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ogic programming". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic. 51 (1–2): 125–157. doi:10.1016/0168-0072(91)90068-W.
Ehud Shapiro (Editor). Concurrent Prolog. MIT Press. 1987.
James Slagle. "Experiments with a Deductive Question-Answering Program". CACM. December 1965.
Gabbay, Dov M.; Hogger, Christopher John; Robinson, J.A., eds... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming |
xternal links ==
Logic Programming Virtual Library entry
Bibliographies on Logic Programming Archived 2008-12-04 at the Wayback Machine
Association for Logic Programming (ALP)
Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (journal)
Logic programming in C++ with Castor
Logic programming Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming |
In computer science, a semaphore is a variable or abstract data type used to control access to a common resource by multiple threads and avoid critical section problems in a concurrent system such as a multitasking operating system. Semaphores are a type of synchronization primitive. A trivial semaphore is a plain vari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
hores, while semaphores that are restricted to the values 0 and 1 (or locked/unlocked, unavailable/available) are called binary semaphores and are used to implement locks.
The semaphore concept was invented by Dutch computer scientist Edsger Dijkstra in 1962 or 1963, when Dijkstra and his team were developing an operat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
room while they have signed up for it and return it when they are done. When a student requests a room, the clerk decreases this number. When a student releases a room, the clerk increases this number. The room can be used for as long as desired, and so it is not possible to book rooms ahead of time.
In this scenario,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
hod can be used to select the one who will occupy the room (like FIFO or randomly picking one). And of course, a student must inform the clerk about releasing their room only after really leaving it.
=== Important observations ===
When used to control access to a pool of resources, a semaphore tracks only how many re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
d (which practically means a program may behave slowly, act erratically, hang, or crash) if even a single process acts incorrectly. This includes:
requesting a resource and forgetting to release it;
releasing a resource that was never requested;
holding a resource for a long time without needing it;
using a resource w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
are currently available. The P operation wastes time or sleeps until a resource protected by the semaphore becomes available, at which time the resource is immediately claimed. The V operation is the inverse: it makes a resource available again after the process has finished using it.
One important property of semapho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
om the semaphore's waiting queue to the ready queue.
Many operating systems provide efficient semaphore primitives that unblock a waiting process when the semaphore is incremented. This means that processes do not waste time checking the semaphore value unnecessarily.
The counting semaphore concept can be extended with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
ntics). If a process performs a P operation on a semaphore that has the value zero, the process is added to the semaphore's queue and its execution is suspended. When another process increments the semaphore by performing a V operation, and there are processes on the queue, one of them is removed from the queue and res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
ocessor systems, atomic operations can be ensured by temporarily suspending preemption or disabling hardware interrupts. This approach does not work on multiprocessor systems where it is possible for two programs sharing a semaphore to run on different processors at the same time. To solve this problem in a multiproces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
er a user logs in, P is called, decrementing the semaphore S by 1. Whenever a user logs out, V is called, incrementing S by 1 representing a login slot that has become available. When S is 0, any users wishing to log in must wait until S increases. The login request is enqueued onto a FIFO queue until a slot is freed. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
pty;
the producer must wait for the consumer to consume something if the queue is full.
The semaphore solution to the producer–consumer problem tracks the state of the queue with two semaphores: emptyCount, the number of empty places in the queue, and fullCount, the number of elements in the queue. To maintain integrit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
d in place of the binary semaphore.
The emptyCount is initially N, fullCount is initially 0, and useQueue is initially 1.
The producer does the following repeatedly:
produce:
P(emptyCount)
P(useQueue)
putItemIntoQueue(item)
V(useQueue)
V(fullCount)
The consumer does the following repeatedly
consu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
tyCount may be much lower than the actual number of empty places in the queue, for example, where many producers have decremented it but are waiting their turn on useQueue before filling empty places. Note that emptyCount + fullCount ≤ N always holds, with equality if and only if no producers or consumers are executing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
of the resource acquisition and release primitives are:
Both primitives in turn use the "pass_the_baton" method, whose pseudo-code is:
Remarks
The pattern is called "passing the baton" because a process that releases the resource as well as a freshly reactivated process will activate at most one suspended process, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
t the terminology is taken from that used in railroad signals. Dijkstra subsequently wrote that he intended P to stand for prolaag, short for probeer te verlagen, literally "try to reduce", or to parallel the terms used in the other case, "try to decrease".
In ALGOL 68, the Linux kernel, and in some English textbooks, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
supposed to unlock it. This constraint aims to handle some potential problems of using semaphores:
Priority inversion: If the mutex knows who locked it and is supposed to unlock it, it is possible to promote the priority of that task whenever a higher-priority task starts waiting on the mutex.
Premature task terminati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
==
Async/await
Flag (programming)
Synchronization (computer science)
Cigarette smokers problem
Dining philosophers problem
Readers–writers problem
Sleeping barber problem
Monitor
Spurious wakeup
== References ==
== External links ==
=== Introductions ===
Hilsheimer, Volker (2004). "Implementing a Read/Write Mutex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
en Tea Press.
Leppäjärvi, Jouni (May 11, 2008). "A pragmatic, historically oriented survey on the universality of synchronization primitives" (PDF). University of Oulu, Finland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming) |
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects. Objects can contain data (called fields, attributes or properties) and have actions they can perform (called procedures or methods and implemented in code). In OOP, computer programs are designed by making them out of objects t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
"objects" in programming started with the artificial intelligence group at MIT in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Here, "object" referred to LISP atoms with identified properties (attributes).
Another early example was Sketchpad created by Ivan Sutherland at MIT in 1960–1961. In the glossary of his technical report, Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
mic binding.
Simula was used mainly by researchers involved with physical modelling, like the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports. Simula is generally accepted as being the first language with the primary features and framework of an object-oriented language.
Influenced by both MIT and Simula, Alan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
the first version of the Smalltalk programming language was developed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls and Adele Goldberg. Smalltalk-72 was notable for use of objects at the language level and its graphical development environment. Smalltalk was a fully dynamic system, allowing users to create and modify classes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
ons (OOPSLA) was attended by 1,000 people. This conference marked the beginning of efforts to consolidate Lisp object systems, eventually resulting in the Common Lisp Object System. In the 1980s, there were a few attempts to design processor architectures that included hardware support for objects in memory, but these ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
ro 3.0, C++, and Delphi. OOP became even more popular with the rise of graphical user interfaces, which used objects for buttons, menus and other elements. One well-known example is Apple's Cocoa framework, used on Mac OS X and written in Objective-C. OOP toolkits also enhanced the popularity of event-driven programmin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
ages were not originally designed with OOP in mind.
In the new millenium, new languages like Python and Ruby have emerged that combine object-oriented and procedural styles. The most commercially important "pure" object-oriented languages continue to be Java, developed by Sun Microsystems, as well as C# and Visual Basi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
other styles, like relational programming, is difficult because there isn't a clear, agreed-upon definition of OOP.
=== Imperative programming ===
Features from imperative and structured programming are present in OOP languages and are also found in non-OOP languages.
Variables hold different data types like integ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
to make code easier to reuse and maintain. However, it was not designed to clearly show the flow of a program's instructions—that was left to the compiler. As computers began using more parallel processing and multiple threads, it became more important to understand and control how instructions flow. This is difficult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
ect inside it, along with other information like "first_name" and "position". This type of structures shows "has-a" relationships, like "an employee has an address".
Some believe that OOP places too much focus on using objects rather than on algorithms and data structures. For example, programmer Rob Pike pointed out t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
==== Real-world modeling and relationships ====
Sometimes, objects represent real-world things and processes in digital form. For example, a graphics program may have objects such as "circle", "square", and "menu". An online shopping system might have objects such as "shopping cart", "customer", and "product". Niklaus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
of some part of the world; "Reality is a cousin twice removed". Steve Yegge noted that natural languages lack the OOP approach of strictly prioritizing things (objects/nouns) before actions (methods/verbs), as opposed to functional programming which does the reverse. This can sometimes make OOP solutions more complicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
ng a special method in the class known as a constructor.
Here are a few key terms in class-based OOP:
Class variables – belong to the class itself, so all objects in the class share one copy.
Instance variables – belong to individual objects; every object has its own version of these variables.
Member variables – re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
uages also allow the subclass to override the methods defined by superclasses. Some languages support multiple inheritance, where a class can inherit from more than one class, and other languages similarly support mixins or traits. For example, a mixin called UnicodeConversionMixin might add a method unicode_to_ascii()... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
one prototype link, up to the base Object type whose prototype is null.
The prototype acts as a model for new objects. For example, if you have an object fruit, you can make two objects apple and orange, based on it. There is no fruit class, but they share traits from the fruit prototype. Prototype-based languages als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
n be used as an alternative to inheritance.
Programmers have different opinions on inheritance. Bjarne Stroustrup, author of C++, has stated that it is possible to do OOP without inheritance. Rob Pike has criticized inheritance for creating complicated hierarchies instead of simpler solutions.
==== Inheritance and be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
antee behavioral subtyping in most if not all contexts. For example, the circle-ellipse problem is notoriously difficult to handle using OOP's concept of inheritance. Behavioral subtyping is undecidable in general, so it cannot be easily implemented by a compiler. Because of this, programmers must carefully design clas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
led multiple dispatch.
Dynamic dispatch works together with inheritance: if an object doesn't have the requested method, it looks up to its parent class (delegation), and continues up the chain until it finds the method or reaches the top.
=== Data abstraction and encapsulation ===
Data abstraction is a way of organ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
code together (decoupling), making it easier for programmers to understand.
In object-oriented programming, objects act as a barrier between their internal workings and external code. Outside code can only interact with an object by calling specific public methods or variables. If a class only allows access to its d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
ons, such as starting a private method's name with an underscore. Intermediate levels of access also exist, such as Java's protected keyword, (which allows access from the same class and its subclasses, but not objects of a different class), and the internal keyword in C#, Swift, and Kotlin, which restricts access to f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
en with Unix and the C programming language.
One programming principle, called the "open/closed principle", says that classes and functions should be "open for extension, but closed for modification". Luca Cardelli has stated that OOP languages have "extremely poor modularity properties with respect to class extension ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
epresent multiple different types. In object-oriented programming, polymorphism more specifically refers to subtyping or subtype polymorphism, where a function can work with a specific interface and thus manipulate entities of different classes in a uniform manner.
For example, imagine a program has two shapes: a circl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
a. Many programming languages use a special word, like this or self, to refer to the current object. In languages that support open recursion, a method in an object can call other methods in the same object, including itself, using this special word. This allows a method in one class to call another method defined late... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
esigned for other types of programming but later added some OOP features. Examples: PHP, JavaScript, Perl, Visual Basic (derived from BASIC), MATLAB, COBOL 2002, Fortran 2003, ABAP, Ada 95, Pascal.
Unique OOP languages: These languages have OOP features like classes and inheritance but use them in their own way. Exampl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
widely accepted, but recently, some programmers have criticized it and prefer functional programming instead. A study by Potok et al. found no major difference in productivity between OOP and other methods.
Paul Graham, a well-known computer scientist, believes big companies like OOP because it helps manage large teams... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
ger to compile than procedural programming.
=== OOP in dynamic languages ===
In recent years, object-oriented programming (OOP) has become very popular in dynamic programming languages. Some languages, like Python, PowerShell, Ruby and Groovy, were designed with OOP in mind. Others, like Perl, PHP, and ColdFusion, st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
might include a length field (showing how big the message is), a code that identifies the type of message, and a data value. These messages can be designed as structured objects that both the client and server understand, so that each type of message corresponds to a class of objects in the client and server code. Mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
e file directories, these organize and store data, as well as provide memory and processing power. They are similar to IBM i Objects.
Clients and servers - These are full systems that include managers and handle security, directory services, and multitasking.
The first version of DDM defined distributed file services. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
bject: can be used without restriction
Container object: contains other objects
Factory object: creates other objects
Metaobject: Used to create other objects (similar to a class, but an object)
Prototype object: a specialized metaobject that creates new objects by copying itself
Singleton object: only instance of its ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
, called "design patterns," are grouped into three types:
Creational patterns (5): Factory method pattern, Abstract factory pattern, Singleton pattern, Builder pattern, Prototype pattern
Structural patterns (7): Adapter pattern, Bridge pattern, Composite pattern, Decorator pattern, Facade pattern, Flyweight pattern, P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
fferent methods, but none of them are perfect. One of the most common solutions is object-relational mapping (ORM), which helps connect object-oriented programs to relational databases. Examples of ORM tools include Visual FoxPro, Java Data Objects, and Ruby on Rails ActiveRecord.
Some databases, called object database... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
rfs-Brock and Wilkerson, the originators of responsibility-driven design, responsibility-driven design is the better approach.
=== SOLID and GRASP guidelines ===
SOLID is a set of five rules for designing good software, created by Michael Feathers:
Single responsibility principle: A class should have only one reason... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
erent parts of a program:
Creator Principle: allows classes create objects they closely use.
Information Expert Principle: assigns tasks to classes with the needed information.
Low Coupling Principle: reduces class dependencies to improve flexibility and maintainability.
High Cohesion Principle: designing classes with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
ords are the basis for understanding objects. They can represent fields, and also methods, if function literals can be stored. However, inheritance presents difficulties, particularly with the interactions between open recursion and encapsulated state. Researchers have used recursive types and co-algebraic data types t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
riented ontology
=== Systems ===
CADES
Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)
Distributed Component Object Model
Jeroo
=== Modeling languages ===
IDEF4
Interface description language
UML
== References ==
== Further reading ==
Abadi, Martin; Luca Cardelli (1998). A Theory of Objects. Springer Verlag. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
N 978-0-8053-5340-2.
Eeles, Peter; Oliver Sims (1998). Building Business Objects. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-19176-6.
Gamma, Erich; Richard Helm; Ralph Johnson; John Vlissides (1995). Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object Oriented Software. Addison-Wesley. Bibcode:1995dper.book.....G. ISBN 978-0-201-63361... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
Publishing. ISBN 978-80-904661-8-0.
Rumbaugh, James; Michael Blaha; William Premerlani; Frederick Eddy; William Lorensen (1991). Object-Oriented Modeling and Design. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-629841-0.
Schach, Stephen (2006). Object-Oriented and Classical Software Engineering, Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
s (Java Tutorials) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
In aspect and functional programming, advice describes a class of functions which modify other functions when the latter are run; it is a certain function, method or procedure that is to be applied at a given join point of a program.
== Use ==
The practical use of advice functions is generally to modify or otherwise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(programming) |
ll module, they wanted to re-spellcheck the entire buffer. ispell-word offers no such functionality, even if the corrected word appears frequently in the buffer. The user could track down the definition of ispell-word, copy it into their personal Emacs files, and add the desired functionality there, but this is tedious... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(programming) |
they're just normal functions. The availability of evaluation throughout the lifetime of a piece of code (cf. code staging) in Lisp allows advice to be inlined automatically into any other code in a variety of ways. Any piece of code can be advised to carry out any other computation before, after, around, or instead of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(programming) |
itions can be freely rewritten to include the desired features. Advice is only useful in that it enables downstream users to subsequently modify default behaviour in a way that does not require propagation of such modifications into the core implementation's source definition.
== Implementations ==
A form of advices ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(programming) |
vice-related code in version 19.28, 1994.
== History ==
The following is taken from a discussion at the mailing list aosd-discuss. Pascal Costanza contributed the following:
The term "advice" goes back to the term advising as introduced by Warren Teitelman in his PhD thesis in 1966. Here is a quote from Chapter 3 of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(programming) |
ntial variables and continue with the computation so that the original procedure is executed, but with modified variables. Finally, the advice may not alter the execution or affect the original procedure at all, e.g., it may merely perform some additional computation such as printing a message or recording history. Sin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(programming) |
PARC's Interlisp.
It also found its way to Flavors, the first object-oriented extension to Lisp developed at MIT. They were subsumed under the notion of method combination.
Since method combination and macros are closely related, it's also interesting to note that the first macro system was described in 1963, three yea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(programming) |
In computing, reactive programming is a declarative programming paradigm concerned with data streams and the propagation of change. With this paradigm, it is possible to express static (e.g., arrays) or dynamic (e.g., event emitters) data streams with ease, and also communicate that an inferred dependency within the as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
as Verilog, where reactive programming enables changes to be modeled as they propagate through circuits.
Reactive programming has been proposed as a way to simplify the creation of interactive user interfaces and near-real-time system animation.
For example, in a model–view–controller (MVC) architecture, reactive progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
d use of programming libraries, or embedded domain-specific languages, that enable reactivity alongside or on top of the programming language. Specification and use of these different approaches results in language capability trade-offs. In general, the more restricted a language is, the more its associated compilers a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
hniques and challenges ==
=== Essence of implementations ===
Reactive programming language runtimes are represented by a graph that identifies the dependencies among the involved reactive values. In such a graph, nodes represent the act of computing, and edges model dependency relationships. Such a runtime employs sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
l the necessary information, and no further information needs to be queried by the consumer.
Push-pull: The value consumer receives a change notification, which is a short description of the change, e.g. "some value changed" – this is the push part. However, the notification does not contain all the necessary informati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
notification is sent.
==== What to push? ====
At the implementation level, event reaction consists of the propagation across a graph's information, which characterizes the existence of change. Consequently, computations that are affected by such change then become outdated and must be flagged for re-execution. Such c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
ous node was changed. This approach is especially important when nodes hold large amounts of state data, which would otherwise be expensive to recompute from scratch.
Delta propagation is essentially an optimization that has been extensively studied via the discipline of incremental computing, whose approach requires r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
is described as invalidity notification propagation. This approach causes nodes with invalid input to pull updates, thus resulting in the update of their own outputs.
There are two principal ways employed in the building of a dependency graph:
The graph of dependencies are maintained implicitly within an event loop. R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
ion and generation using an effective, archetypal language.
=== Implementation challenges in reactive programming ===
==== Glitches ====
When propagating changes, it is possible to pick propagation orders such that the value of an expression is not a natural consequence of the source program. We can illustrate this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
ssion will evaluate to a false value. This is called a glitch.
Some reactive languages are glitch-free and prove this property. This is usually achieved by topologically sorting expressions and updating values in topological order. This can, however, have performance implications, such as delaying the delivery of value... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
languages expect such cycles to be "broken" by placing some element along a "back edge" to permit reactive updating to terminate. Typically, languages provide an operator like delay that is used by the update mechanism for this purpose, since a delay implies that what follows must be evaluated in the "next time step" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
ons include:
A language might offer a notion of a "mutable cell". A mutable cell is one that the reactive update system is aware of, so that changes made to the cell propagate to the rest of the reactive program. This enables the non-reactive part of the program to perform a traditional mutation while enabling reactiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
d library through getters. FrTime employs such a strategy.
==== Dynamic updating of the graph of dependencies ====
In some reactive languages, the graph of dependencies is static, i.e., the graph is fixed throughout the program's execution. In other languages, the graph can be dynamic, i.e., it can change as the prog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
s each time, or to keep an expression's node constructed but inactive; in the latter case, ensure that they do not participate in the computation when they are not supposed to be active.
== Concepts ==
=== Degrees of explicitness ===
Reactive programming languages can range from very explicit ones where data flows ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
reactive programming refers to the architectural level of software engineering, where individual nodes in the data flow graph are ordinary programs that communicate with each other.
=== Static or dynamic ===
Reactive programming can be purely static where the data flows are set up statically, or be dynamic where the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
as the first.
=== Data flow differentiation ===
Ideally all data changes are propagated instantly, but this cannot be assured in practice. Instead, it might be necessary to give different parts of the data flow graph different evaluation priorities. This can be called differentiated reactive programming.
For example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
programming languages are evaluated. Instead, when some data is changed, the change is propagated to all data that is derived partially or completely from the data that was changed. This change propagation could be achieved in a number of ways, where perhaps the most natural way is an invalidate/lazy-revalidate scheme.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
be represented in the memory as data-structures. This could potentially make reactive programming highly memory consuming. However, research on what is called lowering could potentially overcome this problem.
On the other side, reactive programming is a form of what could be described as "explicit parallelism", and co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
Imperative ===
It is possible to fuse reactive programming with ordinary imperative programming. In such a paradigm, imperative programs operate upon reactive data structures. Such a set-up is analogous to imperative constraint programming; however, while imperative constraint programming manages bidirectional data-fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
mperative reactive programming.
=== Functional ===
Functional reactive programming (FRP) is a programming paradigm for reactive programming on functional programming.
=== Actor based ===
Actors have been proposed to design reactive systems, often in combination with Functional reactive programming (FRP) and Reactiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
e implementations including RxJs, RxJava, Rx.NET, RxPy and RxSwift.
Elm, a reactive composition of web user interfaces.
Reactive Streams, a JVM standard for asynchronous stream processing with non-blocking backpressure
ObservableComputations, a cross-platform .NET implementation.
Svelte, brings reactivity in the form o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
on reactive programming A 2013 paper by E. Bainomugisha, A. Lombide Carreton, T. Van Cutsem, S. Mostinckx, and W. De Meuter that surveys and provides a taxonomy of existing reactive programming approaches.
MIMOSA Project of INRIA - ENSMP, a general site about reactive programming.
Deprecating the Observer Pattern A 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming |
glob() () is a libc function for globbing, which is the archetypal use of pattern matching against the names in a filesystem directory such that a name pattern is expanded into a list of names matching that pattern. Although globbing may now refer to glob()-style pattern matching of any string, not just expansion into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
list of matching filenames to other command line tools, and they shared the backend code subsequently formalized as glob() and gmatch(). Shell-statement-level globbing by default became commonplace following the "builtin"-integration of globbing-functionality into the 7th edition of the Unix shell in 1978. The Unix sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
acter within brackets is '!', then the [!...] matches any single character that is not among the characters specified in the brackets.
The characters in the brackets may be a list ([abc]) or a range ([a-c]) or denote a character class (like [[:space:]] where the inner brackets are part of the classname). POSIX does not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
earliest versions of Bell Labs' Unix. The command interpreters of the early versions of Unix (1st through 6th Editions, 1969–1975) relied on a separate program to expand wildcard characters in unquoted arguments to a command: /etc/glob. That program performed the expansion and supplied the expanded list of file paths ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
the syntax defined in POSIX.2. The idea of defining a separate match function started with wildmat (wildcard match), a simple library to match strings against Bourne Shell globs.
Traditionally, globs do not match hidden files in the form of Unix dotfiles; to match them the pattern must explicitly start with .. For exa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
the brackets in POSIX regular expressions.
Unix globbing is handled by the shell per POSIX tradition. Globbing is provided on filenames at the command line and in shell scripts. The POSIX-mandated case statement in shells provides pattern-matching using glob patterns.
Some shells (such as the C shell and Bash) support... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
tar: allows ** on its own as a name component to recursively match any number of layers of non-hidden directories. Also supported by the JavaScript libraries and Python's glob.
=== Windows and DOS ===
The original DOS was a clone of CP/M designed to work on Intel's 8088 and 8086 processors. Windows shells, followin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
their responsibility to perform any splitting, quoting, or glob expansion. There is technically no fixed way of describing wildcards in programs since they are free to do what they wish. Two common glob expanders include:
The Microsoft C Runtime (msvcrt) command-line expander, which only supports ? and *. Both ReactOS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
e glob() equivalent is FindFirstFile, and fnmatch() corresponds to its underlying RtlIsNameInExpression. (Another fnmatch analogue is PathMatchSpec.) Both open-source msvcrt expanders use FindFirstFile, so 8.3 filename quirks will also apply in them.
=== SQL ===
The SQL LIKE operator has an equivalent to ? and * but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
are not considered regular expressions, which can describe the full set of regular languages over any given finite alphabet.
Globs attempt to match the entire string (for example, S*.DOC matches S.DOC and SA.DOC, but not POST.DOC or SURREY.DOCKS), whereas, depending on implementation details, regular expressions may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
tching strings are found in the following programming languages:
C and C++ do not have built-in support for glob patterns in the ISO-defined standard libraries, however on Unix-like systems C and C++ may include <glob.h> from the C POSIX library to use glob().
C++ itself does not have direct support for glob patterns,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
a Glob package with the main module System.FilePath.Glob. The pattern syntax is based on a subset of Zsh's. It tries to optimize the given pattern and should be noticeably faster than a naïve character-by-character matcher.
Perl has both a glob function (as discussed in Larry Wall's book Programming Perl) and a Glob e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
wildcard pattern matching on filenames. Several libraries such as Rant and Rake provide a FileList class which has a glob method or use the method FileList.[] identically.
Rust has multiple libraries that can match glob patterns, the most popular of these being the glob crate.
SQLite has a GLOB function.
Tcl contains ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming) |
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