question stringlengths 1 6.54k | choices listlengths 4 4 | answer stringclasses 4 values | rationale stringlengths 0 22.5k ⌀ | split stringclasses 1 value | dataset stringclasses 6 values | subject stringclasses 1 value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Which of the following is true for triple negative breast cancer? | [
"Aggressive tumor",
"Negative for oestrogen, progesterone",
"Good prognosis to chemotherapy",
"Tamoxifen is chemotherapeutic agent"
] | A | Triple negative breast cancer has the worst prognosis.
It is negative for oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2 receptor. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Safety pin index for oxygen cylinder is? | [
"2, 5",
"3,5",
"1,5",
"1,4"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' i.e., 2, 5 Gas Pin index Oxygen 2,5 Nitrous oxide 3,5 Cyclopropane 3, 6 Air 1, 5 Nitrogen 1, 4 Entonox (50% 02 + 50%N,0) Single central (7) Carbon dioxide (<7.5%) 2, 6 Carbon dioxide (> 7.5%) 1, 6 | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 6-year-old girl complains of otalgia, fever, and irritability. Physical examination reveals a stiff, bulging, red tympanic membrane. Previous history of ear infections is denied. Clinical response to amoxicillin is maximized on which of the following durations? | [
"1 day",
"5 days",
"7 days",
"10 days"
] | B | Prospective nonrandomized evaluations of treatment duration of acute otitis media reveal no difference in outcome if given over 5-day, 7-day, or 10-day duration. However, 10-day treatment is indicated for children with history of acute otitis media within the preceding month. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Structure A is formed by which of the following tract? | [
"Pontocerebellar",
"Olivocerebellar",
"Vestibulo cerebellar",
"Anterior spinocerebellar"
] | A | Nerve fibers entering and leaving the cerebellum pass through superior middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles which connect the cerebellum to midbrain, pons and medulla respectively. Middle cerebellar peduncle is made up of pontocerebellar fibers. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 5-year-old previously healthy child is taken from his day care to the pediatrician because his mother is concerned that the child has been fussy for the past few days and now has a rash on his face and torso . The mother also says the boy told her his head hu, and she thinks he may have a low-grade fever. On examination the child is afebrile and not ill-appearing. He has a rash extending over his entire body except for the palms and soles. The infectious agent causing this disease can lead to what complication in immunocompromised hosts? | [
"Aplastic anemia",
"Endemic Burkitt's lymphoma",
"Orchitis",
"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy"
] | A | This child has Erythema infectiosum or fifth disease, caused by the B19 parvovirus. Immunocompromised children/Hererditary hemolytic anemias it has linked to aplastic anemia It replicates in erythroid progenitor cells. In pregnancy- associated with fetal loss ( Non immune Hydrops Fetalis- Buddha baby). Ahralgia /ahritis are uncommon among children but frequent among adults. Endemic Burkitt's lymphoma often involves the jaw. EBV has been associated with this disease Orchitis -complication of mumps virus or coxsackie B virus infection. PML is a progressive disease leading to demyelination of CNS neurons as the oligodendroglial cells are destroyed-caused by JC virus | train | med_mcqa | null |
Eirenz limits HIV infection by: | [
"Binding to active site of HIV reverse transcriptase",
"Impairing the binding of HIV virion to CD4 receptors on T- cells",
"Inhibiting the HIV protease",
"Serving as an allosteric inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase"
] | D | Eirenz is a NNI which acts as an allosteric (non-competitive) inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase. It is more potent than zidovudine on HIV-1, but do not inhibit HIV-2. If used alone, viral resistance develops rapidly by point mutation of the enzyme; therefore it should always be combined with 2 other effective drugs. S/E of Eirenz : Headache, rashes, dizziness, insomnia, neuro-psychiatric symptoms | train | med_mcqa | null |
X-ray finding in chronic otitis media is | [
"Honeycombing of mastoid",
"Sclerosis with cavity in mastoid",
"Clear-cut distinct bony paition between cells",
"None of the above"
] | B | X-ray finding in chronic otitis media is usually sclerotic but maybe pneumatized with clouding of air cells. There is no evidence of bone destruction in tubo tympanic type. It is seen in the attico antral disease. Ref: PL Dhingra 7th edition of Ear, Nose and Throat; Pg no 78 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Delusion of grandiosity is commonly seen in: PGI 11 | [
"Schizophrenia",
"Depression",
"Mania",
"Dementia"
] | C | Ans. Mania | train | med_mcqa | null |
True about tetanus is all except - | [
"Tetanus protection 5 years if previously immunized",
"Herd immunity present",
"Can't be eradicated",
"Elimination is less than 1 case per 1000 births"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is a better predictor of vagal tone | [
"Basal heart rate",
"Ejection fraction",
"Stroke volume",
"LVET"
] | A | In the given options, all are influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. Right vagus mainly innervates SA node, right atrium and left vagus innervates left atrium, AV node, a bundle of His. But vagal innervation of the ventricle is sparse. Hence, vagal stimulation strongly inhibits heart rate (strong - negative chronotropic effect) and poorly affects the force of contraction (weak - negative inotropic effect). Moreover, vagus dominates sympathetic nerve in controlling SA node activity at rest. Therefore, basal heart rate mainly depends on the vagal tone. Ejection fraction, stroke volume, LVET (Left Ventricular Ejection Time) are mainly influenced by sympathetic stimulation as the vagus has a weaker inotropic effect. | train | med_mcqa | null |
The screening strategy for prevention of blindness from diabetic retinopathy according to the NPCB involves: | [
"Oppounistic screening",
"High Risk Screening",
"Mass screening",
"Screening by Primary Care Physician"
] | B | According to the National Programme for Control of Blindness, the screening strategy followed for prevention of blindness secondary to diabetic retinopathy involves screening of those individuals who are at high risk. These high risk groups are identified using ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography. Ref: Ophthalmology By Khurana, Pages 426-433; Concise Textbook Of Ophthalmology By Sharma, Pages 208-211; Park Textbook of Social and Preventive Medicine, 19th Edition, Pages 360-362. | train | med_mcqa | null |
During embryological development, all of the following organs develop in the peritoneal cavity suspended on a mesentery, EXCEPT: | [
"Liver",
"Spleen",
"Kidney",
"Pancreas"
] | C | Kidney is a retroperitoneal organ.During development, some organs develop in the peritoneal cavity suspended on a mesentery called as intraperitoneal organs. They include,StomachFirst pa of duodenumJejunumIleumTransverse colonSigmoid colonLiver SpleenSome abdominal organs develop behind the peritoneum and are called retroperitoneal organs. They are,KidneysUretersSuprarenal glandsRectumRef: Grant's Dissector By Patrick W. Tank, John Charles Boileau Grant, 2012, Page 99. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following defines veigo: September 2011 | [
"Ringing of ears",
"Subjective sense of imbalance",
"Sense of pressure in the ear",
"Infection of the inner ear"
] | B | Ans. B: Subjective sense of imbalance In veigo, patient gets a feeling of rotation of himself or of his environment. Veigo ("a whirling or spinning movement") It is a type of dizziness, where there is a feeling of motion when one is stationary. The symptoms are due to a dysfunction of the vestibular system in the inner ear. It is often associated with nausea and vomiting as well as difficulties standing or walking. The most common causes are benign paroxysmal positional veigo, concussion and vestibular migraine while less common causes include Meniere's disease and vestibular neuritis. Excessive consumption of ethanol (alcoholic beverages) can also cause notorious symptoms of veigo. A number of conditions that involve the central nervous system may lead to veigo including: migraine headaches, lateral medullary syndrome, multiple sclerosis Veigo is a sensation of spinning while stationary. Repetitive spinning, as in familiar childhood games, can induce sho-lived veigo by disrupting the ineia of the fluid in the vestibular system Veigo is classified into either peripheral or central depending on the location of the dysfunction of the vestibular pathway Peripheral: Veigo caused by problems with the inner ear or vestibular system is called "peripheral", "otologic" or "vestibular". - The most common cause is benign paroxysmal positional veigo (BPPV) but other causes include Meniere's disease, superior canal dehiscence syndrome, labyrinthitis and visual veigo. - Any cause of inflammation such as common cold, influenza, and bacterial infections may cause transient veigo if they involve the inner ear, as may chemical insults (e.g., aminoglycosides) or physical trauma (e.g., skull fractures). - Motion sickness is sometimes classified as a cause of peripheral veigo. Central: If veigo arises from the balance centers of the brain, it is usually milder, and has accompanying neurologic deficits, such as slurred speech, double vision or pathologic nystagmus. - Brain pathology can cause a sensation of disequilibrium which is an off-balance sensation. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Local anesthetics act by : | [
"Affecting at the spinal level",
"Affecting the Na+ channels",
"Affecting the K+channels",
"Blocking axonal transport"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
All the following statements regarding adenosine are true except: | [
"Dipyridamole potentiates its action",
"Used to produce controlled hypotension",
"Administered by slow I.V. injection",
"Administered by rapid I.V. injection"
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the following drugs are used in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, EXCEPT: | [
"Hydroxychloroquine",
"Miltefosine",
"Paromomycin",
"Sitamaquine"
] | A | Drugs used in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis are sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimonate, amphotericin B, paromomycin, miltefosine. Sitamaquine is found to be effective and is undergoing trials. Drugs used for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis are: Pentavalent antimony Pentamidine isethionate Amphotericin B Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole Miltefosine Drugs used for treating mucosal leishmaniasis Pentavalent antimony Amphotericin B Pentamidine isethionate Ref: Sundar S. (2012). Chapter 212. Leishmaniasis. In D.L. Longo, A.S. Fauci, D.L. Kasper, S.L. Hauser, J.L. Jameson, J. Loscalzo (Eds), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e. Suurmond D. (2009). Section 29. Systemic Parasitic Infections. In D. Suurmond (Ed), Fitzpatrick's Color Atlas & Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology, 6e. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Features of 'Loculatedpleural effusion' on X-ray chest include all except | [
"Air bronchogram present",
"In oblique view margins are diffuse in end on",
"Not limited to one bronchopulmonary segmen t",
"Superomedial margin of loculated pleural effusion forms obtuse angle with the mediastinum"
] | A | (A) Air bronchogram present # Presence of air bronchogram excludes any pleural or mediastinal pathology.> Air bronchogram is visibility of bronchi with in parenchymal lesion, so it is found in alveolar pathology as Consolidation Infarction Contusion> Loculation should be considered when a density is considered to be fluid and does not correspond to anatomical location of fissures (loculation can occur within fissures).> It is not in the gravity dependant location.> Note in the upright film on right you are able to see the diaphragm medially, indicating that the fluid is not in the dependent portion.> Empyemas loculate> Consider all loculated effusions as empyema unless proven otherwise. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Therpeutic drug monitoring is particularly useful for which of the following drug/s? | [
"Lithium",
"Aminoglycoside antibiotics",
"Anticonvulsants",
"All the above"
] | D | Ans. is 'd' i.e., All the above Therapeutic drug monitoring is particularly useful in following situations:1. Drugs with low safety margin -a) Digoxinb) Anticonvulsantsc) Antiarrythmicsd) Theophyllinee) Aminoglycoside antibioticsf) Lithiumg) Tricyclic antidepressants2. If individual variations are large -> Antidepressants, Lithium3. Potentially toxic drugs used in presence of renal failure -> Aminoglycoside antibiotic vancomycin, cyclosporine4. In case of poisoning5. In case of failure of response without any apparent reason -> antimicrobials6. To check patient compliance ->> psycho-pharmacological agents.* Drugs whose response is easily measurable eg. hypoglycaemics (metformin), antihypertensive, diuretics, oral anticoagulants and general anaesthetics, monitoring of plasma cone, is of no value. | train | med_mcqa | null |
All are true for transplanted kidney except | [
"Humoral antibody responsible for rejection",
"CMI is responsible for rejection",
"Previous blood transfusion",
"HLA identity similarity seen in 1:100 people"
] | D | Answer- D. HLA identity similarity seen in 1:100 peopleWithin any paicular family, sibling's have a 7:4 chance of being HLA identical. In contrast among unrelatedpeople, the probabilities of HLA identity in several thousand depending upon phenotype involved' It is due to the fact thatHLA complex is inherited intact as two haplotypes. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Ochsner-Sherren regimen is used for:September 2009, 2010 | [
"Appendicular abscess",
"Pelvic abscess",
"Appendicular mass",
"Acute appendicitis"
] | C | Ans. C: Appendicular mass | train | med_mcqa | null |
All are disadvantages of Coho study except | [
"Coho study involve a large number of people",
"Coho studies are expensive",
"Recall bias",
"Attrition"
] | C | Disadvantages of coho study Time consuming and Expensive Attrition - loss of follow up Hawthorne bias Ethical issues Not useful in rare disease Disadvantages of case control study Calculation of Odds ratio (Relative risk - more accurate than OR) Recall bias | train | med_mcqa | null |
A 14 year old boy has difficulty in expressing himself in writing and makes frequent spelling mistakes, does not follow instruction and cannot wait for his turn while playing a game. He is likely to be sufering from - | [
"Mental retardation",
"Lack of interest in studies",
"Lack of interest in studies",
"Examination anxiety"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Specific learning disability o Learning disability (LD) is defined as a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, speak, read, write, spell or to do mathematical calculations. o Learning disability is suspected when there is unexpected underachievement in adequate educational settings. o The DSM-IV defines three academic skill specific learning disorders. o Reading disorder o Mathematic disorder u Disorder in written expression o Another subtyping is language-based LD commonly known as dyslexia (problem in reading, spelling and written expression) and nonverbal LD (deficits in ahmetic and spacial cognition). o Dyslexia is the most common type of learning disability. o Children with dyslexia have problem in reading, spelling and written expression. o The impoant clues to dyslexia in school age children include delayed language, trouble rhymic words, mispronunciation, hesitation, work-finding difficulties and poor spellings with presence of letter reversal. Reading is slow, inaccurated and labored. o Coming back to question, the child has i) Difficulty in expressing himself in written (problem in written expression) ii) Makes spelling mistakes (problem in spelling). o Both these are manifestations of dyslexia, a specific learning disability. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is involved in peristalsis by causing relaxation | [
"Acetyl choline",
"Substance P",
"Noradrenaline",
"Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide"
] | D | The release of NO and VIP (Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) from the cholinergic neurons passing in an anterograde direction relaxes the segment of the intestine ahead of the stimulus. Peristalsis involves the contraction of a segment of intestine behind the bolus of food and relaxation of a segment behind the bolus of food and relaxation of a segment of the intestine in front of the bolus of food. Cholinergic neurons passing in retrograde direction produce substance P and acetylcholine which cause contraction of a segment of intestine. Cholinergic neurons passing in anterograde direction produce NO and VIp which causes relaxation of a segment of the intestine in front of a bolus of food. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 26th edition Pgno: 495 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Neuro-physiological defects present in right lobe involvement all, except - | [
"Visuo-spatial defect",
"Anosognosia",
"Dyscalculia",
"Dysgraphia"
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
In caloric test, cold water stimulation causes movement of eye - | [
"Some side",
"Opposite side",
"Up",
"Do\\vn"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Opposite side [Ref: Dhingra 5th/e p. 48}o Each ear is irrigated twice : once with cold water (70C below the body temperature, i. e. 300C) and then with warm water (70C above the body temperature, i.e. 440C).o Cold water provokes nystagmus towards the opposite ear, while warm water provokes nystagmus towardssame ear (COWS Cold - oppsite, Warm - same). | train | med_mcqa | null |
True regarding fluorosis are all except – | [
"Fluorosis is the most common cause of dental caries in children",
"Fluorosis can cause fluoride deposition in bones",
"Defluoridation is done by Nalgonda technique",
"Fluorosis can cause genu valgum"
] | A | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which is the treatment of choice for OCD? | [
"Exposure and response prevention",
"Psychoanalysis",
"Flooding",
"Modeling"
] | A | Ans. A. Exposure and response preventionPsychotherapies used in OCDCBT relies primarily on behavior technique of exposure & response prevention (ERP)which has the best evidence. Exposure (to stimulus which induce obsessional thoughts) & response prevention (asking patient not to indulge in compulsive behavior)Other therapies: desensitization,thought stopping- give stimulus to stop thought like may bang table, later can do mentally flooding & aversive conditioningPsychodynamic psychotherapy, family therapy may also be used | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the given are active against hormone dependent lipase, EXCEPT: | [
"Adrenaline",
"Insulin",
"Prostaglandin E1",
"Nicotinic acid"
] | A | The hormones that act rapidly in promoting lipolysis, ie, catecholamines (epinephrine and nor-epinephrine), do so by stimulating the activity of adenylyl cyclase. cAMP, by stimulating cAMP-dependent protein kinase, activates hormone-sensitive lipase. The antilipolytic effects of insulin, nicotinic acid, and prostaglandin E1 are accounted for by inhibition of the synthesis of cAMP at the adenylyl cyclase site, acting through a Gi protein. Insulin also stimulates phosphodiesterase and the lipase phosphatase that inactivates hormone-sensitive lipase. Ref: Botham K.M., Mayes P.A. (2011). Chapter 25. Lipid Transpo & Storage. In D.A. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.A. Weil, P.J. Kennelly, R.K. Murray, V.W. Rodwell (Eds), Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 29e. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Councilman bodies are seen in | [
"Alcoholic cirrhosis",
"Wilson's disease",
"Acute viral hepatitis",
"Autoimmune hepatitis"
] | C | In pathology, a Councilman body, also known as Councilman hyaline body or apoptotic body, is an acidophilic globule of cells that represents a dying hepatocyte often surrounded by normal parenchyma. They are found in the liver of individuals suffering from viral hepatitis, yellow fever, or other viral syndromes Refer robbins 9/e p614 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Concurrent list does not encompass: | [
"Prevention of extension of communicable disease from one unit to another",
"Prevention of adulteration of food stuffs",
"Regulation and development of medical profession",
"Vital statistics"
] | C | The regulation and development of medical profession is not included in the concurrent list and instead is placed in the Union list and is controlled by the union health ministry. Ref: Park Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 19th Edition, Page 730 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which one of the following factors released by heating a suspension of sheep erythrocytes is required for the growth of Haemophilus Influenzae in chocolate agar? | [
"Hemin",
"Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)",
"Hemoglobin",
"Hemolysin"
] | B | Ans. B. NAD.a. Members of Hemophilus require for one or more of the accessory factors: X & V in bloodb. Factor X is heme whereas factor V is NAD/NADP.c. The V factor (NAD) is trapped in the RBC's in blood agar. Hence, on blood agar, Hemophilus influenzae shows poor growth.d. By heating blood agar, V factor is released into the medium. | train | med_mcqa | null |
All the following radioisotopes are used in painful body metastasis except | [
"Strontium-89",
"Samarium-153",
"Tin-117",
"Yttrium"
] | D | Yttrium is used in Medical Synovectomy. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Average hospital waste produced per bed per day in Government hospital - | [
"1-5-2-0 kg",
"0-5-4 kg",
"0-5-1 kg",
"0-5-2 kg"
] | B | Ans. is 'b' i.e., 0.5-4 kg | train | med_mcqa | null |
The pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica is indicated by - | [
"Zymodeme pattern",
"Size",
"Nuclear pattern",
"ELISA test"
] | A | Cultures are not used routinely but may on occasion prove positive in cases found negative by microscopy. Cultures permit the determination of zymodeme patterns for differentiation between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY,CKJ PANIKER,6TH EDITION,PAGE NO 25 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Pediatirc airway differ from adult ? | [
"Large tongue",
"Sho epiglotitis",
"Narrowest pa is glottis",
"Larynx in lower posittion"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Large tongue Airway : Pediatric Vs Adult Obligate nasal breather Large tongue Larynx & trachea are funnel shaped Larynx located higher (C4) Vs C6 in adult. Narrowest pa is cricoid (glottis in adults) | train | med_mcqa | null |
Aspirin should be used with caution in the following groups of patients because of which of the following reason: | [
"In diabetics because it can cause hyperglycemia",
"In children with viral disease, because of the risk of acute renal failure",
"In gout, because it can increase serum uric acid",
"In pregnancy, because of high risk of teratogenicity"
] | C | Aspirin- Urate excretion: Aspirin in high dose reduces renal tubular excretion of urate- dose more than 5 grams per day- that is more than the antiinflammatory dose ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY;7TH EDITION; KD TRIPATHI; PAGE NO 195 | train | med_mcqa | null |
A young motorist suffered injuries in a major road traffic accident. He was diagnosed to have a fracture of the left femur and left humerus. He was also having fractures of multiple ribs anteriorly on both the sides. In the examination, the blood pressure was 80/ 60 mm Hg. and heart rate was 140/minute. The patient was agitated, restless, and tachypneic. Jugular veins were distended. Air entry was adequate in both the lung fields. Heart sounds were barely audible. Femoral pulses were weakly palpable but distally no pulsation could be felt. On a priority basis, the immediate intervention would be - | [
"Rapid blood transfusion.",
"Urgent pericardial tap.",
"Intercostal tube drainage on both the sides.",
"Fixation of left femur and repair of femoral artery."
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
The organism contributing to vaginal defence mechanism is _________ | [
"Doderlein's bacillus",
"Staphylococcus",
"Streptococcus",
"Treponema pallidum"
] | A | The organism contributing to vaginal defence mechanism is Doderlein&;s bacillus. Doderlein&;s bacillus is a gram positive rod shaped bacillus which grows anaerobically in acidic media. It appears in vagina 3-4 days after bih and disappears after 10-14 days. It appears again at pubey and disappears after menopause. Its presence is dependent on estrogen Its function is to conve glycogen to lactic acid and maintains acidic pH in vagina thus preventing growth of pathogenic bacteria. Ref: Shaw&;s textbook of Gynaecology 17th edition Pgno: 16 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Foramen spinosum transmits | [
"Lateral petrosal nerve",
"Middle meningeal artery",
"Mandibular nerve",
"Maxillary nerve"
] | B | (B) Middle meningeal artery > The foramen spinosum transmits the middle meningeal artery, the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (nervus spinesus) & the posterior trunk of the middle meningeal vein.> The foramen spinosum transmits the middle meningeal artery, the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (nervus spinesus) & the posterior trunk of the middle meningeal vein. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Chronic cough is a side effect of? | [
"Captopril",
"Domperidone",
"Cimetidine",
"Celecoxib"
] | A | Ans. is `a' i.e., Captopril Captopril is an ACE inhibitor and chronic cough is a known side effect of ACE inhibitors. Adverse effects of ACE inhibitor Hypotension Cough Angioedma Teratogenecity Acute renal failure Hyperkalemia Rashes, Uicaria Dysguesia Gfanulocytopenia Dysguesia is reversible loss or alteration of taste sensations. Cough and angioedema are due to elevated bradykinin, caused by inhibition of bradykinin/substance P metabolism in lungs. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Ureteric colic due to stone is caused by: | [
"Stretching of renal capsule due to back pressure",
"Increased peristalsis of ureter to overcome the obstruction",
"Irriation of intramural ureter",
"Extravasation of urine"
] | B | Acute obstruction of ureter d/t calculus or other objects causes 2 types of pain: Non-colicky renal pain d/t distension of the renal capsule occurs at a costoveebral angle just lateral to the sacrospinalis muscle and just below the 12th rib Colicky pain d/t hyperperistalsis of smooth muscles of calyces, pelvis and ureter as it attempts to rid itself of the foreign body or to overcome the obstruction the colicky pain radiates along the course of the ureter, from the costoveebral angle down towards the lower anterior abdominal quadrant. the ureteric colick pain is referred to different sites depending on the site of obstruction of the calculus. Ref : Smith's Urology 16/e, p 32, 264 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Following is not a variety of entropion ? | [
"Pathological",
"Spastic",
"Cicatrix",
"Involutional"
] | A | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pathological | train | med_mcqa | null |
Humans become infected by M.tuberculosis commonly by | [
"Ingestion",
"Contact",
"Inhalation",
"Inoculation"
] | C | M.tuberculosis is mainly transmitted by direct inhalation of aerosolised bacilli contained in the droplet nuclei of expectorated sputum. Generated while coughing. sneezing,or speaking of infected patients. There may be as many as 3000 infectious nuclei per cough. The tiny droplets may remain suspended in the air for several hours and are easily inhaled. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg: 355 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Vitamin B12 deficiency is seen in which tapeworm disease | [
"Diphyllobothrium latum",
"Taenia saginata",
"Echinococcus granulosus",
"Hymenolepis nana"
] | A | Most infected patients are asymptomatic. Foy percent of fish tapeworm carriers demonstrate low serum levels of vitamin B12, apparently as a result of the competition between the host and the worm for this ingested nutrient. Studies have shown that a worm located high in the jejunum may take up 80% to 100% of vitamin B12 given by mouth. Approximately 0.1% to 2% of patients develop macrocytic anemia. In many, folate absorption is also diminished.Neurologic manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency occur, sometimes in the absence of anemia. They include numbness, paresthesia, loss of vibration sense, and, rarely, optic atrophy with central scotoma.Ref: Sherris microbiology; 6th edition; Page no: 889 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Pit latrine has depth of----feet – | [
"2–4",
"4–6",
"10-Jun",
"10–12"
] | D | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Vitamin A requirement in infant is - | [
"350 mg",
"600 mg",
"800 mg",
"1000 mg"
] | A | - daily intake of vitamin A recommended by ICMR for infants is 350 mcg retinol. - daily intake of vitamin A recommended by ICMR for infants is 2800 mcg beta carotene. Reference : Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no:616 <\p> | train | med_mcqa | null |
Acidic drugs bind to ? | [
"Globulin",
"a-I glycoprotein",
"Albumin",
"None"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Albumin Many natural substances circulate around the body paly free in plasma water and paly bound to plasma proteins, e.g. coisol, thyroxine. Similarly drugs circulate in protein bound and free states, and the significance is that the free fraction is pharmacologically active whereas the protein bound component is a reservoir of drug that is inactive because of this binding. Acidic drugs generally bind to plasma albumin. Basic drugs bind to a, acid glycoprotein. Binding to albumin is quantitatively more impoant. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Deficiency of the following vitamin is most commonly seen in sho bowel syndrome ileal resection | [
"Vitamin B12",
"Vitamin B1",
"Folic Acid",
"Vitamin K"
] | A | If the distal 2/3rd of the ileum is including the ileocecal valve is resected, significant abnormalities of absorption of bike salts and Vitamin B12 may occur resulting in diarrhoea and anaemia. These abnormalities occur even though only 25% of total length of the small bowel is removed Proximal bowel resection is better tolerated than distal resection because the ileum can adapt and increase its absorptive capacity more efficiently than jejunum Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno : 1171 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Field defect seen in papilloedema | [
"Seidel's scotoma",
"Constriction of peripheral fields",
"Centro-caecal scotoma",
"Altitudinal hemianopia"
] | B | In papilloedema, as the condition progresses vision worsens with an enlargement of the blind spot owing to separation of the retina around the disc by the oedema and a progressive contraction of the visual field due to atrophy of the optic nerve. Ref: Parson's 22 nd edition, page no. 352 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which one of the following statements is true to Stockes-Adam attack - | [
"It is usually preceded by an aura",
"Focal neurological signs are commonly observed during the attack",
"It is usually caused by high degree of atrioventricular block",
"It is caused by recurrent paroxysmal tachyarrhydunias"
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
All of the poisons caused uterine contractions EXCEPT: | [
"Lead",
"Arsenic",
"Ergot",
"Quinine"
] | B | ANSWER: (B) ArsenicREF: Forensic medicine and Toxicology by R N Karmakar 3rd edition page 230, Parikh 6th edition various pageABORTIFACI ENT DRUGS:EcbolicsIncreases uterine contractionErgot, Quinine, Pituitary extract, LeadEmmenagoguesIncreases menstrual flow (abortifacient in large repeated doses)Cantharides, Aloes, EstrogenGI irritantsIrritation of colon and congestion of pelvic organsArsenic, Mercury | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following anti-cancer drug comes under monoclonal antibodies: March 2013 | [
"Di-ethyl-stilbestrol",
"Tamoxifen",
"Ritumixab",
"Boezomib"
] | C | Ans. C i.e. Ritumixab Rituximab It is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the protein CD20, which is primarily found on the surface of B cells. Rituximab destroys B cells, and is therefore used to treat diseases which are characterized by excessive numbers of B cells, overactive B cells, or dysfunctional B cells. This includes many lymphomas, leukemias, transplant rejection, and autoimmune disorders. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which of the following is lined by transitional epithelium ? | [
"Stomach",
"Colon",
"Uretero-urethral junction",
"Prostrate"
] | C | C i.e Uretro-urethral junction; | train | med_mcqa | null |
Goldenhar syndrome includes: | [
"Epibulbardermoid auditory appendics.",
"Vertebral involvement.",
"Both.",
"None."
] | C | Hemifacial microsomia/occuio auricular vertebral dysplasia/GOLDENHAR syndrome. Origin and migration of NEURAL Crest cell (also seen in Treacher Collin syndrome) | train | med_mcqa | null |
Watershed area between a Superior mesenteric artery and Inferior mesenteric artery which commonly result in ischemia is - | [
"Hepatic flexure",
"Splenic flexure",
"Rectosigmoid junction",
"Ileocolic junction"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Primary and secondary palates are divided by | [
"Greater palatine foramen",
"Canine teeth",
"Alveolar arch",
"Incisive foramen"
] | D | D. i.e. Incisive foramenThe incisive foramen is dividing landmark between the primary & secondary palateQ; and anterior & posterior cleft deformities | train | med_mcqa | null |
Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by the following except - | [
"Renal cell carcinoma",
"Minimal change nephropathy",
"Diabetes mellitus",
"Rheumatoid ahritis"
] | D | Diabetes, which is the most common secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. It can cause kidney damage, known as diabetic nephropathy. Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus), a chronic disease of the immune system, can seriously damage the kidneys. This can damage your kidneys Minimal Change Disease (MCD for sho) is a kidney disease in which large amounts of protein is lost in the urine. It is one of the most common causes of the Nephrotic Syndrome (see below) worldwide. When the kidney filters are damaged, however, protein sometimes "slips through" into the urine Renal cell carcinoma presenting as nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome is a rare complication of renal cell carcinomas, and it is paicularly uncommon for minimal change nephropathy to be associated with solid tumours Ref Harrison20th edition pg 278 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Mr. ABC, 70-yrs-old with long-standing type 2 DM presents with C/O pain in the left ear with purulent drainage. On examination, he is afebrile. Pinna of left ear is tender, external auditory canal is swollen and edematous. WBC count is normal. The organism most likely to grow from the drainage is: | [
"P. aeruginosa",
"Staphyl. aureus",
"Candida albicans",
"H. influenzae"
] | A | P. aeruginosa Ear pain and drainage in an elderly diabetic patient must raise concern about malignant external otitis. The swelling and inflammation of the external auditory meatus strongly suggest this diagnosis. This infection usually occurs in older diabetics and is almost always caused by P. aeruginosa. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Apple-jelly nodules on the nasal septum are found in case of: | [
"Tuberculosis",
"Syphilis",
"Lupus vulgaris",
"Rhinoscleroma"
] | C | Lupus vulgaris is the chronic and more common form of tubercular infection affecting the skin and mucous membrane of noseApple-jelly appearances are brown gelatinous nodules and are typical skin lesions of lupus. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Wagner and Grossman theory is related to - | [
"Palatal palsy",
"Vocal cord palsy",
"Facial palsy",
"Hypoglossal palsy"
] | B | Semon's law and Wagner & Grossmann hypothesis are related to RLN paralysis. | train | med_mcqa | null |
True about vagina development is all except | [
"Mucous membrane of vagina is derived from endoderm of urogenital sinus.",
"Hymen is remnant of sinovaginal bulb.",
"Upper 1/3 rd of vagina is derived from mullerian ducts.",
"Lower 1/3rd of vagina is derived from urogenital sinus."
] | C | Mullerian duct forms upper 2/3rd of vagina. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Earliest detection of pregnancy by ultrasound is by: | [
"Gestation sac",
"Fetal node",
"FSH",
"Fetal skeleton"
] | A | Ans. is a i.e. Gestational sac "The first definitive sonographic finding to suggest pregnancy is visualization of the gestational sac." First sign of intrauterine pregnancy is presence of yolk sac within the gestational sac.deg Extra Edge The position of a normal gestational sac is in the mid to upper uterus. As the sac implants into the decidualized endometrium it is adjacent to the linear central cavity echo complex without displacing this echogenic anatomic landmark. This is known as Intradecidual Sign. As the sac enlarges it gradually impresses on and deforms the central cavity echo complex giving rise to the characteristic sonographic appearance of the double decidual sac signdeg This sign is most effective with transabdominal sonography, performed at 5 - 6 weeks gestational age because using this approach, sonographer can confirm the presence of an intrauterine pregnancy before a yolk sac is identified. | train | med_mcqa | null |
All are used for treatment of morphine dependence except ? | [
"Methadone",
"Clonidine",
"Naltreoxone",
"Disulfiram"
] | D | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Disulfiram Treatment of morphine or heroin poisoning Treatment can be divided into :? A.Treatment of toxicity (overdose) Overdose is a medical emergency, and is treated with opioid antagonist to reverse the complications (respiratory depression) by antagonizing the action on opioid receptors. Intravenous naloxone is the antagonist of choince for morphine (heroin) poisoning. Oral naltrexone is used for maintenance therapy, once acute poisoning has been treated by iv naloxone. Intravenous nalmefene is another specific antagonist. A.Treatment of dependence Treatment of dependence include medically supervised withdrawal and detoxification, followed by maintenance therapy : a. Detoxification Detoxification process include abrupt withdrawal of opioid followed by management of the emergent withdrawal symptoms, i.e., treatment of withdrawal syndrome. Detoxification can be done by any of the following : Substitution of long-acting opioid agonism :- Methadone is the treatment of choice. Because of its agonistic activity on opioid receptors it suppresses withdrawal symptoms. L-alpha-acetylmethadol/Levomethyl (LAAM) is the other opioid agonist which was used for this purpose. However it is no longer in use because some patients developed prolonged QT intervals (torsades de points). Substitution of paial agonist Buprenorphine can be used in place of methadone because of its paial agonistic activity on opioid receptor. Substitution by a2 agonists Clonidine acts as a sympatholytic agent due to its agonistic action on central presynaptic a2 receptors which reduce nor-adrenergic activity. Therefore, clonidine reduces the adrenergic withdrawal symptoms. Lofexidine another a2 agonist, is an alternative to clonidine. Clonidine plus naltrexone :- A more rapid detoxification can occur when clonidine is used along with naltrexone. Naltrexone, when given in opioid dependent patient, causes withdrawal symptoms because of its antagonistic action. These can be treated with clonidine. The addition of sho acting Benzodiazepine (lorazepam or oxazepam) and NSAIDs, will help relieve withdrawl symptoms not covered by clonidine. It should be kept in mind that naltrexone should not be used alone for detoxification (to treat withdrawl syptoms) as it precipitates or worsens the withdrawl syndrome. 5.0ther drugs :- Dextropropoxyphene, diphenoxylate b. Maintenance therapy Once detoxification phase is over (i.e., withdrawal symptoms have been managed), the patient is maintained on any of the following drugs to prevent relapse by reducing craving and preventing `kick' or 'euphoria' produced by opioids (morphine or heroin). Drugs used are :- 1.Methadone :- Reduces craving and `kick/euphoria' from morphine or heroin because their opioid receptors are already occupied. 2.LAAM and buprenorphine :- Similarly reduce craving. 3.Opioid antagonists (naltrexone) Naltrexone can be used orally to assist in the rehabilitation of ex-opioid abusers who are fully withdrawn (otherwise it induces an acute withdrawl syndrome). Naltrexone prevents relapse by discouraging substance seeking behavior --) If a patient, who is on naltrexone maintenance therapy, takes an opioid, there is no 'kick' or 'euphoria' as opioid receptors are already blocked. Naltrexone can be used with clonidine as in detoxification. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Liquid chemical waste is discarded in | [
"yellow",
"red",
"black",
"blue"
] | A | ref : park 21st ed | train | med_mcqa | null |
Which among the following tumor is associated with Polycythemia vera? | [
"Osteosarcoma",
"Ovarian tumor",
"Cerebellar haemangioblastoma",
"Pitutary adenoma"
] | C | Tumors associated with polycythemia vera are Hypernephroma, Hepatoma, Cerebellar hemangioblastoma, Uterine myoma, Adrenal tumors, Meningioma, Pheochromocytoma. The JAK2 gene located on the sho arm of chromosome 9 and loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9p due to mitotic recombination is the most common cytogenetic abnormality in Polycythemia Vera. Ref: Harrison's Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Pages 898-900 | train | med_mcqa | null |
On autopsy, fine froth was found in the resp. tract, nose and mouth. Likely cause of death : | [
"Drowning",
"Hanging",
"Strangulation",
"Tooth paste poisoning"
] | A | A i.e. Drowning | train | med_mcqa | null |
In Cleidocranial dysostosis, sometimes the roots of the permanent teeth are | [
"Thin and Long",
"Thin and short",
"Thick and short",
"Fused"
] | B | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Drugs within the following groups react unourably with lithium | [
"ACE inhibitors",
"Morphine",
"Valproate",
"Antipsychotics"
] | A | Causes worsening of lithium toxicity and renal damage | train | med_mcqa | null |
Benzylisoquinoline muscle relaxant is ? | [
"Vecuronium",
"Rocuronium",
"Doxacurium",
"Pancuronium"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Doxacurium Competitive (nondepolarizing) blockers are of two types - Benzylisoquinolone derivatives This includes - d-TC, doxacurium, atracurium, cisatracurium, mivacurium, metocurine. These drugs have tendency to release histamine and to block autonomic ganglion. Amminio steroid derivatives This include pancuronium, rocuronium, vecuronium, pipecuronium, rapacuronium. These drugs do not block autonomic ganglia and have minimal histamine releasing propey. | train | med_mcqa | null |
In patient of head injuries with rapidly increasing intracranial tension without hematoma, the drug of choice for initial management would be : | [
"Lasix",
"Steroids",
"20% Mannitol",
"Glycine"
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Midazolam causes all except: | [
"Anterograde amnesia",
"Retrograde amnesia",
"Causes tachyphylaxis during high dose infusions",
"Decreased cardiovascular effects as compared to propofol"
] | B | Ans. b. Retrograde amnesia At the time of peak concentration in plasma, hypnotic doses of benzodiazepines (midazolam) can be expected to cause varying degrees of lightheadedness, lassitude, increased reaction time, motor incoordination, impairment of mental and motor functions, confusion, and anterograde amnesia." Midazolam: It causes anterograde amnesiaQ Tolerance and tachyphylaxis may occur, paicularly with longer-term infusionsQ(Shafer A. Complications of sedation with midazolam in the intensive care unit and a comparison with other sedative regimens. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(5): 947-56) Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome has also been associated with high dose/ long-term midazolam infusionsQ Compared with propofol infusions, midazolam infusions have been associated with a decreased occurrence of hypotensiondeg but a more variable time course for recovery of function after the cessation of the infusion. | train | med_mcqa | null |
The first sign of Vit A deficiency is : | [
"Conjunctiva xerosis",
"Corneal ulcer",
"Keratomalacia",
"Bitot’s spot"
] | A | Modified classification WHO (Xerophthalmia) XN : Night blindness
XIA : Conjunctival xerosis XIB : Bitot’s spots
X2: Corneal xerosis
X3A : Corneal ulceration/keratomalacia less than 1/3rd corneal surface
X3B : Corneal ulceration/keratomalacia equal to or more than 1/3rd corneal surface XS : Corneal scar
XF : Xerophthalmia fundus. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Peritonsillar abscess is caused most commonly by ? | [
"Streptococcus pneumoniae",
"Staphylococcus aureus",
"Beta hemolytic streptococcus",
"H. influenzae"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Beta hemolytic streptococcus Peritonsillar abscess (Ouinsy) Quinsy consists of suppuration outside the capsule in the area around the capsule. There is collection of pus between the capsule of tonsil and the superior constrictor muscle, i.e. in the peritonsillar area. Peritonsillar abscess is a complication of tonsillitis and is most commonly caused by group A beta - hemolytic streptococcus. Clinical features of Quinsy Clinical features are divided into :? General : They are due to septicaemia and resemble any acute infection. They include fever (up to 104degF), chills and rigors, general malaise, body aches, headache, nausea and constipation. Local : Severe pain in throat. Usually unilateral. Odynophagia. It is so marked that the patient cannot even swallow his own saliva which dribbles from the angle of his mouth. Patient is usually dehydrated. Muffled and thick speech, often called "Hot potato voice". Foul breath due to sepsis in the oral cavity and poor hygiene. Ipsilateral earache. This is referred pain CN IX which supplies both the tonsil and the ear. Trismus due to spasm of pterygoid muscles which are in close proximity to the superior constrictor. Examination findings The tonsil, pillars and soft palate on the involved side are congested and swollen. Tonsil itself may not appear enlarged as it gets buried in the oedematous pillars. Uvula is swollen and oedematous and pushed to the opposite side. Bulging of the soft palate and anterior pillar above the tonsil. Mucopus may be seen covering the tonsillar region. Cervical lymphadenopathy is commonly seen. This involves jugulodigastric lymph nodes. Toicollis : Patient keeps the neck tilted to the side of abscess. Treatment of peritonsillar abscess IV fluids Antibiotics : High dose penicllin. (iv benzipenicillin) is the DOC. In patients allergic to penicillin erythromycin is the DOC. Incision and drainage per orally, if the abscess does not resolve depite high dose of iv antibiotics Tonsillectomy is done 6 weeks following an attack of quinsy (interval tonsillectomy). | train | med_mcqa | null |
Gaseous necrosis is seen in - | [
"CMV infection",
"Staphylococcal infection",
"Treponemal infection",
"HSV infection"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Treponemal infection Caseous necrosis is a feature of syphilis which is caused by tremonemal infection.Gaseous necrosisIt is a variant of coagulative necrosis. It is most commonly encountered when cell death is attributable to eain organismse.g., mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), syphilis and fungi (Histoplasma, Coccidioidomycosis). | train | med_mcqa | null |
Ataxia telangiectasia is associated with all of the following except | [
"Recurrent sinopulmonary infections",
"Lymphatic reticular malignancies",
"Increased fraction of IgA immunoglobulins",
"Insulin resistance"
] | C | Although B lymphocytic development is normal most patients are deficient in serum IgA and IgEAtaxia telangiectasia:An autosomal recessive genetic disorderMutation of AT gene located on chromosome 11(11q 22-33)A defect in DNA repair, increased number of chromosomal breaksAlfa-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen levels are increasedManifestations are:AtaxiaOculocutaneous telangiectasiasMalignanciesHodgkin's lymphomaAcute leukemiaImmunodeficiency Endocrinal Ref: Harrison; 18/e; p3344 | train | med_mcqa | null |
All are recommended for treatment of Primary lung abscess except: | [
"Moxifloxacin",
"Clindamycin",
"Amoxicillin- clavulanate",
"Metronidazole"
] | D | Metronidazole alone is never recommended in the treatment of lung abscess, It is effective against anaerobic organism but the streptococci (Microaerophilic) will be spared which are often the component of flora causing lung abscess. Treatment regimen 1. Clindamycin- 600 mg IV TDS When fever disappear and clinical improvement is there Sta with per oral 300 mg QID 2. IV-administered b-lactam/b-lactamase combination When stable, sta oral amoxicillin-clavulanate. 3. Moxifloxacin 400 mg/d PO is as effective and well tolerated as ampicillin-sulbactam Treatment duration: 3-4 weeks or as long as 14 weeks | train | med_mcqa | null |
The nucleus of basal ganglia | [
"Dentate",
"Thalamus",
"Caudate",
"Red nucleus"
] | C | Basal ganglia
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Substantia nigra | train | med_mcqa | null |
enalapril is contraindicated in all of the conditions except | [
"Diabetic nephropathy with albuminuria",
"Single kidney",
"Bilateral renal aery stenosis",
"Hyperkalemia"
] | A | Refer kDT 6/e p 484 ACE inhibitors of the first choice drugs with diabetic patient with hypeension. These are however contraindicated in pregnancy and other conditions mentioned in the questions | train | med_mcqa | null |
Most effective natural barrier to rabies - | [
"Heat",
"Humidity",
"Water",
"None"
] | C | <p> RABIES:- Rabies, an acute highly fatal viral disease of CNS caused by Lyssavirus type 1( neurotropic RNA virus). Mode of transmission- Deep bite/ scratch by an infected animal. Dogs are the main host and transmitter if rabies. Transmission can also occur when infectious material usually saliva comes into direct contact with human mucosa/fresh skin wounds. Humam to human transmission even though possible yet not confirmed. Rabies can be contracted by inhalation of virus containing aerosols / transplantation of an infected organ. Ingesting raw meat/ other tissues from animals infected with rabies is not a source of infection. Water appears to be the most effective natural barrier to rabies. {Reference: park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no.277}</p> | train | med_mcqa | null |
Germ cell tumour not seen in males: | [
"Choriocarcinoma",
"Seminoma",
"Seoli cell tumour",
"Teratoma"
] | C | WHO classification of testicular tumorGerm cell tumors Seminoma Non-Seminomatous GCT * Yolk sac tumor * Teratoma* Embryonal carcinoma* Choriocarcinoma | train | med_mcqa | null |
What is urethane dimethacrylate resin based sealer: | [
"Endorez",
"Tubliseal",
"Realseal",
"Sealapex"
] | A | Endorez is a visible - light curable urethane dimethacrylate gn based sealer. It is hydrophilic and penetrates deep into dentinal tubules thereby reducing the microbial leakage. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Psudomyxoma peonei is | [
"Carcinoma colon",
"Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma",
"Mucinous cystadeno carciona of ovary",
"Adenoma of stomach"
] | C | .PSEUDOMYXOMA PERITONEI * Jelly like mucoid yellowish-brown substance accumulates in peritoneal cavity * Due to ruptured adenocarcinoma appendix/ mucocele or mucinous carcinoma of ovary * Common in females * Painless progressive distension of abdomen with intestinal obstruction occurs eventually * Shifting dullness is absent * Surgical debulking, oophorectomy, appendicectomy, omentectomy are often done * Chemotherapy is useful--Cisplatin * Carries poor prognosis ref:SRB&;s manual of surgery ,ed 3,pg no 884 | train | med_mcqa | null |
All the following are causes of acute pancreatitis except- | [
"Gall stone",
"Alcohol",
"Hemochromatosis",
"Hypercalcemia"
] | C | Causes of Acute Pancreatitis
Common Causes
Gallstones (including microlithiasis) - most common
Hypertriglyceridemia
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), especially after biliary manometry.
Trauma (especially blunt abdominal trauma)
Postoperative (abdominal and nonabdominal operation)
Drugs ( L-asparaginase, thiazide diuretics, furosemide, estrogens, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methyldopa.
sulfonamide, tetracycline, valproic acid, anti-HIV medications)
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
Uncommon causes
Vascular causes and vasculitis (ischemic-hypoperfusion states after cardiac surgery)
Connective tissue disorders and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
Cancer of the pancreas
Hypercalcemia
Periampullary diverticulum
Pancreas divisum
Hereditary pancreatitis
Cystic fibrosis
Renal failure
Rare causes
Infections (mumps, coxsackievirus, cytomegalovirus, echovirus, parasites).
Autoimmune (i.e., Sjogren's syndrome)
Causes to consider in patients with recurrent bouts of acute pancreatitis without an obvious etiology
Occult disease of the biliary tree or pancreatic ducts, especially microlithiasis, sludge
Drugs
Pancreatic cancer
Idiopathic
Hypertriglyceridemia
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
Pancreas divisum
Cystic fibrosis | train | med_mcqa | null |
Most number of false positives by a screening test is becuase of? | [
"High specificity",
"High sensitivity",
"High prevalence",
"Low prevalence"
] | D | Ref :Parks 23rd edition pg 140. PPV decreases as prevalence decreases. As PPV decreases it means that TP is decreasing. This is accompanied by an increase in FP PPV =TP /(TP +FP) | train | med_mcqa | null |
Fat necrosis occurs in? | [
"Omentum",
"Brain",
"Heart",
"Kidney"
] | A | Heart & kidney - coagulative necrosis
Brain - liquefactive necrosis
Fat necrosis
Fat necrosis is of two types:-
1) Enzymatic fat necrosis
It is the most common type and is due to the action of lipase on adipose tissue. The most common cause is acute pancreatitis. The common sites of fat necrosis are adipose tissue contiguous to the pancreas(retroperitoneal fat); anterior mediastinum, bone marrow, omentum and abdominal fat
2) Traumatic (non-enzymatic) fat necrosis
It occurs due to trauma in the subcutaneous tissue of breast, thigh and abdomen | train | med_mcqa | null |
Elevated serum amylase usually returns to normal after 7 days of acute pancreatitis. If it remains elevated after 7 days, the possible causes include all except: | [
"Pancreatic ductal disruption",
"Pancreatic ductal obstruction",
"Pseudocyst formation",
"Chronic calcific pancreatitis"
] | D | In acute pancreatitis, the serum amylase and lipase are elevated within 24 hours of onset and remains for 3-7 days. Levels return to normal within 7 days unless there is pancreatic ductal disruption, ductal obstruction, or pseudocyst formation. Reference: Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Page 2631 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Sigmoid valvulus rotations occurs | [
"Clockwise",
"Anticlockwise",
"Both clockwise and anticlockwise",
"Axial in direction"
] | B | (Anticlockwise) (1197-LB) (1192-B &L 25th)SIGMOID-VOLVULUS - Most common cause of large bowel obstruction in indigenous black Africans* Rotation nearly always occurs in an anticlockwise direction* Predisposing factors include high-residue diet and chronic constipation* Predisposing causes - 1 Band of adhesions (peridiverticulitis) Overloaded pelvic colon, Long pelvic mesocolon, narrow attachment of pelvic mesocolon* Plain film of abdomen - The distended loop may assume a "coffee bean" shape* In caecal Volvulus the concavity of the "coffee bean" points towards the right lower abdominal quadrants, and in sigmoid Volvulus it points towards the left lower quadrant.* On barium enema a "bird's beak" or ace of spades" deformity with spiral narrowing of the upper end of the lower segment is pathognomic. Between attacks barium enema may reveal sigmoid megacolon - 739/CSDT l1th | train | med_mcqa | null |
Hyaluronic acid - mucopolysaccharide is present in | [
"Cornea",
"Mast cell",
"Vitreous humor",
"Dermis"
] | C | C i.e. Vitreous humor | train | med_mcqa | null |
In herpes primary lesion is | [
"ulcer",
"papule",
"vesicle",
"Bullae"
] | C | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Graph showing relation between two variables is a | [
"Frequency polygram",
"Histogram",
"Scatter diagram",
"Pictogram"
] | C | Scatter diagram is a graph in which the values of two variables are plotted along two axes, the pattern of the resulting points revealing any correlation present. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 846 | train | med_mcqa | null |
Ogive is - | [
"Bar cha",
"Histogram",
"Cumulative frequency curve",
"Frequency polygon"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Cumulative frequency curve Cumulative frequency diagram (OGIVE) o Cumulative relative frequency or cumulative percentage, gives the percentage of persons having a measurement less than or equal to the upper boundary of the class interval. Weight interval (lb) Frequency Relative frequency Cumulative relatives frequency 10-19 5 8.8 8.8 20-29 19 33.3 42.1 30-39 10 17.5 59.6 40-49 13 22.8 82.4 50-59 4 7.0 89.4 60-69 4 7.0 96.4 70-79 2 3.5 99.9 100% Total 57 100 The last column of above table shows the cumulative relative frequency or cumulative percentage. This column is easy to form, you do it by successively accumulating the relative frequencies of each of the various intervals. In the above table the cumulative percentage for the first three intervals is 8.8 + 33.3 + 17.5 = 59.6 and we can say that 59.6% of the children in the data set have a weight of 39.5 lb or less. Or, as another example, 96.4% of children weight 69.5 lb or less. The cumulative relative frequency can be presented graphically. This type of curve is called a cumulative frequency graph or OGIVE. To construct such a graph, we place a point representing the cumulative relative frequency and the points are connected with straight lines. The cumulative frequency graph provides a class of impoant statistics known as percentiles or percentile scores. For example, the 90th percentile is the numerical value that exceeds 90% of the values in the data set and is exceeded by only 10% of them. As another example, the 80th percentile is that numerical value that exceeds 80% of the values contained in the data set and is exceeded by 20% of them, and so on. The 50th percentile is commonly called the median. Uses of Cumulative frequency graph When two cumulative frequency graph, representing two different data sets, are placed on the same graph, they provide a rapid visual comparison without any need to compare individual intervals. Cumulative frequency graph provides an impoant application in the formation of health norms for the monitoring of physical process (weight and height) of infants and children. | train | med_mcqa | null |
Subepidermal blisters with granular deposits of IgA selectively localized to the tips of dermal papillae is a feature of- | [
"Dermatitis herpetiformis",
"Pemphigus vulgaris",
"Lichen planus",
"Psoriasis vulgaris"
] | A | Histologically, the early lesions of dermatitis herpetiformis consist of neutrophilic micro-abscesses at the tips of papillae, producing separation or blister between the papillary dermis and the epidermis. The older blisters contain a fair number of eosinophils causing confusion with bullous pemphigoid. Direct immunofluorescence shows granular deposits of IgA at the papillary tips in dermatitis herpetiformis. Ref: Textbook of pathology by Harshmohan 6th edition page 777. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A neonate presents with congestive hea failure, on examination enlarging fontanelIae, bruit on auscultation, on USG shows midline hypoechoeic lesion, most likely diagnosis: | [
"Malformation of vein of galen",
"Aqueduct stenosis",
"Arachnoid cyst",
"Medulloblastoma."
] | A | Ans. Malformation of vein of galen | train | med_mcqa | null |
Most impoant factor determining the strength of a pulse? | [
"Mean BP",
"TPR",
"Pulse pressure",
"None"
] | C | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Pulse pressureThe Strength (or amplitude or volume) of pulse depends on the volume of blood ejected out with each beat (Stroke volume)and extent of elasticity (compliance) of aerial wall, both of which are determinant of pulse pressure (i.e. systolic Pressure - diastolic pressure)."The pulse strength indicates the strength of ventricular contraction and cardiac output, If The pulse is strong, then systolic pressure is hiCh. If it is weak systolic pressure has fallen and medical intervention may be warranted." | train | med_mcqa | null |
On USG finding of cystic hygroma in fetus is suggestive of : | [
"Down's syndrome",
"Marfan's syndrome",
"Turner's syndrome",
"Klinfelter's syndrome"
] | C | Turner's syndrome (XO) may have - Cystic hygroma, Widely spaced nipples, Webbed neck, Infertility, Normal I.Q. | train | med_mcqa | null |
To induce vomiting at home in a child who has ingested a poison, the recommended agent of choice would be – | [
"Oral rehydration solution",
"Mustard in warm water",
"Apomorphine",
"Syrup of ipecac"
] | D | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
Harakiri means | [
"Stabbing hea",
"Cutting the genitalia",
"Shooting in mouth",
"Stabbing in abdomen"
] | D | Harakiri (seppuku) is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment. Stab injury in the abdomen (L-shaped), causing instantaneous evisceration of bowel loops. It results in sudden decrease in abdominal pressure and cardiac return resulting in circulatory collapse and death. | train | med_mcqa | null |
A young college student injures his left knee while playing football and is unable to bear weight. The provisional x-ray report indicates that there are no fractures seen. He is discharged home but presents the next morning to the emergency department with a severely swollen, painful left knee and severe pain in the foot. On examination, the foot is pale, cold, and pulseless. What is the most likely diagnosis? | [
"Traumatic deep vein thrombosis",
"Gastrocnemius muscle tear",
"Traumatic arteriovenous fistula",
"Posterior knee dislocation with thrombosed popliteal artery"
] | D | Normal radiographic findings in the presence of severe knee trauma should raise suspicion for posterior dislocation of the knee, which is often associated with popliteal artery thrombosis. A careful vascular examination should, therefore, be made in such a situation. The presence of pain, pallor, and pulselessness (three of the five p's) is indicative of severe ischemia. This patient should undergo urgent exploration for vascular repair. The other options are unlikely to cause the signs and symptoms presented. | train | med_mcqa | null |
BCYE medium is used to culture ? | [
"Mycoplasma",
"T. pallidum",
"H.pylori",
"Legionella"
] | D | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Legionella | train | med_mcqa | null |
The treatment for a case of virilizing adrenal hyperplasia is: | [
"Estrogens",
"Antiandrogens",
"ACTh",
"Cortisone"
] | D | null | train | med_mcqa | null |
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