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lly delayed, i.e. gains in productivity are rarely reflected in immediate profitability gains are more likely realized on the long-term.
=== Performance ===
The term performance is even broader than productivity and profitability and covers a plethora of factors that influence a company's success. Hence, well-known p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_productivity |
r definitions, there is a certain agreement that efficiency refers to the utilisation of resources and mainly influences the required input of the productivity ratio. Effectiveness on the other hand mainly influences the output of the productivity ratio as it usually has direct consequences for the customer. Effective... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_productivity |
ave a stronger focus on knowledge, office or white-collar work and hence increasingly discuss the role of quality with respect to quality.
Drucker stresses the importance of quality for the evaluation of knowledge worker productivity: "Productivity of knowledge work therefore has to aim first at obtaining quality—and n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_productivity |
software development things are more complicated than in the production of goods. Software development is an engineering process.
=== COCOMO II ===
Boehm was one of the first researchers that systematically approached the field of software productivity. His cost estimation model COCOMO - now COCOMO II - is standard ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_productivity |
rge amount of data relevant for productivity analyses. In at least two of his books, he gives a number of productivity factors but also points out that for each project a different set of factors are influential. These factors can form a basis for productivity assessments and for comparison with industrial averages.
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_productivity |
es
Geographic separation of development locations
Defect potentials and removal methods
Existing documentation
Prototyping before main development begins
Project teams and organization structures
Morale and compensation of staff
=== Function points ===
Function points were proposed in 1977 by Albrecht as a better siz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_productivity |
sure. However, in many domains it still lacks practical application because it is often conceived as only applicable to business information systems.
=== Value-based software engineering ===
Several researchers proposed economic-driven or value-based software engineering as an important paradigm in future software en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_productivity |
s with good and bad management practice that have an influence on the productivity of the team. They and others showed that these are the decisive issues in software engineering but were only able to describe them anecdotally.
== Factors influencing programming productivity ==
There are probably a large number of fac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_productivity |
ydrogen spectral lines named for Johann Balmer.
== References ==
== Further reading ==
Software Cost Estimation with Cocomo II, Barry W. Boehm et al., Prentice Hall, 2000. ISBN 978-0-13-026692-7.
Developing Products in Half the Time: New Rules, New Tools, Preston G. Smith and Donald G. Reinertsen, Wiley, 1997. ISBN... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_productivity |
Egoless programming is a style of computer programming in which personal factors are minimized so that quality may be improved. The cooperative methods suggested are similar to those used by other collective ventures such as Wikipedia.
== History ==
The concept was first propounded by Gerald M. Weinberg in his 1971 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoless_programming |
Projects take longer to complete.
Projects experience a higher failure rate due to the decentralized nature of and volume of communication between members of the team.
Risky shift phenomenon – Programmers attempt riskier solutions to solve a software problem.
Simple tasks are made more difficult by open communication ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoless_programming |
that they work in a more disciplined way.
== See also ==
List of software development philosophies
Software review
Egolessness
== References ==
== External links ==
The Ten Commandments of Egoless Programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoless_programming |
In programming, a gotcha is a valid construct in a system, program or programming language that works as documented but is counter-intuitive and almost invites mistakes because it is both easy to invoke and unexpected or unreasonable in its outcome.
== Example ==
The classic gotcha in C/C++ is the construct
It is sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotcha_(programming) |
does not exist, there is a recommendation to keep the constants in the left side of the comparison, e.g. 42 == x rather than x == 42. This way, using = instead of == will cause a compiler error (see Yoda conditions). Many kinds of gotchas are not detected by compilers, however.
== See also ==
Usability
== Referenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotcha_(programming) |
In software engineering, "programming in the large" and "programming in the small" refer to two different aspects of writing software. "Programming in the large" means designing a larger system as a composition of smaller parts, and "programming in the small" means creating those smaller parts by writing lines of code ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small |
individual program is created is different from how a programming systems product is created. The former likely does one relatively simple task well. It is probably coded by a single engineer, is complete in itself, and is ready to run on the system on which it was developed. The programming activity was probably fair... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small |
describes how programming systems projects are typically run as formal projects that follow industry best practices and will comprise testing, documentation and ongoing maintenance activities as well as activities to ensure that the product is generalized to work in different scenarios including on systems other than t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small |
operates across module boundaries, the work of many people may need re-doing. Because of this, one goal of programming in the large involves setting up modules that will not need altering in the event of probable changes. This is achieved by designing modules so they have high cohesion and loose coupling.
Programming ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small |
non-ACID transactions, etc.
A language that was designed to explicitly support programming in the large is BPEL.
== Programming in the small ==
In software development, programming in the small describes the activity of writing a small program. Small programs are typified by being small in terms of their source code ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small |
rectness.
In computer science terms, programming in the small deals with short-lived programmatic behavior, often executed as a single ACID transaction and which allows access to local logic and resources such as files, databases, etc.
== References ==
== Further reading ==
DeRemer, Frank; Kron, Hans (1975). "Progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small |
Comet is a web application model in which a long-held HTTPS request allows a web server to push data to a browser, without the browser explicitly requesting it. Comet is an umbrella term, encompassing multiple techniques for achieving this interaction. All these methods rely on features included by default in browsers,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(programming) |
as rendered the Comet model obsolete.
== History ==
=== Early Java applets ===
The ability to embed Java applets into browsers (starting with Netscape Navigator 2.0 in March 1996) made two-way sustained communications possible, using a raw TCP socket to communicate between the browser and the server. This socket ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(programming) |
nd used in a dozen or so Command&Control and Training applications in the United States Department of Defense.
=== First Comet applications ===
The first set of Comet implementations dates back to 2000, with the Pushlets, Lightstreamer, and KnowNow projects. Pushlets, a framework created by Just van den Broecke, was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(programming) |
messaging format that the founders of State Software, Inc. assented to coin as JSON following Crockford's suggestion. The entire system, the client libraries, the messaging format known as JSON and the server, became the State Application Framework, parts of which were sold and used by Sun Microsystems, Amazon.com, EDS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(programming) |
faces JSF framework (although they prefer the term "Ajax Push"). Others that had previously used Java-applet based transports switched instead to pure-JavaScript implementations.
== Implementations ==
Comet applications attempt to eliminate the limitations of the page-by-page web model and traditional polling by offe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(programming) |
the results of a previous request, e.g., a series of images. This can be worked around by creating a distinct hostname for real-time information, which is an alias for the same physical server. This strategy is an application of domain sharding.
Specific methods of implementing Comet fall into two major categories: st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(programming) |
e is sent as a chunked block, which implicitly declares it as infinitely long (sometimes called "forever frame"). As events occur, the iframe is gradually filled with script tags, containing JavaScript to be executed in the browser. Because browsers render HTML pages incrementally, each script tag is executed as it is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(programming) |
a format for an XHR response, and parsing out each event using browser-side JavaScript; relying only on the browser firing the onreadystatechange callback each time it receives new data.
=== Ajax with long polling ===
None of the above streaming transports work across all modern browsers without negative side-effect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(programming) |
est in order to obtain subsequent events. IETF RFC 6202 "Known Issues and Best Practices for the Use of Long Polling and Streaming in Bidirectional HTTP" compares long polling and HTTP streaming.
Specific technologies for accomplishing long-polling include the following:
==== XMLHttpRequest long polling ====
For the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(programming) |
above transports can be used across different second-level domains (SLDs), due to browser security policies designed to prevent cross-site scripting attacks. That is, if the main web page is served from one SLD, and the Comet server is located at another SLD (which does not have cross-origin resource sharing enabled), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(programming) |
d using JSONP.
A long-polling Comet transport can be created by dynamically creating script elements, and setting their source to the location of the Comet server, which then sends back JavaScript (or JSONP) with some event as its payload. Each time the script request is completed, the browser opens a new one, just as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(programming) |
ver and receiving messages via an onmessage callback.
The Bayeux protocol by the Dojo Foundation. It leaves browser-specific transports in place, and defines a higher-level protocol for communication between browser and server, with the aim of allowing re-use of client-side JavaScript code with multiple Comet servers, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(programming) |
working identically across all browsers with the appropriate plugin installed and need not rely on HTTP connections, but the disadvantage of requiring the plugin to be installed
Google announced a new Channel API for Google App Engine, implementing a Comet-like API with the help of a client JavaScript library on the b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(programming) |
Block programming (also known as a strand in British broadcasting) is the arrangement of programs on radio or television so that those of a particular genre, theme, or target audience are united.
== Overview ==
Block programming involves scheduling a series of related shows which are likely to attract and hold a give... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_programming |
s of generally little-watched daytime periods. A particularly long program block, especially one that does not air on a regular schedule, is known as a marathon.
Block programming in radio also refers to programming content that appeals to various demographics in time blocks, usually corresponding to the top or bottom ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_programming |
g from that format will turn those listeners away from the station; likewise, a station that airs its programming in hodgepodge blocks will have difficulty building listener loyalty, as listeners' music will only be on for a few hours of the day. This argument for homogenized radio was also a driving force behind the e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_programming |
public radio (such as NPR, the BBC, or CBC) and in multicultural radio serving broad ethnic and cultural audiences, although even in this realm the idea of block programming is declining due to competition for donations.
Some programming blocks have become so popular that they have been transformed to full-fledged 24... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_programming |
re due to airing programming in a regular format or with little or no brand reference within the programming block.
== See also ==
Audience flow
Lists of programming blocks
Strip programming
Broadcast programming
Dayparting
Marathon (media)
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_programming |
Systems programming, or system programming, is the activity of programming computer system software. The primary distinguishing characteristic of systems programming when compared to application programming is that application programming aims to produce software which provides services to the user directly (e.g. word ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_programming |
g attributes characterize systems programming:
The programmer can make assumptions about the hardware and other properties of the system that the program runs on, and will often exploit those properties, for example by using an algorithm that is known to be efficient when used with specific hardware.
Usually a low-lev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_programming |
e of automatic garbage collection is not common and debugging is sometimes hard to do. The runtime library, if available at all, is usually far less powerful, and does less error checking. Because of those limitations, monitoring and logging are often used; operating systems may have extremely elaborate logging subsyst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_programming |
for instance it is used in the I/O Kit drivers of macOS.
Engineers working at Google created Go in 2007 to address developer productivity in large distributed systems, with developer-focused features such as Concurrency, Garbage Collection, and faster program compilation than C and C++.
In 2015 Rust came out, a general... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_programming |
of custom assembler code (IBM's Basic Assembly Language (BAL)), which integrated with the operating system such as OS/MVS, DOS/VSE or VM/CMS. Indeed, some IBM software products had substantial code contributions from customer programming staff. This type of programming is progressively less common, and increasingly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_programming |
In computer programming, a parameter, a.k.a. formal argument, is a variable that represents an argument, a.k.a. actual argument, a.k.a. actual parameter, to a subroutine call.. A function's signature defines its parameters. A call invocation involves evaluating each argument expression of a call and associating the re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
e the parameter is a copy. With call by reference, which requires the argument to be a variable, the parameter is an alias of the argument.
== Example ==
The following program defines a function named SalesTax with one parameter named price; both typed double.
For call SalesTax(10.00), the argument 10.00 is evaluat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
n as def f(x): ..., then x is the parameter, and if it is called by a = ...; f(a) then a is the argument. A parameter is an (unbound) variable, while the argument can be a literal or variable or more complex expression involving literals and variables. In case of call by value, what is passed to the function is the val... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
gument is an instance.
A parameter is an intrinsic property of the procedure, included in its definition. For example, in many languages, a procedure to add two supplied integers together and calculate the sum would need two parameters, one for each integer. In general, a procedure may be defined with any number of par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
imes thought of as the actual values or references assigned to the parameter variables when the subroutine is called at run-time. When discussing code that is calling into a subroutine, any values or references passed into the subroutine are the arguments, and the place in the code where these values or references are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
upplied by the C compiler).
The code which calls the Sum function might look like this:
The variables value1 and value2 are initialized with values. value1 and value2 are both arguments to the sum function in this context.
At runtime, the values assigned to these variables are passed to the function Sum as arguments. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
ften return an unintended answer or generate a runtime error.
=== Alternative convention in Eiffel ===
Within the Eiffel software development method and language, the terms argument and parameter have distinct uses established by convention. The term argument is used exclusively in reference to a routine's inputs, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
y for the data:
When a class becomes a client to HASH_TABLE, the formal generic parameters are substituted with actual generic parameters in a generic derivation. In the following attribute declaration, my_dictionary is to be used as a character string based dictionary. As such, both data and key formal generic parame... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
ctions take an empty parameter list (whose type is not void, but rather unit).
== Argument passing ==
The exact mechanism for assigning arguments to parameters, called argument passing, depends upon the evaluation strategy used for that parameter (typically call by value), which may be specified using keywords.
===... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
y the caller.
PowerShell example:
Default arguments can be seen as a special case of the variable-length argument list.
=== Variable-length parameter lists ===
Some languages allow subroutines to be defined to accept a variable number of arguments. For such languages, the subroutines must iterate through the list of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
the first argument, and returns a function which takes the rest of the arguments; this is a transformation known as currying. Some programming languages, like ML and Haskell, follow this scheme. In these languages, every function has exactly one parameter, and what may look like the definition of a function of multipl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
ameters where the value is a reference, as output parameters is an idiom in some languages, notably C and C++, while other languages have built-in support for output parameters. Languages with built-in support for output parameters include Ada (see Ada subprograms), Fortran (since Fortran 90; see Fortran "intent"), var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
tialized, any existing value is not accessible, and must be assigned a value; and an input/output argument must be an initialized, assignable variable, and can optionally be assigned a value. The exact requirements and enforcement vary between languages – for example, in Ada 83 output parameters can only be assigned to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
/output is default, while in C# and SQL extensions input is default, and in TScript each parameter is explicitly specified as input or output.
Syntactically, parameter mode is generally indicated with a keyword in the function declaration, such as void f(out int x) in C#. Conventionally output parameters are often put ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
t parameters can be implemented by call by value, and output and input/output parameters by call by reference – and this is a straightforward way to implement these modes in languages without built-in support – this is not always how they are implemented. This distinction is discussed in detail in the Ada '83 Rationale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
value to a variable with the same name as the function. This is found in Pascal and Fortran 66 and Fortran 77, as in this Pascal example:
This is semantically different in that when called, the function is simply evaluated – it is not passed a variable from the calling scope to store the output in.
=== Use ===
The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
a function places the return value in an output variable, and returns a Boolean corresponding to whether the function succeeded or not. An archetypal example is the TryParse method in .NET, especially C#, which parses a string into an integer, returning true on success and false on failure. This has the following signa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
ns and values, and the distinction between output parameters and input/output parameters can be subtle. Further, since in common programming styles most parameters are simply input parameters, output parameters and input/output parameters are unusual and hence susceptible to misunderstanding.
Output and input/output pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
dress) is also returned by the function, in which case the above becomes:
=== Alternatives ===
There are various alternatives to the use cases of output parameters.
For returning multiple values from a function, an alternative is to return a tuple. Syntactically this is clearer if automatic sequence unpacking and par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
alternative to output parameters in C and related languages is to return a single data structure containing all return values. For example, given a structure encapsulating width and height, one can write:
In object-oriented languages, instead of using input/output parameters, one can often use call by sharing, passing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming) |
R is a programming language for statistical computing and data visualization. It has been adopted in the fields of data mining, bioinformatics and data analysis/data science.
The core R language is augmented by a large number of extension software packages, which contain reusable code, documentation, and sample data.
R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
he language was inspired by the S programming language, with most S programs able to run unaltered in R. The language was also inspired by Scheme's lexical scoping, allowing for local variables.
The name of the language, R, comes from being both an S language successor as well as the shared first letter of the authors,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
modeling, classical statistical tests, spatial analysis, time-series analysis, and clustering). Perceived easy package installation and usability have contributed to the language's adoption in data science.
Immediately available when starting R, base packages provide the basic and necessary syntax and commands for prog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
nsive R Archive Network (CRAN) was founded in 1997 by Kurt Hornik and Friedrich Leisch to host R's source code, executable files, documentation, and user-created packages. Its name and scope mimic the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) and the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN). CRAN originally had three m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
ng methods.
== Community ==
There are three main groups that help support R software development:
The R Core Team was founded in 1997 to maintain the R source code.
The R Foundation for Statistical Computing was founded in April 2003 to provide financial support.
The R Consortium is a Linux Foundation project to dev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
rstudio::conf) (website)
On social media sites like Twitter, the hashtag #rstats can be used to keep up with new developments in the R community.
== Examples ==
=== Hello, World! ===
"Hello, World!" program:
Alternatively:
=== Basic syntax ===
The following examples illustrate the basic syntax of the language an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
to be used as infix operators with the special syntax `%name%` where "name" is the function variable name:
Since version 4.1.0 functions can be written in a short notation, which is useful for passing anonymous functions to higher-order functions:
=== Native pipe operator ===
In R version 4.1.0, a native pipe oper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
uage has native support for object-oriented programming. There are two native frameworks, the so-called S3 and S4 systems. The former, being more informal, supports single dispatch on the first argument and objects are assigned to a class by just setting a "class" attribute in each object. The latter is a Common Lisp O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
e equation z = z2 + c, where c represents different complex constants.
Install the package that provides the write.gif() function beforehand:
R Source code:
== Version names ==
All R version releases from 2.14.0 onward have codenames that make reference to Peanuts comics and films.
In 2018, core R developer Peter D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
.
By integrated development environment (IDE):
R.app (OSX/macOS only)
Rattle GUI
R Commander
RKWard
RStudio
Tinn-R
By general purpose IDEs:
Eclipse via the StatET plugin
Visual Studio via R Tools for Visual Studio.
By source-code editors:
Emacs
Vim via the Nvim-R plugin
Kate
LyX via Sweave
WinEdt (website)
Jupyter (we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
acle's FastR is an implementation of R, built on GraalVM.
TIBCO Software, creator of S-PLUS, wrote TERR — an R implementation to integrate with Spotfire.
Microsoft R Open (MRO) was an R implementation. As of 30 June 2021, Microsoft started to phase out MRO in favor of the CRAN distribution.
== Commercial support ==
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
jing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-1-4920-9740-2.
Gagolewski, Marek (2024). Deep R Programming. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.7490464. ISBN 978-0-6455719-2-9.
== External links ==
R Technical Papers
Big Book of R, curated list of R-related programming books
Books Related to R - R Project, partially annotat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language) |
Parametric programming is a type of mathematical optimization, where the optimization problem is solved as a function of one or multiple parameters. Developed in parallel to sensitivity analysis, its earliest mention can be found in a thesis from 1952. Since then, there have been considerable developments for the cases... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_programming |
n
f
(
x
,
θ
)
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_programming |
in _{x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}f(x,\theta )\\&{\text{subject to }}g(x,\theta )\leq 0.\\&\theta \in \Theta \subset \mathbb {R} ^{m}\end{aligned}}}
where
x
{\displaystyle x}
is the optimization variable,
θ
{\displaystyle \theta }
are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_programming |
{\displaystyle \Theta }
is generally referred to as parameter space.
The optimal value (i.e. result of solving the optimization problem) is obtained by evaluating the function with an argument
θ
{\displaystyle \theta }
.
== Classification ==
Depending on the natu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_programming |
nt, then the problem is referred to as (multi)parametric mixed-integer programming problem
If constraints are affine, then additional classifications depending to nature of the objective function in (multi)parametric (mixed-integer) linear, quadratic and nonlinear programming problems is performed. Note that this gener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_programming |
ler and faster to evaluate than solving a full optimization problem on-line. This also opens up the possibility of creating optimal controllers on chips (MPC on chip). However, the off-line parametrization of optimal solutions runs into the curse of dimensionality as the number of possible solutions grows with the dime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_programming |
from a table of assignments. The program then instructs the machine slides and spindles to move to various positions at various velocities, accordingly, addressing not only the sizes of the part (i.e., OD, ID, thickness) but also even the speeds and feeds needed for any given material (e.g., low-carbon steel, high-carb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_programming |
An esoteric programming language (sometimes shortened to esolang) is a programming language designed to test the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, as software art, as a hacking interface to another language (particularly functional programming or procedural programming languages... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
ing-complete, or even one for which the computational class is unknown.
== History ==
The earliest, and still the canonical example of an esoteric programming language, is INTERCAL, designed in 1972 by Don Woods and James M. Lyon, who said that their intention was to create a programming language unlike any with whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
ven smaller language, the now-infamous Brainfuck, which consists of only eight recognized characters. Along with Chris Pressey's Befunge (like FALSE, but with a two-dimensional instruction pointer), Brainfuck is now one of the best-supported esoteric programming languages, with canonical examples of minimal Turing tarp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
llow data to be stored in variables, but esoteric languages may utilize different methods of storing and accessing data. Languages like Brainfuck and Malbolge only permit data to be read through a single pointer, which must be moved to a location of interest before data is read. Others, like Befunge and Shakespeare, ut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
ssible directions through the program. This differs from conventional languages in which a program is a set of instructions usually encountered in sequence. Other languages modify instructions to appear in an unusual form, often one that can be read by humans with an alternate meaning to the underlying instructions. Sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
plicitly designed to be challenging, and so it has features like self-modifying code and highly counterintuitive operations. On the other hand, some esoteric languages become difficult to write due to their other design choices. Brainfuck is committed to the idea of a minimalist instruction set, so even though its inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
languages. However, the subject of parody is not always another established programming language. Shakespeare can be viewed as spoofing the structure of Shakespearean plays, for instance. The language Ook! is a parody of Brainfuck, where Brainfuck's eight commands are replaced by various orangutan sounds like "Ook. Ook... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
th the most minimal means, featuring a 29-byte self interpreter, a 21-byte prime number sieve, and a 112-byte Brainfuck interpreter.
=== Brainfuck ===
Brainfuck is designed for extreme minimalism and leads to obfuscated code, with programs containing only eight distinct characters. The following program outputs "Hell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
David Morgan-Mar, designed to make programs look like cooking recipes. Programs consist of a title, a list of variables and their data values, and a list of stack manipulation instructions. A joking design principle states that "program recipes should not only generate valid output, but be easy to prepare and delicious... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
nf}
is an integer. The integer
n
{\displaystyle n}
is then replaced by
n
f
{\displaystyle nf}
and the rule is repeated. If no fraction in the list produces an integer when multiplied by
n
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
avaScript, where code is written using only six characters: [, ], (, ), !, and +.
Unlike Brainfuck, which requires its own compiler or interpreter, JSFuck is valid JavaScript code, meaning JSFuck programs can be run in any web browser or engine that interprets JavaScript. It has been used in a number of cross-site scr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
, code is self-modifying by design and the effect of an instruction depends on its address in memory.
=== Piet ===
Piet is a language designed by David Morgan-Mar, whose programs are bitmaps that look like abstract art. The execution is guided by a "pointer" that moves around the image, from one continuous coloured ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
e the borders of the image are also treated as black. White does not perform operations, but allows the pointer to "pass through". The behaviour of colours other than the 20 specified is left to the compiler or interpreter.
Variables are stored in memory as signed integers in a single stack. Most specified procedures d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
programming language based on SKI calculus, but combined with first-class continuations and imperative I/O (with input usually requiring the use of continuations).
=== Whitespace ===
Whitespace uses only whitespace characters (space, tab, and return), ignoring all other characters, which can therefore be used for co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
ease the boundary between human expression and assembly code and thereby taking us on a ludicrous journey of logic," exposing the inherent conflict between human thinking and computer logic by deconstructing their relationship. He connects programming within an esolang to performing an event score such as those of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language |
A programmer, computer programmer or coder is an author of computer source code – someone with skill in computer programming.
The professional titles software developer and software engineer are used for jobs that require a programmer.
== Identification ==
Sometimes a programmer or job position is identified by the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
ame tasks as a developer
plus broader responsibilities of software engineering including architecting and designing new features and applications, targeting new platforms, managing the software development lifecycle (design, implementation, testing, and deployment), leading a team of programmers, communicating with cus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
leted in her lifetime, she never experienced the algorithm in action.
In 1941, German civil engineer Konrad Zuse was the first person to execute a program on a working, program-controlled, electronic computer. From 1943 to 1945, per computer scientist Wolfgang K. Giloi and AI professor Raúl Rojas et al., Zuse created t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer |
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