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Metaprogramming – writing programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data, or that do part of the work at compile time that would otherwise be done at runtime
Template metaprogramming – metaprogramming methods in which a compiler uses templates to generate temporary source code, whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
nagement is distinct from
Web presence management in that the former is generally a marketing and messaging discipline while the latter is Governance,risk management, and compliance operational and security discipline.
== Overview ==
Programming paradigms come from computer science research into existing practices ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
ntain aspects of both paradigms, or others.
When using a language that supports multiple paradigms, the developer chooses which paradigm elements to use. But, this choice may not involve considering paradigms per se. The developer often uses the features of a language as the language provides them and to the extent th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
xecute operations. Instead, they supply a number of available operations in the system, along with the conditions under which each is allowed to execute. The implementation of the language's execution model tracks which operations are free to execute and chooses the order independently. More at Comparison of multi-pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
mming paradigms are as well known for the techniques they forbid as for those they support. For instance, pure functional programming disallows side-effects, while structured programming disallows the goto construct. Partly for this reason, new paradigms are often regarded as doctrinaire or overly rigid by those accust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
the algorithm onto patterns in the execution model (which have been inserted due to leakage of hardware into the abstraction). As a consequence, no one parallel programming language maps well to all computation problems. Thus, it is more convenient to use a base sequential language and insert API calls to parallel e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
e paradigm, but rather include features from several paradigms. See Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages.
== History ==
Different approaches to programming have developed over time. Classification of each approach was either described at the time the approach was first developed, but often not until som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
maintain. This led to the development of structured programming paradigms that disallowed the use of goto statements; only allowing the use of more structured programming constructs.
== Languages and paradigms ==
=== Machine code ===
Machine code is the lowest-level of computer programming as it is machine instruct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
common sections (globals), enabling significant code re-use and isolation from hardware specifics via the use of logical operators such as READ/WRITE/GET/PUT. Assembly was, and still is, used for time-critical systems and often in embedded systems as it gives the most control of what the machine does.
=== Procedural... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
like FORTRAN.
Programming Language One (PL/I) – a hybrid commercial-scientific general purpose language supporting pointers.
Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) – it was developed to enable more people to write programs.
C – a general-purpose programming language, initially developed by Dennis R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
at the only way that an object can access data is via methods of the object that contains the data. Thus, an object's inner workings may be changed without affecting code that uses the object.
There is controversy raised by Alexander Stepanov, Richard Stallman and other programmers, concerning the efficacy of the OOP ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
ting progress from one level to the next. Precise comparisons of competing paradigms' efficacy are frequently made more difficult because of new and differing terminology applied to similar entities and processes together with numerous implementation distinctions across languages.
=== Declarative languages ===
A decl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
languages discourage changes in the value of variables through assignment, making a great deal of use of recursion instead.
The logic programming paradigm views computation as automated reasoning over a body of knowledge. Facts about the problem domain are expressed as logic formulas, and programs are executed by appl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
ly via automatic differentiation.
Literate programming, as a form of imperative programming, structures programs as a human-centered web, as in a hypertext essay: documentation is integral to the program, and the program is structured following the logic of prose exposition, rather than compiler convenience.
Symbolic p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
A programming tool or software development tool is a computer program that is used to develop another computer program, usually by helping the developer manage computer files. For example, a programmer may use a tool called a source code editor to edit source code files, and then a compiler to convert the source code i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_tool |
ler collection, are used exclusively for software development while others, such as Notepad, are not meant specifically for development but are nevertheless often used for programming.
== Categories ==
Notable categories of development tools:
Assembler – Converts assembly language into machine code
Bug tracking syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_tool |
ogy for creating software documentation
Graphical user interface builder – Software development tool
Linker – Program that combines intermediate build files into an executable file
Memory debugger – Software memory problem finder
Minifier – Removal of unnecessary characters in code without changing its functionality
Pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_tool |
es
== See also ==
Call graph – Structure in computing
Comparison of integrated development environments – Notable software packages that are nominal IDE
Computer aided software engineering – Domain of software toolsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Git – Distributed version control software syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_tool |
– Set of software development tools
Software engineering – Engineering approach to software development
SourceForge – Software discovery and hosting platform for B2B and open source software
SWIG – Open-source programming tool
Toolkits for User Innovation – Design methodPages displaying short descriptions of redirect ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_tool |
Go is a high-level general purpose programming language that is statically typed and compiled. It is known for the simplicity of its syntax and the efficiency of development that it enables by the inclusion of a large standard library supplying many needs for common projects. It was designed at Google in 2007 by Robert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
VM-based Go compiler called gollvm.
A third-party source-to-source compiler, GopherJS, transpiles Go to JavaScript for front-end web development.
== History ==
Go was designed at Google in 2007 to improve programming productivity in an era of multicore, networked machines and large codebases. The designers wanted to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
rt for the language's concurrency feature.
Although the design of most languages concentrates on innovations in syntax, semantics, or typing, Go is focused on the software development process itself. ... The principal unusual property of the language itself—concurrency—addressed problems that arose with the proliferat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
ans-serif resembling Lucida Grande, and Go Mono is monospaced. Both fonts adhere to the WGL4 character set and were designed to be legible with a large x-height and distinct letterforms. Both Go and Go Mono adhere to the DIN 1450 standard by having a slashed zero, lowercase l with a tail, and an uppercase I with serifs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
did not release it.
In August 2018, the Go principal contributors published draft designs for generic programming and error handling and asked users to submit feedback. However, the error handling proposal was eventually abandoned.
In June 2020, a new draft design document was published that would add the necessary syn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
most software, Go calls the second number in a version the major, i.e., in go1.24.0 the 24 is the major version. This is because Go plans to never reach 2.0, prioritizing backwards compatibility over potential breaking changes.
== Design ==
Go is influenced by C (especially the Plan 9 dialect), but with an emphasis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
, produces statically linked native binaries without external Go dependencies
A desire to keep the language specification simple enough to hold in a programmer's head, in part by omitting features that are common in similar languages.
=== Syntax ===
Go's syntax includes changes from C aimed at keeping code concise an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
by name and for initializing maps and slices. As an alternative to C's three-statement for loop, Go's range expressions allow concise iteration over arrays, slices, strings, maps, and channels.
fmt.Println("Hello World!") is a statement.
In Go, statements are separated by ending a line (hitting the Enter key) or by a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
g lengths are thus of different types. Dynamic arrays are available as "slices", denoted []T for some type T. These have a length and a capacity specifying when new memory needs to be allocated to expand the array. Several slices may share their underlying memory.
Pointers are available for all types, and the pointer-t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
T between concurrent Go processes.
Aside from its support for interfaces, Go's type system is nominal: the type keyword can be used to define a new named type, which is distinct from other named types that have the same layout (in the case of a struct, the same members in the same order). Some conversions between types... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
eck.
Function types are indicated by the func keyword; they take zero or more parameters and return zero or more values, all of which are typed. The parameter and return values determine a function type; thus, func(string, int32) (int, error) is the type of functions that take a string and a 32-bit signed integer, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
aces, which provides runtime polymorphism.: 266 Interfaces are a class of types and provide a limited form of structural typing in the otherwise nominal type system of Go. An object which is of an interface type is also of another type, much like C++ objects being simultaneously of a base and derived class. The design... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
thods of interface type I is an object of type I as well. The definition of type T need not (and cannot) identify type I. For example, if Shape, Square and Circle are defined as
then both a Square and a Circle are implicitly a Shape and can be assigned to a Shape-typed variable.: 263–268 In formal language, Go's inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
assertion, which checks against a single potential type:and the type switch, which checks against multiple types:The empty interface interface{} is an important base case because it can refer to an item of any concrete type. It is similar to the Object class in Java or C# and is satisfied by any type, including built-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
string to empty interface). This recursively describes data in the form of a dictionary with string keys and values of any type.
Interface values are implemented using pointer to data and a second pointer to run-time type information. Like some other types implemented using pointers in Go, interface values are nil if u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
s type set) using | (Union) operator, as well as a set of methods. These changes were made to support type constraints in generics code. For a generic function or type, a constraint can be thought of as the type of the type argument: a meta-type. This new ~T syntax will be the first use of ~ as a token in Go. ~T means ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
d developers are encouraged to develop packages inside a base path corresponding to a source repository (such as example.com/user_name/package_name) to reduce the likelihood of name collision with future additions to the standard library or other external libraries.
=== Concurrency: goroutines and channels ===
The G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
unction call prefixed with the go keyword starts a function in a new goroutine. The language specification does not specify how goroutines should be implemented, but current implementations multiplex a Go process's goroutines onto a smaller set of operating-system threads, similar to the scheduling performed in Erlang ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
il a value comes in over the channel ch, while ch <- x sends the value x (possibly blocking until another goroutine receives the value). The built-in switch-like select statement can be used to implement non-blocking communication on multiple channels; see below for an example. Go has a memory model describing how goro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
hese tools one can build concurrent constructs like worker pools, pipelines (in which, say, a file is decompressed and parsed as it downloads), background calls with timeout, "fan-out" parallel calls to a set of services, and others. Channels have also found uses further from the usual notion of interprocess communicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
gram share a single address space. This means that mutable objects and pointers can be shared between goroutines; see § Lack of data race safety, below.
==== Suitability for parallel programming ====
Although Go's concurrency features are not aimed primarily at parallel processing, they can be used to program shared-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
ly faster, but also longer.
==== Lack of data race safety ====
Go's approach to concurrency can be summarized as "don't communicate by sharing memory; share memory by communicating". There are no restrictions on how goroutines access shared data, making data races possible. Specifically, unless a program explicitly s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
assing a mutable value (or pointer) over a channel signals a transfer of ownership over the value to its receiver.: 155 The gc toolchain has an optional data race detector that can check for unsynchronized access to shared memory during runtime since version 1.1, additionally a best-effort race detector is also includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
le defending the choice to omit type inheritance as giving a more useful language, encouraging instead the use of interfaces to achieve dynamic dispatch and composition to reuse code. Composition and delegation are in fact largely automated by struct embedding; according to researchers Schmager et al., this feature "ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
apshot. The Go authors advise using it for unrecoverable errors such as those that should halt an entire program or server request, or as a shortcut to propagate errors up the stack within a package. Across package boundaries, Go includes a canonical error type, and multi-value returns using this type are the standard ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
n.
Go enforces rules that are recommendations in other languages, for example banning cyclic dependencies, unused variables or imports, and implicit type conversions.
The omission of certain features (for example, functional-programming shortcuts like map and Java-style try/finally blocks) tends to encourage a particul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
for potential errors in code
go run, a shortcut for building and executing code
go doc, for displaying documentation
go generate, a standard way to invoke code generators
go mod, for creating a new module, adding dependencies, upgrading dependencies, etc.
go tool, for invoking developer tools (added in Go version 1.24... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
eck, which detects code that might unintentionally ignore errors.
== Examples ==
=== Hello world ===
where "fmt" is the package for formatted I/O, similar to C's C file input/output.
=== Concurrency ===
The following simple program demonstrates Go's concurrency features to implement an asynchronous program. It l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
ides support for creating web applications.
This example would show "Hello world!" when localhost:8080 is visited.
== Applications ==
Go has found widespread adoption in various domains due to its robust standard library and ease of use.
Popular applications include: Caddy, a web server that automates the process of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
ndard ML, calling it "a shame that no popular language has followed [this] particular route".
Dave Astels at Engine Yard wrote in 2009:
Go is extremely easy to dive into. There are a minimal number of fundamental language concepts and the syntax is clean and designed to be clear and unambiguous.
Go is still experiment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
OBE Programming Language of the Year in 2016.
Bruce Eckel has stated:
The complexity of C++ (even more complexity has been added in the new C++), and the resulting impact on productivity, is no longer justified. All the hoops that the C++ programmer had to jump through in order to use a C-compatible language make no s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
e of the intention to publish his code, and says that his version was "never intended to be an example of idiomatic or efficient Go"; Russ Cox then optimized the Go code, as well as the C++ code, and got the Go code to run almost as fast as the C++ version and more than an order of magnitude faster than the code in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
shared memory, sometimes even more.
== Naming dispute ==
On November 10, 2009, the day of the general release of the language, Francis McCabe, developer of the Go! programming language (note the exclamation point), requested a name change of Google's language to prevent confusion with his language, which he had spen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
of the two languages."
== See also ==
Fat pointer
Comparison of programming languages
== Notes ==
== References ==
== Further reading ==
== External links ==
Official website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
Quadratic programming (QP) is the process of solving certain mathematical optimization problems involving quadratic functions. Specifically, one seeks to optimize (minimize or maximize) a multivariate quadratic function subject to linear constraints on the variables. Quadratic programming is a type of nonlinear program... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
programming is to find an n-dimensional vector x, that will
where xT denotes the vector transpose of x, and the notation Ax ⪯ b means that every entry of the vector Ax is less than or equal to the corresponding entry of the vector b (component-wise inequality).
=== Constrained least squares ===
As a special case wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
ables.
== Solution methods ==
For general problems a variety of methods are commonly used, including
interior point,
active set,
augmented Lagrangian,
conjugate gradient,
gradient projection,
extensions of the simplex algorithm.
In the case in which Q is positive definite, the problem is a special case of the more g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
Q
x
+
c
T
x
{\displaystyle {\text{Minimize}}\quad {\tfrac {1}{2}}\mathbf {x} ^{\mathrm {T}... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
E
0
]
[
x
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
}\mathbf {x} \\\lambda \end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}-\mathbf {c} \\\mathbf {d} \end{bmatrix}}}
where λ is a set of Lagrange multipliers which come out of the solution alongside x.
The easiest means of approaching this system is direct solution (for example, LU factorization), which for small problems is very prac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
0
{\displaystyle E\mathbf {x} =0}
introduce a new variable y defined by
Z
y
=
x
{\displaystyle Z\mathbf {y} =\mathbf {x} }
where y has dimension of x minus the number of constraints. Then
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
⊤
Q
x
+
c
⊤
x
⟹
1
2
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
{c} ^{\top }\mathbf {x} \quad \implies \quad {\tfrac {1}{2}}\mathbf {y} ^{\top }Z^{\top }QZ\mathbf {y} +\left(Z^{\top }\mathbf {c} \right)^{\top }\mathbf {y} }
the solution of which is given by:
Z
⊤
Q
Z
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
function as
L
(
x
,
λ
)
=
1
2
x
⊤
Q
x
+
λ
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
L
(
x
,
λ
)
=
0
{\displaystyle \nabla _{x}L(x,\lambda )=0}
and positive-definiteness of Q:
x
∗
=
−
Q
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
λ
−
λ
⊤
b
,
{\displaystyle g(\lambda )=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\lambda ^{\top }AQ^{-1}A^{\top }\lambda -\lambda ^{\top }b,}
and so the Lagrangian dual of the quadratic programming problem is
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
tfrac {1}{2}}\lambda ^{\top }AQ^{-1}A^{\top }\lambda -\lambda ^{\top }b.}
Besides the Lagrangian duality theory, there are other duality pairings (e.g. Wolfe, etc.).
== Run-time complexity ==
=== Convex quadratic programming ===
For positive definite Q, when the problem is convex, the ellipsoid method solves th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
see this is to consider the non-convex quadratic constraint xi2 = xi. This constraint is equivalent to requiring that xi is in {0,1}, that is, xi is a binary integer variable. Therefore, such constraints can be used to model any integer program with binary variables, which is known to be NP-hard.
Moreover, these non-c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
ynomial optimization is a more general framework, in which the constraints can be polynomial functions of any degree, not only 2.
== See also ==
Sequential quadratic programming
Linear programming
Critical line method
== References ==
== Further reading ==
Cottle, Richard W.; Pang, Jong-Shi; Stone, Richard E. (19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
3-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
Cubic programming and beyond, in Operations Research stack exchange | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_programming |
Constraint programming (CP) is a paradigm for solving combinatorial problems that draws on a wide range of techniques from artificial intelligence, computer science, and operations research. In constraint programming, users declaratively state the constraints on the feasible solutions for a set of decision variables. C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming |
variant of logic programming is due to Jaffar and Lassez, who extended in 1987 a specific class of constraints that were introduced in Prolog II. The first implementations of constraint logic programming were Prolog III, CLP(R), and CHIP.
Instead of logic programming, constraints can be mixed with functional programmi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming |
s, like logical variables and backtracking. Today most Prolog implementations include one or more libraries for constraint logic programming.
The difference between the two is largely in their styles and approaches to modeling the world. Some problems are more natural (and thus, simpler) to write as logic programs, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming |
ple variables that limits the values these variables can take simultaneously.
Three categories of constraints exist:
extensional constraints: constraints are defined by enumerating the set of values that would satisfy them;
arithmetic constraints: constraints are defined by an arithmetic expression, i.e., using
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming |
ish for:
finding a solution (satisfying all the constraints);
finding all the solutions of the problem;
proving the unsatisfiability of the problem.
== Constraint optimization problem ==
A constraint optimization problem (COP) is a constraint satisfaction problem associated to an objective function.
An optimal solu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming |
any value included in its range or domain. As computation progresses, values in the domain of a variable are pruned if they are shown to be incompatible with the possible values of other variables, until a single value is found for each variable.
Perturbation model: variables in the problem are assigned a single initia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming |
ers using mixed imperative constraint object-oriented languages.
== Domains ==
The constraints used in constraint programming are typically over some specific domains. Some popular domains for constraint programming are:
Boolean domains, where only true/false constraints apply (SAT problem)
integer domains, rational... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming |
lated to the consistency of subsets of variables or constraints. They can be used to reduce the search space and make the problem easier to solve. Various kinds of local consistency conditions are leveraged, including node consistency, arc consistency, and path consistency.
Every local consistency condition can be enfo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming |
earch, and dynamic programming.
=== Backtracking search ===
Backtracking search is a general algorithm for finding all (or some) solutions to some computational problems, notably constraint satisfaction problems, that incrementally builds candidates to the solutions, and abandons a candidate ("backtracks") as soon a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming |
d. It refers to simplifying a complicated problem by breaking it down into simpler sub-problems in a recursive manner. While some decision problems cannot be taken apart this way, decisions that span several points in time do often break apart recursively. Likewise, in computer science, if a problem can be solved optim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming |
e two variables cannot take the value zero. When the interpreter evaluates these constraints, it reduces the domains of these two variables by removing the value 0 from them. Then, the constraint all_different(Digits) is considered; it does not reduce any domain, so it is simply stored. The last constraint specifies th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming |
label literals are used to actually perform search for a solution.
== See also ==
Combinatorial optimization
Concurrent constraint logic programming
Constraint logic programming
Heuristic algorithms
List of constraint programming languages
Mathematical optimization
Nurse scheduling problem
Regular constraint
Satisfia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_programming |
Software consists of computer programs that instruct the execution of a computer. Software also includes design documents and specifications.
The history of software is closely tied to the development of digital computers in the mid-20th century. Early programs were written in the machine language specific to the hardw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
tasks for users
The rise of cloud computing has introduced the new software delivery model Software as a Service (SaaS). In SaaS, applications are hosted by a provider and accessed over the Internet.
The process of developing software involves several stages. The stages include software design, programming, testing, r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
to debug and not portable across different computers. Initially, hardware resources were more expensive than human resources. As programs became complex, programmer productivity became the bottleneck. The introduction of high-level programming languages in 1958 hid the details of the hardware and expressed the underlyi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
h as an interface for accessing network and disk devices. This enables an application to be run on different hardware without needing to be rewritten.
Application software runs on top of the operating system and uses the computer's resources to perform a task. There are many different types of application software beca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
ructure or platforms) and provides the use of the software to customers, often in exchange for a subscription fee. By 2023, SaaS products—which are usually delivered via a web application—had become the primary method that companies deliver applications.
== Software development and maintenance ==
Software companies ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
cannot cover all aspects of the software's intended functionality, so developers often focus on the most critical functionality. Formal methods are used in some safety-critical systems to prove the correctness of code, while user acceptance testing helps to ensure that the product meets customer expectations. There are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
e working as the environment changes over time. New features are often added after the release. Over time, the level of maintenance becomes increasingly restricted before being cut off entirely when the product is withdrawn from the market. As software ages, it becomes known as legacy software and can remain in use for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
icient behavior, its reusability and portability, or the ease of modification. It is usually more cost-effective to build quality into the product from the beginning rather than try to add it later in the development process. Higher quality code will reduce lifetime cost to both suppliers and customers as it is more re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
ain unknown (zero days) as well as those that have not been patched are still liable for exploitation. Vulnerabilities vary in their ability to be exploited by malicious actors, and the actual risk is dependent on the nature of the vulnerability as well as the value of the surrounding system. Although some vulnerabili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
d; some have been in use for decades, while others have fallen into disuse. Some definitions classify machine code—the exact instructions directly implemented by the hardware—and assembly language—a more human-readable alternative to machine code whose statements can be translated one-to-one into machine code—as progra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
do not contain all the resources needed to run them and rely on external libraries. Part of the compiler's function is to link these files in such a way that the program can be executed by the hardware. Once compiled, the program can be saved as an object file and the loader (part of the operating system) can take this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
ts source code have been protected by copyright law that vests the owner with the exclusive right to copy the code. The underlying ideas or algorithms are not protected by copyright law, but are sometimes treated as a trade secret and concealed by such methods as non-disclosure agreements. A software copyright is often... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
restrictive license that limits its use and sharing. Some free software licenses require that modified versions must be released under the same license, which prevents the software from being sold
or distributed under proprietary restrictions.
=== Patents ===
Patents give an inventor an exclusive, time-limited lic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
e patented. Patent applications are complex and costly, and lawsuits involving patents can drive up the cost of products. Unlike copyrights, patents generally only apply in the jurisdiction where they were issued.
== Impact ==
Engineer Capers Jones writes that "computers and software are making profound changes to e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
arch. Most creative professionals have switched to software-based tools such as computer-aided design, 3D modeling, digital image editing, and computer animation. Almost every complex device is controlled by software.
== References ==
=== Sources === | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software |
Programming productivity (also called software productivity or development productivity) describes the degree of the ability of individual programmers or development teams to build and evolve software systems. Productivity traditionally refers to the ratio between the quantity of software produced and the cost spent fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_productivity |
n agreement on what actually constitutes productivity, is perceived as a major obstacle for a substantiated discussion of productivity. The following definitions describe the best consensus on the terminology.
=== Productivity ===
While there is no commonly agreed on definition of productivity, there appears to be an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_productivity |
evaluation. In a manufacturing company the possible contexts are:
the individual machine or manufacturing system;
the manufacturing function, for example assembly;
the manufacturing process for a single product or group of related products;
the factory; and
the company's entire factory system
As long classical product... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_productivity |
need to be taken into account, e.g. quality, timeliness, autonomy, project success, customer satisfaction and innovation. However, the research communities in neither discipline have been able to establish broadly applicable and accepted means for productivity measurement yet. The same holds for more specific area of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_productivity |
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