approvisionnement nationale en mouvement ; - renforcer les capacités des petits exploitants agricoles pour relancer la production alimentaire. 131. Face au fléau que constitue la malnutrition, le Gouvernement du Mali a adopté en janvier 2013 la Politique Nationale de Nutrition (PNN 2011-2021). La réponse programmatique multi et intersectorielle aux nombreux défis liés à la problématique, s’est faite à travers le Plan d’Actions Multisectoriel de Nutrition (PAMN 2014-2017), qui couvre les 14 axes stratégiques de la Politique Nationale de Nutrition. Il a été mis en œuvre de 2014 à 2019, et a fait l’objet d’une évaluation à mi-parcours en 2016 et d’une évaluation finale en Septembre 2019. 132. En sus, la mise en œuvre des différentes politiques, stratégies et programmes sur la nutrition se poursuit à travers des actions en assistance alimentaire et nutritionnelle (AAN) en 2020 : les Distributions Alimentaires Gratuites (DAG) de 55 006 tonnes par le CSA (PAM et l’ONG Action Contre la Faim), constituées de céréales (mil, maïs, sorgho et riz) et de produits transformés (pâtes alimentaires, farines et semoules) ; les achats d’aliments bétails de 16 000 tonnes pour la soudure pastorale ; les ventes d’interventions de 250 tonnes en mil, maïs, sorgho et riz dans les zones déficitaires à risque de rupture d’approvisionnement ; les transferts monétaires (conditionnels et non-conditionnels) de PAM, ACF et PRESA d’une valeur de 8 721 435 547 FCFA, constitués de cash, coupons alimentaires, etc. 133. En dépit des progrès réalisés dans la lutte contre la malnutrition en général, la malnutrition chronique reste encore un des épineux problèmes de santé au vu de sa prévalence nationale (22% en 2021). Elle concerne encore plus de deux (2) enfants de moins de cinq ans sur dix (10), qui souffrent d’un problème de croissance avec toutes les conséquences possibles. Quant à la malnutrition chronique, une analyse comparative des résultats des SMART 2019 et SMART 2021 révèle qu’il y a eu un changement significatif dans la prévalence nationale de la malnutrition chronique, soit de 26,6% en 2019 à 21,90% en 2021. 42 RAPPORT NATIONAL VOLONTAIRE 2022 SUR LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES OBJECTIFS DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE (ODD) DU MALI Tableau 4 : Evolution de la Prévalence du retard de croissance et de la malnutrition aigue chez l’enfant de 6 à 59 mois Source : Enquête SMART 134. Par rapport à la sécurité alimentaire, 1 340 741 personnes en phase 3 et 4 en insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle ont été identifiées et ciblées ; 2 766 653 personnes en insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle ont bénéficié d’une distribution alimentaire gratuite évaluée à 48 977 tonnes de céréales ; 1 612 427 ont reçu des assistances sous-forme de transfert de cash pour un montant de 2 311 284 000 FCFA. 135. Concernant la faim, en moyenne, près d’un cinquième des ménages du pays a connu des difficultés pour se nourrir de 2017 à 2020. Ce taux a enregistré une baisse de 3,7 points de pourcentage de 2015 à 2020 en passant de 19,10 % à 15,40%, qui serait due entre autres, à l’augmentation régulière de la production céréalière au cours des dernières années. 136. En effet, la production céréalière enregistrée en 2019 est en hausse de 2.9% par rapport à la campagne précédente et de 20.6% par rapport à la moyenne des cinq (05) dernières années. Toutefois, on constate une baisse de 1% de la production céréalière entre 2019 et 2020 imputable aux pertes de superficies et à l’insécurité au niveau des zones de culture du riz. 137. Pour suivre l’évolution de la santé nutritionnelle des femmes et des enfants, des indicateurs ont été élaborés et validés. Ils sont obtenus à travers la réalisation d’enquêtes et études (EDSM, MICS, SMART…). La malnutrition des enfants se mesure à partir du poids, de la taille et de l’âge. 138. La Stratégie nationale de résilience à l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle dénommée « Priorités-Résilience -Pays Mali » et son Plan d’action 2020-2024 a porté une attention particulière aux préoccupations des couches vulnérables, de la diversité ethnique et confessionnelle et à la considération de la dimension genre dans la définition, la mise en oeuvre et le suivi évaluation. Toutefois, des efforts sont nécessaires dans sa mise en œuvre, en vue de garantir aux femmes et aux filles l’accès équitable à la terre, aux intrants et aux moyens de production. 139. Le défi consiste à améliorer les environnements alimentaires en facilitant l’accès à des régimes alimentaires sains et abordables sur le plan financier, en particulier pour les groupes vulnérables. 140. Les principales contraintes auxquelles le système alimentaire et nutritionnel est confronté sont, entre autres : (i) la difficulté de mobilisation des financements pour la mise en œuvre du RGA et du PNISA ; (ii) le faible niveau de transformation des produits Agricoles ; (iii) le faible taux d’équipements Agricoles des producteurs ; (iv) l’insécurité dans certains bassins de production ; (v) la limitation des activités à cause de la pandémie de la COVID-19. Indicateurs de suivi du progrès 2018 2019 2020 2021 Prévalence de la malnutrition chronique ou du retard de croissance (%) 24,10 26,60 23,90 21,90 Prévalence de la malnutrition aigue (%) 10,00 9,40 7,20 10,0
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "mli", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-mli-2022-fr-2.pdf", "language": "fr", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2022 }
105 SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture  Ensure social stability and reduce poverty rate, SDG 2 (2.1, 2.2)  Improve the monitoring of the conditions of biodiversity, waters, sea, air and land, SDG 2 (2.4)  Establish the mechanisms of inter-sectorial cooperation for the purpose of improving population health, SDG 2 (2.4)  Reduce vulnerability of humans, natural and social systems to climate change, SDG 2 (2.4)  Enhance resistance of humans, society and ecosystem to those aspects of climate change that cannot be avoided, SDG 2 (2.4)  Build the capacities, improve education and raise public awareness of climate change and of mitigation measures, SDG 2 (2.4)  Introduce low-carbon technologies in industrial facilities in accordance with best practices, SDG 2 (2.4)  Promote resource efficiency and valuation of limited resources, SDG 2 (2.3, 2.4)  Develop regulatory framework to support sustainable consumption and production, SDG 2(2.a, 2.b, 2.c)  Foster research and development in the area of resource efficiency and development of human resources SDG 2 (2.a)  Improve the quality of products and services in the context of establishing the space for the creation of green jobs, SDG 2 (2.3, 2.4, 2.5).
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "mne", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-mne-2016-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "s", "type": "vnr", "year": 2016 }
91 The Second Voluntary National Review: Montenegro and Sustainable Development Goals 2016–2021 90 The Second Voluntary National Review: Montenegro and Sustainable Development Goals 2016–2021 7.7 Other Sustainable Development Goals 7.7.1 SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Through the process of reporting on implementation of NSSD 2030, no data was collected for indicators pertaining to the prevalence of malnutrition, food insecurity, stunting, undernutrition and relevant activities, so it is not possible to assess progress in achieving SDG targets 2.1 and 2.2 about ending hunger and all forms of malnutrition. Some data is available for indicators 2.3.1 (Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/ pastoral/forestry enterprise size) and 2.4.1 (Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture) only for 2010 and 2016, so it is not possible to draw conclusions about progress in the analysed period for the Second VNR, in particular for target 2.3, where the aim is to double the agricultural productivity of small food producers, especially women. With regard to target 2.4 – Ensure sustainable food production systems by 2030, some progress has been made with implementation of agricultural policy measures supported through the Agricultural Budget and Agriculture and Rural Development Programmes, which are also relevant to target 2.a (Increase investment in rural infrastructure). Over the past five years, activities have been carried out to introduce a system of food quality and safety and designation of origin, with a significant step forward in the field of improving the quality of domestic products through the protection of trade names. Participation of agricultural producers in both domestic and international agricultural fairs, implementation of projects of importance in the field of agriculture and rural development, and The Second Voluntary National Review: Montenegro and Sustainable Development Goals 2016–2021 92 93 The Second Voluntary National Review: Montenegro and Sustainable Development Goals 2016–2021 study trips to neighbouring countries and the EU were supported. Support was also provided for the development of clusters. The Agricultural Budget measures support organic production, conservation of genetic resources (which is relevant for target 2.5 – Maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals), direct payments in crop production and animal husbandry, introduction of quality systems and certification. Significant funds to support agricultural development are provided through the IPARD87 programmes. SDG 2 is characterized by a lack of information – of both indicators as well as detailed information on activities carried out to implement the relevant NSSD 2030 measures, which makes it difcult to assess progress. It is evident that the available funds to support the development of sustainable agriculture and rural areas are significant and growing. 87 Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance for Rural Development. 88 According to the UN Common Country Analysis, health expenditures increased from 3.7% of GDP in 2014 to 5.2% in 2018, but they are still among the lowest in the European region.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "mne", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-mne-2022-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2022 }
MONGOLIA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 2019 19 Goal 2. End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture Domestic production of the majority of essential food items is adequate, but dependence on imports of some food products remains. Food supply has been enough to satisfy 98.8 percent of the standard annual demand for meat and meat products, 99.6 percent of potatoes, 82.0 percent of flour and flour products. However in 2018, only 42 percent of the total demand for vegetables were met through domestic production9 . Importantly, most of the supply of foods like fsh, poultry meat, various rice, legumes, fruits, vegetable oils and butter is imported10. 20 Micronutrient defciencies are widespread and are particularly notable among children and pregnant women11. 90 percent of children under 5 years of age, 95 percent of pregnant women, and 82 percent of men have insuffcient vitamin D levels. The prevalence of vitamin A defciency in children under 5 years was 9.5 percent with an additional 60.1 percent of the same age children are at risk of falling into vitamin A insuffciency. Exclusive breastfeeding of infants has declined. Among infants of 0-5 months of age, the decrease was from 65.7 percent in 2012 to 50.2 percent in 201812. In Mongolia, the prevalence of obesity is high and increasing. This is seen in all regions and population groups. Overall, 46.2 percent of mothers with children under 5 years and 48.8 percent of men 15-49 years of age are overweight. The prevalence of overweight increased most dramatically in school-age children from 4.3 percent (2010) to 28.6 percent (2017) and one in three school age children are overweight in Ulaanbaatar (34 percent). This may adversely affect health in the future13.
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MONGOLIA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2023 39 While the implementation of the goal of ensur￾ing food security and promoting sustainable agriculture is assessed as somewhat progres￾sive, with a positive trend towards achieving the 2030 goal, there is still a need to intensify the implementation of each of its targets. The prevalence of stunting is relatively higher among children with inadequate nutrition. A healthy diet for infants and young children is the regular daily consumption of at least four of the seven food groups. Among children under the age of five, the number of stunted children decreased slightly from 10.8 per cent in 2013 to 9.4 per cent18 in 2018 . However, among children who eat properly, 4.6 per cent are still stunted, compared to 7.6 per cent of children who do not follow the recommended dietary guidelines. On the other hand, exposure to malnutrition during childhood creates a high risk of overweight and obesity due to metabolic disorders in childhood. For instance, the propor￾tion of overweight children is higher (p<0.01) among stunted children (20.5 per cent) than among children of normal height (11.0 per cent).19 Goal 2. Ensure food security and promote sustainable agriculture 40 Overweight, obesity and access to quality food continue to be a challenge for the population. Despite targeted programmes to ensure access to quality and safe food for poor and vulnerable groups being implemented, the percentage of the population affected by moderate or severe food insecurity increased by 5.2 percentage points from 2015 levels to 26.2 per cent in 2018. In particular, children from households with a low standard of living (bottom 40 per cent) and with two or more children under the age of five are more affected. The prevalence of overweight and wasting among children under five decreased very slightly between 2013 and 2018. Although overweight and obesity are high among urban children with a low standard of living, overweight in children under five does not vary by age, sex, living standard or region, but is strongly associated with birth weight and maternal nutritional status. For example, children born with a high birth weight are more likely to be overweight than those with a normal or low birth weight. Additionally, if the mother is overweight or obese, the child tends to be overweight.20 To stop the spread of overweight and obesity, it is necessary to take steps to create an environment in which children can develop a healthy lifestyle and support healthy and proper nutrition for pregnant mothers. The prevalence of annemia among pregnant women is gradually increasing. In 2021, the prevalence of anemia among newly monitored pregnant women nationwide was 4.0 per cent. Based on the numerical data, the indicator has been gradually increasing since 2018 and expe￾rience a 0.4 percentage points increase in 2021, approaching the baseline or the level of 2015. Plant and animal genetic resources stored in conservation facilities for medium- and long-term use in food and agriculture decreased by 1.5-2 times compared to 2015. To address this issue, Mongolia has adopted the Law on Animal Genetic Resources (2017) and the Law on Genetic Resources (2021). These laws provide a legal framework for the registration, status determination, conserva￾tion, protection, sustainable use, and research and development of plant and animal genetic resources in the country. Furthermore, activities such as creating and improving the national gene pool of Mongolian livestock at the nation￾al, regional, and species levels; protecting them from deterioration, destruction and extinction; creating a registration database; improving the quality and breed of livestock; introducing, localizing and disseminating the findings of biotechnology in animal breeding; technologi￾cal works and services; and training human resources are being carried out by MoFALI.21 However, as the genetic resources of plants and animals stored in conservation facilities for medium- and long-term use in food and agricul￾ture have decreased, there is a need to intensify planning and policy measures to conserve and protect the genetic diversity of plants, crops, animals and livestock and establish a genetic resources bank. There is a need to create the basic conditions for increasing the food supply, ensuring stable and long-term food security, and increasing investment. Although Mongolia has a large resource of arable land and over 71 million livestock, there is a need to develop sustainable food and agriculture to ensure food supply and security. Except for meat and meat products, most of the major food products such as flour, rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, berries and salt are imported, which shows that the level of food supply security has become risky or dependent on foreign countries. Therefore, in 2022, the government started implementing policy goals and measures to increase the food supply and agricultural production to ensure food security.22 A policy of non-subsidization of agricultural exports is being followed. In accordance with the agreement of the 162 member countries of the World Trade Organization to end export subsidies in the agricultural sector by2015, Mongolia has not provided subsidies for agricultural exports since 2015 and is working towards the goal of offering no subsidies by 2030. Ending financial support for agricultural exports can increase the competitiveness of entrepreneurs in low-income countries in the international market.
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{ "country": "mng", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-mng-2023-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2023 }
35 36 SDG 2: End Hunger Although agriculture is Mozambique’s economic backbone, chronic malnutrition (whose main indicator is stunting) and acute malnutrition (low weight for age, food insecurity and nutritional insecurity) are still critical. The baseline study of the Technical Secretariat for Food and Nutrition Security (SETSAN, 2013) indicates that in Mozambique the rate of chronic malnutrition in children up to 5 years of age is considered high at 43%. High rates of malnutrition occur even in provinces with considerable food production, such as Tete and Nampula. Therefore, in addition to the challenge of ending hunger, Mozambique still has to fght the problem of malnutrition. Besides, national and sectoral programmes have been defned and mechanisms for ending hunger and malnutrition, such as the Food Fortifcation Programme, are being implemented. The Government and national and international partners have been working hard in this area. For example, in 2018, the World Food Programme served more than 440,000 people through the National Programme to Support Food Security, Nutrition and Communication for Social and Behaviour Change (2017-2021). This Programme also supported the education area in the expansion of the National School Feeding Programme (PRONAE) from 70 schools and 65 thousand benefciary students in 2018 to more than 150 schools and 118 thousand students in 2019.27 Through this and other support programmes for the Education Sector, the school retention rate currently stands at 93% (94% for girls and 93% for boys) and the dropout rate decreased from 11.8% to 6.7% (to 6.8% boys and 6.5% girls). These combined interventions are helping to reduce hunger and food insecurity. However, it should be noted that the challenge of implementing a structural approach to address the country’s problem of hunger remains.
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OBJECTIF 2 ÉLIMINER LA FAIM, ASSURER LA SÉCURITÉ ALIMENTAIRE, AMÉLIORER LA NUTRITION ET PROMOUVOIR L’AGRICULTURE DURABLE Cible 1.1 D’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès toute l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et su!sante. Indicateur 2.1.2 Prévalence d’une insécurité alimentaire modérée ou grave, évaluée selon l’échelle de mesure du sentiment d’insécurité alimentaire. source : Note FSMS août 2017 – CSA/ PAM 2015 ➜ 27 % 2017 ➜ 28 % Cible 2.a Accroître, notamment grâce au renforcement de la coopération internationale, l’investissement dans l’infrastructure rurale, les services de recherche et de vulgarisation agricoles et la mise au point de technologies et de banques de plantes et de gènes d’animaux d’élevage, afin de renforcer les capacités productives agricoles des pays en développement, en particulier des pays les moins avancés. Indicateur 2.a.1 Indice d’orientation agricole des dépenses publiques. Indicateur 2.a.2 Total des apports publics (aide publique au développement plus autres apports publics) alloués au secteur agricole. La Mauritanie a élaboré depuis 2010 sa Stratégie Nationale de Sécurité Alimentaire et son Programme National d’Inves￾tissement Agricole et de Sécurité Alimentaire (PNIA/SA). Celle-ci s’inscrit dans le Cadre de sa Lutte Continue contre la Pauvreté et de la révision, l'actualisation et/ l'élaboration des documents et stratégies, afin de lutter contre la malnutrition et l'insécurité alimentaire. La réaction du gouvernement et de ses partenaires aux conséquences du déficit pluviométrique de 2016−2017 a permis de « limiter » l’augmentation de la prévalence de l’insécurité alimentaire. Afn d’atténuer les efets négatifs du défcit pluviométrique, le Gouvernement a mis en œuvre un plan d’urgence comprenant plusieurs volets dont: la distribution gratuite de produits alimentaires et des transferts monétaires, un Programme d’Assistance au Cheptel (PAC) comprenant la vente subventionnée d’aliment de bétail, des forages agropastoraux, l’assistance vétérinaire, la subvention des intrants agricoles au niveau de l’irrigué, l’appui consé￾quent aux producteurs en zones pluviales en semences, machinisme agricole et matériel de protection des cultures, la promotion de la diversifcation agricole (cultures maraî￾chères, blé) et l’introduction des cultures fourragères en soutient à l’élevage. Malgré les insufsances de ce plan, liées aux contraintes de fnancement et qui se sont traduites par de faibles allo￾cations individuelles afn de couvrir le plus grand nombre de bénéfciaires, l’opération a pu être menée à temps et a bénéfcié des données du Registre Social et du système de paiement mis en place par l’Agence Tadamoun et a également capitalisé sur le réseau du programme EMEL (cf. ODD 1). Une évaluation de l’opération, ainsi que de l’intervention des Partenaires a été faite en vue de se servir des ensei￾gnements de cette expérience, pour la mise en place d’un Cadre Global de Réponse afn d’être prêt à faire face à une telle situation si elle venait à se reproduire, ce qui ne manquerait pas d’arriver car le niveau de l’insécurité ali￾mentaire semble désormais s’installer durablement autour de 30 % en période de soudure et vers 20 % en période post-récolte. Revue Nationale Volontaire des Objectifs de Développement Durable - Mauritanie 26 Le caractère structurel de l’insécurité alimentaire et son étendue à l’ensemble du territoire (cf. tableau ci-dessous) aggravent la situation de malnutrition qui tend à devenir chronique, avec des conséquences évidentes en termes de santé. La prévalence de la malnutrition aiguë en Mauritanie montre encore une variation signifcative en fonction des saisons. En 2018, la malnutrition aiguë globale au niveau national a été évaluée à 11,6 % avec un taux de cas sévères dépassant le seuil d’urgence nutritionnel de 2 % (2,3 %). La malnutrition chronique chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans reste stationnaire autour de 21 % selon les données des enquêtes SMART. La persistance de l’insécurité alimentaire, les pratiques alimentaires inadéquates au niveau ménage, les difcultés d’accès à l’eau potable et à un système d’assainissement approprié maintiennent des taux de malnutrition élevés. La pratique de l’allaitement maternel exclusif au niveau national est évaluée par l’enquête SMART 2018 à 40,3 % contre 36 % en 2016. Ce qui traduit une tendance favo￾rable vers l’objectif national de 75 % en 2025 selon le plan de passage à l’échelle des interventions d’alimentation du nourrisson et du jeune enfant et le plan stratégique multi￾sectoriel de nutrition. L’alimentation minimale acceptable (diversité adéquate et bonne fréquence des repas) reste stationnaire autour de 20 % depuis 2009 (21,1 % en 2018). L’intégration de l’ODD 2 dans les politiques nationales s’est traduite en 2016 par l’adoption d’un Plan Stratégique Multisectoriel de Nutrition pour les 10 prochaines années (2016 – 2025). La vision du Plan Stratégique Multisectoriel de Nutrition est celle d’une République Islamique de Mauritanie exempte de faim et de malnutrition, en particulier chez les plus vulnérables que sont les enfants, les adolescentes et les femmes, avec un développement cognitif maximal pour ses enfants et une participation active des hommes et des femmes à son développement socio-économique durable. Ce plan intègre un cadre commun de résultats qui iden￾tife les rôles et responsabilités de chaque secteur dans la lutte contre la malnutrition. Toutefois, l’efcacité de la coordination multisectorielle à travers le Conseil National de Développement de la Nutrition reste encore un déf. Ce qui implique des mesures urgentes de renforcement de ce conseil et du cadre du mouvement SUN en Mauritanie. Pour faire face à cette situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle, l’e#ort s’oriente de plus en plus vers le renforcement de la résilience des populations les plus vulnérables. Afn de renforcer la résilience des populations afectées par la récurrence des crises alimentaires, le Gouvernement a mis en œuvre une Stratégie Nationale de Sécurité Alimentaire (2012-2015 horizon 2030), dont l’objectif prin￾cipal est de « permettre aux populations les plus vulné￾rables, d’avoir à tout moment, un accès physique et éco￾nomique à une nourriture sufsante, saine et nutritive ». Cet objectif a été soutenu par la Stratégie du Développement du Secteur Rural 2013-2025 de laquelle ont été élaborés les Plans Nationaux de Développement de l’Agriculture et de l’Élevage (PNDA et PNDE) et la Loi d’Orientation Agropastorale. Cela en plus de la Stratégie Nationale de Protection Sociale (cf. ODD 10). La Stratégie Nationale de Sécurité Alimentaire met l’accent sur la relance de la production vivrière et prend en compte les diférents aspects de la sécurité alimentaire. Elle vise donc à accroître les pro￾ductions sur les exploitations familiales et à assurer un approvisionnement alimentaire sufsant et stable pour minimiser les fuctuations et les pénuries d'une saison ou d'une année sur l'autre, ce qui contribuerait à renforcer la résilience. Une attention particulière est donc portée aux questions d’accessibilité économique et à la qualité de l’alimentation. Enfn et pour tenir compte des populations vulnérables en milieu périurbain, elle comprend un volet dédié aux activi￾tés génératrices de revenus dans ces zones. Assaba Gorgol Brakna Trarza Adrar Tagant Guidimagha Inchiri Nouakchott Hodh Chargui Hodh El Gharbi Dakhlet Nouadibou Tirs-Ezemour Hodh Chargui Hodh El Gharbi Assaba Gorgol Brakna Trarza Adrar Dakhlet Nouadibou Tagant Guidimagha Tirs-Ezemour Inchiri Nouakchott ALGÉRIE SAHARA OCCIDENTAL SÉNÉGAL MALI 0 50 100 km MALI Situation alimentaire et nutritionelle - mars 2019 (par wilaya) sous pression crise minimale Cadre harmonisé d'analyse et d’identification des zones à risque et des populations en insécurité alimentaire au Sahel et en Afrique de l’Ouest 2019 Revue Nationale Volontaire des Objectifs de Développement Durable - Mauritanie 27 Les e#orts déployés pour le développement de l’agriculture commencent à donner des résultats encourageants dans l’irrigué, sur lesquels le pays pourra capitaliser. Mais un e#ort plus prononcé devra être fait sur l’agriculture pluviale et oasienne ainsi que sur l’élevage. Au cours des dernières années, l’agriculture irriguée a connu d’importants développements grâce aux investis￾sements publics consentis dans ce domaine mais aussi par l’investissement privé, sur d’importants périmètres, comme le montre le taux de croissance du PIB du secteur: La poursuite des opérations de restructuration du sec￾teur agricole permettra de maintenir un bon rythme de croissance dans l’irrigué en général, surtout au niveau des grandes surfaces. Mais la résolution des questions structurelles relatives aux aspects fonciers et d’un fnan￾cement du secteur doivent impérativement accompagner les réformes et la relance engagées, surtout au niveau des périmètres irrigués collectifs. En efet, eu égard à l’ampleur des changements clima￾tiques (cf. ODD 13), les eforts déployés pour le dévelop￾pement des périmètres irrigués collectifs sont vitaux pour la sécurité alimentaire et la résilience des populations les plus vulnérables et devront être poursuivis. Les eforts engagés par les pouvoirs publics au niveau du pluvial, du système oasien et de l’élevage devront égale￾ment être poursuivis pour atténuer les efets du défcit plu￾viométrique et la mauvaise répartition spatio-temporelle des précipitations. Les zones pluviales et pastorales concentrant les popula￾tions les plus vulnérables ont été couvertes par la plupart de programmes de construction d’ouvrage de régulation des eaux de surface, d’infrastructures de stockage et de conservation des sols, d’activités de diversifcation agri￾coles et l’introduction des cultures fourragères permettant ainsi l’intégration progressive des activités agropastorales et une exploitation optimale du potentiel en matière d’Éle￾vage (qui contribue à hauteur de 21 % au PIB du pays) avec l’adoption récente du Plan National de Développement de l’Élevage (PNDE 2018-2025). De plus, l’ouverture récente d’une usine de conservation des dattes à Atar ne manquera pas, elle aussi, de contri￾buer grandement à la valorisation de la production des palmeraies de l’Adrar, mais aussi du Tagant, grâce à la route bitumée qui relie ces deux régions oasiennes depuis 2017. En conclusion on constate, d’une manière générale, une bonne tenue de l’agriculture en 2017 et ce malgré une diminution des superfcies des cultures sous pluie en liai￾son avec le défcit pluviométrique. Elle a enregistré une croissance réelle de +14,4 % (contre une prévision initiale de 6 %). Cette performance est redevable aux bons résultats enre￾gistrés concomitamment en 2017 par la campagne de contre-saison chaude et celui de la saison hivernale. En efet, les superfcies rizicoles ont augmenté en contre-sai￾son chaude de 10,1 % par rapport à 2016 pour se situer à 17975 ha, avec un niveau de rendement de 7 tonnes de paddy à l’hectare, marquant ainsi une augmentation de +19,3 % par rapport à la campagne précédente. Revue Nationale Volontaire des Objectifs de Développement Durable - Mauritanie 28 À cette dynamique, s’ajoutent les bons résultats enregis￾trés par la campagne hivernale, dont les superfcies se sont établies à 27005 ha et la production du paddy à 131956 tonnes, soit des hausses respectives de 45,1 % et 50,6 % par rapport à la campagne précédente (2015-2016). À titre d’illustration le volume d’importation du riz (prin￾cipale denrée de consommation) est passé de 165230 tonnes en 2014 à 46778 tonnes en 2017. Ces eforts ont couvert aussi la protection des cultures, l’amélioration du fonctionnement des axes hydrauliques, la desserte des zones de productions par des nouveaux ouvrages, la construction et la réhabilitation des barrages, etc… En matière d’élevage, les actions menées ont couvert la santé animale par l’augmentation du nombre annuel de doses de vaccins administrées (toutes maladies confon￾dues) qui est passé de 2,6 millions en 2009 à 7,8 millions en 2018, et l’amélioration de la production animale et des infrastructures d’appuis. Les cultures oasiennes, qui couvrent près de 20000 ha avec environ 2,6 millions de palmiers dattiers, constituent l’un des principaux piliers de l’agriculture en matière de lutte contre la pauvreté, la malnutrition. Elles contribuent de manière substantielle à l’amélioration des conditions de vies des populations. Cela s’est traduit principalement par: ✲ La réalisation de forages, de puits et la promotion de nouvelles techniques d’irrigation par l’équipement des pal￾meraies en unités d’irrigation collectives, ✲ La construction et l’équipement d’une unité de condi￾tionnement et de stockage des dattes et légumes confor￾mément aux normes internationales et la mise en place de la Société Toumour Mauritania (STM) à Atar, ce qui va contribuer à la valorisation de la production phoenicicole suite au désenclavement des zones de production, et aura un efet d’entraînement des promotteurs dans ce domaine pour la valorisation des produits du terroir, ✲ La construction et l’équipement d’un laboratoire de recherche-développement sur le palmier dattier à Atar avec une capacité de production de plus de 100000 vitro￾plants par an (culture in vitro et phytopathologie), ✲ Enfn la Mauritanie s’est distinguée par son action immé￾diate et bien structurée entreprise par le Gouvernement lors de l’apparition du charançon rouge dans l’une de ces principales zones oasiennes avec la mise en œuvre d’un programme de lutte intégrée contre ce ravageur qui a eu pour résultat de contenir les foyers d’infestation d’origine dès l’année suivant leur apparition (2016). La participation active et dynamique ainsi que le fort engagement et la coopération des agriculteurs et des coopératives d’agri￾culteurs ont beaucoup contribué au succès de cette action. Cette expérience montre l’efcacité des approches participatives dans la mobilisation des énergies néces￾saires pour faire face aux situations d’urgence. Encadré 2 > Une approche innovante pour lutter contre le charançon rouge En Mauritanie, le charançon rouge a été détecté pour la pre￾mière fois fin décembre 2015, dans l’Oasis de Tidjikja dans le Wilaya du Tagant. En mars 2016, environ 60 infestations avaient été détectées à Tidjikja. L’action immédiate et bien structurée entreprise par le Gouvernement dans la mise en œuvre du programme de lutte intégrée contre ce ravageur a eu pour résultat de contenir les foyers d’infestation d’origine dès l’année suivant leur apparition. La participation active et dynamique ainsi que le fort engagement et la coopération des agriculteurs et des coopératives d’agriculteurs ont été les clés du succès de l’action. En outre, la mise en œuvre de mesures préventives, la coor￾dination, la planification et le suivi systématiques par toutes les parties prenantes ont facilité le contrôle du parasite dans l'oasis. La gestion intégrée réussie de ce fléau a permis une éradication rapide de ces ravageurs et à la déclaration de Tidjikja en tant que zone indemne de charançon rouge. Cela a permis de sauver non seulement l’oasis de Tidjikja, mais l’ensemble des oasis du Tagant et de l’Adrar dont dépendent des milliers de ménages, essentiellement pauvres. Ce sous-secteur couvre près de 20000 ha avec environ 2,6 millions de palmiers dattiers. Cette approche pourrait être adoptée pour faire face à d’autres fléaux a#ectant l’agriculture et montre, si besoin était, l’e$cacité des actions participatives mobilisant les énergies nécessaires pour faire face aux situations d’urgence. Revue Nationale Volontaire des Objectifs de Développement Durable - Mauritanie 29
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "mrt", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-mrt-2019-fr-2.pdf", "language": "fr", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2019 }
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT OF MAURITIUS 24 02END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY, AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Agriculture, in particular sugarcane cultivation, has long played a pivotal role in our socio-economic development. The success of our sugar industry has, to a significant extent, been due to the preferential trade agreement, in particular, with the EU. Stable revenues from sugar exports in the 80s and 90s provided funding for diversification of the Mauritian economy in the tourism, financial services and manufacturing sectors, including hard currency to meet our imports. The contribution of agriculture to GDP decreased from a high of 30 percent in the 70s to approximately 3 percent in 2018. The major challenges which the sector has faced are: new development strategy of the country with more emphasis on manufacturing and services; land pressure for other activities and the erosion of preferential market access, especially for our sugar. With all these setbacks, the sugar sector had to be reinvented. The public and private sectors worked together to restructure the sugar sector, turning it into the cane industry with diversified activities. As part of the restructuration, many sugar factories had to close down to enhance production efficiency. Today, only three factories are operational and we are optimising the use of by-products from sugar by producing ethanol, electricity and molasses. To address the social dimension of factory closure, workers were provided with the Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS). The private sector is producing special and value-added sugars for export to international markets. Today, our non-sugar sector has taken prominence. Despite limited land availability for agriculture and farming, we are almost 100 percent self-sufficient in the production of fresh vegetables, tropical fruits, poultry meat and eggs, except for off-season imports of selected vegetables and whenever we are hit by natural calamities. Mauritius remains a net food importer. We import 77 percent of our food requirements, exposing us to international pressures, such as fluctuating freight prices, exchange rate fluctuations and sourcing concerns. Locally, we also face challenges relating to an ageing farming community and a lack of interest from our youth to join the agricultural sector. Due to the lack of labour and incapacity for conventional production methods to meet our needs, Mauritius has had to evolve towards sustainable and high￾performing production systems. As a SIDS, Mauritius frequently faces the adverse impacts of climate change, including flashfloods and extreme dry seasons. These extreme weather conditions add further pressure on our agricultural sector thus exacerbating food insecurity in Mauritius. Motivated by food security concerns, Mauritius has to maintain a buffer stock13. Mauritius has set up initiatives to enable development through agri-business promotion mainly through the development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and an array of supporting institutions. To encourage our population to consume healthily, we are promoting organic and bio-farming practices. Our aim is to bring a substantial share of our production system to bio norms by 2020 and provide incentives to encourage the use of bio-inputs. To this end, Government introduced in 2016 the Bio-farming Development Certificate and the Use of Pesticides Act in 2018. With a view to promoting food safety and efficient sustainable production practices, Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) are being encouraged. 13Ministry of Agro Industry and Food Security, Strategic Plan (2016-2020) For The Food Crop, Livestock and Forestry Sectors VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT OF MAURITIUS 25 In addition, sustainable agricultural practices that can adapt to climate change impact and eco￾friendly methods of production are reflected in our policies and programmes. In order to ensure access to nutritious food at affordable prices and reduce food waste, Mauritius has two main objectives: increase the production of high-quality strategic crops, vegetables and meat to satisfy local demand and promote the development of the agri-business sector to enhance import substitution14. The radical change to bio-farming runs parallel with our commitment to food security and quality standards. We provide an array of specific and dedicated SME and entrepreneurship schemes and incentives to attract our youth, including women, to become agri-preneurs. To optimise resources and ensure cost effectiveness, the Food and Agricultural Research and Extension Institute (FAREI) is using technology to work in a smarter way and enhance capacity building. ICT-based services such as the SMS Disease Alert to registered growers and the Online Plant Disease Diagnosis for rapid diagnosis and recommendation for control have changed the way technology interacts with farmers to provide just￾in-time solutions. Drone technology, starting with the sugar industry, is also being used to improve assessment and monitoring of crop performance in large areas. In parallel, agriculture in Rodrigues continues to be the backbone of the economy. The sector is predominantly based on subsistence production of staple food crops. The island is renowned for its production of quality ti-pima (chillies), lemons and honey. While farmers in Rodrigues usually make limited use of agro-chemicals, agriculture in Rodrigues is exposed to pests. This affects production and exports towards mainland Mauritius, hence, the livelihood of the local population. With the financial support of the EU, the RRA is encouraging smart agriculture with the setting up of bio-farms in two different regions. A new scheme, the Family Farm, has also been introduced to help and empower needy families, especially women, to become independent. Livestock farming is widespread in Rodrigues. Model farms have been set up for the rearing of pigs and cows. These farms are supported through a 75 percent grant including an allocation of land for pastures. BRIGHT SPOTS 1. Bio-Farming A Bio-farming Development Certificate with an 8-year tax holiday scheme and exemption from various taxes and duties on importation of bio￾fertilizer and bio pesticides was introduced in 2016. The creation of the Mauritius Agricultural Certification Body in 2016 provides certification for GAP. To-date, 28 certifications have been issued to small planters, representing an area of 50.31 hectares. Since 2014, a national project funded by the UNDP is being implemented and four workshops have been organized to sensitise farmers on zero￾budget/natural farming. Demonstration plots have also been set up to demonstrate the use of locally￾prepared soil enricher, organic mulch, mixed cropping, crop rotation, amongst others15. 2. Control of Use of Pesticides In 2018, Mauritius enacted the ‘Use of Pesticides Act’ to regulate, control and monitor the importation and use of pesticides to minimise risks to human health and the environment. Sensitisation campaigns have been initiated on the effects of pesticides abuse on our health and our soil. 14Ministry of Agro Industry and Food Security, Strategic Plan (2016-2020) For The Food Crop, Livestock and Forestry Sectors 15Ministry of Agro Industry and Food Security, Strategic Plan (2016-2020) For The Food Crop, Livestock and Forestry Sectors VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT OF MAURITIUS 26 16FAREI - www.farei.mu 3. Sheltered Farming We are encouraging farmers to shift from traditional open field cultivation to sheltered farming system. This will enable farmers to mitigate effects of adverse climatic conditions, improve production capacity and the quality of farm produce. We are providing a grant of 50 percent on investment costs up to a maximum of Rs 400,00016 (approximately USD 11,175). With the view to attracting more young people to the agricultural sector and address labour shortage, we are resorting to innovative and modern food production practices such as sheltered farming equipped with rain harvesting and photovoltaic systems. 4. Skill Development Skill development is being encouraged through the Skills and Entrepreneurship Development Programme, under which we are providing 0.5 acre of land to unemployed graduates for sheltered farming. Currently implemented in the South, this pilot project will be rolled out to other regions in the country. Its success demonstrates that these initiatives can be instrumental towards moving to a more sustainable model of agriculture. The programme is expected to allow trainees to gain skills and experience they need to create self￾employment opportunities with decent revenue generation potential in the non-sugar segment through the adoption of innovative production technologies. Sheltered Farming Unit in the South VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT OF MAURITIUS 27 CHALLENGES OPPORTUNITIES Climate change is threatening food security through heavy rain, drought and other phenomena. These can impact severely on our farmers. A number of sectoral climate change adaptation projects are being implemented to enhance resilience, including the Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM). A crop-loss compensation scheme has been set up to compensate planters from crop loss in the event of any calamity. Enhanced management of flooding and landslide risks from heavy rains and climate change is being addressed through the Land Drainage Authority. The national land drainage system and its characteristics and risks will be properly mapped and standards will be set and enforced. In recent years, significant agricultural land areas have made way for infrastructure and residential development. The area of cultivable land, water courses and biomass sources are under tremendous pressure to meet highly competing and at times conflicting demands for development. A proper strategy must be developed to promote mixed use and higher density development to ensure sustainable management of land resources for agricultural, industrial, services, commercial and residential zones, and ecologically sensitive areas. R&D in new technologies is being promoted to accelerate innovation, increase land productivity, sustainable production and attract techno-savvy agri-preneurs into this sector. We must pursue a smarter agriculture land use by bringing abandoned lands under new cultivation, through continued diversification within the sugar sector and targeting strategic crops to boost import substitution production. Modern eco-friendly farming, smart practices and technologies including bio-farming, hydroponics, and hybrid crop varieties will help increase production of nutritious food and raise the levels of national food security. Improving the level of self￾sufficiency at affordable prices (both in production and in human capital) is important as Mauritius imports 77 percent of its local food consumption requirements. We must attract more women and our educated youth to agri￾business. We have put in place entrepreneurship programmes that focus more on innovation and smart production systems based on the cluster farming model. We are boosting food production through cross-border initiatives to ensure food security and improve the livelihood of farmers.
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[ 2 ]
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45 Indicator 2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment There is a decrease in proportion of undernourished population in Malawi from 37.1 percent in 2000 to 32.8 percent in 2015 to 20.8 percent in 2018 compared to the regional average of 21.3 percent according to the Global Hunger Index Report, 2018. Malawi is therefore moderately progressing in this Goal with more efforts required to avert adverse climate effects to reach zero hunger. Indicator 2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population (FIS) The proportion of population that experienced moderate food insecurity in 2015 on average was 21.8 percent, which is moderate compared to the region of 62.4 percent that experienced severe and moderate food insecurity. In Malawi access to food, measured through a Food Insecurity Experience Scale shows that on average in 2015, 21.8 percent of the population experienced moderate food insecurity. This level of food insecurity is moderate compared to the region of 62.4 percent that experienced severe and moderate food insecurity (Global Hunger Index Report, 2018) Indicator 2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting among all children under 5 years of age Malawi has made some tremendous achievements in the battle against malnutrition among under five children. This is indicated by the decrease in number of stunted under 5 children from 55.0 percent in 2000 and 47.0 percent in 2010 to 37.0 percent in 2016. Figure 2.2: SDG Indicator 2.2.1: Prevalence of stunting (%) 55.0 53.0 47.0 37.0 17.0 MGDS III Target, 31.0 SDG Target, 0.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2022 2030 Percent Current path Lineary projected value MGDS III Target SDG Target Source: MoFEPD, SDG Annual Report, 2018 Interventions and challenges under goal 2 The following are some of the government interventions taken to reduce poverty; i. Implementation of Irrigation Master Plan, Agriculture Sector Wide Approach Project II (ASWAp, SP II), Agriculture Infrastructure and Youth in Agribusiness Project (AIYAP), Agriculture Productivity Programme for Southern Africa (APPSA), Farm Input Diversification Program I & II and the Sustainable Agriculture Production Programme (SAPP). ii. Government introduced Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) to help resource poor households achieve food self-sufficiency and increase their income through access to subsidized farm inputs. Some of the challenges are: i. There is reduced agriculture production due to adverse weather conditions (climatic variability and hazards) or environmental mismanagement. ii. Over reliance on rain, fed agriculture poses a risk of exposure to climatic shocks on achieving SDG 2. iii. There is limited cooperation, coordination and funding for extension and research leading to limited Implementation and absorptive capacities (central government and local levels). iv. Poor infrastructure to facilitate profitable agricultural marketing
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "mwi", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-mwi-2020-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2020 }
Malawi 2022 Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report Malawi 2022 Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report 18 19 END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVE NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Overview Despite the adverse effects of climate change and the long-term effects of COVID-19 pandemic, Malawi is making progress in its effort to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition. Malawi scores 21.3 percent on the Global Health Index Severity Scale compared to the regional average of 27.1 percent . Such improvements have been recorded due to improved food security in the country owing to increased agricultural productivity in recent years. For instance, in 2020/21 almost all crops recorded significant increments in production with maize registering about 21 percent increase . Despite such strides, this VNR reveals that poor people continue to face some challenges to accessing quality food at the community level. The effects of climate change and the general rise in commodity prices are key risks to the achievement of this Goal. Progress Indicator 2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment: Between 2000 and 2019 Malawi reduced prevalence of undernourishment by 19.8 percent to 17.3 percent. Significantly, the number of people vulnerable to perennial hunger has declined. As of the 2021/22 farming seasons 1,496,396 people (8 percent of the population) required food assistance, a 43 percent decrease from the preceding year. Indicator 2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting among all children under 5 years of age: Stunting has reduced from 55 percent in 2000 to 37.0 percent in 2016 then to 35.5 percent in 2019. However, the prevalence is still higher than the regional prevalence of 32.4 percent. Figure Malawi 2022 Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report Malawi 2022 Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report 20 21 5 shows the prevalence of stunting among under 5 children in Malawi. Figure 3: Prevalence of stunting in Malawi among under 5 children Indicator 2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 years of age, by type (underweight, wasting and overweight): The prevalence of overweight, and wasting have been declining while underweight have worsened from between 2016 and 2019, see Figure 6. Despite marginal increase in the prevalence of underweight, the long￾run trend has been declining since 2000 (20 percent) to 2019 (12.8 percent). The prevalence took a dip from 11.7 percent recorded in 2016. Figure 4: Trends in nutritional status of children Interventions under goal 2 The increased food security in the country has been as a result of: Affordable Input Programme which subsidize farm inputs for poor households has led to increase of agricultural productivity; Intensified irrigation development increasing the areas under irrigation by 22.5 percent since the last VNR; and Enhanced implementation of nutrition programmes through stakeholders such as Community￾based Management of Acute Malnutrition, Treatment Severe Acute Malnutrition, Infant and Young Child Feeding and Afikepo. Lessons Learnt and opportunities • Building climate shock resilient farming communities is key to safeguarding poor households from the effects of shocks such as floods, droughts and pest infestation; • Adoption of innovations such as parametric and weather index micro insurance has helped the farmers to become more climate resilient and food secure; • The use of community structures in the delivery of nutrition programmes has ensured efficiency, effectiveness and ownership. Malawi is implementing nutrition 3 Global Hunger Index Report, 2021 4 Agriculture Annual sector Report Malawi 2022 Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report Malawi 2022 Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report 20 21 programmes through community￾based structures; and • Digital platforms offer opportunities for Malawi to digitize agricultural services. However, digitisation has not gained traction given limited connectivity in rural areas and high initial cost. Gaps and Challenges • Inadequate frontline staff for extension services, which was made worse by Covid-19 with regard to limited contact, has been the major challenge in the sector and resulted in low adoption of improved and sustainable agriculture production technologies; and • Climate change remains the major challenge to the attainment of Goal 2, as most agricultural activities continue to rely on rain￾fed agriculture. Natural disasters especially the recent cyclones, have the real potential to reverse the gains made. Specific Recommendations • Ensure well-functioning structured agricultural markets that can generate high farmer incomes, release agricultural labour and stimulate demand in the other sectors of the economy; • Strengthen extension services by among others, recruit additional nutrition and agriculture frontline workers; and • Enhance irrigation farming, and the adoption of modern agricultural technologies.
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16 MALAYSIA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2017 Malaysia has eradicated hunger and greatly reduced malnutrition through sustained efforts to supplement the dietary needs of children from hard-core poor families. To address issues of malnutrition, a number of initiatives have been undertaken by the Ministry of Health (MOH). For example, the Rehabilitation Programme for Malnourished Children has been implemented since 1989 to improve the nutritional status of children aged 6 months to 6 years from hard-core poor families; the programme was later expanded to those from poor and low-income households. These children are given basic food supplies, immunisation, treatment and health education. Other programmes that further complement these efforts include the Community Feeding Programme and the Supplementary Feeding Programme for Pregnant and Lactating Mothers with poor weight gain and anaemia (Full Cream Milk Programme). Between 1990 and 2014, these efforts resulted in a 90 per cent reduction of under-nutrition cases, based on administrative data (Figure 4). Collaborations with NGOs such as the MyKasih Foundation also have allowed poor families to access food and basic necessities. These efforts, among others, have been key to Malaysia’s success in eliminating hunger. Malaysia also is stepping up efforts to improve self￾sufficiency levels (SSL) in food production and preparing for the impacts of climate-related disasters to ensure food security. Sustainable agriculture development is guided by the National Agrofood Policy 2011–2020 and National Commodity Policy 2011–2020. Production of major agrofood commodities also showed encouraging growth between 2011 and 2016, at an average rate of 3.9 per cent annually. As of 2015, Malaysia achieved SSL targets for paddy, vegetables and fruits, and achieved above 100 per cent SSL for poultry and eggs (Figure 4). These achievements were made possible from the use of quality seeds, breeds and fries, wider adoption of effective technologies among farmers, and establishment of new large scale food production areas. Malaysia also has been proactive in maintaining genetic diversity and undertaking research in climate-resistant crops and farmed animals. The country adopted a series of certification schemes of good agricultural practices, such as Malaysia Good Agricultural Practices (myGAP), Malaysia Organic (myOrganic), and Malaysia Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) certifications, among others, to ensure sustainable production and keep fresh produce safe. Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture DEVELOPMENT ACHIEVEMENTS 17 * Note: Double burden of malnutrition is characterised by the coexistence of under-nutrition along with overweight and obesity, or diet-related non-communicable diseases, within individuals, households and populations, and across the life course (WHO 2017) CURRENT STATUS Hunger is largely under control but the double burden of malnutrition* is rising 90% 13.7% 20.7% 11.5% reduction in under-nutrition between 1990 and 2014 based on administrative data prevalence of underweight chidren below five years of age (2016), with prevalence being higher for boys (14.9%) than girls (12.4%) prevalence of stunted children below five years of age (2016), with prevalence being higher for boys (22.2%) than girls (19.2%) prevalence of wasting among children below five years of age (2016) with prevalence being higher for boys (13.3%) than girls (9.7%) 24.9% 47.7% 11.7% prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity (food quantity insufficiency due to financial constraint in past 12 months) prevalence of overweight and obesity in adult population prevalence of childhood obesity Ensuring food security and promoting sustainable agriculture 3.9% 72.3% 56.7% 80.8% >100% yearly growth in major agrofood commodities between 2011–2016 self-sufficiency level (SSL) reached for paddy (2015) SSL reached for vegetables (2015) SSL reached for fruits (2015) SSL reached for poultry and eggs (2015) 13,018 205.14 15,000 accessions of rice conserved at MARDI Penang and 18,554 plant genetic resources conserved by MyGeneBank™ metric tonnes of post-harvest losses for rice, amounting to 7.89% of production or RM246 million (2016) metric tonnes of food are wasted per day with 20% being edible food GOAL 2: END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Figure 4: Current Status, Key Success Factors and Remaining Priorities for Goal 2 KEY SUCCESS FACTORS • Implementing food supplementation programmes for children from poor and low-income households • Raising productivity and maintaining self-sufciency in certain food crops • Establishing a good public healthcare system that also reached rural and remote areas REMAINING PRIORITIES • Reaching pockets of remote communities that have food and healthcare needs • Reducing the incidence of obesity, which is a rising issue • Ensuring food security in the face of climate change • Accelerating the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices 18 MALAYSIA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2017 Moving forward, Malaysia is addressing Goal 2’s objectives through the Eleventh Malaysia Plan Strategic Thrusts 1, 2 and 6, in addition to the National Plan of Action for Nutrition of Malaysia III 2016-2025 and the National Agrofood Policy. Tackling New Dimensions of Nutrition • Enhancing accessibility to quality education and skills training • Providing quality employment opportunities and entrepreneurial support • Increasing productivity through adoption of modern technology • Promoting wealth ownership through investment programmes Enhancing Food Security • Improving productivity through intensifying research and development, optimising agricultural land use, reducing post-harvest loss and encouraging smart and precision farming • Strengthening the food supply chain through empowering agriculture clusters, cooperatives and associations • Improving support and delivery services through market linkages plans, both domestically and internationally • Enhancing knowledge and skills of farmers and fsherfolk in modern agricultural practices • Ensuring food bio-security, bio-safety and standards to improve competitiveness of agrofood products at the international market • Maintaining gene banks and collaboratively work with international agencies to protect and conserve local breeds and seeds 6 Re-engineering economic growth for greater prosperity Enhancing inclusiveness towards an equitable society 1 2 Improving well-being for all
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INTRODUCTION Malaysia has done extremely well in improving its well-being over the past few decades, including extending life expectancy, and improving infant and child mortality rates. In 1970, the average life expectancy was 64.6 years. It is now 74.9 years in 2020. Infant mortality rates have also improved, from 75.5 per 1000 live births to 6 per 1000 live births in 2020. This rate is almost at par with that of the United States. Under-5 mortality has dropped to 7.9 per 1000 live births from 111.2 per 1000 live births during the same period. The Government has acknowledged malnutrition as a serious issue in Malaysia. This has prompted the Government to implement various initiatives to promote a better and healthier lifestyle for all Malaysians. However, COVID-19 has exacerbated the challenges towards ensuring better nutritional outcomes and has further curtailed the delivery and implementation of various initiatives that were in line to address malnutrition issues. Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger Malaysia VNR 2021 50 OVERVIEW OF TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENTS STATUS AND PROGRESS The prevalence of underweight children aged 5 and below improved from 22.1 per cent in 1990 to 14.1 per cent in 2019. Similarly, the prevalence of wasting reduced from 15.3 per cent in 1999 to 9.7 per cent in 2019. In an effort to continuously improve the state of malnutrition, the Government has recently reviewed the National Nutrition Policy of Malaysia as well as the National Plan of Action for Nutrition in Malaysia III (NPANM III, 2016-2025) for the second term of implementation. The NPANM III (2016-2025) has three main objectives, which are to enhance nutritional status, reduce diet related NCDs, and strengthen food and nutrition security. These objectives are supported by six enabling strategies as refected in Table 2.6: Target 2.1: The prevalence of underweight among children under 5 years of age has increased from 12.4 per cent in 2015 to 14.1 per cent in 2019. Target 2.2 and 2.3: Stunting and wasting among children have also increased. The prevalence of stunting among children below 5 years of age continue to increase, from 17.7 per cent in 2015 to 21.8 per cent in 2019, while the prevalence of wasting slightly increased from 8.0 per cent to 9.7 per cent. Target 2.4: The prevalence of overweight among children under 5 has decreased between 2015 and 2019, from 7.1 per cent to 5.2 per cent. Target 2.5: Anaemia among women (aged 15-49) improved, from 34.7 per cent in 2015, to 29.9 per cent in 2019. Source: National Health and Morbidity Survey 2015 and National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 Malaysia VNR 2021 51 The above mentioned programmes and activities under NPANM III (2016-2025) will be supported through these facilitating strategies namely: i. providing standard nutrition guidelines for targeted groups; ii. continuous assessment and monitoring of nutrition situation; iii. strengthening food and nutrition research and development; iv. ensuring enough qualifed nutritionists and dietitians; and v. strengthening institutional and community capacity for nutrition. Table 2.6: Examples of Nutrition Programmes/Activities under the NPANM III (2016-2025) Malaysia VNR 2021 52 Source: National Plan of Action for Nutrition in Malaysia III (NPANM III, 2016-2025) The Ministry of Health (MOH) is strengthening the implementation of frst 1,000 Days of life Programme for improving nutritional status for children. Some of the major emphases of key initiatives undertaken include strengthening maternal and child health services, providing nutrition education throughout pregnancy, promoting breastfeeding through initiatives such as the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), providing nutrition education on complementary feeding as well as immunisations and strengthening growth monitoring for infants and children. MOH pursues three strategies in ensuring good maternal nutrition. The frst is weight management for pregnant mothers by monitoring gestational weight gain. The second is the prevention and control of micronutrient defciencies, which includes universal salt iodization implemented on 1 January 2021 and a wheat four fortifcation initiative that will commence in July 2021. The third strategy involves maternal nutrition advocacy for women of reproductive age and pregnant mothers. Several programmes are conducted to ensure the nutritional well￾being of mothers, such as strengthening nutrition counselling for pregnant or lactating mothers who are anaemic, and addressing problems related to breastfeeding, gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Another initiative to support breastfeeding is to provide technical input for extending maternity leave from 60 to 90 days. This initiative has been implemented by the public service since 2010 and gradually expanded to the private sector. The food basket under the Rehabilitation Programme for malnourished children, aged between 6 months and 6 years from poor families, was implemented since 1989 to rehabilitate children with poor nutrition. There is also a Community Feeding Programme aimed at children under 5 from indigenous communities (Orang Asli) to either rehabilitate or prevent undernutrition. In addition, MOH also initiated various nutrition-based interventions for school children and adolescents through collaboration with multi sectoral agencies. In 2019, both the MOH and the Ministry of Education (MOE) piloted the Free Breakfast Programme in seven schools to provide nutritious breakfast daily for all primary school children. This programme has since been adapted into the Supplementary Food Programme (Rancangan Makanan Tambahan, RMT) targeting children from the low income households. The Government provides free milk daily for these children under the School Milk Programme (Program Susu Sekolah, PSS). Besides RMT and PSS, both ministries also jointly conduct the nutritious meal programme in schools, known as Program Hidangan Berkhasiat di Sekolah (HiTS). Besides that, MOE is also collaborating with MOH to revise the Boarding School Food Menu (Menu Makanan Asrama Malaysia), to ensure food safety through consistent monitoring of food handlers. MOE published the Healthy Food Canteen Management Guide (Panduan Pengurusan Kantin Sihat) in 2011 for every school in Malaysia to ensure school canteens provide safe and healthy food. There were various extensive activities in preventing and controlling obesity and other diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) initiated for the period 2016-2025 as outlined in the NPANM III. Advocacy and awareness programs continue to be conducted through Healthy Eating Promotion and Sugar Reduction Strategies. The activities under Healthy Eating Promotion include advocacy on Malaysian Healthy Plate Quarter￾Quarter Half (Suku-suku Separuh) and nutrition promotion messages through various social media platforms. The activities under Sugar Reduction Strategies include reformulation of healthier food products with collaboration of industries, adoption of the Healthier Choice Logo, and tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) imposed since July 2019. The introduction of this SSB tax is a step in the right direction and could limit the consumption of these products and improve health outcomes. The food and nutrition security issues are also addressed in the National Agrofood Policy (2011-2020). In the area of food production, the self-sufciency levels (SSL) is used to measure domestic supply capability. Several major agrofood commodities continued to show signs of encouragement. In 2019, the SSL protein source commodities such as poultry meat and eggs remained strong at above 100 per cent while food fsh at 93 per cent. Malaysia’s staple food, rice, rose from 63 per cent in 2010 to 70 per cent in 2017. The SSL of rice dropped again to 63 per cent in 2019, mainly due to natural disasters, and plant pests and diseases. Meanwhile, nutritional based commodities such as fruits recorded over 78 per cent and vegetables at 44.4 per cent, in which the latter’s moderate level supply was largely due to Malaysians preference towards imported vegetables. Due to concerns over the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on national food security, a Cabinet Committee on the National Food Security Policy (FSCC) was set up in March 2020. The main role of FSCC is to examine issues and recommend solutions on food security that covers multiple aspects including technology applications, fnancial resources, investment, land use and infrastructure. The FSCC also assumes the role of coordinating the formulation and implementation of policies, strategies and action plans pertaining to food security that cut across various ministries and agencies. On 8 September 2020, the FSCC approved the National Food Security Framework (KSMN) that has been developed based on the four pillars of food security recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) United Nations namely availability, access, utilisation and stability. The KSMN also encompasses several other elements including alignment to national development policies such as SPV 2030 and Twelfth Plan, as well as implementation strategies aims to provide guidance in enhancing national food security. The FSCC also approved the establishment of four main clusters based on the four pillars of food security to enhance the governance of national food security. These clusters and their lead coordinators are refected in Table 2.7: Malaysia VNR 2021 53 Although there has been major improvement in nutritional outcomes, Malaysia is currently facing the double burden of malnutrition and a rise in NCDs. Even though the prevalence of wasting has dropped to single digit (9.7 per cent) in 2019, it is still one of the highest in the region. The prevalence of stunting and underweight for those below the age of 5 years have increased. Stunting levels among them jumped from 17.7 per cent in 2015 to 21.8 per cent in 2019. It is slightly higher among children residing in rural areas (22.2 per cent) and among girls (23.5 per cent). While approximately 1 in 5 children (21.8 per cent) below the age of 5 is stunted, the fgure is higher in certain states and groups, such as in Terengganu (22 per cent), among Bumiputera Sarawak (41.5 per cent), Indians (26.9 per cent) and Bumiputera Sabah (26.5 per cent). As for underweight children (weight-for-age), the prevalence increased from 12.4 per cent in 2015 to 14.1 per cent in 2019, being much more signifcant among rural children at 15.6 per cent and among girls at 12.6 per cent. Among the major ethnic groups, the Bumiputera from Sarawak has the highest prevalence of underweight children, affecting approximately 1 in 4 children under the age of 5. The prevalence of stunting and underweight are classifed as medium public health signifcance. Malaysians are facing higher risks for NCDs, as more adults are becoming overweight or obese. About 42.7 per cent is either overweight or obese in 2019, an increase from 32.8 per cent in 2015. The number is higher among adult females, where almost 46.1 per cent is either overweight or obese. At the same time, the prevalence of adults who are underweight has declined, from 6.7 per cent to 6.5 per cent during the same period. The issue of malnutrition is linked closely to the bigger framework of food security as defned by FAO four pillars that include availability, access, utilisation and stability. Based on the Global Food Security Index 2020 published by the Economist Intelligence Unit, Malaysia’s ranking improved one spot to 43rd in 20205¹ with an overall score of 67.9 per cent from 67.7 per cent. As a comparison, Finland ranked 1st with a score of 85.3 per cent. The index measures affordability, availability, quality and safety, as well as natural resources and resilience using 25 main indicators and 51 sub-indicators to gauge the level of food security and capture changes across 113 economies on an annual basis. While the ranking suggests Malaysia is generally a food secured nation, it received a score of 58.8 per cent in the availability category, and 47.5 per cent in the natural resources and resilience category52, which is considered to be average. The major contributing factors to this average score include lack of public expenditure on agricultural research and development and infrastructure as well as dependency on food import. Availability of nutritional food remains to be a challenge. Malaysia’s food import bill has risen by an annual average of 6.5 per cent from RM11.4 billion in 2000 to RM51.4 billion in 201953. The huge food import bill has impacted the quantity, quality, affordability and accessibility of food especially for the poor. This issue is further exacerbated by the scarcity of land use for food production, in which approximately 85 per cent of the country’s 8 million hectares of agriculture land are planted with industrial commodities mainly oil palm and rubber54. Nutrition outcomes are likely to be adversely affected due to the socioeconomic impact of COVID-19, as it prevented the smooth delivery and implementation of initiatives to address malnutrition issues, especially for children in school settings. Schools nationwide were closed for almost a year, preventing children from low-income households to beneft from the Government’s free food programmes. According to a recent UNICEF study55 on the socioeconomic impact of COVID-19, low-income households had to reduce their food intake and change their diet as a coping mechanism due to fnancial constraints. These constraints include heads of households losing their jobs or having reduced working hours. The cost of essentials also increased, where the prices of rice, eggs, and instant noodles rose by 40 per cent, while the intake of vegetables and fruits dropped by 40 per cent. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Table 2.7: Four Clusters of National Food Security Framework Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry Malaysia VNR 2021 54 OPPORTUNITIES AND WAY FORWARD The Government is committed to addressing stunting and malnutrition, particularly through provision of household food security, quality healthcare services, a healthy environment, and adequate care and feeding practices. The national target is to reduce the prevalence of stunting to 11 per cent by 2025. A holistic approach to nutritional improvement should start with the crucial frst 1,000 days of life from conception to the child's second birthday. Availability of fnancial resources is the underlying determinant for nutritional outcomes. Long term approaches such as income generating activities are important for sustainable nutritional improvement. Further to this, the new national agrofood policy, that is currently being formulated will include a specifc strategy to develop healthy sustainable food systems, which emphasises nutrition security. This will ensure Malaysians have access to a healthy and balanced diet. This strategy will be further strengthened through industry specifc strategies, in which by 2030, the SSL of rice is expected to increase to 80 per cent, higher protein source commodities such as fsheries to 98 per cent and fresh milk to 100 per cent while sustaining production for poultry meat and egg to support the growing population. In addition, nutritional commodity such as vegetables will be given highest focus to attain SSL growth of almost 80 per cent domestic supply capability in tandem with fruits. In short, this policy takes an all-inclusive approach and prioritizes the nutritional needs of Malaysians for the next 10 years. In an effort to enhance food security conditions in Malaysia, focus will be given to areas that require improvement as highlighted in the GFSI. In this regard, an action plan for the national food security is currently formulated under FSCC. Among the targeted outcomes of the action plan include reduced national dependence on food imports, stable food prices, healthier eating habits among Malaysian population, sustainable food production as well as increased private sector’s role and involvement in strengthening the food systems. Box Article 5: Social and Community Enterprises While the dominant economic models are for private equity and individual business, there are alternative models that are catered to social and community enterprises that spotlights community spirit and encourages collective action and support, especially in times of crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the role of local communities in the support for local economies. This social economy dimension is recognised by the United Nations Taskforce on Social Solidarity Economy as a way of addressing the economic, social and environmental concerns in an integrated approach of sustainable development. In the Malaysian context we can observe an emphasis towards social and community enterprise as follows: In Malaysia, social and community enterprise especially through the cooperative provisions and the social enterprise accreditation is creating a new avenue for businesses to undertake a greater social and environment responsibility. Source: Malaysian CSO-SDG Alliance In early 2015, the Malaysian Social Enterprise Blueprint was launched under Malaysian Global Innovation & Creativity Centre (MaGIC), which resulted in about 350 accredited social enterprises. This is the new innovation in the promotion of businesses with a social and environment cause. In 2020, Malaysia launched a RM10 million Social Impact Matching Grant for social enterprise. MaGIC has helped social enterprises earn more than RM30 million in revenue over the past 3 years and created hundreds of new jobs for B40 communities. In addition, the Pemangkin Usahawan Sosial Hebat (PUSH) programme addresses the livelihood of the B40 households by increasing economic opportunities via impact-driven solutions. The Eleventh Plan (2016-2020) included a policy thrust towards developing community and social based enterprises. There is also a policy towards community forestry and involvement of indigenous and local communities to joint forest management initiatives. The National Entrepreneurship Policy 2030 aims for the development of an inclusive and competitive entrepreneurial community including SMEs, B40 groups, and social entrepreneurs. In this policy there is an emphasis on social entrepreneurship, social enterprise and community-based economic activities. A specifc thrust under this policy entails intensifying outreach programmes to disadvantaged group including low income households (B40), rural communities, PWDs, and positioning co-operatives as drivers to inclusive socio-economic development. The Malaysian Cooperative Transformation Plan (TransKoM- 2021-2025) was launched in 2021. Currently, Malaysia has 14,417 registered cooperatives with six million members, and has great potential to increase the current GDP contribution from 3 per cent to 5 per cent. There are faith-based initiatives such as Ar Rahnu provides an alternative economic model in the pawn broking businesses. This is the poor person’s access to immediate cash in times of need and crisis through the offer of a jewellery as collateral for a short-term loan. In Malaysia, out of the 588 licensed pawn broking businesses, 56 per cent are Islamic compliant and the remaining 44 per cent are conventional. Malaysia VNR 2021 55
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "mys", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-mys-2021-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2021 }
14 Voluntary National Review 2018 sDG2: enD HUnGer, aCHieve fooD seCUritY anD iMProveD nUtrition anD ProMote sUstainabLe aGriCULtUre Namibia is fully committed to ending hunger; this commitment is refected across all key development documents where zero hunger stands as a key priority. Amongst these key national development instruments - which includes the Vision 2030 initiative, the HPP and the NDP 5 - the Zero Hunger Strategy recognizes the importance of food and nutrition security and appreciates the contribution therein embedded in Namibia’s drive to achieve SDGs 2 and 17. In order to understand the extent of food and nutrition security in Namibia, one has to examine it from the context of SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and its fve pillars as indicated below: access to adequate food – Food access and suffciency Food insecurity affects 25 percent of the population: most low earners spend 57 percent of their incomes on food (Zero Hunger Strategic Review 2016). Poverty, income inequality, high unemployment – particularly in urban areas –, high food prices, and HIV prevalence at 13.3 percent are all major factors limiting access to food. As a result of structural food defcits, Namibia relies on food imports - which are susceptible to price and currency fuctuations - for up to 61 percent of needs (Emongor and Kirsten 2008). Impact on Women Despite the national commitment to gender equality, women remain more disempowered and excluded than men. For example, there are higher rates of unemployment and poverty among women when compared to men and women have lower access to resources and technologies, leading to higher levels of food insecurity among women. Women play a major role in supporting household access to food by generating income from agricultural labour, production and sale of cash crops and other means, and by performing the vast majority of unpaid care and domestic work (ILO statistical database ILOSTAT). Food Markets and Prices A total of 83 percent of the population is reliant on markets for food and access to food by vulnerable households is limited by high prices. Food price infation averaged 8.1 percent between 2012 and 2016, with a record low of 4.1 percent in June 2015 and a high of 12.5 percent in December 2016 (www.tradingecomics.com/world). Food Support Food assistance, remittances and social grants are an important part of peoples coping strategies and sometimes accounts for a signifcant proportion of their income. The annual need for emergency food relief has increased as a result of droughts and in 2016/17 the Government supported 214,170 people with emergency food relief (OPM 2016/17). Voluntary National Review 2018 15 ending all forms of malnutrition Stunting Between 2006 and 2013, child stunting was reduced from 29 to 24 percent, wasting from 8 to 6 percent and underweight from 17 to 13 percent. However, in rural areas and among the 31 percent of households in the poorest quintile, stunting remains at 28 percent; in Ohangwena region rates reach 37 percent (Zero hunger strategic review 2016). Malnutrition challenges, particularly stunting, are rooted in various socio-economic and environmental factors, including limited support for pregnant and lactating women, poor dietary diversity, insuffcient consumption of micronutrients, inadequate care practices, and limited access to potable water and sanitation. Breast-feeding Breastfeeding is common, but the average duration is decreasing as a result of insuffcient institutional and social￾cultural support to breastfeeding mothers and the promotion of breast milk substitutes. Of children aged 6–59 months, 48 percent suffer from anaemia; on the other hand immunization has increased to cover 90 percent of children (WHO 2015). Micronutrient supplementation increased from 52 percent in 2006 to 84 percent in 2015 (WHO 2015). To address iodine defciency, Namibia launched an iodine supplementation campaign and passed legislation mandating the iodization of salt for household use. Smallholder productivity and income Most smallholder and subsistence farmers live in communal areas where access to land and water is challenging. Smallholder producers’ account for 54 percent of total agricultural producers of whom a share of 45 percent entities registered for communal areas are under women. In addition three-quarters of agricultural labourers are women. Food insecurity affects smallholder farmers who depend on rain fed agriculture because their resilience to weather-related shocks is limited; food shortages affected 76 percent of rural agricultural households in 2013 (Census of agriculture report 2013/14). According to the census of agriculture report 2013/14, production of food and livestock in communal areas has remained signifcantly low, mainly as a result of limited access to modern farming technologies and practices, poor soil fertility, over-grazing and prolonged dry spells. Recent studies in the maize and mahangu regions showed cereal harvest losses of 15 percent among smallholder farmers resulting from limited skills and access to harvest and post-harvest technology. sustainable food systems Disaster Risk Management Namibia is mainly a dry land country with a semi-arid to arid climate. Agricultural land accounts for only 47 percent of the total area, of which only 34 percent supports economic crop and livestock production; agriculture accounts for 3 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) and provides only 40 percent of cereal requirements (http://www.tradingeconomics.com/World). The agriculture sector has been negatively affected to date by the seven major foods and eight droughts that occurred between 1999 and 2016. The number of people affected by drought has since increased from 25,000 in 1998 to 798,384,000 in 2017 (OPM 2016/17). iMPLeMentation of sDGs 16 Voluntary National Review 2018 Gaps and Challenges There are several gaps and challenges linked to food security in the country. The Zero Hunger Strategic review conducted in 2015 identifed fve key challenges. These include the following: 1. Lack of coherent policy. The legal and policy frameworks are suffcient to aid Namibia’s development agenda, but coherence among sectors managed by different government agencies is a major issue. There is a need for cross-sector and inter-sector synergies and coherence to be created, together with a national system to monitor and evaluate the implementation of policies. The current food and nutrition security policy is not addressing all aspects of food security as stipulated in SDG 2 and therefore there is no framework to guide social assistance programmes in the country. The majority of the social protection interventions are sector-specifc and are not addressing cross-sectoral issues: they are neither comprehensive nor integrated. 2. Capacity constraints. Institutional and human resource capacity for policy and programme design and implementation are limited. The implementation of food security programmes is affected by challenges impacting prioritization and gaps in technical and managerial capacities in government bodies at the national and regional levels. The capacity of government institutions and personnel involved in designing, planning, resourcing and monitoring must be improved to ensure higher quality, cost-effective, equitable and empowering assistance to vulnerable households and individuals. 3. Weak evidence and monitoring. Weak research and evidence collation combined with programing challenges makes it diffcult to quantify the interactions among food and nutrition insecurity, poverty and HIV. There is no food and nutrition security baseline from which to measure progress in addressing hunger. The limited information on food consumption patterns, both overall and by population group, and fragmented data collection tools, approaches and systems among sectors and ministries, makes it diffcult to obtain a comprehensive outlook of the food and nutrition security situation so as to inform programme design, policy and provide timely government response. 4. fragmented social programmes. Namibia has one of the most comprehensive social protection systems in sub-Saharan Africa: it supports elderly people, orphans and vulnerable children, people with disabilities, war veterans, school children, marginalized communities and populations affected by hunger. However, the registration and targeting procedures are not effcient, monitoring needs strengthening as well as benefciary selection, which leads to exclusion and inclusion errors. This ineffciency continues to contribute to high administrative and delivery costs and limits scalability. Social protection programmes must be consolidated under a single registry and coordinated by a single institution to enhance their effectiveness in ensuring food security. 5. Weak coordination. Poor coordination among ministries, sectors, agencies and public and private organizations limits progress towards zero hunger in Namibia. Coordination mechanisms such as the Namibia Alliance for Improved Nutrition (NAFIN) that promote the scaling up of food and nutrition initiatives have not been effective at either the national or sub-national levels. Communication among sectors and institutions is inadequate and there is no momentum to reinforce such linkages. It is essential to enhance the coordination of programme and policy implementation at the national and sub-national levels to address food and nutrition insecurity. iMPLeMentation of sDGs 17 agriculture sector and food security strategies and targets amongst others: strategies for the attainment of the targets set national targets 1. Increase agricultural production for cereals, horticulture and livestock. Decrease food insecurity from 25 percent to 12 percent by 2022. 2. Develop agro-processing industries by utilizing local produce and regional value chains. National food storage capacity increased from 22900mt to 39400mt. 3. Increase smallholder or communal farmer’s productivity. 30 percent increase in food production. 4. Enhance animal health and production. Share of national livestock production marketed increased from 4 percent to 10 percent. 5. Improve communication and stakeholder engagement (research, health promotion and stakeholder round table). Reduce stunting to 12 percent by 2022 Reduce anaemia to 10 percent by 2022 6. Scale-up essential high impact nutrition specifc and sensitive interventions. Strengthen enabling environment for effective action, coordination, integration and implementation of food and nutrition programmes. iMPLeMentation of sDGs
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "nam", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-nam-2018-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2018 }
Namibia SDGs VNR Report 2021 | 7 ZERO 2 HUNGER Indicator 2.1.1 Indicator 2.2.1 8 | Namibia SDGs VNR Report 2021 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture Overview Namibia is fully committed to ending hunger. This commitment is reflected across all key development documents where zero hunger stands as a key priority. Amongst these key national development instruments, which include the Vision 2030 initiative, the Harambee Prosperity Plan (HPP), and the NDP5, the Zero Hunger Strategy recognises the importance of food and nutrition security, and it appreciates the contribution embedded in Namibia’s drive to achieve SDGs 2 and 17. Status and Trends Food Support To address urban food poverty, the target to increase the number of operational Food Banks by opening Food Banks in 3 additional regions was surpassed. Food Banks were rolled out in 6 regions (Hardap, Kharas, Ohangwena, Kunene, Kavango East, and Kavango West). The eligibility criteria for the identification of Food Bank beneficiaries was reviewed and streamlined in order to cater for people who were most affected by hunger and poverty, which led to the reduction of beneficiaries from over 22,000 households to 8,736 households in all the Food Bank operational regions. In addition, Food Bank roll out consultations were done in various regions with office bearers and roll out mechanisms were developed. Moreover, the Focus Area, in partnership with the World Food Programme (WFP), introduced a system for cash operations (SCOPE); a biometric system used for the registration of beneficiaries. This system was also used as a screening tool during food distribution, and currently a total of 6,277 households are registered in the system. Malnutrition The country aims to end hunger, and to ensure access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food by 2030. The Namibia SDG Baseline Report of 2019 indicated that the prevalence of undernourishment for children under five years was at 28.8% in 2015, a decline from 29.7% recorded in 2014. Despite this decline, the 2015 figure for undernourished children is still higher than the number of undernourished children recorded in 2004. An increased number of community health workers and the scaling-up treatment of acute malnutrition in health facilities over the last 10 years has increased the number of children being screened and treated for malnutrition. During the last 5 years the private sector has taken a big step towards preventing micronutrient deficiencies by starting to fortify maize, wheat and mahangu flour with vitamins and minerals. Strengthening of the legal framework and monitoring/ enforcement is needed to improve and sustain food fortification. During the last few years, the Government and Development Partners have collaborated on RightStart, a social and behavioural communication campaign on early childhood development. The campaign includes a component on child feeding. RightStart is expected to continue through to 2022, and although it has not yet been evaluated, there is potential for increasing the pace of malnutrition reduction through improved child feeding practices promoted by the campaign. Namibia SDGs VNR Report 2021 | 9 Figure 2: Launch of Food Bank by the Namibian Head of State in 2016 Source: The Namibian Sun Newspaper Strategies Going Forward · Continuous increase in the agricultural production of cereals, horticulture and livestock. · Namibia is maintaining the school feeding programme to feed children from vulnerable homes and to improve the nutritional value of meals. This programme will be extended to secondary schools and ECD centres based on needs assessments. · The Namibian Government continues to procure malnutrition treatment supplies. · Continuous increase in the number of basic health workers dealing with child nutritional issues.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "nam", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-nam-2021-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2021 }
28 ODD2 ELIMINATION DE LA FAIM Pays Sahélien confronté régulièrement à de fortes variations climatiques, le Niger est souvent confronté à une insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle de plus ou moins grande ampleur. La sous-alimentation touche 50% de la population avec un écart entre la ville et la campagne et les ménages selon leur niveau d’éducation et leur taille. L’insécurité alimentaire sévère touche en moyenne 5,6% de la population et la chronique environ 14%/an. L’ambition du Niger est de les réduire à 1% et 11% respectivement à l’horizon 2035. La malnutrition touche principalement les enfants de moins de 5 ans. En 2016, il a été noté que 46,5% des enfants de moins de 5 ans ont un retard de croissance et 31,7% ont une insuffisance pondérale. A l’échelle nationale, la malnutrition aiguë sévère (MAS) touche 1,9% et varie selon le milieu, à 1,1% en milieu rural contre 2,1% en milieu urbain (INS-NIGER/PNUD, 2017). Pour s’attaquer à l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, le Niger a adopté plusieurs documents de politique, dont, entre autres la Stratégie de Sécurité Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle et de Développement Agricole Durable ou Initiative 3N et la Politique Nationale de Sécurité Nutritionnelle (PNSN). L’objet de ces deux documents est de s’attaquer aux causes directes de la sous-alimentation et de la malnutrition tout en créant les conditions de 29 développement durable dans un contexte de risques agricoles multiples. L’Initiative 3N représente le Programme Faim Zéro du Niger et il est complété en cela par des documents de stratégie sur l’Environnement, l’adaptation au changement climatique et de protection sociale. La plupart de ces documents de politiques et stratégies s’inscrivent dans la vision du Niger, Horizon 2035 (SDDCI). Pour atteindre les résultats escomptés, les investissements dans le secteur agricole seront accrus à hauteur de sa contribution au PIB national. Il est notamment prévu d’accroître la capacité productive des terres à travers, entre autres l’irrigation et divers aménagements pastoraux et forestiers, la modernisation de l’économie agricole et la sécurisation foncière. Afin de respecter ses engagements dans le cadre de l’Agenda 2030, le Niger a priorisé des cibles et indicateurs de l’ODD2 pris en compte dans le PDES 2017-2021. Ainsi sur les 8 cibles de l’ODD, six (6) cibles sont considérées, soit 75% de la totalité ; elles ont trait à l’élimination de la faim et à l’augmentation de la productivité du travail et du revenu des producteurs (2.1 ; 2.2 ; et 2.3) et aux conditions de mise en œuvre (2.a ; 2.b ; 2.c). Pour ces cibles, seulement 25% des indicateurs retenus ont été renseignés dans la situation de référence. Les cibles de l’ODD2 non encore pris en compte ont trait au développement d’une agriculture durable (2.4 et 2.5). Figure 8 Cibles et indicateurs priorisés de l'ODD2 Cible 2.c fonctionn ement des marché Cible 2.b correction des distorsions de marché cible 2.4 Résilience des systèmes de productio n Cible 2.3 productivité et revenu Cible 2.1 insécurité alimentair e Cible 2.2 Malnutritio n Cible 2.5 préservati on de la diversité génétique Cible 2.a￾investissem ents
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[ 2 ]
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16 4.2. OBJECTIF 2 : ELIMINER LA FAIM, ASSURER LA SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE, AMELIORER LA NUTRITION ET PROMOUVOIR L’AGRICULTURE DURABLE Pour atteindre cet objectif, le Niger a priorisé trois cibles de résultats qui sont 2.1 ; 2.2 ; et 2.3. Elles comptent six indicateurs. A ces cibles, s’ajoutent trois autres de mise en œuvre qui sont 2.a ; 2.b ; 2.c qui totalisent cinq indicateurs. 4.2.1. Situation et tendances Le taux de malnutrition Aigüe Globale a été réduit de 4 points de pourcentage entre 2014 et 2019 en passant de 14,8% à 10,7%. Cependant, il n’y a pas d’évolution significative pour ce qui concerne la malnutrition chronique. En effet, sa prévalence nationale est de 45,7% en 2019 contre 45,5% en 2014. Le total des apports publics (aide publique au développement plus autres apports publics) alloués au secteur agricole ont presque doublé entre 2016 et 2018 en passant de 62,945 millions de dollars en 2016 à 113,818 millions de dollars en 2018. Le total des accessions phylogénétiques destinées à l’alimentation et à l’agriculture sécurisées dans des installations de conservation à moyen ou à long terme ont augmenté d'environ 19% pour atteindre plus de 3 600 entrées. Cible 2.2 : D’ici à 2030, mettre fin à toutes les formes de malnutrition, y compris en réalisant d’ici à 2025 les objectifs arrêtés à l’échelle internationale relatifs aux retards de croissance et à l’émaciation parmi les enfants de moins de 5 ans, et répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des adolescentes, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées.  Indicateur 2.2.1 : Prévalence du retard de croissance (indice taille/âge inférieur à -2 écarts types par rapport à la moyenne des normes de croissance de l’enfant définies par l’OMS) chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans. Selon les résultats de l’enquête nutrition 2019, la prévalence nationale de la malnutrition chronique est de 45,7% contre 45,5% en 2014. Toutes les régions, en dehors de Niamey, présentent des prévalences très élevées avec plus de la moitié des enfants affectés à Maradi et Zinder. Cette prévalence varie de 24,4% (Niamey) à 55,4% (Maradi). Par ailleurs, les garçons sont plus atteints que les filles avec des prévalences respectives de 51,8% et 46,5% au niveau national. Cet écart est beaucoup plus important dans la région de Diffa. Graphique 6: Evolution de la prévalence du retard de croissance de 2014 à 2019 (en %) Source : INS 17  Indicateur 2.2.2 : la prévalence de la malnutrition (indice poids/taille supérieur à +2 écarts types ou inférieur à -2 écarts types par rapport à la moyenne des normes de croissance de l’enfant définies par l’OMS) chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, par forme (surpoids et émaciation). La prévalence de la Malnutrition Aigüe Globale (MAG) a baissé entre 2014 et 2019 en passant de 14,8% à 10,7% (pour une cible du PDES de 10,98% en 2018 et 5,5% en 2021). Cette prévalence élevée de malnutrition correspond à une situation critique sur l’échelle de classification de l’OMS (supérieure à 10%). En 2019, la prévalence de la MAG selon la région, varie de 6,5% (Niamey) à 13,7% (Tahoua). On constate une diminution de la prévalence dans les régions d’Agadez, Diffa, Maradi, Zinder et Niamey. Par contre la MAG a augmenté à Tahoua. Comparé à l’enquête 2018, on observe une diminution de la prévalence au niveau national (15%) et dans toutes les régions sauf à Agadez, même si les périodes des collectes ne sont pas les mêmes. La prévalence de la Malnutrition Aigüe Sévère (MAS) est de 2,7% en 2019 contre 3,2% en 2018. Au niveau des régions, elle varie de 0,7% (Niamey) à 3,5% (Tahoua). Trois régions sont au-dessus de la moyenne nationale (Zinder, Maradi et Tahoua). Selon l’étude sur les tendances régionales de la malnutrition réalisée par l’INS, et publiée en janvier 2020, il ressort que « Niamey se démarque des autres régions avec une prévalence de la malnutrition chronique chez les enfants de moins de cinq (5) ans de niveau moyen. Les tendances de quelques déterminants étudiés suivent un gradient croissant avec Niamey présentant les meilleures couvertures et conditions sociodémographiques favorables à une meilleure nutrition des populations et à l’opposé Zinder et Maradi enregistrant des couvertures les plus faibles. Malgré des disparités, la forte fécondité serait parmi les principaux freins de lutte contre la malnutrition chronique chez les enfants de moins de cinq (5) ans. Cette interprétation semble se confirmer pour les régions de Maradi et de Zinder. La tendance régulière à la baisse de la malnutrition chronique chez les enfants de moins de cinq (5) ans à Niamey révèle qu’il n’y a pas de fatalité dans la lutte contre ce fléau au Niger. » Graphique 7: Evolution de la prévalence de malnutrition aigüe Source : INS 18 Cible 2.5 D’ici à 2020, préserver la diversité génétique des semences, des cultures et des animaux d’élevage ou domestiqués et des espèces sauvages apparentées, y compris au moyen de banques de semences et de plantes bien gérées et diversifiées aux niveaux national, régional et international, et favoriser l’accès aux avantages que présentent l’utilisation des ressources génétiques et du savoir traditionnel associé ainsi que le partage juste et équitable de ces avantages, comme convenu à l’échelle internationale  Indicateur 2.5.1.a : Nombre de ressources phytogénétiques destinées à l’alimentation et à l’agriculture sécurisées dans des installations de conservation à moyen ou à long terme. Le Niger a marqué un progrès notable dans la conservation des ressources phytogénétiques pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (RPGAA) ex situ au cours de la période 2010-2016. Le total des accessions (un échantillon de semences distinct, identifiable de façon unique représentant un cultivar, une lignée ou une population, qui est maintenu en stockage pour la conservation et l’utilisation) a augmenté d'environ 19% pour atteindre plus de 3 600 entrées. Le mil chandelle, qui est endémique et représente un aliment de base dans le pays, continue d'être la culture la plus représentée dans les collections ex situ. Les augmentations en pourcentage du nombre d'accessions conservées ex situ ont été les plus élevées dans le gombo (Abelmoschus esculentus), le fonio (Digitaria spp.), le sorgho, le niébé et le sésame. L’Agriculture utilise plus d'une cinquantaine d'espèces et au moins autant de variétés lorsqu'on considère ensemble les cultures pratiquées sous pluies et celles sous irrigation en saison sèche. Concernant la conservation ex-situ, à la date de Février 2020, la banque de gène de l’INRAN dispose de plus de 5000 accessions d’une trentaine d’espèces végétales cultivées ou non. Les accessions du mil, du sorgho et du niébé sont les plus collectées et représentent 75,98% de l’ensemble. Au cours des 5 dernières années, des nouvelles espèces telles que le soja, pois d’angole, melon, pastèque, oignon, Cassia tora, moringa, luzerne, nigelle et épices ont été ajoutées. Pour le moyen, actuellement, les accessions collectées et conservées à la banque de gènes nationale sont appelées « la sécurité nationale ». Hélas, cette sécurité n’y est pas faute de moyen de conservation et par conséquent, bon nombre d’accessions sont en conservation ailleurs (ICRISAT, IITA et Svalbard en Norvège). Concernant l’accès et le partage des avantages des RPGAA, la banque de gènes de l’INRAN a signé plus de 10 accords-types de transfert de matériels (ATTM) pour plus de 450 échantillons des espèces différentes pour diverses utilisations.  L’indicateur 2.5.2 : Proportion des variétés et races locales considérées comme exposées à un risque d’extinction. Alors que dans la région, les données démographiques manquent pour une large majorité des populations domestiques (en 2019, 85% des races locales des pays subsahariens avaient un statut inconnu du fait de l’absence de données au cours des dix années précédentes), le Niger dispose de données régulièrement collectées pour une majorité de ses races, voire des estimations annuelles entre 2005 et 2018 pour 8 d’entre elles. En 2019, sur un total de 24 races locales, 46% étaient de statut inconnu. Calculé sur les races de statut connu, l’indicateur 2.5.2 indiquait que 15% des races locales du Niger étaient exposées à un risque d’extinction. 19  Indicateur 2.a.2 Total des apports publics (aide publique au développement plus autres apports publics) alloués au secteur agricole. Le total des apports publics alloués au secteur agricole s’élève à 34,62 Milliards de franc CFA en 2016, 51,34 milliards en 2017 et 62,6 milliards de franc CFA en 2018. Il s'agit seulement des apports directement transférés dans les comptes de l'Etat. Ces apports ont presque doublé entre 2016 et 2018 comme le montre le graphique suivant : Graphique 8: Evolution des apports publics alloués au secteur agricole (en milliards de F CFA de 2016 à 2018) Source : Ministère du Plan, Direction des statistiques 4.2.2. Défis et enjeux nouveaux Il s’agit principalement de :  augmenter la production agropastorale et réaliser l’autosuffisance alimentaire au niveau national à travers notamment le développement et la modernisation des techniques de productions agricoles et la mobilisation des ressources en eaux disponibles (les eaux de pluie et les eaux souterraines) ;  promouvoir des changements de comportement en matière de nutrition à travers des actions d’Information, d’Education et de Communication ;  préserver, améliorer les races locales, mettre en place des centres de multiplication des races bovines et renforcer le plan de sélection de races et d'amélioration génétique. 4.2.3. Mesures prises pour remédier aux lacunes et aux défis existants Plusieurs actions ont été menées en matière d’amélioration de la situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle à travers l’élaboration et la mise en place de plusieurs politiques et programmes. C’est l’exemple de l’Initiative 3N, qui est une stratégie durable et globale face à l’insécurité alimentaire. Cette initiative est mise en œuvre à travers des plans quinquennaux dont le second couvre la période 2016-2020. Ce second plan a pour but de poursuivre la mise en œuvre de l’I3N en vue d’atteindre l’objectif global de « Faim Zéro en 2021». Ce plan d’actions et le Programme intégré de résilience a l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle accordent une priorité à la question de la maîtrise de l’eau, 20 la protection de l’environnement et la restauration des terres dégradées, la maison du paysan pour la fourniture des services aux producteurs, la promotion des chaines de valeurs, la gestion intégrée et durable des ressources naturelles, la prévention et la prise en charge de la malnutrition. Dans le souci d’améliorer l’appui aux producteurs, plusieurs politiques et stratégies sont en train d’être mise en place, il s’agit entre autre du Fonds d’Investissement pour la Sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle (FISAN), la Stratégie de la Petite Irrigation au Niger (SPIN), la Politique nationale de Sécurité Nutritionnelle (PSN), le Plan de réforme du secteur des engrais et le Système national de conseil agricole.
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[ 2 ]
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21 4.2. OBJECTIF 2 : ELIMINER LA FAIM, ASSURER LA SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE, AMELIORER LA NUTRITION ET PROMOUVOIR L’AGRICULTURE DURABLE Pour atteindre cet objectif, le Niger a priorisé trois cibles de résultats qui sont 2.1 ; 2.2 ; et 2.3. Elles comptent six indicateurs. A ces cibles, s’ajoutent trois autres de mise en œuvre qui sont 2.a ; 2.b ; 2.c qui totalisent cinq indicateurs. 4.2.1. Situation et tendances La prévalence de la Malnutrition Aigüe Globale (MAG) a connu une évolution moyenne sur la période 2014-2020 de 12,7%, supérieur au seuil d’alerte de 10% fixé par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) en matière de santé publique. Quant à la prévalence de la malnutrition aigüe sévère, la moyenne sur la période s’est établie 2,6%, légèrement supérieure au seuil d’urgence de 2% fixé par l’OMS. Concernant la malnutrition chronique, elle a connu une baisse de 0,4 point de pourcentage entre 2014 et 2020 pour s’établir à 45,1%, largement au-dessus du seuil d’alerte de l’OMS de 30%. Cible 2.1 : D’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès tout au long de l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffisante. Cette cible est mesurée à travers les indicateurs 2.1.1 et 2.1.2  Indicateur 2.1.2 : Prévalence d’une insécurité alimentaire modérée ou grave, évaluée selon l’échelle de l’insécurité alimentaire fondée sur l’expérience. Le système statistique national ne dispose pas d’informations nécessaires pour le calcul de cet indicateur suivant sa métadonnée. Toutefois, avec l’accord de l’INS, la FAO l’a calculé pour le Niger et sa valeur se situe à 27,4% en 2015. Ainsi, 66,4% de la population Nigérienne connait une insécurité alimentaire modérée ou grave évaluée selon l’échelle de l’insécurité alimentaire fondée sur l’expérience, sur la période 2014- 2016 contre 83% sur la période 2016-2018, soit environ 8 personnes sur 10. La forte croissance démographique, les faibles niveaux de revenu des ménages, le manque de diversité alimentaire, avec plus de 58% de la disponibilité calorique quotidienne provenant des céréales, et le faible accès aux services de santé (taux d’utilisation des soins curatifs de 49,4% en 2020) se traduisent par des niveaux élevés de pauvreté et de retard de croissance d’enfants souffrant de malnutrition aiguë et de carences généralisées en micronutriments56 . En plus, la situation d’insécurité de ces dernières années dans certaines régions a compromis la production agricole et perturbé les marchés. L’insurrection de Boko Haram a provoqué des perturbations considérables dans la région de Diffa, mais l’insécurité a également touché d’autres régions, comme Tahoua et Tillabéri. En raison de ces crises récurrentes, de nombreux ménages ont subi des pertes d’actifs et de revenus et contracté des dettes, sapant la résilience des ménages, en 5 UNICEF, voir https://www.unicef.org/niger/nutrition 6 L’USAID. 2018. Niger: Profil nutritionnel. Washington, DC, USAID. 22 particulier celle des pasteurs et des agro-pasteurs, et provoquant une détérioration de la situation déjà fragile de la sécurité alimentaire7 . Par ailleurs, selon les résultats de l’analyse de l’impact de la pandémie COVID-19 sur la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle au Niger réalisée par le Disposition National de Prévention et de Gestion des Crises Alimentations (DNPGCA) en collaboration avec le Programme Alimentaire Mondiale (PAM), 4,2 millions de personnes auraient été impactées pendant la période avril-mai 2020, et 5,6 millions pendant la période juin-août 2020. Sur les 5,6 millions de personnes, 4,4 millions auraient été dans les zones rurales, et 1,2 millions dans les zones urbaines (Niamey et les autres chefs-lieux des régions). Cible 2.2 : D’ici à 2030, mettre fin à toutes les formes de malnutrition, y compris en réalisant d’ici à 2025 les objectifs arrêtés à l’échelle internationale relatifs aux retards de croissance et à l’émaciation parmi les enfants de moins de 5 ans, et répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des adolescentes, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées. Cette cible est mesurée à travers les indicateurs 2.2.1 et 2.2.2  Indicateur 2.2.1 : Prévalence du retard de croissance (indice taille/âge inférieur à -2 écarts types par rapport à la moyenne des normes de croissance de l’enfant définies par l’OMS) chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans. La prévalence du retard de croissance (Prévalence de la malnutrition chronique) est déterminée par l’indice taille-pour-âge qui permet d’apprécier la taille ou la longueur d’un enfant par rapport aux enfants normaux de son âge. Le graphique suivant donne l’évolution de la malnutrition chronique entre 2014 et 2020. Graphique 7:Evolution de la Prévalence de la Malnutrition en 2014 et 2020 Source : Enquête SMART/INS L’analyse du graphique montre que la Prévalence du retard de croissance chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans a connu une évolution en dents de scie entre 2014 et 2018 avant de connaitre une tendance baissière jusqu’à 2020. En effet, elle est passée de 45,5% en 2014 à 47,8% en 2018 puis à 45,1% en 2020, largement au-dessus du seuil d’alerte de l’OMS de 30%. Cette 7 FAO. 2013. Rapport spécial. Mission interaérienne d’évaluation de la sécurité des cultures et des aliments au Niger, 4 février 2013. Rome. organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture. 38,00% 40,00% 42,00% 44,00% 46,00% 48,00% 2014 2016 2018 2019 2020 45,50% 42,20% 47,80% 45,70% 45,10% 23 tendance baissière à partir 2018 pourrait surtout s’expliquer par les effets des efforts consentis par l’Etat et ses partenaires dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre de la stratégie I3N. Quant à la forme sévère, elle est de 20% correspondant au seuil élevé pour cette forme de malnutrition. Toutefois, des disparités existent entre les régions. Graphique 8:Evolution de la prévalence de malnutrition chronique en 2020 par régions Source : Enquêtes SMART/INS L’analyse du graphique révèle une disparité au niveau des régions, variant de 19,7% à Niamey à 58,0% à Maradi. Toutes les régions sont au-dessus du seuil d’alerte de l’OMS à l’exception de Niamey qui est dans une situation dite moyenne. Ce qui prouve que la situation est très préoccupante pour cet indicateur au Niger. La situation est beaucoup plus aggravée dans les régions de Maradi et de Zinder qui affichent des prévalence au-dessus de la moyenne nationale. Selon l’étude sur les tendances régionales de la malnutrition réalisée par l’INS, publiée en janvier 2020, il ressort que la forte fécondité serait parmi les principaux freins de lutte contre la malnutrition chronique chez les enfants de moins de cinq (5) ans. Cette interprétation semble se confirmer pour les régions de Maradi et de Zinder. La tendance régulière à la baisse de la malnutrition chronique chez les enfants de moins de cinq (5) ans à Niamey révèle qu’il n’y a pas de fatalité dans la lutte contre ce fléau au Niger ».  Indicateur 2.2.2 : La prévalence de la malnutrition (indice poids/taille supérieur à +2 écarts types ou inférieur à -2 écarts types par rapport à la moyenne des normes de croissance de l’enfant définies par l’OMS) chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, par forme (surpoids et émaciation). La prévalence de la malnutrition (indice Poids/taille) permet d’identifier les enfants souffrant de sous-nutrition actuelle ou aiguë. L’évolution de cet indicateur est présentée dans le graphique ci-dessous : 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 AGADEZ DIFFA DOSSO MARADI NIAMEY TAHOUA TILLABERI ZINDER NATIONAL 31,8 33,4 34,1 58 19,7 38,7 37,5 55,8 45,1 18,7 20,2 19,2 29 14 23,9 25 28,7 25,1 13,1 13,1 14,9 29 5,7 14,8 12,5 27 20 Malnutrition Chronique Malnutrition Chronique Modérée Malnutrition Chronique Sévère 24 Graphique 9:Evolution de la prévalence de la malnutrition aigüe de 2014 à 2020 Source : Enquêtes SMART/INS La prévalence de la Malnutrition Aigüe Globale (MAG) a connu une évolution en dents de scie entre 2014 et 2020, passant de 14,8% en 2014 à 10,3% en 2016 puis à 15% en 2018 pour s’établir à 12,7% en 2020. Cette évolution pourrait s’expliquer par les périodes d’abondance et de soudures. La moyenne sur la période s’est établie à 12,7%, supérieur au seuil élevé d’alerte de 10% fixé par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) en matière de santé publique. Quant à la prévalence de la malnutrition aigüe sévère, elle a fluctué sur la période pour s’établir à 2,6% en 2020. Ce niveau est supérieur au seuil d’urgence de 2% fixé par l’OMS. Toutefois, des disparités existent entre les régions. Graphique 10:Evolution de la prévalence de la malnutrition en 2020 par régions Source : Enquêtes SMART/INS 14,8 10,3 15 10,7 12,7 2,7 1,9 3,2 2,7 2,6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2014 2016 2018 2019 2020 Malnutrition Aigüe Globale Malnutrition Aigüe Sévère 9,1 10,9 8,8 11,4 6,5 13,7 8,0 10,9 10,7 1,5 1,1 1,8 3,4 0,7 3,5 2,1 2,8 2,7 - 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 AGADEZ DIFFA DOSSO MARADI NIAMEY TAHOUA TILLABERI ZINDER NATIONAL Malnutrition Aigüe Sévère Malnutrition Aigüe Globale 25 En 2020, la prévalence de la MAG selon la région, varie de 6,5% à Niamey (valeur la plus petite) à 13,7% Tahoua (valeur de la plus grande). La prévalence de la MAS a connu la même tendance avec 0,7% à Niamey et 3,5% à Tahoua. L’augmentation de la MAG en 2020 serait en lien avec les mesures de prévention contre la propagation du coronavirus (restrictions de mouvement, fermeture des frontières, isolement de la ville de Niamey etc.), la fermeture de la frontière avec le Nigeria, la crise pastorale dans les régions de Diffa, Agadez et nord Maradi et les inondations. Cible 2.3 D’ici à 2030, doubler la productivité agricole et les revenus des petits producteurs alimentaires, en particulier des femmes, des autochtones, des exploitants familiaux, des éleveurs et des pêcheurs, y compris en assurant l’égalité d’accès aux terres, aux autres ressources productives et facteurs de production, au savoir, aux services financiers, aux marchés et aux possibilités d’ajout de valeur et d’emplois autres qu’agricoles. Cette cible est mesurée à travers les indicateurs 2.3.1 et 2.3.2  Indicateur 2.3.1 : Volume de production par unité de travail, en fonction de la taille de l’exploitation agricole, pastorale ou forestière (Productivité des petits producteurs alimentaires) L'indicateur se réfère à la valeur de la production par unité de travail exploitée par des producteurs à petite échelle. Cet indicateur a été calculé par la FAO en se basant sur les résultats de l’Enquête nationale 2011 sur les conditions de vie des ménages et l'agriculture menée par l’Institut national de statistique (INS). Selon les calculs, la productivité des petits producteurs alimentaires au Niger est bien en dessous de celle des producteurs alimentaires à plus grande échelle. En 2011, la production agricole par jour de travail des petits producteurs alimentaires était 5,22 dollars internationaux constants de 2011, tandis que la production équivalente des grands producteurs s’élevait à 10,68 dollars. Trois ans plus tard, en 2014, la productivité de tous les producteurs alimentaires semble avoir chuté de manière considérable. Toutefois, la production agricole par jour de travail des petits producteurs, 3,86 dollars internationaux constants de 2011, continuait à être inférieure à celle des producteurs plus grands (4,25 dollars).  Indicateur 2.3.2 : Revenu moyen des petits producteurs alimentaires, selon le sexe et le statut d’autochtone (Revenus des petits producteurs alimentaires) Cet indicateur a été calculé par la FAO sur la base de données de l’Enquête nationale sur les conditions de vie des ménages et l'agriculture qui a été menée par l’INS. Ainsi, les résultats démontrent que le revenu moyen des petits producteurs alimentaires au Niger est bien en dessous de la productivité des producteurs alimentaires â plus grande échelle. En 2011, le revenu moyen provenant de l’agriculture était 216 dollars internationaux constants pour les petits producteurs alimentaires, tandis que le revenu moyen des grands producteurs s’élevait à 548 dollars. Trois ans plus tard, en 2014, la disparité entre les revenus de petits et des grands producteurs alimentaires augmentait encore plus : 270 dollars pour les petits producteurs contre 634 dollars pour les producteurs plus grands. 26 Cible 2.a : Accroître, notamment grâce au renforcement de la coopération internationale, l’investissement dans l’infrastructure rurale, les services de recherche et de vulgarisation agricoles et la mise au point de technologies et de banques de plantes et de gènes d’animaux d’élevage, afin de renforcer les capacités productives agricoles des pays en développement, en particulier des pays les moins avancés Cette cible est mesurée à travers deux indicateurs : 2.a.1 et 2.a.2  Indicateur 2.a.1 : Indice d’orientation agricole des dépenses publiques (Investissements publics dans le secteur agricole) L'indice d'orientation agricole (AOI) pour les dépenses gouvernementales est défini comme la part de l'agriculture dans les dépenses gouvernementales, divisé par la part de l’agriculture dans le PIB, où Agriculture se réfère aux secteurs de l'agriculture, de l’élevage, de la pêche et de la chasse et à l’exploitation forestière. Cet indicateur a connu une évolution entre 2015 et 2017 passant de 11,7 à 13,35 en 2016 selon les données de 2020 de la Direction des Statistiques du Ministère en charge des Finances.  Indicateur 2.a.2 Total des apports publics (aide publique au développement plus autres apports publics) alloués au secteur agricole. Il s’agit de l'aide publique totale au développement (APD) allouée au secteur agricole. Graphique 11:Evolution des apports publics alloués au secteur agricole (en millions de dollars) Source : OCDE, 2020 L’analyse du graphique révèle une évolution en dents de scie des apports publics alloués au secteur agricole entre 2015 et 2019. En effet, le total de ces apports est passé de 171,88 millions de dollars US à 282,01 millions de dollars US, avec un pic de 423,17 millions de dollars US en 2016 en lien avec les efforts réalisés dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie de l’initiative 3N. 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 171,88 423,17 161,63 355,25 282,01 27 4.2.2 Défis et enjeux nouveaux  L’accroissement et la diversification de la production agro-sylvo-pastorale et halieutique ;  La transformation des produits agro-sylvo-pastoraux et halieutiques ;  La promotion des changements de comportement en matière de nutrition à travers des actions d’Information, d’Education et de Communication ;  La préservation et l’amélioration des races locales par la mise en place des centres de multiplication des races bovines et le renforcement du plan de sélection de races et d'amélioration génétique.  Mesures prises pour remédier aux lacunes et aux défis existants Plusieurs actions ont été menées en matière d’amélioration de la situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle à travers l’élaboration et la mise en place de plusieurs politiques et programmes. C’est l’exemple de l’Initiative 3N, qui est une stratégie durable et globale face à l’insécurité alimentaire. Cette initiative est mise en œuvre à travers des plans quinquennaux dont le second couvre la période 2016-2020. Ce second plan a pour but de poursuivre la mise en œuvre de l’I3N en vue d’atteindre l’objectif global de « Faim Zéro en 2021 ». Ce plan d’actions et le Programme intégré de résilience a l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle accordent une priorité à la question de la maîtrise de l’eau, la protection de l’environnement et la restauration des terres dégradées, la maison du paysan pour la fourniture des services aux producteurs, la promotion des chaines de valeurs, la gestion intégrée et durable des ressources naturelles, la prévention et la prise en charge de la malnutrition. Dans le souci d’améliorer l’appui aux producteurs, plusieurs initiatives ont été mises en place. Il s’agit entre autre du Fonds d’Investissement pour la Sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle (FISAN), de la Stratégie de la Petite Irrigation au Niger (SPIN), de la Politique nationale de Sécurité Nutritionnelle (PSN), du Plan de réforme du secteur des engrais et du Système National de Conseil Agricole (SNCA). Les mesures ont également concerné : (i) le renforcement de la mobilisation communautaire autour de la problématique de la malnutrition afin d’améliorer le dépistage et le référencement des enfants malnutris vers les centres de santé ; (ii) le renforcement de la surveillance nutritionnelle à travers la fonctionnalité régulière des sites sentinelles et l’analyse régulière des données de routine dans les zones où les prévalences de malnutrition sont élevées et (iii) le renforcement des activités de supplémentation et de déparasitage de routine.
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xi ODD2 : La prévalence de la Malnutrition Aigüe Globale (MAG) a connu une évolution en dents de scie entre 2014 et 2020, passant de 14,8% en 2014 à 10,3% en 2016 puis à 15% en 2018 pour s’établir à 12,7% en 2020. Cette évolution pourrait s’expliquer par les périodes d’abondance et de soudures. La moyenne sur la période s’est établie à 12,7%, supérieur au seuil de 10% fixé par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) en matière de santé publique. Quant à la prévalence de la malnutrition aigüe sévère, elle a connu une évolution presque constante sur la période 2014-2020 en passant de 2,7% à 2,6%. La moyenne sur la période est 2,6%, légèrement supérieure au seuil d’urgence de 2% fixé par l’OMS.
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“Eradication of Poverty and Promoting Prosperity in a Changing World" 24 Implementation of the SDGs: A National Voluntary Review 3.4.2 End Hunger, Achieve Food Security; Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture (Goal 2) The Overview As the threat of hunger and food insecurity looms in most part of Sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria already embarked on a review as far back as 2006. The aim was to achieve a ‘zero hunger’ target and provide nutritious food to its teeming population. The prevalence of undernourishment reflected the fact that some 25.5% of the population was lacking adequate and improved nutrition. At the same time, severe food insecurity within the population based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale stood at 26.4% based on data from the National Bureau of Statistics. In addition, there was a stunting or delayed growth prevalence of 37.45% among children of kindergarten; 37.4% for school age and 15% severe cases of malnutrition for under 5 children. The Government's response was to embark on an aggressive growth enhancement scheme to improve the yield of agricultural commodities. Huge investments were made on the setting up of irrigation sites for farmers in order to provide the platform for cultivation of agricultural products all year round. “Eradication of Poverty and Promoting Prosperity in a Changing World" Implementation of the SDGs: A National Voluntary Review 25 Overall, the trajectory to end hunger is on course, particularly given the strong collaboration among diferent stakeholders with the aim of improving nutrition and promoting sustainable agricultural development programmes. The table 3.4.2 summarises the Goal 2 indicators against the 2015 baseline, a 2020 projected target and finally the 2030 SDG (Agenda 2030) target. TABLE 3.4.2: Goal 2 Indicators and Projected Targets Indicator Baseline 2015 (%) Derived ERGP Target 2020 (%) SDG 2030 Target Prevalence of undernourishment 25.5 17 0 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). 26.4 17.6 0 Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age 37.4 18.7 0 Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5, disaggregated by type (wasting and overweight). 16.4 10.9 0 Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/ pastoral/forestry enterprise size. - 33.3 100 Percentage of agricultural area under sustainable agricultural practices. 56.6 71.1 100 Source: MDGs Survey 2015 Federal Policy and Programme Drivers Leading Towards Goal 2 Targets There are at least seven specific federal policy and programme drivers as summarised herebelow aimed at the realisation of the Goal two (2) targets: (i) The Green Alternative Agriculture Promotion Policy To consolidate on the gains of the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) that was launched by the previous administration and which recognizes agriculture as a business, the Green Alternative Agriculture Promotion Policy, 2016-2020 was introduced to boost food production in the country. The objective is to achieve self-suficiency in food production, reduce import, stimulate exports and create jobs. As incentives, the government will provide access to land, inputs, storage, processing, marketing and trade; including access to finance. Other areas covered by the Green Alternative are the promotion of agribusiness, investment development, institutional setting and roles, youth and women, infrastructure, research and innovation as well as nutrition security. (ii) Staple Crops Processing Zones (SCPZ) The government similarly channelled energy on attracting private sector agribusinesses under the Staple Crops Processing Zones (SCPZ) platform. The concept is to set up processing plants in zones of high food production and to process commodities into food products. The SCPZ will link farmers in clusters to food manufacturing plants. “Eradication of Poverty and Promoting Prosperity in a Changing World" 26 Implementation of the SDGs: A National Voluntary Review (iii) Nigeria Incentive-Based Risk-Sharing System for Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL) The NIRSAL is an innovative mechanism targeted at de-risking lending to the agricultural sector. It is structured to provide the singular transformational and one bullet solution to breaking the seeming jinx in Nigeria’s agricultural lending and development addressing both the agricultural value chains and financing. Ultimately, NIRSAL will promote agricultural industrialization process through increased food production and processing. (iv) Rural Finance Institution Building Programme (RUFIN) The RUFIN is a Loan Agreement of US$27.2 million between the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the Federal Government of Nigeria. The central objective of the programme is to develop and strengthen Micro Finance Banks (MFBs), other member-based Micro Finance Institutions (MFls), by enhancing the access of the rural populace to basic banking services. This is to expand and improve agricultural productivity and Micro-Small Rural Enterprises. (v) Anchor Borrowers’ Programme (ABP) The ABP is a Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) initiative designed to lif thousands of small farmers out of poverty and generate millions of jobs for unemployed Nigerians. It is to complement the Growth Enhancement Support (GES) Scheme of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture by graduating GES farmers from subsistence farming to commercial production. (vi) Commercial Agricultural Credit Scheme (CACS) The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in collaboration with the Federal Government of Nigeria, represented by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) established the Commercial “Eradication of Poverty and Promoting Prosperity in a Changing World" Implementation of the SDGs: A National Voluntary Review 27 Agriculture Credit Scheme for promoting commercial agricultural enterprises in Nigeria. This is a sub￾component of the Federal Government of Nigeria’s Commercial Agriculture Development Programme (CADP) and the fund is to complement other special initiatives of the Central Bank of Nigeria in providing concessionary funding for agriculture such as the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme (ACGS) which is mostly for small scale farmers, Interest Draw-back scheme and Agricultural Credit Support scheme￾among other. (vii) Youth Enterprise with Innovation in Nigeria (YouWiN) This is an innovative business plan competition aimed at job creation by encouraging and supporting aspiring entrepreneurial youths in the country to develop and execute business ideas. The YouWiN Programme is a collaborative efort of the Ministries of Finance, Communication Technology and Youth Development that launches an annual Business Plan Competition (BPC) for aspiring young entrepreneurs in Nigeria in line with the Federal Government’s drive to create more jobs for Nigerians. Sub-National Government Level Policies and Programmes for Goal 2 Most States in Nigeria set up skills acquisition centres to train the youth, women and those living with disability. The trainees are trained and provided with agricultural inputs like fertilizer, to boost their yield. Agricultural extension services and programmes such as intervention in agricultural processing for crops like rice, yam and cassava are also provided and achieved through land development scheme and provision of farming equipment. Similarly, the Conditional Cash Transfer is extended to extremely poor families in order to address the hunger menace. The Education for Employment Programme in Abia is designed to create opportunities for youth and women to harness their skills and set up their own business. The programme is managed and operated in collaboration with polytechnics and other institutions of higher learning to train youths to be self-employed. In addition, extensive support is also given to agricultural based cooperative societies. Civil Society Organizations Policy Initiatives for Goal 2 Civil Society Organizations in Nigeria are playing an important role in the quest to end hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition in Nigeria. Notable among them is the Zero Hunger Programme headed by former President, H.E Olusegun Obasanjo. The programme entails improved groundnut farming in various communities and boosting of rice production. The Caritas Organization has extended CCT to 1500 families in Sokoto and Bauchi to curb the menace of endemic poverty and disease. This programme has provided hope and means of livelihood to so many families in those part of Northern Nigeria. Another key programme is the Savings Internal Loan Scheme in Benue and Kogi states. This programme has created a critical pool of funds for lending to small business. Supply of solar lamps and energy saving devices to 7,800 families in the North East and Cross River state is designed to improve their energy requirements. Supply of Agricultural inputs to women groups in Adamawa and Borno State is meant to boost food production. This is intended to empower the women to earn income and fend for their families. Women Environmental Programme (WEP) has trained over 500 agricultural extension workers on “Communicating and understanding climate information to the rural farmers in three states of Benue, Niger and Plateau. This project is intended to empower the extension workers to understand the effects of climate change and pass the information across to the rural farmers on farming practices and seedlings.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "nga", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-nga-2017-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2017 }
19 KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS – REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS SDG 2 Zero hunger At home Fortunately, hardly anyone has to suffer from severe hunger or malnutrition in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. For the Dutch, overweight seems to be the problem, although the percentage of the population suffering from corpulence or obesity seems to have stabilised in the past few years. Dutch policies on preventing overweight target children and young people, since obesity is hard to reverse once it occurs. In the Netherlands, Healthy Weight programmes in neighbourhoods and schools are aimed at substantially reducing the percentage of overweight children and young people. In addition, far-reaching agreements are being made with partners in the food chain on reducing the amount of salt, sugar and saturated fat in food products. The government also encourages healthy eating by promoting trans￾parency and public awareness through food product labelling and information campaigns. Other programmes are being launched in partnership with specifc industries, for instance the fruit and vegetable industry trade association, and a Healthy School Lunches programme. The sustainability of food production is one of the main challenges for the Netherlands in achieving the SDGs. In 2016 phosphate limits were considerably exceeded, leading to a package of restrictive measures including a reduction in the number of livestock. The footprint of the livestock farming sector will be further reduced with the introduction of a Phosphate Reduction Scheme in 2018. The Netherlands will continue to focus on reducing phosphate, nitrogen and ammonia emissions. Both the authorities and market parties are aware of the need for more sustainable food production. Policies are being developed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, recycle raw materials and invest in a circular economy. In 2016 central government announced several measures to fnancially facil￾itate conversion to organic farming, partly in response to growing demand for organic products. Funding is provided to research and innovation in other forms of sustainable agriculture such as permaculture and environmentally friendly farming, as well as to initiatives promoting short logistic chains and marketing of local products. The government of Aruba recognises the importance of food security and focuses on ensuring the availability, accessibility, nutritional value and stable supply of food on the island. In collaboration with several international partners, Aruba is expanding skills and knowledge in support of food security by promoting sustainable food supply. A stakeholder from the private sector is conducting a community-supported urban farming project. Once the pilot is getting results, its goal will be to help other neighbourhoods in Aruba, and ultimately to collectively contribute to enhancing the country’s food security. The government of Curaçao is also concerned about food security and about dependence on third countries for agricul￾tural products. A renewed policy focus on agriculture is a step in the right direction, so the government is promoting farming, while also stressing integrated water management as a key project in the coming years. Abroad Food security is one of the main priorities of the Netherlands’ foreign trade and aid agenda. Every year between 2013 and 2016, 10 to 20 million people were provided with better nutrition through the Netherlands’ efforts and investment in preventing undernutrition. In a number of partner countries the Nether￾lands has supported productive social safety nets, providing people with money or food in exchange for work. Food security programmes have also been implemented locally. In addition, 5 to 10 million farmers have received support to increase their productivity and income, and to promote more sustainable and effcient use of soil, water, fertilisers and pesticides. The Nether￾lands’ goal for 2020 is to provide 20 million people with better nutrition, to reach 5.5 million farmers with measures to raise their production and income, and bring 5 million additional haectares of land under sustainable management each year. The Netherlands actively contributes to the development of international knowledge on sustainable agriculture and on raising agricultural production capacity in developing countries. One example is the launch of the Access to Seeds Index in 2016, which measures the efforts of leading international seed companies to make quality seed available to small-scale farmers in developing countries. The Netherlands is also investing in the work of the Crop Trust to preserve a large variety of agricultural crops in the interests of worldwide food security. Through policies
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[ 2 ]
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9 | Page Goal 2 – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Policies for the food and agriculture sectors (both agriculture and fisheries) and welfare policies contribute to achieving SDG 2 at national level. The main pillars of Norwegian food security policies are continuous food production, sustainable management of resources for food production and a well-functioning trade system. These policies ensure reliable food supplies at national level. Production growth in the agriculture and fisheries sectors is good, and the Government attaches importance to value creation in these sectors with a view to further increasing production. Food safety in Norway is generally good. In order to achieve SDG 2, Norway sees potential for improvement in the following areas: With regard to target 2.2 (end all forms of malnutrition), the nutritional status of people living in Norway is generally good. However, nutritional disorders – primarily related to an unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity – are a challenge. In 2017, the Norwegian Government will submit a comprehensive action plan on healthy diets. The plan will be based on collaboration between the ministries responsible for children and equality, fisheries, agriculture, education, integration, and climate change and environment. Concerning target 2.4 (ensure sustainable food production systems), Norway has specific goals and strategies for increasing sustainable food production. There is potential for improvement in reducing pollution from production. Climate change is of course a challenge for the agricultural sector at national and global level. Climate-smart policies will be addressed in a white paper on agricultural policies that is to be presented in 2017. Resource use in the agricultural sector is also an area where there is room for improvement. Target 12.3 on reducing food loss and waste is also relevant for the achievement of goal 2. Norway’s commitment to achieve target 2.5 (maintain genetic diversity) is reflected in its annual contribution to the Benefit-sharing Fund of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, which is equal to 0.1 % of the value of the agricultural seeds and plant material trade in Norway. This annual contribution from the Norwegian agriculture sector is made in recognition of the contribution that farmers in developing countries are making to preserve crop diversity. Norway also funds the Global Crop Diversity Trust’s ten-year project to collect, protect and prepare crop wild relatives. Norway owns and 10 | Page runs the Svalbard Global Seed Vault together with partners. Norway is also party to the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol, and will in the years to come seek to enhance its domestic coordination of the management of crop wild relatives. Norway’s international support to food security in a climate change perspective is rights￾based and directed towards smallholders in general and women smallholders in particular. Norwegian policies build on the guidelines agreed on by the Committee on World Food Security (CFS). The purpose of the support is to increase productivity, build resilience and strengthen the smallholders’ ability to influence decisions that have a direct impact on their lives. Norway requests gender-sensitive data and reporting in order to be able to evaluate progress in this area. Norway also supports the sustainable use of genetic diversity in the agriculture sector, both financially and in the international dialogue. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault safely stores agricultural seeds so that a duplicate sample is available should the need arise. Norway’s financial support to food-related interventions reached NOK 1.8 billion in 2015 (USD 220 million) – equal to 5 % of the total Norwegian aid budget. Close to NOK 1 billion of this support was channelled through the Rome-based UN agencies FAO, WFP and IFAD. Norway has increased the amount of humanitarian aid provided through its development cooperation. Support for food security offers unique opportunities for reducing vulnerability and building resilience, and strengthening the link between humanitarian and long-term assistance.
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58 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 NORWAY 2 Zero hunger End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Government assessment 2.1 Norway has ensured that everyone has access to enough healthy and safe food that meets nutritional needs and food preferences, all year round. 2.2 No signifcant malnutrition exists in the Nor￾wegian population. Nutritional challenges are primarily related to overweight and obesity, and risk of malnutrion among older frailty persons. 2.3 There are well-developed institutions in both the agricultural and maritime sector that provide equal access to knowledge, fnancial services, technology and other productive resources. 2.4 Land suitable for arable crops is limited in Norway, but we have a variety of fsheries, grasslands and cultural landscapes that are managed for food production. Land degrada￾tion is of little concern in Norway, however we have targets to limit the conversion of cropland to other uses and these have been met in recent years. Climate change and other envi￾ronmental change challenge food production. There is a continuous need for adaptation to such change and to address environmental pressures and enable co-benefts that arise. 2.5 Cultivated plants are maintained in a joint Nordic gene bank and national clone archives, and livestock worthy of preservation through conservation herds and subsidy schemes. General status: Food security in general is good in Norway as a result of a combination of political ambitions at national level and international cooperation and regulations to ensure safe food through international trade. However, lack of physical activity and unhealthy diets that trigger obesity remain a chal￾lenge. People in general consume too much salt, added sugar and saturated fat, and not enough fruit, berries, vegetables, whole grains and fsh. Figure 6.2 Agricultural area transferred to non-agricul￾tural uses under the provision of the Land Act and The Planning and Building Act 0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000 20 000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Decares Agricultural area transferred, total Transferred cultivated area Transferred cultivable area Source: Statistics Norway Main achievements: The overall good status of national food security is based on the following three pillars: sustainable man￾agement of resources for food production, continuous produc￾tion of safe food from land and sea, and trade. The Norwegian fsheries and agriculture sectors are amongst the highest val￾ue-creating primary industries in the world. Both sectors have well-developed institutions that provide access to knowledge, capital, technology and other production resources. Reindeer husbandry is an important industry in some parts of the country. Norway has established the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, in which 1,081,026 seed samples from 87 gene banks are securely stored. Main challenges: With global environmental change, food production in our latitudes may become more important. For such production to last, we must manage resources long-term and ensure recruitment and income for households involved in food production. Climate change and other environmental change challenge food production in Norway. Agricultural pro￾duction has to adapt to changing climatic conditions, and soil resources have to be protected to ensure food production. Map￾ping protecting soils have generated comprehensive knowledge of Norwegian soil resources. As a result, soil health has been given priority in agricultural policy. Maintaining the good status of animal and plant conditions is a challenge given that climate change is a risk factor. Securing sustainable reindeer husbandry depends on adequate grazing land. The availability of grazing land is increasingly challenged by external elements, such as the land use of other sectors. Global responsibility: Ending hunger is a high priority in Nor￾way’s foreign and development policy. Norway’s Action Plan for Sustainable Food Systems is designed to assist low-income coun￾tries in feeding their own population by focusing on 1) increased sustainable climate-resilient food production, 2) higher sustaina￾ble value-creation and improved markets, 3) healthier nutrition and diets and 4) better policy and governance. Norway supports more than 50 projects and programs in developing countries in the implementation of the Action Plan. The main result is increased food security for millions of poor people. Main policy initiatives 2016–2021 • White Paper, Meld. St. 11 (2016–2017) Change and develop￾ment – agricultural production for the future. • White Paper, Meld. St. 32 (2016–2017) on the current policies for reindeer husbandry. • The Government’s cross-sectorial Action Plan for Healthier and Better Diets (2017–2021). • National Strategy, Securing the Gene Pool for Future Agricul￾ture and Food production, for conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture (2019). • National Strategy on Protection of Agricultural, latest revi￾sion 2021. • Norway’s Action Plan on Sustainable Food Systems 2019–2023. • National Strategy for Urban Farming (2021). • Norway’s Strategy on Climate Adaption, Prevention of Climate-Related Disasters and Fighting Hunger (2021). • Norway’s Climate Action Plan for 2021–2030. • The Government’s cross-sectoral strategy to develop Norway as a ‘Food Nation’. • National strategy on pollination. 59 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 NORWAY Civil society assessment The following organisations have participated in this assessment: the Norwegian Agrarian Association, Caritas Norway, FIAN Norway, the Norwegian Forum for Development and Environment (ForUM), the Norwegian Grandparents Climate Campaign, the Royal Norwegian Society for Development, Norwegian Church Aid (member of ACT Alliance), Spire and the Development Fund Norway. TREND: STAGNANT Norway has already succeeded in securing food for many generations, and hunger is eradicated in Norway. The farm￾ers’ unions and the Government have signed agreements to secure the multi-functionality in agriculture. Norway has committed to implementing the 4 per 1000 Initiative in order to increase the soil carbon stocks. Farmers’ organ￾isations have made plans to cut GHG emissions. Norway has increased the political focus on the importance of small-scale food producers (farmers, fshermen, pasto￾ralists, gatherers) as key actors for ensuring food security (food from agriculture and sea, fresh waters) in develop￾ment policy. Together with developing countries, Norway holds and promotes a clear and strong position on farmers’ rights to seeds in order to ensure food security and climate adaptation. Norway supports research on sustainable food production systems both nationally and internationally. The Government, farmers’ organisations and the food industry have made an agreement to reduce food loss. Production of biogas from food waste is increasing. Norway’s challenges include that a third of elderly people in Norwegian hospitals and municipal health-care services are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. Meanwhile, the obesity rate for children in Norway is 15 to 20 per cent, and Norway has the most obese population among the Nordic countries. The self-sufciency ratio for food produced in Norway is only 40 per cent. The grocery retail market is dominated by only three grocery retail chains, which in combination hold a 98 per cent market share. In relation to Norway’s contribution to SDG 2 internationally, the country’s main challenge is to follow up its Action Plan for Sustainable Food Systems with an increase in Norwegian development aid to support food security and agriculture. Only 6 per cent (2017) of the Norwegian development aid is used to support these areas. Small-scale food producers need predictable support and long-term perspectives. A key challenge is to raise the discussion on food in relation to other SDGs and how these are infuenced by what we eat, how food is produced, where it is produced and how it is used (food loss). Norway must: • develop a plan for each municipality for the realisation of rights to food and health according to the concluding observations of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; • mitigate risks stemming from the limited number of food retail chains (3) in Norway; • promote sustainable food systems that address control over feed and food production and natural resources, increase self-sufciency and the population’s need for a healthy and sustainable diet, fair trade and investments; • shift subsidy schemes from volume production to area production in order to safeguard self-sufciency, the social mission of agriculture, cultural landscape and the world’s resource base; • support the genetic diversity of plants and seeds and local communities’ rights to harvest and share these in international fora and through own trade agreements; • increase support for small-scale producers, through improved access to fnancial support and support for cooperatives and extension services; • double foreign development aid in food security and agriculture (excluding humanitarian assistance) and recalibrate the support in response to COVID-19; • acknowledge that the Paris Agreement defnes support for climate adaptation in developing countries to pro￾tect the most vulnerable, which is equally important to mitigating eforts, and increase Norway’s support for adaptation to 50 per cent of all climate fnance; • promote and fnance a human rights approach that takes into account minimum living conditions. A useful tool is the Human Rights Measurement Initiative; • provide information and background for relevant discus￾sions and decision-making processes connected to food in a global perspective. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "nor", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-nor-2021-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2021 }
ii 4. Status of the SDGs Hunger and nutrition (SDG 2): Nepal has made good progress on reducing hunger, achieving food security and improving nutrition. The proportion of underweight children 6 to 59-month-olds dropped from 43 percent in 2000 to 27 percent in 2016. The prevalence of stunted children dropped from 57 percent in 2000 to 36 percent in 2016 and prevalence of wasting among under 5-year-olds dropped from 15 percent in 1996 to 10 percent during the same period.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "npl", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-npl-2017-en-3.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "s", "type": "vnr", "year": 2017 }
15 SDG 2: End hunger and achieve food security and improve nutrition Nepal made good progress on reducing hunger, on food security and on improving nutrition during the MDG period, but there are still too many underweight children. Nepal partially met the MDG target of reducing the proportion of underweight (low weight for age,–2 standard deviations) among 6-59 months children from 43 percent in 2000 to 29 percent in 2015. The proportion dropped to 27 percent in 2016 of which 5 percent were severely underweight (MOH 2017). Nepal has the target of reducing this further to 3 percent by 2030. There are disparities in the distribution of underweight children with the proportion at 31 percent in rural are as compared to 23 percent in urban areas. The children of women with no education are more likely to be underweight as are children from poorer families. Thirty-three percent of children in the lowest wealth quintile are underweight compared to 12 percent in the highest quintile. And 37 percent of children are underweight in Province 2 (in the eastern Terai)compared to only 13 percent of children in Province 3(in the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding districts)(MOH 2017). Nepal achieved the MDG target of halving the proportion of the population who consume less than the minimum level of dietary energy consumption from 47 percent in 2000 to 25 in 2015. The SDG target is to reduce the proportion to 4.6 percent by 2030. The nutritional status of Nepal’s children has improved. Nepal partially achieved the MDG target of reducing the proportion of children under five years of age who are stunted (low height for age) (-2SD) from 57 percent in 2000 to 37.4 percent in 2014 (NPC 2014) and to 36 percent in 2016 (MOH 2017). The percentage of stunted children declined by 14 percent between 2000 and 2006, by a further 16 percent between 2006 and2011 and by 12 percent between 2011 and 2016 (MOH 2017).Nepal plans to reduce it further to 15 percent by 2030. There are disparities in the distribution of stunted children. Forty percent of children are stunted in rural areas compared to 32 percent in urban areas. About 46 percent of children of mothers with no education are stunted compared to 23 percent of children of mothers with secondary education. And 49 percent of children in the lowest wealth quintile are stunted compared to only 16 percent of children in the highest quintile. In Province 6 in the mid-western hills, 54 percent of children are stunted compared to only 29 percent in Province 4 in the central hills (MOH 2017). The prevalence of wasting (low weight for height) among under-5 children (-2SD) declined from 15 percent in 1996 to 10 percent in 2016 (MOH 2017). Nepal plans to 16 reduce the proportion to 3 percent by 2030.There are disparities in the distribution of wasted children with 14 percent in Province 2 compared to only 4 percent in Province 3 and 12 percent wasted children of mothers with no education compared to 7 percent of children of mothers with secondary education. The government has initiated programmes to end hunger, achieve food security and improve nutritional status. The details of the Zero Hunger Challenge National Action Plan 2016-2013 (2016) are presented in Section 4.2 above. The Agriculture Development Strategy (2014-2034)calls for a transformation from subsistence farming to commercial farming, achieving self-sufficiency in food grains, increasing agricultural land productivity from $1,804(per hectare) in 2010 to $4,787 in 2030 and increasing the annual growth rate of the agricultural sector to 5%in 2020 and 6% in 2030. Nepal has been a member of the global Scaling-up Nutrition Movement since 2011.The movement is led by a national multi-sectoral Nutrition Steering Committee and district, village and municipal levels. In 2013, the government launched its Multi-stakeholder Nutrition Plan (MSNP). UNICEF and the Ministry of Health (MOH) are implementing "the Golden 1000 Days Campaign" awareness raising programme to improve the nutritional status of pregnant women and children up to 2 years of age. MOFALD is implementing ‘The Golden 1000 Days Project’ in 15 districts funded by the World Bank and USAID.
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[ 2 ]
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30 SDG 2 - End hunger and achieve food security and improve nutrition The Global Food Security Index score of Nepal is 46 (Figure 5.2).4 Similarly, Nepal has a score of 20.8 in the Global Hunger Index, which is still high. However, it has substantially come down from 36.8 in 2000. Though the prevalence of undernourish￾ment has improved to a large extent from 36.1 per cent of population in 2015 to 8.7 per cent of population in 2019, the prevalence of underweight and stunting in children has signifcantly reduced. Government ex￾penditure on agriculture was 2.21 per cent of the budget in 2017/18, and has now been increased to 2.8 per cent in the budget of 2020/21. TABLE 5.2: SDG 2 - End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Targets and Indicators Baseline 2015* Target 2019* Progress 2019** Target 2030* Target 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people 2.1.1 2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment 36.1 27.3 8.7 3 2.1.2 2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)% - - 7.8 - 2 Per capita food grain production (kg) 320 376 376 530 3 Global Food Security Index (score) 42.8 57 46 90 Target 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition 2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting 36 32 31.6 15 2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition 11.3 8 10 4 1 Per cent of children under age 5 years who are underweight 30.1 20 24.3 9 2 Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age 35 26 40.8 10 3 Prevalence of anemia among children under 5 years 46 33 52.7 10 Source: *SDGs Status and Roadmap: 2016-2030; **SDGs Progress Report (2016-2019). 4 https://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country (accessed on 10th June 2020) 31 NEPAL: NATIONAL REVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Child malnutrition has been declining over the years, but not fast enough. The percent￾age of underweight children (among 6-59 months) in Nepal was 43 per cent in 2000, 29 per cent in 2015 with a further drop to 27 per cent in 2016 and it has decreased to 24.3 per cent in 2019. Nepal has the target of reduc￾ing this to 9 per cent by 2030. Similarly, the prevalence of stunting among children under fve years of age was 36 per cent in 2016 and it has dropped to 31.6 per cent in 2019. Only 66 per cent of children aged 0 to 5 months are exclusively breastfed and only 35 per cent of children aged 6 to 23 months receive a mini￾mum acceptable diet (GoN & UNICEF, 2018). The proportion of underweight children are generally found more in rural areas, born to uneducated mothers or are from poorer fam￾ilies (Details in Table 5.2). The government is pursuing its efforts to￾wards reaching Goal 2 through various programs, such as the Nepal Health Sector Strategy Action Plan (2016-2022), The Ne￾pal Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Development Plan, 2016-2030, and the Food and Nutrition Security Plan of Action (2014-2024). The government imple￾mented the frst phase and is now executing the second phase MSNP with the goal of improving maternal, adolescent and child nutrition through various interventions. Apart from this, the Food Management and Trading Company Ltd. also supply food￾stuff to remote districts. The Agriculture Development Strategy (2015-2035) calls for a transformation from subsistence farming to commercial farming, achieving self-suffciency in food grains and increasing agricultural land productiv￾ity (MOAD, 2015). The per capita food grain production in 2019/20 was 376 kg, which achieved the target. However, there has not been much progress in round the year irri￾gated land, which stands at 33 per cent of total irrigated land. With estimations of po￾tential climate crisis to agriculture and food security, the government has prepared a roadmap of adaptation planning to ensure that medium- and long-term programmatic actions are climate proofed. Nepal faces challenges in achieving Goal 2, and the current rate of progress needs to be accelerated to meet the 2030 goal. The main issue in achieving this goal—aimed at zero hunger, food security and improving nutri￾tion—is that it is not stand-alone. Instead, it is interlinked with various other goals, such as Goals 1, 8, 9, 10 and 12, among others. Ac￾cess to food and improved nutrition is only possible when people rise above the poverty level. Food security is a big challenge among the poor and marginalized groups. Similar￾ly, investing in infrastructure like roads will increase the access of people in remote vil￾lages to food. Likewise, investment in edu￾cation will also signifcantly impact the food security and nutrition of children, as educat￾ed mothers are found to be more conscious and aware of the nutritional values of vari￾ous food. Investment in agriculture needs to be increased from all sectors, and food is to Fig. 5.2: Targets and achievements in the Global Food Security Index (Score) 32 NEPAL: NATIONAL REVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS be made accessible and affordable round the year in all development regions. Similarly, irrigation facilities, ensuring agricultural in￾puts on time, and mitigation and adaptation plans to counter the effects of climate change will be further strengthened.
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NEW ZEALAND’S PROGRESS TOWARDS THE SDGs – 2019 SDG2 – ZERO HUNGER We have a significant role to play in global food security. NEW ZEALAND CONTEXT New Zealand is a substantial net exporter of food products, playing an important role in global food security through the provision of safe and nutritious food products to the world. New Zealand’s efcient production systems and strict regulatory policy regimes ensure the safety and integrity of our products for international consumers. Meeting high standards has been driven by more than 30 years without production or trade distorting subsidies for our agriculture and fisheries sectors. This has resulted in innovative producers who strive to gain maximum value from New Zealand’s pasture-based agriculture system and quota-managed fisheries. Goal 2 seeks to double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, particularly indigenous peoples. In New Zealand, Māori are significant owners of land assets and drivers of economic activity in food production and export sectors, and in the economy as a whole. Much of the $55 billion asset base in the Māori economy is in the primary sectors, including 38 percent of all fisheries quota, 30 percent of lamb production and 10 percent of dairy production. Much of the government’s activity has been concerned with increasing Māori presence, capability and productivity in these sectors. As well as being major economic players, the principles of New Zealand’s Treaty of Waitangi guarantee a role for Māori in decision￾making around resource management. New Zealand is a long-standing proponent for the removal of barriers to international trade in food products, and a strong advocate of a rules-based international trade system aimed at ensuring people have afordable access to that food. New Zealand also actively engages in international forums and through multilateral research to raise on￾farm productivity (including through the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases) and international cooperation on food supply chain efciency and integrity. Food security is a global challenge and New Zealand is a small country. But this does not mean our role is a small one: through international collaboration we can share our expertise with the world in areas such as productive and resilient food production systems, supply chain integrity and biological greenhouse gas emissions research. This, combined with strong advocacy for the removal of harmful barriers to trade, can allow New Zealand to play a significant and positive role in global food security and sustainable agriculture. CHALLENGES New Zealand’s food production challenge is to stay at the forefront of global consumer demand for safe and sustainably produced food while developing innovative ways to assure consumers of the safety and integrity of our products. A major challenge for agriculture systems is climate change. We need to find ways to reduce the greenhouse gas footprint of food production to support New Zealand’s transition to a low-carbon economy and commitments under the Paris Agreement, whilst also ensuring that NEW ZEALAND’S FOOD PRODUCTION CHALLENGE IS TO STAY AT THE FOREFRONT OF GLOBAL CONSUMER DEMAND FOR SAFE AND SUSTAINABLY PRODUCED FOOD. 25 NEW ZEALAND’S PROGRESS TOWARDS THE SDGs – 2019 SDG 2 – ZERO HUNGER food production systems have the built-in resilience and adaptive capacity to deal with a changing climate. How we tackle agricultural emissions is perhaps New Zealand’s most challenging climate change issue. The agriculture sectors are an intrinsic part of our economy, communities and identity. Emissions from agriculture also make up almost half of our annual greenhouse gas emissions. Decisions about agricultural emissions need to be based on good science that supports efective adaptation and a just transition, and present opportunities for other countries to follow our lead. While the vast majority of New Zealanders have secure access to safe and nutritious food, obesity is a major health concern for New Zealand, particularly for Māori and Pacific peoples. There is an ongoing focus on reducing obesity rates and increasing the quality of New Zealanders’ diets, especially for the most vulnerable such as children and youth. Māori-owned land productivity is reported to be at 60 to 70 percent of the national average with the Māori economy facing unique challenges due to the legislative system Māori land operates under. Decision making can be more complex and take more time given communal ownership, land blocks may be small and fragmented hindering profitable development and access to capital investment can be difcult, as Māori land cannot be used as collateral. INITIATIVES UNDERWAY New Zealand has committed, under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, to reduce emissions on an economy-wide basis to 30 percent below 2005 levels over the period 2021 to 2030 (11 percent below 1990 levels by 2030). We are also committed to making decisions that show global leadership, and enable the transition to a low-emissions economy. We have established an Interim Climate Change Committee. Part of its scope is to progress work on agricultural emissions, before we pass legislation to establish an independent Climate Change Commission. The partnership between our agricultural industry groups and government ofcials coupled with international collaboration through the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and other partners has enabled us to establish an evidence base that will support decisions on what actions farmers can take now, and in the future, to reduce emissions, and assess the costs, opportunities and benefits of doing so. These eforts have benefited both domestic sustainable food production as well as assisting global food security. New Zealand takes a leading role in addressing agriculture subsidies in the WTO. This includes our strong advocacy for a meaningful agreement in the WTO to address harmful fisheries subsidies by the deadline of 2020 set in Goal 14. New Zealand not only does not subsidise its fisheries sector, but it also levies the commercial sector for the costs of fisheries management and operational research to establish sustainable catch limits. Our Fisheries Change Programme is working to ensure the sustainable economic, social and cultural value of New Zealand’s fisheries. This programme is set to ensure sustainable fisheries for every New Zealander, applying new digital tracking, reporting and monitoring of commercial activity and developing innovative trawl technologies. We are developing a population-based approach to obesity policy. The overall aim of this approach is for the population to achieve and maintain a weight in the healthy range, as measured by population body mass index. The approach will recognise the importance of creating healthy environments across a range of settings, for example in work places and education locations. There will be a focus on children and young people, as well as on achieving equity for Māori and Pacific people by designing and tailoring actions together with them where feasible. We provide funding to a number of programmes in schools that provide access to food in order to improve nutritional intake and reduce food insecurity amongst students. The government funds a Fruit in Schools programme (which provides children at eligible primary schools with a free piece of fresh produce daily) and provides funding support to other programmes, such as KickStart Breakfast and KidsCan. Our Māori Agribusiness programme seeks to support Māori to make informed decisions to increase the sustainable productivity of Māori primary sector assets. The programme provides access to information and expertise to increase Māori participation across the primary industries and delivers economic, social and environmental outcomes to New Zealand. Finally, New Zealand has also taken action to expand international cooperation and capacity-building through partnerships and aid provided to numerous Pacific island countries. Much of this cooperation focuses on increasing the economic and food security benefits derived from agriculture, renewable energy and building resilience. THERE IS AN ONGOING FOCUS ON REDUCING OBESITY RATES AND INCREASING THE QUALITY OF NEW ZEALANDERS’ DIETS, ESPECIALLY FOR THE MOST VULNERABLE SUCH AS CHILDREN AND YOUTH. 549 FRUIT IN SCHOOLS the widest reaching health initiative across low decile primary and intermediate schools, vastly improving health and education outcomes for students. One piece of mostly locally grown produce each school day for 118,000 students 80% principals reported their school had fewer hungry children 90% 83% of principals reported a sense of equality between students, regardless of their family circumstances of principals said overall health of students would decline if the programme ended. 27 NEW ZEALAND’S PROGRESS TOWARDS THE SDG s – 2019 GLOBAL RESEARCH ALLIANCE ON AGRICULTURAL GREENHOUSE GASES THE MA￾ORI ECONOMY: A MAJOR FORCE IN FOOD PRODUCTION Paddy Rice Research Group Livestock Research Group Croplands Research Group Integrative Research Group Research 4 Groups Science 18 Networks member countries 57 17 partner organisations international collaborative projects supporting the GRA 66 Over3000scientists involved in activities of the GRA GLOBAL RESEARCH ALLIANCE ON AGRICULTURAL GREENHOUSE GASES AT A GLANCE 549 In 2009 we led the establishment of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) to promote an increase in cooperation and investment in research to mitigate greenhouse gases from food production, while maintaining food security and resilient production systems. Today the GRA has 57 member countries from all regions of the world, and maintains partnerships with key international and regional organisations involved in agricultural development, research and agribusiness. The GRA has a dual research strategy to demonstrate the mitigation benefits of improved farm productivity and efciency and promote basic/discovery phase research. New Zealand has invested significant resources to build capability in developing countries. Globally, improved productivity will be where the greatest emissions reductions can be achieved while maintaining global food security. Developing countries are increasingly seeing how the work of the GRA relates to their own national agricultural development priorities and the development of nationally determined contributions under international climate change agreements; this is reflected in that 10 of the most recent countries to join the GRA are from Africa. SO FAR NEW ZEALAND HAS COMMITTED $65 MILLION TO FUND RESEARCH AND CAPABILITY BUILDING IN THE AREA OF GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION IN PASTURE-BASED TEMPORAL LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS. This funding supports research and development and capacity building in developing countries to improve their ability to understand, measure and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from pastoral livestock agriculture. MA￾ORI ARE SIGNIFICANT OWNERS OF LAND AND PRIMARY SECTOR ASSETS AND DRIVERS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN NEW ZEALAND’S FOOD PRODUCTION SECTORS. However, M āori face unique challenges in increasing the productivity of their land and assets. About five percent (1.3 million hectares) of total land in New Zealand is collectively owned by M āori under the Te Ture Whenua M āori Act 1993. There is an average of 100 owners per land block and land blocks are typically small (averaging 21 hectares). Approximately 20 percent of this land is highly productive. Where formal management is established on this type of collectively owned Māori land it is through elected trusts or governance structures specified in legislation. M āori are kaitiaki of their land, meaning this land is unlikely to be sold, with a general understanding that it be managed sustainably to protect it for future generations. Assisting M āori to improve the productivity of their primary sector assets in a manner consistent with cultural and other priorities will lead to positive outcomes for New Zealand and is a priority for New Zealand’s Ministry for Primary Industries. The ministry delivers M āori agribusiness support that expands M āori ability to make informed decisions to increase the sustainable productivity of their primary sector assets. This work helps provide long-term access to primary sector expertise and initiatives to build knowledge and capability amongst Māori across the primary industries. It also aligns with wider primary sector direction and initiatives to deliver positive economic, social and environmental outcomes to New Zealand. 29
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27 Voluntary National Review – Pakistan 2019 GOAL 2 – ZERO HUNGER I. SDG 2- AN OVERVIEW Stunting and malnutrition are immense challenges for Pakistan, persisting despite an increase in food production (particularly in wheat, rice and milk) over the past 25 years. Rising agricultural output notwithstanding, the country’s high population growth rate, inadequate distribution mechanisms and limited access to food underlie widespread malnutrition. Access constraints are prompted by high input costs and subsequent food price inflation, eroding poor people’s ability to purchase sufficient nutritious foods. Poor hygiene and food intake practices further compound health and nutrition related issues. High levels of malnutrition lead to low workforce productivity, costing Pakistan USD 7.6 billion, or 3 per cent of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), every year9. Malnutrition not only adversely affects the country’s GDP, it has serious implications for Pakistan’s most important asset – its human resources. Malnutrition takes heavy toll on the population, especially on infants, children and women of reproductive age, most notably through high morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, achieving the SDGs largely hinges upon eliminating hunger in all its forms. II. PROGRESS, STATUS AND TRENDS Recent national surveys reveal improvements in nutrition indicators. A modest, but persistent improvement was recorded between 1990 and 2011, as the proportion of children suffering from stunting fell from 50 per cent to 43.7 per cent, and the proportion of underweight children under the age of five declined from 40.4 9 The Economic Consequences of Undernutrition in Pakistan: An Assessment of Losses 2017, Planning Commission 28 Voluntary National Review – Pakistan 2019 per cent to 31.5 per cent. The pace of progress is picking up as a result of targeted initiatives, as stunting fell to 37.6 per cent in 2017-18, and the prevalence of underweight children declined to 23 per cent10. Goal 2: Zero Hunger Indicator 2012/13 2017/18 2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age 44.8% 37.6% 2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting) 11% 7% Source: Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS), National Institute of Population Studies III. KEY INITIATIVES In 2011, the Pakistan Integrated Nutrition Strategy (PINS) was formulated to synergize interventions. In 2013, Pakistan joined the global Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement, to scale up research, policy planning, monitoring mechanisms and coordinating among different stakeholders. In 2017, the Ministry of National Food Security and Research launched the country’s first National Food Security Policy and began implementing multi-sectoral nutrition strategies. With a particular focus on improving the nutritional status of women and children, the Pakistan Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Strategy 2018-25 (PMNS) and Pakistan Dietary Guidelines for Better Nutrition (PDGN) were prepared and launched. Leveraging public-private partnerships, a Food Fortification Programme is being implemented across 1,100 flour mills, and a Universal Salt Iodization (USI) Programme is operational in 110 districts. Pakistan’s provinces have also spearheaded a range of initiatives to improve nutrition. The Punjab Multi￾Sectoral Nutrition Strategy (MNSC) 2015 augments the Health Integrated Reforms Programme and the Stunting Prevention Nutrition Programme. The province of Sindh is implementing an ambitious Nutrition Support Programme, backed by an Accelerated Action Plan for the Reduction of Stunting and Malnutrition. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, two notable initiatives include the Health Integrated Reforms Programme and the Stunting Prevention Rehabilitation Integrated Nutrition Gain (SPRING) project. Balochistan is implementing the Balochistan Nutrition Programme for Mothers & Children (BNPMC), alongside a Multi-Sectoral Nutrition￾Specific and Sensitive Interventions Programme. Other key initiatives include: • Tax exemptions on imports of food fortification equipment; • Bio-fortified, zinc-rich variety of wheat, “Zincol 2016”, to increase intakes of zinc and iron; • Enactment of Balochistan’s and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s Protection and Promotion of Breastfeeding and Child Nutrition Acts, as well as the Punjab Infant Feeding Act; • Initiation of a wheat flour food fortification programme with the use of iron, folic acid, zinc, Vitamin B12, and the fortification of edible oil (‘ghee’) with Vitamins A and D; • Initiation of formulation of a National Policy Framework on Early Childhood Development (ECD); • Utilizing evidence of the National Nutrition Survey 2017-18 for policy planning and programming; and • Increased investments in nutrition-specific interventions and nutrition-sensitive approaches in the health, agriculture, social protection, and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sectors to overcome malnutrition and stunting. 10 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2018, NIPS 29 Voluntary National Review – Pakistan 2019 IV. CHALLENGES AND LESSONS LEARNED Changing centuries-old traditional cultural dietary practices is also challenging. Efforts to date suggest that expanding the coverage, and improving the quality of education offers a vital lever for effectively addressing malnutrition in the country. V. PRIORITIES AND TARGETS Achieving ‘zero hunger’ and addressing malnutrition are among the Government’s top priorities. During his first address to the nation in 2018, the Prime Minister of Pakistan affirmed his resolve to deal with poverty, hunger and stunting. Medium-term development targets have been formulated to achieve SDG 2. The overall strategy comprises enhancing nutrition awareness, institutional strengthening, improving coordination mechanisms, and mitigating data gaps. VI. PLANNED INITIATIVES Over the next five years, a multi-pronged strategy will be implemented to curb hunger and improve the population’s nutritional status. This will focus on multi-stakeholder coordination, raising awareness of healthy eating practices, institutional strengthening and engaging the private sector. Important initiatives include: • Country-wide Nutrition Awareness and Institutional Strengthening Programme; • Utilization of specialized nutritious products for stunting prevention in commercial and social protection sectors, through public-private partnerships; • Initiation of a Multi-Sectoral Stunting, Malnutrition and Food Insecurity Prevention Project; • Establishment of a National Centre for Human Nutrition; • Development of a National Policy Framework on Early Childhood Development (ECD); • Strengthening Pakistan’s Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability and Learning (MEAL) mechanism; and • Establishment of a Nutrition Information Management System.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "pak", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-pak-2019-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2019 }
18 SDG 2: End hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promoted Sustainable Agriculture Food availability focuses on the supply of a sufficient quantity of foods, directly linked with the state of food and nutrition security. Pakistan produces enough quantity of food for its domestic consumption. However, import and export fulfils any shortfall and excess, respectively. The availability of major food items has remained satisfactory to fulfil the food demand of the population. The focus of SDG 2 under Vision 2025 mainly revolves around the integration of nutrition, food security, and agricultural developments in policies, plans, and initiatives at the national, provincial and district levels. Addressing SDG 2 is one of the top priority goals in the three key priority areas of the national and provincial development agendas. Under SDG 2, the government is particularly focused on; ending malnourishment and malnutrition; providing equal access to food, especially to the poor; enhancing agricultural productivity with a special focus on small-scale food producers and ensuring sustainable food production systems, seed improvement and diversification. Allocations for the agricultural sector have been increased significantly in the Annual Development Programs (ADP) of the provinces between 2019-2021. Schemes related to the improvement of seed production were initiated in Sindh, KP, and Punjab provinces. Furthermore, small, and medium producers are specifically targeted through agricultural policies and initiatives to facilitate and assist them by increasing their productivity and competitiveness in the market. Progress on Goal 2 The Index Value of SDG 2 increased from 27.47 to 62.92 between 2015-2020. This growth in the Index was contributed to by progress in all three indicators, i.e., reduction in the prevalence of stunting, malnourishment, and anemic pregnant women. The progress on Goal 2 from 2015 to 2020 shows improvement, as the volume of production per labour has increased by 158 tons per labour to 190 tons per labour. However, the proportion of local breeds has remained the same from 2015 to 2020. Similarly, the average income of small-scale food producers has stagnated as well in the last 5 years. Food insecurity experience scale was first time computed in 19 2019-20 and it was 16 percent. Nonetheless, prevalence of under nourishment is reduced by 4 percentage points from 2015-16 to 2018-19. Key Issues Pakistan is one of the world's top ten producers of wheat, cotton, sugarcane, mango, dates, and oranges, and cultivates enough food to export many of its crops. The World Food Programme studied a number of factors such as seasonality, food availability and household purchasing power and found that two￾thirds of the country's households simply could not afford to eat well, with other factors such as insecurity, poor access to food, population growth and disasters — such as earthquakes and conflict — all compounding the problem. Food price anomalies in certain months is too high that numerous nutrient-dense foods, such as pulses, cereals are not affordable by the common person. There were a few challenges faced specifically by the provinces in this regard, including small landholdings in AJ&K and GB due to its terrain and climate, the absence of a food monitoring authority in the districts of GB, as well as the unusual population growth rate and unplanned land-use in KP. Such challenges in these specific regions have been major reasons for the limited execution of targeted interventions, policies and plans under this SDG.
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[ 2 ]
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42 ODS 2: HAMBRE CERO. Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible Situación del País Los informes de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO, por sus siglas en inglés), del Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola (FIDA) y del Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA 2014), señalan que Panamá se ha reducido de manera importante tanto el número de personas subalimentadas (prevalencia de subalimentación), como el porcentaje de personas que padecen hambre. Según la Encuesta de Niveles de Vida (ENV) del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (INEC y Banco Mundial, 2008), en 2008 la prevalencia de baja talla para la edad, según el indicador talla para la edad (puntaje Z T/E <-2) en niños menores de cinco años fue del 19.1%, siendo en las áreas indígenas significativamente mayor (62%). En comparación con la medición anterior-ENV2003- la prevalencia de baja talla para la edad se redujo en 2.9 puntos porcentuales a nivel nacional, pero con un incremento de dos puntos porcentuales en áreas indígenas. Para el año 2014, según una evaluación nutricional realizada por el MINSAen las instalaciones sanitarias, se determinó que la prevalencia de baja talla para la edad en menores de cinco años se encontraba en 17.7%, con una reducción de 1.4 puntos porcentuales con relación a la medición de la ENV 2008. Sin embargo, las realidades en las áreas indígenas siguen reflejando las profundas disparidades sociales y económicas y la necesidad de intervenciones focalizadas en regiones priorizadas. De acuerdo con esta medición, la prevalencia de baja talla para la edad en la Comarca Guna Yala alcanzaba al 55.6% y en la Comarca Ngäbe Buglé al 31.3%. En población escolar, el último censo de talla en escolares de primer grado, realizado en 2013 por el MINSA y el MEDUCA, refleja que la baja talla para la edad afectaba al 15.9% de los estudiantes. Sin embargo, en la comarca indígena de Guna Yala alcanzaba al 61.4% y en la comarca Ngäbe Buglé al 53.4% de los estudiantes. 43 Panamá ha identificado que cuenta con líneas de base, metas, metodologías de medición y protocolos para el manejo de datos desde su producción hasta su publicación, de un total de 4 de los indicadores asociados al ODS 2. Estos indicadores son los relacionados a prevalencia del retraso en crecimiento de los niños y niñas; la orientación agrícola para los gastos públicos; la estimación de la ayuda a productos y los subsidios a la exportación de productos agropecuarios. El siguiente cuadro muestra algunos indicadores que se relacionan con el impacto en el ODS 2. Acciones públicas de apoyo al logro de los objetivos El país situó las necesidades nutricionales de la población como materia de política pública a través de leyes y decretos que institucionalizan programas nutricionales, entidades gubernamentales para dirigir y evaluar la seguridad alimentaria y la Política Nacional de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional. Desde el año 2009. Panamá cuenta, entre otros, con la Secretaría Nacional para el Plan de Seguridad Alimentario y Nutricional (SENAPAN), organismo encargado de 44 proponer, coordinar, supervisar y evaluar las acciones de promoción, prevención, reducción y habilitación de todos los programas estatales, cuyo objetivo está encaminado a garantizar la seguridad alimentaria nutricional. En buena medida los avances en el ODS 2 tienen que ver con las políticas y acciones impulsadas desde esa instancia gubernamental. Las acciones en torno al ODS 2 se organizan actualmente en el marco del Plan Seguridad Alimentaria Nacional 2015-2019 21 , cuyo objetivo es garantizar el derecho a la alimentación de la población vulnerable de forma efectiva y sostenible a través de la disposición, acceso y consumo de alimentos en suficiente cantidad, variedad, calidad e inocuidad, bajo unas condiciones de salud y de saneamiento básico. De igual manera Panamá, desarrolla acciones para combatir la llamada hambre oculta mediante una estrategia nacional, con el plan sectorial destinado a eliminar el déficit de micronutrientes en la población más vulnerable, mediante la biofortificación de los alimentos. Para garantizar la efectividad de la política en materia de seguridad alimentaria se diseñó un Sistema de Información y el Fortalecimiento del Sistema de Vigilancia para la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SIVISAN), que permite el monitoreo y evaluación de la situación de la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN), el avance y los efectos de los planes y programas estratégicos, así como el Sistema de Alerta Temprana para identificar situaciones coyunturales de inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional. En materia de nutrición, actualmente existen diversos programas que favorecen la prevención y control de la desnutrición a través de la fortificación, suplementación, distribución gratuita de alimentos y la consejería, sobre todo en las áreas de mayor prevalencia de la desnutrición. Los programas tienen como objetivo modificar los factores determinantes subyacentes y básicos de la mala nutrición. Se puede clasificar los programas nutricionales en tres categorías amplias: (i) programas de fortificación de alimentos y distribución de suplementos; (ii) programas de distribución gratuita de alimentos y (iii) programas de consejería. Los programas de fortificación de alimentos y distribución de suplementos se dirigen a la mejora del estado de micronutrientes de la población, alcanzando esta meta a través de un aumento en la densidad de nutrientes en los alimentos básicos y la promoción del consumo de suplementos que contienen micronutrientes. Por el lado de la fortificación, Panamá ha eliminado las 45 deficiencias de yodo en la población a través de la yodación de la sal, y ha aplicado la fortificación del arroz con vitaminas del complejo B, hierro y zinc tanto, y del trigo con hierro y vitaminas del complejo B. El eje central de la distribución de alimentos complementarios es la entrega gratuita por parte del Programa de Alimentación Complementaria del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) de la Nutricrema a los niños y niñas entre 6 y 59 meses de edad, así como a mujeres embarazadas o que están amamantando y que presentan riesgo de padecer o padecen de algún grado de desnutrición. El MINSA provee suplementación con mega dosis de vitamina A y gotas de hierro a los menores de 5 años, y con hierro y ácido fólico para mujeres embarazadas. Desafíos La reducción del hambre, la desnutrición y la malnutrición pasan por amplificar las formas de seguridad alimentaria centradas en las medidas socioeducativas dirigidas hacia los núcleos de población en los cuales existe prevalencia de prácticas nutricionales que no fomentan el adecuado desarrollo en la primera infancia, además de desarrollar la seguridad alimentaria nacional. Más aún, con una política de soberanía alimentaria, la cual tiene como centro la producción diversificada para garantizar la disponibilidad y el acceso a los alimentos en Panamá. Por ello, para alcanzar las metas en el año 2030, Panamá avanza en la reducción de la desnutrición, subalimentación e inseguridad alimentaria ampliando la cobertura de los programas e intervenciones en seguridad alimentaria en tanto mecanismo para reducir la desnutrición, la malnutrición y el hambre. Con ello se logrará reducir el retraso en los patrones de crecimiento infantil entre los niños menores de 5 años y disminuir la malnutrición entre los niños menores de 5 años. CUADRO 12. ACCIONES RELEVANTES PARA GARANTIZAR LA SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA Y MEJORAR LA NUTRICIÓN Y PROMOVER UNA AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE. Fortalecer la coordinación interinstitucional y la gobernanza participativa en todos los niveles del territorio Mediante capacidades financieras, humanas y marcos legales. Mejorar sistemas de información y análisis, incluyendo la medición propia y considerando distintos grupos poblacionales (desagregación de datos). Producir el cálculo de Prevalencia de Subalimentación y mejorar su análisis a través de datos desagregados. Medir la inseguridad alimentaria con base en encuestas nacionales y crear capacidad para generar información para la toma de decisiones de política pública. Asegurar la representación de pueblos indígenas en los indicadores relacionados con el mandato de la FAO. Conseguir desagregar por sexo los indicadores relacionados con el mandato de la FAO. 46 Mejorar el sistema y la cultura estadística de los tomadores de decisiones, es necesario ver las estadísticas como una inversión y no un gasto. Mejorar la coordinación de las instituciones y su vínculo con las entidades estadísticas. Mejorar la comunicación de los dos indicadores de SAN.
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[ 2 ]
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II INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO SECRETARÍA TÉCNICA DEL GABINETE SOCIAL 229 Objetivo 2. Poner fn al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible 2.a Aumentar, incluso mediante una mayor cooperación internacional, las inversiones en infraestructura rural, investigación y servicios de extensión agrícola, desarrollo tecnológico y bancos de genes de plantas y ganado a fn de mejorar la capacidad de producción agropecuaria en los países en desarrollo, particularmente en los países menos adelantados. Indicador 2.a.1 Índice de orientación agrícola para el gasto público El gasto del presupuesto general del Estado, ejecutado en programas agropecuarios orientados a los rubros de infraestructura, investigación, servicios de extensión, desarrollo tecnológico y banco de genes de plantas y ganado, registra un decrecimiento de 19.5 puntos porcentuales durante el período 2015 - 2018, los gastos más importantes se dieron en el 2016 y 2017. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 GRÁFICA 7. PROPORCIÓN DEL GASTO PÚBLICO DE INVERSIÓN DIRIGIDO DIRECTAMENTE AL SECTOR AGROPECUARIO EN INFRAESTRUCTURA, INVESTIGACIÓN, SERVICIOS DE EXTENSIÓN, DESARROLLO TECNOLÓGICO Y BANCO DE GENES DE PLANTAS Y GANADO: AÑOS 2015 – 2018 2015 2016 2017 2018 69.4 74.3 71.2 49.9 Porcentaje Fuente: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, Dirección de Presupuesto de la Nación PANAMÁ, 2020 230 Indicador 2.b.1 Subsidios a la exportación de productos agropecuarios Como subsidios a la exportación de productos agropecuarios se consideró el Certifcado de Fomento a la Agro-Exportación (CEFA), creado mediante la Ley No.82 de 31 de diciembre de 2009. El mismo promueve oportunidades de crecimiento de las exportaciones agropecuarias, con estabilidad de la competitividad de la agro-exportación, a través de la reducción de costos de comercialización incurridos en conceptos de empaque, embalaje y costos de transporte y fetes internos, de conformidad con el Acuerdo sobre Agricultura de la Organización Mundial de Comercio y demás disposiciones relevantes. Entre el 2015 y el 2018, se registra una disminución en los subsidios a la exportación de productos agropecuarios pasando de B/.4.8 millones a B/.2.7 millones en 2018, representando una caída de 77.8%. Por su parte, los niveles de inversión en apoyos al productor registran del 2015 al 2017 una caída sostenida, para volver a aumentar en 2018, un 9.1 %. GRÁFICA 8. SUBSIDIOS A LA EXPORTACIÓN DE PRODUCTOS AGROPECUARIOS (EN MILLONES DE BALBOAS): AÑOS 2015 - 2018 2015 2015 2016 2017 2018 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 2016 2017 4.8 2018 6.9 2.7 10.9 Meta 2.b Corregir y prevenir las restricciones y distorsiones comerciales en los mercados agropecuarios mundialaes, incluso mediante la eliminación paralela de todas las formas de subvención a las exportaciones agrícolas y todas las medidas de exportación con efectos equivalentes, de conformidad con el mandato de la Ronda de Doha para el Desarrollo. Fuente: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, Dirección General de Ingresos II INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO SECRETARÍA TÉCNICA DEL GABINETE SOCIAL 231 La mayor reducción en la ayuda al productor, se dio en los apoyos administrativos, laborales, fnancieros y de servicio al productor agropecuario, en el proceso de adaptación a las nuevas condiciones de su entorno cambiante y de modernización de sus actividades. Detalle 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total 6,620.70 6,114.70 3,540.60 3,864.00 Política nacional para la transformación agropecuaria Ley 25 de 4 de junio de 2001 Fondo especial para crédito de contingencia Ley 24 del 4 de junio de 2001 5,700.00 5,880.00 1,050.00 1,276.30 920.7 234.7 2,490.60 2,587.70 Cuadro 2. Estimación de la ayuda al productor: Años 2015 - 2018 (en miles de balboas) Fuente: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, Dirección de Presupuesto de la Nación.
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PANAMÁ, 2020 74 Poner fn al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible ODS: • Situación del país El análisis de la situación con relación al ODS 2 requiere de indicadores sobre la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de la población especialmente la de los lactantes, los niños menores de 5 años, las mujeres embarazadas, los adolescentes y los adultos mayores. Cabe señalar que Panamá en el año 2019 a través del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo de la Contraloría General de la República con apoyo técnico de la FAO incluyó en la Encuesta de Propósitos Múltiples las 8 preguntas correspondientes a la escala de experiencia de inseguridad alimentaria (FIES), que permite dar cuenta de la situación real del país en cuanto al acceso de los hogares a los alimentos y la gravedad de la inseguridad alimentaria con base a las respuestas de las personas a preguntas sobre las limitaciones a su capacidad de obtener alimentos sufcientes. Adicional, la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENSPA), realizada en el año 2019 presentará datos sobre medición antropométrica de la población de 0 a 14 años, que permitirá contar con indicadores representativos, actualizados y confables sobre el estado nutricional de los niños y niñas. En referencia al índice de gasto público de inversión dirigido directamente al sector agropecuario en infraestructura, investigación, servicios de extensión, desarrollo tecnológico, banco de genes de plantas y ganado, durante el periodo (2015-2018), pasó de 69.4 en el año 2015 a 49.9 en el año 2018 con incrementos durante los años 2016 y 2017. En lo referente a la estimación de la ayuda al productor los montos refejan una variación en el periodo de referencia, con fuertes caídas en el año 2017 y 2018. La mayor inversión ha sido dirigida a la Ley 25 la cual brinda apoyo administrativo, laboral, fnanciero y de servicio al productor agropecuario en el proceso de adaptación a las nuevas condiciones de su entorno cambiante y de modernización de sus actividades, procurando así una transformación en los procesos de producción que realiza. Acciones públicas de apoyo al logro de los objetivos Sobre este tema, el PEN 2030 incluye en el Eje Estratégico 1 la Estrategia Asegurar la producción y disponibilidad de alimentos para garantizar la reducción del hambre, fomenta la seguridad alimentaria, que persigue el objetivo de ampliar la cobertura de los programas e intervenciones en seguridad alimentaria en tanto mecanismo para reducir la desnutrición, la malnutrición y el hambre. En el marco de las acciones que desarrolla el gobierno panameño comprometido en tomar acciones contra la malnutrición y mejora del estado nutricional, ha incluido dentro de la estrategia Colmena, bajo el componente de educación y con el apoyo técnico de la FAO, el Programa Estudiar sin Hambre, tomando como referencia el modelo de escuelas sostenibles y fortaleciendo los Programas de Alimentación Escolar del MEDUCA. Este programa busca reducir la inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional de los niños y niñas que asisten a las escuelas; el programa II INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO SECRETARÍA TÉCNICA DEL GABINETE SOCIAL 75 consiste en la compra de productos nacionales de calidad, para darle comida saludable a los estudiantes vulnerables. Contempla dos fases: la primera un pilotaje de tres meses en cuatro escuelas y una segunda fase para el posterior escalamiento a todas las escuelas existentes en los 300 corregimientos más pobres del país. Este programa tiene entre sus objetivos de impacto: • Garantizar la disponibilidad de alimentos y mejorar las condiciones nutricionales de los niños y niñas en condiciones de vulnerabilidad que asisten a los centros educativos en las áreas comarcales, rurales y urbano-marginales. • Contribuir al cumplimiento de los ODS 1 (pobreza), ODS 2 (hambre cero), ODS 3 (salud) y ODS 4 (educación). Componentes del programa Estudiar sin Hambre: • Apoyo a la articulación intersectorial, la participación social y la revisión de mecanismos normativos y operativos de gestión • Adopción de menús adecuados, saludables y de acuerdo con la cultura local • Mejora de infraestructura para la alimentación escolar • Integración de la Educación Alimentaria y Nutricional (EAN) en los planes de trabajo y actividades estudiantiles • Organización de productores y puesta en marcha de un esquema de compras públicas directas a la agricultura familiar local para la alimentación escolar • Monitoreo y evaluación del desarrollo del Programa, lo que permitirá contar con mediciones diagnósticas anuales sobre el estado nutricional de los niños, los indicadores escolares, el desarrollo logístico del programa y su contribución con los indicadores de las metas de desarrollo sostenible de la Agenda 2030 (ODS 1, 2, 3 y 4). Desde el Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario (MIDA) que tiene como objetivos principales lograr la seguridad alimentaria del país y contribuir a la disminución del costo de la canasta básica de alimentos elevando la calidad de vida de la población rural, contar con un sector agropecuario competitivo, participativo y sostenible, procurando el bienestar del productor y la población en general, se liderizan una serie de proyectos y programadas orientados principalmente a la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. La política institucional del MIDA tiene como objetivo fortalecer al sector agropecuario y al medio rural para enfrentar el cambio climático, a través de la articulación y coordinación de recursos públicos, privados y de organismos cooperantes de los planes y estrategias que demande el país. Dicha política institucional del MIDA se estructura en tres áreas de trabajo: Gestión agroambiental, Seguimiento y evaluación agroambiental y Capacitación y divulgación agroambiental. • El Programa AGROVIDA dirigido a agricultores familiares de comunidades rurales e indígenas ubicadas en los corregimientos priorizados por el Plan Colmena. Su objetivo es apoyar a las familias participantes en la producción agroalimentaria para que garanticen su seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. En el mismo participarán unas 10,000 familias este año 2020 y 30,000 en el año 2021. Se les dotará de herramientas básicas, semillas de granos básicos como maíz, frijol, arroz, de raíces como ñame, otoe, ñampí e insumos para que puedan sembrar sus alimentos. En estos momentos se está en la etapa de identifcación y selección de familias participantes de acuerdo con las normativas del programa de Agricultura Familiar. • A través del proyecto Huertos Agroecológicas Familias Unidas se contribuye a aumentar la producción de alimentos en las huertas de las familias en comunidades rurales e indígenas, mejorando la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. A las familias se les entregará PANAMÁ, 2020 76 semillas de granos básicos, hortalizas, raíces y tubérculos, abono orgánico, herramientas agrícolas y tuberías PVC para pequeños sistemas de riego y especies menores. • Adicional, el MIDA en conjunto con la Caja de Ahorros y el Ministerio de Educación desarrollan el proyecto Huertos Escolares y Comunitarios con el propósito de integrar a padres y madres de familia, educadores y estudiantes a producir en el huerto escolar alimentos para mejorar la alimentación ofrecida en el comedor escolar. A la fecha, ya fueron seleccionadas las 350 escuelas que tienen una matrícula aproximada de 19,000 estudiantes. También se realizaron los actos públicos para la adquisición de insumos y productos por parte de la Caja de Ahorros, bienes que están en espera de entrega a las escuelas cuando se apertura el año escolar 2020. • A su vez, se desarrollan otras acciones como el proyecto Inclusión Productiva (MIDES￾MIDA-FAO) con la fnalidad de mejorar los sistemas productivos y las técnicas de trabajo garantizando la seguridad alimentaria de las familias participantes, localizadas en 13 corregimientos de la Comarca Ngäbe Buglé. Se identifcaron y seleccionaron las 1,320 familias participantes. • Ante la emergencia nacional declarada por la pandemia Covid-19 se desarrollan una serie de acciones tendientes a garantizar los alimentos de la población a través de la elaboración y entrega de bolsas de comida a las familias más vulnerables. Las compras de los productos frescos que se incluyen en la “bolsa solidaria” son comprados a los productores nacionales; además se desarrolla el Programa Panamá Agro Solidario dirigido a los productores de todo el país para que tengan la facilidad de adquirir préstamos por un monto de hasta 100,000.00 balboas, a una tasa de interés de 0% por ciclo agrícola. La primera acción estará dirigida a la producción de granos básicos, raíces, tubérculos y hortalizas. • Entre las normativas desarrolladas se encuentra la Ley 127 de 3 de marzo de 2020 que dicta medidas para el desarrollo de la agricultura familiar en Panamá, que tiene como objetivo establecer las bases para la defnición de políticas diferenciadas y estrategias que permitan garantizar con carácter de prioridad nacional, de manera permanente, la preservación, promoción y desarrollo de la agricultura familiar en Panamá. A partir del reconocimiento de su importancia como modo de vida, actividad productiva y económica que contribuye a la soberanía y seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, promoviendo el manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales, la conversación de la biodiversidad, el desarrollo rural, la descentralización territorial y la dinamización de las economías locales garantizando la participación de las comunidades indígenas, campesino, afrodescendientes, mujeres y jóvenes. • La Ley 98 del 9 de octubre de 2019 que modifca la Ley 4 de 1994, que establece el sistema de intereses preferenciales al sector agropecuario y dicta medidas que lo impulsan. • Los resultados de la consulta a los actores en el ODS 2 indican que todos los actores coinciden en que es necesario priorizar la meta 2.1 Poner fn al hambre y asegurar el acceso de todas las personas, en particular los pobres y las personas en situaciones de vulnerabilidad, incluidos los niños menores de 1 año, a una alimentación sana, nutritiva y sufciente durante todo el año. • Desafíos Los efectos negativos ocasionados por el Covid-19 agudizan la situación de poner fn al hambre y asegurar el acceso de todas las personas, en particular los pobres y las personas en situaciones de vulnerabilidad, a una alimentación sana, nutritiva y sufciente lo que hace imperioso la necesidad de fortalecer el sistema de protección social enfocado principalmente en los niños y II INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO SECRETARÍA TÉCNICA DEL GABINETE SOCIAL 77 niñas respondiendo a sus necesidades de salud, educación y vivienda. Contar con una Política pública de largo plazo (que incorpore la asignación de recursos como son los fondos públicos o la asistencia ofcial para el desarrollo) que impacte principalmente la capacidad del sector primario de la economía que permita una verdadera transformación de este sector para mejorar la producción y avanzar hacia el objetivo de erradicar el hambre. El desarrollo de métricas que permitan contar con datos para el seguimiento a las metas del ODS 2, que den cuenta de la realidad de las personas especialmente, los niños, niñas, adolescentes, las mujeres, los afrodescendientes, grupos indígenas, entre otras, que nos permita abordar las causas profundas del hambre y la malnutrición: la pobreza, la desigualdad y la marginación. Otras acciones incluidas en el PEG 2020-2024 son el Programa de Atención Integral a la Primera Infancia y procurar que el adulto mayor reciba un ingreso para una vida digna a través de los sistemas de seguridad social y otros mecanismos fexibles de protección social. Un gran desafío que se presenta para el país es la creación y el fortalecimiento de cooperativas del sector agropecuario con el propósito de incrementar la producción, productividad y mercadeo, con apoyo estatal y convenios nacionales e internacionales. También, incrementar el consumo y la compra de productos nacionales, fomentar el cultivo de rubros de pequeñas superfcies de huertos familiares, el desarrollo avícola y caprino, mediante el uso de agrotecnología y con fnanciamiento no reembolsable; acciones de protección al productor nacional, sobre todo en épocas de cosecha, limitando las importaciones; construcción de mercados comunitarios, en coordinación con los gobiernos locales, para proveer de alimentos de calidad y a precios accesibles a la población nacional, acercando los productores a los consumidores. Además, se fomentará la agricultura de áreas extensivas (Ejemplo: Arroz, caña, maíz, palma aceitera, frutales y hortalizas); se actualizará e implementará el Plan Nacional de Riego. Los cultivos en ambientes controlados; la agricultura de precisión, que es el uso de tecnología digital a través de sensores, mediante análisis del suelo con mapas de variabilidad y recomendación (maquinaria computarizada, GPS y drones) para el uso efciente del suelo e insumos (fertilizantes, semillas y cosecha) con semilla de calidad, libres de plagas y enfermedades. PANAMÁ, 2020 78 Banco de Alimentos Panamá Nombre de la iniciativa: • Alimentando a más panameños Cada Día • Alimento solidario Descripción La campaña consiste en la donación de dinero por banca en línea a la cuenta bancaria del Banco de Alimentos Panamá (www.banalimentospty.com), organización sin fines de lucro y miembro de CAPADESO, que actualmente está en capacidad de almacenar, empacar y distribuir alimentos e insumos de higiene y limpieza a 180 organizaciones comunitarias que lo requieren. Entre las organizaciones beneficiarias de la campaña se destacan al menos 14 hogares de adultos mayores y 19 hogares que benefician a niños y adolescentes en diversas provincias del país. Objetivos de la iniciativa: • Combatir el hambre y la desnutrición en Panamá • Crear conciencia en la sociedad para evitar el desperdicio de alimentos • Celebrar contratos o convenios que tengan relación con los objetivos del Banco • Promover y apoyar programas de alimentos Logros obtenidos: • 5,123 toneladas de alimentos rescatadas • 80 toneladas de frutas y vegetales (Merca Panamá, desde abril 2019) • 15.6 millones de raciones de alimentos servidas • 295 organizaciones beneficiarias • 83,579 población atendida • 85 donantes de alimentos • + 213 en Merca Panamá • 84 instituciones que hacen voluntariado en forma permanente • 56 padrinos activos Recuadro No. 3.
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9 SDG 2 addresses malnutrition in all its forms – low birth weight, underweight (low weight for age), stunting (low weight for age), wasting (low weight for height), over nutrition (over￾weight and obesity), and nutrient-specific deficiencies – to￾gether with food security and sustainable food production. Palau incorporates 2 of the 8 SDG 2 targets into its national SDG Framework. Target 2.1 aims to end hunger and assure everyone of a safe, nutritious, and adequate food supply. Target 2.2 pledges to end malnutrition in all its forms, inclusive of overweight and obesity. Much work is being done in relation to this SDG by government, civil society, and the private sec￾tor, work will need to accelerate in the lead-up to 2030.1 Nutrition Status SDG 2.1 and 2.2 Undernutrition is uncommon in Palau but overnutrition, un￾healthy diets, and national food insecurity due to dependence on food imports are significant concerns. These issues drive the NCD epidemic and are linked across the SDGs. Undernutrition: On average 10% of infants are born at low birth weight (below 2,500 grams) but due to the small number of births (average 229 per year), rates vary widely from one year to the next (MOH, Title V, 2017). The Ministry of Health identifies maternal tobacco use as a leading risk factor. MOH estimates that mothers who chew tobacco (with betel nut) during pregnancy face a 1.7 times greater risk of a low birth weight baby than those who abstain (MOH, 2014). Low birth weight is not an SDG target but the World Health Organization (WHO) has set a global target to reduce low birth weight by 30 percent between 2015 and 2025 (WHO, 2015). For Palau, this means reducing annual low birth weight incidence to below 7 percent. Strategies to achieve this, lie largely in the domain of SDG 3.A. (tobacco control). While growth monitoring is a standard part of child health services, the MOH data system does not capture population￾level information about the nutritional status of infants and toddlers seen in clinics (Director of Public Health, personal communications). This data gap impedes early identification of infants and young children at risk of overweight or obesity. The first systematic collection and compilation of child nutrition data occurs during preschool health screening and continues through Grade 12 under the MOH School Health Program. School health data confirm that undernutrition rates are low. Health workers further confirm that rates of nutrition-specific deficiencies are likewise low. Overnutrition: Overweight and obesity is a serious problem among both children and adults. With almost 38 percent of adults obese, Palau now ranks #3 on the list of the “world’s most obese countries” behind Nauru and the Cook Islands (World Population Review, 2019). Food and Nutrition End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, promote sustainable agriculture SDG 2.1 End hunger & ensure food security SDG 2.2 End malnutrition in all its forms. 10 Unhealthy diets: Low rates of undernutrition do not mean that everyone enjoys an optimal diet. Although contested as an over-estimate by many care providers, official MOH data based on surveys of mothers show that 48 percent of infants are exclusively breastfed until six months of age, a rate below the national target (70 percent) and global target (100 per￾cent).2 For both children and adults, the typical diet is:  High in calories relative to physical activity  High in imported, processed foods, much of low nutri￾tional quality  High in salt, sugar, fats, and proteins  Low in fruits and vegetables  High in rice and low in more nutritious taro and other local root crops. There is evidence, however that people are becoming more nutritionally aware. 69 percent of adults report they watch their salt intake (MOH, Palau Hybrid Survey, 2017). Food Security SDG target 2.1. Food security: Inherent in SDG Target 2.1 is the concept of household and national food security. Food security includes both physical and economic access to food that meets people’s nutritional needs and their food preferences. The . World Food Summit (2009) identified four elements of food security – adequacy (ability to produce food), access (income to buy food), use (knowledge of nutrition, storage, and preser￾vation), and food safety. Palau faces challenges across all of these four pillars (McGregor, et al, 2012). The Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES, 2014) found 0.2 percent of households reported expenditures below the national food poverty line suggesting that food insecurity due to poverty is not widespread. Researchers, however, have described a “payday cycle” in which low-income households eat well at the beginning of the typical bi-weekly pay cycle period but poorly toward the end when cash reserves are depleted (UNICEF, 2008). At the national level, high dependence on food imports represents a significant source of insecurity. In the HIES (2014), 86 percent of food expenditures were for imported foods, much of which had low nutritional quality. Only 14 per￾cent of expenditures were for locally produced foods (including the market value of foods produced for own consumption). As all Palau residents know well, even a short disruption in ship￾ping results in rapid depletion of food stocks. A lengthy disrup￾tion arising from conflict or disaster along the supply chains would be catastrophic. Agriculture production: The Palau Policy to Strengthen Resilience in Agriculture and Aquaculture set a target for local food production to meet 50 percent of food requirements by 2020 (Kit along, et al, 2015; SOE, 2019). While data for direct￾ly measuring food production are weak, sentinel indicators cited by the State of the Environment Report (2019) provide evidence of some modest increase.  Land used for agriculture increased from 306 hectares (FAO, 2014) to 543 hectares (PALARIS, 2017).  Commercial farms increased from 16 (FAO, 2014) to 19 (PALARIS, 2017). Climate Change Impacts Food Security On average 6 percent of taro production is lost each year due to saltwater intrusion (Del Rosario et al., 2015). OERC reports that local food production declined by 50% during the severe drought of 1997-98 (OERC, 2008). Despite ef￾forts to rehabilitate taro patches and promote salt and drought resistant crops, climate change continues to pose challenges to food security. (SOE 2019). 11  The number of students enrolled in agriculture at Palau Community College increased between 2013 and 2018.  The number of persons employed in agriculture in￾creased from 0.5 percent of the workforce (2013) to about 1 percent (2017). Despite these modest increases, demand for local food far outpaces supply, and it is clear that Palau is below production targets set in the policy document. Although there are many reasons for low food production ranging from shortage of ara￾ble land, difficulty in accessing clan land, Oriental fruit fly in￾festation, weak land use planning, and disinterest in agricul￾ture among young people, probably the most significant factor is the high cost of local production vis-à-vis importation (ADB, 2017). Climate change, including saltwater intrusion into wet￾land taro patches and more frequent and severe droughts, are also deterrents to local production that will become more sig￾nificant in future years (SOE, 2017). Examples of Actions Taken Infant nutrition: (1) Baby Friendly Hospital Policy adopted by the MOH in 2006; (2) community breastfeeding support group established in 2014 in partnership between the MOH and the NGO, Kotel A Deurreng, Inc.; (3) breastfeeding counseling offered by Kotel A Deurreng, Inc. during the first prenatal￾postpartum check-up, community breastfeeding counselors trained to provide home-based support, and a breastfeeding support text messaging system developed; (4) maternity leave legislation covering both public and private sectors awaiting action in the Olbiil Era Kelulau (national congress). Healthy diets: (1) Palau Healthy Food Guidelines adopted; (2) guidelines integrated into school and hospital feeding pro￾grams and food handler training; (3) nutrition improvement integrated as a core element of the National NCD Action Plan; (4) Government-Civil Society nutrition working group (Tabesul Blengur) established; (5) schools actively promoting good nutrition by aligning school lunches with the Healthy Food Guidelines, expanding school gardens, and instituting ‘water only’ policies; (6) nutrition issues on the agenda of the annual meeting of the women of Palau (Mechesil Belau) and as a results, measures have been taken to improve the nutritional quality of foods served in customs; (7) voluntary actions have been taken by some restaurants to offer healthy menu op￾tions. Household food security: Two NGOs, Palau Community Action Agency and Ulkerreuil A Klengar, actively promote “table gardens” and “tire gardens” as easy inexpensive ways for households to have a convenient supply of fresh vegeta￾bles. Koror State Government has recently joined the promo￾tion by providing table gardens upon request as part of com￾munity outreach (picture below). National Food Security: (1) National Policy to Strengthen Resilience in Aquaculture and Agriculture adopted in 2015 provides a policy framework and plan of action for increasing local food production; (2) farms mapped by PALARIS (Palau Automated Land and Resource Information System) in 2016; (3) Bureau of Agriculture within the Ministry of Natural Re￾sources, Environment, and Tourism (MNRET) implementing a piggery improvement project; (4) Government and Civil Socie￾ty working collaboratively to identify salt and drought resistant crop varieties; (4) community women’s groups across Palau working to rehabilitate taro patches; (5) agriculture support provided through the National Development Bank for low￾interest agriculture and aquaculture loans; (6) research and extension services provided through the Bureau of Agriculture; (7) National Marine Sanctuary established (operational in 2020) designating 20 percent of Palau’s Exclusive Economic Featured Partnership: Partnerships for School Health and Nutrition PCAA and UAK have worked with Palau schools on nutri￾tion improvement for several years. Their primary inter￾vention has been school gardens but through their work school specific policies, such as ‘water only’ and ‘walk-to￾school’, have also been implemented. In 2011, Presidential Executive Order No 372 mandated the Ministries of Education and Health to work together to promote physical activity, health education, and good nutrition. The Executive Order reinforced the ongoing work of PCAA and UAK and facilitated a significant new partnership between MOH and MOE for improving the nutritional value and local food content of school lunches. To address physical inactivity, the Executive Order re￾sulted in the two ministries working together on “after school’ activity programs. 12 Zone for domestic fisheries (see also SDGs 8 and 14). De￾spite these positive measures, a threat to sustainability is increasing domination of the sector by foreign (Asian) males in a field traditionally the domain of Palauan women. Pathways to 2030 Closing gaps  Focus on children first; fill data gaps on child nutrition including breastfeeding practices and early childhood nu￾tritional status.  Ensure universal maternity leave for all working mothers; lack of maternity leave benefits is the number one reason women cite for cessation of breastfeeding.  Improve data collection on agriculture (and aquaculture) productivity. Improving quality and reach  Accelerate interventions that address overweight and obesity among children and adults; education is impor￾tant but policy measures such as taxes on unhealthy im￾ports (e.g. soda, high-fat meats, and foods with high sugar content) may also be considered (MOH, NCD Plan Assessment, 2018).  Healthy diets begin with healthy food; accelerate imple￾mentation of the national policy on sustainable agricul￾ture and aquaculture. Building resilience  Enhance national food security, while improving health, by reducing dependence on imported food using a com￾bination of supply and demand measures including those contained in the national policy on sustainable agriculture and aquaculture.  Enhance climate resilience of local food supplies.  Address the shortage of Palauan agriculture labor and a growing gender imbalance in the agriculture workforce by positing agriculture as a vocation of choice for young Pa￾lauan entrepreneurs. Strategies for local food production and healthy eating link across the SDGs incorporating targets within SDG 1 (poverty), SDG 3 (health), SDG 4 (education), SDG 5 (gender), SDG 1 (poverty), SDG 8 (economic growth and decent work), SDG 11 (culture) SDG 13 (climate resilience), SDG 14 (oceans), and SDG 15 (terrestrial ecosystems). Progressing with the Past Palau’s traditional agriculture is a multi-story agroforestry system, where tree crops provided a protective canopy for the intensive production of over 40 plant varieties. Under the traditional system, every Palauan woman had a garden (or gardens). Female produced agricultural products together with communally harvested marine and forest products pro￾vided a self-sufficient food system with in-built security against natural and economic disasters, pest intrusion, and old age. Today, remnants of the traditional system still re￾main although less than 3% of land is now under agro￾forestry production. The taro gardens most closely resemble the traditional agro-forestry system although contemporary gardens are less intensively cultivated than those of the past (Bishop, 2001 as cited in McGregor, et al, 2012). Traditional agriculture is good for people and the environ￾ment. Research shows that taro patches absorb up to 90 percent of sediment thus protecting Palau’s coral reefs (S. Koshiba, et al, 2014).
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24 25 SDG 2. ZERO HUNGER End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Overview SDG2 encourages activities such as sustainable agriculture and supporting smallholder farmers so to reduce the global ratio of one out of every nine people going to bed hungry every night 8 . GoPNG significantly contributes to this goal through focusing on the increased accessibility of sustainable agriculture such as its policy on small farmer entrepreneurs (SMEs), the accelerated establishment and promotion of cash crop farming (copra, coffee and cocoa), and advocacy and promotion of livelihood projects initiated by various governments. These activities increase physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious foods to meet the PNG population’s daily dietary and food preference requirements. GoPNG has also inserted, into the PNG Dental and Medical Catalogue 2010, the therapeutic food supplements required to treat the condition of severe acute malnutrition. These supplements are available in all major health facilities throughout PNG. The country case-fatality rates for children under the age of five have shown a steady decline, signaling that malnutrition can be controlled and managed. These are incredible achievements that show together we can make the goal of ending hunger and malnutrition by 2030 a reality. Status and Trends PNG is facing a nutrition crisis with almost one in two children affected by stunting, posing a critical threat to survival and development. Given that the human and economic costs of malnutrition are inextricably linked, this also poses a major threat to sustainable economic growth for PNG. Approximately 33 percent of all hospital deaths of children under five are either directly or indirectly caused by malnutrition. Study estimates show that malnutrition could be the underlying cause of up to 76 percent of total deaths of children under five. The study estimates that the undernutrition of children will cost the PNG economy the equivalent of US$508 million yearly, and climb, if not corrected. That is almost 2.8 percent of PNG’s annual GDP. These losses occur via three main pathways: 1. Losses in productivity from a reduction in labour force due to increased childhood mortality, estimated at US$46 million (0.26 percent of GDP) 2. Losses in potential income and productivity from poor physical status and reduced cognitive function, estimated at US$459 million (2.54 percent of GDP) 3. Losses from increased health care expenditure in treating diseases associated with childhood undernutrition, estimated at US$3 million (0.02 percent of GDP). It has been widely assumed that economic growth alone should drive a reduction in child undernutrition. The World Bank, for example, had estimated that a 5.0 percent per year GDP growth rate would predict a reduction in national stunting prevalence of around 0.9 percentage points per year. This points to the urgent need to make targeted investments to improve child nutrition outcomes in PNG, rather than assuming economic growth alone will drive a reduction in stunting and other forms of undernutrition. It is not possible to promote inclusive and sustainable economic development in the long term in PNG if around half of the working age population continues to suffer reduced productivity due to childhood undernutrition. Indeed, child undernutrition will likely impede the potential impact of other aid investments by bilateral and multilateral donors for the purpose of promoting economic growth. Nutrition-specific interventions alone will not combat child undernutrition in PNG. It is critical to complement these with nutrition-sensitive investments across a range of sectors to address the underlying causes of child-undernutrition, Photo courtesy of World Vision 26 27 Poor Household Wealth: Household wealth is a determinant of child nutrition outcomes in PNG. Studies show that the poorest wealth quintile in PNG has the highest stunting rate of 55 percent. This is consistent with studies in other low-income countries where household wealth is generally a predictor of food security, access to quality health services and educational attainment of the mother; factors which themselves are underlying causes of undernutrition. Poor Suboptimal Maternal Nutrition: The main window of opportunity to prevent child stunting and other forms of chronic undernutrition is the intrauterine and postnatal periods from pregnancy until 24 months. During pregnancy and lactation, mothers have higher energy and nutrient needs to support foetal development and meet their own nutrition and energy requirements. In PNG, undernutrition is associated with low food intake and chronic infection. Improper and Poor Suboptimal Infant and Child Feeding: Improper feeding of a child can have a profound impact on their health and development. The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life as the healthiest and safest feeding practice for infants. The PNG Demographical Health Survey 2016-2018 shows 64 percent of mothers breastfed exclusively, an achievement . a higher than many countries within the Asia Pacific region. Impact of Chronic Diseases: There is a strong body of evidence to show that disease, particularly those commonly found in PNG such as malaria and diarrhea, contributes to stunting through causing loss of appetite, malabsorption of nutrients and the body’s increasing energy requirements to combat the disease Gaps and Challenges Achieving SDG2 will be a big challenge as undernutrition in PNG comes at a huge cost to individual children, their families and the economy. Sufficient financial and technical resources must be committed to support the implementation of the National Nutrition Policy, including multi-year funding to finance nutrition-specific interventions that: • target the first 1000 days of a child’s life, with a focus on promoting optimal maternal nutrition, infant and young child feeding practices, and access to health services to prevent and treat diseases that contribute to undernutrition. • address the underlying causes of undernutrition, with a focus on improving food security (including diversification and fortification of staple foods), increasing access to quality education (especially for girls), family planning, and improving access to clean drinking water, good sanitation and hygiene. Next Steps • Improve and increase collaborations with development partners, academia, sub-national level governments and other stakeholders • Targeted interventions on reducing stunting in the country. • Improve and prioritise the agenda on food and nutrition security at all levels of government Best practices to produce sustainable agriculture include improving and strengthening governance, coordination, communication, partnerships, monitoring and research at all levels of government. particularly those relating to food security, access to health services, family planning, access to education (particularly for girls), and lack of safe drinking water, good sanitation and hygiene. GoPNG has key government policies and strategies, three of which are outlined below, which reflect the status, trends and achievements thus far, to make this goal a reality. The National Goals and Directive Principles in the Constitution call for improvement in the level of nutrition and standard of public health to enable our people to attain self-fulfilment. The need for PNG to be self-reliant in terms of food and nutrition is already embedded in the country’s constitution. 1. Papua New Guinea National Food Security Policy 2018-2027 This policy sets the medium to long-term direction and signals priority areas to focus resources (financial and human) to both strengthen and build sustainable food security for all Papua New Guineans. It provides a platform for joint planning to guide coherent programs and actions from all key stakeholders A primary aim of the policy is to foster strong PPPs and thus leverage agriculture’s potential to promote enhanced nutrition and health, by bringing together profitable smallholder farming, efficient food value chains, and women’s income and child nutrition. Successful implementation of the policy will contribute to advancing the nation towards the Vision 2050 of being a smart, wise, fair and happy society, and achieving the SDG2. 2. Multi-Sectoral National Nutrition Policy 2016-2026 This policy draws together a multi-sectorial response to address malnutrition in the country. It reveals that 44 percent of children under five are stunted, and approximately five percent of children under five are wasted. Micronutrient deficiencies, also known as hidden hunger, affect more than two thirds of women of reproductive age (15-49). Nearly half the children under five are classified as anaemic or iron deficient. The policy promotes the concept of “1000 days” (conception to age two), which research shows is the window of opportunity where optimal nutrition and care is required for a child to grow and develop well, outgrowing the critical period where stunting can creep in. 3. National Nutrition Strategic Action Plan 2018-2022 Stunting is the key indicator to measure the level of nutrition inadequacies in a given country. Figures from the 2011 census show that there are 1.2 million children under five years of age. Given approximately half, or 600,000, children are stunted, this may well result in a ‘lost’ generation that struggles to contribute to PNGs future physical, social and economic development. Studies show that undernutrition in PNG will cost the country US $500 million in healthcare costs. This excludes the out-of-pocket costs. This plan identifies seven key objectives that various government departments (DNPM, Health, Education, Agriculture and Livestock, and Community Development) will implement to help reduce stunting in PNG. We are unable to show the past trend of nutritional status of children less than 5 years across the country by regions, particularly for the three key indices of underweight (immediate cause) stunting (chronic malnutrition) and wasting due to data not supplied on time in finalising this section due to State of Emergency lockdown from the CoVID 19 pandemic in the country. Partnerships The Department of Health, Nutrition Unit has an ongoing collaboration with UNICEF that supports PNG’s nutrition program. The support comes through three key areas as per the Nutrition Policy: 1. Treatment and prevention of malnutrition through integrated management of acute malnutrition 2. Behavior changing practices in infant and young child feeding 3. Micronutrient deficiencies and food fortification. The Department also receives technical support from World Health Organization, World Bank, Global Iodine Network, Food Fortification Initiative, World Vision, Save the Children and others. On the local front, support is also received from provincial and district hospitals, all health worker training institutions, and local and international NGOs based in PNG who directly and indirectly have links with nutrition issues. Minimal research has been conducted to validate the major gaps in achieving SDG2. However, as per the World Bank HIES 2009-2010 discussion policy paper and other national data, the following have been identified as some of the major gaps or issues relative to achieving SDG2 indicator targets:
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[ 2 ]
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SDG 2 Zero hunger End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Ensuring food security remains crucial following XLe ouXFreaO oJ XLe GonƽiGX in 9Oraine and disruTXed supply chains – also internationally due to the food crisis. National priorities: 1. Support for structural transformation ensuring increase in competitiveness of agricultural holdings and agri-food producers. 2. Ensurance of food quality and food security of the country in compliance with environmental requirements. 3. Promotion of agri-food sector products (including high quality food) and support of its foreign expansion. 4. Improvement of the income situation of rural households in relation to the urban area inGluding F] inGreasing XLe diZersifGaXion of income sources of rural residents. 5. Promotion of healthy lifestyle among adults and children. 71 SDG 2 Review of progress under each goal Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Poland. The 2023 National Report Diagnosis Trend description Poland is characterised by a large agricultural TroduGXion ToXenXial ensuring Jood selJsuƾGienG] and enabling export production. Between 2018 and 2020, there was an increase in the area of agricultural land in farms over 30 ha from 42% to 47%. There are approximately 1.3 million farms in Poland and employment in agriculture reaches 6.5%. Exports of agri-food products are steadily increasing (approx. 13% of the value of Polish exports). The process of rationalisation of agricultural structures, professionalisation of farms and commercialisation of agricultural production is observed, which translates into an increase in agricultural productivity. Between 2010 and 2021, labour productivity in agriculture inGreased F]   TarXl] as a resulX oJ a signifGanX decrease in the number of people working in agriculture. The continuation of positive changes in agriculture will be enabled by further improvements in the quality of infrastructure in rural areas and an increase in investment in research and development activities in agriculture, the results of which can respond to the challenges of fertilisation. Poland is one of the countries with the lowest rates of malnutrition, with an increase in the proportion of people experiencing varying degrees of food insecurity since 2018 (from 4.3% to 7.4% in 2021). Key actions contributing to the SDG achievement in Poland » Further implementation of the model of multifunctional and sustainable agriculture that guarantees food security, provision of public goods (including environmental goods), fostering the development of entrepreneurship related to the agri-food sector and stimulating socially sensitive and territorially sustainable development (including, inter alia, cultural functions of rural areas). » Implementing innovative solutions in agriculture, fsheries and agri-food processing through support instruments for the high-quality food sector and investment in the use of the full production potential of the Polish agri-food sector through, inter alia, further QodernisaXion oJ agriGulXural and fsLer] JarQs development of cooperation between food producers, strengthening of links between farms and processing plants, restructuring of small farms, support for the development of local agri-food markets, strengthening of consultancy networks for farmers and entrepreneurs. » Improving farm proftability by providing fairer and more targeted support by reducing income disparities between farms of different sizes (particularly in favour of smaller farms) and regions of the state through the use of, for example, complementary redistributive income support. » Increasing the proftability of fsh farms, ensuring generational exchange, ensuring the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems, combating climate change and reducing CO2 emissions, building a business model that is resilient and ƽe\iFle Xo QarOeX deQands Fuilding oTeraXional capacity based on knowledge and experience, building development capacity by strengthening GulXural Xies ensuring an eƾGienX insXiXuXional system for control and enforcement of the Common *isLeries PoliG] and iQTroZing XLe eƾGienG] of control activities and the effectiveness oJ XLe fsLeries daXa GolleGXion s]sXeQ 7uƾGienX ToliG] in XLe area FuX laGO oJ iQTleQenXaXion andor TarXiall] QeX Fased on daXa 72 SDG 2 Review of progress under each goal Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Poland. The 2023 National Report » Conservation of genetic diversity of crops and livestock – safeguarding in the collections of gene banks the genetic resources of plants for food and agriculture and maintaining local livestock breeds at risk of extinction. Actions to support biological progress in animal and plant production aimed at optimising the genetic base. » Improving the mechanism to ensure coherence between the implemented tasks of agricultural advisory units and the priorities and challenges for agriculture and rural areas idenXifed under XLe )9 'oQQon %griGulXural Policy and in strategic documents. » Promotion of Polish high-quality food, including regional, traditional and organic food on the domestic, European and world markets. The aim is to create a positive image of Polish food, increase the competitiveness of Polish high-quality food and build a strong and recognisable brand of Polish agri-food products. » Enabling farm and fshery work and small￾scale additional non-agricultural economic activities and supporting the process of entrepreneurship development in rural areas through the integration of business environment institutions working for the development of rural areas, their promotion and improvement of the quality and eƾGienG] oJ XLe serZiGes TroZided » Satellite Crop Monitoring System project – design, construction and development of an IT system using synergy of satellite, meteorological, soil and statistical data to monitor agricultural crops across Poland. Unique on a European scale, the system, using satellite remote sensing and arXifGial inXelligenGe [ill TroZide GoQTreLensiZe knowledge on the condition of agricultural crops, forecast the occurrence of adverse weather events. » Promotion of a healthy diet among schoolchildren by making fruit, vegetables, milk and dairy products available to children and educational activities implemented in schools, as well as promotion of proper eating habits and physical activity, work on a friendly food labelling system, research on consumer preferences regarding food choices. Strategic documents setting out directions for action » Strategy for Responsible Development for the period up to 2020 (including the perspective up to 2030) » 7XraXeg] Jor susXainaFle deZeloTQenX oJ rural areas agriGulXure and fsLeries  » Strategic Plan for the Common Agricultural Policy 2023-2027 » National Recovery and Resilience Plan 73 SDG 2 Review of progress under each goal Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Poland. The 2023 National Report Challenges and lessons learned » Increasing the resilience of food supply chains. Distortions in supply chains, protectionism of local markets, and closed borders are idenXifed as Gauses oJ Jood Grises and driZers oJ LigL gloFal Jood TriGes 8o inGrease resilience in this regard, it is worthwhile to diversify food supply sources in favour of countries hitherto more resilient to supply chain disruptions; to shift from the common policy of just-in-time production to increasing stocks and storage bases of key inputs; to seek suppliers located closer to their own production base. » Mitigating and adapting to climate change creates the need to seek innovative agricultural solutions to help increase yields and generate on-farm savings under changing conditions. A key challenge in this area is for Poland to meet the EU’s Farm to Table strategy target of reducing nutrient losses by 50% by 2030, while maintaining soil fertility and protecting the environment. » Declining employment in the agricultural sector is caused, among other things, by demographic changes, inGreasing eƾGienG] oJ agrarian TraGXiGes and laGO oJ inXeresX in agriGulXure aQong ]oung TeoTle » Overexploitation of natural resources manifested by land degradation and excessive erosion is caused F] oZerinXensiZe feld TroduGXion Toor QanageQenX oJ seXaside and GroT roXaXions and oZergra^ing of animals. In addition, the poorly balanced use of pesticides leads to leaching of minerals from the soil, which worsens the environment. This should be countered by a change in the approach to the implementation of agricultural policy focusing on results (instead of only verifying compliance with EU regulations). A farmer applying for direct payments, among other things, will be required to meet Good Agricultural and Enviromental Condition of Land (GAEC) standards and Statutory Management Requirements (SMRs). In addition, greening payments have been replaced by area-based ecoschemes incentives that aim to reduce overexploitation of natural resources, prevent land erosion, reduce fertiliser use, rationally manage crop rotations, and encourage more pro-environmental practices among agricultural producers. » Reducing food waste and reducing losses in food production is crucial in the face of ensuring food security, growing external crises and shaky supply chains. Food is wasted at every stage of the food chain, but especially in households. +iZen XLe sTeGifGiX] oJ XLis issue XLere is an urgenX need noX onl] Xo adoTX sTeGifG legislaXiZe soluXions in XLis regard FuX also Xo TroQoXe selJregulaXor] TraGXiGes 74 SDG 2 Review of progress under each goal Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Poland. The 2023 National Report
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Voluntary National Review – Portugal, 2017 18 END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Within the Portuguese constitutional framework, we can identify the following objectives of the agricultural policy: i) increase the agricultural production and productivity, enhance competitiveness and ensure the quality of products and their effective marketing, a better supply of the country’s needs and more exports; ii) create the necessary conditions for reaching effective equality between farm labour and other professions and avoid unfavourable trading positions for the agricultural sector in relation with other sectors; and iii) ensure the rational use and management of soils and other natural resources as well as maintaining their capacity to regenerate. In terms of agricultural activity, in the framework of the current National Reform Plan, the importance of developing infrastructure and business environment in the improvement of the agricultural activity itself, ensuring a more harmonious and sustainable rural development, should be stressed. In particular, it seeks to ensure that the investments in expansion and rehabilitation of the national irrigation network are continued, to develop a competitive and sustainable agriculture, as well as for the sustainability and conservation of rural territories. On the economic value of agricultural and forestry activities and their routing to the market, and also the value of rural land, the fundamental guidelines of Major Planning Options for 2016-19 aim to improve the quality of products, guaranteeing food security and increase the productivity of the factors of production, with a view to support the internationalization of companies operating in the food supply chain and agro-forestry, and also in the substitution of imports on the domestic market, in order to achieve a balance in agricultural trade balance in the long term. Equally important is the reinforcement of support given to small agriculture, to the rejuvenation of the social fabric in rural areas, with a focus on agricultural entrepreneurship, and to the promotion and reinforcement of the strategies and local partnerships. In the regional context, the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) already contains many of the concerns expressed in the SDGs, ensuring safety and quality in the supply of food products, as well as contributing to the sustainability of the rural economy, in parallel with the concern for sustainable management of natural resources in respect for future generations, in a permanent perspective of integration of the new challenges that the world faces today. It is therefore important to maximize the contribution of the CAP in achieving SDGs, GUIDELINES  End hunger and ensure access by all people to quality, safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round  End all forms of malnutrition  Ensure sustainable food production systems and implement agricultural practices that are resilient to climate change  Maintain the genetic diversity and ensure fair sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources  Enhance international cooperation for sustainable water management and of food production systems  Ensure rural sustainable development, stimulating investment, increase of productivity, the efficient use of resources and support the productive and social schemes in rural areas Voluntary National Review – Portugal, 2017 19 through a coordinated approach, anticipating and developing measures in the future, both at EU level and at national level, including policies, measures and instruments existing at national level in the first and the second pillars of the CAP, respectively financed by the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD). Within the scope of the first pillar of the CAP there is a definition of: i) regimes of payments directly to the farmers, that include a base payment; ii) payment for young farmers with the aim of rejuvenating the sector; iii) redistributive payment; iv) regimes for small agriculture, allowing a better fit between small farms and the requirements of the policies; v) regimes of associated support, in the sectors or regions in special situations, for economic reasons, either environmental and/or social; and vi) payment for agricultural practices that benefit the climate and the environment (greening), contributing to the improvement of the environmental performance of the agricultural activity. On the other hand, through the 2014-2020 Rural Development Programme for mainland Portugal (RDP 2020), we seek to promote investments in farming with the aim of increasing the capacity to generate added value, increase productivity, promote a more efficient use of resources (water, soil and energy) and support the productive and social tissue in rural areas. In the framework of the European Structural and Investment Funds, the integrated approach to territorial development is achieved through the Community-Led Local Development, which puts the focus on the central role of the agricultural sector for local development, granting specific support for small farmers and small investments in farming, also in processing and marketing of agricultural products. Moreover, there is the need to support diversification of on-farm activities such as tourism, linked with the renewal of traditional villages, the promotion of quality products and the development of short supply chains and local markets, as a means to facilitate market access for small producers. In order to ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices, we would stress the importance of instruments and actions such as the National Action Plan for the Sustainable Use of Plant Protection Products (reduction of human health and environment risks), the production and certification of biological diverse seed mixtures, the National Apiculture Programme (provides technical assistance to beekeepers, promoting the apicultural products, honey and bee health, improving conditions for production, breeding and biodiversity, and the quality of honey and research), the maintenance of permanent grassland and permanent pasture (greening), the promotion of innovation operational groups in the context of the European Innovation Partnership for Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability, the technical and entrepreneurial capacity building of the assets of the forestry sector or the support to the organic and integrated production methods, provided for in the RDP 2020. Regarding genetic diversity, we wish to point out the promotion of the conservation and improvement of plant and animal genetic resources in the RDP 2020, supporting the conservation of local species that were in risk of extinction and the conservation and improvement of animal and plant genetic resources. This measure is highly interconnected with the National Plan for Plant Genetic Resources, the National Plan for Animal Genetic Resources and the National Programmes for Animal and Plant Genetic Improvement. Contributing to a supply of sufficient, nutritious and quality food, the National Strategy School Fruit Scheme has the main objective of promoting healthy eating habits, by introducing or reinforcing eating habits in children in order to disseminate healthy habits throughout the population — with an intention to establish, in Voluntary National Review – Portugal, 2017 20 the next cycle, starting from 2017, free distribution to schools. The Strategy is strengthened by the free milk and fruit distribution programmes funded by the European Union. By incorporating the concern with a balanced nutritional diet, adjustments were made to the 2014-2020 Operational Program for Support to People in Need (Programa Operacional de Apoio às Pessoas mais Carenciadas, or POAPMC), a program that provides food support that will shift its approach, from the current model of food distribution to a model of food safety, aiming at reaching a minimum of 60 thousand people per year. These changes were meant to reinforce the quantity and quality of the food being distributed to the program’s beneficiaries, as well as the regularity of its distribution. Following some of the objectives of the Operational Program, a new food basket was defined, composed of 18 diverse products, including meat and fish, which takes into consideration the specific needs of five different social groups (children under 2 of age, children under 4 of age, children under 14 of age, adults and elderly persons), ensuring 50% of the monthly nutritional needs of the program’s beneficiaries. In the field of social protection, the Rendimento Social de Inserção (Social Integration Income) plays an important role as a measure to support people and families in serious economic need and at risk of social exclusion. In the field of health, contributing to end all forms of malnutrition, it is also worth mentioning the National Health Service, accessible to the entire population, and its National Child and Youth Health Programme, National Low-Risk Pregnancy Surveillance Programme, National School Health Programme, as well as the Maternal and Infant Referral Network. Within the scope of the research and technology for regional development, the National Network for Agricultural, Livestock and Forest experimentation, research and testing will be soon established. Encouraging mutual dialogue, fairness and balance of the food supply chain, the Plataforma de Acompanhamento das Relações na Cadeia Alimentar [Platform for Monitoring Food Chain Relations] introduces more transparency in commercial relations along the agri-food chain, namely in the distribution of value among all sectors of production, processing and distribution of agricultural and agri-food products. Specifically, we note the establishment of Observatories on formation of prices and margins (European Milk Market Observatory and the European Meat Market Observatory, National Observatory on Value Chain in the Agri-food Sector) and the relevance of GlobalAgriMar platform, providing information on products and markets, stimulating investment, export and internationalization of national businesses. In the Autonomous Region of the Azores, measures to assist local agricultural products are in place, in particular, the Azores 2014-2020 Rural Development Programme (PRORURAL+) which provides support for investments in agricultural enterprises, processing and marketing of agricultural products as well as measures supporting knowledge transfer, with the aim of increasing productivity and farmers’ incomes, increasing resource efficiency and job creation. Moreover, we underline the existence of measures to prevent possible disasters, supporting farms to prevent situation that destroy natural ecosystems, changing watercourses, or soil erosion. International co-operation has been strengthening cross-border cooperation, not only at the level of the Iberian Peninsula, but also in the Mediterranean region. Portugal is part of the Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area 2018-2027, for sustainable water management and food production systems, involving funds totalling 600 million euro, with a contribution from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme. Voluntary National Review – Portugal, 2017 21 Aiming to correct and prevent restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, it was decided, in the European context, to eliminate export subsidy, and control export credits and international food aid, on the date of adoption of the Ministerial Decision on Export Competition in the World Trade Organization’s 10th Ministerial Conference (Nairobi, December 19 2015). In addition, by pursuing a policy of opening up to new international markets, important sanitary and phytosanitary agreements have been signed with third countries, enabling the removal of restrictions to international agricultural trade national agro-industrial products.
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16  II.1.2 SDG 2 - END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS Main planning instruments and policy measures with relevant contribution to the SDG: Linked to the evolution of the indicators/targets of this SDG are a set of public policy measures aimed at pro￾moting healthy eating, the provision and supply of essential products in the food chain, preventing external dependen￾cies and uncontrolled effects on fnal prices and promoting sustainable and resilient agriculture.  National Strategy for the Implementation of the School Scheme (2017-2023) | It has sought to meet the objectives of promoting the con￾sumption of fruit and vegetables and milk among school-age children, of creating eating habits for a healthy diet;  For the indicator assessing food price anoma￾lies, and although it has a negative value due to Covid-19, the National Strategy for the Promo￾tion of Cereal Production (ENPPC 2018-2023) must be considered, which incorporates the goal of self-suffciency in cereal production contrib￾uting to a stronger and more effcient sector, with greater capacity for resistance to market volatility, with the capacity to give consumers a high-quality product, better adapted to climate change and which contributes signifcantly to the protection of soil, water and biodiversity, should be considered. In addition, other planning instruments and policy measures included in the GO and PNR stand out:  Support for investment in precision and smart agriculture with funding of EUR 12 million. Im￾plement PEPAC from January 2023, through the measures established therein for fairer and more inclusive agriculture, promoting active manage￾ment of the territory. This is based on innovative and sustainable agricultural and forestry produc￾tion, with a better redistribution of support, par￾ticularly for small-scale farming and the rejuvena￾tion of the activity and ensuring access to direct payments for all eligible areas;  Research and innovation agenda for the sus￾tainability of agriculture, food and agro-industry (EUR 93 million), which will contribute to one of the targets of SDG 2 that aims to boost one hun￾dred research and innovation programmes and projects and fve structuring projects focused on the 15 fagship initiatives recommended in the Agenda for Innovation in Agriculture 2020- 2030. Also, the implementation of a pilot project for the monitoring of the nutritional status of chil￾dren under 5 years of age and the continuation of the system for monitoring the nutritional status of school children aged 6-9 years enrolled in the Na￾tional Programme for the Promotion of Healthy Eating 2022 -2030. This will hopefully contribute to the improvement of the situation in two indi￾cators foreseen in this SDG and which were regis￾tered for the frst time in statistical terms. ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS IN THE AUTONOMOUS REGIONS AUTONOMOUS REGION OF AZORES The main planning instruments and policy meas￾ures highlighted by the Government of the ARA are:  Implementation of the food donation measure for the most deprived through the Regional So￾cial Action Fund created by Government Council Resolution which resulted in 855 tonnes of food donations in 2021 (an increase of 270 tonnes com￾pared to the previous year); 17  The measure to support 28,568 Azorean house￾holds in need by the Azores social security is also highlighted, through a EUR 60 subsidy to address the increase in food prices, as a result of the armed confict in Ukraine, through Government Council Resolution 80/2020 of 30 March 2020.  A support measure was created for the Lunch Re￾gime during Holidays and School Interruptions, as well as Social Canteens aimed at providing meals to the most vulnerable populations. Several sec￾toral plans were also approved, namely the Strat￾egy for the Development of Organic Agriculture and the Action Plan for the Production and Pro￾motion of Organic Agricultural Products in the Autonomous Region of the Azores (2019-2029) and the Strategic Plan for Beekeeping in the ARA (2019-2029). AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MADEIRA The main planning tools and policy measures high￾lighted by the ARM government are:  Implementation of good circular economy prac￾tices in the Santo António da Serra Mini Cider Brewery - Machico, where other projects related to the application of the circular economy in oth￾er areas of the agri-food sector have also been highlighted;  In the feld of food safety and quality, develop￾ment and promotion of training and capaci￾ty-building through the Training Plan of the Ag￾ricultural School of Madeira and activities of the Agri-Food Innovation Division. It is important to emphasise in this feld the signing of an agree￾ment between the Madeira Food Bank and the Regional Directorate for Agriculture and Rural Development, through the Agri-Food Innovation Division;  Also highlighted was the monthly publication in DICAS (TIPS) of the column called «100% of Our Land Without Waste», which aims to establish the parallelism between the promotion of the consumption of ARM products and giving value to the proximity between production and consump￾tion, with the reduction of ecological losses along the food production chains and food waste. Support was provided to the network for distributing meals to homeless people, with the aim of guaranteeing a re￾sponse to 100% of meal requests. In the year 2022, 100% of meal orders were guaranteed. The project «Give knowledge, feed to live» is aimed at training people in the daily practice of low-cost, healthy eating. Between 2021-2022, 626 families were covered by these awareness-raising actions. ANNEX II II.1 Progress and current situation of the SDGs II. Progress on objectives and targets and evaluation of policies and measures taken so far from the perspective of the Government
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56 2023 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS OVERALL EVALUATION Some indicators that challenge current public policies stand out, although evolution has been favourable. The high prevalence of obesity, registered in 2019, was an increase from 2015 and is one of the challenges in this SDG. It is not, howe￾ver, re!ected in the framework of the targets assessed due to the absence of data according to the methodology adopted, as explained above.In 2019, 1.5 million people aged 18 years or over (16.9%) were obese in Portugal.. Women were more affected than men (17.4% and 16.4%, respectively). Obesity mainly affects the population aged 55 to 74 years, with values in this age group above 20%. The indicator of food price anomalies is also to be emphasised. It deteriorated in 2020 after normal values since 2015 and abnormally high values in 2020, due to the pandemic situation, with probable aggravation in the futu￾re due to the war against Ukraine. This contributes to a ne￾gative evaluation of target 2.c. In the national context, the agreement signed by the government in March 2023 with the agriculture and distribution sectors, aimed at reducing and stabilising food prices, should be recalled. The pact fo￾resees the already-implemented reduction of value added tax (VAT) from 6% to 0% for a basket of essential goods, as well as support for agricultural production, along with other measures that will be monitored regularly. The agricultural area used for organic production has been increasing slightly, albeit still at very low levels. It was 5.3% in 2019, up 0.2 p.p. from 2016. For the implementation of this target, the Regulation (EU) 2018/848 of the EP and of the Council, of 30 May 2018, on organic production and labelling of organic products but also the participation in the international network of bioregions and developing the strategic planning of the biological production model are essential to combat food insecurity resulting from the different crises and reach a le￾vel that allows a balance between agricultural production and the protection of ecosystems. In this context, within the scope of public consulta￾tion, attention was directed to the need to include measu￾res or strategies related to the dissemination of breastfee￾ding and breastfeeding practices, in line with the guidelines of the World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNICEF, among others. In the international "eld, there has been an increa￾se in Of"cial Development Assistance (ODA) and other of"cial !ows to the agricultural sector since 2015, which peaked in 2017. ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC POLICIES The Assessment of the Mainland Portugal Rural Development Programme (RDP) 2014-2020, published in 2019, mentions the signi"cant contribution of this pro￾gramme to the effects on the modernisation of agricultural holdings, the enhancement of agricultural production and the increase of its added value. MAIN CHALLENGES Two recently adopted strategies, the Innovation Strategy for Agriculture 2020-2030 - «Future Earth (Terra Futura)» - and the National Strategy for Food and Nutri￾tional Security (ENSAN) 2021 will have a positive impact on promoting the well-being and sustainability of more innovative, ef"cient and sustainable agriculture and ade￾quate and safe food, in the framework of the progressive achievement of the human right to adequate food. The ENSAN 2021 revolves around "ve identi"ed needs: (i) improvement of the nutritional state of the Portu￾guese population; (ii) ensure the security of food systems, including in the more vulnerable groups; (iii) better functio￾ning of the agri-food value chain, including the reduction of food waste; (iv) improving the quality of consumer informa￾tion; and (v) entrepreneurship and innovation in terms of food and nutrition security. 57 F 5. Progress on the goals and targets and evaluation of policies and measures taken so far from the perspective of the Government 5.2 Progress and current situation of the SDGs ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS IN THE AUTONOMOUS REGIONS OVERALL EVALUATION In the ARA, the prevalence of obesity recorded in 2019 increased, as was the case in the national evaluation, increasing by 0.7 p.p. compared to 2015. This is, therefore, a challenge to be tackled in this region, considering in ad￾dition that the rate is higher than in the country as a whole (22.8% of the population aged 18 years and over are obese). On a more positive note, the prevalence of obesity recor￾ded in 2019 in the ARM decreased 1.7 p.p. compared to 2015 - 16.8% of the population aged 18 years and over was obese. It should be noted with regard to the goal of creating sustainable food production systems and implementing resilient agricultural practices, that in 2019 the ARA had 0.6% of the agricultural area used in organic production mode, which is a slight increase of this indicator (0.4 p.p.) compared to 2016. Despite de increase, this island region presents the lowest share of use of the agricultural area for organic production. In the ARM, on the other hand, registered in this same time interval the most signi"cant increase of all national regions - 3.3% of the agricultural area was used for organic production in 2019, compared to 0.5% recorded in 2016. AUTONOMOUS REGION OF AZORES The Assessment of the RDP of the ARA, PRORU￾RAL+, published in 2019, highlights the contribution to potentially important results and impacts. These include the improvement of the economic performance of farms by the combined effect of restructuring, modernisation and also rejuvenation of the managers of the supported farms. Also noteworthy was the approval, in 2019, of the Re￾gional Strategy for the Development of Organic Agricul￾ture and Action Plan for the Production and Promotion of Organic Agricultural Products of the ARA, which has been successfully applied in this region. AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MADEIRA The Assessment of the RDP of the ARM 2014- 2020, PRODERAM 2020, (2019), mentions the signifi￾cant contribution of this programme and its impact on the modernisation of agricultural holdings, the enhan￾cement of agricultural production and the increase of its added value. It should be noted that there are some recommendations for better implementation of the programme, in particular those concerning the streng￾thening of agri-food chains. The aim is to achieve food security and promote sustainable agriculture. Additionally, emphasis is given to the Food Emer￾gency Programme implemented in the ARM with a view to supporting all households indicated in the scope, accor￾ding to the "nancial allocation available, with the aim of guaranteeing support to 100% of eligible bene"ciaries. In December 2022, 4,032 eligible recipients were identi"ed, corresponding to 100% of covered recipients.
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24 Palestinian National Voluntary Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture The Government is committed to enhancing food security, promoting agriculture and developing rural communities as part of its efforts to build resilient societies. Food insecurity in Palestine is largely characterized by the lack of financial ability to access food, which is highly linked to the prevalence of high poverty unemployment, and global warming; those obstacles are compounded by the restricted access by Israel to Palestinian’s own natural resources, such as water and land, and trade. Food insecurity remains to be a major challenge in Palestine, particularly in the most vulnerable communities and groups, including Gaza, rural communities in the West Bank, refugees, Bedouins and women-headed households. The state of food insecurity in Palestine remains high, where according to the Food Insecurity Experience Scale Index (FIES) between 2014-2016, 9.54% or half a million Palestinians are experiencing severe food insecurity9 , while according to national records, 8.9% are experiencing extreme food insecurity, and 13.6% are moderately food insecure. In Gaza, the 11 years of siege have raised food insecurity to worrying levels, where 18.7% of citizens experience severe food insecurity and 21% experience moderate food insecurity, compared respectively to 3.3% and 9.4% in the West Bank. As for the West Bank’s rural communities, which present 27% of the population, of which, 21% are still experiencing food insecurity. Marginalized groups are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity and are disproportionately affected. In the West Bank 24.5% of women￾led households are food insecure and 49.6% of women-headed households in Gaza are food insecure, whereas for male-led households 15.3% and 46.1% are food insecure in respectively10. The occupation policies in area C has led to 79% of Bedouin households being food insecure11. High food insecurity has fed rising levels of malnutrition, where a significant rise in malnutrition-related conditions was observed. This includes a 60% increase in the number of underweight children and an 11% increase in the number of children between 9-12 month of age suffering from anemia. According to a national survey completed by the Ministry of Health and UNICEF in 2013, 10.3% of children aged 6-59 months suffer from stunting, and 4.5% are malnourished with vitamin and other mineral deficiencies. Simultaneously, the study found that 22.1% of males and 23.1% of females are overweight which signals Double Burden of Malnutrition12. Dunum = 1,000 sqm 25 Key challenges to ending hunger: Palestinian food insecurity is overwhelmingly caused by the lack of Palestinian control over their natural resources as a result of the Israeli occupation and its continued inhuman siege of Gaza. In the West Bank, including Est Jerusalem, Israel’s illegal settlement expansion has led to the illegal appropriation of private and public Palestinian land, in many cases, to be harvested by Israeli settlers. The majority of Palestine’s fertile and productive farmland lies in Area C, which is comprised of 64% of the West Bank and under Israeli occupation, hence denying and restricting the access of Palestinians to their own lands. The completion of the Wall will result in a permanent loss of Palestinian agricultural land. The percentage of agriculture, fishing, and hunting workers has declined dramatically since 2002 due to the difficulties faced by those industries where workers in those industries face daily acts of assault and closure by the Israeli occupying authority. Fishermen in Gaza are continuously assaulted by the Israeli occupation navy (1283 violations, of which 1193 were shooting incidents) while agriculture workers face restrictions in delivering their produce to market. Israel’s control over Palestinian water resources as well as planning and building also prevents Palestinians from constructing the vital water storage and irrigation systems needed for agriculture. As a result, protected irrigated agriculture makes up just 2.3% of cultivated land in the West Bank, with the remaining being rain-fed with low yield. As irrigated land is, on average, fifteen times more productive than rain-fed land, 2.3% of irrigated land contributes almost half of the West Bank’s total plant production14. Palestine’s most fertile agricultural land, 85.2% of in the Jordan Valley is off-limits to Palestinians under various pretexts. It is estimated that regaining control of Area C and the Jordan Valley for full cultivation would add US$1bn to the Palestinian GDP, an increase of 9%15 . The siege of the Gaza Strip has also constrained access to farmland, where up to 35% of the agricultural areas in Gaza are off-limits as access restricted areas16. The situation has further deteriorated after the 2014 military aggression, during which almost one third of agricultural land was damaged, and much of the most fertile land has been contaminated by the explosive remnants17. The combination of shocks and restrictions brought about by the siege have resulted in huge output and employment losses in Gaza’s agricultural industry, including the extensive destruction of agricultural property and products, and the undermining of the productive base. Likewise, as of 2016 Gazan fishing communities are granted access to only nine nautical miles of ocean from the coast18, limiting them to shallow waters with inferior fish stocks (See SDG 14). Combined with the unequal distribution of underground water resources between illegal Israeli settlements and Palestinian communities (See SDG 6), the change of water practices alongside climate change has resulted in a growing risk of desertification (See SDG 13). As most farmland relies on rainwater, changing weather patterns alongside restricted water access remains a major concern for the Palestinian government. This risks increasing food insecurity and increase dependence on food aid. Implementing The SDGS: PEOPLE Workers in Agriculture A strong agricultural sector is crucial for bolstering food security in Palestine, yet it operates below its expected productivity levels and has been in serious decline over the past two decades. The contribution of agriculture to GDP has declined from 8.5% in 2000 to below 3% in 2016, while employment in the agricultural sector declined from 14.1% to 7.4% in the same period13. The majority of farms have smallholdings, with 75% of them being below 10 dunum and 93% being below 30 dunum. Additionally, 78% of private farmland in Palestine is used for private consumption. The decreasing size of small agricultural holdings is partly due to the inheritance laws where the average size farm dropped from 18.6 dunum to 10.8 dunum. 19.4 18.3 17.8 13.9 38.3 38.0 38.8 53.0 26.2 25.7 25.8 29.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2009 2010 2011 2017 West Bank Gaza Strip Palestine 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Percentage Males Work in Agriculture Percentage Females Work 16.8 29.6 5.8 13.9 33.8 53 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Deep Poverty Poverty Gaza West Bank Palestine 26 Palestinian National Voluntary Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda Government and Partners Efforts: Despite the challenges faced by the Palestinian government and its partners alike a series of interventions were put in place to reduce food insecurity and monitor food’s safety. The Palestinian government has put in place a national strategy to ensure the quality of food currently being consumed through monitoring to ensure the compliance with international standards for food quality and safety. The government and its partners are directly supporting farmers through the cultivation of 1850 hectares of land and the increase of irrigation water by 4.7 million square meters due to the use of dripping irrigation system and the treatment of sewage water. In addition, the government exempts farmers from paying income tax with a VAT refund program for farmer’s working expenditure is underway. The Palestinian Agriculture Credit Institution was created in order to increase the investment in farming especially small farms and most impacted by the Israeli occupation. The Government has also adopted the National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change and has initiated the implementation of the National Nutrition Monitoring Program for all segments of the community as a verification and investigation effort that will help to take action to improve the Palestinian nutritional status. The Ministry of Health has also launched the Child Friendly Clinic Initiative to promote awareness of the correct nutritional patterns for children, as well as the nutrition support program. Looking forward: Our vision for food security and hunger eradication depends on strengthening the interrelationship between agricultural development, social protection and economic development, which are addressed in the coherent and integrated National Policy Agenda 2017-2022. To enhance livelihoods and food security, and as part of its commitment to providing the basic needs of the population, contributing to their resilience, and building on its previous achievements, the Government and its partners will develop and enforce the national policy on food and nutrition security in Palestine. Efforts will continue to promote agriculture in rural communities by focusing on increasing livestock production, developing value chains, and strengthening programs to protect and support farmers, especially in the marginalized areas. Government and its partners prioritize its land reclamation programs, and water harvesting to increase irrigated agricultural areas. Investment in farming and the development of Agricultural safety nets will continue to support farmers, fishermen and women, as the sustainability of these two sectors is vital to food security, and the preservation of Palestinian cultural heritage. 27 Implementing The SDGS: PEOPLE
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[ 2 ]
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19 SDG2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Qatar does not have any reason to suffer from hunger. However, the second part of SDG2 on food security issues is of great interest to the State because it has an open economy and a desert nature with low agricultural production and is already feeding so many expatriate workers. Qatar imports about 90% of its food needs, which means that food security is of paramount importance. Qatar may face very complex challenges in ensuring access to foreign imports due to the geopolitical conflicts in food production areas. Qatar has always recognized the importance of food security and that is why Qatar National Food Security Program was established in 2011. The strategy focuses on achieving food security through local production, national production of food outside the country, imports and storage within the country. Each of these sources raises a number of risks that must be addressed to achieve the program objectives. Qatar enhanced the local agricultural and livestock production system through Qatari investments in some countries. About 12.7% of the country’s food security needs were met in 2014. The NDS-2 called for promoting food self-sufficiency with varying levels of animal and fish production. Achievements 1. Prime Minister's Decision No. 13 of 2013 on the creation and formation of a technical committee promoting private sector participation in food security projects. The committee develops mechanisms to encourage the private sector to participate in development, especially in food security projects, and identifies areas of government support fostering the private sector developmental role. 2. Qatar National Food Security Plan was established in 2013 to develop a long-term strategy that would enable the State of Qatar to considerably increase its local food production in the coming decades and enhance the security of its imports of other food items. Meanwhile, Qatar National Food Security Program promotes agriculture through technology, water resources, private sector involvement and capacity building. 3. The establishment of the QAR 3-billion Hassad Company in 2008. Hassad invests about QAR 500 million in livestock and cereals (wheat and barley) in Australia. The company also has plans to invest in Canada, Turkey and Sudan. It has projects in Pakistan (rice), India and Oman with a view to satisfy Qatar’s need for certain food imports. Hassad focuses on five products that meet local market demand: cereals, sugar, rice, meat and chicken and fodder. 4. The farms of Global Project Development Company have worked through AGRICCO Program to replace traditional crops with modern hydroponics, which use limited areas of land and save 80% of water consumption. 5. The State of Qatar ranked first among the GCC countries and 20th among 113 nations worldwide on the Food Security Index issued by the Alpen Capital annual report on food industry in GCC countries. The report shows that Qatar is still 20 determined to achieve self-sufficiency at 40% by 2030 as stipulated in Qatar National Food Security Programme launched in 2008. Challenges: Qatar agricultural, livestock and fisheries production system is facing a number of challenges, including: 1. High population growth. Qatar population doubled in eight years (from about 1.4 million in 2008 to about 2.6 million in 2016), at an average annual growth rate of 7.7%. This was coupled with rising disposable income, increased number of tourists, expanding urbanization and higher consumer preferences. 2. Dry and hot climate with high temperature, increasing salinity and scarcity of groundwater, arid lands and lack of fresh water. 3. Limited areas of arable land (only 650 square kilometers or 65,000 hectares equaling 6% of the total Qatar territory). This is combined with low agricultural production and the lack of weather-friendly crops, which reduces contribution to food security. In addition, the marketing structure does not satisfy the expansion of local agricultural production. Scarcity of feed components in the country. 4. Limited self-sufficiency in animal production (12%) and fisheries (45%) in 2016, due to the low contribution of local cattle in food security and scarcity of fishing areas and hyper exploitation of fisheries, as well as the scarcity of commercial fish farms that would increase local production. Limited availability of some necessary equipment and services for fishing vessels in some fishing ports. Lack of fish processing activities that might contribute to the diversification and expansion of fish products.
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SDG 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Te State of Qatar enjoys high levels of income. Hunger, according to international defnition, does not pose a challenge for Qatar, and fghting this global dilemma locally is not among the country’s priorities. Nevertheless, the State of Qatar pays great attention to the targets related to providing food security and improved nutrition, promoting sustainable agriculture, doubling agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers. Tis is represented in the targets that ensure sustainable food production systems, and the implementation of robust agricultural practices that lead to increasing productivity and yields and preserving the genetic diversity of seeds and cultivated plants as well as investment, including through international cooperation. Te importance of Goal 2 is refected in the degree of attention that Qatar gives to development policies that aim to achieve food security and sustainable agriculture within an integrated strategy for managing natural resources in the country. Terefore, achieving food security is considered one of the strategic priorities of the State of Qatar. Qatar has already started to develop an advanced agricultural, livestock and fsh production system that will enhance self-sufciency and food security for the people of Qatar by investing in food production locally and internationally, ensuring a sustainable food production systems and increased productivity. Te goals of the natural resource management sector related to food security in Te Second National Development Strategy 2018-2022 are in line with the targets of SDG 2, which aim to achieve optimal utilization of natural resources, including food production resources and ensure their sustainability for the people of Qatar. Food security and achieving self-sufciency in some agricultural and livestock products represent the core focus of Qatar policies of developing the agricultural, livestock and fsh production sectors in the country,. Among the priorities of the natural resource development sector strategy in Te Second National Development Strategy 2018-2022 is building and developing an advanced agricultural, livestock and fsh production system that promotes self-sufciency and food security for the people of Qatar. Te strategy has defned three goals to be reached by 2022: Setting up an integrated plan for agricultural services; raising the rate of self-sufciency of fsh stock to 65% through establishing advanced fsh farms; and achieving a self-sufciency rate of 30% in livestock production through sustainable management of the animal production system. Within the framework of Te Second National Development Strategy 2018-2022, the Ministry of Municipality and Environment has developed an integrated strategic plan for food security based on four pillars: 1- international trade and logistics, 2- local self-sufciency, 3- strategic stocks, 4- local markets and supply chains. Tese four pillars aim to implement 13 initiatives by the end of 2023. QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 33 Achieved Progress Figure (2.1) shows that Qatar has achieved the frst target in terms of food security by 100% whereas the prevalence of undernourishment indidicator (2.1.1) shows a pattern of fuctuation. Te levels of undernourishment in Qatar are, however, much lower compared to the global average (8.9%) in 2018 Te same applies to the indicators of the third and fourth targets related to agricultural production due to the fuctuations in crop productivity and cultivated areas. Figure (2.1): Progress of SDG 2 Targets As for the genetic diversity target (2.5), the detailed data of the indicator in table (2.5), despite its periodic fuctuation, demonstrate that signifcant eforts were made to conserve genetic livestock, Table (2.1) Alignment of Te Second National Development Strategy (2018-2022) goals with the targets of SDG2 Sector Aligned goals of Te Second National Development Strategy 2018-2022 SDG 2 Targets 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Natural resource management By 2022, develop an integrated plan for agricultural services. By 2022, raise the rate of self-sufciency in fsh stocks to 65% through the establishment of advanced fsh farms. By 2022, achieve self-sufciency rate of 30% from livestock production through sustainable management of the livestock production system. Economic infrastructure development By 2022, provide an infrastructure to use 70% of the treated wastewater produced in various projects. Environment￾friendly development By 2022, create a green belt around the city of Doha and its suburbs. 100% Declining On track Fluctuating Data unavailable Measures adopted Target Achieved End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4.1 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.a.1 2.a.2 2.b.1 2.c.1 100% 34 QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 plant and herbal resources. Te same applies to the investment indicators in tables (2.6) and (2.7), which show fuctuating levels of expenditure on agriculture. However, the detailed data indicate an increase in government expenditure as well as private investments in agricultural production in recent years. As for the indicator of development aid fows to the agricultural sector in developing countries, the fows have decreased according to the latest available data in 2017. With regard to, target( 2.c) which calls for adoption of measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets, food reserves and prices, Qatar has put in place appropriate policies and mechanisms of legislation and specialized agencies for this purpose as shown in Box (2.1). Target 2.1: By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufcient food all year round All residents of Qatar, in particular the poor and vulnerable groups of society, get enough food. Tere is also a noticeable improvement in the gender undernourishment index since 2017, with a remarkable improvement among females, depicted by the percentage decrease of 32% in 2019 compared to 2017. Table (2.2) shows that the rate of undernourishment among males decreased by 21%. In 2020, the State of Qatar was ranked third in the Arab world and 37th globally in the Global Food Security Index (GFSI) issued by the British Economist magazine2 , noting that Qatar’s ranking has dropped signifcantly from its position in 2019. Te GFSI considers issues of food afordability, availability, quality and safety, natural resources and resilience across a group of 113 countries. Tere is no doubt that the risks associated with the “natural resources and resilience” component of the GFSI have negatively afected Qatar’s ranking despite the advanced position it achieved in 2020. Target 2-2: By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons Te wasting index is related to severe malnutrition, and we can shed light on this aspect of Target 2.2 through the available data using an index on the proportion of male and female children under 5 years of age who sufer from wasting. Table (2.3) shows that there is a gender disparity, as the percentage of wasted males in this age group reached 3.1% compared to 2.5 for females according to the latest available data. In general, children under 5 years of age who sufer from wasting in Qatar were close to 2.8%, which is less than half the global average in 2017 of 7.5%. Based on this data, Qatar has been able to reduce the prevalence of wasting to less than 5% and aims to reduce it to less than 3% by 2030. Table (2.2) Prevalence of undernourishment by gender (2016-2019) Sex Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 Goal by 2030 Males Rate 3.77 5.36 3.88 4.22 0 Females Rate 2.71 4.44 3.13 2.98 0 Total Rate 3.24 4.87 3.5 3.59 0 Gender Parity Index 0.72 0.83 0.81 0.71 1 Source: Ministry of Public Health and PSA calculations (2) Global Food Security Index Exploring challenges & developing solutions© 2021 Te Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 35 Target 2-3: By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small￾scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fshers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, fnancial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment Agricultural lands constitute about 6% of total area of the State of Qatar. Terefore, the agricultural sector is characterized by its limited resources of agricultural land and water, as well as other difcult climatic and environmental challenges. Te contribution of the agricultural sector to the GDP is 0.2%, and it employs 1.5% of the workforce. Te agricultural sector also plays a very modest role in the national economy. Te local production of crops covers approximately 10% of the national demand for foodstufs and animal feed. Despite the challenges facing agricultural and livestock production in Qatar due to the natural factors represented by the limited area of arable land and the scarcity and viability of irrigation water; nonetheless, this sector has recently become of paramount importance in the development policies of the country evidenced by allocation of increased fnancial, natural and human resources, infrastructure, scientifc research and development. Table (2.4) below shows that the sector’s productivity of green fodder, fruits and dates during the years 2016-2019 remained largely stable, while the productivity in grain production increased by nearly 40%. However, vegetable productivity decreased slightly by approximately 7% in 2019 afer it witnessed an acceleration in productivity until 2018. Sex Age Group Unit 2016 Goal by 2025 - 2030 Males Under 5 years % 3.1 0.0 Females Under 5 years % 2.5 0.0 Total Under 5 years % 2.8 0.0 Gender Parity Index 0.81 1.00 Table (2-3) Proportion of children under 5 years of age sufering from wasting (weight for height <-2 standard deviation from the median) by gender, 2016 Source: Ministry of Public Health. Type of Production Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 Goal by 2030 Green fodder Tons per Ha 81.4 81.2 82.3 81.3 162.8 Double 2016 Grains Tons per Ha 4.7 5 8.6 6.6 9.4 Double 2016 Vegetables Tons per Ha 25 25.7 26.9 23.3 50 Double 2016 Fruits and palms Tons per Ha 11.2 11.3 11.7 11.5 22.4 Double 2016 Table (2-4) Average yield of diferent crops (Tons per Hectare) (2016 - 2019) Source: Ministry of Municipality and Environment. 36 QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 Target 2-4: By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, fooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality Table (2.5) below shows the percentage of agricultural area allocated to productive and sustainable agriculture. Te agricultural area allocated to sustainable production increased between 2016 and 2019 by nearly 2%, and the area allocated to productive and sustainable agriculture increased by the same percentage. Te table shows that the areas utilized for productive and sustainable agriculture are equivalent to nearly half of the allocated area. Tis indicates that there are good opportunities for sustainable agricultural expansion in the country. Description Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 Goal by 2030 Agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture Ha 29,926.6 29,992.3 30,207.0 30,433.5 Increase Percentage of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture % 50.4 52.6 54.0 52.4 Increase Table (2-5) Percentage of agricultural area allocated for productive and sustainable agriculture (2016-2019) Source: Ministry of Municipality and Environment QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 37 Target 2-5: By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversifed seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefts arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed Te conservation and preservation of plant genetic resources and the protection of biodiversity are receiving great attention in the State of Qatar. In this regard, the State of Qatar joined the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in 2008 and ratifed the International Convention on Biological Diversity in 1996. It has also issued many legislations and laws aimed at protecting the environment and preserving biological diversity and plant genetic resources. Te frst national strategy for biodiversity was developed in 2004, and was updated within the framework of Te Second National Development Strategy 2018-2022 to contribute to achieving a balance between the pillars of sustainable development in the country, and to alleviate the increased pressures on components of biological diversity, including biological systems, animals, plants and fungi. Te Ministry of Municipality and Environment will implement several projects within Te Biodiversity Strategy 2018-2022, including the establishment and operation of a national database for biodiversity and a project to inventory and characterize animal genetic resources for food animals and agriculture. Best Practices Tere are many examples of best practices that government agencies in Qatar have used to enhance food security in the country. Below are some of these best practices related to Target (2-a) that aims to increase investment in agricultural research and extension services and target (2-c) that aims to adopt measures necessary for healthy markets. Example 1: Tere is a growing tendency for the government to encourage the private sector to invest in the agricultural sector. Te government focuses most of its eforts on providing production inputs to farmers, including improved seeds, fertilizers, agricultural extension and scientifc research. Te government distributes these inputs and services to farmers free of charge. In general, given the small contribution of the agricultural sector to the GDP, Table (2.6) below indicates that government expenditure on the agricultural sector makes up only a small percentage of public expenditure. However, a noticeable change occurred in the size of expenditure on this sector in 2019, as expenditure in that year increased by 3 times compared to 2016. Type of Genetic Resources Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 Conserved plant genetic resources Number 105 89 14 43 DNA resources Number 143 167 24 22 Herbaceous genetic resources Number 858 1,002 24 22 Total Number 1,106 1,258 62 87 Table (2-6) Number of plant and animal genetic resources conserved in Qatar Biobank (2016-2019) Source: Ministry of Municipality and Environment. 38 QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 Description Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 Goal by 2030 Total Government Expenditures Million QR 221,684 203,265 192,835 208,418 Increase Value of expenditure on farms (fertilizers + pesticides + seeds) Million QR 3 1.74 1.54 8.77 Table (2-6) Agriculture Orientation of Government Expenditures (2016-2019) Source: Ministry of Municipality and Environment. Te government is also encouraging the private sector to invest in the agricultural and food production sector. Te total direct fnancing provided by Qatar Development Bank for small and medium enterprises in the food security sector amounted to QR 4.45 billion from 2017 to 2020. Table (2.7) below shows the size of direct loans for food security projects in the private sector during the period 2017-2020. Example 2: It is an empirical fact that the vulnerable, low-income segments of the population spend the bulk of their income on food. Terefore, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry adopts measures to ensure the proper performance of basic commodity markets and to obtain timely information on markets, including food reserves, in order to help reduce the severity of price volatility, which afects the purchasing power of low-income people from the most vulnerable segments of the population. Te primary importance of these measures lies in enhancing the purchasing power of the poor and low-income people and providing them with adequate food with stable prices. Te system, as presented in Box (2.1) below has also succeeded in mitigating the risks arising from the the COVID-19 pandemic and its negative impacts on the food supply chains by diversifying the sources of imported food to the country. Box (2.1) Te Ministry of Commerce and Industry established a national system for managing and controlling strategic stocks of food and consumer goods Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total Direct Loans (Million Qatari Riyals) 1,151 1,348 985 968 4,452 Table (2.7) Funding for small and medium food security projects Source: Qatar Development Bank Te Ministry of Commerce and Industry undertakes the task of monitoring various information on the markets, including food reserves at the local and global levels, through the operation of a national system for managing and controlling strategic stocks of food and consumer goods according to its mandated functions. For this purpose, an electronic linking system has been established and managed to monitor and supervise strategic stocks in order to record all data related to the strategic goods movement and follow up on the levels of the quantities stored and maintain them according to safe and targeted periods of time. Te electronic system plays a fundamental role in providing automatic linking systems between partners to monitor strategic stocks of food and consumer goods which includes customs, suppliers, major outlets, local manufacturers and national producers. QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 39 Te system consists of three components: the legislative, electronic and logistical. On the legislative side, Decree-Law No. 24 of 2019 was issued to organize and manage strategic stocks of food and consumer goods. As for the electronic component, an integrated electronic system was established to monitor the strategic stocks, which was designed and built for the purposes of monitoring the strategic stocks through direct linkage with all concerned parties. Regarding the logistical component, it includes enhancing the storage capacity required to reach the target stocks of food and consumer goods. Te strategic inventory management and control system for food and consumer goods, in partnership with the private sector, has enabled the State of Qatar to adopt a rational and fexible policy to address and sustainably recover from the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the supply chains of food commodities, most of which come from abroad. Te system has also enabled the State of Qatar to adapt and mitigate the negative efects of emergency conditions resulting from regional political crises and natural disasters and epidemics. Challenges Te State of Qatar faces several challenges in its eforts to achieve the goal of ending hunger, specifcally the eforts concerned with achieving the targets related to sustainable food production and addressing the phenomenon of malnutrition. As for the challenges of sustainable food production, there are a few structural and natural obstacles faced by the agricultural, livestock and fsh production system in Qatar. In terms of structural factors, the plant and livestock production system accounts for a very small share of the workforce and the GDP, in addition to low productivity. Furthermore, the population grew increasingly since 2008 from about 1.6 million to nearly 2.7 million people in 2020 with an average annual growth rate of 6.1% due to the rapid economic growth and the need for manpower to implement mega development projects in the infrastructure sector. Tis population growth has resulted in a steady increase in urban expansion. Consequently, these factors have led to a high demand for food that can only be met through external sources due to the limited local production of plant, livestock and fsh production, which covers only 10% of local consumption. Te Food Security Strategy 2018-2023 aims to reach a self￾sufciency ratio of 70% by 2023 and 100% by 2030. Te natural resource challenges are posed by the scarcity of irrigation water and arable land, which amounts to 65 thousand hectares, equivalent to 5.6% of total area of the State. Te arid climate, the high temperatures and the increasing salinity and scarcity of groundwater pose major challenges to the food production system. Te planned expansion of local food production will put pressures on the limited natural resources through overfshing and depleting the groundwater, unless unconventional practices are followed in food production, such as hydroponics, greenhouse construction, and the use of advanced technologies in agriculture, livestock and fsh production. Malnutrition is the second component of the challenges facing Qatar in its endeavour to achieve the goal of ending hunger by 2030. Te proportion of children under 5 years of age who are obese, and overweight is 8.1% for females and 8.6% for males. On the other hand, Qatar faces challenges related to food safety, especially since 90% of the food in Qatar is imported. Qatar witnesses annually the spread of imported foodborne diseases accompanied by a number of germs that cause diseases. With rapid population growth, the State’s need to increase food imports is in parallel with the need for continuous management and control of the potential risk of disease outbreaks from food. 40 QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 Opportunities Te Food Security Strategy 2018-2023 prepared within the framework of Te Second National Development Strategy 2018-2022 and implemented by the Ministry of Municipality and Environment, will provide good opportunities to achieve food security for the people of Qatar. Tese opportunities can be summed as follows: • Development of fsh farming techniques and services; • Optimum utilization of fsheries; • Development of marine fshing services; • Increasing efciency and sustainability of agricultural, livestock and fsh production; • Improving agricultural, livestock and fsh markets; • Conservation of natural resources; • Conducting applied research on farms to fnd safe alternatives to the use of pesticides, including plant extracts and induced resistance, and approving the necessary budget for applied research; • Introducing modern agricultural technologies in the feld of agriculture and livestock, and approving the necessary budget for these technologies Upon the implementation of Te Food Security Strategy 2018-2023, the State of Qatar will be able to realize its aspirations of: • Ensuring that the necessary food supplies are in place for at least 6 months in the event of severe crises; • Achieving a high level of self-sufciency through local production of perishable products in the national food basket (such as vegetables, poultry and dairy products); • Securing a high degree of readiness to deal with regular trade disruptions and increased cooperation between all stakeholders to reduce the likelihood of essential food stocks running out in the short term; • Increasing the quality of food provided to the population of Qatar and reducing food waste (less than 30%) by improving the food approval mechanism and standards; • Improving the productivity of local farms by providing strong support to farmers, which would generate better returns while reducing dependence on government support; • Sustaining water use and reducing the net depletion of groundwater, bringing its value to zero. Conclusion Te State of Qatar has made remarkable progress in implementing SDG 2 in terms of the targets related to achieving food security and ending hunger (See Figure 2-1). Qatar has made great strides in achieving food security and providing adequate food for the entire population thanks to high income levels and its policies of open foreign trade with the rest of the world. Te State is currently implementing bold development policies to achieve high levels of self-sufciency in food production through Te Food Security Strategy 2018-2023, within the framework of Te Second National Development Strategy 2018-2022. However, Qatar faces a number of challenges in agricultural production due to its desert climate which is characterized by aridity and extreme heat, in addition to the scarcity of natural resources of water and arable land. Qatar has been able to overcome these challenges by exploiting available opportunities in the use of modern technologies in plant and livestock production and by encouraging scientifc research and private sector investments in the agricultural sector. Te political, land and air blockade imposed on the State of Qatar since June 2017 and up to the beginning of 2021 by a number of regional countries has prompted the government to encourage the private sector to invest in the food production sector and has provided farmers agricultural inputs fnacing and marketing services. QATAR VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 41
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "qat", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-qat-2021-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2021 }
42 43 Develop a sustainable and competitive agri-food sector to improve quality of life in the rural area and ensure living conditions like those in urban areas, promote local and ecological production, and traditional and mountain value-added products End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Romania has a signifcant agricultural potential, and, from this perspective, agriculture could represent the key of Romania’s economic relaunch. The share of agriculture in GDP increased from %ࠆ.ࠀ%-ࠄ.ࠀ ,level EU the exceeding ,ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ in %ࠄ.ࠃ to ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ in %ࠂ.ࠃ respectively. The GDP share of the agri-food product export increased by ߿.ࠃ% in ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ, compared to ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ, reaching ࠃ%. The increase in the contribution of agri-food product export to GDP was tempered by the increased negative contribution of imports, which reached ࠃ.ࠁ% in ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ, showing an increase by ߿.ࠁ% compared to ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ. The share of registered area was ࠂࠄ.ࠁ% in ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ, and the annual average increase rate in the period ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ-ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ was ࠁࠀ.ࠆࠄ%. Keeping this annual average increase rate, the entire area of Romania might be registered by ߿ࠂ߿ࠁ. Efforts to increase productivity and optimise the use of water resources were supported by the increase in the irrigated areas by ࠁ.ࠄࠁ times in ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ compared to ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ. The analysis of indicators reveals that the share of obese population from the entire resident population showed an increase, reaching ߿ࠀ.ࠈ% in ࠈࠀ߿ࠁ, increasing by ࠀ.ࠅ% compared to ࠃࠀ߿ࠁ, but below the UE average of ࠅࠀ.ࠄ%. Underweight and overweight children are essential indicators in the assessment of diet quality, nutritional diversity and variety of foods they eat, with a direct impact on their development. The research and development in agriculture increased, the budget allocation increasing by ߿.ࠈ% in ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ compared to ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ. Association and cooperation relations are diversifying depending on the variety of connections between agriculture and other sectors of national economy. These relations are also important in agriculture, between economic operators and units responsible for storage, processing and marketing agricultural products. They facilitate the cooperation between the actors involved in rural development, promoting the creation of cooperatives, groups of producers, networks and clusters as well as operational groups. These efforts are made with the aim of jointly implementing a business plan in the agricultural and food industry with a focus on short supply chains and the local market. To reduce the food waste, the business environment is voluntarily involved in the food donation mechanism, thus having facilitated the contact with receiving operators whose identifcation and contact details are made public on Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Development website. Through the cooperatives, groups of producers and other forms of association, the effciency of agricultural production may be improved, costs may be reduced and sustainable production may be encouraged. It may lead to the increase in the food availability and nutrition diversity, contributing to eliminating hunger and malnutrition in communities. By facilitating the cooperation between the actors involved in rural development and promotion of short supply chains and local markets, these relations contribute to ensuring access to safe, nutritional and enough food for all. A store network implemented, through a close collaboration with ߿ࠄࠀ local producers, holding international certifcation Global GAP for food quality and safety, the LIDL Market programme in order to develop environmentally friendly alternatives to the use of plant protection products and chemical fertilisers. Depending on the season, ߿ࠄࠀ producers provide the Lidl Market with a signifcant percentage of season fruit and vegetables from Romanian farmers, ensuring the traceability for local products guaranteeing transparency at the level of the origin of products in the stores and highlight Romanian producers.  Increase the agricultural yield and the share of organic agricultural production in total agricultural production  Increase the export of processed agricultural products, to the detriment of the export of raw materials and basic products  Reduce the shortage of specialists in the feld of active interventions in agriculture, climate changes and nutrition  Reduce the food losses and waste  Decrease the number of underweight and overweight children  Increase the number of products certifed at national level and European level  Increase the fnancial incentives for conversion and reduce confusion with other quality schemes and low awareness of consumers as regards the benefts of organic production for health, climate and environment Romania regulated the legal framework specifc to the feld of food waste, adopting in ࠅࠀ߿ࠁ th..e Law on the reduction of food waste. Starting from ࠈࠀ߿ࠁ, the sectoral plans for research and development in the feld of agriculture and rural development, called ADER - Agriculture and Rural Development, have been implemented, for methods of reducing food waste in the agri-food chain, at the national level. Campaigns were carried out to inform and raise awareness of fnal consumers and to promote responsible food consumption, in order to reduce food waste. The Strategy on Disaster Risk Reduction and the Action Plan for its implementation were assumed in the 2021-2024 Governance Programme. Efforts to increase productivity and to optimise the use of territorial resources have been supported by the Strategy on prevention and combating desertifcation and land degradation as well as the Programme for the implementation the Anti-Hail and Rainfall Increase System 2010-2024. COVID–19 pandemic emphasized the vital role that agriculture and food industry have for the proper functioning of the society. Although, in times of economic growth, efforts behind securing food are less visible, the response to the pandemic crisis has made easier: the direct contract of local producers with the end consumer, the development of integrated distribution networks, the transition of restaurants’ activity to home deliveries, keeping agri-food markets open while respecting social distancing rules. Through measures, Romania contributed through a competitive agricultural sector offering the citizens the possibility to source from domestic production, helping maintain the competitiveness of local producers and value chains, leading to maintaining the current activity and the fair remuneration of farmers by making the farmer-consumer chain shorter. To support the disadvantaged people exposed to hunger and poverty, the Romanian Food Banks recover the excess food and facilitate the donation, avoiding the food waste. The excess food may be provided through sponsorship and donation or in accordance with the law against food waste. The activity started in ࠆࠀ߿ࠁ with a single food bank only at the level of the municipality of Bucharest, which managed ࠆࠄ tons of food. Later, a network was developed with coverage at the level of all the development regions of Romania. The amount of food recovered and donated by the Romanian Food Banks in the period ࠆࠀ߿ࠁ-ࠁࠁ߿ࠁ was ࠃࠀ,ࠆࠄࠀ tons, worth approx. €ࠂࠁ,ࠅࠅࠀ million. In actions to support disadvantaged groups, the Food Banks collaborated with ࠁࠆࠄ partner NGOs and benefted ߿ࠀࠁ,ࠄࠀࠆ people. The COVID-ࠈࠀ pandemic has added considerable pressure to the Food Banks network, which has had more requests from both parties and affected categories of needy people. The effort made to respond to requests doubled in ߿ࠁ߿ࠁ and tripled in ࠀࠁ߿ࠁ the amount of food Romanian Food Banks Network and quantities of food collected in 2021 Data source: Romanian Food Bank Network Romania consolidates its strategic advantage in agriculture by implementing the National Strategic Plan by 2027, whereby it aims at intelligent, resilient and diversifed agricultural sector ensuring the food security, increasing viability of farms by stabilising the farmers’ income and eliminating the disparities between farms, practising environmentally friendly agriculture on small farms, agri-environment and climate on arable land, maintaining organic certifcation and training new generations of farmers. To stimulate the conversion from conventional agriculture to ecological agriculture, the National Action Plan for the Development of Organic Production until ࠆࠁ߿ࠁ provides the stimulation of processing products obtained in the local organic agriculture system, complying with the strict production rules and principles and aims at obtaining organic products in an environmentally, socially and economically sustainable way The National Strategy for Research, Innovation and Smart Specialisation for 2027 supports research and implementation of sustainable agricultural practices, including for the soil protection, identifcation and adoption of sustainable agricultural methods to manage natural resources and biodiversity. These practices shall result in future sustainable increase of agricultural production, environmental protection and promotion of responsible use of natural resources, thus contributing to a sustainable agricultural system and reaching the sustainable development objectives. collected and distributed, compared to ࠆࠀ߿ࠁ, reaching ࠇࠂࠅࠁ t and, respectively ߿ࠆࠇࠂ t. In ࠁࠁ߿ࠁ, with the support of the Romanian Parliament, the Romanian Food Banks Federation hosted the FEBA, Forum on Food Aid and Social Inclusion, an annual event organized at the initiative of the European Food Banks Federation. The FEBA ࠁࠁ߿ࠁ theme was Strengthening Food Systems by Supporting the Resilience and Capacity of Food Banks. LIDL Market workfow Infographic source: www.lidl.ro
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SDG 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 42 RUSSIAN FEDERATION / VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW End hunger and ensure access by all people to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round (Target 2.1) The state agricultural policy of the Russian Federation is aimed at ensuring year-round prevention of hunger and all forms of malnutrition. In 2018, the vast majority of the population of the Russian Federation were food secure: severe food insecurity was experienced only by 0.3% of the population, while moderate or severe accounted for 6.2%. The strategic goal of the 202014 Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation15 is to provide the population with safe, quality and affordable agricultural products, raw materials and food in volumes ensuring the balanced food consumption rates. In addition to that, there is an ongoing intergovernmental process within the EAEU which is based on agreed directions and measures and pursues the goal of a coordinated and mutually acceptable agro-industrial policy of the Union. In terms of social and food security significance priority is given to the following sectors of cattle breeding: dairy and specialized beef production, as well as plant forage base development. In 2015–2018, staple food production in the Russian Federation had been increasing: production of meat and by-products increased by one third to 8.1 mln tons in the indicated period, prefabricated meat— by 13.8% to 3.3 mln tons, vegetable oils— by 25.5% to 5.9 mln tons, pasta products— by 16.7% to 1.4 mln tons, and cereals— by 7.1% to 1.5 mln tons. In 2018, Russia fulfilled most of the staple food self-sufficiency targets established in the Food Security Doctrine 16: for cereals— 147.2% (target— 95.0%), sugar— 112.6% (80.0%), vegetable oil— 198.4% (80.0%), meat and meat products— 95.7% (85.0%), fish and seafood— 158.5% (80.0%), potatoes— 95.3% (95.0%). In the 2020 Food Security Doctrine, the targets for some products were increased: for sugar and vegetable oil— to 90.0%, for fish and seafood— to 85.0%. Also, new targets were added: for vegetables and melons and gourds— no less than 90.0%, fruit and berries— no less than 60.0%, seeds of basic crops of domestic selection— no less than 75.0%. The national food quality management system in the Russian Federation is based on Strategy for Improving the Quality of Food Products in the Russian Federation 2030. The Strategy is targeted at ensuring efficient nutrition, disease prevention, life expectancy increase and improving the quality of life of the population, promotion of the development of production and market circulation of proper quality food products. In 2019, the Russian Federation adopted Long-Term Development Strategy of the Grain Complex 2035. The purpose of the Strategy is to create a high-performance, research-oriented and innovation￾14 Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 20 of 21 January 2020. 15 The Doctrine includes the recommendations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on the maximum share of imports and stocks of food resources. 16 Food independence (self-sufficiency) is defined as the self-sufficiency percentage level calculated as the ratio of domestic production of agricultural products, raw materials and food to their domestic consumption. 43 oriented, competitive and investment-attractive balanced system of production, processing, storage and sale of basic grain and leguminous crops and processed products, that is to guarantee Russia’s food security, meet domestic needs in full and build up a significant export potential. As for the promotion of food safety, it should be noted that the Russian Federation forbids the breeding of plants and animals with genetically engineered structures without sufficient expertise and scientifical studies. Russia implements measures to supply food to all population groups, including ones living in remote regions. The State Programme “Transport System Development” includes the development of the Northern Sea Route to deliver cargoes necessary for the sustainment of Arctic population. There is also a mechanism put in place, designed to facilitate the transportation of agricultural products from remote regions. That includes delivery of grain by means of railroads17. In figures— 100 mln rubles were allocated to transport 80,000 tons of cargo in 2019. In 2015–2019, Russia slightly progressed in the Global Food Security Index, having risen from 43th to 42th place (of 113). The country holds similarly high position (33th) in food economic affordability, particularly due to positive assessment of financing available for farming, as well as low poverty rates. Russia places high emphasis on food security in international cooperation. In 2014, it joined the Food Aid Convention aimed at ensuring efficient provision of humanitarian aid to states in need of such aid. In accordance with the Convention, Russia assumed an obligation to provide minimum food aid volumes in financial form and/or in kind via bilateral or multilateral channels for at least USD 15 mln per year. Russia has considerably exceeded that commitment. In the last five years, under WFP alone, Russia provided food aid to 30 countries in different parts of the world for more than USD 220 mln. In addition to provision of urgent food aid in crisis situations, the country actively performs as a development donor, including FAO projects aimed at long-term food security and agricultural development solutions. End all forms of malnutrition of population at large and achieve the targets on stunting and wasting in children (Target 2.2) In 2018, Russia registered low level of malnutrition for people aged 18 and older: about 1.6%, including 1.7% for women and 1.4% for men. Food consumption by Russia’s population is diverse. In general, the country is characterized by an excess of calories value of diet over energy consumption, while consumed food has surplus fat and sugar contents. In 2015–2018, the consumption of vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and vegetable oil increased, and consumption of potatoes, dairy products, fish and bread declined. In 2018, 10.6% of children under 5 years of age in Russia had stunting, 3.1% of children in the same age group had underweight, 7.5%— overweight. At the same time, more than half of the Russian 17 Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 406 of 6 April 2019. 44 RUSSIAN FEDERATION / VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW population have an inclination to be overweight; 17.8% of men and 24.5% of women have Class 1, 2 and 3 obesity; 46.9% of men and 34.7% of women have overweight. The reasons for this tendency include excessive consumption of carbohydrates and fats. The state is actively implementing measures to address this problem. The basis for combatting obesity and ensuring efficient and healthy nutrition in Russia is formed by the State Policy Guidelines of the Russian Federation in Ensuring Healthy Nutrition of the Population (designed until 2020), targeted at the maintenance and promotion of public health, prevention of diseases caused by malnutrition and unbalanced nutrition, as well as “Public Health Promotion” Federal Project (subproject of “Demography” National Project), which targets the creation of healthy lifestyle environment, including nutrition, elimination of micronutrient deficiency, and reduced consumption of salt and sugar. In addition, the Law “On Healthy Nutrition”18 was adopted in 2020, which introduced the new concept of “healthy nutrition”, legislative recognition of its principles, and specific features of organization of quality, safe and healthy nutrition for children and certain population groups. There are also measures implemented to ensure proper nutrition for children, including the initiative to supply schoolchildren with hot meals. While in 2015 hot meals were provided to 88.7% of schoolchildren, including 96.4% of primary school students, in 2018 the indicators rose to 90.2% and 97.3%, respectively. On 1 February 2020, the President of the Russian Federation introduced draft amendments into the Law “On provision of free hot meals to schoolchildren”19, which now ensure that at least one hot meal is served in school during the day, and will be financed from the state budget. The Russian Federation also assists other countries to establish the systems of child nutrition, primarily through the UN agencies. In 2015–2023, a total of USD 57.9 mln were provided to WFP for long-term projects for the development of national school feeding programmes in Armenia, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. In 2020, with the financial support from the Russian Federation (USD 4 mln) the WFP also launched school feeding project in Syria. Similar efforts in Armenia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are undertaken under the FAO-Russian technical assistance project for 2015–2020 with the budget of USD 6 mln. Increase the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, including through secure and equal access to land and other productive resources and inputs (Target 2.3) Russia implements the Federal Scientific and Technical Programme of Agricultural Development for 2017–2025, with the policy priority defined as the transition to high-yielding, ecologically friendly agro- and aquaculture farming, storage and efficient processing of agricultural products, and production of safe and high-quality food. 18 Federal Law. No. 47-FZ of 1 March 2020. 19 Federal Law No. 47-FZ of 1 March 2020. 45 According to the 2016 All-Russian Agricultural Census, Russia has 36,000 agricultural organizations, including 24,300 micro- and small-sized enterprises, 174,800 farms, including individual entrepreneurs, and 23.5 mln private farm holdings and other individual farms. In 2015–2018, the farms’ share in total volume of agricultural production increased from 11.5% to 12.5%; in the volume of production in the household sector (excluding organizations)— from 25.0% to 32.5%. Domestic support for small farms is provided to agricultural goods producers on a non-discriminatory basis. One of the main objectives of the grant support is to increase volumes of output from farms through herd expansion, acquisition of agricultural land, use of machines and equipment. At the same time, several regions of the Russian Federation provide support to local production of agricultural products organized directly by indigenous small ethnic communities. For instance, respective state programmes include measures to increase reindeer and Siberian red deer livestock in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, which ensures traditional nutrition, boost employment and increase incomes of indigenous population in these regions. Create sustainable food production systems and implement highly productive and eco-friendly methods of sustainable agriculture (Target 2.4) Financial support and mechanisms of sustainable food production are provided for by the State Programme for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation Markets for Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food. In addition, the Federal Scientific and Technical Programme of development of agriculture includes the following targets: generation of scientific and technical deliverables and products (“generation of knowledge”), their practical deployment and commercialization (“application of knowledge”), as well as the implementation of training activities to ensure the development of agriculture (“transfer of technologies”). Case study Iskra Meat Farms LLC Over 8 years, the company has been applying “no-till” technology (zero tillage system), which enables it to prevent water and wind erosion of the soil and keep moisture more efficiently. Rusagro Group Rusagro Group implements a number of innovative projects to improve plant growing efficiency. Thus, the company has implemented algorithms of simulation and automated selection of optimal crop rotation for each field. Under the production management and control project, 100% of field works are controlled automatically. In particular, they include control of the area and boundaries of land cultivation, operation performance speed, and performance rates. 46 RUSSIAN FEDERATION / VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW Case study PhosAgro In December 2018, PhosAgro became the first Russian company to sign an agreement with FAO for the implementation of the project for promotion of new technologies and knowledge in the area of sustainable land management and agriculture. The international project with the budget of USD 1.2 mln “Development of Sustainable Land Management through the Implementation of the Global Programme of Soil Science Development and Creation of the Global Soil Laboratory Network” has been implemented since early 2019 within the framework of bilateral PhosAgro- FAO cooperation. The project goal is to improve farmers’ sustainable soil management skills and empower national soil laboratories in Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. PhosAgro’s main function in the project is to develop a uniform global mechanism for the promotion of sustainable land management technologies and knowledge, by applying, among other things, Russian experience, thus preventing agricultural land degradation, and promoting soil enrichment, increased crop yield and improvement of the rural population well-being, and, as a consequence, combatting hunger. To ensure sustainable development of food production, the Government implements a number of sectoral strategic programmes, such as Strategy for the Development of Food and Processing Industry in the Russian Federation 2020. The Strategy is being implemented to ensure guaranteed and sustainable provision of safe and quality food products. On 1 January 2020, Russia enacted the Federal Law20 that establishes the regulation of the organic products market; introduces new terms, such as “organic products”, “organic agriculture”, and “produc￾ers of organic products”; graphics image (symbol) of organic products; establishes basic requirements for production of organic products; and provides for voluntary production compliance verification. The organic products market in Russia amounts to about USD 130 mln (a 10-fold increase since 2000); 15–20% of the market are domestic certified products. However, Russia’s share of the world market is only about 0.15%. In addition, it should be noted that Russia provides support for the development and implementation of the concept of agroecology in the global food system on the FAO platform. As part of the development of the sustainable food production system, Russia pays special attention to efficient use of soil resources, described in more detail in SDG 15 section below. 20 Federal Law No. 280-FZ of 3 August 2018. 47 Maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domestic animals and their related wild species (Target 2.5) For the purposes of the development of international cooperation in seed breeding, in 2017, the EAEU member states signed the Agreement on Circulation of Seeds of Agricultural Plants within the Eurasian Economic Union. In 2019, the Agreement on Measures Aimed at Unification of Selection and Breeding of Live-Stock Animals within the Eurasian Economic Union was signed. The Russian Federation has accumulated the unique genetic material of live-stock animals represented by 42 species, 744 breeds, types and crosses of the world and domestic selection. The National Pedigree Register includes more than 2,300 pedigree livestock animals herds of 14 species. In 2018, the share of domestic reproduction animals used for agricultural production in the territory of Russian Federation was 93.7%. Case study The Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources The Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov All- Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources is Russia’s largest genetic bank of world genetic resources of cultivated plants and their related wild species. The collection forms the strategic basis for the sustainable development of domestic selection that promotes the development of agricultural production and provides unique certified materials for breakthrough genetic and genome research projects, which, in turn, enables the development of new methodological approaches for accelerated selection. Lomonosov Moscow State University The Noah’s Ark project of Moscow State University dedicated to the creation of a multifunctional network- attached storage of biological material from various geographic zones of Russia and other countries, as well as to integrated research of biological material based on the depository prototypes. The project also provides for investigation of poorly studied organisms, and development of new algorithms of analysis of information processes in living systems. More than 300 University professors, post-graduate students and students of more than 10 departments take part in the project. 48 RUSSIAN FEDERATION / VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW Develop rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology and plant and livestock gene banks in developing and least developed countries (Target 2.a) To create comfortable living environment and favorable infrastructure in rural areas, promote broader involvement of rural population, including volunteers 21, in the implementation of socially significant projects and create positive attitude towards countryside and rural way of life, a number of programmes for sustainable development of rural areas 22 have been implemented from 2014. The development of Russia’s potential for the achievement of SDG 2 is also driven by such factors as the development of volunteering infrastructure in rural areas, which promotes, in particular, lower outflow of young people due to the possibility of self-fulfillment in their native regions. Under the Development of Transport Infrastructure in Rural Areas ministerial project of the State Programme “Integrated Development of Rural Areas”, in 2020–2025, more than 2,500 km of motor roads are planned to be built, with paved roads to be built in 95% of rural areas. Case study Miratorg Holding The Holding cooperates with 40 major agricultural and technical Institutions of Higher Education, introduced a scholarship programme for promising students and opened ample opportunities for internships. Russia provides support for the development of rural areas to other countries. Thus, in 2015– 2020, more than USD 5 mln were allocated to Armenia under UNDP programme for overall support of rural areas and communities. In addition, the Russian Federation provided financing equal to USD 3 mln to support FAO project for restoration of agriculture and rural infrastructure in Syria for 2018–2020. 21 According to the 2019 sampling work force survey, 564,000 rural dwellers participated in volunteering. 22 Under the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas subprogramme of the State Programme for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation Markets for of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food. 49 Case study Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) The Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) is an international intergovernmental financial organization aimed at boosting socio- economic development of its member countries, promotion of food security and growth of competitiveness of products produced by most vulnerable value chain actors. CFC finances projects of commodity market participants and cooperates with other specialized financial funds to improve mobilization of resources to implement the 2030 Agenda. In 2019, eight projects for the total amount of USD 35.29 mln were adopted. The Russian Federation has been CFC member since 1992 as the legal successor of the USSR that joined CFC in 1987. Russia is the biggest shareholder of the Fund. In the policy of the Russian Federation in the area of promotion of international development, CFC is regarded as a major instrument for providing assistance to foreign states with a potential of expansion of their business activities within CIS region in agriculture, metal and mining industries. Ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives (Target 2.c) Measures implemented in the Russian Federation to avoid excessive volatility in food prices include the mechanism for conducting government procurement and commodity interventions. In addition, Russia implements the price regulation policy in respect of socially significant food products, such as some types of meat, dairy products, cereals, hen eggs, sunflower-seed oil, sugar, salt, wheat flour, tea, bread, some vegetables and fruit. Limitations may be introduced for a period of no more than 90 days subject to price rise by more than 30% over three months. Looking forward Russia implements the ministerial project of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation “Digital Agriculture”, which provides for introduction of digital technologies and platform solutions into agribusiness industry, and twofold increase of productivity of “digital” agricultural enterprises by 2024. Measures are implemented to assist the development and promotion of healthy life and healthy nutrition in order to change dietary habits and exclude the excess of dietary calories over energy expenditure as well as the surplus fat and sugar contents in consumed food products.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "rus", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-rus-2020-en-3.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2020 }
10 RUSSIAN FEDERATION / VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW Key SDG-specific findings: SDG 2 “Zero hunger“. To promote food security, Russia adopted the respective decree, aimed at providing the population with safe, quality and affordable agricultural products, as well as raw materials and food in volumes, ensuring balanced consumption rates. In 2018, the malnutrition prevalence rate was low: about 1.6% (among persons aged 18 and older), with just 0.3% experiencing severe food insecurity, and 6.2%— moderate or severe food insecurity. Russia’s capacity development in respect 11 of achieving SDG 2 is promoted by such factors as the development of rural infrastructure, elimination of trade restrictions (in accordance with the obligations under the rules of the WTO) and implementation of comprehensive sectoral strategic programmes.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "rus", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-rus-2020-en-4.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "s", "type": "vnr", "year": 2020 }
2019 RWANDA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW (VNR) REPORT 31 SDG 2 – END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Status and trends Rwanda has developed comprehensive policies and strategies that contribute to ending hunger, achieving food security and improving nutrition. The country has been making steady progress in its fight against hunger and malnourishment. Rwanda has established a monitoring process that includes conducting Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analyses (CFSVA) to assess food security and vulnerability under the leadership of the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. The fifth analysiswas produced in 2018. The analyses began in 2006 and the latest CFSVA results highlights the continuing positive trends. Rwanda has made great strides in reducing poverty and malnutrition in the country. Agriculture, the main sector contributing improved food security, has been growing, on average, by 6 percent over the last decade.. According to the 2018 CFSVA report, 81.3 percent of all households (approximately 2,034,942) are food secure (i.e., they are able to meet essential food and non-food needs without Figure 4: Malnutrition among children under 5 years compared to the WHO severity threshold 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Source: Rwanda DHS 2014/15 Stunting Prevalence among children under 5 Wasting Prevalence among children under 5 Underweight Prevalence among children under 5 1992 2000 2005 2010 2014/15 1992 2000 2005 2010 2014/15 1992 2000 2005 2010 2014/15 57 48 52 44 5 8,7 4,8 2,8 2,2 24 20 18 11 9 38 WHO severity threshold High severity 32 CHAPTER 3. REVIEW OF SDGs IMPLEMENTATION IN RWANDA engaging in atypical coping strategies), have an acceptable diet, and use a low share of their budget to cover food needs. According to the 2014/15 Rwanda DHS, chronic malnutrition (stunting or low height for age) affects 38 percent of children under 5, reducing good health and affecting mental and developmental growth. Underweight (low weight for age) affects 9 percent of children under 5, while wasting, (acute malnutrition or low weight for height) which is associated with a high death rate, affects 2.2 percent of children under 5 (wasting rates <5 percent are considered within an acceptable range) (Figure 4). Food access in Rwanda is determined primarily by seasonal patterns, commodity prices and people’s purchasing power. For instance, accessing adequate amounts of food becomes more complicated during the lean seasons. These periods are generally coupled with an increase in food prices, which in turn leads to food inflation, thus reducing a household’s purchasing power. According to the 2019 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) report, Rwanda scored of 6.1 in agricultural transformation. In addition, Rwanda was ranked the 2017 best-performing country (AU, 2017) and is considered among those on track to fulfill the Malabo commitment by 2025 (as a part of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, CAADP). Rwanda’s agriculture is exposed to climate effects, such as droughts and floods, and crop yield levels are still below potential levels, as indicated in Figure 5. Interventions and opportunities to accelerate progress Under the framework of the fourth Strategic Plan for Agriculture Transformation (PSTA-4), the Government of Rwanda’s priorities for agriculture include: (i) irrigation (including small scale); (ii) a Crop Intensification Programme (CIP) focusing mainly on farmers’ access to agriculture inputs, extension services and land use consolidation; (iii) erosion control; and (iv) a livestock development programme. Furthermore, the Government of Rwanda has established an ICT platform - E-Soko - aiming at providing agricultural market pricing information to farmers, thus enabling them to make informed decisions. In addition, the Government of Rwanda recognizes the key role that women play in the agriculture sector, producing for both home Reduced overall child malnutrition, however stunting is still a challenge (38%, 2015) RWANDA BEST PERFORMER in Agricultural Transformation according to AU Malabo Commitment report with a Score of 6.1 out of 10 (2018) 2019 RWANDA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW (VNR) REPORT 33 consumption and the market. The Government has developed an agriculture gender mainstreaming strategy to guide the integration of gender in the agriculture sector. Despite the high representation of women in this sector, challenges remain, including addressing the higher proportion of women still engaged in the production aspect of the value chain, with fewer involved in agro-processing, marketing and export. This highlights the need to scale up household-based approaches that promote equitable household decision-making in regard to agriculture produce and other household resources. The current PSTA-4 considers that “accessibility of food will be enhanced through higher household incomes combined with greater resilience to market and production shocks.” Factors that influence food accessibility and resilience to production and market risks include improved storage capabilities, early warning and market information systems, and insurance schemes. The new strategy recognizes that country-wide access to food will be achieved when all households have sufcient resources to obtain appropriate food (through production, purchase and/or direct support under social protection) for a nutrient-rich diet. Figure 5: Yield gaps for priority crops under the Crop Intensification Programme 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Bush Beans Cassava Climbing Beans Maize Potatoes Rice Soybeans Wheat Current Yield share of potential Untapped potential 26% 61% 53% 55% 43% 17% 70% 51% 74% 39% 47% 45% 57% 83% 30% 49% Rwanda is making good progress towards achieving food security through Crop Intensifcation Program (Access to subsidies input, Enhanced extension service, Land use consolidation), Erosion control, irrigarion, etc.; National Early Childhood Development Program, a multi-sectoral intervention to address malnutrition. 34 CHAPTER 3. REVIEW OF SDGs IMPLEMENTATION IN RWANDA Recognizing the urgency of protecting children from 0-6 years from the effects of poverty and its implications for human capital, the Government has put in place a multi-sectoral programme, the National Early Childhood Development Programme (NECDP) (2016-2021). The NECDP is intended to eradicate child malnutrition and calls for all partners to work in a harmonized and integrated manner with the leadership of the Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion (MIGEPROF). The ECD policy and strategic plan have further been informed by and aligned to Vision 2020, the revised family policy, the National Gender Policy and the National Integrated Child Rights Policy (ICRP). In partnership with DPs, the Government of Rwanda supplies micronutrient powder (Ongera Intungamubiri) regularly to children aged 6-23 months and pregnant and lactating women in vulnerable households in all 30 districts. The Kinyarwanda phrase, Ongera Intungamubiri, which means “increase nutrients” is a powdered blend of 15 essential vitamins and minerals that can be added to semi-solid or mashed food just before the child eats. Packaged in single serving sachets, it allows families to fortify food for their young child with the safe and appropriate level of vitamins and minerals important for their growth and development. To widen its coverage, the fortified blended food (FBF) is also distributed to health facilities. In addition, milk is distributed to children 5 years with acute malnutrition. Furthermore, school feeding programmes, which seek to prevent and reduce malnutrition among school-going children in early childhood education (ECE) and early childhood development (ECD) programmes are being strengthened. The One Cup of Milk per Child Program, which is run under the school feeding programme, is preventing and reducing malnutrition among school-going children. To date, the programme has reached 431,348 children. It is reported to have boosted the enrolment rate of children under 6 years. With regards to scaling up ECD interventions, 4,139 ECDs have been established to date, including model ECDs centers and community￾based ECDs, such as village kitchens. These are demonstration kitchens where parents, especially those with malnourished children, learn to prepare a balanced diet using locally-produced food. The NECDP has given priority to increasing parents’ knowledge and skills, based on the belief that the family is the primary institution through which quality optimal care and early stimulation can be provided. As a result, 15,000 parents have been trained nationwide. Furthermore, the knowledge and capacity of health care providers and community health workers on screening, growth monitoring and overall ECD, has improved. 5.2% 5.3% 5.4 %AGRICULTURAL 3.8% GROWTH
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "rwa", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-rwa-2019-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2019 }
65 5.1.1. SDG 2: Zero Hunger Since 2019, Stunting prevalence among children under 5 slightly reduced from 38 percent in 2014/15 to 33 percent in 2019/20 (DHS 2019-20). This is a result of multiple interventions including; • Promoting food security through increased production, distribution of food and vitamin supplements using Fortified Blended Food (FBF) and continuing to support and scaling up the one Cup of milk per Child and the Girinka programme (one cow per poor household. • Promoting 1,000 days of good nutrition and antenatal care and establishing and promoting ECD centers, health centers, and family-based campaigns on hygiene and good feeding practices. • Iron Folic Acid supplementation for pregnant women in preventing and treating anemia. • Evidence-based, human centered social behavioral communication for Improved Infant and young child nutrition practices. • Improving coordination mechanisms of key players from central to local Government up to the villages including the setting up of District Plan to Eliminate Malnutrition (DPEM). The stunting levels are however still a challenge and will continue to be a top priority for human capital development. Rwanda will build on lessons learned and scale up eforts to address this critical challenge.
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[ 2 ]
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40 41 “We live in an era that poses many challenges. This calls for an objective and comprehensive consideration to develop mechanisms of the economy. Such development should be based on proper scientific study and principles." 02 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman bin Abdulaziz 42 43 In the face of the Kingdom’s ecology of scarce water resources, decision-makers have placed their greatest focus in prioritization of food and drinking water supply to the population. In-terms of strategic direction, this focus features high on Vision 2030 through the strategic objective "Ensure development & food security". Over the past four decades, several initiatives were launched to make water available to citizens for, drinking, agriculture and other uses, to provide safe food sources from within and outside the country. Seeking to develop food security sources and to ensure availability of food at affordable prices, several programs and initiatives have been launched. Among these is the national program to reduce food loss and waste and to prevent inadequate use of natural resources, which draws on international experience and best practices worldwide. The program is designed to maximize benefit and raise efficiency of food consumption, in such a way as to achieve savings of food reserves and conservation of natural resources. The program takes into account both the economic viability of consumption and the use of natural resources. Furthermore, domestic initiatives were launched and farming practices were developed to improve crop yield of vegetables, fruits, dates and field crops. In the context of the Kingdom’s endeavors to improve the environment in agricultural areas and to carry out preventive epidemics control, a program for prevention and control of Red Palm Weevil insect was launched in order to control the disease and to reduce its incidence from 10% to 1%, in view of the importance of date palm and its suitability to the Kingdom’s environment. On the other hand, agricultural terraces have been rehabilitated, along with application of rain water harvest techniques in Taif, Baha, Asir and Jazan. Agricultural and water objectives of these activities will ultimately lead to abundance of output, as well as creation of a conducive environment for growth of agricultural activity and provision of food. In addition, the Kingdom pays special attention to the marketing and distribution of agricultural products of local farmers. In this regard, a study was conducted to set up marketing services' centers for small farmers and producers, with the aim to create an efficient system for the marketing of vegetables and fruits, through sustainable supply chains and forwarding systems. These centers will take into account the value added aspect and will support the food processing industry. Besides conventional support channels, assistance is also provided to the electronic trade of dates, leading to an increase of the Kingdom's export of dates to about SAR 820 million (USD 218.67 million). A mechanism for the coordination of efforts was put in place between Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Agricultural and Livestock Investment Company, Grain Silos and the Flour Mills Organization and other stakeholders. The aim of this mechanism is to make optimal use of available resources for out-of-Kingdom agricultural investment, besides management of the strategic stockpile to secure food supply and ensure the achievement of overall food security for the Kingdom.1 National program to reduce food loss and waste and to prevent inadequate use of natural resources Revitalizing the Role of Global Partnerships 1 Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (MEWA), 2016 982.5 million SAR 2015-2018 *USD 262 million King Salman Humanitarian Aid and Relief Centre provided assistance in excess of USD 262 million to secure food in various parts of the world during the period 2015-2018. This testifies to the considerable attention given by the Kingdom to food security, both within and outside the Kingdom.1 2017 2 Figures and Statistics 20% 9.1% 3.3% 4.1% 10.6% 11.1% 16% Prevalence of malnutrition (emaciation) among children under 5 years of age Prevalence of malnutrition (overweight) among children under 5 years of age Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age Prevalence of undernourishment Proportion of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures (2014) Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture As part of the Kingdom’s efforts to ensure sustainability and protection of agricultural environment and food production, attention was given to provide advanced technologies along with government support to the agricultural and livestock sector. In this regard, the Kingdom set up a center for environmental information, meteorology and early warning of climate and pollution. Another information center was established to provide Kingdom-wide environmental and meteorological data and indicators and to monitor natural and environmental disasters. In addition, a national livestock excellence center has been set up. The Kingdom also set up a center for selection of the best local breeds, genetic improvement of livestock and development of herd management. On the other hand, a program has been designed for effective strategic stockpiling of food reserves. The system involves an early warning system, as well as information on agricultural markets. Additional features of the system include development of adequate mechanisms and management framework for the food security strategy. As such, the system provides feedback to decision makers on the food production chain. These government-supported centers contribute effectively to the development of agricultural and animal production techniques and practices and as such contribute to the sustainability of food availability over different economic cycles. 1 King Salman Humanitarian Aid and Relief Centre 2 GASTAT: Report on SDG Indicators, 2017 Aware of the country's ecological and geographical nature, and seeking to find the most suitable sources of food supply, the kingdom resorted to external agricultural investment through strategic partnerships with other countries, in such a way that brings benefits to all parties and to local communities. In this respect, the Kingdom approved a strategy and an implementation plan for Saudi agricultural investment outside the Kingdom. This is carried out through investment or contractual agriculture in developing countries. As well as King Abdulla initiative for external agricultural investment. Besides its attention to domestic food security, the Kingdom is an active donor of development aid and direct support to other nations.
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{ "country": "sau", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-sau-2018-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2018 }
38 39 ZERO 2 HUNGER 40 41 SDG data from GASTAT shows that the prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age in Saudi Arabia has been decreasing in recent years. Stunting rates for both genders have generally followed the same trend, with an increase from 2015 to 2017 and a decrease thereafter. The rate of decrease has been more pronounced for female children, particularly between 2017 and 2018. Also, the SDG data shows that the prevalence of malnutrition (wasting) among children under 5 years of age in Saudi Arabia has been decreasing since 2017, particularly among male children. The overall prevalence decreased from 7% in 2017 to 4.1% in 2018 and 2019 and fell further to 3.8% in 2020. 1. General Situation Saudi Arabia is making progress in sustainable agriculture, food security, and biodiversity by securing and preserving genetic resources. SDG data in the fgure below shows, the steady growth of the number of plant genetic resources. The data also indicates an increase in the proportion of local breeds at risk of extinction. The increase in the percentage of local breeds at risk of extinction suggests that more efforts are needed to preserve and secure these resources, which are essential for sustainable agriculture, food security, and biodiversity conservation. Saudi Arabia is one of the largest contributors to programs for eradicating hunger. The government is continuously enhancing food security by improving productivity and optimizing the efciency of resource utilization. The government has implemented a food security strategy aimed at ensuring stable food supplies, improving agricultural productivity, and reducing food waste. The government has also promoted investment and technological advancements in the agricultural sector, with a focus on increasing efciency, sustainability, and competitiveness. 42 Due to Saudi Arabia being dependent on imports for its food supply, rising global food prices, coupled with population growth and urbanization, have put pressure on the country᾽s food security. In response to these challenges, the government has prioritized food security. These include efforts to increase agricultural production, particularly in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, improve the productivity of existing agricultural land, develop new farmland reduce waste, and promote more efcient and sustainable food systems. Certain growing methods, such as aquaculture, water-efcient agriculture technologies (hydroponics), or alternative proteins, are on the rise. 2. Institutional Framework and Key Ongoing Initiatives Food loss and waste program increases efciency and sustainability of domestic production and consumption through diverse initiatives non-exhaustive Promoting agro-industry and export-oriented agriculture to diversify the economy Modernizing and ex￾panding the agricul￾tural sector through desalination, irriga￾tion, greenhouses, and modern farming methods Introducing new technolo￾gies, such as precision agri￾culture and hydroponics, to conserve water and optimize resource use Training farmers and their stakeholders to build capacity, transfer knowledge and technology, and enhance competitive￾ness Encouraging the participation of the private sector (local and international compa￾nies) in the agriculture sec￾tor, especially in large-scale farming and support services such as logistics and mar￾keting Investing in research and development to improve the ef￾ciency and sustain￾ability of food pro￾duction Government Measures to Stimulate Agriculture Development 43 The government is diversifying food sources and reducing dependency on imports. Saudi Arabia is the second largest global packaged food market within MENA (arround ~SAR 74 billion). This market is growing at 5% per annum, driven by a young and increasingly active population, more economical private labels, and healthier product offerings. The government has implemented food safety regulations to ensure the quality of imported and domestically produced food. Another key aspect of SaudiArabia᾽sfoodsecuritystrategyisthepromotion of food conservation and waste reduction. The government has promoted the reduction of food waste through the efcient storage and distribution of food. This includes initiatives to increase the efciency of food supply chains and promote better food labeling and consumer education. 44 45 Finances agricultural projects, including modern farming techniques and the construction of new irrigation systems. Oversees the implementation of the Food Security Strategy, which includes 11 programs such as Sustainable Agriculture, Food Loss and Waste Reduction, and Strategic Reserves. Furthermore, GFSA has been instrumental in coordinating effective responses to global food crises and initiating programs like the “National Program to Reduce Food Loss and Waste”. Invests in local and international agricultural and trade partnerships for grains, rice, and meat, as well as agricultural technologiesthatpromotewaterconservation,productionefciency,andenvironmentalprotection. Is dedicated to the study, engineering, and implementation of sustainable agriculture in extreme environments and focuses on research topics such as crop improvement, water management, and sustainable agriculture practices. Performs applied research to adopt and test innovative technologies that contribute to sustainable agriculture, with a primary focus on increasing crop production per unit area, boosting water-use efciency, and applying modern cultivation technologies. Is responsible for managing and developing the country’s irrigation systems. SIO was established with the goal of improving water management, ensuring efcient use of water resources, and promoting sustainable agriculture. KEY INSTITUTIONS IN SUPPORT OF AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND FOOD SECURITY Agricultural Development Fund General Food Security Authority (GFSA) Saudi Agricultural and Livestock Investment Company (SALIC) Center for Desert Agriculture at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) National Research and Development Center for Sustainable Agriculture (ESTIDAMAH) Saudi Irrigation Organization (SIO) Saudi Arabia has established a range of institutions in support of the development of the agriculture sector and food security. The following are some key examples: Sustainable Agricultural Rural Development Programme (REEF) provides small agricultural producers, cooperative societies, and rural establishments with resources, services, and access to markets. Additionally, it provides communities with easy access to safe and healthy food, facilitates women’s participation in the labor market, and preserves the environment and natural resources. Strategy for Healthy Food: Launched by the Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), the strategy is aimed at reducing the levels of sugar, salt, and saturated and transformed fats in food products, which are major causes of being overweight. The strategy has fostered voluntary commitment agreements from several large private sector companies. Restaurants and cafes have introduced information about food calorie levels in their menus. Management of Pesticides: The Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture has implemented a legal requirement for obtaining a permit to export agricultural pesticides, ensuring proper management and control of its trade. Dietary Policies: The Ministry of Health has issued food-based dietary guidelines for citizens, including “The Dietary Guideline” and “Healthy Food Proportions”, available on its website. Restaurants, food suppliers. and manufacturers are now required to display nutritional information on products, helping consumers understand their components and nutritional value. The Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education have partnered in the Rashaqa program to reduce obesity among school-aged children. The “Quality of Life- Program“ (under Vision 2030) has targeted obesity by promoting increased participation in sports and athletic activities. Food Loss & Waste Index: GFSA is working to reduce food loss and waste in the Kingdom by evaluating and analyzing the Kingdom’s Food Loss & Waste Index, which measures food loss and waste throughout the value chain. KEY ONGOING INITIATIVES Agriculture Development Food Security The following are some key ongoing initiatives in the area of agriculture and food security: The main challenges in this area that will receive continued attention include limited arable land and water resources, dependence on food imports leading to vulnerability to fuctuations in global food prices and supply disruptions, a rapidly growing population, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on supply chain disruptions and increased food prices. Prioritized actions for this area include updating the current food security strategy, enhancing sector governance and institutional setup, revising legislations, and improving Saudi Arabia’s ranking on food security indices. 3. Key Areas for Attention and Next Steps
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "sau", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-sau-2023-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2023 }
23 Situation and challenges An estimated 9.6 million, representing 21 percent of the population are facing high acute food insecurity situation (IPC3 and above) as shown below9 . Sudan food insecurity remains high driven by climate change, increased and protracted displacement due to conflict, pests and diseases, economic decline, the triple digit inflation, and soaring food prices, compounded by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The most affected groups by food insecurity are: IDPs, returnees, refugees; poor groups from agro pastoral and pastoral communities in rural areas of Western, Eastern and Northern Sudan, whose livelihoods are directly affected by the impact of COVID-19, and poor groups in urban and semi￾urban centers, including Khartoum, Jazeera, White Nile and Red Sea state. In Sudan, approximately 2.7 million children under five suffer from malnutrition, out of whom 522,000 suffer from severe acute malnutrition. Sudan has more under five malnourished girls and boys than 30 years ago due to an increase in prevalence of malnutrition in the past two decades10. Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 24 About 36.6 percent of children suffer stunning,14.1 percent of children under five are malnourished and 128 of Sudan’s 188 localities have a stunting rate above 30 per cent11. Malnutrition is largely caused by poor water and sanitation conditions, high disease prevalence, increased food costs, poverty, and negative feeding practices and habits such as lack of food variety and essential nutrients. Efforts of humanitarian agencies are directed towards treating and preventing malnutrition by providing nutrition specific interventions such as the treatment of severely malnourished children, micronutrient supplementation, counselling on good feeding and care practices for infant and young child as well as nutrition sensitive interventions including vaccinations. Agriculture is the most important sector in the economy of Sudan and the main source for food security in the country. It accounts for about 30 percent of GDP, employs an estimated 43 percent of labor force, constitutes the foundation for many small and medium enterprises SMEs, and it is also an engine of growth for other economic sectors such as trade, industry and transport. Sudan agriculture productivity is low and lying below peers in the Africa as indicated below. Research and technology transfer for agriculture is underfunded. The low use of inputs particularly fertilizers, pesticides improved seed varieties, and financing are major factor explaining low agricultural productivity. Poor infrastructure particularly feeder roads, undeveloped markets affects agriculture production access to markets. Way forward Efforts by the transitional government which led to the signature of JPA, will hopefully end the conflict in Sudan, a major driver of food insecurity. The government macroeconomic reforms targeting economic stability, as agreed with the IMF, (after addressing the political reconciliation and lifting the suspension of cooperation with the international community), will help in increasing growth and reducing inflation, improving access to food. The PRSP 2021-2023 sets the path for agriculture development mainly by increasing productivity in agriculture and livestock to promote food security, by undertaking complementary investments and reforms in transport infrastructure and energy, financial services, production and marketing systems, agriculture extension services, adaptation to climate change, animal health treatment, water, and forestry. These interventions are expected to result in improved productivity and incomes, with positive impacts on food security. Sudan has presented to the UN Food Systems Summit, held during the UN General Assembly in New York on September 23, 2021, a pathway for its food system with the objective of transforming food system to an equitable, sustainable and resilient system to achieve the SDGs, with main emphasis on 25 supporting small scale producers. The pathway contained a detailed matrix of tracks of food and nutrition issues, challenges, priorities, way forward, and synergies between tracks and alignment with SDGs12.
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MEPC\DGPPE\UCSPE@juin 2022 P. 21 / 98 ODD – REVUE NATIONALE VOLONTAIRE 2022 P. 21 / 98 Objectif 2. Éliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable. L’ODD 2 cherche à éliminer la faim et toutes les formes de malnutrition et à réaliser une production alimentaire durable d’ici à 2030. Il part du principe que toute personne devrait avoir accès à une alimentation suffisante et nutritive, ce qui nécessitera le renforcement des interventions pour promouvoir à grande échelle l’agriculture durable, doubler la productivité agricole, augmenter les investissements et permettre un bon fonctionnement des marchés alimentaires. Lutte contre la faim. En 2015, le Sénégal a atteint la troisième cible de l’OMD 1 qui consistait à réduire de moitié la part des individus souffrant de faim, entre 1990 et 2015. Dans l’optique de maintenir et de consolider ces acquis, des stratégies fortes ont été mises en œuvre en matière d’Agriculture et de sécurité alimentaire. Les orientations en matière de sécurité alimentaire et de nutrition ont été définies dans la Stratégie nationale de sécurité alimentaire et de résilience (SNSAR 2015-2035). La prévalence de la sous-alimentation au Sénégal qui était de 9,8% en 2015 est estimée à 7,5% en 2019, soit une baisse de 2 pdp. Au rythme actuel, le Sénégal serait en bonne voie pour éradiquer la sous -alimentation. Depuis 2018, le Sénégal a réussi à maintenir globalement la prévalence de l’insécurité alimentaire modérée ou grave en deçà de 20%. Cependant, la pandémie de Covid-19 a perturbé les chaînes d’approvisionnement alimentaire. Dans les villes et les villages, l’affaissement de l’activité économique, du fait des mesures de contingentement, a débouché sur une diminution des revenus, qui s’est caractérisée par une baisse généralisée de la consommation, notamment pour les petites bourses et les ménages précaires du monde rural. Figure 5 : Évolution des prévalences de la sous-alimentation et de l’insécurité alimentaire modérée et grave Source : SECNA, DGPPE 9,8 8,9 7,9 7,4 7,5 7,6 7,4 23,4 33,5 29,7 15,1 19,1 23,1 17,4 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Prévalence de la sous alimentation Prévalence de l'insécurité alimentaire modérée et grave MEPC\DGPPE\UCSPE@juin 2022 P. 22 / 98 ODD – REVUE NATIONALE VOLONTAIRE 2022 P. 22 / 98 À cet effet, un Plan d’urgence de sécurité alimentaire (PUSA 2020) a été mis en œuvre et a permis d’éviter aux populations vulnérables de basculer en phase de crise. Ainsi, la prévalence de l’insécurité alimentaire modérée ou grave se situe à 23,1% en 2020, correspondant à 3 228 696 personnes. En 2021, les résultats du cadre harmonisé montrent que la situation s’est améliorée avec une prévalence de l’insécurité alimentaire modérée et grave estimée à 17,4%, soit 2 972 622 personnes. Globalement, la prévalence de l’insécurité alimentaire modérée et grave a enregistré une baisse de 6 pdp entre 2015 et 2021. Lutte contre la malnutrition. Le Sénégal a adopté la Politique nationale de Développement de la Nutrition (PNDN 2015-2025), en novembre 2015. L’évolution des indicateurs de nutrition au Sénégal durant la période 2015 - 2020 est marquée par des fluctuations. En effet, même si la tendance globale est baissière, elle a été ponctuée par des périodes de dégradation plus ou moins prononcées en fonction des indicateurs et consécutifs à des chocs exogènes ou endogènes (pandémie de Covid-19, inondations, périls acridiens, etc.). Figure 6 : Évolution des principaux indicateurs de la nutrition au Sénégal Source : CNDN, DGPPE Les résultats enregistrés montrent que des efforts restent à faire pour atteindre les cibles de l’ODD 2 relatives à la lutte contre la malnutrition. En effet, le pourcentage d’enfants (0-59 mois) présentant une insuffisance pondérale a enregistré une baisse de 1,1 pdp, passant de 15,5% en 2015 à 14,4% en 2019. La prévalence du retard de croissance chez les enfants de (0-59 mois) est également passée de 20,5% en 2015 à 17,9% en 2019, soit une baisse de 2,6 pdp sur la période. Au rythme actuel, la prévalence du retard de croissance chez les enfants de (0-59 mois) serait de 15,4% en 2025 alors que l’objectif fixé par l’Assemblée Mondiale de la Santé (AMS) est de 11,5%. Par ailleurs, les résultats ont montré que le retard de croissance des enfants diminue lorsque l’intervalle inter-génésique augmente, confirmant ainsi l’importance de l’espacement des naissances. La prévalence de la malnutrition aigüe chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans (émaciation) a enregistré une légère augmentation entre 2015 et 2019, passant de 7,8% à 8,1%. Si la contreperformance perdure, près de 9% des enfants de moins de 5 ans souffriraient de malnutrition aigüe alors que l’objectif est de maintenir le taux en deçà de 5% en 2025. De même, la prévalence de l'obésité chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans continue d’augmenter. Elle est passée de 1% en 2015 à 2,3% en 2019, pour un objectif de 0,75% en 2025. Concernant les indicateurs liés aux carences en micronutriments, en particulier l’anémie, la prévalence a connu une baisse de 1,8 pdp (69,1% en 2015 et 70,9% en 2019) durant les cinq ans mais reste toutefois à des taux qui dépassent le seuil critique de 40%. 26,5% 18,7% 18,7% 20,5% 17% 16,5% 18,8% 17,9% 10,1% 8,8% 5,9% 7,8% 7,2% 9,0% 7,8% 8,1% 17,7% 15,7% 12,6% 15,5% 13,5% 14,4% 15,1% 14,4% 2010-11 2012-13 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Malnutrition chronique (retard de croissance) Malnutrition aiguë Insuffisance pondérale MEPC\DGPPE\UCSPE@juin 2022 P. 23 / 98 ODD – REVUE NATIONALE VOLONTAIRE 2022 P. 23 / 98 Pour les pratiques, le taux d’enfants allaités exclusivement au sein durant les 6 premiers mois reste faible même s’il a connu une évolution de 7,8 pdp entre 2015 et 2019 (33,0% contre 40,8%). Le résultat reste encore loin de l’objectif fixé pour 2025 (50%). Plus d’un tiers des nouveau-nés reçoivent dès la naissance une alimentation inappropriée (eau, miel, lait de chèvre, etc.). L’alimentation complémentaire est précocement introduite avant 6 mois avec, par ailleurs, une faible diversification. L’anémie chez les femmes en âge de procréer constitue un problème de santé publique dans toutes les régions du Sénégal. Les résultats montrent que plus de la moitié des femmes âgées de 15-49 ans est anémiée, même si une légère baisse est enregistrée entre 2015 et 2019. En effet, la prévalence de l’anémie chez les femmes âgées de 15-49 ans est passée de 54,5% en 2015 à 52,7% en 2019. Au rythme actuel, l’anémie au sein de ce groupe démographique sera de 51% en 2025, près du double de l’objectif de 27,3%. Chez les femmes enceintes, la prévalence de l’anémie se situait à 62,7% en 2017. Amélioration de la productivité agricole et les revenus des petits producteurs. L’agriculture constitue un pilier fondamental de la politique de développement du Sénégal. Depuis 2014, davantage d’efforts ont été consentis pour améliorer la production et la productivité par l’accompagnement des producteurs dans l'accès aux intrants et au matériel agricole afin d’accroitre les revenus des producteurs. Les résultats de l’enquête annuelle agricole 2018-2019, montrent que la productivité du travail agricole augmente avec la superficie exploitée par le ménage. Elle varie entre 1 236 FCFA par jour pour les ménages exploitant des superficies de moins de 0,5 ha à 5 500 FCFA par jour pour ceux qui exploitent des superficies supérieures à 5 ha. Figure 7 : Productivité moyenne du travail par classe de superficie (FCFA) Source : EAA, 2018/2019 Sur les plus petites exploitations (moins d’un 0,5 ha), les ménages de Saint-Louis, Tamba et Matam ont les productivités moyennes du travail les plus élevées. Pour les parcelles de 0,5 ha à 1 ha, les régions de Kaolack, Saint-Louis et Ziguinchor occupent les premières places avec les productivités variant entre 3 600 et 6 000 FCFA par homme et jour. Les productivités moyennes sont relativement plus élevées dans les exploitations de grande taille (plus de 5 ha), avec des valeurs supérieures à 10 000 FCFA par homme et par jour dans certaines régions comme Saint-Louis, Ziguinchor et Kédougou. Le revenu annuel brut des petits producteurs alimentaires s’élevait à 110 430 FCFA en 2018. Il est plus important chez les ménages dirigés par des hommes (113 641 FCFA) que chez ceux dirigés par les femmes (99 602 FCFA). Toutefois, cette moyenne nationale cache des disparités. En effet, elle est plus élevée chez les petits producteurs de la région de Louga, avec une moyenne dépassant 150 000 FCFA. Ceci pourrait s’expliquer par le développement de l’élevage qui est une activité dominante dans cette région. La vente de bétail et des produits animaux constituent une importante source de revenus ainsi qu’aux cultures de contre-saison dans les Niayes et autour du Lac de Guiers. 1 236 2 196 2 333 3 099 5 500 moins de 0,5 ha 0,5 à 1 ha 1 à 3 ha 3 à 5 ha plus de 5 ha MEPC\DGPPE\UCSPE@juin 2022 P. 24 / 98 ODD – REVUE NATIONALE VOLONTAIRE 2022 P. 24 / 98 Figure 8 : Revenus moyens des petits producteurs alimentaires (en FCFA) Source : DAPSA, Rapport sur les résultats de l’Enquête agricole annuelle (EAA) 2017/2018 Le Sénégal fait partie des pays qui allouent au moins 10% de leur budget national (hors dette et charge commune) à l’Agriculture en respectant l’engagement de Maputo. Le budget alloué au secteur agricole (au sens large) est évalué à 252,1 milliards de FCFA en 2020, soit près de 11% du budget de l’État (hors dette et charges communes). La valeur ajoutée du secteur agricole a enregistré une hausse de 11,9%, passant de 2 042,7 milliards de FCFA en 2019 à 2 286,7 milliards en 2020 et représentant 16,2% du PIB national. Cependant, l’indice d’orientation agricole se situe à 0,41% en 2020. Le secteur fait face à un certain nombre de contraintes relatives, entre autres, à : • un faible niveau d'accès au financement pour les ménages agricoles (9,4%), avec une grande disparité, au niveau régional, selon l’enquête agricole annuelle (EAA) 2018-2019. La part de financement des institutions gouvernementales et celle du secteur bancaire formel est relativement faible avec respectivement 2,4% et 10,5%. Les crédits contractés sont essentiellement de court terme ; • un faible niveau d’accès au foncier par les jeunes (15,1%) et les femmes (14,2%). Par ailleurs, les jeunes et femmes ayant accès au foncier ne possèdent aucun titre d’affectation sur les terres exploitées. Ils ont plus recours à l’emprunt pour accéder à la terre par rapport aux autres groupes d’exploitants. En sus de leur faible niveau d’accès au foncier, les femmes exploitent en moyenne 2 fois moins de superficie que les hommes (5,3 ha contre 12 ha) ; • une faible fertilité des sols : seulement 11,2% des superficies agricoles sous gestion durable en 2020 contre 12,2 % en 2015. Globalement, par rapport à l’ODD 2, des efforts considérables ont été consentis pour lutter contre la faim et la malnutrition. Toutefois, l’accès de tous à des aliments sains et nutritifs n’est pas totalement garanti. En effet, en dépit de leurs forces et opportunités avérées, lesdits systèmes recèlent encore des faiblesses et font face à des menaces nécessitant une prise en charge tout aussi diligente qu'efficiente. Ainsi, pour inverser la tendance et atteindre les objectifs en 2030, les recommandations suivantes sont préconisées : • l’amélioration de la production, de la transformation, de la commercialisation et de la consommation des produits agro-sylvo-pastoraux et halieutiques de qualité ; • le renforcement du cadre législatif et réglementaire des systèmes alimentaires pour l'application effective des normes de production, de stockage, de transformation, de conditionnement et de commercialisation des produits alimentaires, etc. ; • le renforcement de la résilience des systèmes alimentaires avec le développement de l’alerte précoce, la facilitation de l'accès des ménages et entités économiques aux services financiers, d'assurance et de protection sociale et le renforcement de l’accès à l’énergie. 151 102 129 237 121 459 119 721 109 448 108 752 106 427 105 111 102 186 101 858 99 881 99 503 96 497 88 635 LOUGA KAOLACK ZIGUINCHOR TAMBACOUNDA KAFFRINE THIES KEDOUGOU KOLDA FATICK SEDHIOU DIOURBEL DAKAR MATAM SAINT-LOUIS Revenu moyen national 110 430 FCFA 113 641 99 602 110 430 Hommes Femmes National
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7 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2: End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition, and Promote Sustainable Agriculture ENSURING SINGAPORE’S FOOD SECURITY Global demand for food is increasing, driven by rapid population growth, urbanisation, and rising affuence. Amid an increasingly complex food system, dwindling resources, climate change, and potential geopolitical tensions, global food supply fows are volatile and may not be able to keep up with demand. At about 720 square kilometres, Singapore is a small and highly urbanised city-state. Due to competing land use needs (e.g. industrial and residential uses), less than 1% of our land is used for agriculture and most of our food is imported. This makes us vulnerable to fuctuations in food supply and prices, and overseas food safety incidents. Notwithstanding these challenges, Singapore continues to be rated one of the most food-secure countries in the world.1 To ensure Singapore’s food security, we adopt a holistic approach comprising four core strategies: import source diversifcation, local production, internationalisation, and stockpiling. This involves a Whole-of-Government effort and collaboration with industry stakeholders. In maintaining food security, our ultimate goal is to ensure that everyone in Singapore has access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food at affordable prices in the short and long term. BRIGHT SPOTS Import Source Diversifcation Diversifcation of overseas import sources reduces the risk of reliance on a single supply source, and allows us to ramp up supply from other sources when traditional sources are disrupted. We are constantly on the search for new and viable food sources, and work to keep existing sources available, even in the face of disease or food contamination. This is achieved by adopting a science￾based risk assessment approach to ensure the safety of our food imports. As the national authority that ensures a resilient supply of safe food, the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA) works closely with the industry to conduct sourcing missions to different countries to build networks with potential suppliers and accredit new sources. Today, Singapore imports food from over 170 countries. Optimising Local Food Production Locally-produced items (e.g. fsh, vegetables, and eggs) complement our food import supplies and provide a critical buffer in the event of disruptions to import sources. Our local agriculture sector therefore plays a role in Singapore’s food security. To raise local production amid competing needs for land, energy, water, and manpower, our farms are encouraged to explore innovations in food production, such as indoor multi-tier farming automation and precision agriculture via sensors and Internet of Things (IOT). In 2017, we launched the “Farm Transformation Map” to spur sector transformation, and worked with local producers to utilise smart technologies and innovations to optimise the use of space and improve productivity. This allows producers to grow more with less by reducing reliance on manpower and better mitigating environmental risks. Already, a number of our high-tech farms use 70% less water and 50% less labour while producing about six times the usual quantity of vegetables and fsh. We have also established the S$63 million Agriculture Productivity Fund (APF) to encourage more farmers to invest in productive technologies and transform the agriculture sector. AVA also provides technical assistance and training to farmers, and conducts R&D with farms and in partnership with tertiary and research institutes. Internationalisation Internationalisation opens up new markets and helps our farms overcome land constraints in Singapore. We therefore encourage our local farms and food companies to venture overseas to seek opportunities. Some of our more progressive farms have made headway in high-tech vertical farming and fsh farming systems overseas. We also encourage these companies to re-export some of the food produced abroad to Singapore for local consumption. Stockpiling Rice is a staple food in Singapore and many other Asian countries. In order to ensure Singapore’s food security, especially in times of crises, the Rice Stockpile Scheme (RSS) makes it mandatory for rice importers to hold a two-month stockpile in government warehouses. This is to ensure that there is an adequate supply of rice in the market, and to stabilise prices in times of short-term shortages. Apart from national stockpiles, multilateral food stock arrangements also provide opportunities to enhance Singapore’s food resilience. Singapore is part of the ASEAN Plus Three Emergency Rice Reserve (APTERR), which aims to ensure the availability and accessibility of rice during a regional food emergency. Supporting Strategies – Reducing Food Wastage The amount of food waste in Singapore has increased more than 40% over the past decade, and accounts for a tenth of total waste generated today. With a growing population and increasing economic activity, this fgure is expected to grow. We have therefore placed a strong emphasis on reducing food loss and wastage as another means of enhancing our food security. This is done in partnership with stakeholders across the food supply chain through a holistic food waste management strategy. Through a publicity and outreach programme “Love Your Food – Waste Less. Save More.” we encourage consumers to make smart and prudent choices in food purchase, preparation, and storage habits. We work with local community organisations, grassroots leaders, and stakeholders on ground-up initiatives to reduce food waste. For students, the “Love Your Food @ Schools” Project is a hands-on way to learn about the closed-loop process in food waste reduction and recycling. AVA and the National Environment Agency (NEA), together with various industry stakeholders, have also developed food waste minimisation guidebooks for food retail establishments, supermarkets, and food manufacturing establishments. These guidebooks provide case studies and step-by-step guides to help establishments develop food waste minimisation plans tailored to their needs. Establishments are encouraged to adopt food waste minimisation practices, such as reducing food waste generation at source, redistributing unsold or excess food, and recycling food waste. Food waste could also be reduced through improved post-harvest management and storage to prolong shelf-lives. Assisting the Vulnerable Singapore’s social safety net ensures that the basic needs of the vulnerable are met. We have a ComCare programme to assist low-income households to meet their basic needs. This includes a monthly cash quantum to cover food expenses. For households with urgent needs, immediate assistance can be provided on the spot. This is disbursed at various touchpoints on the ground, such as Social Service Offces, Family Service Centres, Citizens’ Consultative Committees, and the Community Justice Centre. There are also various Voluntary Welfare Organisations (VWOs) which deliver meals to low-income families. CHALLENGES Impact of Climate Change Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation on a global scale have exacerbated the impact of climate change, thereby threatening the farming and food production sectors. For instance, changes in the frequency and severity of droughts and foods could pose challenges for farmers in sustaining their crop yields. Warmer waters could also disrupt ecosystems, threatening fshery supplies. Spikes in Food Consumption Singapore’s growing population and middle class will increase demand and food consumption, putting additional stress on our food supplies. FUTURE CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES OPPORTUNITIES Innovation and Technology to Maximise Food Production Innovation and technology can allow our farmers to grow more with less, be more resource-effcient, and reduce vulnerability to environmental risks. Developing a progressive farm sector will also help to attract a new generation of agri-specialists to further regional food security efforts. New Sources and Changing Mindsets As Singapore imports almost all of our food, we must continue to diversify our import sources in order to ensure a stable supply of commonly-consumed food items, while providing buffers from external price shocks. In addition, we must further entrench the values of sustainable consumption and prevention of food wastage in our populace. This includes tapping VWOs’ knowledge on preventing food wastage and educating our young on prudent food consumption practices. 8 SINO-SINGAPORE JILIN FOOD ZONE The Sino-Singapore Jilin Food Zone (SSJFZ) in Jilin, China is the frst commercially-driven agriculture project between Singapore and China that taps on Singapore’s expertise in food safety and animal health management and Jilin’s strengths in agriculture and food industries. The SSJFZ is envisioned as a world-class, integrated, and sustainable model food zone. It focuses on developing an integrated value chain from agribusiness R&D, animal and pasture input, production, processing and other supporting industries, logistics, and sale, and aims to provide a steady supply of safe and high-quality food. In December 2016, the SSJFZ debuted its frst product in Singapore supermarkets – 60 tonnes of Japonica rice. The zone is also home to other food products such as vegetables and dairy products. Other projects in the pipeline include an integrated pig farm project. Upon completion of frst phase development in 2021, the integrated farm will comprise 33 farms, an abattoir, and a high-end processing plant across 150 hectares. The farm is expected to produce 300,000 pigs annually, with 100,000 meant for Singapore. VERTICAL FARMING Sky Greens is the world’s frst low carbon, hydraulic￾driven vertical farm. It uses green urban solutions to produce safe and fresh vegetables using minimal land, water and energy. Through research, Sky Greens developed a patented vertical farming system which comprises multi-layer troughs in a rotating A-shape aluminium vertical frame. The frame can be as high as 9 metres with 38 tiers of growing troughs. Sky Greens began commercial operations in Singapore in 2012. Today, Sky Greens produces a variety of leafy vegetables, including Pak Choy, Lettuce, and Kai Lan. 9
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15 Singapore uses various strategies such as import source diversifcation, local production, and internationalisation to overcome inherent food security challenges as a small city-state with limited land and natural resources. We also collaborate with global partners on food security and food safety. For small states like Singapore that are heavily reliant on food imports, it is imperative that the global food and agricultural supply chains remain open and free. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Singapore signed the Joint Ministerial Statement on Supply Chain Connectivity with like-minded countries, which called for the unimpeded fow of essential goods including food and agricultural products. Import Source Diversifcation We also worked swiftly to facilitate agri-trade by match-making importers with new overseas suppliers to diversify our food import sources. We emphasised the importance of pivoting from “just-in-time” to “just-in-case” approaches to strike a better balance between resilience and effciency. Today, more of our industry partners have business continuity processes that strengthen their resilience. Local Food Production Singapore has set a “30 by 30” goal to build the local agri-food industry’s capability and capacity to sustainably produce 30% of our nutritional needs locally by 2030. Efforts include: • Strategically allocating agricultural land and sea spaces for sustainable production. Singapore’s “30 by 30” goal is ambitious, especially as only around 1% of Singapore’s limited land area has been set aside for agricultural use. Sea spaces for aquaculture are also limited. Therefore, our agricultural land and sea spaces must be used productively, such as by planning, developing, and operating farms in a way that minimises environmental impact; improving the effciency of resource use; managing, treating, and disposing of waste in a robust manner; achieving circularity; harnessing sustainable energy such as waste-to-energy systems and solar power; and adapting to climate change. Singapore is also facilitating the transformation of conventional coastal farms into high-tech and sustainable fsh farms. We are also planning for new aquaculture sea spaces in consultation with academics and nature groups to ensure that any environmental impact is mitigated. • Building a vibrant eco-system in agri-food technology to raise productivity and grow food more sustainably. • Research on sustainable urban food production, future foods, and food safety science and innovation. Ensuring Singapore’s Food Security 14 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2: End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture The Singapore Food Story Research & Development Programme (SFS 1.0) was initiated in 2019 to cover three themes: (a) Sustainable Urban Food Production; (b) Future Foods: Advanced Biotech-based Protein Production; and (c) Food Safety Science and Innovation. It has received strong interest from industry and the research community and supported 50 projects with the potential to transform food production and enhance food security in a climate-, resource-, and economic-resilient manner. Additional funding has been allocated to SFS 2.0 to support research projects in the aquaculture, agriculture, future foods, and food safety domains. SFS 2.0 places greater emphasis on addressing challenges associated with food security and developing new food safety capabilities. • Steering the growth of the novel food/alternative proteins sector by developing a regulatory framework for novel food and working with the private sector to explore innovative ways to generate low-cost, high-nutrition alternative proteins sustainably. To support the development of the alternative proteins industry, Singapore has introduced a regulatory framework for companies seeking pre-market approval for novel food. Singapore has built a strong food safety science R&D ecosystem to support novel foods, functional ingredients, and new food processing techniques, through support by the SFS R&D fund to research partners such as the Future Ready Food Safety Hub, a public-private partnership launched in 2021. • Conducting R&D and facilitating collaboration through the Marine Aquaculture Centre, which has specialised facilities for aquaculture research and offers access to biological materials. Balancing Regulation and Innovation As we import more than 90% of our food, our food safety system needs to be well-integrated and up￾to-date with international standards. Singapore regulates food safety through two main methods. First, we accredit our overseas sources for higher-risk products such as meat and eggs. Second, we monitor local farms and food establishments through licensing, inspection, sampling, and laboratory testing regimes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the NTUC Fairprice Co-operative, which runs supermarkets across Singapore, rolled out FairPrice on Wheels to make daily essentials more accessible, targeting residential estates with a higher concentration of low-income seniors. Basic groceries were also delivered to the doorsteps of communities who needed them. Did You Know? 4 Australia, China, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, and Singapore. 5 The Roundtable for Novel Foods was not held in 2020. International Collaboration Singapore works closely with like-minded countries to enhance cooperation in food safety, risk assessment, and standards. In addition, the National Centre for Food Science supports local, regional, and international capacity-building activities, and organises profciency testing programmes as a World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Food Contamination Monitoring, World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Collaborating Centre for Food Safety, and ASEAN Reference Laboratories in multiple food safety domain areas. To drive regulatory science to support food safety assessment, Singapore is also a member of the Global Coalition for Regulatory Science Research (GCRSR). It was established in 2013 to focus on research to support regulation by identifying and promoting best practices to understand and interpret data from innovative technologies such as genomics. Singapore is also a member of the Food Safety Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) Science and Food Safety Dialogue inaugurated in April 2023. The dialogue is co-led by Australia and the Republic of Korea, and comprises six Asia-Pacifc members to facilitate regional collaboration on risk assessment.4 The dialogue focuses on identifying gaps in emerging areas of food safety concerns, challenges, and areas of collaboration in food safety among food safety agencies. To encourage the harmonisation of safety assessments of novel foods, Singapore has held the Roundtable for Novel Foods annually since 20195 to provide a platform to raise awareness of new technologies for novel food production, discuss challenges in safety assessment, and explore opportunities to advance the regulatory agenda while encouraging food innovations. Under the auspices of the Singapore-UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Memorandum of Understanding, Singapore collaborates with the FAO on cultured meat, which could lead to the development of internationally recognised guidelines and/or standards in novel foods. 16 17 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation on a global scale have exacerbated the impact of climate change and heightened the vulnerability of the farming and food production sectors, and food supply chains. Rising sea levels, changing rainfall patterns and wind speeds, and warmer climates could affect productivity and yield of farming and food production, as well as lead to the proliferation of algae blooms and various chemical and biological foodborne hazards. SPACE-BASED CAPABILITIES To address the impact of climate change, Singapore’s Offce for Space, Technology & Industry is investing in the R&D of space-based capabilities, including advanced remote sensing, to model the impact of weather and climate change on food production and potential supply chain disruptions. GROWING DEMAND The growing global population and middle class will also increase food demand and consumption, putting additional stress on local and global food supplies. The Singapore Food Agency has engaged over 300 stakeholders, including farmers, associations, urban food solution providers, nature groups, and Institutes of Higher Learning in developing the Lim Chu Kang Master Plan, to solicit ideas and co-create a town that meets the agriculture industry’s needs. Engaging Stakeholders Challenges Opportunities Future Challenges and Opportunities
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[ 2 ]
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33 ODS 2 Hambre cero Entre 2016 y 2020, el porcentaje de población con inseguridad alimentaria descendió 6 puntos porcentuales al pasar de 24.30% a 17.58%. Si bien, esta tendencia es favorable, esta reducción equivale solo el 27.65% de la brecha a superar al 2030. Entre 2020 y 2030, aún queda por superar cerca del 75% de la brecha identificada en 2016, como línea base para el logro de esta meta. Es importante no olvidar que El Salvador cuenta ya con una Hoja de Ruta de País en el marco de Cumbre de sistemas alimentarios sostenibles del 2021. La cual contiene el esfuerzo coordinado de diferentes dependencias del Estado en torno a propuestas de acción, hitos para el seguimiento del modelo, así como coaliciones para el seguimiento y participación social en la implementación del modelo para el país. Este es un esfuerzo importante de país que se propone como acelerador en la reducción de las brechas de este ODS. Así como además las acciones que se realizan desde la Política Crecer Juntos y la Ley Nacer con Cariño para asegurar que cada niño y niña tengan el mejor comienzo desde la leche materna y garantizar una mejor nutrición y desarrollo para sus vidas. Cuadro II. 3. Estado de avance en las metas e indicadores nacionalmente priorizados del ODS 2 relacionados con la seguridad alimentaria y la malnutrición (1) 35 y económico permanente a alimentos seguros, nutritivos y en cantidad suficiente para satisfacer requerimientos nutricionales y preferencias alimentarias. (4) No se cuenta con indicadores de seguimiento para la meta 2.b. Fuente: elaboración CNDS a partir de información suministrada por DIGESTYC, MAG, DC, INS / MINSAL, CONASAN, SSF y MRREE. Como parte de estas acciones a favor de la erradicación de la inseguridad alimentaria, se necesita generar mecanismos resilientes de bienestar que permitan proteger los avances logrados en la garantía del derecho a la alimentación a lo largo del tiempo, aún en contextos de crisis. Entre 2019 y 2020, el porcentaje de población con inseguridad alimentaria pasó de 16.6% a 17.6%, como resultado de la crisis por la COVID-19. Asimismo, se necesita reforzar la reducción de las deficiencias en la provisión de energía alimentaria para una vida normal, activa y sana. Prevalencia de la sub￾alimentación, en porcentaje de población Prevalencia de la inse uridad alimentaria, en porcentaje de población 36 El país debe revertir la tendencia desfavorable en la erradicación de las diferentes formas de malnutrición desde el inicio de la trayectoria de vida. De acuerdo con los niveles de malnutrición de 2015, este problema social le cuesta al país al menos el 10.3% de su PIB, como resultado de sus efectos negativos en la consecución de logros en salud, educación y desarrollo económico (CEPAL, INCAP, PMA y Gobierno de El Salvador, 2019). Entre 2015 y 2021, la incidencia de la malnutrición por sobrepeso en la niñez menor de 5 años subió de 6.4% a 8.3%, mientras que la existente por bajo peso es de 2.1% a 2.90%. Como resultado de las desigualdades sociales existentes, la incidencia de la malnutrición por sobrepeso es ligeramente más alta en las niñas y en las áreas urbanas mientras que la malnutrición por bajo peso, en los niños y las áreas rurales. Figura II.2. Estado de avance de medio término en la erradicación de la doble carga de la malnutrición en la primera infancia, desde una perspectiva departamental. El Salvador, 2021. Déficit de peso. Porcentaje de población menor de 5 años con bajo peso para su estatura 37 Exceso de peso. Porcentaje de población menor de 5 años con sobrepeso para su estatura En el marco de estos esfuerzos, se necesita reforzar la inversión en el desarrollo agroalimentario que contribuya a la soberanía alimentaria y el acceso a alimentos para los consumidores. En este primer quinquenio de la implementación de los ODS, ha aumentado la producción de granos básicos, pero aún se mantiene por debajo de las necesidades de consumo nacional de dos de los tres granos básicos. A lo largo del período 2015-2021, la brecha alimentaria de arroz y frijol se ha mantenido negativa mientras que la de maíz, positiva. A su vez, la variación en los precios de estos tres granos se ha mantenido en el margen definido como aceptable por la autoridad competente (alrededor del 15%). El fomento de la productividad agrícola requiere seguridad jurídica de los productores y su acceso a asistencia técnica-financiera. Entre 2015 y 2020 ha bajado el porcentaje de productores agropecuarios que obtuvieron créditos para su actividad agropecuaria, así como el número de productores agrícolas beneficiarios de asistencia técnica, capacitaciones e insumos agropecuarios. Por otro lado, se necesita acelerar la implementación de prácticas sostenibles en el cultivo de la superficie agrícola, así como el uso de sistemas de riego. En 2021, menos del 5% de la superficie agrícola es parte de sistemas de producción agrícolas resilientes.
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10 THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF SOMALIA | VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 2022 ZERO HUNGER End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture T he great majority of data pertaining to nutrition and food security in Somalia is gathered by the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit of Somalia (FSNAU). FSNAU provides evidence-based analyses of Somali food, nutrition, and livelihood security to provide both short-term emergency responses and long- term strategic planning. Nutrition The nutritional status of Somali children is comparatively poor due to factors such as low economic status and the effects of severe droughts. Malnourished children are usually connected with high mortality and morbidity rates. Moreover, nutritional de!cit also delays children’s long-term physical and mental development. The nutritional status of children under !ve years of age are measured according to three anthropometric GOAL 2 © AU UN IST PHOTO / ILYAS A. ABUKAR 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 11 indices—height-for-age, weight-for-height and weight-for-age. Twenty-seven per cent of children under !ve are stunted or short for their age, 12 per cent are wasted with 6 per cent severely wasted and 21 per cent are underweight with 11 per cent severely underweight27. An estimated 1.2 million children under the age of !ve are likely to be malnourished, including 231,00 SAM cases28. According to Figure 2.2.2.a, in 2000, the proportion of children who were moderately or severely wasted was practically identical between nomadic, rural, and urban populations. Throughout the years, there has been a decrease in the proportion of children who are severely malnourished, from an average of about 17% to an average of about 10%, which is a testament to the increasing capacity of the Government as well as the FMS efforts to provide nutrition to young children. Consequently, Somalia made signi!cant progress in reducing the level of stunting among children. In 2019, 27 per cent of children under the age of !ve were stunted or too short for their age29, decreasing from 38 per cent in 200630. 12 THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF SOMALIA | VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 2022 Food security Seventy-nine per cent of Somalia’s adult population is experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity31. In 2022, food security in Somalia worsened with an estimated 4.8 million people (or 31% of the total population) already experiencing Crisis or worse (IPC Phase 3 or higher) outcomes32. Prices of locally produced maize and red sorghum unusually increased towards the end of 2021 even after the ‘Gu’ harvest in July. This can be attributed to the reduced availabilities from the already below-average cereal production in 2021. Overall, prices of local cereals and imported food increased considerably compared to prices from the last !ve years. Indicator of Food Price Anomalies (IFPA) for maize is at -0.3 per cent white maize, imported rice is at -0.81 per cent33 and red sorghum is at -0.84 per cent according to data from 202034. Humanitarian assistance to affected populations reached 1.3million in January 2022 and 2 million people in February 202235. However, this support is being outpaced by the rapid increase of food insecure populations caused by newly displaced populations, increasing gaps in household food consumption and loss of livelihood assets as well as worsening acute malnutrition. Moreover, the ongoing war in Ukraine is expected to increase pressure on food prices for commodities such as wheat, hence exacerbating the nation’s food insecurity. According to the Observatory of Economic Complexity, in 2020, 31 Food and Agricultural Organization 2019 reported by United Nations Statistics Division in SNBS records 32 Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit 2022 33 Food Price Monitoring and Analysis Online Database 2020 reported by United Nations Statistics Division in SNBS data 34 Food Price Monitoring and Analysis Online Database 2016 reported by United Nations Statistics Division in SNBS data 35 Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit 2022 Ukraine exported $18.6 million worth of food products to Somalia, which has likely decreased due to the war. Agriculture The agriculture sector comprises 52 per cent of Somalia’s GDP as of 201936 and 80% of employment and 90% of exports37. However, only 1.54 per cent of Government expenditure is dedicated to the agriculture sector. Strengthening the sector through the increase of exports improves employment opportunities for Somalia’s youth and provides better food security. However, this potential is hindered by the country’s vulnerability to climate change and drought as well as the low levels of productivity. Improved crop productivity, climate resilient techniques as well as the strengthening of the value chain, (the process from the products conception to the !nal consumer) would increase the economy in a sustainable way. There are also serious skills gaps in the agricultural and livestock sectors and even though universities are the main centres for agriculture and livestock education and training, most graduates lack the technical knowhow and skills to address and effectively implement technical activities38. However, there is wide recognition that actions to enhance the agriculture sector can only be achieved through effective government and institutional capacity to manage and execute necessary programmes. Actions to enhance the agriculture sector can only be achieved through strong government and institutional capacity to manage and implement. The Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MoAI) is dedicated to creating an enabling environment for Somalia and other investors to enhance the agricultural sector which shall improve livelihoods and ensure reliable supply of quality and affordable food whilst sustaining the natural environment. Under the patronage of the FGS Ministry of 36 United Nations Statistics Division national account estimates 2019 in SNBS records 37 European Union External Action Service 2018 38 Heritage Institute for Policy Studies 2020 The ongoing war in Ukraine is expected to increase pressure on food prices for commodities such as wheat, hence exacerbating the nation’s food insecurity. 10% of children are severely malnourished, decreasing from an average of 17%. This is testament to the increasing capacity of the Government in its efforts to provide nutrition to young children 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 13 Agriculture and Irrigation, the Somalia Agricultural Regulatory Inspection Services (SARIS) agency was established. SARIS regulates agricultural inputs/ contributions in the country through quality checks and the enforcement of standards. The Federal Government is also reviewing a bill that regulates the use of agricultural chemicals by introducing a chemical registration system. Locust Invasion In July 2019, the country was plagued with swarms of locusts, originating from Yemen, which destroyed tonnes of vegetation invading farmland and rangeland in northern Somalia and creating large￾scale agricultural and environmental damage. To remedy the damage caused by the invasion of locusts, MoAI, in partnership with the UN, helped deliver equipment and chemicals to support ground and aerial pesticide operations which will enable pest control operations in 155,495 hectares. Further, the National Desert Locust Unit was established along with two partner centres. Also, 59,620 farming households received quality agricultural inputs to enable them to resume production and 16,889 hectares of farmland gained improved access to irrigation water39. Livestock Livestock is the largest export in Somalia accounting to 80 per cent of exports. It is also the largest contributor to Somali livelihoods with 65% of the population engaged in the industry in some way40. However, the sector has been intermittently interrupted by droughts which have limited pasture and grazing land for animals as well as and international bans. Somalia’s livestock is shipped to countries in the Middle East and transported to markets in Kenya, Djibouti, and Ethiopia. Due to repeated livestock bans from Middle Eastern countries coupled with recurrent droughts, the country’s macro-economy has been volatile. Thus, Somalia has experienced both #ourishing and bust cycles in livestock export volumes, most recently from 2016 (due to Rift Valley Fever fears) and 2020 (Foot and Mouth Disease fear) livestock bans from Saudi Arabia. FGS Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range endorsed the Somalia Livestock Sector Development Strategy. With support from the UN, a total of 14.4 million goats belonging to 360,000 households were vaccinated against Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia, a disease which can in#ict serious economic hardship from its high morbidity and mortality rates. Furthermore, 3.5 million livestock were provided with access to veterinary services. FGS Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range endorsed the Somalia Livestock Sector Development Strategy. With support from the UN, a total of 14.4 million goats belonging to 360,000 households were vaccinated against Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia, a disease which can in#ict serious economic hardship from its high morbidity and mortality rates. Furthermore, 3.5 million livestock were provided with access to veterinary services In July 2019, the country was plagued with swarms of locusts, originating from Yemen, which destroyed tonnes of vegetation invading farmland and rangeland in northern Somalia and creating large-scale agricultural and environmental damage 4.8M people (31% of the total population) are food insecure and are currently experiencing crisis or worse outcomes 80% of Somalia’s exports are livestock. This makes livestock the largest contributor to livelihoods with 65% of the population engaged in the industry in some way
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35 As a country of high human development (Human Development Index was 0.787 in 2017), Serbia is facing the problem of the obesity among children more than the problem of malnutrition. Data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)25 show that 1.8% of children in Serbia are underweight, 6% of them have stunted growth (low height-per-age), 4% have wasted growth and 13.9% of them are overweight. However, for young children coming from Roma settlements, a more undesirable picture emerges: 9.5% of them are underweight, stunting prevalence is 18.5%, and 5.1% are overweight. One in ten children in Roma settlements is underweight compared to one in 55 children in general population. As a recent study on positive deviance in nutrition in Roma settlements demonstrated26, malnutrition is mainly related to the poor economic situation of families living in Roma settlements, but there is also significant influence of nutrition practices that are the consequence of the lack of knowledge, and specific norms related to nutrition and caring, preferences and nutritive values attributed to certain foods. Youth perspective on SDG 2 As one of the main means for improvement of nutrition among children, young people participating in VNR consultations see the healthy meals organized within formal education institutions, as this is the place where they spend a large part of their time. They also emphasized the need to organize distribution of food to the poor, following the models of food banks or food warehouses. All companies that produce or trade food should contribute to that task. 25 Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and UNICEF (2014). Serbia – Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014 and Serbia – Roma settlements – Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014 – Monitoring the status and position of women and children, Final Report. Belgrade, Serbia: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and UNICEF. 26 UNICEF (2018) Qualitative Research on Malnutrition in Children under Five Years of Age in Poor Roma Settlements in Serbia using Positive Deviance in Nutrition Approach. Existing gaps and challenges / desirable solutions “Cafeterias with healthy food (hot meals) throughout our education (from pre-schools to faculties). Subsidised meals. Places around town – public cafeterias.” “The state and more affuent people could pay more attention and invest into soup kitchens.” “Bakeries, restaurants and other companies should send what they usually throw away to some organisation that would give it to those who need it most. A law is needed!” “Restaurants should be prohibited from throwing away food, they should give it to others, donate it, etc.” END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 36 Areas requiring advice and support (policy responses) “The Strategy of the Public Health of the Republic of Serbia 2018-2026 sets the objective to increase the adequate nutrition and physical activity among adult and population under 18 by 10%. In line with measures defined by this Strategy, it is planned to adopt, in the following period, specific strategies and programmes that will focus on nutrition and health, such as: Strategy for the improvement of nutrition and physical activity, national programmes for food accessibility, food security and for the prevention of obesity among children and adult population. In 2018, the Government of Serbia adopted the National Programme for breastfeeding support, family and developmental care of newborns. The National Program represents a unique platform to implement practices that promote, protect and support breastfeeding, as optimal nutrition, especially during the first 1000 days of life, which is one of the foundations enabling children to survive and develop to their full potential.”27 Local self-government perspective on SDG 2 The role of the local self-government in agriculture and rural development is definedby a number of strategic and legal documents, bearing in mind the fact that the territory of 130 local self-government units (LSGs) is considered rural. Agricultural policy and rural development policy are determined, inter alia, at the local level, and LSGs can determine measures for implementing agricultural policy in their area. Since 2007, cities and municipalities have been developing and implementing annual programmes for protection, regulation and use of agricultural land, which has a significant impact on the improvement of the quality of agricultural land management, which is one of the most important preconditions for the development of rural areas. As the most important challenge in rural areas, representatives of LSGs point out poor infrastructure (transport, communal, etc.), low competitiveness of agricultural producers and the lack of diversification of economic activities in the rural areas. Human resources are also a challenge for a more significant role of LSGs in rural development, more precisely the number, structure and characteristics of employees dealing with this topic. In short, the local level still lacks the human capacities, and better organizational and strategic management in this area is needed. The SCTM supports LSGs in implementing the relevant laws, with the aim of a more efficient management of agricultural land and more effective support in the field of agriculture and ruraldevelopment.28 27 UNICEF, Sustainable development for and by children and youth – Contribution to Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda. 28 Information submitted by the Standing Conference of Towns and Municipalities – National Association of Local Authorities in Serbia (SCTM) as the contribution to writing the VNR. http://sdg.indikatori.rs/sr-cyrl/area/good-health-and-well-being/?subarea=SDGUN030201&indicator=03020102IND01
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[ 2 ]
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49 2014 2019 2014 2019 11,8% Rural 18,9% 11,7% Rural 16,3% 2014 2019 SDG 2 Food and nutritional security, that is, regular and permanent access to quality food in sufficient quantity without compromising access to other essential needs, is fundamental to the health and well-being of the population, and is a basic human right, according to FAO. According to the Third National Communication on Climate Change, 2018, about 36,000 people were food insecure in the country, of which 16,000 (10.2% of households) have low food consumption and 20,000 people have limited food consumption6 . The country has made progress in terms of child nutrition (children under 5), but recent data shows that there are still considerable challenges. Precisely because of this, the Government has been working with its partners to ensure that Santomeans have access to essential foods, so that there is no hunger and food insecurity and there are better levels of nutrition by 2030. To this end, various strategies and programs have been implemented to improve the increase in sustainable agricultural production and access to food diversity, with emphasis on: • Regional Strategy for Food Security and Nutrition / Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries; • Agricultural Policy Charter for Rural Development; • National Program for Food Security and Nutrition 2012-2023; • National Food Health Security Strategy 2017-2022; • National Social Protection Policy and Strategy, 2014. Regarding the goal of increasing sustainable agricultural production, aimed at improving the food and nutritional security of the population, the document entitled, Strategic Review "Zero Hunger" - Horizon 2030, with the support of the World Food Program (WFP), was prepared with a view to assessing and defining actions to accelerate the implementation of this SDG, which proposes as a strategic guideline "End hunger, ensure food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture." Nutritional security is assessed through anthropometric measures and food consumption, in which the occurrence of malnutrition in childhood is diagnosed based on stunting. In 2014, the prevalence of stunting (moderate and severe), which is measured by the height-for-age ratio, in children under 5 years of age was 17.2% at the country level, with 20.5% in male children and 13.9% in female children. Figure 2.1: Percentage of children under 5 years, by nutritional status, according to the prevalence of stunting (moderate and severe), by means of residence and sex, 2014 - 2019 Total 6 Third National Communication on Climate Change, 2018. 2014 Source: MICS 2014 and 2019 11,7% 13,0% 10,4% 2019 50 Male Female 2014 2019 2014 2019 Rural 4,4% Rural Urban 4,1% Urban 2014 2019 In 2019, there were considerable improvements in this indicator, setting it at 11.7%, with a higher incidence in male children (13%, against 10.4% in females). Regarding regional location, the country also achieved important gains from 2014 to 2019, being more accentuated in rural areas, as shown in the following Graph. At the level of regions, there is a decrease in levels of undernutrition in all regions, with the exception of ARP, where there was a doubling of levels between 2014 and 2019 (MICS, 2014 and 2019). Figure 2.2: Percentage of children under 5 years of age, by nutritional status according to the prevalence of stunting (moderate and severe), by region, 2014 - 2019 23.3 North-Western region Mé-Zóchi district Água Grande district Southern region Eastern Autonomous Region of Principe 2014 2019 Source: MICS 2014 and 2019 The MICS data shows that the prevalence of undernutrition is conditioned by the level of well-being, i.e. the poorer the household, the higher the prevalence of stunting. As for the nutritional situation, it is relatively good and the Santomean State has been making efforts to improve it further. The MICS 2019 presents two indicators related to weight-for-height: (1) Prevalence of weight loss (moderate and severe) in children under 5 years of age, which remained at about 4% between 2014 and 2019. In contrast to girls (2.3%), the prevalence of weight loss in boys worsened in 2019, reaching a rate of 5.9%, slightly higher in urban settings. Graph 2.3: Prevalence (%) of weight loss (moderate and severe), 2014 - 2019 Total 2014 2019 Source: MICS 2014 and 2019 4,0% 4,1% 4,7% 5,9% 3,3% 2,3% 20.0 20.2 15.6 14.5 11.3 11.6 10.5 9.2 51 (1) Overweight in children under 5 years of age - although levels are not worrying, there has been a worsening of prevalence in 2019 compared to 2014, rising from 2.4% to 4.5%. Boys are most affected by obesity in 2019, with higher prevalence in families with higher comfort levels. Graph 2.4: Overweight prevalence (%) %, 2014 - 2019 2014 2019 TOTAL MASCULINE FEMININE URBAN RURAL Source: MICS 2014 and 2019 As for the prevalence of anemia in women aged 15-49 years, according to World Health Organization (WHO) data7 , the situation is worrying in STP. The proportion of women aged 15 to 49 with anemia has shifted from 45% in 2015 to 44.2% in 2019. According to the same source, the prevalence of anemia remained almost at the same level, averaging 44% per year, and increased to about 51% for pregnant women between 2015 and 2019. With regard to the prevalence of underweight (weight-for-age) in children under 5 years of age, there were improvements between 2014 and 2019, with the prevalence of underweight (moderate and severe) increasing from 8.8% to about 5%. In order to contribute to the good physical and intellectual development of students, the Santomean Government, through the National School Food and Health Program, took responsibility in 2016 for feeding children in the country's public schools, with a view to supplementing the nutritional needs of students and improving healthy eating habits during their stay at school. The country does not have all the data to quantify the proportion of agricultural area where productive and sustainable agriculture is practiced. However, aware of the problem of nutrition in the country, the successive governments of STP have been implementing policies that contribute to the availability of food of adequate nutritional quality, based on sustainable agricultural production, as shown in Table 2.1. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development, between 2017 and 2021, STP increased the national agricultural area and the national agricultural area in which agriculture is sustainable by 68.6% and 37%, respectively. The proportion of agricultural area where productive and sustainable agriculture is practiced represented 44% in 2017 and decreased to 36% in 2021. Table 2.1: Agricultural area and proportion in which productive and sustainable agriculture is practiced, 2017 - 2021 Agricultural area (ha) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 National Agricultural Area 14302 15952,8 17166,6 20343,9 24109,3 National agricultural area where agriculture is sustainable 6336,3 6531,7 6455,7 7486,1 8681 Proportion of agricultural area where it is practiced productive agriculture is sustainable 44,0% 41,0% 38,0% 37,0% 36,0% Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development, 2021 As noted above, agriculture is an important sector for STP, as is evident from the share of its value added in GDP which between 2015 and 2019 averaged 11% (Table 2.2.). As for the levels of agricultural production oriented for government spending, they have been small, at around 0.4%, and the share of agriculture in government expenditure averaged around 4% in the same period. 7 https://www. who.int/data/gho/ 2.4 4.5 2.6 5.6 2.2 3.4 2.8 4.6 1.7 4.2 52 Table 2.2: Agricultural targeting index for public expenditure, 2015 - 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Agriculture added value in the GDP (%) 12,0 11,4 10,9 11,1 12,22 Index of agricultural orientation to government spending 0,4 0,35 0,4 0,4 0,36 Agriculture's share of government expenditure (%) 4,3 4,02 4,6 4,2 4,45 Source: Global SDG Database: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/UNSDG/countryprofiles Furthermore, the agricultural sector has played an important role in the Government's strategy to combat poverty and ensure food security, for which it has received important support from various partners. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development (MAPDR), the total official flows (ODA and other flows) to the agricultural sector evolved from 20.2 million Euros in 2017 to 24.6 million in 2020. This is a significant increase if we take into account the levels recorded in 2018, graph, below. Chart 2.5: Total official flows to the agricultural sector (in Millions of Euros), 2017 - 2020 2017 2018 2019 2020 Source: MAPDR, 2021 As for the prices of food products, the Government has been working to control their volatility, considering the pressure they exert on the budgets of families, especially the most vulnerable. As can be seen from the Food Price Anomalies Indicator (IFPA), per the Consumer Food Price Index, there have been improvements, with this indicator having evolved from an abnormal situation in 2015, with an IFPA>=1, concretely 1.2, to moderately high in 2019, with an IFPA equal to 0.68 . 8 FAOSTAT Data / Consumer Price Indices: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/CP 24.6 20.2 5.5 1.5
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19 Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Slovenia faces the challenge of a rise in excess weight and obesity: 66.6% of men and 42% of women (2012), as well as 25.8% of boys and 21.6% of girls (2013), have a body weight that exceeds the recommended guidelines. The goal of Slovenia in this field is to reduce the percentage of adults and children with excess body weight by 2025. Poor nutritional status is reflected in two ways: in excess body weight (particularly male adults and children), and in malnutrition of many older adults who need institutionalised forms of care, and of certain groups of patients (e.g. cancer patients). Slovenia has been addressing the challenges of nutrition policy through national nutrition policy programmes since 2005, through a national programme for promotion of physical activity in order to promote health and through systemic measures carried out in educational institutions and relevant to the development and consolidation of dietary habits in working life. We also prepared the Dietary Guidelines in Educational Institutions, which were introduced in schools with the School Meals Act. This act establishes the subsidising of school meals and thus also enables adequate nutrition to the pupils with poor socio-economic situation, defines the educational functions of nutritional education and prohibits the use of vending machines on school premises, as those had an impact on the consumption of sugary beverages and foods with high content of sugar, salt, and fat. A variety of measures is turning schools into an environment with healthy and balanced meals. The nutrition in kindergartens is also a successful example. The majority of daily meals there prepared in accordance with the recommendations of healthy eating. The dietary guidelines for students were drawn up for subsidised student meals. We recorded positive shifts in the population such as more frequent consumption of breakfast, greater consumption of olive oil, and an increase in the share of the physically active population, especially among women. However, these positive trends are not characteristic of all population groups, in particular of socio-economically deprived groups. As an EU Member State, Slovenia helps to shape and implement the measures of the common agricultural policy of the EU in the field of promoting sustainable agriculture and ensuring food safety. In the light of the priorities of the agricultural policy, Slovenia establishes and implements the measures taking into consideration the promotion of the concept of sustainable development of agriculture, guaranteeing the greatest possible degree of food self-sufficiency, the promotion of development of agriculture that will be adapted to mitigate the effects of climate change and will contribute to a lasting improvement of the status of natural resources and biodiversity, and the implementation of precautionary principle in issues related to GMOS (genetically modified organisms). Protection of agricultural land is one of the priorities of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia. High-quality natural resources are necessary for providing a greater level of self-supply of high-quality food and water, which are strategic goods. Slovenia is facing a downward trend in producing key groups of foodstuffs, which increases our vulnerability. This vulnerability will also increase due to the adverse effect of climate change on food systems and because that the area of arable land in Slovenia is decreasing. Not only is the agricultural system dependent on natural resources, but it is also one of the key factors in environmental degradation. The new national development concept of Slovenia will address the key areas for realising the goal of achieving food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture through:  Introducing an ecosystem approach in managing natural resources and going beyond the sectoral way of thinking, including by means of the timely coordination of interests in the interface areas water–food–energy, which will also change in the future due to the results of climate change;  Preserving a high level of biodiversity; and  Permanently protecting high-quality agricultural land and promoting the agricultural practice of increasing the self-supply of sustainable locally produced food that positively affects human health. 20 SDG Target Indicators Data for Slovenia 2.4. By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality Percentage of agricultural land involved in productive and sustainable agriculture 91% (444,197 hectares) (2016) 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture, protected in the facilities for medium and long-term preservation As at 01.01.2017, the Slovene Plant Gene Bank stored 5,345 accessions. As at 01.01.2017, the gene bank of local breeds of domestic animals stored genetic reserves of 97 breeding males and 2,062 tissue samples Level of endangerment of domestic animal breeds Out of 12 indigenous breeds of domestic animals in Slovenia, 7 are critically endangered and 3 are endangered. Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals Selected Measures, Activities, and Examples of Good Practice Slovenia @ home ► Traditional Slovenian Breakfast In the autumn of 2012, the Government of the Republic of Slovenia adopted a decision on the declaration of Slovenian Food Day, which is celebrated every third Friday in November. By celebrating it, we remind the general public about the importance of providing quality food from the local environment, and raise awareness about the importance of domestic production and processing of food and its consumption. The main objective is to promote self-sufficiency with local quality food from the immediate vicinity and a healthy way of eating. Food from the local environment is seasonally more accessible; fruits and vegetables have more vitamins and, consequently, a higher nutritional value. Due to the proximity of its production and preparation, fewer food additives such as preservatives and colourants can be used, and such food can also be recognised by its rich and traditional taste. By promoting local self-sufficiency, we express our support to the Slovenian producers and processors of food, we encourage the awareness and the importance of maintaining a clean, healthy environment and rural population density, and we inform young people about the procedures of the production and processing of food, thus encouraging their interest in agriculture and food technology. This way, young people see the profession of a farmer or a food technologist as something positive and as an activity for the achievement of vital economic objectives. Strong focus is also given to the overall awareness of the importance of a healthy lifestyle, including the importance of physical activity and doing sports. Slovenian Food Day is also used to educate, inform, and raise awareness about waste prevention, proper handling of waste generated in everyday activities, rational handling of packaging, and reducing quantities of discarded food. One of the main activities of the Slovenian Food Day is the project called Traditional Slovenian Breakfast, which will be carried out for the seventh time in 2017 with the participation of kindergartens and primary schools. The project is primarily intended for Slovene kindergartens and primary schools, as cultivating healthy eating habits is the most effective in early childhood when the children are most open to adopting values and are thus also the most inclined to nutritional education. It is important to enjoy breakfast on a regular basis and to have balanced nutrition when growing up to allow for optimal health, growth, and intellectual development, and to prevent the formation of health problems and related diseases in childhood or adulthood. New governmental and non-governmental organisations in Slovenia are joining the project each year, and it is also carried out at an international level. The following institutions cooperate in the Slovenian Food Day and the Traditional Slovenian Breakfast: Ministry 21 of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, Ministry of Education, Science and Sport, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Slovenian Beekeepers' Association (initiator of the project), National Education Institute, Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia, Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Slovenia- Chamber of Agriculture and Food Companies, Association of Fruit Growers Societies of Slovenia, National Institute of Public Health, Cooperative Union of Slovenia and Chamber of Craft and Small Business of Slovenia. ► School fruit and vegetable scheme The School Fruit and Vegetable Scheme (SFVS) is a measure of the common agricultural policy of the EU and provides the free distribution of additional portions of fruits and vegetables to children in educational institutions. The aim of the measure is to increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables among children and to improve their nutritional habits and consequently reduce the number of overweight and obese children and decrease the risk for the occurrence of the health problems of the modern age. Compulsory accompanying measures in SFVS have a vital role: connecting the children with agriculture, educating them on agriculture, healthy eating habits, local food chains, organic production, sustainable production and the prevention of waste of food. SFVS has been carried out for seven years in Slovenia. The target group is all children attending primary schools or institutes for the raising and education of children and adolescents with special needs (schools). The scheme includes 90% of all schools (over 400), i.e. approximately 150,000 children. Each year, the schools are invited to participate in the accompanying measures such as school garden (180 schools), workshops for chefs (app. 250 schools) and project contents in school camps in the facilities of the Centre for School and Outdoor Education (app. 350 schools/school year). In one school year, school pupils are given ca. 560 tonnes of fruit and vegetables from SFVS, on average 34 portions per child, 110 g per portion. The results of the evaluation of SFVS showed that it is effective when it comes to the interest of schools and the diversity of distributed fruits; however, this unfortunately does not apply to vegetables (only 5%). Multi-annual effects indicate an increased frequency of the consumption of vegetables at school and at home, while the attitude towards the consumption of vegetables is also improving (mainly among boys, older pupils, and pupils with higher socio-economic status). Knowledge about healthy lifestyle is improving in the long term among girls and older pupils. Fruits are consumed by a relatively large percentage of pupils, and no major changes were detected throughout the years of implementation. School fruits and vegetables are the most popular among younger pupils, girls, and pupils with lower socio-economic status. The success of the SFVS is also reflected in the good cooperation with local farmers and the diversity of implementation of accompanying activities at school. SFVS is very successful in connecting at the level of state institutions and ministries (agriculture, health, education). With the 2017/2018 school year, SFVS will be completed and upgraded into a new school scheme that will include the distribution of milk in addition to that of fruits and vegetables. ► World Bee Day Slovenia also underlines the importance of honey bees and, in this context, raises awareness of food production and food safety with the initiative for declaring 20 May as World Bee Day at the level of the United Nations (UN) to raise global awareness of the importance of bees and bee products. With this special day, we want to draw attention every year to the importance of preserving bees and to remind people that we are highly dependent on them and other pollinators, particularly in terms of global food security. Bees are of utmost importance to sustainable agricultural production, food safety in the world and nutritional safety of the population. One third of the food produced in the world is directly dependent on pollination. An international study from 2008 assessed that pollination is worth €153 billion at the global level or €22 billion every year in Europe, while the estimated value in Slovenia amounted to €100 million. In addition to the importance of bees for successful agricultural production, thus ensuring food security, it is also necessary to mention their role in maintaining the ecological balance and ensuring biodiversity conservation in the wild. We can achieve better results in the protection of bees and bee-keeping development with international cooperation, in particular by strengthening our common care for bees. The initiative will make a significant contribution to international cooperation in solving global problems, such as ensuring global food security, the eradication/elimination of hunger and preserving the environment in the sense of the prevention of further loss of biodiversity and degradation of ecosystem services. This would significantly contribute to the sustainable development goals. The proposal has already been widely recognized and endorsed by the Food and Agriculture Organization and its Members (FAO). Slovenia as a Responsible Global Citizen We are improving the security of food and drinking water supply among refugee and local populations in Ndejje, near Kampala, the Ugandan capital city. The project enhances the resilience of Ndejje's refugee and local population, predominantly women, who suffer from chronic deprivation of basic dietary needs caused by extended periods of drought. As a member of the Food Assistance Convention, Slovenia supports the humanitarian activities of the World Food Programme, mainly in the Horn of Africa and the Sahel Region.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "svn", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-svn-2017-en-3.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2017 }