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"title": "Scalable Algorithms for Molecular Dynamics Simulations on Commodity Clusters",
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"abstract": "Although molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of biomolecular systems often run for days to months, many events of great scientific interest and pharmaceutical relevance occur on long time scales that remain beyond reach. We present several new algorithms and implementation techniques that significantly accelerate parallel MD simulations compared with current state-of-the-art codes. These include a novel parallel decomposition method and message-passing techniques that reduce communication requirements, as well as novel communication primitives that further reduce communication time. We have also developed numerical techniques that maintain high accuracy while using single precision computation in order to exploit processor-level vector instructions. These methods are embodied in a newly developed MD code called Desmond that achieves unprecedented simulation throughput and parallel scalability on commodity clusters. Our results suggest that Desmond's parallel performance substantially surpasses that of any previously described code. For example, on a standard benchmark, Desmond's performance on a conventional Opteron cluster with 2K processors slightly exceeded the reported performance of IBM's Blue Gene/L machine with 32K processors running its Blue Matter MD code",
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"content": "Although molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of biomolecular systems often run for days to months, many events of great scientific interest and pharmaceutical relevance occur on long time scales that remain beyond reach. We present several new algorithms and implementation techniques that significantly accelerate parallel MD simulations compared with current state-of-the-art codes. These include a novel parallel decomposition method and message-passing techniques that reduce communication requirements, as well as novel communication primitives that further reduce communication time. We have also developed numerical techniques that maintain high accuracy while using single precision computation in order to exploit processor-level vector instructions. These methods are embodied in a newly developed MD code called Desmond that achieves unprecedented simulation throughput and parallel scalability on commodity clusters. Our results suggest that Desmond's parallel performance substantially surpasses that of any previously described code. For example, on a standard benchmark, Desmond's performance on a conventional Opteron cluster with 2K processors slightly exceeded the reported performance of IBM's Blue Gene/L machine with 32K processors running its Blue Matter MD code",
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"title": "2022 IEEE 38th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE)",
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"abstract": "Molecular dynamics (MD) has been widely used in today's scientific research across multiple domains including materials science, biochemistry, biophysics, and structural biology. MD simulations can produce extremely large amounts of data in that each simulation could involve a large number of atoms (up to trillions) for a large number of timesteps (up to hundreds of millions). In this paper, we perform an in-depth analysis of a number of MD simulation datasets and then develop an efficient error-bounded lossy compressor that can significantly improve the compression ratios. The contributions are fourfold. (1) We characterize a number of MD datasets and summarize two commonly-used execution models. (2) We develop an adaptive error-bounded lossy compression framework (called MDZ), which can optimize the compression for both execution models adaptively by taking advantage of their specific characteristics. (3) We compare our solution with six other state-of-the-art related works by using three MD simulation packages each with multiple configurations. Experiments show that our solution has up to 233 % higher compression ratios than the second-best lossy compressor in most cases. (4) We demonstrate that MDZ is fully capable of handing particle data beyond MD simulations.",
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"content": "Molecular dynamics (MD) has been widely used in today's scientific research across multiple domains including materials science, biochemistry, biophysics, and structural biology. MD simulations can produce extremely large amounts of data in that each simulation could involve a large number of atoms (up to trillions) for a large number of timesteps (up to hundreds of millions). In this paper, we perform an in-depth analysis of a number of MD simulation datasets and then develop an efficient error-bounded lossy compressor that can significantly improve the compression ratios. The contributions are fourfold. (1) We characterize a number of MD datasets and summarize two commonly-used execution models. (2) We develop an adaptive error-bounded lossy compression framework (called MDZ), which can optimize the compression for both execution models adaptively by taking advantage of their specific characteristics. (3) We compare our solution with six other state-of-the-art related works by using three MD simulation packages each with multiple configurations. Experiments show that our solution has up to 233 % higher compression ratios than the second-best lossy compressor in most cases. (4) We demonstrate that MDZ is fully capable of handing particle data beyond MD simulations.",
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"affiliation": "University of California,Riverside,CA,USA",
"fullName": "Kai Zhao",
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"fullName": "Xin Liang",
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"affiliation": "University of California,Riverside,CA,USA",
"fullName": "Zizhong Chen",
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"affiliation": "Argonne National Laboratory,Lemont,IL,USA",
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"proceeding": {
"id": "1d5kCMKkXdK",
"title": "2019 IEEE 30th International Conference on Application-specific Systems, Architectures and Processors (ASAP)",
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"title": "Molecular Dynamics Range-Limited Force Evaluation Optimized for FPGAs",
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"abstract": "FPGA Molecular Dynamics was much studied from 2004-2010. Due to limited chip resources of that era, and the inherent variety and complexity of tasks comprising Molecular Dynamics simulations (MD), those FPGA accelerators relied on host or embedded processors to organize and pre-process input and output data. This introduced long latency for data movement between simulation iterations and, as technology advanced, drastically limited performance. Current generation FPGAs are equipped not only with abundant on-chip resources, but also have hardware support for floating point operations; these advances provide an opportunity for creating self-contained MD simulation systems on a single device. In this paper, we demonstrate such a system based on the range-limited force, which comprises 90% of the flops in a typical MD simulation. It features online particle-pair generation, hundreds of force evaluation pipelines, motion update, and particle data migration. We integrate into OpenMM and find that, for a representative dataset (liquid argon with 20K atoms), we can achieve a simulation throughput of 1.4us/day with a single FPGA, more than twice the performance of a comparable generation GPU. The bulk of the work presented here explores the design of an independent MD range-limited force evaluation system tailored for modern FPGAs without data exchange with any off-chip devices. The primary contributions are the designs of the new features, the methods for coupling those features into an integrated system, and, especially, the analysis of the most likely mappings among particles/cells, on-chip memories (BRAMs), and on-chip compute units (pipelines).",
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"content": "FPGA Molecular Dynamics was much studied from 2004-2010. Due to limited chip resources of that era, and the inherent variety and complexity of tasks comprising Molecular Dynamics simulations (MD), those FPGA accelerators relied on host or embedded processors to organize and pre-process input and output data. This introduced long latency for data movement between simulation iterations and, as technology advanced, drastically limited performance. Current generation FPGAs are equipped not only with abundant on-chip resources, but also have hardware support for floating point operations; these advances provide an opportunity for creating self-contained MD simulation systems on a single device. In this paper, we demonstrate such a system based on the range-limited force, which comprises 90% of the flops in a typical MD simulation. It features online particle-pair generation, hundreds of force evaluation pipelines, motion update, and particle data migration. We integrate into OpenMM and find that, for a representative dataset (liquid argon with 20K atoms), we can achieve a simulation throughput of 1.4us/day with a single FPGA, more than twice the performance of a comparable generation GPU. The bulk of the work presented here explores the design of an independent MD range-limited force evaluation system tailored for modern FPGAs without data exchange with any off-chip devices. The primary contributions are the designs of the new features, the methods for coupling those features into an integrated system, and, especially, the analysis of the most likely mappings among particles/cells, on-chip memories (BRAMs), and on-chip compute units (pipelines).",
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"affiliation": "Boston University",
"fullName": "Chen Yang",
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"affiliation": "Boston University",
"fullName": "Tong Geng",
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{
"affiliation": "University of Science and Technology of China",
"fullName": "Tianqi Wang",
"givenName": "Tianqi",
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"affiliation": "Silicon Therapeutics",
"fullName": "Charles Lin",
"givenName": "Charles",
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"affiliation": "Falcon Computing Solutions, Inc.",
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"affiliation": "Boston University",
"fullName": "Martin Herbordt",
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"abstract": "This paper describes a class of ill-posed anisotropic diffusion models of the type presented by Perona and Malik (1990). The analysis is based on a previous result that anisotropic diffusion is a steepest descent motion on an energy surface and its behavior is thus determined by the shape of this energy surface. We show that the class of diffusion models are ill-posed because the energy surface is discontinuous at all continuous images, and all step images, which are dense in the space of piecewise images, are global minima of the energy surface.",
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{
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"content": "This paper describes a class of ill-posed anisotropic diffusion models of the type presented by Perona and Malik (1990). The analysis is based on a previous result that anisotropic diffusion is a steepest descent motion on an energy surface and its behavior is thus determined by the shape of this energy surface. We show that the class of diffusion models are ill-posed because the energy surface is discontinuous at all continuous images, and all step images, which are dense in the space of piecewise images, are global minima of the energy surface.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "This paper describes a class of ill-posed anisotropic diffusion models of the type presented by Perona and Malik (1990). The analysis is based on a previous result that anisotropic diffusion is a steepest descent motion on an energy surface and its behavior is thus determined by the shape of this energy surface. We show that the class of diffusion models are ill-posed because the energy surface is discontinuous at all continuous images, and all step images, which are dense in the space of piecewise images, are global minima of the energy surface.",
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{
"affiliation": "Dept. of Electr. Eng., Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, MN, USA",
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{
"affiliation": "Dept. of Electr. Eng., Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, MN, USA",
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"abstract": "We cast the problem of inferring the 3D shape of a scene from a collection of defocused images in the framework of anisotropic diffusion. We propose a novel algorithm that can estimate the shape of a scene by inferring the diffusion coefficient of a heat equation. The method is optimal, as we pose it as the minimization of a certain cost functional based on the input images, and fast. Furthermore, we also extend our algorithm to the case of multiple images, and derive a 3D scene segmentation algorithm that can work in the presence of pictorial camouflage.",
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"abstract": "This paper presents a new approach of Reeb graph extraction adapted to 3D dynamic triangular Meshes. Particularly, we propose a new continuous scalar function, used for Reeb graph construction. This function is based on the heat diffusion properties. The restriction of the heat kernel to temporal domain makes the scalar function intrinsic and stable against perturbations. Due to the presence of neighborhood information in the heat kernel associated to each vertex, the proposed Reeb Graph extraction can be extremely useful as local shape descriptor for non-rigid shape retrieval. Experiments show that the proposed structural analysis technique achieves high accuracy and stability under topology changes and various perturbations through time.",
"abstracts": [
{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "This paper presents a new approach of Reeb graph extraction adapted to 3D dynamic triangular Meshes. Particularly, we propose a new continuous scalar function, used for Reeb graph construction. This function is based on the heat diffusion properties. The restriction of the heat kernel to temporal domain makes the scalar function intrinsic and stable against perturbations. Due to the presence of neighborhood information in the heat kernel associated to each vertex, the proposed Reeb Graph extraction can be extremely useful as local shape descriptor for non-rigid shape retrieval. Experiments show that the proposed structural analysis technique achieves high accuracy and stability under topology changes and various perturbations through time.",
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"abstract": "The amount of blur on the defocus image depends on the depth information of the scene. So depth of the scene can be estimated by calculating the blur with the knowledge of the lens parameters. A novel depth estimation mode based on oriented heat-flows is proposed in this paper. In this model, the process of image defocusing is described using oriented heat-flows diffusion. The diffusion can be seen as the coupling of two weighted heat flows along orthonormal directions. The diffusion directions are defined by the local coherence geometry of image and the diffusion strength is the function of blur amount. Experimental results show that the model is quite effective and the emergence of artificial depth information in edge can be avoided by using this model.",
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"abstract": "Time-dependent convection diffusion equation, with a discontinuous data and large Reynolds number, is examined. This kind of problem leads to interior layer phenomena due to the discontinuity. The solution changes rapidly near interior layer. Traditional finite volume method is applied. Two efficient numerical methods are constructed. One is Shishkin's finite volume method. Another is Improved-Shishkin's finite volume method. Shishkin's finite volume method applies Shishkin's idea to construct mesh partition. Improved-Shishkin's finite volume method applies multi-transition points technique to reconstruct mesh partition near interior layer. Numerical experiments indicate that both methods are well fitted the property of interior layer. Both methods are uniformly convergence scheme. Improved-Shishkin's finite volume method is more accurate than finite difference method, which is constructed by Farrell in his previous paper.",
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"content": "Time-dependent convection diffusion equation, with a discontinuous data and large Reynolds number, is examined. This kind of problem leads to interior layer phenomena due to the discontinuity. The solution changes rapidly near interior layer. Traditional finite volume method is applied. Two efficient numerical methods are constructed. One is Shishkin's finite volume method. Another is Improved-Shishkin's finite volume method. Shishkin's finite volume method applies Shishkin's idea to construct mesh partition. Improved-Shishkin's finite volume method applies multi-transition points technique to reconstruct mesh partition near interior layer. Numerical experiments indicate that both methods are well fitted the property of interior layer. Both methods are uniformly convergence scheme. Improved-Shishkin's finite volume method is more accurate than finite difference method, which is constructed by Farrell in his previous paper.",
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"abstract": "Forward error correction (FEC) is one popular error control technique to protect the video bitstream by encoding the redundancies to recover the source information errors/losses. However, the FEC redundancy trades additional bandwidth consumption to protect video data, and therefore he wireless channel properties such as burst errors and limited bandwidth impair the FEC efficiency. In this paper, we couple the packet size control mechanism with the FEC echnique to enhance the FEC efficiency in the wirelessworks. Accordingly, an adaptive FEC scheme combined with packet size control is developed to simultaneously adjust the transport packet size and the degree of FEC redundancy based on the least bandwidth consumption strategy. The experimental results show that compared to the traditional adaptive FEC scheme, the proposed scheme can achieve a PSNR gain of 1.17dB and decrease as much as 52% of bandwidth consumption.",
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"abstract": "This paper looks at painterly rending using filter blending to create a novel range of artistic effects. We look into several techniques in the field of painterly rendering and combine these different rendering styles together in a user defined way to create a new filter. This creates a user defined painting style based on aspects of different painting styles and processes. The final application uses a triangular region for human-computer interaction where each corner represents an artistic filter and the middle of this triangle represents the original image. A point within the triangle is chosen to determine the filters that are used for blending and their contributing strengths. Artistic effects are based on three base filters that can be tailored by the user to suit the specific subject matter of the image.",
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"abstract": "It is well-documented that natural lighting conditions and real-world backgrounds affect the usability of optical see-through augmented reality (AR) displays in outdoor environments. In many cases, outdoor environmental conditions can dramatically alter users' color perception of user interface elements, by for example, washing out text or icon colors. As a result, users' semantic interpretation of interface elements can be compromised, rendering interface designs useless or counter-productive - an especially critical problem in application domains where color encoding is critical, such as military or medical visualization. In this paper, we present our experiences designing and constructing an optical AR testbed that emulates outdoor lighting conditions and allows us to measure the combined color of real-world backgrounds and virtual colors as projected through an optical see-through display. We present a formalization of color blending in AR, which supports further research on perceived color in AR displays. We describe an engineering study where we measure the color of light that reaches an optical see-through display user's eye under systematically varied virtual and real-world conditions. Our results further quantify the effect of lighting and background color on the color of virtual graphics, and specifically quantify how virtual colors change based on different real-world backgrounds.",
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"content": "It is well-documented that natural lighting conditions and real-world backgrounds affect the usability of optical see-through augmented reality (AR) displays in outdoor environments. In many cases, outdoor environmental conditions can dramatically alter users' color perception of user interface elements, by for example, washing out text or icon colors. As a result, users' semantic interpretation of interface elements can be compromised, rendering interface designs useless or counter-productive - an especially critical problem in application domains where color encoding is critical, such as military or medical visualization. In this paper, we present our experiences designing and constructing an optical AR testbed that emulates outdoor lighting conditions and allows us to measure the combined color of real-world backgrounds and virtual colors as projected through an optical see-through display. We present a formalization of color blending in AR, which supports further research on perceived color in AR displays. We describe an engineering study where we measure the color of light that reaches an optical see-through display user's eye under systematically varied virtual and real-world conditions. Our results further quantify the effect of lighting and background color on the color of virtual graphics, and specifically quantify how virtual colors change based on different real-world backgrounds.",
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"affiliation": "University of Central Florida, School of EECS, Orlando, FL 32816, e-mail: jjl@cs.ucf.edu",
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"title": "2011 IEEE International Symposium on VR Innovation (ISVRI)",
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"abstract": "In the dome display environment, it is known that three-dimensional scene can be represented utilizing the effects of geometrical perspective and motion parallax effectively without using the stereo glasses. However, the creation of contents for the dome display is not easy, because it needs omni-directional images. In this study, we propose the layer based method to create the dome contents easily. This method generates three-dimensional contents by placing two-dimensional image elements in the space and moving them or using the camera work effectively. In particular, in this paper, the depth sensation felt from the layered image was measured quantitatively and the necessary number of layers to represent the three-dimensional image was discussed based on the psychophysical experiments. Moreover, several dome contents were created using the proposed method and the effectiveness of this method was evaluated.",
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"affiliation": "Graduate School of SDM, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8526, Japan",
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"affiliation": "Graduate School of SDM, Keio University, Japan",
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"affiliation": "Graduate School of SDM, Keio University, Japan",
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"abstract": "We demonstrate a remote scene viewing system for telepresence purposes. The system is based on a pan-tilt stereo camera that captures stereo video and transfers it to a remote user over a network. On the user end, the live stereo video is processed and displayed in a Head-Mounted Display. Faster feedback can be achieved through latency compensation. Using a wider field-of-view, higher resolution camera, the appropriate subset of the image is selected and displayed. We introduce the hardware configuration and software framework for the system and a method to calculate the homography between the camera image space and user head image space. Our perceived latency of the system is estimated to be 50–100ms.",
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"abstract": "A finite state Markov chain M is often viewed as a probabilistic transition system. An alternative view - which we follow here - is to regard M as a linear transform operating on the space of probability distributions over its set of nodes. The novel idea here is to discretize the probability value space [0,1] into a finite set of intervals. A concrete probability distribution over the nodes is then symbolically represented as a tuple D of such intervals. The i-th component of the discretized distribution D will be the interval in which the probability of node i falls. The set of discretized distributions is a finite set and each trajectory, generated by repeated applications of M to an initial distribution, will induce a unique infinite string over this finite set of letters. Hence, given a set of initial distributions, the symbolic dynamics of M will consist of an infinite language L over the finite alphabet of discretized distributions. We investigate whether L meets a specification given as a linear time temporal logic formula whose atomic propositions will assert that the current probability of a node falls in an interval. Unfortunately, even for restricted Markov chains (for instance, irreducible and aperiodic chains), we do not know at present if and when L is an (omega)-regular language. To get around this we develop the notion of an epsilon-approximation, based on the transient and long term behaviors of M. Our main results are that, one can effectively check whether (i) for each infinite word in L, at least one of its epsilon-approximations satisfies the specification; (ii) for each infinite word in L all its epsilon approximations satisfy the specification. These verification results are strong in that they apply to all finite state Markov chains. Further, the study of the symbolic dynamics of Markov chains initiated here is of independent interest and can lead to other applications.",
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"abstract": "In order to solve the short-term air traffic flow management problem (ST-TFMP) efficiently, we present an algorithm using Lagrangian relaxation technique. The primal problem is decoupled by relaxing the air route capacity constraints, and then the corresponding dual problem is solved by subgradient method. We also propose a heuristic procedure in combination with the knowledge of air traffic management. It forces the dual solution from infeasible to feasible by adding non-coupled constraints. At last, the algorithm is validated by practical data from the Beijing ATC Center of the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). The computational results show that the algorithm can improve the performance of ST-TFMP.",
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"abstract": "This paper proposes a framework in which Lagrangian Particle Dynamics is used for the segmentation of high density crowd flows and detection of flow instabilities. For this purpose, a flow field generated by a moving crowd is treated as an aperiodic dynamical system. A grid of particles is overlaid on the flow field, and is advected using a numerical integration scheme. The evolution of particles through the flow is tracked using a Flow Map, whose spatial gradients are subsequently used to setup a Cauchy Green Deformation tensor for quantifying the amount by which the neighboring particles have diverged over the length of the integration. The maximum eigenvalue of the tensor is used to construct a Finite Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE) field, which reveals the Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) present in the underlying flow. The LCS divide flow into regions of qualitatively different dynamics and are used to locate boundaries of the flow segments in a normalized cuts framework. Any change in the number of flow segments over time is regarded as an instability, which is detected by establishing correspondences between flow segments over time. The experiments are conducted on a challenging set of videos taken from Google Video and a National Geographic documentary.",
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"abstract": "While the air traffic flow management (ATFM) system is difficult to solve the problem that the sharpening contradiction between flight demand and airspace resource, this paper proposed a dynamic air route management model. This model has a cost-based objective function which takes into account constraints such as the shortest occupancy time o, opening fee of route, which are not considered in ATFM models. The dynamic air route management model has considered the dynamic using temporary routes on the condition that weather and military activities, optimizes routes capacity and decreases flight delay. And we can get a optimal scheme by solving the dynamic air route management model.",
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"title": "Experimental Study on Far Infrared and Cross Flow Combination Heating System for Vegetables Drying",
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"abstract": "Based on the shortcomings of hot air with the material contact area was small and other problems in the current advection combination heating vegetables dehydrator, has carried on the improvement of cross-flow supply the wind technology. The technology of air-supply and air-induced at single side was adopted, facilitated the general layout of the equipment, the technology of air-supply at two ends and variable cross-section, enhanced the longitudinal and crosswise uniformity of air-supply, the common punching plate structure of conveying chain plate was adopted, which has met the request of two-sided transportation at the cross-flow supply the wind. Based on this, has carried on the dehydrated drying experiment for cabbage and carrot, it was indicated that comparing with single far infrared radiation heating, saving energy consumption 17.9% and 14.2% respectively when the cross-flow combination heating was adopted. This article has laid a good foundation for this equipment's further study and industrial production.",
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"content": "Based on the shortcomings of hot air with the material contact area was small and other problems in the current advection combination heating vegetables dehydrator, has carried on the improvement of cross-flow supply the wind technology. The technology of air-supply and air-induced at single side was adopted, facilitated the general layout of the equipment, the technology of air-supply at two ends and variable cross-section, enhanced the longitudinal and crosswise uniformity of air-supply, the common punching plate structure of conveying chain plate was adopted, which has met the request of two-sided transportation at the cross-flow supply the wind. Based on this, has carried on the dehydrated drying experiment for cabbage and carrot, it was indicated that comparing with single far infrared radiation heating, saving energy consumption 17.9% and 14.2% respectively when the cross-flow combination heating was adopted. This article has laid a good foundation for this equipment's further study and industrial production.",
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"doi": "10.1109/ICMTMA.2010.568",
"title": "Prediction and Control of Air Supply Flow in PEMFC",
"normalizedTitle": "Prediction and Control of Air Supply Flow in PEMFC",
"abstract": "Air supply flow directly affects proton exchange membrane fuel cells' (PEMFC) performance, when air supply flow exceeded PEMFC demands, lost of heat energy increased and power consumption of air-compressor increased too, so efficiency of generating current was reduced. Whereas, when air flow was under its demands, FC stack would be damaged with output power of PEMFC increasing in some extant. But in PEMFC running, air supply flow lagged FC stack output power changing, so Elman ANN was proposed to predict it in advance, and the result as given value in air supply control system. It adopted Fuzzy-PID compound control to make air supply flow following output power of PEMFC changing. Simulation results showed that Elman ANN predicted air parameters effectively, and Fuzzy-PID compound controller improved dynamic performance of air supply control system distinctly better than traditional PID controller. It satisfied PEMFC demands in electric vehicles (EV).",
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"content": "Air supply flow directly affects proton exchange membrane fuel cells' (PEMFC) performance, when air supply flow exceeded PEMFC demands, lost of heat energy increased and power consumption of air-compressor increased too, so efficiency of generating current was reduced. Whereas, when air flow was under its demands, FC stack would be damaged with output power of PEMFC increasing in some extant. But in PEMFC running, air supply flow lagged FC stack output power changing, so Elman ANN was proposed to predict it in advance, and the result as given value in air supply control system. It adopted Fuzzy-PID compound control to make air supply flow following output power of PEMFC changing. Simulation results showed that Elman ANN predicted air parameters effectively, and Fuzzy-PID compound controller improved dynamic performance of air supply control system distinctly better than traditional PID controller. It satisfied PEMFC demands in electric vehicles (EV).",
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"abstract": "According to the characteristic of large aspect ratio aircraft, an improved atmospheric turbulence simulation method is proposed. This method can not only calculate atmospheric turbulence value in the centroid of aircraft, but also calculate the numerical atmospheric turbulence at different positions of aircraft on the premise of satisfying the correlation. Using correlation function method generates a three-dimensional atmospheric turbulence field in the whole flight area firstly, which provides the atmospheric turbulence value in the centroid of aircraft. Then according to the atmospheric turbulence value in the centroid of aircraft and the correlations, the atmospheric turbulence values of two wings and empennage of aircraft are calculated using Monte Carlo method. The results show that the correlation of atmospheric turbulence values generated by this method is close to the theoretical value.",
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"title": "Tokamak plasma turbulence visualization",
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"abstract": "One of the most fundamental issues in magnetic fusion research is the understanding of turbulent transport observed in present-day tokamak experiments. Plasma turbulence is very challenging from a theoretical point of view due to the nonlinearity and high dimensionality of the governing equations. Recent developments in algorithms along with the astounding advances in high performance computing now make first-principle particle simulations an important tool for improved understanding of such phenomena. Due to the five dimensional phase space (3 spatial, 2 velocity) and complex toroidal geometry, visualization is crucial for interpreting such simulation data. This paper discusses how visualization tools are currently used and what new physics has been elucidated, along with what can be learned about tokamak turbulence through the interplay between theory, simulation and visualization.<>",
"abstracts": [
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"content": "One of the most fundamental issues in magnetic fusion research is the understanding of turbulent transport observed in present-day tokamak experiments. Plasma turbulence is very challenging from a theoretical point of view due to the nonlinearity and high dimensionality of the governing equations. Recent developments in algorithms along with the astounding advances in high performance computing now make first-principle particle simulations an important tool for improved understanding of such phenomena. Due to the five dimensional phase space (3 spatial, 2 velocity) and complex toroidal geometry, visualization is crucial for interpreting such simulation data. This paper discusses how visualization tools are currently used and what new physics has been elucidated, along with what can be learned about tokamak turbulence through the interplay between theory, simulation and visualization.<>",
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"keywords": [
"Plasma Turbulence",
"Flow Simulation",
"Data Visualisation",
"Tokamak Devices",
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"Magnetic Fusion Research",
"Turbulent Transport",
"Plasma Turbulence",
"High Performance Computing",
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"Five Dimensional Phase Space",
"Complex Toroidal Geometry",
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"Plasma Transport Processes",
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"abstract": "Considering the intermittency of turbulence, the white noise as the stochastic driving term in time-varying stochastic turbulence model, which was supposed by Curtis R. Vogel [1], is replaced by a L\\'{e}vy random process. Phase screens can be obtained by solving the stochastic partial differential equation (PDE), and the corresponding point spread function (PSF) is also offered. These results describe that intermittency leads to the more extent distribution of PSF and more bad imaging quality.",
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"content": "Considering the intermittency of turbulence, the white noise as the stochastic driving term in time-varying stochastic turbulence model, which was supposed by Curtis R. Vogel [1], is replaced by a L\\'{e}vy random process. Phase screens can be obtained by solving the stochastic partial differential equation (PDE), and the corresponding point spread function (PSF) is also offered. These results describe that intermittency leads to the more extent distribution of PSF and more bad imaging quality.",
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"title": "International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (CISP 2008)",
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"abstract": "Atmospheric turbulence causes fluctuation of the received light signal in free-space optical (FSO) communication links through atmosphere, impairing link performance. The propagation of light wave in atmospheric turbulence was studied, and the received signal was modeled. Then the optimum decision threshold model was derived for FSO communication links using intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD). The turbulence-induced signal fluctuation, i.e. scintillation noise, was modeled as multiplicative noise in the received signal. In order to mitigate the scintillation noise, an adaptive Kalman filter was used to predict the value of received signal and turbulence statistics. Based on the Kalman filter, the detection with adaptive decision threshold was realized. Finally, the performance of Kalman filter was calculated, and the results show the error between optimum decision threshold and adaptive decision threshold is smaller than 0.48%. Kalman filter is an effective tool to combat turbulence-induced scintillation noise.",
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{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "Atmospheric turbulence causes fluctuation of the received light signal in free-space optical (FSO) communication links through atmosphere, impairing link performance. The propagation of light wave in atmospheric turbulence was studied, and the received signal was modeled. Then the optimum decision threshold model was derived for FSO communication links using intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD). The turbulence-induced signal fluctuation, i.e. scintillation noise, was modeled as multiplicative noise in the received signal. In order to mitigate the scintillation noise, an adaptive Kalman filter was used to predict the value of received signal and turbulence statistics. Based on the Kalman filter, the detection with adaptive decision threshold was realized. Finally, the performance of Kalman filter was calculated, and the results show the error between optimum decision threshold and adaptive decision threshold is smaller than 0.48%. Kalman filter is an effective tool to combat turbulence-induced scintillation noise.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "Atmospheric turbulence causes fluctuation of the received light signal in free-space optical (FSO) communication links through atmosphere, impairing link performance. The propagation of light wave in atmospheric turbulence was studied, and the received signal was modeled. Then the optimum decision threshold model was derived for FSO communication links using intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD). The turbulence-induced signal fluctuation, i.e. scintillation noise, was modeled as multiplicative noise in the received signal. In order to mitigate the scintillation noise, an adaptive Kalman filter was used to predict the value of received signal and turbulence statistics. Based on the Kalman filter, the detection with adaptive decision threshold was realized. Finally, the performance of Kalman filter was calculated, and the results show the error between optimum decision threshold and adaptive decision threshold is smaller than 0.48%. Kalman filter is an effective tool to combat turbulence-induced scintillation noise.",
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"Kalman Filter",
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"Atmospheric Turbulence"
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"fullName": "Chunyi Chen",
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"surname": "Chen",
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"fullName": "Huamin Yang",
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"fullName": "Huilin Jiang",
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"fullName": "Jingtao Fan",
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"fullName": "Cheng Han",
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"proceeding": {
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"title": "IEEE Symposium on Large Data Analysis and Visualization (LDAV 2011)",
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"article": {
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"doi": "10.1109/LDAV.2011.6092330",
"title": "CERA-TVR: A framework for interactive high-quality teravoxel volume visualization on standard PCs",
"normalizedTitle": "CERA-TVR: A framework for interactive high-quality teravoxel volume visualization on standard PCs",
"abstract": "We present a volume visualization framework that allows high-quality interactive rendering of teravoxel scale volume data sets on standard PCs. It is based on a progressive multi-resolution out-of-core volume rendering approach. Data loading is controlled by rays that are cast through the volume data set. The tree structure representing the multi-resolution hierarchy is traversed and updated directly by the GPU during ray casting. Consequently, occluded and empty data is never loaded or rendered. The framework is able to render dense, anisotropic, scalar volume data on regular grids with all common rendering modes.",
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"content": "We present a volume visualization framework that allows high-quality interactive rendering of teravoxel scale volume data sets on standard PCs. It is based on a progressive multi-resolution out-of-core volume rendering approach. Data loading is controlled by rays that are cast through the volume data set. The tree structure representing the multi-resolution hierarchy is traversed and updated directly by the GPU during ray casting. Consequently, occluded and empty data is never loaded or rendered. The framework is able to render dense, anisotropic, scalar volume data on regular grids with all common rendering modes.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "We present a volume visualization framework that allows high-quality interactive rendering of teravoxel scale volume data sets on standard PCs. It is based on a progressive multi-resolution out-of-core volume rendering approach. Data loading is controlled by rays that are cast through the volume data set. The tree structure representing the multi-resolution hierarchy is traversed and updated directly by the GPU during ray casting. Consequently, occluded and empty data is never loaded or rendered. The framework is able to render dense, anisotropic, scalar volume data on regular grids with all common rendering modes.",
"fno": "06092330",
"keywords": [
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"Data Visualisation",
"Image Resolution",
"Rendering Computer Graphics",
"CERA TVR",
"Interactive High Quality Teravoxel Volume Visualization",
"Data Loading",
"Progressive Multi Resolution Out Of Core Volume Rendering Approach",
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"affiliation": "Siemens AG, Germany",
"fullName": "Klaus Engel",
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"surname": "Engel",
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"abstract": "According to the reconstruction requirements, dynamic spectrum measurement and analysis system is built to test the vibration of power section’s each component. By discussing the results of different combinations of states, the vibration law of various components changing with motor speed is studied. Both The relationship between vibration and transmission path of wind tunnel’s power section and the effect of measures such as split support and shock absorption zone on reducing vibration transfer are quantificationally analyzed. Studies show that components processing and installation of low-turbulence wind tunnel’s power segment comply with the expected vibration design indicators. High precision characteristic of this set of test system can be used for vibration and noise spectrum measurement and analysis in components and model tests for the same low-speed wind tunnels.",
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"abstract": "The objective of this study is to investigate the hemodynamics in patient-specific internal carotid aneurysm and discuss the reason for rupture of aneurysm. A 3-Dimensional pulsatile blood flow in internal carotid with a sidewall aneurysm was studied numerically with the average Reynolds number of 704. Patient-specific model whose parent artery has a large \"S\" bending and a sidewall aneurysm was constructed from CT data. Unsteady, incompressible, 3-Dimensional Navier-Stokes equations were employed to solve the flow field. The temporal distributions of hemodynamic variables during the cardiac cycle such as streamlines, wall pressure and wall shear stress (WSS) in the arteries and aneurysm were analyzed. From streamlines it can be found that there is an obvious vortex flow in aneurismal cavity in a cardiac cycle. The type of this vortex flow is not changed in a cardiac cycle. As far as Wall Shear Stress, there is a region in aneurismal neck where the value of WSS is relatively high. Growth and rupture mechanism of internal carotid aneurysm in patient can be analyzed based on patient-specific model and hemodynamics simulation.",
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"content": "The objective of this study is to investigate the hemodynamics in patient-specific internal carotid aneurysm and discuss the reason for rupture of aneurysm. A 3-Dimensional pulsatile blood flow in internal carotid with a sidewall aneurysm was studied numerically with the average Reynolds number of 704. Patient-specific model whose parent artery has a large \"S\" bending and a sidewall aneurysm was constructed from CT data. Unsteady, incompressible, 3-Dimensional Navier-Stokes equations were employed to solve the flow field. The temporal distributions of hemodynamic variables during the cardiac cycle such as streamlines, wall pressure and wall shear stress (WSS) in the arteries and aneurysm were analyzed. From streamlines it can be found that there is an obvious vortex flow in aneurismal cavity in a cardiac cycle. The type of this vortex flow is not changed in a cardiac cycle. As far as Wall Shear Stress, there is a region in aneurismal neck where the value of WSS is relatively high. Growth and rupture mechanism of internal carotid aneurysm in patient can be analyzed based on patient-specific model and hemodynamics simulation.",
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"abstract": "The recent years have seen rapid advancement towards viewing the Earth as an integrated system. This means that we have come to understand the interdependence of the major planetary subsystems - atmosphere, biosphere, oceans and the deep earth interior - on a large range of time and length scales. One of the longest time scales of the planet is imposed by solid state convection within the silicate Earth mantle. Mantle convection modeling, and other earth science modeling efforts, now are producing simulation data on grids that are large enough to strain the memory and processing power of even the largest high-end graphics workstations. Another alternative is to use parallel visualization tools running on the massively parallel computers that generated the data. This is the approach that we have taken for the visualization of mantle convection simulation data.",
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"abstract": "Mantle convection is the fundamental physical process within earth's interior responsible for the thermal and geological evolution of the planet, including plate tectonics. The mantle is modeled as a viscous, incompressible, non-Newtonian fluid. The wide range of spatial scales, extreme variability and anisotropy in material properties, and severely nonlinear rheology have made global mantle convection modeling with realistic parameters prohibitive. Here we present a new implicit solver that exhibits optimal algorithmic performance and is capable of extreme scaling for hard PDE problems, such as mantle convection. To maximize accuracy and minimize runtime, the solver incorporates a number of advances, including aggressive multi-octree adaptivity, mixed continuous-discontinuous discretization, arbitrarily-high-order accuracy, hybrid spectral/geometric/algebraic multigrid, and novel Schur-complement preconditioning. These features present enormous challenges for extreme scalability. We demonstrate that-contrary to conventional wisdom-algorithmically optimal implicit solvers can be designed that scale out to 1.5 million cores for severely nonlinear, ill-conditioned, heterogeneous, and anisotropic PDEs.",
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"abstract": "Aiming at the deficiency of traditional method in evaluating micro surface topography, an evaluation method is advanced based on multi-fractal spectrum. In this method, the probability measure of the gray image of micro surface topography is counted in the improved box-counting method, and the multi-fractal spectrums are extracted by the Legendre transformation of scale exponent. Based on the multi-fractal spectrum, the spectrum width, height interval and asymmetry degree are extracted, and micro surface topography are evaluated according to the parameters. Evaluation experiments of surface topographies are carried out to prove the value of multi-fractal spectrums, and the result shows that multi-fractal spectrum can overcome the deficiency of traditional method, and surface topography can be evaluated accurately by its parameters.",
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"content": "Aiming at the deficiency of traditional method in evaluating micro surface topography, an evaluation method is advanced based on multi-fractal spectrum. In this method, the probability measure of the gray image of micro surface topography is counted in the improved box-counting method, and the multi-fractal spectrums are extracted by the Legendre transformation of scale exponent. Based on the multi-fractal spectrum, the spectrum width, height interval and asymmetry degree are extracted, and micro surface topography are evaluated according to the parameters. Evaluation experiments of surface topographies are carried out to prove the value of multi-fractal spectrums, and the result shows that multi-fractal spectrum can overcome the deficiency of traditional method, and surface topography can be evaluated accurately by its parameters.",
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"abstract": "An approach is presented from a system engineering perspective to integrate tool-path control and surface topography generation for the quality control of machined surfaces. This approach is based on strategic links between variability of material properties, cutting mechanics in microscale, structural dynamics of machine tools, integration of toll vibratory and geometric motions, and surface topography generation. By combining experimental and analytical work, this research provides manufacturing industry with a computer-based method to control machined surface topographies.<>",
"abstracts": [
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"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "An approach is presented from a system engineering perspective to integrate tool-path control and surface topography generation for the quality control of machined surfaces. This approach is based on strategic links between variability of material properties, cutting mechanics in microscale, structural dynamics of machine tools, integration of toll vibratory and geometric motions, and surface topography generation. By combining experimental and analytical work, this research provides manufacturing industry with a computer-based method to control machined surface topographies.<>",
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"Manufacturing Computer Control",
"Quality Control",
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"Material Property Variability",
"Microscale Cutting Mechanics",
"Vibratory Motion",
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"Machining",
"System Engineering",
"Tool Path Control",
"Quality Control",
"Structural Dynamics",
"Machine Tools",
"Geometric Motions",
"Surface Topography",
"Machining",
"Material Properties",
"Quality Control",
"Feeds",
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"Surface Roughness",
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"Spirals",
"Educational Institutions"
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"affiliation": "Dept. of Mech. Eng., Maryland Univ., College Park, MD, USA",
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"doi": "10.1109/ICMTMA.2009.109",
"title": "Research on Relationship between Fractal Parameters and Compressive Stress of Metallic Gaskets",
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"abstract": "Metallic gasket seals are widely used in pressure vessels and piping. The failure of sealing systems is mostly caused not by the strength of flanges or bolts but by the leakage of the connections. The topography of sealing surface has a major influence on the leakage of the bolted flange connections. Based on the fractal geometry theory, the fractal characterization of the sealing surface topography of metallic gaskets was studied. The profile curves of metallic gasket surface under different compressive stresses were measured by the AF-LI type stylus profilometer. The fractal dimension, scale coefficient and characteristic length scale of surface profiles were calculated by structure function method. The influence of the compressive stress on the fractal parameters was also analyzed. It’s found that the sealing surfaces of metallic gaskets were fractal, and the fractal dimension and the scale coefficient can be used to characterize the sealing surface topography of metallic gaskets under various compressive stresses. The formulae expressing the relationship between the fractal parameters and the compressive stress were obtained by the regression analysis of the test results. The results are helpful for the study on the sealing performance of metallic gaskets.",
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"content": "Metallic gasket seals are widely used in pressure vessels and piping. The failure of sealing systems is mostly caused not by the strength of flanges or bolts but by the leakage of the connections. The topography of sealing surface has a major influence on the leakage of the bolted flange connections. Based on the fractal geometry theory, the fractal characterization of the sealing surface topography of metallic gaskets was studied. The profile curves of metallic gasket surface under different compressive stresses were measured by the AF-LI type stylus profilometer. The fractal dimension, scale coefficient and characteristic length scale of surface profiles were calculated by structure function method. The influence of the compressive stress on the fractal parameters was also analyzed. It’s found that the sealing surfaces of metallic gaskets were fractal, and the fractal dimension and the scale coefficient can be used to characterize the sealing surface topography of metallic gaskets under various compressive stresses. The formulae expressing the relationship between the fractal parameters and the compressive stress were obtained by the regression analysis of the test results. The results are helpful for the study on the sealing performance of metallic gaskets.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "Metallic gasket seals are widely used in pressure vessels and piping. The failure of sealing systems is mostly caused not by the strength of flanges or bolts but by the leakage of the connections. The topography of sealing surface has a major influence on the leakage of the bolted flange connections. Based on the fractal geometry theory, the fractal characterization of the sealing surface topography of metallic gaskets was studied. The profile curves of metallic gasket surface under different compressive stresses were measured by the AF-LI type stylus profilometer. The fractal dimension, scale coefficient and characteristic length scale of surface profiles were calculated by structure function method. The influence of the compressive stress on the fractal parameters was also analyzed. It’s found that the sealing surfaces of metallic gaskets were fractal, and the fractal dimension and the scale coefficient can be used to characterize the sealing surface topography of metallic gaskets under various compressive stresses. The formulae expressing the relationship between the fractal parameters and the compressive stress were obtained by the regression analysis of the test results. The results are helpful for the study on the sealing performance of metallic gaskets.",
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"proceeding": {
"id": "12OmNxE2mTO",
"title": "Proceedings Fifth Annual IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems",
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"article": {
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"doi": "10.1109/CBMS.1992.244937",
"title": "3-D digital surface recovery of the optic nerve head from stereo fundus images",
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"abstract": "A novel algorithm for 3D digital mapping of curved surfaces from a 2D stereo image pair is developed. This approach for visualization of curved surface topography involves fusion of a stereo depth map with a linearly stretched intensity image of the curved surface. Prior to fusion of the depth map with the intensity image, a cubic B-spline interpolation technique is applied to smooth the sparse depth map obtained from the computed stereo disparity map. The quantitative representation of the optic nerve head surface topography following this algorithm provides a technique for a possibly more reproducible parametric evaluation of the optic nerve head than just qualitative stereoscopic viewing of the fundus.<>",
"abstracts": [
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"content": "A novel algorithm for 3D digital mapping of curved surfaces from a 2D stereo image pair is developed. This approach for visualization of curved surface topography involves fusion of a stereo depth map with a linearly stretched intensity image of the curved surface. Prior to fusion of the depth map with the intensity image, a cubic B-spline interpolation technique is applied to smooth the sparse depth map obtained from the computed stereo disparity map. The quantitative representation of the optic nerve head surface topography following this algorithm provides a technique for a possibly more reproducible parametric evaluation of the optic nerve head than just qualitative stereoscopic viewing of the fundus.<>",
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"normalizedAbstract": "A novel algorithm for 3D digital mapping of curved surfaces from a 2D stereo image pair is developed. This approach for visualization of curved surface topography involves fusion of a stereo depth map with a linearly stretched intensity image of the curved surface. Prior to fusion of the depth map with the intensity image, a cubic B-spline interpolation technique is applied to smooth the sparse depth map obtained from the computed stereo disparity map. The quantitative representation of the optic nerve head surface topography following this algorithm provides a technique for a possibly more reproducible parametric evaluation of the optic nerve head than just qualitative stereoscopic viewing of the fundus.",
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"Biological Techniques And Instruments",
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"Neurophysiology",
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"Stereo Image Processing",
"Smoothing",
"Digital Surface Recovery",
"Optic Nerve Head",
"Stereo Fundus Images",
"3 D Digital Mapping",
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"Curved Surface Topography",
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"Cubic B Spline Interpolation Technique",
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"affiliation": "Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. de las Americas Puebla, Mexico",
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"proceeding": {
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"title": "2014 International Symposium on Optomechatronic Technologies (ISOT 2014)",
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"doi": "10.1109/ISOT.2014.55",
"title": "Total Angle Resolved Scattering Characterization for Ultra-fine Finished Surface Areal-Topography",
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"abstract": "In this study, the total angle resolved scattering (T-ARS) based on the light scattering method is suggested. To characterize surface areal-topography with nano-defects using the T-ARS method we have developed an automated 3D-scattering measurement system that enables to detect the scattered light from a super-smooth surface in total directions. In order to verify the feasibility of the T-ARS method, the analysis of surface areal-topography based on 3D light scattering measurement is performed using a platinum-coated glass lens mold with an ultra-fine finished surface.",
"abstracts": [
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"content": "In this study, the total angle resolved scattering (T-ARS) based on the light scattering method is suggested. To characterize surface areal-topography with nano-defects using the T-ARS method we have developed an automated 3D-scattering measurement system that enables to detect the scattered light from a super-smooth surface in total directions. In order to verify the feasibility of the T-ARS method, the analysis of surface areal-topography based on 3D light scattering measurement is performed using a platinum-coated glass lens mold with an ultra-fine finished surface.",
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"normalizedAbstract": "In this study, the total angle resolved scattering (T-ARS) based on the light scattering method is suggested. To characterize surface areal-topography with nano-defects using the T-ARS method we have developed an automated 3D-scattering measurement system that enables to detect the scattered light from a super-smooth surface in total directions. In order to verify the feasibility of the T-ARS method, the analysis of surface areal-topography based on 3D light scattering measurement is performed using a platinum-coated glass lens mold with an ultra-fine finished surface.",
"fno": "07119419",
"keywords": [
"Rough Surfaces",
"Surface Roughness",
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"fullName": "Yasuhiro Takaya",
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"fullName": "Masaki Michihata",
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"title": "2017 IEEE 67th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC)",
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"doi": "10.1109/ECTC.2017.175",
"title": "Nondestructive, In Situ Mapping of Die Surface Displacements in Encapsulated IC Chip Packages Using X-Ray Diffraction Imaging Techniques",
"normalizedTitle": "Nondestructive, In Situ Mapping of Die Surface Displacements in Encapsulated IC Chip Packages Using X-Ray Diffraction Imaging Techniques",
"abstract": "We have recently shown that x-ray synchrotron-based B-Spline X-Ray Diffraction Imaging (B-XRDI), and laboratory-based X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques, can be used to non-destructively and in situ evaluate die warpage and strain inside fully encapsulated chip packages. In this paper, we show that both synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction Imaging (XRDI) and laboratory-based XRD can be used to usefully evaluate die surface shape f(x, y) and vertical displacements (Δz) induced in commercially packaged chips at room temperature and at elevated temperatures consistent with typical package processing temperatures, e.g. 25 - 200 oC. We describe a suite of algorithms, which have been developed to generate full die Δz and warpage maps for the encapsulated die using the rocking curve (RC) data collected by laboratory-based XRD and these are correlated with section topography (ST) data acquired via synchrotron-based white beam XRDI. Confidence in the efficacy of the techniques was established through the correlation of the laboratory-based Δz vertical displacement maps with optical interferometry analysis for a series of golden samples of known and predetermined warpage.",
"abstracts": [
{
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"content": "We have recently shown that x-ray synchrotron-based B-Spline X-Ray Diffraction Imaging (B-XRDI), and laboratory-based X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques, can be used to non-destructively and in situ evaluate die warpage and strain inside fully encapsulated chip packages. In this paper, we show that both synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction Imaging (XRDI) and laboratory-based XRD can be used to usefully evaluate die surface shape f(x, y) and vertical displacements (Δz) induced in commercially packaged chips at room temperature and at elevated temperatures consistent with typical package processing temperatures, e.g. 25 - 200 oC. We describe a suite of algorithms, which have been developed to generate full die Δz and warpage maps for the encapsulated die using the rocking curve (RC) data collected by laboratory-based XRD and these are correlated with section topography (ST) data acquired via synchrotron-based white beam XRDI. Confidence in the efficacy of the techniques was established through the correlation of the laboratory-based Δz vertical displacement maps with optical interferometry analysis for a series of golden samples of known and predetermined warpage.",
"__typename": "ArticleAbstractType"
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"normalizedAbstract": "We have recently shown that x-ray synchrotron-based B-Spline X-Ray Diffraction Imaging (B-XRDI), and laboratory-based X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques, can be used to non-destructively and in situ evaluate die warpage and strain inside fully encapsulated chip packages. In this paper, we show that both synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction Imaging (XRDI) and laboratory-based XRD can be used to usefully evaluate die surface shape f(x, y) and vertical displacements (Δz) induced in commercially packaged chips at room temperature and at elevated temperatures consistent with typical package processing temperatures, e.g. 25 - 200 oC. We describe a suite of algorithms, which have been developed to generate full die Δz and warpage maps for the encapsulated die using the rocking curve (RC) data collected by laboratory-based XRD and these are correlated with section topography (ST) data acquired via synchrotron-based white beam XRDI. Confidence in the efficacy of the techniques was established through the correlation of the laboratory-based Δz vertical displacement maps with optical interferometry analysis for a series of golden samples of known and predetermined warpage.",
"fno": "07999739",
"keywords": [
"Encapsulation",
"Integrated Circuit Packaging",
"Light Interferometry",
"Microassembling",
"Nondestructive Testing",
"Synchrotrons",
"X Ray Diffraction",
"X Ray Imaging",
"Optical Interferometry Analysis",
"Synchrotron Based White Beam XRDI",
"ST Data",
"Section Topography Data",
"RC Data",
"Rocking Curve Data",
"Package Processing Temperatures",
"Die Surface Shape",
"Laboratory Based XRD",
"Fully Encapsulated Chip Packages",
"Die Warpage",
"Laboratory Based X Ray Diffraction",
"B XRDI",
"X Ray Synchrotron Based B Spline X Ray Diffraction Imaging",
"Encapsulated IC Chip Packages",
"Die Surface Displacements",
"Nondestructive In Situ Mapping",
"Strain",
"Silicon",
"Surface Topography",
"X Ray Diffraction",
"Lattices",
"X Ray Scattering",
"Shape",
"Integrated Circuit Packaging",
"Chip Packaging",
"Die Surface Shape",
"X Ray Diffraction Imaging",
"Die Warpage",
"Vertical Displacement",
"Thermal Stress"
],
"authors": [
{
"affiliation": null,
"fullName": "N. E. Gorji",
"givenName": "N. E.",
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"fullName": "B. K. Tanner",
"givenName": "B. K.",
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{
"affiliation": null,
"fullName": "R. K. Vijayaraghavan",
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"fullName": "A. N. Danilewsky",
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{
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"pubDate": "2017-05-01T00:00:00",
"pubType": "proceedings",
"pages": "520-525",
"year": "2017",
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