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In computer programming, a directive or pragma (from "pragmatic") is a language construct that specifies how a compiler (or other translator) should process its input. Depending on the programming language, directives may or may not be part of the grammar of the language and may vary from compiler to compiler. They can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(programming) |
) embedded in code that result in additional executable processing that extend the existing compiler, assembler and language constructs present in the development environment. The term "directive" is also applied in a variety of ways that are similar to the term command.
== The C preprocessor ==
In C and C++, the la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(programming) |
COBOL has a COPY directive.
In ALGOL 68, directives are known as pragmats (from "pragmatic"), and denoted pragmat or pr; in newer languages, notably C, this has been abbreviated to "pragma" (no 't').
A common use of pragmats in ALGOL 68 is in specifying a stropping regime, meaning "how keywords are indicated". Variou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(programming) |
ommon Lisp, directives are called declarations, and are specified using the declare construct (also proclaim or declaim). With one exception, declarations are optional, and do not affect the semantics of the program. The one exception is special, which must be specified where appropriate.
In Turbo Pascal, directives ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(programming) |
AGE CPP #-}.
PHP uses the directive declare(strict_types=1).
In PL/I, directives begin with a Percent sign (%) and end with a semicolon (;), e.g., %INCLUDE foo;, %NOPRINT;, %PAGE;, %POP;, %SKIP;, the same as with preprocessor statements.
Python has two directives – from __future__ import feature (defined in PEP 236 -- ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(programming) |
tives:
Option Explicit On|Off - When on disallows implicit declaration of variables at first use requiring explicit declaration beforehand.
Option Compare Binary - Results in string comparisons based on a sort order derived from the internal binary representations of the characters - e.g. for the English/European code ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(programming) |
- where declarations which lack an explicit type are implicitly typed as Object.
late-binding (i.e. dynamic dispatch to CLR, DLR, and COM objects) on values statically typed as Object.
implicit narrowing conversions - requiring all conversions to narrower types (e.g. from Long to Integer, Object to String, Control to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(programming) |
r directives, which mostly align with those from C and C++, including #pragma, which is specifically used to control compiler warnings and debugger checksums. C# also features some directives not used in C or C++, including #nullable and #region. C# also does not allow function-like macros, but does allow regular macro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(programming) |
but not all, assemblers use a specific syntax to differentiate pseudo-ops from instruction mnemonics, such as prefacing the pseudo-op with a period, such as the pseudo-op .END, which might direct the assembler to stop assembling code.
=== PL/SQL ===
Oracle Corporation's PL/SQL procedural language includes a set of co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(programming) |
A symbol in computer programming is a primitive data type whose instances have a human-readable form. Symbols can be used as identifiers. In some programming languages, they are called atoms. Uniqueness is enforced by holding them in a symbol table. The most common use of symbols by programmers is to perform language r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_(programming) |
ith the function EQ. Lisp programs can generate new symbols at runtime. When Lisp reads data that contains textual represented symbols, existing symbols are referenced. If a symbol is unknown, the Lisp reader creates a new symbol.
In Common Lisp, symbols have the following attributes: a name, a value, a function, a lis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_(programming) |
erned in a package. Keyword symbols are self-evaluating, and interned in the package named KEYWORD.
==== Examples ====
The following is a simple external representation of a Common Lisp symbol:
Symbols can contain whitespace (and all other characters):
In Common Lisp symbols with a leading colon in their printed r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_(programming) |
s can be used to convert between the two forms. When names are constructed from strings by means of the cvn operator, the set of allowed characters is unrestricted.
=== Prolog ===
In Prolog, symbols (or atoms) are the main primitive data types, similar to numbers. The exact notation may differ in different Prolog dia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_(programming) |
They can be used as an identifier or an interned string. Two symbols with the same contents will always refer to the same object.
It is considered a best practice to use symbols as keys to an associative array in Ruby.
==== Examples ====
The following is a simple example of a symbol literal in Ruby:
Strings can be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_(programming) |
gs can be coerced into symbols, vice versa:
Symbols conform to the symbol protocol, and their class is called Symbol in most implementations:
Symbols are commonly used to dynamically send messages to (call methods on) objects:
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_(programming) |
A "Hello, World!" program is usually a simple computer program that emits (or displays) to the screen (often the console) a message similar to "Hello, World!". A small piece of code in most general-purpose programming languages, this program is used to illustrate a language's basic syntax. Such a program is often the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program |
Bell Laboratories internal memorandum by Brian Kernighan, Programming in C: A Tutorial:
In the above example, the main( ) function defines where the program should start executing. The function body consists of a single statement, a call to the printf() function, which stands for "print formatted"; it outputs to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program |
longer greeting that required several character constants for its expression.
The Jargon File reports that "hello, world" instead originated in 1967 with the language BCPL. Outside computing, use of the exact phrase began over a decade prior; it was the catchphrase of New York radio disc jockey William B. Williams begi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program |
utput string should be sent to the standard output stream.
The phrase "Hello, World!" has seen various deviations in casing and punctuation, such as "hello world" which lacks the capitalization of the leading H and W, and the presence of the comma or exclamation mark. Some devices limit the format to specific variatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program |
rating a simple example. Functional programming languages, such as Lisp, ML, and Haskell, tend to substitute a factorial program for "Hello, World!", as functional programming emphasizes recursive techniques, whereas the original examples emphasize I/O, which violates the spirit of pure functional programming by produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program |
manager systems, which can be invoked with the command hello. It serves as a sanity check and a simple example of installing a software package. For developers, it provides an example of creating a .deb package, either traditionally or using debhelper, and the version of hello used, GNU Hello, serves as an example of w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program |
ibraries.
== Time to Hello World ==
"Time to hello world" (TTHW) is the time it takes to author a "Hello, World!" program in a given programming language. This is one measure of a programming language's ease of use. Since the program is meant as an introduction for people unfamiliar with the language, a more complex ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program |
e also ==
"99 Bottles of Beer" as used in computer science
Bad Apple!! § Use of video as a graphical and audio test (graphic equivalent to "Hello, World!" for old hardware)
Foobar
Java Pet Store
Just another Perl hacker
Outline of computer science
TPK algorithm
Coding
== References ==
== External links ==
The Hel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program |
Probabilistic programming (PP) is a programming paradigm based on the declarative specification of probabilistic models, for which inference is performed automatically. Probabilistic programming attempts to unify probabilistic modeling and traditional general purpose programming in order to make the former easier and m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_programming |
or each task.
Nevertheless, in 2015, a 50-line probabilistic computer vision program was used to generate 3D models of human faces based on 2D images of those faces. The program used inverse graphics as the basis of its inference method, and was built using the Picture package in Julia. This made possible "in 50 lines ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_programming |
rom a basic language. For instance, Turing.jl is based on Julia, Infer.NET is based on .NET Framework, while PRISM extends from Prolog. However, some PPLs, such as WinBUGS, offer a self-contained language that maps closely to the mathematical representation of the statistical models, with no obvious origin in another p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_programming |
tandalone program with related R packages including rjags, R2jags, and runjags). More recently, other languages to support Bayesian model specification and inference allow different or more efficient choices for the underlying Bayesian computation, and are accessible from the R data analysis and programming environment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_programming |
Probabilistic logic programming ===
Probabilistic logic programming is a programming paradigm that extends logic programming with probabilities.
Most approaches to probabilistic logic programming are based on the distribution semantics, which splits a program into a set of probabilistic facts and a logic program. It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_programming |
priors is often difficult for novices. In some cases, libraries such as PyMC provide automated methods to find the parameterization of informed priors.
== See also ==
Statistical relational learning
Inductive programming
Bayesian programming
Plate notation
== Notes ==
== External links ==
Foundations of Probabil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_programming |
Offensive programming is a name used for the branch of defensive programming that expressly departs from defensive principles when dealing with errors resulting from software bugs. Although the name is a reaction to extreme interpretations of defensive programming, the two are not fundamentally in conflict. Rather, off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_programming |
f all its software components behave as expected.
Contrasting examples:
== Bug detection strategies ==
Offensive programming is concerned with failing, so to disprove the programmer's assumptions. Producing an error message may be a secondary goal.
Strategies:
No unnecessary checks: Trusting that other software comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_programming |
values): These can hide defects in the main implementation, or, from the user point of view, hide the fact that the software is working suboptimally. Special attention to unimplemented parts may be needed as part of factory acceptance testing, as yet unimplemented code is at no stage of test driven development discover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_programming |
Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is a pseudoscientific approach to communication, personal development, and psychotherapy that first appeared in Richard Bandler and John Grinder's book The Structure of Magic I (1975). NLP asserts a connection between neurological processes, language, and acquired behavioral patterns,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
led a pseudoscience. Scientific reviews have shown that NLP is based on outdated metaphors of the brain's inner workings that are inconsistent with current neurological theory, and that NLP contains numerous factual errors. Reviews also found that research that favored NLP contained significant methodological flaws, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
tructure inherent to the therapeutic "magic" as performed in therapy by Perls, Satir and Erickson, and indeed inherent to any complex human activity. From that codification, they say, the structure and its activity can be learned by others. Their 1975 book, The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
nefit. Also derived from Satir were anchoring, future pacing and representational systems.
In contrast, the Milton-Model—a model of the purportedly hypnotic language of Milton Erickson—was described by Bandler and Grinder as "artfully vague" and metaphoric. The Milton-Model is used in combination with the Meta-Model as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
s—linguistic, cognitive or political."
According to André Muller Weitzenhoffer, a researcher in the field of hypnosis, "the major weakness of Bandler and Grinder's linguistic analysis is that so much of it is built upon untested hypotheses and is supported by totally inadequate data." Weitzenhoffer adds that Bandler an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
the mathematical equations underlying holography." There is no mention of the mathematics of holography nor of holography in general in Spitzer's, or Grinder's account of the development of NLP.
On the matter of the development of NLP, Grinder recollects:
My memories about what we thought at the time of discovery (wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
of the conditions which Kuhn identified in his historical study of paradigm shifts.
The philosopher Robert Todd Carroll responded that Grinder has not understood Kuhn's text on the history and philosophy of science, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Carroll replies: (a) individual scientists never have nor are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
t produces data that cannot be adequately accounted for within the current paradigm—hence a paradigm shift, i.e. the adoption of a new paradigm. In developing NLP, Bandler and Grinder were not responding to a paradigmatic crisis in psychology nor did they produce any data that caused a paradigmatic crisis in psychology... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
that in addition to being a therapeutic method, NLP was also a study of communication and began marketing it as a business tool, writing that, "if any human being can do anything, so can you." After 150 students paid $1,000 each for a ten-day workshop in Santa Cruz, California, Bandler and Grinder gave up academic wri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
led several unsuccessful efforts to exclude other parties from using NLP. Meanwhile, the rising number of practitioners and theorists led NLP to become even less uniform than it was at its foundation. Prior to the decline of NLP, scientific researchers began testing its theoretical underpinnings empirically, with resea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
volve the five senses and language. In other words, our conscious experiences take the form of sights, sounds, feelings, smells, and tastes. When we imagine something, recall an event, or think about the future, we utilize these same sensory systems within our minds Furthermore it is stated that these subjective repres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
outside our direct awareness is referred to as the "unconscious mind".
Finally, NLP uses a method of learning called "modeling", designed to replicate expertise in any field. According to Bandler and Grinder, by analyzing the sequence of sensory and linguistic representations used by an expert while performing a skill... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
hieved through pacing and leading the verbal (e.g., sensory predicates and keywords) and non-verbal behavior (e.g., matching and mirroring non-verbal behavior, or responding to eye movements) of the client.
Once rapport is established, the practitioner may gather information about the client's present state as well as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
e internal representations and responses to stimuli in the world. Finally, the practitioner helps the client to mentally rehearse and integrate the changes into his or her life. For example, the client may be asked to envision what it is like having already achieved the outcome.
According to Stollznow, "NLP also involv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
= Psychotherapeutic ===
Early books about NLP had a psychotherapeutic focus given that the early models were psychotherapists. As an approach to psychotherapy, NLP shares similar core assumptions and foundations in common with some contemporary brief and systemic practices, such as solution focused brief therapy. NLP h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
learning difficulties, including epilepsy, myopia and dyslexia. With its promises to cure schizophrenia, depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and its dismissal of psychiatric illnesses as psychosomatic, NLP shares similarities with Scientology and the Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR)." A systematic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
ppears that NLP has no empirical or scientific support as to the underlying tenets of its theory or clinical effectiveness. What remains is a mass-marketed serving of psychopablum."
André Muller Weitzenhoffer—a friend and peer of Milton Erickson—wrote, "Has NLP really abstracted and explicated the essence of successful... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
uestions the value of the NLP maxim—a presupposition in NLP jargon—"there is no failure, only feedback". Briers argues that the denial of the existence of failure diminishes its instructive value. He offers Walt Disney, Isaac Newton and J.K. Rowling as three examples of unambiguous acknowledged personal failure that se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
equential." Briers also contends that the NLP maxim is narcissistic, self-centered and divorced from notions of moral responsibility.
=== Other uses ===
Although the original core techniques of NLP were therapeutic in orientation their generic nature enabled them to be applied to other fields. These applications incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
herapeutic method. While some NLP practitioners have argued that the lack of empirical support is due to insufficient research which tests NLP, the consensus scientific opinion is that NLP is pseudoscience and that attempts to dismiss the research findings based on these arguments "[constitute]s an admission that NLP d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
ogramming. In education, NLP has been used as a key example of pseudoscience.
== As a quasi-religion ==
Sociologists and anthropologists have categorized NLP as a quasi-religion belonging to the New Age and/or Human Potential Movements.
Medical anthropologist Jean M. Langford categorizes NLP as a form of folk magic; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
ed to ritual practices in certain syncretic religions. The emphasis on lineage from an NLP guru has also been likened to similar concepts in some Eastern religions. Aupers, Houtman, and Bovbjerg identify NLP as a New Age "psycho-religion". Bovbjerg argues that New Age movements center on a transcendent "other". While m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
lement (1979–1981) ===
In 1979, Richard Bandler and John Grinder established the Society of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) to manage commercial applications of NLP, including training, materials, and certification. The founding agreement conferred exclusive rights to profit from NLP training and certification upon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
.
=== Further litigation and consequences (1996–2000) ===
Bandler commenced further civil actions against Unlimited Ltd., various figures within the NLP community, and 200 initially unnamed defendants in July 1996 and January 1997. Bandler alleged violations of the initial settlement terms by Grinder and sought damag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
nd co-founders of NLP and committing to refrain from disparaging one another's NLP-related endeavors.
Due to these disputes and settlements, the terms "NLP" and "neuro-linguistic programming" remain in the public domain. No single party holds exclusive rights, and there are no restrictions on offering NLP certificatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
ere a British television presenter registered his cat with the British Board of Neuro Linguistic Programming (BBNLP), demonstrating the organization's lax credentialing. Critics like Karen Stollznow find irony in the initial legal battles between Bandler and Grinder, considering their failure to apply their own NLP pri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
Wiktionary
Media related to Neuro-linguistic programming at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Neuro-linguistic programming at Wikiquote | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming |
Literate programming is a programming paradigm introduced in 1984 by Donald Knuth in which a computer program is given as an explanation of how it works in a natural language, such as English, interspersed (embedded) with snippets of macros and traditional source code, from which compilable source code can be generated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
source code, more like the text of an essay.
Literate programming (LP) tools are used to obtain two representations from a source file: one understandable by a compiler or interpreter, the "tangled" code, and another for viewing as formatted documentation, which is said to be "woven" from the literate source. While th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
embles the complicated nature of software delicately pieced together from simple materials. The practice of literate programming has seen an important resurgence in the 2010s with the use of computational notebooks, especially in data science.
== Concept ==
Literate programming is writing out the program logic in a h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
rbitrary hierarchies, or rather "interconnected 'webs' of macros", to produce the compilable source code with one command ("tangle"), and documentation with another ("weave"). The preprocessor also provides an ability to write out the content of the macros and to add to already created macros in any place in the text o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
resulting documentation allows the author to restart their own thought processes at any later time, and allows other programmers to understand the construction of the program more easily. This differs from traditional documentation, in which a programmer is presented with source code that follows a compiler-imposed ord... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
TeX as an example.
=== Contrast with documentation generation ===
Literate programming is very often misunderstood to refer only to formatted documentation produced from a common file with both source code and comments – which is properly called documentation generation – or to voluminous commentaries included with c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
y to change the order of the source code from a machine-imposed sequence to one convenient to the human mind, they cannot properly be called literate programming tools in the sense intended by Knuth.
== Workflow ==
Implementing literate programming consists of two steps:
Weaving: Generating a comprehensive document ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
the wc literate program shows how arbitrary descriptive phrases in a natural language are used in a literate program to create macros, which act as new "operators" in the literate programming language, and hide chunks of code or other macros. The mark-up notation consists of double angle brackets (<<...>>) that indicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
nk, but as is demanded by the logic reflected in the explanatory text that envelops the whole program.
=== Program as a web ===
Macros are not the same as "section names" in standard documentation. Literate programming macros hide the real code behind themselves, and be used inside any low-level machine language oper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
k>>= and adding more content to it, as the following snippet illustrates (+ is added by the document formatter for readability, and is not in the code).
The grand totals must be initialized to zero at the beginning of the program.
If we made these variables local to main, we would have to do this initialization
expli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
the literate wc above show how an explanation of the program and its source code are interwoven. Such exposition of ideas creates the flow of thought that is like a literary work. Knuth wrote a "novel" which explains the code of the interactive fiction game Colossal Cave Adventure.
=== Remarkable examples ===
Axiom, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
te programming system called DOC as early as 1979. He was inspired by the ideas of Pierre-Arnoul de Marneffe. The free CWEB, written by Knuth and Silvio Levy, is WEB adapted for C and C++, runs on most operating systems, and can produce TeX and PDF documentation.
There are various other implementations of the literate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
iterate Programming tool inside the R language for creation of dynamic statistical reports
Self-documenting code – source code that can be easily understood without documentation
== References ==
== Further reading ==
== External links ==
LiterateProgramming at WikiWikiWeb
Literate Programming FAQ at CTAN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming |
In computer programming, dataflow programming is a programming paradigm that models a program as a directed graph of the data flowing between operations, thus implementing dataflow principles and architecture. Dataflow programming languages share some features of functional languages, and were generally developed in or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_programming |
e program focuses on commands, in line with the von Neumann: p.3 vision of sequential programming, where data is normally "at rest".: p.7
In contrast, dataflow programming emphasizes the movement of data and models programs as a series of connections. Explicitly defined inputs and outputs connect operations, which fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_programming |
ared across multiple processors in parallel processing machines. Most languages force the programmer to add extra code to indicate which data and parts of the code are important to the state. This code tends to be both expensive in terms of performance, as well as difficult to read or debug. Explicit parallelism is one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_programming |
as a series of text instructions, which is reasonable for describing a serial system which pipes data between small, single-purpose tools that receive, process, and return. Dataflow programs start with an input, perhaps the command line parameters, and illustrate how that data is used and modified. The flow of data is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_programming |
removed from the programmer and given to the language's runtime. On machines with a single processor core where an implementation designed for parallel operation would simply introduce overhead, this overhead can be removed completely by using a different runtime.
=== Incremental updates ===
Some recent dataflow lib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_programming |
ical dataflow programming frameworks in order to make parallel programming easier. Subsequent dataflow languages were often developed at the large supercomputer labs. POGOL, an otherwise conventional data-processing language developed at NSA, compiled large-scale applications composed of multiple file-to-file operation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_programming |
cessing graph notation (SPGN) and ACOS starting in the early 1980s. This is in use on a number of platforms in the field today.
A more radical concept is Prograph, in which programs are constructed as graphs onscreen, and variables are replaced entirely with lines linking inputs to outputs. Prograph was originally writ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_programming |
amming languages.
== Languages ==
Dataflow programming languages include:
Céu (programming language)
ASCET
AviSynth scripting language, for video processing
BMDFM Binary Modular Dataflow Machine
CAL
Cuneiform, a functional workflow language.
CMS Pipelines
Hume
Joule
Keysight VEE
KNIME is a free and open-source data... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_programming |
- A hardware description language
Verilog - A hardware description language absorbed into the SystemVerilog standard in 2009
VisSim - A block diagram language for simulation of dynamic systems and automatic firmware generation
VHDL - A hardware description language
Wapice IOT-TICKET implements an unnamed visual datafl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_programming |
al signal processing
Event-driven programming
Flow-based programming
Functional reactive programming
Glossary of reconfigurable computing
High-performance reconfigurable computing
Incremental computing
Parallel programming model
Partitioned global address space
Pipeline (Unix)
Quantum circuit
Signal programming
Stream ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_programming |
Differentiable programming is a programming paradigm in which a numeric computer program can be differentiated throughout via automatic differentiation. This allows for gradient-based optimization of parameters in the program, often via gradient descent, as well as other learning approaches that are based on higher-ord... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_programming |
tend to allow for good compiler optimization and easier scaling to large systems, but their static nature limits interactivity and the types of programs that can be created easily (e.g. those involving loops or recursion), as well as making it harder for users to reason effectively about their programs. A proof-of-conc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_programming |
tlenecks of interpreted languages. The C++ heyoka and Python package heyoka.py make large use of this technique to offer advanced differentiable programming capabilities (also at high orders). A package for the Julia programming language – Zygote – works directly on Julia's intermediate representation.
A limitation o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_programming |
ramming.
== Multidisciplinary application ==
Differentiable programming is making significant strides in various fields beyond its traditional applications. In healthcare and life sciences, for example, it is being used for deep learning in biophysics-based modelling of molecular mechanisms, in areas such as protein ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_programming |
Brokered programming (also known as time-buy and blocktime) is a form of broadcast content in which the show's producer pays a radio or television station for air time, rather than exchanging programming for pay or the opportunity to play spot commercials. A brokered program is typically not capable of garnering enough... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming |
roadcast or simulcast, with the producer paying multiple stations an airtime fee. Financial advisors and planners often produce this kind of programming.
Brokered commercial programs promote products or services by scripting shows made to sound similar to talk radio or news programming, and may even include calls from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming |
uring normal programs.
Most of these programs feature a disclaimer at either the beginning or the end of the program (or both), usually read by the program's host or (most often) by a separate announcer; some radio stations play a standard disclaimer before all such programs.
Certain mainstream sports and entertainment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming |
ave relied on brokering television time have collapsed in short order due to financial losses. Regional sports networks also pad their non-play-by-play schedule with brokered shows catering to niches like high school sports, poker, and all-terrain vehicles. Some packages of high school football and basketball games are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming |
moderate listenership. Each arrangement depends on whether the station can deliver enough listeners to allow the syndicator to earn money from ad sales. Syndicated programs normally carry a number of their own advertisements that must be played during commercial breaks, but set aside time for local stations to play th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming |
ile news and talk radio stations will often rely on brokered programs that sell vitamin or nutritional supplements, financial planning products and services, and alternative medical products, fitting those stations' older audiences.
Sometimes, even programs dealing with gardening and home improvement (usually presente... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming |
nutes or even selling the entire broadcasting day to a single entity, with the station holding the broadcast license and providing the facilities. That long-form type of brokered programming is especially popular among ethnic and religious broadcasters as well as with privately owned U.S.-based shortwave radio broadca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming |
lay a new single as a "preview", which has the potential to be inserted onto a station's general playlist but has not received the traction to do so. These spots are often the length of the song with an introduction and disclaimer at the end of the song stating the artist, album title, and releasing label, and come und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming |
individual broadcaster.
=== Local marketing agreements ===
If a station sells all of its time to a programmer, essentially leasing the station, it is a local marketing agreement (LMA). Like owning a station, this counts toward United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Canadian Radio-television and T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming |
alling All Sports With Roc and Manuch
News and Talk
Magandang Buhay (via A2Z and All TV)
NewsWatch Plus (via RPTV/RPN and Aliw Channel 23)
Radio Sputnik (via RM Broadcasting)
TV Patrol (via A2Z, All TV, DWPM Radyo 630 and PRTV Prime Media)
== See also ==
Talk radio
Infomercial
Leased access (for cable television)
A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming |
"Epigrams on Programming" is an article by Alan Perlis published in 1982, for ACM's SIGPLAN journal. The epigrams are a series of short, programming-language-neutral, humorous statements about computers and programming, which are widely quoted.
It first appeared in SIGPLAN Notices 17(9), September 1982.
In epigram #54,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigrams_on_Programming |
A programming paradigm is a relatively high-level way to conceptualize and structure the implementation of a computer program. A programming language can be classified as supporting one or more paradigms.
Paradigms are separated along and described by different dimensions of programming. Some paradigms are about implic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
ociated behavior, uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
Class-based – object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
Prototype-based – object-oriented programmin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
propagation of change
Concurrent programming – has language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or futures
Actor programming – concurrent computation with actors that make local decisions in respo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigm |
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