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"title": "2021 International Conference on Computer Information Science and Artificial Intelligence (CISAI)",
"acronym": "cisai",
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"article": {
"id": "1BmOlYpCuXu",
"doi": "10.1109/CISAI54367.2021.00177",
"title": "Effect of the grinding parameters on surface topography considering vibration characteristics",
"normalizedTitle": "Effect of the grinding parameters on surface topography considering vibration characteristics",
"abstract": "There are many studies about the effects of grinding process parameters on the surface topography, but the influence of the vibration is rarely considered. In this paper, the grinding experiments are performed in the fine grinding stage of the slider raceway and the vibrations of the feed platform and the grinding wheel shaft are acquired simultaneously. The parameters such as the autocorrelation function, probability density function, the skewness and kurtosis and the distribution of the microstructure pits are used to characterize the surface topography. It reveals the influences of the process parameters on the surface topography by analyzing the influences on the maximum undeformed cutting thickness (MUCT) considering vibrations. The results show that the surface roughness increases with the feed speed within 25m/min while it decreases beyond this range since the MUCT will be reduced due to the effect of the vibration on the interference of the abrasive particles with the workpiece. The surface grinding quality becomes worse when the linear speed is in 30m/s~33m/s as the MUCT becomes larger because of the increase of the vibration of the grinding wheel shaft. Meanwhile, the SEM of the abrasive grain distribution shows that there is a phenomenon of scattering with the increase of the linear speed when it is close to the limit of 35 m/s.",
"abstracts": [
{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "There are many studies about the effects of grinding process parameters on the surface topography, but the influence of the vibration is rarely considered. In this paper, the grinding experiments are performed in the fine grinding stage of the slider raceway and the vibrations of the feed platform and the grinding wheel shaft are acquired simultaneously. The parameters such as the autocorrelation function, probability density function, the skewness and kurtosis and the distribution of the microstructure pits are used to characterize the surface topography. It reveals the influences of the process parameters on the surface topography by analyzing the influences on the maximum undeformed cutting thickness (MUCT) considering vibrations. The results show that the surface roughness increases with the feed speed within 25m/min while it decreases beyond this range since the MUCT will be reduced due to the effect of the vibration on the interference of the abrasive particles with the workpiece. The surface grinding quality becomes worse when the linear speed is in 30m/s~33m/s as the MUCT becomes larger because of the increase of the vibration of the grinding wheel shaft. Meanwhile, the SEM of the abrasive grain distribution shows that there is a phenomenon of scattering with the increase of the linear speed when it is close to the limit of 35 m/s.",
"__typename": "ArticleAbstractType"
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],
"normalizedAbstract": "There are many studies about the effects of grinding process parameters on the surface topography, but the influence of the vibration is rarely considered. In this paper, the grinding experiments are performed in the fine grinding stage of the slider raceway and the vibrations of the feed platform and the grinding wheel shaft are acquired simultaneously. The parameters such as the autocorrelation function, probability density function, the skewness and kurtosis and the distribution of the microstructure pits are used to characterize the surface topography. It reveals the influences of the process parameters on the surface topography by analyzing the influences on the maximum undeformed cutting thickness (MUCT) considering vibrations. The results show that the surface roughness increases with the feed speed within 25m/min while it decreases beyond this range since the MUCT will be reduced due to the effect of the vibration on the interference of the abrasive particles with the workpiece. The surface grinding quality becomes worse when the linear speed is in 30m/s~33m/s as the MUCT becomes larger because of the increase of the vibration of the grinding wheel shaft. Meanwhile, the SEM of the abrasive grain distribution shows that there is a phenomenon of scattering with the increase of the linear speed when it is close to the limit of 35 m/s.",
"fno": "069200a878",
"keywords": [
"Abrasion",
"Abrasives",
"Grinding",
"Grinding Machines",
"Shafts",
"Surface Roughness",
"Surface Topography",
"Vibrations",
"Wheels",
"Grinding Parameters",
"Surface Topography",
"Vibration Characteristics",
"Process Parameters",
"Grinding Experiments",
"Fine Grinding Stage",
"Grinding Wheel Shaft",
"Probability Density Function",
"Maximum Undeformed Cutting Thickness Considering Vibrations",
"MUCT",
"Surface Roughness Increases",
"Velocity 33 0 M S",
"Velocity 35 0 M S",
"Vibrations",
"Shafts",
"Wheels",
"Interference",
"Surface Roughness",
"Surface Topography",
"Rough Surfaces",
"The Maximum Undeformed Cutting Thickness",
"Autocorrelation Function",
"Probability Density Distribution Function",
"Contour Distribution Of Pits",
"Feeding Table Vibration",
"Grinding Wheel Spindle Vibration"
],
"authors": [
{
"affiliation": "China University of Mining and Technology,School of Mechatronic Engineering,Xuzhou,China,221000",
"fullName": "Mingxia Kang",
"givenName": "Mingxia",
"surname": "Kang",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
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{
"affiliation": "China University of Mining and Technology,School of Mechatronic Engineering,Xuzhou,China,221000",
"fullName": "Xinhua Liu",
"givenName": "Xinhua",
"surname": "Liu",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
},
{
"affiliation": "China University of Mining and Technology,School of Mechatronic Engineering,Xuzhou,China,221000",
"fullName": "Junfeng Yuan",
"givenName": "Junfeng",
"surname": "Yuan",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
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"pages": "878-885",
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"proceeding": {
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"title": "2020 6th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Automation Science (ICMEAS)",
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"article": {
"id": "1rsiChCNqCI",
"doi": "10.1109/ICMEAS51739.2020.00049",
"title": "Surface Structure Design of High Speed Heavy Duty Brake Disc Based on Topography Optimization",
"normalizedTitle": "Surface Structure Design of High Speed Heavy Duty Brake Disc Based on Topography Optimization",
"abstract": "During the braking process of high-speed and heavy-duty brake discs, the surface of the brake disc will produce a certain displacement and stress. The purpose of improving the braking effect can be achieved by reducing the surface structure flexibility and increasing the surface heat dissipation speed. In this paper, through the static analysis of the brake disc under high-speed and heavy-load conditions, the brake disc displacement cloud map and stress cloud map are obtained, and the equivalent surface conditions are determined based on this. Based on the equivalent surface conditions of the brake disc, the surface topography optimization method was used to establish a mathematical model of multiple equivalent surface conditions at different braking positions during one cycle of braking. Combined with the mathematical model, the finite element model of the brake disc surface flexibility optimization under multiple working conditions is established, and the optimization results under the constraints of different pattern groups are compared, and the surface structure with the smallest optimized flexibility value is selected. The optimization results show that the surface flexibility of the brake disc before and after optimization is reduced by 82.91%. Based on the optimization results, the surface structure of the brake disc is reconstructed, and a surface structure that meets the requirements of minimizing the weighted flexibility of multiple operating conditions is designed.",
"abstracts": [
{
"abstractType": "Regular",
"content": "During the braking process of high-speed and heavy-duty brake discs, the surface of the brake disc will produce a certain displacement and stress. The purpose of improving the braking effect can be achieved by reducing the surface structure flexibility and increasing the surface heat dissipation speed. In this paper, through the static analysis of the brake disc under high-speed and heavy-load conditions, the brake disc displacement cloud map and stress cloud map are obtained, and the equivalent surface conditions are determined based on this. Based on the equivalent surface conditions of the brake disc, the surface topography optimization method was used to establish a mathematical model of multiple equivalent surface conditions at different braking positions during one cycle of braking. Combined with the mathematical model, the finite element model of the brake disc surface flexibility optimization under multiple working conditions is established, and the optimization results under the constraints of different pattern groups are compared, and the surface structure with the smallest optimized flexibility value is selected. The optimization results show that the surface flexibility of the brake disc before and after optimization is reduced by 82.91%. Based on the optimization results, the surface structure of the brake disc is reconstructed, and a surface structure that meets the requirements of minimizing the weighted flexibility of multiple operating conditions is designed.",
"__typename": "ArticleAbstractType"
}
],
"normalizedAbstract": "During the braking process of high-speed and heavy-duty brake discs, the surface of the brake disc will produce a certain displacement and stress. The purpose of improving the braking effect can be achieved by reducing the surface structure flexibility and increasing the surface heat dissipation speed. In this paper, through the static analysis of the brake disc under high-speed and heavy-load conditions, the brake disc displacement cloud map and stress cloud map are obtained, and the equivalent surface conditions are determined based on this. Based on the equivalent surface conditions of the brake disc, the surface topography optimization method was used to establish a mathematical model of multiple equivalent surface conditions at different braking positions during one cycle of braking. Combined with the mathematical model, the finite element model of the brake disc surface flexibility optimization under multiple working conditions is established, and the optimization results under the constraints of different pattern groups are compared, and the surface structure with the smallest optimized flexibility value is selected. The optimization results show that the surface flexibility of the brake disc before and after optimization is reduced by 82.91%. Based on the optimization results, the surface structure of the brake disc is reconstructed, and a surface structure that meets the requirements of minimizing the weighted flexibility of multiple operating conditions is designed.",
"fno": "927200a227",
"keywords": [
"Brakes",
"Braking",
"Discs Structures",
"Finite Element Analysis",
"Optimisation",
"Surface Structure Flexibility",
"Surface Heat Dissipation Speed",
"Brake Disc Displacement Cloud Map",
"Stress Cloud Map",
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"Different Braking Positions",
"Brake Disc Surface Flexibility Optimization",
"Surface Structure Design",
"High Speed Heavy Duty Brake Disc",
"Braking Process",
"Heavy Duty Brake Discs",
"Braking Effect",
"Surface Reconstruction",
"Surface Structures",
"Surface Topography",
"Brakes",
"Mathematical Model",
"Optimization",
"Surface Treatment",
"High Speed Heavy Duty Brake Disc",
"Surface Structure",
"Equivalent Surface Condition",
"Topography Optimization"
],
"authors": [
{
"affiliation": "Dalian Jiao Tong University,School of Mechanical Engineering,Dalian,China",
"fullName": "Zhihua Sha",
"givenName": "Zhihua",
"surname": "Sha",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
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{
"affiliation": "Dalian Jiao Tong University,School of Mechanical Engineering,Dalian,China",
"fullName": "Wei Li",
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"surname": "Li",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
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{
"affiliation": "Dalian Jiao Tong University,School of Mechanical Engineering,Dalian,China",
"fullName": "Fujian Ma",
"givenName": "Fujian",
"surname": "Ma",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
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{
"affiliation": "Dalian Jiao Tong University,School of Mechanical Engineering,Dalian,China",
"fullName": "Jian Yin",
"givenName": "Jian",
"surname": "Yin",
"__typename": "ArticleAuthorType"
},
{
"affiliation": "Dalian Jiao Tong University,School of Mechanical Engineering,Dalian,China",
"fullName": "Shengfang Zhang",
"givenName": "Shengfang",
"surname": "Zhang",
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},
{
"affiliation": "Dalian Jiao Tong University,School of Mechanical Engineering,Dalian,China",
"fullName": "Yu Liu",
"givenName": "Yu",
"surname": "Liu",
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"doi": "10.1109/WSC.1998.744907",
"title": "Verification and validation of simulation models",
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"abstract": "This paper discusses verification and validation of simulation models. The different approaches to deciding model validity are presented; how model verification and validation relate to the model development process are discussed; various validation techniques are defined; conceptual model validity, model verification, operational validity, and data validity are described; ways to document results are given; and a recommended procedure is presented.",
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"content": "This paper discusses verification and validation of simulation models. The different approaches to deciding model validity are presented; how model verification and validation relate to the model development process are discussed; various validation techniques are defined; conceptual model validity, model verification, operational validity, and data validity are described; ways to document results are given; and a recommended procedure is presented.",
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"fno": "51330121",
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"Piecewise Global Energy Minimization",
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"abstract": "We use a parallel spectral-element method to simulate the propagation of seismic waves generated by earthquakes in the entire 3-D Earth. The method is implemented using MPI on a large PC cluster (Beowulf) with 151 processors and 76 Gb of RAM. It is based upon a weak formulation of the equations of motion and combines the flexibility of a finite-element method with the accuracy of a pseudospectral method. The finite-element mesh honors all discontinuities in the Earth velocity model. To maintain a relatively constant number of grid points per seismic wavelength, the size of the elements is increased with depth in a conforming fashion, thus retaining a diagonal mass matrix. The effects of attenuation and anisotropy are incorporated. We benchmark spectral-element synthetic seismograms against a normal-mode reference solution for a spherically symmetric Earth velocity model. The two methods are in excellent agreement for all waves with periods greater than 20 seconds.",
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{
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"content": "We use a parallel spectral-element method to simulate the propagation of seismic waves generated by earthquakes in the entire 3-D Earth. The method is implemented using MPI on a large PC cluster (Beowulf) with 151 processors and 76 Gb of RAM. It is based upon a weak formulation of the equations of motion and combines the flexibility of a finite-element method with the accuracy of a pseudospectral method. The finite-element mesh honors all discontinuities in the Earth velocity model. To maintain a relatively constant number of grid points per seismic wavelength, the size of the elements is increased with depth in a conforming fashion, thus retaining a diagonal mass matrix. The effects of attenuation and anisotropy are incorporated. We benchmark spectral-element synthetic seismograms against a normal-mode reference solution for a spherically symmetric Earth velocity model. The two methods are in excellent agreement for all waves with periods greater than 20 seconds.",
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"affiliation": "California Institute of Technology",
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"abstract": "We present an algorithm which renders opaque and/or translucent polygons embedded within volumetric data. The processing occurs such that all objects are composited in the correct order, by rendering thin slabs of the translucent polygons between volume slices using slice-order volume rendering. We implemented our algorithm with OpenGL on current general-purpose graphics systems. We discuss our system implementation, speed and image quality, as well as the renderings of several mixed scenes.",
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"abstract": "Stellar is one of the top ten cryptocurrencies in terms of market capitalization. It adopts a variant of Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT), named federated Byzantine agreement (FBA), which generalizes the traditional BFT algorithm to make it more suitable for open-membership blockchains. To this end, FBA introduces a quorum slice concept, which consists of a set of nodes. In FBA, a node can complete one consensus round when it receives specific messages from nodes in a quorum slice appointed by the node. In this study, we analyze FBA, whose security is highly dependent on the structure of quorum slices, and demonstrate that it is not superior to the traditional BFT algorithm in terms of safety and liveness. Then, to analyze the security of the Stellar consensus protocol (SCP), which is a construction for FBA, we investigate the current quorum slices in Stellar. We analyze the structure of quorum slices and measure the influence of each node quantitatively using two metrics, PageRank (PR) and the newly proposed NodeRank (NR). The results show that the Stellar system is significantly centralized. Thereafter, to determine how the centralized structure can have a negative impact on the Stellar system, we study the cascading failure caused by deleting only a few nodes (i.e., validators) in Stellar. We show that all of the nodes in Stellar cannot run SCP if only two nodes fail. To make matters worse, these two nodes are run and controlled by a single organization, the Stellar foundation.",
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"content": "Stellar is one of the top ten cryptocurrencies in terms of market capitalization. It adopts a variant of Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT), named federated Byzantine agreement (FBA), which generalizes the traditional BFT algorithm to make it more suitable for open-membership blockchains. To this end, FBA introduces a quorum slice concept, which consists of a set of nodes. In FBA, a node can complete one consensus round when it receives specific messages from nodes in a quorum slice appointed by the node. In this study, we analyze FBA, whose security is highly dependent on the structure of quorum slices, and demonstrate that it is not superior to the traditional BFT algorithm in terms of safety and liveness. Then, to analyze the security of the Stellar consensus protocol (SCP), which is a construction for FBA, we investigate the current quorum slices in Stellar. We analyze the structure of quorum slices and measure the influence of each node quantitatively using two metrics, PageRank (PR) and the newly proposed NodeRank (NR). The results show that the Stellar system is significantly centralized. Thereafter, to determine how the centralized structure can have a negative impact on the Stellar system, we study the cascading failure caused by deleting only a few nodes (i.e., validators) in Stellar. We show that all of the nodes in Stellar cannot run SCP if only two nodes fail. To make matters worse, these two nodes are run and controlled by a single organization, the Stellar foundation.",
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"keywords": [
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"Software Fault Tolerance",
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"Stellar Consensus Protocol",
"Stellar System",
"Stellar Foundation",
"Market Capitalization",
"Byzantine Fault Tolerance",
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{
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"abstract": "Extended to immersive environment, volume visualization has the analytical superiority in spatial immersion, user engagement, multidimensional awareness and other aspects. But in a highly immersive virtual environment, traditional single-channel precise interactive methods cannot be applied directly to the immersive environment. Inspired by how users typically interact with everyday objects, a novel non-contact gesture interaction method base on What You See is What You Get(WYSIWYG)for volume rendering results is proposed in this paper. Just likes grab interaction in real scene, a full set of tools have been developed to enable direct volume rendering manipulation of color, saturation, contrast, brightness, and other optical properties by gestural motions in our method. Simultaneously, in order to improve the interactive experience in immersive environment, the evaluation model of motion comfort is introduced to design the interactive hand gestures, the cursor model is defined to estimating the gesture state combined with context gestural motions. Finally, the test platform is established with Oculus Rift + Leap Motion to verify the functionality and effectiveness of our method in improving the visual cognitive ability for volume visualization.",
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"content": "Extended to immersive environment, volume visualization has the analytical superiority in spatial immersion, user engagement, multidimensional awareness and other aspects. But in a highly immersive virtual environment, traditional single-channel precise interactive methods cannot be applied directly to the immersive environment. Inspired by how users typically interact with everyday objects, a novel non-contact gesture interaction method base on What You See is What You Get(WYSIWYG)for volume rendering results is proposed in this paper. Just likes grab interaction in real scene, a full set of tools have been developed to enable direct volume rendering manipulation of color, saturation, contrast, brightness, and other optical properties by gestural motions in our method. Simultaneously, in order to improve the interactive experience in immersive environment, the evaluation model of motion comfort is introduced to design the interactive hand gestures, the cursor model is defined to estimating the gesture state combined with context gestural motions. Finally, the test platform is established with Oculus Rift + Leap Motion to verify the functionality and effectiveness of our method in improving the visual cognitive ability for volume visualization.",
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"abstract": "Through analyzing main affecting factors of the artificial neural network model, the optimization model is established and the optimization parameters is obtain based on the method of momentum and self-adaptive of learn rate, This optimize artificial neural network is not only set up with the limited training samples, but also can improve the operating speed and study efficiency. The optimization mode of the of flood prediction of Po-yang Lake is build by past years data of floods in Po-yang Lake, it shows that its precision is high, and its computation is simple. The method by optimization neural network, which applied to flood forecasting of Po-yang Lake, provides a new attempt for Prediction analysis and prove to be feasible and effective for practical experience in complex system engineering of Po-yang Lake.",
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"abstract": "From recent past, the computational Grid based flood assessment and forecasting models is getting emerged as an interdisciplinary integrated ‘near real time/real time model’. Many such, Grid based flood assessment and forecasting model supports in logically integrating various components of flood related scientific simulations such as Metrological, Hydrological, Hydraulic, RADAR, LIDAR Remote Sensing, GIS, Satellite Communication and other technologies and derives the end result which can be straight away used by the disaster mitigation team member/end user. This paper mainly brings out the emerging technological trends observed in the fields of computational Grid based flood assessment and forecasting models by surveying the flood forecasting model of ‘Cross Grid’ as well as the operational flood model of ESA Grid. Details reflecting the technology trends and simulation methods adopted by the ‘GARUDA Grid’ flood assessment experimental model have been given.",
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"abstract": "An artificial neural network is developed for predicting which fragment is charged and which fragment is neutral for lipid fragment pairs produced from a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry simulation process. This charge predictor is integrated into software developed at PNNL for in silico spectra generation and identification of metabolites known as Met ISIS. To test the effect of including charge prediction in Met ISIS, 46 lipids are used which show a reduction in false positive identifications when the charge predictor is utilized.",
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"abstract": "Summary form only given. Lossless image compression is often required in situations where compression is done once and decompression is to be performed a multiple number of times. Since compression is to be performed only once, time taken for compression is not a critical factor while selecting an appropriate compression scheme. What is more critical is the amount of time and memory needed for decompression and also the compression ratio obtained. Compression schemes that satisfy the above constraints are called asymmetric techniques. While there exist many asymmetric techniques for the lossy compression of image data, most techniques reported for lossless compression of image data have been symmetric. We present a new lossless compression technique that is well suited for asymmetric applications. It gives superior performance compared to standard lossless compression techniques by exploiting 'global' correlations. By 'global' correlations we mean similar patterns of pixels that re-occur within the image, not necessarily at close proximity. The developed technique can also potentially be adapted for use in symmetric applications that require high compression ratios. We develop algorithms for codebook design using LBG like clustering of image blocks. For the sake of a preliminary investigation, codebooks of various sizes were constructed using different block sizes and using the 8 JPEG predictors as the set of prediction schemes.",
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"abstract": "In scientific computing environments, large amounts of floating-point data often need to be transferred between computers as well as to and from storage devices. Compression can reduce the number of bits that need to be transferred and stored. However, the runtime overhead due to compression may be undesirable in high-performance settings where short communication latencies and high bandwidths are essential. This paper describes and evaluates a new compression algorithm that is tailored to such environments. It typically compresses numeric floating-point values better and faster than other algorithms do. On our data sets, it achieves compression ratios between 1.2 and 4.2 as well as compression and decompression throughputs between 2.8 and 5.9 million 64-bit double- precision numbers per second on a 3GHz Pentium 4 machine.",
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"abstract": "Summary form only given. Data in volume form consumes an extraordinary amount of storage space. For efficient storage and transmission of such data, compression algorithms are imperative. However, most volumetric data sets are used in biomedicine and other scientific applications where lossy compression is unacceptable. We present a lossless data compression algorithm which uses optimal linear prediction to exploit correlations in all three dimensions. Our algorithm is a combination of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) and Huffman coding and results in compression of around 50% for a set of volume data files. The compression algorithm was run with each of the different predictors on a set of volumes consisting of MRI images, CT images, and electron-density map data.",
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"abstract": "Summary form only given. Linear predictive schemes are some of the simplest techniques in lossless image compression. In spite of their simplicity they have proven to be surprisingly efficient. The current JPEG image coding standard uses linear predictive coders in its lossless mode. Predictive coding was originally used in lossy compression techniques such as differential pulse code modulation (DPCM). In these techniques the prediction error is quantized, and the quantized value transmitted to the receiver. In order to reduce the quantization error it was necessary to reduce the prediction error variance. Therefore techniques for generating \"optimum\" predictor coefficients generally attempt to minimize some measure of the prediction error variance. In lossless compression the objective is to minimize the entropy of the prediction error, therefore techniques geared to minimizing the variance of the prediction error may not be best suited for obtaining the predictor coefficients. We have attempted to obtain the predictor coefficient for lossless image compression by minimizing the first order entropy of the prediction error. We have used simulated annealing to perform the minimization. One way to improve the performance of linear predictive techniques is to first remap the pixel values such that a histogram of the remapped image contains no \"holes\" in it.",
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"content": "Summary form only given. Linear predictive schemes are some of the simplest techniques in lossless image compression. In spite of their simplicity they have proven to be surprisingly efficient. The current JPEG image coding standard uses linear predictive coders in its lossless mode. Predictive coding was originally used in lossy compression techniques such as differential pulse code modulation (DPCM). In these techniques the prediction error is quantized, and the quantized value transmitted to the receiver. In order to reduce the quantization error it was necessary to reduce the prediction error variance. Therefore techniques for generating \"optimum\" predictor coefficients generally attempt to minimize some measure of the prediction error variance. In lossless compression the objective is to minimize the entropy of the prediction error, therefore techniques geared to minimizing the variance of the prediction error may not be best suited for obtaining the predictor coefficients. We have attempted to obtain the predictor coefficient for lossless image compression by minimizing the first order entropy of the prediction error. We have used simulated annealing to perform the minimization. One way to improve the performance of linear predictive techniques is to first remap the pixel values such that a histogram of the remapped image contains no \"holes\" in it.",
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"abstract": "A cluster of commodity computers and general-purpose computers with accelerators such as GPGPUs are now common platforms to solve computationally intensive tasks like scientific simulations. Both technologies provide users with high performance at relatively low cost. However, the low bandwidth of interconnect compared to the computing performance hinders efficient operation of both cluster and accelerator in the case of many algorithms that require heavy data transmission. For clusters the network is one of the major performance bottlenecks, and for accelerators the peripheral bus to transfer data from host to the memory on the accelerator card is. In this paper, we propose a method of accelerating the performance of floating-point intensive algorithms by compressing the floating point number stream. With the efficient software encoder and hardware decoder, the method eliminates redundancy in the exponential part in the array of numbers on the stream and compacts the entire array to 82.8% of its original size at theoretical limit. The compression ratio is better than Gzip or Bzip2 for floating point numbers. The reduction in communication time directly leads to the reduction in total application running time for programs whose processing time is largely dominated by communication performance. We implemented a high-speed decoder using FPGA that operates at over 6 GB/s. We estimated the application performance using FFT and matrix multiplication on a cluster and the GRAPE-DR accelerator respectively, and our approach is useful in both configurations.",
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"abstract": "Kriging is one of the important interpolation methods in geostatistics, which has been widely applied in engineering project. In this paper, we present an efficient method for the parallelization of universal Kriging interpolation on shared memory multiprocessors. By using OpenMP directives, we implement a portable parallel algorithm, which enables an incremental approach to add parallelism, without modifying the rest part of sequential code. To achieve optimal performance, the parallel grain size has been considered and analyzed. Numerical experiments have been carried out on two multicore windows workstations, the results of which demonstrate this method could enhance the overall performance significantly.",
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"abstract": "This study reviewed some available FE human neck models developed by some researchers used for human neck injury biomechanics, neck responses and injury predicting. The different ways of anatomical modeling, the material properties and model validation approaches in the models are summarized and compared for better understanding the FE human neck modeling. An advanced FE human neck model developed at Hunan University was introduced and showed good biofidelity in low speed frontal, rear-end and side impact. It could be used to study the head-neck kinematics and valuable in the research on neck injury mechanisms.",
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"abstract": "The scope of this paper is to explore the input parameters of a Finite Element (FE) model of an active lower limb that are most influential in determining the size and the shape of the performance envelope of the kinematics and peak contact pressure of the knee implant introduced during the Total Knee Replacement (TKR) surgery. The active lower limb FE model simulates the stair ascent and it provides a more complicated setup than the isolated TKR model which includes only the implant femoral component and the implant tibial insert. It includes bones, TKR implant, soft tissues and applied forces. The kinematics of the FE model is reported in the Grood and Suntay system, where all motion is relative to the femoral component of the TKR. Reported tibial component kinematics are tibial-femoral flexion angle, anterior-posterior displacement, and internal-external rotation, while the reported patella kinematics are patella-femoral flexion angle, medial-lateral shift and medial-lateral tilt. Tibial-femoral and patella-femoral contact pressures are also determined. Two probabilistic methods are used together with the FE model, which is termed probabilistic FE analysis, to generate performance envelopes for the reported output kinematics and peak contact pressures and to explore the input parameters: the Monte Carlo Simulation Technique (MCST) and the Response Surface Method (RSM). It is considered a large set of 77 input variables of the FE active lower limb model which have associated a Gaussian variability. Following a sensitivity analysis with the RSM, a reduced set of 22 input variables is derived, which represent the key parameters which influence the performance envelopes. It is shown that the envelopes of performance obtained with the probabilistic FE analysis using the RSM with the reduced set of 22 input variables are similar with the envelopes of performance obtained with the probabilistic FE analysis using the MCST with 800 points for the same degree of variability in the 22 input key parameters. The findings of this work are paramount to the orthopedic surgeons who may want to know the key parameters that can influence the performance of the TKR for a given human activity.",
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"abstract": "Computational simulation of time-varying physical processes is of fundamental importance for many scientific and engineering applications. Most frequently, time-varying simulations are performed over multiple spatial grids at discrete points in time. In this paper, we investigate a new approach to time-varying simulation: spacetime discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods. The result of this simulation method is a simplicial tessellation of spacetime with per-element polynomial solutions for physical quantities such as strain, stress, and velocity. To provide accurate visualizations of the resulting solutions, we have developed a method for per-pixel evaluation of solution data on the GPU.We demonstrate the importance of per-pixel rendering versus simple linear interpolation for producing high quality visualizations. We also show that our system can accommodate reasonably large datasets — spacetime meshes containing up to 20 million tetrahedra are not uncommon in this domain.",
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"abstract": "One problem with the adaptive finite element analysis is that it needs more iterations, compared with the uniformly refined mesh method, to reach the desired accuracy of the solutions, although its convergence rate is higher than that of non adaptive computing. In order to improve the efficiency of the analysis and reduce the time for computing in each iteration, we develop a simple centroid material method instead of the integral on each element in forming the element stiffness matrix. There is no time needed for the integral on each element in linear finite element method, because the centroid material is used to approximate the material of the element, and then the finite element model is simplified as one consists of elements with homogeneous material. The efficiency of the method in both computing and implementation is shown as compared with the Gauss quadrature.",
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"abstract": "In this paper, Lagrange-Galerkin discontinuous finite element method is introduced for time dependent Navier-Stokes equations. The method is stable for Pl /Pl and Pl /Pl-1, l≥1 combination of discontinuous discrete velocity and pressure spaces (without requiring the discrete inf-sup condition). Optimal error estimates are proved in the framework of L2-theory.",
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"doi": "10.1109/VIS.2005.133",
"title": "Volume rendering of smoke propagation CFD data",
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"abstract": "The evacuation of buildings in the event of a fire requires careful planning of ventilation and evacuation routes during early architectural design stages. Different designs are evaluated by simulating smoke propagation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Visibility plays a decisive role in finding the nearest fire exit. This paper presents real-time volume rendering of transient smoke propagation conforming to standardized visibility distances. We visualize time dependent smoke particle concentration on unstructured tetrahedral meshes using a direct volume rendering approach. Due to the linear transfer function of the optical model commonly used in fire protection engineering, accurate pre-integration of diffuse color across tetrahedra can be carried out with a single 2D texture lookup. We reduce rounding errors during framebuffer blending by applying randomized dithering if high accuracy frame buffers are unavailable on the target platform. A simple absorption-based lighting model is evaluated in a preprocessing step using the same rendering approach. Back-illuminated exit signs are commonly used to indicate the escape route. As light emitting objects are visible further than reflective objects, the transfer function in front of illuminated exit signs must be adjusted with a deferred rendering pass.",
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"abstract": "Accurate and reliable visualization of blood vessels is still a challenging problem, notably in the presence of morphologic changes resulting from atherosclerotic diseases. In this paper we take advantage of partially segmented data with approximately identified vessel centerlines to comprehensively visualize the diseased peripheral arterial tree. We introduce the VesselGlyph as an abstract notation for novel focus & context visualization techniques of tubular structures such as contrast-medium enhanced arteries in CT-Angiography (CTA). The proposed techniques combine direct volume rendering (DVR) and curved planar reformation (CPR) within a single image. The VesselGlyph consists of several regions where different rendering methods are used. The region type, the used visualization method and the region parameters depend on the distance from the vessel centerline and on viewing parameters as well. By selecting proper rendering techniques for different regions, vessels are depicted in a naturally looking and undistorted anatomic context. This may facilitate the diagnosis and treatment planning of patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. In this paper we furthermore present a way how to implement the proposed techniques in software and by means of modern 3D graphics accelerators.",
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"abstract": "An interactive cerebral blood vessel exploration system is described. It has been designed on the basis of neurosurgeons' requirements in order to assist them in the diagnosis of vascular pathologies. The system is based on the construction of a symbolic model of the vascular tree, with automatic identification and labelling of vessel bifurcations, aneurysms and stenoses. It provides several types of visualization: individual MRA (magnetic resonance angiography) slices, MIP (maximum intensity projection), shaded rendering, symbolic schemes and surface reconstruction.",
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"abstract": "This paper addresses the automatic blood vessel detection problem in retinal images using matched filtering in an integrated system design platform that involves curve let transform and fuzzy c-means. Although noise is kept constant in medical CCD cameras, due to a number of factors, the contrast between the background and the blood vessels in retinal images and consequently the visual quality of the images looks very poor. Some form of pre-processing operation is therefore essential for the accurate extraction of these blood vessels. Since curve let transform can represent lines, edges and curvatures very well as compared to other multi-resolution techniques, this paper uses curve let transform to enhance the retinal vasculature. Matched filtering is then used to intensify the blood vessels which is further employed by fuzzy c-means algorithm to extract the vessel silhouette from the background. Performance is evaluated on publicly available DRIVE database and is compared with the existing blood vessel extraction methodology that uses curve let transform. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is very much efficient in detecting long and thick as well as short and thin vessels, wherein the existing methods fail to extract tiny and thin vessels.",
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"content": "This paper addresses the automatic blood vessel detection problem in retinal images using matched filtering in an integrated system design platform that involves curve let transform and fuzzy c-means. Although noise is kept constant in medical CCD cameras, due to a number of factors, the contrast between the background and the blood vessels in retinal images and consequently the visual quality of the images looks very poor. Some form of pre-processing operation is therefore essential for the accurate extraction of these blood vessels. Since curve let transform can represent lines, edges and curvatures very well as compared to other multi-resolution techniques, this paper uses curve let transform to enhance the retinal vasculature. Matched filtering is then used to intensify the blood vessels which is further employed by fuzzy c-means algorithm to extract the vessel silhouette from the background. Performance is evaluated on publicly available DRIVE database and is compared with the existing blood vessel extraction methodology that uses curve let transform. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is very much efficient in detecting long and thick as well as short and thin vessels, wherein the existing methods fail to extract tiny and thin vessels.",
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"abstract": "The stereomicroscope, which is an optical microscope, is used to observe the organoids cultured in cranial windows. A cranial window is a light accessible observation window made on the brain of mice through craniotomy. Organoids research is often conducted on cranial windows. Hence, the observation of blood vessels in them is important for organoid research, like organoid vascularization. Therefore, achieving a simple, low-cost method that extracts blood vessel structures would significantly help researchers observe the blood vessels in cranial windows from microscopic images. However, wide-field optical microscopic images taken by stereomicroscope suffer from low contrast and dura mater occlusion, complicating the observation of the blood vessels in such images. To address such problems and assist researchers who are observing vascular structures, we propose a method that segments blood vessels in cranial windows from low-contrast and wide-field microscopic images. Our method is based on the Attention U-Net framework and clDice, which considers the connectivity of blood vessels. In addition, for low-contrast and partial occlusion problems, we used contrast enhancement and dehazing as preprocessing steps. Our method achieved a Dice score of 75.56%, a clDice score of 79.95%, and the Accuracy of 91.41% on our microscopic image dataset, suggesting that our method can extract blood vessels from low-contrast and wide-field microscopic images better than other methods.",
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"content": "The stereomicroscope, which is an optical microscope, is used to observe the organoids cultured in cranial windows. A cranial window is a light accessible observation window made on the brain of mice through craniotomy. Organoids research is often conducted on cranial windows. Hence, the observation of blood vessels in them is important for organoid research, like organoid vascularization. Therefore, achieving a simple, low-cost method that extracts blood vessel structures would significantly help researchers observe the blood vessels in cranial windows from microscopic images. However, wide-field optical microscopic images taken by stereomicroscope suffer from low contrast and dura mater occlusion, complicating the observation of the blood vessels in such images. To address such problems and assist researchers who are observing vascular structures, we propose a method that segments blood vessels in cranial windows from low-contrast and wide-field microscopic images. Our method is based on the Attention U-Net framework and clDice, which considers the connectivity of blood vessels. In addition, for low-contrast and partial occlusion problems, we used contrast enhancement and dehazing as preprocessing steps. Our method achieved a Dice score of 75.56%, a clDice score of 79.95%, and the Accuracy of 91.41% on our microscopic image dataset, suggesting that our method can extract blood vessels from low-contrast and wide-field microscopic images better than other methods.",
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"Image Segmentation",
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"Attention Gate Based Network",
"Stereomicroscopy",
"Organoid Vascularization",
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"fullName": "Masahiro Oda",
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"affiliation": "Nagoya University,Japan",
"fullName": "Yuichiro Hayashi",
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"affiliation": "Keio University,Japan",
"fullName": "Shogo Nagata",
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"affiliation": "Nagoya University,Japan",
"fullName": "Cheng Wang",
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"affiliation": "Nagoya University,Japan",
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"abstract": "In a typical radiological reporting workflow, radiologists make image-based annotations to denote regions of clinical significance or to perform quantitative measurements. Interestingly, virtually all annotation software allow only 2D geometric primitives such as line segments and ellipses; 3D volume annotation is not supported. As a result, when dealing with anatomic entities that have volumetric properties (e.g. tumors, organs), a radiologist must summarize volumetric quantities in a written text-report or use a third party software outside the standard workflow to perform volumetric segmentation. In this paper, we describe an automated method to extract volumes from radiological annotations. Specifically, we describe a clustering method that parses the annotations of unconnected line segments to determine the locations of volumes. We show how this extracted information can be used to bootstrap and accelerate subsequent 3D segmentation while avoiding the need to perform redundant markup or segmentation seeding outside the standard radiological workflow. This 3D data can be utilized to enhance important clinical applications such as radiological reporting, exam summarization and visualization.",
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