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Fuel is a jazz fusion album by organist/keyboardist Larry Young, released on the Arista Records label. Reception Allmusic awarded the album 3½ stars and stated it contains "exotic tunes." Track listing "Fuel for the Fire" (Philips, Torano, Young) - 6:06 "I Ching (Book of Changes)" (Young) - 6:25 "Turn off the Lights" (Logan, Saunders, Young) - 7:05 "Floating" (Torano) - 4:13 "H + J = B (Hustle + Jam = Bread)" (Young) - 6:19 "People Do Be Funny" (Philips, Young) - 3:43 "New York Electric Street Music" (Saunders, Torano, Young) - 8:34 Personnel Larry Young - keyboards Santiago Torano - guitar Fernando Saunders - bass, backing vocals Rob Gottfried - drums, percussion Laura "Tequila" Logan - vocals References Larry Young (musician) albums 1975 albums Arista Records albums
```nsis Section "Uninstall" # uninstall for all users setShellVarContext all # Delete (optionally) installed files {{range $}}Delete $INSTDIR\{{.}} {{end}} Delete $INSTDIR\uninstall.exe # Delete install directory rmDir $INSTDIR # Delete start menu launcher Delete "$SMPROGRAMS\${APPNAME}\${APPNAME}.lnk" Delete "$SMPROGRAMS\${APPNAME}\Attach.lnk" Delete "$SMPROGRAMS\${APPNAME}\Uninstall.lnk" rmDir "$SMPROGRAMS\${APPNAME}" # Firewall - remove rules if exists SimpleFC::AdvRemoveRule "Geth incoming peers (TCP:30303)" SimpleFC::AdvRemoveRule "Geth outgoing peers (TCP:30303)" SimpleFC::AdvRemoveRule "Geth UDP discovery (UDP:30303)" # Remove IPC endpoint (path_to_url ${un.EnvVarUpdate} $0 "ETHEREUM_SOCKET" "R" "HKLM" "\\.\pipe\geth.ipc" # Remove install directory from PATH Push "$INSTDIR" Call un.RemoveFromPath # Cleanup registry (deletes all sub keys) DeleteRegKey HKLM "Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\${GROUPNAME} ${APPNAME}" SectionEnd ```
Łabusz is a part of the city of Koszalin. Until 31 December 2009 it was a village in the administrative district of Gmina Będzino, within Koszalin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Będzino, north of Koszalin, and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. References Koszalin Neighbourhoods in Poland
Lexington Brewing and Distilling Company is a brewery and distillery based in Lexington, Kentucky founded in 1999 by Pearse Lyons, the president and founder of animal nutrition company Alltech. Alltech entered the beverage industry with the introduction of their Kentucky Ale. In 2012 the company opened its distillery and developed a line of spirits including Pearse Lyons Reserve, a malt whiskey, Bluegrass Sundown, a bourbon-infused coffee drink, and Town Branch Bourbon. Beers Spirits The Lexington Brewing and Distilling Company also produces four whiskey spirits: Town Branch Bourbon - aged in new, charred white oak barrels - 90 proof Town Branch Rye - 100 proof Pearse Lyons Reserve (malt whiskey) - aged in spent bourbon barrels that have also been used to age the brewery's flagship Kentucky Bourbon Barrel Ale - 80 proof Bluegrass Sundown - a dark roasted coffee infused with Kentucky bourbon and sugar The distillery began making spirits in 2007, and began selling them in 2011 after waiting for four years of aging. In 2015, the distillery released its first specialty spirit, a 6-year single barrel version of its Town Branch Bourbon. Tours With its inception, the Town Branch Distillery was added to the Kentucky Bourbon Trail and began offering tours. Visitors are able to view the alcohol production process and sample beer and spirits. References External links Official site Companies based in Lexington, Kentucky Beer brewing companies based in Kentucky Food and drink companies established in 1999 1999 establishments in Kentucky
Wolfes Pond Park is a large public park located on Staten Island's South Shore. It is bounded on the south by Holton Avenue, on the east by Raritan Bay, on the west by the Staten Island Railway, and on the north by Chisholm Street, Luten Avenue, and Cornelia Avenue, which is also the main entry into the park's public areas. Hylan Boulevard bisects the park, and most visitors only visit the eastern half of the park, where Wolfes Pond (for which the park is named), two playgrounds, and basketball and tennis courts are located, as well as numerous walking and biking paths, open fields, and a small beach on Raritan Bay. The western, inland half consists mostly of ponds and woodlands, and the northwestern corner hugs Tottenville High School. In 1991 and again in 2011 the dam between the beach and the pond broke, draining the pond of freshwater and flooding it with saltwater. In both cases, this killed the freshwater fish and many of the red-eared slider turtles. Repairs to the dam were completed in November, 2019. From 1941 to the 1970s Robert Moses had planned to build the Wolfe's Pond Parkway into the park from Richmond Parkway. Between 1995 and 1998, the park was upgraded, and public areas were expanded. With this came the addition of the second playground on the east side of the park, as well as the sports areas, a new entrance to the beach, and a new monument to the Battle of the Bulge. Every 4th of July, the park holds a fireworks show, with live entertainment and food venues. This popular show draws hundreds of Staten Island residents from the South Shore and elsewhere every year. References External links Photos of Wolfes Pond Park Parks in Staten Island Prince's Bay, Staten Island
```c++ // Sieve of Eratosthenes // // Author: Bedir Tapkan // // Desc: Find the prime numbers from 1 - n #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <cstring> using namespace std; void sieve(long n, bool * composite, vector<int> &primes){ // n -> the max number to check for primes // composite -> bool arr to mark composite nums // primes -> vector that contains primes from 2 -> n // O(nsqrt(n)) - but much faster in practice for (long i = 2; i <= n; ++i){ // Check 2->n if they are already marked as composite // and mark composites along the way if (!composite[i]){ // Checking if prime primes.push_back(i); for (long j = ii; j <= n; j += i){ composite[j] = true; } } } } void printVector(vector<int> vc) { for (int i = 0; i < vc.size(); ++i) cout << vc[i] << " "; cout << endl << endl; } int main() { long n; cin >> n; // number to check for primes up to bool composite[n+1]; memset(composite, false, sizeof composite); vector<int> primes; sieve(n, composite, primes); printVector(primes); } ```
Dhaka (Dacca) Prokash () was the first Bengali language newspaper published in Dhaka, capital of East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh). First published in 1861, the newspaper remained in publication for about a century. No other newspaper in the East Bengal remained active for such a long time. Although Dhaka Prokash initially served as a tool to promote and exchange issues of the Brahma Samaj, its policies and orientation transformed as ownership changed through the years.The newspaper played an important role to chronicle the social, cultural, and political developments of the region. During the first two decades, the newspaper promoted the liberal social messages of eminent members of the Brahma Samaj in Dhaka. However, when ownership changed, the newspaper started supporting the viewpoint of orthodox Hindus. In terms of political issues, in the first half of the nineteenth century, the paper took a middle position most of the time. As a result, the newspaper experienced obstacles during the Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. The Bengali poet Krishna Chandra Majumder was the first editor of the paper. Other long-term editors were Govinda Prasad Roy, Guruganga Aich Chowdhury, and Mukund Bihari Chakrabarty. Profile Dacca Prokash was first published on 7 March 1861 (24h Falgun, 1267 Bengali Year) from the printing press Bangala Jantra in Babu Bazar. The annual charge including postage cost was 5 Taka. In the beginning, it was published weekly every Thursday, after which it came out on Fridays and ultimately on Sundays from its fifth year of publication. The newspapers' popularity lead to its growth from an initial circulation of 250 to 5000 during the Hindu Revivalism in Bengal in the nineties. Dacca Prokash was printed by the hand-operated 'Chila' or Columbian press. in 1863, an advertisement in the newspaper listed the per forma cost of six taka for Bengali printing and five taka for English printing. History The publishing of Dhaka Prokash is intricately connected to Dhaka's first Bengali printers 'Bangala Jontro'. One account suggests that the owner of the printers were Brajasundar Mitra (deputy magistrate and resident of Tetuljhora village), Bhagawan Chandra Bose (deputy magistrate resident of Rarhikhal, Bikrampur who was also the father of Jagadish Chandra Bose, and Kashikanta Mukhopadhyay. Other accounts suggest that the founders also included: Dinabandhu Moulik (deputy inspector of Dhamrai's schools), Ishwarchandra Basu (school teacher of Collegiate school) and Ramkumar Basu (deputy magistrate and resident of Malkha). As spokespersons of Brahma Samaj, the owners of the printing press started publishing the monthly magazine Monoronjika, which became the first Bengali magazine in East Bengal. However, when the magazine was shut down due to disagreement related to Bengal's Indigo revolt, some of them became determined to publish the weekly newspaper which led to the existence of Dacca Prokash in 1861. Among the directors of Dhaka Prokash were Brajasundar Mitra, Dinabandhu Moulik, Ishwarchandra Basu, Chandrakanta Basu and others. It is said that Dinabandhu Moulik's patronage was primarily crucial for the newspaper's success. The first editor was Krishna Chandra Majumder,a well-known nineteenth century poet of East Bengal. The second editor was Dinanath Sen, who later became a prominent social reformer and journalist. After that, editorial responsibilities were carried on by Jagannath Agnihotri, Govinda Prasad Roy, Anath Bandhu Moulik (teacher of Dhaka Brahma School) and Pundit Baikuntha nath. In the fifth year of the newspaper, Govinda Prasad Roy bought the ownership of the newspaper and became its editor. When Queen Victoria attained the Imperial Order of the Crown of India in 1878, he received the invitation to the royal ceremony in Delhi to represent Dhaka Prokash. In 1883, after the death of Govinda Prasad Roy, his son-in-law Yadavchandra Sen ran the newspaper for two years but struggled to keep up with the competitors. In 1885, Talukdar Babu Guruganga Aich Chowdhury (resident of Charipara, Bikrampur) acquired the copyright of the newspaper for 3450 Taka. He appointed the then renowned poet Dinesh Chandra Bose as the editor for a salary of 50Taka. He also moved the office of the newspaper from Babu Bazar to 16, Islampur. However, when the appointed editor resigned after two months, Guruganga himself took charge of the newspaper's editorial duties. Under his editorship for the next 16 years, Dhaka Prokash conveyed the values of orthodox Hindus. Towards the end, three lawsuits were filed against the newspaper by Secretary of the Dhaka Metropolitan, Ruplal Saha (an influential resident of Dhaka at the time), and the copyright holder of Shaheen Medical Hall. Although Guruganga reached an out-of-court settlement for the first two lawsuits, he went to jail for a month as a result of the third lawsuit. These legal issues along with financial struggles lead him to sell the newspaper. In 1901, the newspaper was bought by Mukunda Bihari Chakrabarty,B.A. from Brahman Kham Bikrampur and Radharaman Ghosh,B.A., a retired secretary of Niradchandra Manikya, the late Maharaj of independent Tripura. Anecdotes suggest that Radharaman bought the newspaper after an incident where Surendranath Banerjee, editor of The Bengalee in Calcutta, insinuated that no newspaper in Dhaka were of quality worth reading. Soon after, Mukunda Bihari Chakrabarty, took sole responsibility of running the newspaper and also became an editor. In 1902, the newspaper changed its dimensions to double crown size. For the next thirty years, those who assisted Mukund Bihari included Pundit Rajkumar Chakrabarty, Pundit Priyanath Vidyabhusan, Nishikanta Ghosh, Girijakanta Ghosh, Umeshchandra Bose, Harihar Gangapadhyay, Madhusudan Chowdhury, and Purnachandra Bhattcharja. During this tenure, the newspaper continued to take a centrist stance with the goal to promote balance between the government and the citizens. As a result, the newspaper experienced obstacles during the 1905 Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi Movement. The Dhaka University Library has an archive of many issues of Dhaka Prokash. The last available issue here exhibits the date April 12, 1959 published from 59/3 Kitab Manzil, Islampur, and Abdur Rashid Khan as the editor. However, the newspaper started losing its popularity from the 1940s. During its final days, the newspaper mostly published auction advertisements. Role and influence As the first and one of the leading newspapers of East Bengal, Dacca Prokash harboured substantial influence as a mouthpiece and representative of the educated Bengalis in the region. It promoted independent thinking and prioritized news related to women's education, communication, agriculture etc. The Bengal Presidency government also considered the paper as an important voice. The weekly publication Report on Native Papers, that translated selected articles from Bengali newspapers, also widely quoted Dacca Prokash in the nineteenth century. In 1860, the opinion leaders of the newspaper took a strong stance against the government's cut of expenditure budget of degree-level education in Bengal. At various times, the newspaper advocated for issues important for Dhaka city and Eats Bengal. For example, it focused on the demand of medical school in Dacca, improved supply of water, and policy changes for the Dhaka Municipality. "Dacca Prokash O Purbobonger Shomaj 1863-64", the most comprehensive research on the newspaper, emphasized on its vital role as a social, political, and intellectual representation of Dhaka in the 1860s, and 1870s. As most intellectual and literary activities of Bengal reformation were based in Calcutta, the newspaper helped to revive, record, and advocate for social changes in Dhaka. The residents here were presented with a platform that could comepete with publications in Calcutta. An article published in a newspaper of Kolkata named Purnochondrodoy praised the newspaper:"...Dhaka Prokash are second to none than any Bengali weekly newspapers published in Calcutta..."Dhaka Prokash also contributed to the debelopment of journalists and social reformers of the time. Legacy For around a century, Dacca Prokash disseminated the regional news, represented the voice of the people of East Bengal, and influenced the public opinion of the educated Bengalis. Additionally, the newspaper was a pioneer to build the journalism culture in the later part of the eighteenth century. In the beginning, the newspaper promoted the liberal messages of social change advocated by the Brahma Samaj in Dhaka at the time. This pioneer newspaper also prompted the publishing of other newspapers in Dhaka like Dhaka Gazette(1861), Dhaka Darpan(1863), and Dhaka Darshak(1875) Although, no longer in print, the newspaper continues to be important source of contemporary perspectives on historical accounts of the nineteenth and twentieth century. Bangladeshi historian Muntasir Mamoon conducted extensive research on Dacca Prokash to record the archived accounts of Dhaka's history. Scholars and historians continue to excavate the happenings of the times through its printed accounts. See also List of newspapers in Bangladesh References Newspapers established in 1861 Newspapers published in Dhaka English-language newspapers published in Bangladesh 1861 establishments in British India Weekly newspapers published in Bangladesh
The Boeing Model 200 Monomail was an American mail plane of the early 1930s. Design and development The aircraft marked a departure from the traditional biplane configuration for a transport aircraft, instead featuring a single, low set, all metal cantilever wing. Retractable landing gear and a streamlined fuselage added to the aerodynamic efficiency of the aircraft. A single example was constructed for evaluation by both Boeing and the US Army (under the designation Y1C-18) but no mass production ensued, and the aircraft eventually joined Boeing's fleet on the San Francisco-Chicago air mail route from July 1931. A second version was developed as the Model 221, with a fuselage stretched by 8 inches (20 cm) that sacrificed some of its cargo capacity to carry six passengers in an enclosed cabin; the single pilot, however, sat in an open cockpit. This version first flew on 18 August 1930. Both the Model 200 and the Model 221 were eventually modified for transcontinental service as the Model 221A, with slight fuselage stretches to give both a cabin for eight passengers. These aircraft were flown on United Air Lines' Cheyenne-Chicago route. The advanced design of the Monomail was hampered by the lack of suitable engine and propeller technology. By the time variable-pitch propellers and more powerful engines were available, the design had been surpassed by multi-engined aircraft, including Boeing's own 247. However, many advancements of the Monomail were incorporated into the designs of the most advanced bomber and fighter aircraft of the early 1930s, the Boeing B-9 and the Model 248 (later developed into the P-26 Peashooter of the USAAC), respectively. Variants Model 200 mailplane (1 built) Model 221 mailplane with capacity for 6 passengers (1 built) Model 221A Model 200 and 221 converted as 8-passenger airliners Model 231 Planned lengthened version of Model 221, not built. Operators Boeing Air Transport United Air Lines Specifications (Model 221) See also References Boeing History - Boeing Monomail Transport Retrieved June 17, 2006. External links Boeing: Historical Snapshot: Monomail Transport Fiddlergreen.net: Monomail Colorado Wreck Chasing: Glendo Crash Site 1930s United States airliners Monomail 1930s United States mailplanes Single-engined tractor aircraft Low-wing aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1930
Donald Livingston is a former Professor of Philosophy at Emory University and a David Hume scholar. In 2003 he founded the Abbeville Institute, which is devoted to the study of Southern culture and political ideas. Early life and education Livingston was raised in South Carolina. He received his doctorate at Washington University in St. Louis in 1965. He has been a National Endowment for the Humanities fellow and has been on the editorial board of Hume Studies and Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture. Livingston is a convert from Anglicanism to the Eastern Orthodox Church. His wife Marie also received her Ph.D. in philosophy and has studied under Edmund Gettier and Alasdair MacIntyre. Livingston is a member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans. Career After teaching in several venues, Livingston became a professor of philosophy at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Philosophical views He supports the compact theory of the United States, with its concomitant provisions for corporate resistance, nullification, and secession. He views the American Revolution not as a revolution but an act of secession, which has raised for some the concern "that characterizing the favorably-viewed American Revolution as a secession from Britain confers legitimacy on the later attempt by the Confederate states to secede from the Union (Livingston 1998)°—an attempt that, by most contemporary perspectives, wants for legitimacy (Simpson 2012)." Chris Hedges has called him "one of the intellectual godfathers of the secessionist movement." Livingston was a member of the League of the South's Institute for the Study of Southern Culture and History, but left the group in the early 2000s. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), "Livingston told the Report that he was put off by the group’s racism and other 'political baggage'". Abbeville Institute In 2003, Livingston founded the Abbeville Institute. According to its website, the Institute is "an association of scholars in higher education devoted to a critical study of what is true and valuable in the Southern tradition". The Institute is named for the town of Abbeville, South Carolina, often regarded as the birthplace of the Confederacy. The Institute adopted as part of its mission statement the following by slavery historian Eugene Genovese: "Rarely these days, even on Southern campuses, is it possible to acknowledge the achievements of white people in the South"; As of 2009, the Abbeville Institute had a total of 64 associated scholars from various colleges and disciplines. It operates an annual summer school for graduate students and an annual scholars' conference. It focuses particularly on issues of secession, which its scholars believe is a topic excluded from mainstream academia. In 2010, it held a conference on secession and nullification. Notable faculty include Thomas DiLorenzo and Clyde Wilson. The Abbeville Institute has a press, an Abbeville Institute Review, and a blog. Books Hume's Philosophy of Common Life (1984) Philosophical Melancholy and Delirium: Hume's Pathology of Philosophy (1998) Further reading References External links Abbeville Institute Official website Hume and the Secession of the American Colonies New Media, UFM Socratic Dialogue Hume’s Moral Philosophy New Media, UFM Donald Livingstone on "Secession and the Modern State", December 1996 Living people Washington University in St. Louis alumni Emory University faculty Philosophers from Georgia (U.S. state) Hume scholars Year of birth missing (living people) Members of Sons of Confederate Veterans League of the South
The prehistory of Georgia is the period between the first human habitation of the territory of modern-day nation of Georgia and the time when Assyrian and Urartian, and more firmly, the Classical accounts, brought the proto-Georgian tribes into the scope of recorded history. Paleolithic, Mesolithic Humans have been living in Georgia for an extremely long time, as attested by the discoveries, in 1999 and 2002, of two Homo erectus skulls (H. e. georgicus) at Dmanisi in southern Georgia. The archaeological layer in which the human remains, hundreds of stone tools and numerous animal bones were unearthed is dated approximately 1.6-1.8 million years ago (since the underlying basalt lava bed yielded an age of approximately 1.8 million years). The site yields the earliest unequivocal evidence for presence of early humans outside the African continent. Later Lower Paleolithic Acheulian sites have been discovered in the highlands of Georgia, particularly in the caves of Kudaro (1600 m above sea level), and Tsona (2100 m). Acheulian open-air sites and find-spots are also known in other regions of Georgia, for example at the Javakheti Plateau where Acheulian handaxes were found at 2400 m above the sea level. The first uninterrupted primitive settlement on the Georgian territory dates back to the Middle Paleolithic era, more than 200,000 years ago. Sites of this period have been found in Shida Kartli, Imeretia, Abkhazia and other areas. Buffered by the Caucasus Mountains, and benefiting from the ameliorating effects of the Black Sea, the region appears to have served as a biogeographical refugium throughout the Pleistocene. These geographic features spared the Southern Caucasus from the severe climatic oscillations and allowed humans to prosper throughout much of the region for millennia. Upper Paleolithic remains have been investigated in Satsurblia, Devis Khvreli, Sakazhia, Sagvarjile, Dzudzuana, Samertskhle Klde, Gvarjilas Klde and other cave sites. A cave at Dzudzuana has yielded the earliest known dyed flax fibers that date back to 36,000 BP. At that time, the eastern area of the South Caucasus appears to have been sparsely populated in contrast to the valleys of the Rioni River and Kvirila River in western Georgia. The Paleolithic ended some 10,000-12,000 years ago to be succeeded by the Mesolithic culture (Kotias Klde). It was when the geographic medium and landscapes of the Caucasus were finally shaped as we have them today. Neolithic Signs of Neolithic culture, and the transition from foraging and hunting to agriculture and stockraising, are found in Georgia from at least the beginning of the 6th millennium BC. The so-called early Neolithic sites are chiefly found in western Georgia. These are Khutsubani, Anaseuli, Kistriki, Kobuleti, Tetramitsa, Apiancha, Makhvilauri, Kotias Klde, Paluri and others. In the 5th millennium BC, the Kura (Mtkvari) basin also became stably populated, and settlements such as those at Tsopi, Aruchlo, and Sadakhlo along the Kura in eastern Georgia are distinguished by a long lasting cultural tradition, distinctive architecture, and considerable skill in stoneworking. Most of these sites relate to the flourishing late Neolithic/Eneolithic archaeological complex known as the Shulaveri-Shomu culture. Radiocarbon dating at Shulaveri sites indicates that the earliest settlements there date from the late sixth − early fifth millennium BC. In the highlands of eastern Anatolia and South Caucasus, the right combination of domesticable animals and sowable grains and legumes made possible the earliest agriculture. In this sense, the region can justly be considered one of the "cradles of civilization". The entire region is surmised to have been, in the period beginning in the last quarter of the 4th millennium BC, inhabited by people who were possibly ethnically related and of Hurrian stock. The ethnic and cultural unity of these 2,000 years is characterized by some scholars as Chalcolithic or Eneolithic. Bronze Age Early metallurgy started in Georgia during the 6th millennium BC. Very early metal objects have been discovered in layers of the Neolithic Shulaveri-Shomutepe culture. From the beginning of the 4th millennium, metal use became more extensive in East Georgia and in the whole Transcaucasian region. From c. 3400 BC to 2000 BC, the region saw the development of the Kura-Araxes or Early Transcaucasian culture centered on the basins of Kura and Aras. During this era, economic stability based on cattle and sheep raising and noticeable cultural development was achieved. The local chieftains appear to have been men of wealth and power. Their burial mounds have yielded finely wrought vessels in gold and silver; a few are engraved with ritual scenes suggesting the Middle Eastern cult influence. This vast and flourishing culture was in contact with the more advanced civilization of Akkadian Mesopotamia, but went into gradual decline and stagnated c. 2300 BC, being eventually broken up into a number of regional cultures. One of the earliest of these successor cultures is the Bedeni culture in eastern Georgia. At the end of the 3rd millennium BC, there is evidence of considerable economic development and increased commerce among the tribes. In western Georgia, a unique culture known as Colchian developed between 1800 and 700 BC, and in eastern Georgia the kurgan (tumulus) culture of Trialeti reached its zenith around 1500 BC. Archaeological sites in Klde, Orchosani, and Saphar-Kharaba were revealed by the BTC pipeline construction. Iron Age and Classical Antiquity By the last centuries of the 2nd millennium BC, ironworking had made its appearance in the South Caucasus, and the true Iron Age began with the introduction of tools and weapons on a large scale and of superior quality to those hitherto made of copper and bronze, a change which in most of the Near East may not have come before the tenth or ninth centuries BC. During this period, as linguists have estimated, the ethnic and linguistic unity of the Proto-Kartvelians finally broke up into several branches that now form the Kartvelian family. The first to break away was the Svan language in northwest Georgia, in about the 19th century BC, and by the 8th century BC, Zan, the basis of Mingrelian and Laz, had become a distinct language. On the basis of language, it has been established that the earliest Kartvelian ethnos were made up of four principally related tribes: the Karts, the Zans (Megrelo-Laz, Colchians), and the Svans – which would eventually form the basis of the modern Kartvelian-speaking groups. See also Prehistoric Asia Prehistoric Caucasus References Kushnareva, Karinė Khristoforovna (1997; translated by H. N. Michael), The southern Caucasus in prehistory : stages of cultural and socioeconomic development from the eighth to the second millennium B.C.. University of Pennsylvania Museum, . Georgia Georgia Georgia
Gmina Krapkowice is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Krapkowice County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Krapkowice, which lies approximately south of the regional capital Opole. The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2019 its total population is 22,656. Villages Apart from the town of Krapkowice, Gmina Krapkowice contains the villages and settlements of Borek, Dąbrówka Górna, Gwoździce, Jarczowice, Kórnica, Ligota, Nowy Dwór Prudnicki, Pietna, Posiłek, Rogów Opolski, Ściborowice, Steblów, Wesoła, Żużela and Żywocice. Neighbouring gminas Gmina Krapkowice is bordered by the gminy of Głogówek, Gogolin, Strzeleczki, Walce and Zdzieszowice. Twin towns – sister cities Gmina Krapkowice is twinned with: Camas, United States Ebersbach-Neugersdorf, Germany Hillsboro, United States Lipová-lázně, Czech Republic Morawica, Poland Partizánske, Slovakia Rohatyn, Ukraine Wissen, Germany Zabierzów, Poland References Krapkowice Krapkowice County
Nandini Goud (born 1967) is an Indian painter and printmaker from Hyderabad, India. She received various awards and fellowships such as Junior Fellowship for painting from the Department of Culture of the Government of India for 1998 to 2000 and National Scholarship in 1995. Biography Nandini Goud is the daughter of senior artist Laxma Goud and was born in 1967 in Medak, Andhra Pradesh, India. She did her Bachelor's in Painting and master's degree in Printmaking from the Faculty of Fine Arts at the M.S University in Baroda. Works Goud's work depicts and captures typical street living in hyderabad, social life of rural people along with their domestic animals namely cats, goats etc.,. Her works also portrays urban descriptions focussing on interiors of households such as vases of flowers, fruits on the table, and makeup equipment etc.,. In her own words of Nandini Goud, she says "My effort to come to grips with the aesthetic issues involved in painting the Indian city focused mainly on the role of space in pictorial organization". Exhibitions Her paintings were exhibited along with Indian legends such as M.F. Husain, Shamshad Husain, and Laxma Goud such as Parampara, Feminine Muse, Curiosity Gallery. Art Alive Gallery, Delhi, INDIA in 2007 View Exhibition Emerging India at Art Alive Gallery Guild Art Gallery in 1998 Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi in 1995 Renaissance Art Gallery, Bangalore in 1994 Gallery Espace, New Delhi in 1992 References http://www.new.shrishtiart.com/Artist_Profile.aspx?ArtistId=181 https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154200/http://www.greaterhyderabad.co.in/article/Arts/9852/ https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025207/http://www.indianartcollectors.com/view-details.php?arid=4160 http://www.affordindianart.com/pages/nandinigoud.html https://web.archive.org/web/20080608075142/http://www.fiidaaart.com/artists/nandini_goud.htm http://www.guildindia.com https://web.archive.org/web/20111004025012/http://www.gallerythreshold.com/artist.aspx?artist_id=27 http://www.goudsinfo.com https://web.archive.org/web/20120301113121/http://www.galleriaart.net/artists_bio.asp?aid=275 Living people 1967 births 20th-century Indian painters 20th-century Indian women artists 20th-century printmakers 21st-century Indian women artists Telugu people People from Medak Artists from Hyderabad, India Indian women painters Indian women contemporary artists Indian contemporary painters Painters from Andhra Pradesh Women printmakers Women artists from Andhra Pradesh
Laudelino Cubino González (born 31 May 1963) is a Spanish former professional road racing cyclist. He was born in Béjar, Spain. Career achievements Major results 1986 Clásica a los Puertos de Guadarrama 1987 Vuelta a España: Winner stage 7 1988 Clásica a los Puertos de Guadarrama Tour de France: Winner stage 15 Vuelta a España: 4th place overall classification 1990 Alqueirias Spanish National Road Race Championship Subida al Naranco Volta a Catalunya 1991 Vuelta a España: Winner stage 16 1992 Vuelta a España: Winner stage 8 6th place overall classification 1993 Vuelta a Burgos Vuelta a España: 3rd place overall classification 1994 Tour of Galicia Giro d'Italia: Winner stage 7 1995 Giro d'Italia: Winner stage 8 1996 Vuelta a Colombia: Winner stage 1 Cerdanyola Source: Grand Tour general classification results timeline References External links Official website 1963 births Living people People from Béjar Sportspeople from the Province of Salamanca Cyclists from Castile and León Spanish Giro d'Italia stage winners Spanish Tour de France stage winners Spanish Vuelta a España stage winners Vuelta a Colombia stage winners Spanish male cyclists
The 1986–87 Norwegian 1. Divisjon season was the 48th season of ice hockey in Norway. Ten teams participated in the league, and Valerenga Ishockey won the championship. Regular season Playoffs External links Norwegian Ice Hockey Federation Nor 1986-87 1986 in Norwegian sport 1987 in Norwegian sport
A credit default swap (CDS) is a financial swap agreement that the seller of the CDS will compensate the buyer in the event of a debt default (by the debtor) or other credit event. That is, the seller of the CDS insures the buyer against some reference asset defaulting. The buyer of the CDS makes a series of payments (the CDS "fee" or "spread") to the seller and, in exchange, may expect to receive a payoff if the asset defaults. In the event of default, the buyer of the credit default swap receives compensation (usually the face value of the loan), and the seller of the CDS takes possession of the defaulted loan or its market value in cash. However, anyone can purchase a CDS, even buyers who do not hold the loan instrument and who have no direct insurable interest in the loan (these are called "naked" CDSs). If there are more CDS contracts outstanding than bonds in existence, a protocol exists to hold a credit event auction. The payment received is often substantially less than the face value of the loan. Credit default swaps in their current form have existed since the early 1990s and increased in use in the early 2000s. By the end of 2007, the outstanding CDS amount was $62.2 trillion, falling to $26.3 trillion by mid-year 2010 and reportedly $25.5 trillion in early 2012. CDSs are not traded on an exchange and there is no required reporting of transactions to a government agency. During the 2007–2010 financial crisis the lack of transparency in this large market became a concern to regulators as it could pose a systemic risk. In March 2010, the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (see Sources of Market Data) announced it would give regulators greater access to its credit default swaps database. There is "$8 trillion notional value outstanding" as of June 2018. CDS data can be used by financial professionals, regulators, and the media to monitor how the market views credit risk of any entity on which a CDS is available, which can be compared to that provided by the Credit Rating Agencies. Most CDSs are documented using standard forms drafted by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA), although there are many variants. In addition to the basic, single-name swaps, there are basket default swaps (BDSs), index CDSs, funded CDSs (also called credit-linked notes), as well as loan-only credit default swaps (LCDS). In addition to corporations and governments, the reference entity can include a special purpose vehicle issuing asset-backed securities. Some claim that derivatives such as CDS are potentially dangerous in that they combine priority in bankruptcy with a lack of transparency. A CDS can be unsecured (without collateral) and be at higher risk for a default. Description A CDS is linked to a "reference entity" or "reference obligor", usually a corporation or government. The reference entity is not a party to the contract. The buyer makes regular premium payments to the seller, the premium amounts constituting the "spread" charged in basis points by the seller to insure against a credit event. If the reference entity defaults, the protection seller pays the buyer the par value of the bond in exchange for physical delivery of the bond, although settlement may also be by cash or auction. A default is often referred to as a "credit event" and includes such events as failure to pay, restructuring and bankruptcy, or even a drop in the borrower's credit rating. CDS contracts on sovereign obligations also usually include as credit events repudiation, moratorium, and acceleration. Most CDSs are in the $10–$20 million range with maturities between one and 10 years. Five years is the most typical maturity. An investor or speculator may "buy protection" to hedge the risk of default on a bond or other debt instrument, regardless of whether such investor or speculator holds an interest in or bears any risk of loss relating to such bond or debt instrument. In this way, a CDS is similar to credit insurance, although CDSs are not subject to regulations governing traditional insurance. Also, investors can buy and sell protection without owning debt of the reference entity. These "naked credit default swaps" allow traders to speculate on the creditworthiness of reference entities. CDSs can be used to create synthetic long and short positions in the reference entity. Naked CDS constitute most of the market in CDS. In addition, CDSs can also be used in capital structure arbitrage. A "credit default swap" (CDS) is a credit derivative contract between two counterparties. The buyer makes periodic payments to the seller, and in return receives a payoff if an underlying financial instrument defaults or experiences a similar credit event. The CDS may refer to a specified loan or bond obligation of a "reference entity", usually a corporation or government. As an example, imagine that an investor buys a CDS from AAA-Bank, where the reference entity is Risky Corp. The investor—the buyer of protection—will make regular payments to AAA-Bank—the seller of protection. If Risky Corp defaults on its debt, the investor receives a one-time payment from AAA-Bank, and the CDS contract is terminated. If the investor actually owns Risky Corp's debt (i.e., is owed money by Risky Corp), a CDS can act as a hedge. But investors can also buy CDS contracts referencing Risky Corp debt without actually owning any Risky Corp debt. This may be done for speculative purposes, to bet against the solvency of Risky Corp in a gamble to make money, or to hedge investments in other companies whose fortunes are expected to be similar to those of Risky Corp (see Uses). If the reference entity (i.e., Risky Corp) defaults, one of two kinds of settlement can occur: the investor delivers a defaulted asset to Bank for payment of the par value, which is known as physical settlement; AAA-Bank pays the investor the difference between the par value and the market price of a specified debt obligation (even if Risky Corp defaults there is usually some recovery, i.e., not all the investor's money is lost), which is known as cash settlement. The "spread" of a CDS is the annual amount the protection buyer must pay the protection seller over the length of the contract, expressed as a percentage of the notional amount. For example, if the CDS spread of Risky Corp is 50 basis points, or 0.5% (1 basis point = 0.01%), then an investor buying $10 million worth of protection from AAA-Bank must pay the bank $50,000. Payments are usually made on a quarterly basis, in arrears. These payments continue until either the CDS contract expires or Risky Corp defaults. All things being equal, at any given time, if the maturity of two credit default swaps is the same, then the CDS associated with a company with a higher CDS spread is considered more likely to default by the market, since a higher fee is being charged to protect against this happening. However, factors such as liquidity and estimated loss given default can affect the comparison. Credit spread rates and credit ratings of the underlying or reference obligations are considered among money managers to be the best indicators of the likelihood of sellers of CDSs having to perform under these contracts. Differences from insurance CDS contracts have obvious similarities with insurance contracts because the buyer pays a premium and, in return, receives a sum of money if an adverse event occurs. However, there are also many differences, the most important being that an insurance contract provides an indemnity against the losses actually suffered by the policy holder on an asset in which it holds an insurable interest. By contrast, a CDS provides an equal payout to all holders, calculated using an agreed, market-wide method. The holder does not need to own the underlying security and does not even have to suffer a loss from the default event. The CDS can therefore be used to speculate on debt objects. The other differences include: The seller might in principle not be a regulated entity (though in practice most are banks); The seller is not required to maintain reserves to cover the protection sold (this was a principal cause of AIG's financial distress in 2008; it had insufficient reserves to meet the "run" of expected payouts caused by the collapse of the housing bubble); Insurance requires the buyer to disclose all known risks, while CDSs do not (the CDS seller can in many cases still determine potential risk, as the debt instrument being "insured" is a market commodity available for inspection, but in the case of certain instruments like CDOs made up of "slices" of debt packages, it can be difficult to tell exactly what is being insured); Insurers manage risk primarily by setting loss reserves based on the Law of large numbers and actuarial analysis. Dealers in CDSs manage risk primarily by means of hedging with other CDS deals and in the underlying bond markets; CDS contracts are generally subject to mark-to-market accounting, introducing income statement and balance sheet volatility while insurance contracts are not; Hedge accounting may not be available under US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) unless the requirements of FAS 133 are met. In practice this rarely happens; To cancel the insurance contract, the buyer can typically stop paying premiums, while for CDS the contract needs to be unwound. Risk When entering into a CDS, both the buyer and seller of credit protection take on counterparty risk: The buyer takes the risk that the seller may default. If AAA-Bank and Risky Corp. default simultaneously ("double default"), the buyer loses its protection against default by the reference entity. If AAA-Bank defaults but Risky Corp. does not, the buyer might need to replace the defaulted CDS at a higher cost. The seller takes the risk that the buyer may default on the contract, depriving the seller of the expected revenue stream. More importantly, a seller normally limits its risk by buying offsetting protection from another party — that is, it hedges its exposure. If the original buyer drops out, the seller squares its position by either unwinding the hedge transaction or by selling a new CDS to a third party. Depending on market conditions, that may be at a lower price than the original CDS and may therefore involve a loss to the seller. In the future, in the event that regulatory reforms require that CDS be traded and settled via a central exchange/clearing house, such as ICE TCC, there will no longer be "counterparty risk", as the risk of the counterparty will be held with the central exchange/clearing house. As is true with other forms of over-the-counter derivatives, CDS might involve liquidity risk. If one or both parties to a CDS contract must post collateral (which is common), there can be margin calls requiring the posting of additional collateral. The required collateral is agreed on by the parties when the CDS is first issued. This margin amount may vary over the life of the CDS contract, if the market price of the CDS contract changes, or the credit rating of one of the parties changes. Many CDS contracts even require payment of an upfront fee (composed of "reset to par" and an "initial coupon."). Another kind of risk for the seller of credit default swaps is jump risk or jump-to-default risk. A seller of a CDS could be collecting monthly premiums with little expectation that the reference entity may default. A default creates a sudden obligation on the protection sellers to pay millions, if not billions, of dollars to protection buyers. This risk is not present in other over-the-counter derivatives. Sources of market data Data about the credit default swaps market is available from three main sources. Data on an annual and semiannual basis is available from the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) since 2001 and from the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) since 2004. The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC), through its global repository Trade Information Warehouse (TIW), provides weekly data but publicly available information goes back only one year. The numbers provided by each source do not always match because each provider uses different sampling methods. Daily, intraday and real time data is available from S&P Capital IQ through their acquisition of Credit Market Analysis in 2012. According to DTCC, the Trade Information Warehouse maintains the only "global electronic database for virtually all CDS contracts outstanding in the marketplace." The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency publishes quarterly credit derivative data about insured U.S commercial banks and trust companies. Uses Credit default swaps can be used by investors for speculation, hedging and arbitrage. Speculation Credit default swaps allow investors to speculate on changes in CDS spreads of single names or of market indices such as the North American CDX index or the European iTraxx index. An investor might believe that an entity's CDS spreads are too high or too low, relative to the entity's bond yields, and attempt to profit from that view by entering into a trade, known as a basis trade, that combines a CDS with a cash bond and an interest rate swap. Finally, an investor might speculate on an entity's credit quality, since generally CDS spreads increase as credit-worthiness declines, and decline as credit-worthiness increases. The investor might therefore buy CDS protection on a company to speculate that it is about to default. Alternatively, the investor might sell protection if it thinks that the company's creditworthiness might improve. The investor selling the CDS is viewed as being "long" on the CDS and the credit, as if the investor owned the bond. In contrast, the investor who bought protection is "short" on the CDS and the underlying credit. Credit default swaps opened up important new avenues to speculators. Investors could go long on a bond without any upfront cost of buying a bond; all the investor need do was promise to pay in the event of default. Shorting a bond faced difficult practical problems, such that shorting was often not feasible; CDS made shorting credit possible and popular. Because the speculator in either case does not own the bond, its position is said to be a synthetic long or short position. For example, a hedge fund believes that Risky Corp will soon default on its debt. Therefore, it buys $10 million worth of CDS protection for two years from AAA-Bank, with Risky Corp as the reference entity, at a spread of 500 basis points (=5%) per annum. If Risky Corp does indeed default after, say, one year, then the hedge fund will have paid $500,000 to AAA-Bank, but then receives $10 million (assuming zero recovery rate, and that AAA-Bank has the liquidity to cover the loss), thereby making a profit. AAA-Bank, and its investors, will incur a $9.5 million loss minus recovery unless the bank has somehow offset the position before the default. However, if Risky Corp does not default, then the CDS contract runs for two years, and the hedge fund ends up paying $1 million, without any return, thereby making a loss. AAA-Bank, by selling protection, has made $1 million without any upfront investment. Note that there is a third possibility in the above scenario; the hedge fund could decide to liquidate its position after a certain period of time in an attempt to realise its gains or losses. For example: After 1 year, the market now considers Risky Corp more likely to default, so its CDS spread has widened from 500 to 1500 basis points. The hedge fund may choose to sell $10 million worth of protection for 1 year to AAA-Bank at this higher rate. Therefore, over the two years the hedge fund pays the bank 2 * 5% * $10 million = $1 million, but receives 1 * 15% * $10 million = $1.5 million, giving a total profit of $500,000. In another scenario, after one year the market now considers Risky much less likely to default, so its CDS spread has tightened from 500 to 250 basis points. Again, the hedge fund may choose to sell $10 million worth of protection for 1 year to AAA-Bank at this lower spread. Therefore, over the two years the hedge fund pays the bank 2 * 5% * $10 million = $1 million, but receives 1 * 2.5% * $10 million = $250,000, giving a total loss of $750,000. This loss is smaller than the $1 million loss that would have occurred if the second transaction had not been entered into. Transactions such as these do not even have to be entered into over the long-term. If Risky Corp's CDS spread had widened by just a couple of basis points over the course of one day, the hedge fund could have entered into an offsetting contract immediately and made a small profit over the life of the two CDS contracts. Credit default swaps are also used to structure synthetic collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). Instead of owning bonds or loans, a synthetic CDO gets credit exposure to a portfolio of fixed income assets without owning those assets through the use of CDS. CDOs are viewed as complex and opaque financial instruments. An example of a synthetic CDO is Abacus 2007-AC1, which is the subject of the civil suit for fraud brought by the SEC against Goldman Sachs in April 2010. Abacus is a synthetic CDO consisting of credit default swaps referencing a variety of mortgage-backed securities. Naked credit default swaps In the examples above, the hedge fund did not own any debt of Risky Corp. A CDS in which the buyer does not own the underlying debt is referred to as a naked credit default swap, estimated to be up to 80% of the credit default swap market. There is currently a debate in the United States and Europe about whether speculative uses of credit default swaps should be banned. Legislation is under consideration by Congress as part of financial reform. Critics assert that naked CDSs should be banned, comparing them to buying fire insurance on your neighbor's house, which creates a huge incentive for arson. Analogizing to the concept of insurable interest, critics say you should not be able to buy a CDS—insurance against default—when you do not own the bond. Short selling is also viewed as gambling and the CDS market as a casino. Another concern is the size of the CDS market. Because naked credit default swaps are synthetic, there is no limit to how many can be sold. The gross amount of CDSs far exceeds all "real" corporate bonds and loans outstanding. As a result, the risk of default is magnified leading to concerns about systemic risk. Financier George Soros called for an outright ban on naked credit default swaps, viewing them as "toxic" and allowing speculators to bet against and "bear raid" companies or countries. His concerns were echoed by several European politicians who, during the Greek Financial Crisis, accused naked CDS buyers of making the crisis worse. Despite these concerns, former United States Secretary of the Treasury Geithner and Commodity Futures Trading Commission Chairman Gensler are not in favor of an outright ban on naked credit default swaps. They prefer greater transparency and better capitalization requirements. These officials think that naked CDSs have a place in the market. Proponents of naked credit default swaps say that short selling in various forms, whether credit default swaps, options or futures, has the beneficial effect of increasing liquidity in the marketplace. That benefits hedging activities. Without speculators buying and selling naked CDSs, banks wanting to hedge might not find a ready seller of protection. Speculators also create a more competitive marketplace, keeping prices down for hedgers. A robust market in credit default swaps can also serve as a barometer to regulators and investors about the credit health of a company or country. Germany's market regulator BaFin found that naked CDS did not worsen the Greek credit crisis. Some suggest that without credit default swaps, Greece's borrowing costs would be higher. As of November 2011, the Greek bonds have a bond yield of 28%. A bill in the U.S. Congress proposed giving a public authority the power to limit the use of CDSs other than for hedging purposes, but the bill did not become law. Hedging Credit default swaps are often used to manage the risk of default that arises from holding debt. A bank, for example, may hedge its risk that a borrower may default on a loan by entering into a CDS contract as the buyer of protection. If the loan goes into default, the proceeds from the CDS contract cancel out the losses on the underlying debt. There are other ways to eliminate or reduce the risk of default. The bank could sell (that is, assign) the loan outright or bring in other banks as participants. However, these options may not meet the bank's needs. Consent of the corporate borrower is often required. The bank may not want to incur the time and cost to find loan participants. If both the borrower and lender are well-known and the market (or even worse, the news media) learns that the bank is selling the loan, then the sale may be viewed as signaling a lack of trust in the borrower, which could severely damage the banker-client relationship. In addition, the bank simply may not want to sell or share the potential profits from the loan. By buying a credit default swap, the bank can lay off default risk while still keeping the loan in its portfolio. The downside to this hedge is that without default risk, a bank may have no motivation to actively monitor the loan and the counterparty has no relationship to the borrower. Another kind of hedge is against concentration risk. A bank's risk management team may advise that the bank is overly concentrated with a particular borrower or industry. The bank can lay off some of this risk by buying a CDS. Because the borrower—the reference entity—is not a party to a credit default swap, entering into a CDS allows the bank to achieve its diversity objectives without impacting its loan portfolio or customer relations. Similarly, a bank selling a CDS can diversify its portfolio by gaining exposure to an industry in which the selling bank has no customer base. A bank buying protection can also use a CDS to free regulatory capital. By offloading a particular credit risk, a bank is not required to hold as much capital in reserve against the risk of default (traditionally 8% of the total loan under Basel I). This frees resources the bank can use to make other loans to the same key customer or to other borrowers. Hedging risk is not limited to banks as lenders. Holders of corporate bonds, such as banks, pension funds or insurance companies, may buy a CDS as a hedge for similar reasons. Pension fund example: A pension fund owns five-year bonds issued by Risky Corp with par value of $10 million. To manage the risk of losing money if Risky Corp defaults on its debt, the pension fund buys a CDS from Derivative Bank in a notional amount of $10 million. The CDS trades at 200 basis points (200 basis points = 2.00 percent). In return for this credit protection, the pension fund pays 2% of $10 million ($200,000) per annum in quarterly installments of $50,000 to Derivative Bank. If Risky Corporation does not default on its bond payments, the pension fund makes quarterly payments to Derivative Bank for 5 years and receives its $10 million back after five years from Risky Corp. Though the protection payments totaling $1 million reduce investment returns for the pension fund, its risk of loss due to Risky Corp defaulting on the bond is eliminated. If Risky Corporation defaults on its debt three years into the CDS contract, the pension fund would stop paying the quarterly premium, and Derivative Bank would ensure that the pension fund is refunded for its loss of $10 million minus recovery (either by physical or cash settlement — see Settlement below). The pension fund still loses the $600,000 it has paid over three years, but without the CDS contract it would have lost the entire $10 million minus recovery. In addition to financial institutions, large suppliers can use a credit default swap on a public bond issue or a basket of similar risks as a proxy for its own credit risk exposure on receivables. Although credit default swaps have been highly criticized for their role in the recent financial crisis, most observers conclude that using credit default swaps as a hedging device has a useful purpose. Arbitrage Capital Structure Arbitrage is an example of an arbitrage strategy that uses CDS transactions. This technique relies on the fact that a company's stock price and its CDS spread should exhibit negative correlation; i.e., if the outlook for a company improves then its share price should go up and its CDS spread should tighten, since it is less likely to default on its debt. However, if its outlook worsens then its CDS spread should widen and its stock price should fall. Techniques reliant on this are known as capital structure arbitrage because they exploit market inefficiencies between different parts of the same company's capital structure; i.e., mis-pricings between a company's debt and equity. An arbitrageur attempts to exploit the spread between a company's CDS and its equity in certain situations. For example, if a company has announced some bad news and its share price has dropped by 25%, but its CDS spread has remained unchanged, then an investor might expect the CDS spread to increase relative to the share price. Therefore, a basic strategy would be to go long on the CDS spread (by buying CDS protection) while simultaneously hedging oneself by buying the underlying stock. This technique would benefit in the event of the CDS spread widening relative to the equity price, but would lose money if the company's CDS spread tightened relative to its equity. An interesting situation in which the inverse correlation between a company's stock price and CDS spread breaks down is during a Leveraged buyout (LBO). Frequently this leads to the company's CDS spread widening due to the extra debt that will soon be put on the company's books, but also an increase in its share price, since buyers of a company usually end up paying a premium. Another common arbitrage strategy aims to exploit the fact that the swap-adjusted spread of a CDS should trade closely with that of the underlying cash bond issued by the reference entity. Misalignment in spreads may occur due to technical reasons such as: Specific settlement differences Shortages in a particular underlying instrument The cost of funding a position Existence of buyers constrained from buying exotic derivatives. The difference between CDS spreads and asset swap spreads is called the basis and should theoretically be close to zero. Basis trades attempt to exploit this difference to make a profit, however hedging a bond with a CDS does have irreducible risks which should be considered when making basis trades. History Conception Forms of credit default swaps had been in existence from at least the early 1990s, with early trades carried out by Bankers Trust in 1991. J.P. Morgan & Co. and economist Blythe Masters are widely credited with creating the modern credit default swap in 1994. In that instance, J.P. Morgan had extended a $4.8 billion credit line to Exxon, which faced the threat of $5 billion in punitive damages for the Exxon Valdez oil spill. A team of J.P. Morgan bankers led by Masters then sold the credit risk from the credit line to the European Bank of Reconstruction and Development in order to cut the reserves that J.P. Morgan was required to hold against Exxon's default, thus improving its own balance sheet. Despite early successes, credit default swaps could not be profitable until an industrialized and streamlined process was created to issue them. This changed when CDS's began to be traded as securities from JPMorgan, an effort led by Bill Demchak where he and his team created bundles of swaps and sold them to investors. The investors would get the streams of revenue, according to the risk-and-reward level they chose; the bank would get insurance against its loans, and fees for setting up the deal. In 1997, JPMorgan developed a proprietary product called BISTRO (Broad Index Securitized Trust Offering) that used CDS to clean up a bank's balance sheet. The advantage of BISTRO was that it used securitization to split up the credit risk into little pieces that smaller investors found more digestible, since most investors lacked EBRD's capability to accept $4.8 billion in credit risk all at once. BISTRO was the first example of what later became known as synthetic collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). There were two Bistros in 1997 for approximately $10 billion (~$ in ) each. Mindful of the concentration of default risk as one of the causes of the S&L crisis, regulators initially found CDS's ability to disperse default risk attractive. In 2000, credit default swaps became largely exempt from regulation by both the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, which was also responsible for the Enron loophole, specifically stated that CDSs are neither futures nor securities and so are outside the remit of the SEC and CFTC. Market growth At first, banks were the dominant players in the market, as CDS were primarily used to hedge risk in connection with their lending activities. Banks also saw an opportunity to free up regulatory capital. By March 1998, the global market for CDS was estimated at $300 billion, with JP Morgan alone accounting for about $50 billion of this. The high market share enjoyed by the banks was soon eroded as more and more asset managers and hedge funds saw trading opportunities in credit default swaps. By 2002, investors as speculators, rather than banks as hedgers, dominated the market. National banks in the USA used credit default swaps as early as 1996. In that year, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency measured the size of the market as tens of billions of dollars. Six years later, by year-end 2002, the outstanding amount was over $2 trillion (~$ in ). Although speculators fueled the exponential growth, other factors also played a part. An extended market could not emerge until 1999, when ISDA standardized the documentation for credit default swaps. Also, the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis spurred a market for CDS in emerging market sovereign debt. In addition, in 2004, index trading began on a large scale and grew rapidly. The market size for Credit Default Swaps more than doubled in size each year from $3.7 trillion in 2003. By the end of 2007, the CDS market had a notional value of $62.2 trillion. But notional amount fell during 2008 as a result of dealer "portfolio compression" efforts (replacing offsetting redundant contracts), and by the end of 2008 notional amount outstanding had fallen 38 percent to $38.6 trillion. Explosive growth was not without operational headaches. On September 15, 2005, the New York Fed summoned 14 banks to its offices. Billions of dollars of CDS were traded daily but the record keeping was more than two weeks behind. This created severe risk management issues, as counterparties were in legal and financial limbo. U.K. authorities expressed the same concerns. Market as of 2008 Since default is a relatively rare occurrence (historically around 0.2% of investment grade companies default in any one year), in most CDS contracts the only payments are the premium payments from buyer to seller. Thus, although the above figures for outstanding notionals are very large, in the absence of default the net cash flows are only a small fraction of this total: for a 100 bp = 1% spread, the annual cash flows are only 1% of the notional amount. Regulatory concerns over CDS The market for Credit Default Swaps attracted considerable concern from regulators after a number of large scale incidents in 2008, starting with the collapse of Bear Stearns. In the days and weeks leading up to Bear's collapse, the bank's CDS spread widened dramatically, indicating a surge of buyers taking out protection on the bank. It has been suggested that this widening was responsible for the perception that Bear Stearns was vulnerable, and therefore restricted its access to wholesale capital, which eventually led to its forced sale to JP Morgan in March. An alternative view is that this surge in CDS protection buyers was a symptom rather than a cause of Bear's collapse; i.e., investors saw that Bear was in trouble, and sought to hedge any naked exposure to the bank, or speculate on its collapse. In September, the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers caused a total close to $400 billion to become payable to the buyers of CDS protection referenced against the insolvent bank. However the net amount that changed hands was around $7.2 billion. This difference is due to the process of 'netting'. Market participants co-operated so that CDS sellers were allowed to deduct from their payouts the inbound funds due to them from their hedging positions. Dealers generally attempt to remain risk-neutral, so that their losses and gains after big events offset each other. Also in September American International Group (AIG) required an $85 billion federal loan because it had been excessively selling CDS protection without hedging against the possibility that the reference entities might decline in value, which exposed the insurance giant to potential losses over $100 billion. The CDS on Lehman were settled smoothly, as was largely the case for the other 11 credit events occurring in 2008 that triggered payouts. And while it is arguable that other incidents would have been as bad or worse if less efficient instruments than CDS had been used for speculation and insurance purposes, the closing months of 2008 saw regulators working hard to reduce the risk involved in CDS transactions. In 2008 there was no centralized exchange or clearing house for CDS transactions; they were all done over the counter (OTC). This led to recent calls for the market to open up in terms of transparency and regulation. In November 2008 the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC), which runs a warehouse for CDS trade confirmations accounting for around 90% of the total market, announced that it will release market data on the outstanding notional of CDS trades on a weekly basis. The data can be accessed on the DTCC's website here: By 2010, Intercontinental Exchange, through its subsidiaries, ICE Trust in New York, launched in 2008, and ICE Clear Europe Limited in London, UK, launched in July 2009, clearing entities for credit default swaps (CDS) had cleared more than $10 trillion in credit default swaps (CDS) (Terhune Bloomberg Business Week 2010-07-29). Bloomberg's Terhune (2010) explained how investors seeking high-margin returns use Credit Default Swaps (CDS) to bet against financial instruments owned by other companies and countries. Intercontinental's clearing houses guarantee every transaction between buyer and seller providing a much-needed safety net reducing the impact of a default by spreading the risk. ICE collects on every trade.(Terhune Bloomberg Business Week 2010-07-29). Brookings senior research fellow, Robert E. Litan, cautioned however, "valuable pricing data will not be fully reported, leaving ICE's institutional partners with a huge informational advantage over other traders. He calls ICE Trust "a derivatives dealers' club" in which members make money at the expense of nonmembers (Terhune citing Litan in Bloomberg Business Week 2010-07-29). (Litan Derivatives Dealers’ Club 2010)." Actually, Litan conceded that "some limited progress toward central clearing of CDS has been made in recent months, with CDS contracts between dealers now being cleared centrally primarily through one clearinghouse (ICE Trust) in which the dealers have a significant financial interest (Litan 2010:6)." However, "as long as ICE Trust has a monopoly in clearing, watch for the dealers to limit the expansion of the products that are centrally cleared, and to create barriers to electronic trading and smaller dealers making competitive markets in cleared products (Litan 2010:8)." In 2009 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission granted an exemption for Intercontinental Exchange to begin guaranteeing credit-default swaps. The SEC exemption represented the last regulatory approval needed by Atlanta-based Intercontinental. A derivatives analyst at Morgan Stanley, one of the backers for IntercontinentalExchange's subsidiary, ICE Trust in New York, launched in 2008, claimed that the "clearinghouse, and changes to the contracts to standardize them, will probably boost activity". IntercontinentalExchange's subsidiary, ICE Trust's larger competitor, CME Group Inc., hasn't received an SEC exemption, and agency spokesman John Nester said he didn't know when a decision would be made. Market as of 2009 The early months of 2009 saw several fundamental changes to the way CDSs operate, resulting from concerns over the instruments' safety after the events of the previous year. According to Deutsche Bank managing director Athanassios Diplas "the industry pushed through 10 years worth of changes in just a few months". By late 2008 processes had been introduced allowing CDSs that offset each other to be cancelled. Along with termination of contracts that have recently paid out such as those based on Lehmans, this had by March reduced the face value of the market down to an estimated $30 trillion. The Bank for International Settlements estimates that outstanding derivatives total $708 trillion. U.S. and European regulators are developing separate plans to stabilize the derivatives market. Additionally there are some globally agreed standards falling into place in March 2009, administered by International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA). Two of the key changes are: 1. The introduction of central clearing houses, one for the US and one for Europe. A clearing house acts as the central counterparty to both sides of a CDS transaction, thereby reducing the counterparty risk that both buyer and seller face. 2. The international standardization of CDS contracts, to prevent legal disputes in ambiguous cases where what the payout should be is unclear. Speaking before the changes went live, Sivan Mahadevan, a derivatives analyst at Morgan Stanley, one of the backers for IntercontinentalExchange's subsidiary, ICE Trust in New York, launched in 2008, claimed that In the U.S., central clearing operations began in March 2009, operated by InterContinental Exchange (ICE). A key competitor also interested in entering the CDS clearing sector is CME Group. In Europe, CDS Index clearing was launched by IntercontinentalExchange's European subsidiary ICE Clear Europe on July 31, 2009. It launched Single Name clearing in Dec 2009. By the end of 2009, it had cleared CDS contracts worth EUR 885 billion reducing the open interest down to EUR 75 billion By the end of 2009, banks had reclaimed much of their market share; hedge funds had largely retreated from the market after the crises. According to an estimate by the Banque de France, by late 2009 the bank JP Morgan alone now had about 30% of the global CDS market. Government approvals relating to ICE and its competitor CME The SEC's approval for ICE Futures' request to be exempted from rules that would prevent it clearing CDSs was the third government action granted to Intercontinental in one week. On March 3, its proposed acquisition of Clearing Corp., a Chicago clearinghouse owned by eight of the largest dealers in the credit-default swap market, was approved by the Federal Trade Commission and the Justice Department. On March 5, 2009, the Federal Reserve Board, which oversees the clearinghouse, granted a request for ICE to begin clearing. Clearing Corp. shareholders including JPMorgan Chase & Co., Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and UBS AG, received $39 million in cash from Intercontinental in the acquisition, as well as the Clearing Corp.’s cash on hand and a 50–50 profit-sharing agreement with Intercontinental on the revenue generated from processing the swaps. SEC spokesperson John Nestor stated Other proposals to clear credit-default swaps have been made by NYSE Euronext, Eurex AG and LCH.Clearnet Ltd. Only the NYSE effort is available now for clearing after starting on Dec. 22. As of Jan. 30, no swaps had been cleared by the NYSE’s London- based derivatives exchange, according to NYSE Chief Executive Officer Duncan Niederauer. Clearing house member requirements Members of the Intercontinental clearinghouse ICE Trust (now ICE Clear Credit) in March 2009 would have to have a net worth of at least $5 billion (~$ in ) and a credit rating of A or better to clear their credit-default swap trades. Intercontinental said in the statement today that all market participants such as hedge funds, banks or other institutions are open to become members of the clearinghouse as long as they meet these requirements. A clearinghouse acts as the buyer to every seller and seller to every buyer, reducing the risk of counterparty defaulting on a transaction. In the over-the-counter market, where credit- default swaps are currently traded, participants are exposed to each other in case of a default. A clearinghouse also provides one location for regulators to view traders’ positions and prices. J.P. Morgan losses In April 2012, hedge fund insiders became aware that the market in credit default swaps was possibly being affected by the activities of Bruno Iksil, a trader at J.P. Morgan Chief Investment Office (CIO), referred to as "the London whale" in reference to the huge positions he was taking. Heavy opposing bets to his positions are known to have been made by traders, including another branch of J.P. Morgan, who purchased the derivatives offered by J.P. Morgan in such high volume. Major losses, $2 billion (~$ in ), were reported by the firm in May 2012 in relationship to these trades. The disclosure, which resulted in headlines in the media, did not disclose the exact nature of the trading involved, which remains in progress. The item traded, possibly related to CDX IG 9, an index based on the default risk of major U.S. corporations, has been described as a "derivative of a derivative". Terms of a typical CDS contract A CDS contract is typically documented under a confirmation referencing the credit derivatives definitions as published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association. The confirmation typically specifies a reference entity, a corporation or sovereign that generally, although not always, has debt outstanding, and a reference obligation, usually an unsubordinated corporate bond or government bond. The period over which default protection extends is defined by the contract effective date and scheduled termination date. The confirmation also specifies a calculation agent who is responsible for making determinations as to successors and substitute reference obligations (for example necessary if the original reference obligation was a loan that is repaid before the expiry of the contract), and for performing various calculation and administrative functions in connection with the transaction. By market convention, in contracts between CDS dealers and end-users, the dealer is generally the calculation agent, and in contracts between CDS dealers, the protection seller is generally the calculation agent. It is not the responsibility of the calculation agent to determine whether or not a credit event has occurred but rather a matter of fact that, pursuant to the terms of typical contracts, must be supported by publicly available information delivered along with a credit event notice. Typical CDS contracts do not provide an internal mechanism for challenging the occurrence or non-occurrence of a credit event and rather leave the matter to the courts if necessary, though actual instances of specific events being disputed are relatively rare. CDS confirmations also specify the credit events that will give rise to payment obligations by the protection seller and delivery obligations by the protection buyer. Typical credit events include bankruptcy with respect to the reference entity and failure to pay with respect to its direct or guaranteed bond or loan debt. CDS written on North American investment grade corporate reference entities, European corporate reference entities and sovereigns generally also include restructuring as a credit event, whereas trades referencing North American high-yield corporate reference entities typically do not. Finally, standard CDS contracts specify deliverable obligation characteristics that limit the range of obligations that a protection buyer may deliver upon a credit event. Trading conventions for deliverable obligation characteristics vary for different markets and CDS contract types. Typical limitations include that deliverable debt be a bond or loan, that it have a maximum maturity of 30 years, that it not be subordinated, that it not be subject to transfer restrictions (other than Rule 144A), that it be of a standard currency and that it not be subject to some contingency before becoming due. The premium payments are generally quarterly, with maturity dates (and likewise premium payment dates) falling on March 20, June 20, September 20, and December 20. Due to the proximity to the IMM dates, which fall on the third Wednesday of these months, these CDS maturity dates are also referred to as "IMM dates". Credit default swap and sovereign debt crisis The European sovereign debt crisis resulted from a combination of complex factors, including the globalisation of finance; easy credit conditions during the 2002–2008 period that encouraged high-risk lending and borrowing practices; the 2007–2012 global financial crisis; international trade imbalances; real-estate bubbles that have since burst; the 2008–2012 global recession; fiscal policy choices related to government revenues and expenses; and approaches used by nations to bail out troubled banking industries and private bondholders, assuming private debt burdens or socialising losses. The Credit default swap market also reveals the beginning of the sovereign crisis. Since December 1, 2011 the European Parliament has banned naked Credit default swap (CDS) on the debt for sovereign nations. The definition of restructuring is quite technical but is essentially intended to respond to circumstances where a reference entity, as a result of the deterioration of its credit, negotiates changes in the terms in its debt with its creditors as an alternative to formal insolvency proceedings (i.e. the debt is restructured). During the 2012 Greek government-debt crisis, one important issue was whether the restructuring would trigger Credit default swap (CDS) payments. European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund negotiators avoided these triggers as they could have jeopardized the stability of major European banks who had been protection writers. An alternative could have been to create new CDS which clearly would pay in the event of debt restructuring. The market would have paid the spread between these and old (potentially more ambiguous) CDS. This practice is far more typical in jurisdictions that do not provide protective status to insolvent debtors similar to that provided by Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. In particular, concerns arising out of Conseco's restructuring in 2000 led to the credit event's removal from North American high yield trades. Settlement Physical or cash As described in an earlier section, if a credit event occurs then CDS contracts can either be physically settled or cash settled. Physical settlement: The protection seller pays the buyer par value, and in return takes delivery of a debt obligation of the reference entity. For example, a hedge fund has bought $5 million worth of protection from a bank on the senior debt of a company. In the event of a default, the bank pays the hedge fund $5 million cash, and the hedge fund must deliver $5 million face value of senior debt of the company (typically bonds or loans, which are typically worth very little given that the company is in default). Cash settlement: The protection seller pays the buyer the difference between par value and the market price of a debt obligation of the reference entity. For example, a hedge fund has bought $5 million worth of protection from a bank on the senior debt of a company. This company has now defaulted, and its senior bonds are now trading at 25 (i.e., 25 cents on the dollar) since the market believes that senior bondholders will receive 25% of the money they are owed once the company is wound up (all the defaulting company's liquidable assets are sold off). Therefore, the bank must pay the hedge fund $5 million × (100% − 25%) = $3.75 million. The development and growth of the CDS market has meant that on many companies there is now a much larger outstanding notional of CDS contracts than the outstanding notional value of its debt obligations. (This is because many parties made CDS contracts for speculative purposes, without actually owning any debt that they wanted to insure against default. See "naked" CDS) For example, at the time it filed for bankruptcy on September 14, 2008, Lehman Brothers had approximately $155 billion of outstanding debt but around $400 billion notional value of CDS contracts had been written that referenced this debt. Clearly not all of these contracts could be physically settled, since there was not enough outstanding Lehman Brothers debt to fulfill all of the contracts, demonstrating the necessity for cash settled CDS trades. The trade confirmation produced when a CDS is traded states whether the contract is to be physically or cash settled. Auctions When a credit event occurs on a major company on which a lot of CDS contracts are written, an auction (also known as a credit-fixing event) may be held to facilitate settlement of a large number of contracts at once, at a fixed cash settlement price. During the auction process participating dealers (e.g., the big investment banks) submit prices at which they would buy and sell the reference entity's debt obligations, as well as net requests for physical settlement against par. A second stage Dutch auction is held following the publication of the initial midpoint of the dealer markets and what is the net open interest to deliver or be delivered actual bonds or loans. The final clearing point of this auction sets the final price for cash settlement of all CDS contracts and all physical settlement requests as well as matched limit offers resulting from the auction are actually settled. According to the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA), who organised them, auctions have recently proved an effective way of settling the very large volume of outstanding CDS contracts written on companies such as Lehman Brothers and Washington Mutual. Commentator Felix Salmon, however, has questioned in advance ISDA's ability to structure an auction, as defined to date, to set compensation associated with a 2012 bond swap in Greek government debt. For its part, ISDA in the leadup to a 50% or greater "haircut" for Greek bondholders, issued an opinion that the bond swap would not constitute a default event. Below is a list of the auctions that have been held since 2005. Pricing and valuation There are two competing theories usually advanced for the pricing of credit default swaps. The first, referred to herein as the 'probability model', takes the present value of a series of cashflows weighted by their probability of non-default. This method suggests that credit default swaps should trade at a considerably lower spread than corporate bonds. The second model, proposed by Darrell Duffie, but also by John Hull and Alan White, uses a no-arbitrage approach. Probability model Under the probability model, a credit default swap is priced using a model that takes four inputs; this is similar to the rNPV (risk-adjusted NPV) model used in drug development: the "issue premium", the recovery rate (percentage of notional repaid in event of default), the "credit curve" for the reference entity and the "LIBOR curve". If default events never occurred the price of a CDS would simply be the sum of the discounted premium payments. So CDS pricing models have to take into account the possibility of a default occurring some time between the effective date and maturity date of the CDS contract. For the purpose of explanation we can imagine the case of a one-year CDS with effective date with four quarterly premium payments occurring at times , , , and . If the nominal for the CDS is and the issue premium is then the size of the quarterly premium payments is . If we assume for simplicity that defaults can only occur on one of the payment dates then there are five ways the contract could end: either it does not have any default at all, so the four premium payments are made and the contract survives until the maturity date, or a default occurs on the first, second, third or fourth payment date. To price the CDS we now need to assign probabilities to the five possible outcomes, then calculate the present value of the payoff for each outcome. The present value of the CDS is then simply the present value of the five payoffs multiplied by their probability of occurring. This is illustrated in the following tree diagram where at each payment date either the contract has a default event, in which case it ends with a payment of shown in red, where is the recovery rate, or it survives without a default being triggered, in which case a premium payment of is made, shown in blue. At either side of the diagram are the cashflows up to that point in time with premium payments in blue and default payments in red. If the contract is terminated the square is shown with solid shading. The probability of surviving over the interval to without a default payment is and the probability of a default being triggered is . The calculation of present value, given discount factor of to is then The probabilities , , , can be calculated using the credit spread curve. The probability of no default occurring over a time period from to decays exponentially with a time-constant determined by the credit spread, or mathematically where is the credit spread zero curve at time . The riskier the reference entity the greater the spread and the more rapidly the survival probability decays with time. To get the total present value of the credit default swap we multiply the probability of each outcome by its present value to give Grouped by cash flow direction (receiving protection and paying premium): No-arbitrage model In the "no-arbitrage" model proposed by both Duffie, and Hull-White, it is assumed that there is no risk free arbitrage. Duffie uses the LIBOR as the risk free rate, whereas Hull and White use US Treasuries as the risk free rate. Both analyses make simplifying assumptions (such as the assumption that there is zero cost of unwinding the fixed leg of the swap on default), which may invalidate the no-arbitrage assumption. However the Duffie approach is frequently used by the market to determine theoretical prices. Criticisms Critics of the huge credit default swap market have claimed that it has been allowed to become too large without proper regulation and that, because all contracts are privately negotiated, the market has no transparency. Furthermore, there have been claims that CDSs exacerbated the 2008 global financial crisis by hastening the demise of companies such as Lehman Brothers and AIG. In the case of Lehman Brothers, it is claimed that the widening of the bank's CDS spread reduced confidence in the bank and ultimately gave it further problems that it was not able to overcome. However, proponents of the CDS market argue that this confuses cause and effect; CDS spreads simply reflected the reality that the company was in serious trouble. Furthermore, they claim that the CDS market allowed investors who had counterparty risk with Lehman Brothers to reduce their exposure in the case of their default. Credit default swaps have also faced criticism that they contributed to a breakdown in negotiations during the 2009 General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization, because certain bondholders might benefit from the credit event of a GM bankruptcy due to their holding of CDSs. Critics speculate that these creditors had an incentive to push for the company to enter bankruptcy protection. Due to a lack of transparency, there was no way to identify the protection buyers and protection writers. It was also feared at the time of Lehman's bankruptcy that the $400 billion notional of CDS protection which had been written on the bank could lead to a net payout of $366 billion from protection sellers to buyers (given the cash-settlement auction settled at a final price of 8.625%) and that these large payouts could lead to further bankruptcies of firms without enough cash to settle their contracts. However, industry estimates after the auction suggest that net cashflows were only in the region of $7 billion. because many parties held offsetting positions. Furthermore, CDS deals are marked-to-market frequently. This would have led to margin calls from buyers to sellers as Lehman's CDS spread widened, reducing the net cashflows on the days after the auction. Senior bankers have argued that not only has the CDS market functioned remarkably well during the financial crisis; that CDS contracts have been acting to distribute risk just as was intended; and that it is not CDSs themselves that need further regulation but the parties who trade them. Some general criticism of financial derivatives is also relevant to credit derivatives. Warren Buffett famously described derivatives bought speculatively as "financial weapons of mass destruction." In Berkshire Hathaway's annual report to shareholders in 2002, he said, "Unless derivatives contracts are collateralized or guaranteed, their ultimate value also depends on the creditworthiness of the counterparties to them. In the meantime, though, before a contract is settled, the counterparties record profits and losses—often huge in amount—in their current earnings statements without so much as a penny changing hands. The range of derivatives contracts is limited only by the imagination of man (or sometimes, so it seems, madmen)." To hedge the counterparty risk of entering a CDS transaction, one practice is to buy CDS protection on one's counterparty. The positions are marked-to-market daily and collateral pass from buyer to seller or vice versa to protect both parties against counterparty default, but money does not always change hands due to the offset of gains and losses by those who had both bought and sold protection. Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation, the clearinghouse for the majority of trades in the US over-the-counter market, stated in October 2008 that once offsetting trades were considered, only an estimated $6 billion would change hands on October 21, during the settlement of the CDS contracts issued on Lehman Brothers' debt, which amounted to somewhere between $150 and $360 billion. Despite Buffett's criticism on derivatives, in October 2008 Berkshire Hathaway revealed to regulators that it has entered into at least $4.85 billion in derivative transactions. Buffett stated in his 2008 letter to shareholders that Berkshire Hathaway has no counterparty risk in its derivative dealings because Berkshire require counterparties to make payments when contracts are initiated, so that Berkshire always holds the money. Berkshire Hathaway was a large owner of Moody's stock during the period that it was one of two primary rating agencies for subprime CDOs, a form of mortgage security derivative dependent on the use of credit default swaps. The monoline insurance companies got involved with writing credit default swaps on mortgage-backed CDOs. Some media reports have claimed this was a contributing factor to the downfall of some of the monolines. In 2009 one of the monolines, MBIA, sued Merrill Lynch, claiming that Merrill had misrepresented some of its CDOs to MBIA in order to persuade MBIA to write CDS protection for those CDOs. Systemic risk During the 2008 financial crisis, counterparties became subject to a risk of default, amplified with the involvement of Lehman Brothers and AIG in a very large number of CDS transactions. This is an example of systemic risk, risk which threatens an entire market, and a number of commentators have argued that size and deregulation of the CDS market have increased this risk. For example, imagine if a hypothetical mutual fund had bought some Washington Mutual corporate bonds in 2005 and decided to hedge their exposure by buying CDS protection from Lehman Brothers. After Lehman's default, this protection was no longer active, and Washington Mutual's sudden default only days later would have led to a massive loss on the bonds, a loss that should have been insured by the CDS. There was also fear that Lehman Brothers and AIG's inability to pay out on CDS contracts would lead to the unraveling of complex interlinked chain of CDS transactions between financial institutions. Chains of CDS transactions can arise from a practice known as "netting". Here, company B may buy a CDS from company A with a certain annual premium, say 2%. If the condition of the reference company worsens, the risk premium rises, so company B can sell a CDS to company C with a premium of say, 5%, and pocket the 3% difference. However, if the reference company defaults, company B might not have the assets on hand to make good on the contract. It depends on its contract with company A to provide a large payout, which it then passes along to company C. The problem lies if one of the companies in the chain fails, creating a "domino effect" of losses. For example, if company A fails, company B will default on its CDS contract to company C, possibly resulting in bankruptcy, and company C will potentially experience a large loss due to the failure to receive compensation for the bad debt it held from the reference company. Even worse, because CDS contracts are private, company C will not know that its fate is tied to company A; it is only doing business with company B. As described above, the establishment of a central exchange or clearing house for CDS trades would help to solve the "domino effect" problem, since it would mean that all trades faced a central counterparty guaranteed by a consortium of dealers. Tax and accounting issues The U.S federal income tax treatment of CDS is uncertain (Nirenberg and Kopp 1997:1, Peaslee & Nirenberg 2008-07-21:129 and Brandes 2008). Commentators have suggested that, depending on how they are drafted, they are either notional principal contracts or options for tax purposes,(Peaslee & Nirenberg 2008-07-21:129). but this is not certain. There is a risk of having CDS recharacterized as different types of financial instruments because they resemble put options and credit guarantees. In particular, the degree of risk depends on the type of settlement (physical/cash and binary/FMV) and trigger (default only/any credit event) (Nirenberg & Kopp 1997:8). And, as noted below, the appropriate treatment for Naked CDS may be entirely different. If a CDS is a notional principal contract, pre-default periodic and nonperiodic payments on the swap are deductible and included in ordinary income. If a payment is a termination payment, or a payment received on a sale of the swap to a third party, however, its tax treatment is an open question. In 2004, the Internal Revenue Service announced that it was studying the characterization of CDS in response to taxpayer confusion. As the outcome of its study, the IRS issued proposed regulations in 2011 specifically classifying CDS as notional principal contracts, and thereby qualifying such termination and sale payments for favorable capital gains tax treatment. These proposed regulations, which are yet to be finalized, have already been subject to criticism at a public hearing held by the IRS in January 2012, as well as in the academic press, insofar as that classification would apply to Naked CDS. The thrust of this criticism is that Naked CDS are indistinguishable from gambling wagers, and thus give rise in all instances to ordinary income, including to hedge fund managers on their so-called carried interests, and that the IRS exceeded its authority with the proposed regulations. This is evidenced by the fact that Congress confirmed that certain derivatives, including CDS, do constitute gambling when, in 2000, to allay industry fears that they were illegal gambling, it exempted them from "any State or local law that prohibits or regulates gaming." While this decriminalized Naked CDS, it did not grant them relief under the federal gambling tax provisions. The accounting treatment of CDS used for hedging may not parallel the economic effects and instead, increase volatility. For example, GAAP generally require that CDS be reported on a mark to market basis. In contrast, assets that are held for investment, such as a commercial loan or bonds, are reported at cost, unless a probable and significant loss is expected. Thus, hedging a commercial loan using a CDS can induce considerable volatility into the income statement and balance sheet as the CDS changes value over its life due to market conditions and due to the tendency for shorter dated CDS to sell at lower prices than longer dated CDS. One can try to account for the CDS as a hedge under FASB 133 but in practice that can prove very difficult unless the risky asset owned by the bank or corporation is exactly the same as the Reference Obligation used for the particular CDS that was bought. LCDS A new type of default swap is the "loan only" credit default swap (LCDS). This is conceptually very similar to a standard CDS, but unlike "vanilla" CDS, the underlying protection is sold on syndicated secured loans of the Reference Entity rather than the broader category of "Bond or Loan". Also, as of May 22, 2007, for the most widely traded LCDS form, which governs North American single name and index trades, the default settlement method for LCDS shifted to auction settlement rather than physical settlement. The auction method is essentially the same that has been used in the various ISDA cash settlement auction protocols, but does not require parties to take any additional steps following a credit event (i.e., adherence to a protocol) to elect cash settlement. On October 23, 2007, the first ever LCDS auction was held for Movie Gallery. Because LCDS trades are linked to secured obligations with much higher recovery values than the unsecured bond obligations that are typically assumed the cheapest to deliver in respect of vanilla CDS, LCDS spreads are generally much tighter than CDS trades on the same name. ISDA Definitions During the rapid growth of the credit derivatives market the 1999 ISDA Credit Derivatives Definitions were introduced to standardize the legal documentation of CDS. Subsequently, replaced with the 2003 ISDA Credit Derivatives Definitions, and later the 2014 ISDA Credit Derivatives Definitions, each definition update seeks to ensure the CDS payoffs closely mimic the economics of the underlying reference obligations (bonds). See also Bucket shop (stock market) Constant maturity credit default swap Credit default option Credit default swap index CUSIP Linked MIP Code, reference entity code Inside Job (2010 film), an Oscar-winning documentary film about the financial crisis of 2007–2010 by Charles H. Ferguson PAUG Recovery swap Toxic security Intercontinental Exchange Notes References External links Barroso considers ban on speculation with banning purely speculative naked sales on credit default swaps of sovereign debt CBS '60 minutes' video on CDS 2003 ISDA Credit Derivatives Template. International Swaps and Derivatives Association Understanding Derivatives: Markets and Infrastructure Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Financial Markets Group BIS - Regular Publications. Bank for International Settlements. A Beginner's Guide to Credit Derivatives - Nomura International Probability.net "A billion-dollar game for bond managers". Financial Times. John C. Hull and Alan White. "Valuing Credit Default Swaps I: No Counterparty Default Risk". University of Toronto. Hull, J. C. and A. White, Valuing Credit Default Swaps II: Modeling Default Correlations. Smartquant.com Elton et al., Explaining the rate spread on corporate bonds Warren Buffett on Derivatives - Excerpts from the Berkshire Hathaway annual report for 2002. fintools.com The Real Reason for the Global Financial Crisis. Financial Sense Archive Demystifying the Credit Crunch. Private Equity Council. "The AIG Bailout" William Sjostrom, Jr. List of CDS premiums of various countries in English translation from German News Zweig, Phillip L. (July 1997), BusinessWeek New ways to dice up debt - Suddenly, credit derivatives-deals that spread credit risk--are surging Goodman, Peter (Oct 2008) New York Times The spectacular boom and calamitous bust in derivatives trading Pulliam, Susan and Ng, Serena (January 18, 2008), Wall Street Journal: "Default Fears Unnerve Markets" Das, Satayjit (February 5, 2008), Financial Times: "CDS market may create added risks" Morgenson, Gretchen (February 17, 2008), New York Times: "Arcane Market is Next to Face Big Credit Test" March 17, 2008 Credit Default Swaps: The Next Crisis?, Time Schwartz, Nelson D. and Creswell, Julie (March 23, 2008), New York Times: "Who Created This Monster?" Evans, David (May 20, 2008), Bloomberg: "Hedge Funds in Swaps Face Peril With Rising Junk Bond Defaults" van Duyn, Aline (May 28, 2008), Financial Times: "Moody's issues warning on CDS risks" Morgenson, Gretchen (June 1, 2008), New York Times: "First Comes the Swap. Then It’s the Knives." Kelleher, James B. (September 18, 2008), Reuters: "Buffett's 'time bomb' goes off on Wall Street." Morgenson, Gretchen (September 27, 2008), New York Times: "Behind Insurer’s Crisis, Blind Eye to a Web of Risk" Varchaver, Nicholas and Benner, Katie (Sep 2008), Fortune Magazine: "The $55 Trillion Question" - on CDS spotlight during financial crisis. October 19, 2008, Portfolio.com: "Why the CDS Market Didn't Fail" Analyzes the CDS market's performance in the Lehman Bros. bankruptcy. Boumlouka, Makrem (April 8, 2009), Wall Street Letter: "Credit Default Swap Market: "Big Bang"? ". Credit risk Swaps (finance) Systemic risk United States housing bubble
Andrew James Bathgate (August 28, 1932 – February 26, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right wing who played 17 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Detroit Red Wings and Pittsburgh Penguins between 1952 and 1971. In 2017 Bathgate was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players" in history. Playing career As a youth Bathgate was offered scholarships to both the University of Denver and University of Colorado to join their hockey teams, but turned them down and instead joined the Guelph Biltmores of the Ontario Hockey Association in 1949. Andy Bathgate was a popular star player of the New York Rangers and also held the honour of being declared the Most Valuable Player of both the NHL and Western Hockey League (WHL). He started his professional career with the Cleveland Barons of the American Hockey League (AHL) in the 1952–53 season. He bounced between the WHL Vancouver Canucks (not to be confused with the later NHL team of the same name) and the Rangers for two seasons before settling with the Rangers in 1954–55. He played 10 full seasons with the Rangers, where he became a popular player in New York as well as a top-tiered player in the NHL. In 1961–62, Bathgate and Bobby Hull led the league in points, but Bathgate lost the Art Ross Trophy to Bobby Hull because Hull had more goals. Bathgate's career was frustrated by the mediocre play of the Rangers and a nagging knee problem. He was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs during the 1963–64 season, where he immediately helped Toronto to a Stanley Cup championship. In May 1965, the Maple Leafs traded Bathgate, Billy Harris, and Gary Jarrett to the Detroit Red Wings traded Marcel Pronovost, Aut Erickson, Larry Jeffrey, Ed Joyal, and Lowell MacDonald to the Toronto Maple Leafs. Bathgate helped the team reach the Stanley Cup Finals in 1965–66. Bathgate was chosen by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 1967 NHL Expansion Draft, scoring the first goal in the team's history. However after one season, he returned to the WHL's Vancouver Canucks, where he would help lead the team to two consecutive Lester Patrick Cup victories, in 1969 and 1970. His best professional year was 1969-70, scoring 108 points for the Canucks. That performance earned him the George Leader Cup, the top player award in the WHL. Bathgate returned to the NHL's Penguins, playing his last year of North American professional hockey for them in 1970-71. He served in 1971–1972 as playing coach for HC Ambri-Piotta in Switzerland. He came briefly out of retirement three seasons later to play for the Vancouver Blazers of the World Hockey Association (WHA), which he had coached the previous season, but retired for good after 11 games. Bathgate won the Hart Memorial Trophy for the MVP of the NHL in 1958–59 after scoring 40 goals. He is also known for his contribution to the in-game use of masks for goaltenders during games. Renowned for the strength of his slapshot, during a game against the Montreal Canadiens, Bathgate shot the puck into the face of Jacques Plante, forcing Plante to receive stitches. When Plante returned to the ice, he was wearing a mask. That started a trend that led to it and other protective gear becoming mandatory equipment. Stance against spearing In December 1959, Bathgate produced a controversial article for True magazine in which he warned that hockey's "unchecked brutality is going to kill somebody". The article, titled "Atrocities on Ice", was ghostwritten by Dave Anderson, who was then a sports journalist with the now defunct New York Journal-American, and it appeared in True magazine's January 1960 edition. Bathgate focused mostly on the tactic of spearing, where a player stabs at an opponent with the blade or point of his stick. In a section titled "Andy Bathgate's rogues gallery", six players were highlighted as the most brutal, with their photographs captioned with a short description by Bathgate. These were Detroit's Gordie Howe ("meanest player in the league; uses all the tricks—plus"); Chicago's Ted Lindsay ("seldom drops his stick in a fight"); Montreal's Tom Johnson ("one of the five notorious spearing specialists in the NHL"); Montreal's Doug Harvey ("lucky he doesn't have a spearing death on his conscience"); Boston's Fern Flaman ("he's had too many accidents to believe") and New York's Lou Fontinato ("likes to use the stick but uses his fists in a real fight"). Responding to the article, Toe Blake, the Montreal Canadiens' head coach, admitted that Montreal players used spearing, but claimed it was purely a defensive tactic "necessary to defend against an illegal play pattern used often by the Rangers." Blake said: "They like to skate into our zone against the defence and drop the puck for a teammate following right behind. Then they skate into our defenceman, blocking him out of the play illegally through interference. Our players have sometimes had to spear to fend off the interfering player and keep in play." Doug Harvey also admitted spearing, saying: "Sure, we will spear on occasion. We've got to when they run interference," and that he used it "only for defensive purposes." Bathgate wrote of the offenders: "None of them seems to care that he'll be branded as a hockey killer." In response the NHL fined him for "comments definitely prejudicial to the league and the game." Speaking in 2010, Bathgate said: "We had an episode where fellas were spearing other players. So I wrote an article with Dave Anderson of The New York Times [sic] called 'Atrocities on Ice.' Red Sullivan, I saw him speared right in front of our bench and have his spleen punctured. It was getting out of hand. I wrote this article and got fined for it. I got fined $1,000—and I was only making $18,000 at the time—so you take that, plus the $1,000 we had to pay into our pension, that's a lot of money out of your pocket. They changed the rule at the end of the year but they still didn't give me my $1,000 back. It burns my (butt) at times, but you have to stand up for it. Sometimes, you've got to speak up for the betterment of hockey because someone was going to get seriously hurt." Post-retirement Bathgate owned and managed a golf course called the Bathgate Golf Centre, while his brother Frank owned a driving range just down the road both on Hwy 10 in Mississauga, Ontario. During the winters he helped coach his grandson's hockey team. He also stated that he was unlikely to play in any more old-timer's games, citing recent hip surgery. "Those old fellas get too serious. They'll start hooking you." The Rangers retired his #9 along with Harry Howell's #3 in a special ceremony before the February 22, 2009, match against the Maple Leafs. Bathgate joined Adam Graves, whose #9 had been hoisted to the Madison Square Garden rafters 19 nights earlier. Graves called Bathgate "the greatest Ranger to ever wear the #9". Personal life Bathgate was married to his wife Merle Bathgate (née Lewis) from 1955 until his death in 2016. They had two children, a son named Bill Bathgate, and a daughter named Sandra Lynn “Sandee” Bathgate. Bathgate died at the age of 83 on February 26, 2016, in Brampton, Ontario. At the time of his death, he had Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Bathgate's grandson and namesake, Andy Bathgate, born February 26, 1991, was drafted by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft and previously played for the Birmingham Bulls of the Southern Professional Hockey League. Awards and achievements Memorial Cup championship (1952) Calder Cup championship (1954) Hart Memorial Trophy Winner (1959) NHL First All-Star team right wing (1959 and 1962) NHL second All-Star team right wing (1958 and 1963) Stanley Cup championship (1964) Lester Patrick Cup (WHL) championships (1969 and 1970) WHL MVP (1970) Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978 In 1998, he was ranked number 58 on The Hockey News''' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players Selected to Manitoba's All-Century first All-Star team Honoured Member of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame Inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum in 1993 Sweater #9 retired by the New York Rangers on February 22, 2009 In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats'', was ranked No. 8 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons Inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2012. In January, 2017, Bathgate was part of the first group of players to be named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Coaching record Video clips https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rov_BdMqnYI See also Captain (ice hockey) Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum References External links Anderson, Dave. "Two Rangers Sweaters Will Rise Where a Cup Banner Didn't," The New York Times, Sunday, February 22, 2009. 1932 births 2016 deaths Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland Canadian ice hockey centres Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players Detroit Red Wings players Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters players Hart Memorial Trophy winners HC Ambrì-Piotta players Hockey Hall of Fame inductees Ice hockey player-coaches Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame inductees National Hockey League players with retired numbers New York Rangers players Pittsburgh Hornets players Pittsburgh Penguins players Ice hockey people from Winnipeg Stanley Cup champions Toronto Maple Leafs players Vancouver Blazers players Vancouver Canucks (WHL) players Winnipeg Black Hawks players
The 2009 Penza Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on Hard court. This was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2009 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Penza, Russia between 20 July and 26 July 2009. Singles entrants Seeds Rankings are as of July 13, 2009. Other entrants The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Nikoloz Basilashvili Mikhail Biryukov Vladislav Dubinsky Anton Manegin The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Mikhail Fufygin Sergei Krotiouk Mikhail Ledovskikh Aleksander Vasin Champions Singles Mikhail Kukushkin def. Illya Marchenko, 6–4, 6–2 Doubles Mikhail Elgin / Alexander Kudryavtsev def. Alexey Kedryuk / Denis Matsukevich, 4–6, 6–3, [10–6] References ITF Search 2009 Draws Penza Cup Penza Cup 2009 in Russian tennis
Dănceni is a village in Ialoveni District, Moldova. It is located on the bank of a retention basin of the Isnovăț river which is called Lake Danceni. The lake has a capacity of 4 million m3 and a surface area of 2.2 km2. Notable people Anatolii Buruian Teodor Neaga, member Sfatul Țării Andrei Vartic References Villages of Ialoveni District
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Thanks may refer to: Thank you, a common expression of gratitude Film and television Thanks (film), a 2011 American film Thanks (TV series), a 1999 American sitcom Music Albums Thanks, by Ivan Neville, 1994 Thanks, by Marty Grosz, 1997 Thanks, by w-inds., 2006 Songs "Thanks" (song), by Bill Anderson, 1975 "Thanks!", by GAM, 2006 "Thanks", by J. Vincent Edwards, 1969 "Thanks", by the James Gang from James Gang Rides Again, 1970 "Thanks", by Judith Allen and by Bing Crosby from the Too Much Harmony soundtrack, 1933 "Thanks", by Waylon Jennings from Ladies Love Outlaws, 1972 See also Thankful (disambiguation) Thank God (disambiguation) Thank You (disambiguation)
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James Brien Comey Jr. (; born December 14, 1960) is an American lawyer who was the seventh director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 2013 until his termination in May 2017. Comey was a registered Republican for most of his adult life; however, in 2016, he described himself as unaffiliated. During the administration of President George W. Bush, Comey was the U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York from January 2002 to December 2003 and later the United States deputy attorney general from December 2003 to August 2005. In August 2005, Comey left the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) to become a senior vice president of Lockheed Martin as general counsel. In 2010, he became general counsel at Bridgewater Associates. In early 2013, he left Bridgewater to become a senior research scholar and Hertog fellow on national security law at Columbia Law School. He served on the board of directors of HSBC Holdings until July 2013. In September 2013, President Barack Obama appointed Comey to the position of Director of the FBI. In that capacity, he was responsible for overseeing the FBI's investigation of the Hillary Clinton email controversy. His role in the 2016 U.S. presidential election was highly controversial. Some analysts and some Clinton supporters claim his decisions shortly before the 2016 election might have cost her the presidency, particularly his decision to reopen the investigation into her emails less than two weeks before the election. On June 14, 2018, DOJ inspector general Michael E. Horowitz released his report on the FBI's handling of the Clinton email investigation, which criticized Comey's actions during the 2016 election. President Donald Trump fired Comey on May 9, 2017. Statements from Trump and the White House suggested that Comey had been fired to ease the "pressure" Trump was under due to the Russia investigation. Later that month, Comey arranged for a friend to leak to the press a memo he had written after a February 14, 2017, private meeting with the president. It said Trump had asked him to end the FBI's investigation into Michael Flynn, the former national security advisor. The dismissal, various memos detailing meetings with Trump, and Comey's subsequent Congressional testimony in June that same year were interpreted by some commentators as evidence of obstruction of justice by the president and became part of the Mueller investigation. Inspector General Horowitz found that Comey violated FBI policy regarding the memos; however, it was added that there's "no evidence that Comey or his attorneys released any of the classified information contained in any of the memos to members of the media". The Department of Justice declined to prosecute Comey. In August 2019, the Office of the Inspector General found Comey's retention, handling and dissemination of the memos violated DOJ policies, FBI policies, and his FBI employment agreement. In December 2019, Horowitz released a report finding no political bias against Trump by Comey or other FBI officials. Early life Comey was born in Yonkers, New York, to parents Joan Marie Comey (née Herald) and J. Brien Comey. His grandfather, William J. Comey, was an officer and later commissioner of the Yonkers Police Department. The family moved to Allendale, New Jersey, in the early 1970s. His father worked in corporate real estate and his mother was a computer consultant and homemaker. Comey is of Irish heritage. He attended Northern Highlands Regional High School in Allendale. In 1977 he and his brother were victims of a home invasion by a criminal called "The Ramsey Rapist". Comey graduated with honors from the College of William and Mary in 1982, majoring in chemistry and religion. In his senior thesis Comey analyzed the theologian Reinhold Niebuhr and the televangelist Jerry Falwell, emphasizing their common belief in public action. He received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) from the University of Chicago Law School in 1985. Early career (1985–1993) After law school, Comey was a law clerk for then-United States district judge John M. Walker Jr. in Manhattan. Then, he was an associate for Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher in their New York office. He joined the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York, where he worked from 1987 to 1993. While there, he was Deputy Chief of the Criminal Division and helped prosecute the Gambino crime family. Clinton administration (1996–2001) Assistant U.S. attorney From 1996 to 2001, Comey was Managing Assistant U.S. Attorney in charge of the Richmond Division of the United States attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. In 1996, Comey acted as deputy special counsel to the Senate Whitewater Committee. He also was the lead prosecutor in the case concerning the 1996 Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia. While in Richmond, Comey was an adjunct professor of law at the University of Richmond School of Law. Bush administration (2002–2005) U.S. attorney Comey was the United States attorney for the Southern District of New York, from January 2002 to the time of his confirmation as Deputy Attorney General on December 11, 2003. Among his first tasks was to take over the investigation into President Bill Clinton's controversial pardon of Marc Rich, which Comey concluded involved no illegality. In November 2002, he led the prosecution of three men involved in one of the largest identity fraud cases in American history. The fraud had lasted two years and resulted in thousands of people across the country collectively losing over $3 million. He also led the indictment of Adelphia Communications founder John Rigas for bank fraud, wire fraud, and securities fraud. Rigas was convicted of the charges in 2004 and in 2005, was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison. Adelphia Corporation was forced to file for bankruptcy after it acknowledged that it took $3.3 billion in false loans. It was "one of the most elaborate and extensive corporate frauds in United States history". In February 2003, Comey was the lead prosecutor of Martha Stewart, who was indicted on the charges of securities fraud, obstruction of justice, and lying to an FBI agent. She sold 3,928 shares of ImClone Systems, thereby avoiding a loss of $45,673. The next day, the Food and Drug Administration refused to accept the company's application for Erbitux. In March 2003, he led the indictment of ImClone CEO Samuel Waksal, who pleaded guilty for avoiding paying $1.2 million in sales taxes on $15 million worth of contemporary paintings. The works were by Mark Rothko, Richard Serra, Roy Lichtenstein, and Willem de Kooning. In April 2003, he led the indictment of Frank Quattrone, who allegedly urged subordinates in 2000 to destroy evidence sought by investigators looking into his investment banking practices at Credit Suisse First Boston. In June 2003, he revealed "Operation Project Meltdown", which started in January 1999 by the El Dorado Task Force, that found a money laundering scheme avoiding suspicious activity reports (SARS) from banks in which very large amounts of both gold and diamonds from West 47th Street jewelers in New York City were shipped to Colombia as profits of a Colombian narcotics cartel. This resulted in the arrests of eleven jewelry dealers and others including Luis Kuichis, owner of Alberto Jewelry, Jaime Ross, owner of Ross Refiners of 47 West 47th Street, and a father and son Roman and Eduard Nektakov, respectively, who are from Uzbekistan and immigrated to New York City in 1972 settling in Forest Hills and establishing Roman Jewelers in 1974 on West 47th Street. In November 2003, he led the prosecutions in "Operation Wooden Nickel", which resulted in complaints and indictments against 47 people involved in foreign exchange trading scams. Deputy Attorney General (2003–2005) Plame affair Comey appointed Patrick Fitzgerald to be the special counsel to head the grand jury investigation into the Plame affair after Attorney General John Ashcroft recused himself. NSA domestic wiretapping In early January 2006, The New York Times, as part of its investigation into the Bush administration's warrantless domestic surveillance program, reported on an incident in which Comey and other Justice Department officials refused to certify the legality of central aspects of the National Security Agency (NSA) program. The DOJ had issued a finding that the domestic wiretapping under the Terrorist Surveillance Program (TSP) was unconstitutional if such were done without a court warrant. Under White House procedures, Justice Department approval was required in order for the program to be renewed. In early March 2004, Federal Bureau of Investigation director Robert S. Mueller III and Comey had prepared their resignations if the White House overruled the DOJ's finding that the program was unconstitutional. On March 10, 2004, while the issue was still pending, United States attorney general John Ashcroft was recovering in the intensive care unit at the George Washington University Hospital after gall bladder surgery. His wife was with him. He had recused himself from any Justice Department decisions while recovering, designating Comey as Acting Attorney General. In his hospital room he was visited by White House officials Alberto Gonzales and Andrew Card, who pressured him to sign papers reauthorizing the domestic surveillance program. Alarmed by the situation, his wife called for Comey to join them, and he summoned FBI director Mueller and two other DOJ officials, Jack Goldsmith and Patrick Philbin. None of the four would agree to reauthorize the program, and Ashcroft refused to take any action while he was recused. In Goldsmith's 2007 memoir, he said Comey had come to the hospital to support Ashcroft in withstanding pressure from the White House. Comey later confirmed these events took place in testimony to the United States Senate Judiciary Committee on May 16, 2007. FBI director Mueller's notes on the March 10, 2004, incident, which were released to a House Judiciary committee, confirms that he "Saw (the) AG, John Ashcroft in the room (who was) feeble, barely articulate, clearly stressed." Comey and Mueller cancelled their plans to resign after meeting on March 12, 2004, directly with President Bush, who directed that requisite changes be made to the surveillance program. Enhanced interrogation techniques When Comey was Deputy Attorney General in 2005, he endorsed a memorandum that approved the use of 13 so-called "enhanced interrogation techniques" that included waterboarding and sleep deprivation for up to , which would be used by the CIA when interrogating suspects. Comey objected to a second memorandum, drafted by Daniel Levin and signed by Steven G. Bradbury, which stated that these techniques could be used in combination. Comey was one of the few members of the Bush administration who had tried to prevent or limit the use of torture. During his 2013 confirmation hearing, Comey stated that in his personal opinion, waterboarding was torture, and the United Nations Convention against Torture was "very vague" and difficult to interpret as banning the practice. Even though he believed the practice was legal at the time, he strongly disagreed with the techniques and as a matter of policy, he opposed implementing them. His objections were ultimately overruled by the National Security Council. Private sector (2005–2013) Comey left the Department of Justice in August 2005. In August 2005, it was announced that Comey would enter the private sector, becoming the general counsel and senior vice president for Lockheed Martin, the U.S. Department of Defense's largest contractor. Comey's tenure took effect on October 1, 2005, serving in that capacity until June 2, 2010, when he announced he would leave Lockheed Martin to join the senior management committee at Bridgewater Associates, a Connecticut-based investment management firm. Comey received a three million dollar payout from Bridgewater, his net worth estimated at 14 million dollars. On February 1, 2013, after leaving Bridgewater, he was appointed by Columbia University Law School as a senior research scholar and Hertog fellow on national security law. He was also appointed to the board of directors of the London-based financial institution HSBC Holdings, to improve the company's compliance program after its $1.9 billion settlement with the Justice Department for failing to comply with basic due diligence requirements for money laundering regarding Mexican drug cartels and terrorism financing. Since 2012, he has also served on the Defense Legal Policy Board. Testimony before congressional committees In May 2007, Comey testified before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary and the House Judiciary subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law on the U.S. attorney dismissal controversy. His testimony contradicted that of former Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, who had said the firings had been due to poor performance on the part of some of the dismissed prosecutors. Comey stressed that the Justice Department had to be perceived as nonpartisan and nonpolitical to function. Supreme Court considerations Politico reported in May 2009, White House officials pushed for Comey's inclusion on the short list of names to replace Associate Justice David Souter on the U.S. Supreme Court. Politico later reported liberal activists were upset about the possibility of Comey's name being included. John Brittain of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law stated, "[Comey] came in with the Bushies. What makes you think he'd be just an inch or two more to the center than [John] Roberts? I'd be greatly disappointed." In 2013, Comey was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case. Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (2013–2017) The May 2013 reports became official the following month when President Barack Obama revealed that he would nominate Comey to be the next director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, replacing outgoing director Robert Mueller. Comey was reportedly chosen over another finalist, Lisa Monaco, who had overseen national security issues at the Justice Department during the attack on the U.S. consulate in Benghazi, Libya, on September 11, 2012. On July 29, 2013, the Senate confirmed Comey to a full ten-year term as FBI director. He was confirmed by a vote of 93–1. Two senators voted present. He was sworn in as FBI director on September 4, 2013. Comey was dismissed by President Donald Trump on May 9, 2017. Police and African Americans In February 2015, Comey delivered a speech at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., regarding the relationship between police and the African-American community. He said that, "At many points in American history, law enforcement enforced the status quo – a status quo that was often brutally unfair to disfavored groups", mentioning as an example his own Irish ancestors, who he said had, in the early 20th century, often been regarded by law enforcement as drunks and criminals. He added, "The Irish had some tough times, but little compares to the experience on our soil of black Americans", going on to highlight current societal issues such as lack of opportunities for employment and education which can lead young black men to crime. Comey stated:Police officers on patrol in our nation's cities often work in environments where a hugely disproportionate percentage of street crime is committed by young men of color. Something happens to people of good will working in that environment. After years of police work, officers often can't help be influenced by the cynicism they feel. A mental shortcut becomes almost irresistible. In October 2015, Comey gave a speech in which he raised concerns that body worn video results in less effective policing; this opinion contradicted the President's public position. Days later, President Obama met with Comey in the Oval Office to address the issue. In an October 23 speech at the University of Chicago Law School, Comey said:I remember being asked why we were doing so much prosecuting in black neighborhoods and locking up so many black men. After all, Richmond was surrounded by areas with largely white populations. Surely there were drug dealers in the suburbs. My answer was simple: We are there in those neighborhoods because that's where people are dying. These are the guys we lock up because they are the predators choking off the life of a community. We did this work because we believed that all lives matter, especially the most vulnerable. Comments on Poland and the Holocaust In April 2015, Comey spoke at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, arguing in favor of more Holocaust education. After The Washington Post printed a version of his speech, Anne Applebaum wrote that his reference to "the murderers and accomplices of Germany, and Poland, and Hungary" was inaccurately saying that Poles were as responsible for the Holocaust as Germans. His speech was also criticized by Polish authorities, and Stephen D. Mull, United States ambassador to Poland, was called to the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Applebaum wrote that Comey, "in a speech that was reprinted in The Post arguing for more Holocaust education, demonstrated just how badly he needs it himself". Ambassador Mull issued an apology for Comey's remarks. When asked about his remarks, Comey said, "I regret linking Germany and Poland ... The Polish state bears no responsibility for the horrors imposed by the Nazis. I wish I had not used any other country names because my point was a universal one about human nature." OPM data hack In June 2015, the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) announced that it had been the target of a data breach targeting the records of as many as four million people. Later, Comey put the number at 18 million. The Washington Post has reported that the attack originated in China, citing unnamed government officials. Comey said: "It is a very big deal from a national security perspective and from a counterintelligence perspective. It's a treasure trove of information about everybody who has worked for, tried to work for, or works for the United States government." Hillary Clinton email investigation On July 10, 2015, the FBI opened a criminal investigation into Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server while she was Secretary of State. On June 29, 2016, Attorney General Loretta Lynch and Bill Clinton met aboard her plane on the tarmac of the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, leading to calls for her recusal. Lynch then announced that she would "fully" accept the recommendation of the FBI regarding the probe. On July 2, FBI agents completed their investigation by interviewing Hillary Clinton at FBI headquarters, following which Comey and his associates decided there was no basis for criminal indictments in the case. Release of information about the investigation On July 5, 2016, Comey announced the FBI's recommendation that the United States Department of Justice file no criminal charges relating to the Hillary Clinton email controversy. During a 15-minute press conference in the J. Edgar Hoover Building, Comey called Secretary Clinton's and her top aides' behavior "extremely careless", but concluded that "no reasonable prosecutor would bring such a case". It was believed to be the first time the FBI disclosed its prosecutorial recommendation to the Department of Justice publicly. On July 7, 2016, Comey was questioned by a Republican-led House committee during a hearing regarding the FBI's recommendation. On October 26, 2016, two weeks before the presidential election, Comey learned that FBI agents investigating an unrelated case involving former congressman Anthony Weiner had discovered emails on Weiner's computer between his wife, Huma Abedin, and Hillary Clinton. Claiming he believed it would take months to review Weiner's emails, Comey decided he had to inform Congress that the investigation was being reopened due to new information. Justice Department lawyers warned him that giving out public information about an investigation was inconsistent with department policy, but he considered the policy to be "guidance" rather than an ironclad rule. He decided that to not reveal the new information would be misleading to Congress and the public. On October 28, Comey sent a letter to members of Congress advising them that the FBI was reviewing more emails. Members of Congress revealed the information to the public within minutes. Republican and Democratic lawmakers, as well as the Clinton and Trump campaigns, called on Comey to provide additional details. The Clinton campaign and numerous former officials and other commentators criticized his decision to announce the reopened investigation. Law professor Richard Painter filed complaints with the United States Office of Special Counsel and the United States Office of Government Ethics over Comey's letter to Congress. The investigators received additional resources so they could complete their review of the new emails before Election Day, and on November 6, 2016, Comey wrote in a second letter to Congress that "Based on our review, we have not changed our conclusions that we expressed in July". Comey was broadly criticized for his actions from both the right and the left. According to the Clinton campaign, the letters effectively stopped the campaign's momentum by hurting Clinton's chances with voters who were receptive to Trump's claims of a "rigged system". Polling authority Nate Silver commented on Twitter that Comey had a "large, measurable impact on the race". Other analysts, such as Democratic strategist David Axelrod, said that Comey's public actions were just one of several cumulative factors that cost Clinton the election. On May 2, 2017, Hillary Clinton told CNN's Christiane Amanpour: "I was on the way to winning until a combination of Jim Comey's letter on October 28 and Russian WikiLeaks raised doubts in the minds of people who were inclined to vote for me and got scared off." On May 3, 2017, Comey testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee hearing that it "makes me mildly nauseous to think that we might have had some impact on the election", but that "honestly, it wouldn't change the decision" to release the information. Investigations On January 12, 2017, the United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General announced a formal investigation into whether the FBI followed proper procedures in its investigation of Clinton or whether "improper considerations" were made by FBI personnel. On July 27, 2017, the House Judiciary Committee decided to request documents related to Comey, including the FBI investigation into Hillary Clinton, Comey's conduct during the 2016 election, and his release of his memo to the press. The committee's Republicans also wrote a letter to Attorney General Jeff Sessions asking him to appoint a second special prosecutor to investigate these issues. In September 2017, two Republicans on the Senate Judiciary Committee, Chuck Grassley (R-IA) and Lindsey Graham (R-SC), alleged that Comey planned to exonerate Hillary Clinton in her email scandal long before the agency had completed its investigation. The story was confirmed by the FBI in October, which released a Comey memo dated May 2. Comey interviewed Clinton as part of his investigation on July 2. Former FBI official Ron Hosko reacted saying, "You tend to reach final conclusions as the investigation is logically ended. Not months before." Donald Trump called it "disgraceful". In contrast, former Department of Justice spokesman Matthew Miller wrote on Twitter, "The decision is never 'made' until the end, even when there's a 99% chance it is only going to go one way." Comey's original draft of the exoneration stated that Clinton had committed "gross negligence", which is a crime. However, the language was later changed to "extreme carelessness". In December, it was revealed that the change had been made by Peter Strzok, an FBI official who would later join Mueller's probe and be dismissed after exchanging private messages with an FBI lawyer that could be seen as favoring Clinton politically. On June 14, 2018, Inspector General Michael Horowitz issued his report criticizing Comey's handling of the Clinton email probe as "insubordinate". Specifically, he stated that Comey made "a serious error in judgment", "usurped the authority of the Attorney General", "chose to deviate" from established procedures, and engaged "in his own subjective, ad hoc decision making" by publicly announcing that he wouldn't recommend any charges in the Clinton email investigation in July 2016 and later by sending a letter to Congress about reopening the case. The report found no evidence of political bias, although other high-ranking FBI officials showed "willingness to take official action" to negatively impact the Trump campaign. Russian election interference investigation In late August 2016, the FBI acquired some reports from what would later be known as the Steele dossier. In late July, the FBI opened an investigation into the Trump campaign. Comey asked President Obama for permission to write an op-ed, which would warn the public that the Russians were interfering in the election. The president denied the request. CIA director John O. Brennan then gave an unusual private briefing on the Russians to Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid; Reid then publicly referred to the briefing. Comey, however, refused to confirm—even in classified congressional briefings—that the Trump Campaign was under investigation. In early October, meetings were held in the White House Situation Room; National Security Advisor Susan Rice argued that the information should be released, while Comey argued that disclosure was no longer needed. In January 2017, Comey first met Trump when he briefed the president-elect on the Steele dossier. On January 27, 2017, Trump and Comey dined alone at the White House. According to Trump, Comey requested the dinner so as to ask to keep his job and, when asked, told Trump that he was not under investigation. Trump has stated that he did not ask Comey to pledge his loyalty. However, according to Comey's associates, Trump requested the dinner, asked Comey to pledge his loyalty, twice, to which Comey replied, twice, that he would always be honest, until Trump asked him if he would promise "honest loyalty", which Comey did. On February 14, the day after President Trump fired Michael T. Flynn, Comey met with the president during a terrorism threat briefing in the Oval Office. At the end of the meeting Trump asked the other security chiefs to leave, then told Comey to consider imprisoning reporters over leaks and that "I hope you can see your way clear to letting this go, to letting Flynn go." Comey, as is usual, immediately documented the meeting in a memo and shared it with FBI officials. In his congressional testimony, Comey clarified that he took Trump's comment to be "an order" to drop the Flynn investigation, but "that he did not consider this an order to drop the Russia investigation as a whole". On March 4, Comey asked the Justice Department for permission, which was not given, to publicly refute Trump's claim that his phones had been wiretapped by then-President Obama. On March 20, in testimony before the House Intelligence Committee, Comey confirmed that the FBI has been investigating possible coordination between the Trump campaign and Russia and whether any crimes were committed. During the hearing, the White House Twitter account posted "The NSA and FBI tell Congress that Russia did not influence the electoral process", which Comey, when he was read the tweet by Congressman Jim Himes, directly refuted. Comey refuted the President's Trump Tower wiretapping allegations, testifying "I have no information that supports those tweets, and we have looked carefully inside the FBI." U.S. representative Chris Stewart (R-UT) asked Comey in the hearing: "Mr. Clapper then went on to say that to his knowledge there was no evidence of collusion between members of the Trump campaign and the Russians. We did not conclude any evidence in our report and when I say 'our report,' that is the NSA, FBI, and CIA with my office, the director of national intelligence said anything – any reflection of collusion between the members of Trump campaign and the Russians, there was no evidence of that in our report. Was Mr. Clapper wrong when he said that?" Comey responded: "I think he's right about characterizing the report which you all have read." Press Secretary Sean Spicer and a White House tweet then highlighted this testimony as proof that Clapper was "right" there was no evidence of collusion, causing Clapper to release a statement clarifying he had been referring to the evidence as gathered in January and that more investigation is needed. On May 3, in testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Comey said that Russia is the "greatest threat of any nation on Earth ... One of the biggest lessons learned is that Russia will do this again. Because of 2016 election, they know it worked." He also said that Russia should pay a price for interfering. In early May, a few days before he was fired, Comey reportedly asked the Justice Department for a significant increase in funding and personnel for the Russia probe. On May 11, 2017, Acting FBI director Andrew McCabe said to the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence that he was unaware of the request and stated, "I believe we have the adequate resources to do it and I know that we have resourced that investigation adequately." Comey had been scheduled to testify before the Senate Intelligence Committee on May 11, but after he was dismissed on May 9, committee chair Senator Richard Burr (R-NC) said that acting FBI director Andrew McCabe would appear instead. Comey spoke before the committee on June 8. His prepared opening statements were pre-released by the Intelligence Committee on their website one day before the official hearings. Government surveillance oversight In his July 2013 FBI confirmation hearing, Comey said that the oversight mechanisms of the U.S. government have sufficient privacy protections. In a November 2014 New York Times Magazine article, Yale historian Beverly Gage reported that Comey keeps on his desk a copy of the FBI request to wiretap Martin Luther King Jr. "as a reminder of the bureau's capacity to do wrong". In 2016, Comey and his agency were criticized for their request to Apple Inc. to install a "back door" for U.S. surveillance agencies to use. Former NSA and CIA director Michael Hayden stated: "Jim would like a back door available to American law enforcement in all devices globally. And, frankly, I think on balance that actually harms American safety and security, even though it might make Jim's job a bit easier in some specific circumstances." Comey, speaking at a cybersecurity conference in 2017, told the audience, "There is no such thing as absolute privacy in America; there is no place outside of judicial reach." Dismissal President Trump formally dismissed Comey on May 9, 2017, less than 4 years into his 10-year term as Director of the FBI. Comey first learned of his termination from television news reports that flashed on screen while he was delivering a speech to agents at the Los Angeles Field Office. Sources said he was surprised and caught off guard by the termination. Comey immediately departed for Washington, D.C., and was forced to cancel his scheduled speech that night at an FBI recruitment event. Trump reportedly called Deputy Director Andrew McCabe the next day, demanding to know why Comey had been allowed to fly back to Washington on an FBI jet after he had been fired. On May 10, Comey sent a letter to FBI staff in which he said, "I have long believed that a president can fire an FBI director for any reason, or for no reason at all. I'm not going to spend time on the decision or the way it was executed. I hope you won't either. It is done, and I will be fine, although I will miss you and the mission deeply." In the absence of a Senate-confirmed FBI director, McCabe automatically became Acting Director. Reasons for dismissal The White House initially stated the firing was on the recommendation of United States attorney general Jeff Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, to both of whom Comey reported. Rosenstein had sent a memorandum to Sessions, forwarded to Trump, in which Rosenstein listed objections to Comey's conduct in the investigation into Hillary Clinton's emails. It allowed the Trump administration to attribute Comey's firing to Rosenstein's recommendation about the Clinton email controversy. It was later revealed that on May 8, Trump had requested Sessions and Rosenstein to detail in writing a case against Comey. Rosenstein's memo was forwarded to Trump on May 9 and was then construed as a recommendation to dismiss Comey, which Trump immediately did. In Trump's termination letter to Comey, he attributed the firing to the respective letters from Sessions and Rosenstein. On May 10, Trump told reporters he had fired Comey because Comey "wasn't doing a good job". White House press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders added that the FBI rank and file had lost faith in Comey and that she had "heard from countless members of the FBI ... grateful and thankful for the president's decision." By May 11, however, in a direct contradiction of the earlier statements by the White House, Vice President Mike Pence, and the contents of the dismissal letter itself, President Trump stated to Lester Holt in an NBC News interview that Comey's dismissal was in fact "my decision" and "I was going to fire [Comey] regardless of recommendation [by Jeff Sessions and Rod Rosenstein]." Trump later said of the dismissal "when I decided to just do it [fire Comey], I said to myself, I said 'You know, this Russia thing with Trump and Russia is a made-up story.'" In the same televised interview, Trump labelled Comey "a showboat" and "grandstander". On May 19, The New York Times published excerpts of an official White House document summarizing Trump's private meeting, the day after the firing, with Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov and the Russian ambassador to the United States, Sergey Kislyak, in the Oval Office. Trump told Kislyak and Lavrov that he "just fired the head of the FBI. He was crazy, a real nut job". Trump added: "I faced great pressure because of Russia. That's taken off", further adding "I'm not under investigation." According to reports, Trump had been openly talking to aides about finding a reason to fire Comey for at least a week before both the dismissal and the request of memoranda from Sessions and Rosenstein the day prior. Trump was angry and frustrated when, in the week prior to his dismissal, Comey revealed in Senate testimony the breadth of the counterintelligence investigation into Russia's effort to sway the 2016 U.S. presidential election. He felt Comey was giving too much attention to the Russia probe and not enough to internal leaks to the press from within the government. Shortly before Comey was fired, he had requested additional money and resources to further expand the probe into Russian interference into the Presidential election. Trump had long questioned Comey's loyalty to him personally and Comey's judgment to act accordingly. Moreover, Trump was angry that Comey would not support his claim that President Barack Obama had his campaign offices wiretapped. Documenting meetings with Trump On May 16, 2017, it was first reported that Comey had prepared a detailed set of notes following every meeting and telephone call he had with President Trump. Reference to tapes On May 12, President Trump tweeted "James Comey better hope that there are no 'tapes' of our conversations before he starts leaking to the press!", which some political and legal analysts, as well as opposition politicians, interpreted as a threat to Comey. On June 8, when asked by the Senate Intelligence Committee about the existence of tapes, Comey replied "Lordy, I hope there are tapes!" He added that he would have no problem with the public release of any recordings. On June 22, after the House Judiciary committee threatened the White House with a potential subpoena for the alleged tapes, Trump issued a tweet stating "I have no idea... whether there are 'tapes' or recordings of my conversations with James Comey, but I did not make, and do not have, any such recordings." Hours later, when asked to clarify the non-denial denial wording of Trump's tweet regarding the tapes, Principal Deputy White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders stated that Trump's tweet was "extremely clear" and that she did "not have anything to add". Questions raised for clarification on Trump's tweet centered principally on whether Trump ever had knowledge of said tapes having ever existed and whether he is simply no longer privy to the knowledge of whether said tapes still exist; whether Trump currently has or ever had knowledge of a person or persons other than Trump having made said tapes or recordings; and whether Trump currently has or ever had knowledge of a person or persons other than Trump currently having or previously having had in their possession said tapes or recordings. U.S. representative Adam Schiff (D-CA), stated that Trump's tweet "raises as many questions as it answers", and that in any event, the tweet did not comply with the June 23 deadline, and that Schiff would move forward with subpoenas for the tapes, adding that "[r]egardless of whether the President intends his tweets to be an official reply to the House Intelligence Committee, the White House must respond in writing to our committee as to whether any tapes or recordings exist." On October 4, 2019, allegations of a possible White House recording system resurfaced after House Democrats, who have controlled US House of Representative since the 2018 election, issued a subpoena for White House documents, including any possible audio tapes, following the Trump–Ukraine scandal, setting the stage for a legal battle which could go as far as the US Supreme Court. Aftermath Comey's termination was immediately controversial. It was compared to the Saturday Night massacre, President Richard Nixon's termination of special prosecutor Archibald Cox, who had been investigating the Watergate scandal, and to the firing of Acting Attorney General Sally Yates in January 2017. Many members of Congress expressed concern over the firing and argued that it would put the integrity of the investigation into jeopardy. Critics accused Trump of obstruction of justice. In the dismissal letter, Trump stated that Comey had told him "on three separate occasions that I am not under investigation". Fact checkers reported that while they had no way of knowing what Comey may have told Trump privately, no such assertion was on the public record at that time of Comey directly stating that Trump was not personally under investigation. However, in later Congressional testimony, Comey confirmed that on three occasions he volunteered to Trump that the latter was not personally under FBI investigation. According to Comey associates interviewed by news organizations, Trump had asked Comey in January to pledge loyalty to him, to which Comey demurred, instead offering him "honesty". Comey indicated he was willing to testify about his dismissal but only in an open hearing. He declined an invitation from the Senate Intelligence Committee to testify before a closed-door session. On May 11, Acting Director McCabe testified before the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence that "Director Comey enjoyed broad support within the FBI and still does" and that "the vast majority of FBI employees enjoyed a deep and positive connection to Director Comey". This contradicted White House spokeswoman Sarah Huckabee Sanders, who said she had heard from "countless" FBI agents in support of the firing. On May 16, The New York Times revealed the existence of a memo Comey had written after a February 14 meeting with Trump. It said that Trump had asked him to drop the FBI's investigation into Mike Flynn, who had been fired as National Security Advisor the day before. Comey later explained that he had arranged, through a friend, for the memo to be shared with the press in hope it might prompt the appointment of a special counsel. On June 8, 2017, Comey gave public testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee about his firing. When asked why thought he had been fired, he said he had been confused by the shifting explanations for it but that "I take the president at his word that I was fired because of the Russia investigation." He said that he had made contemporaneous notes about several of his conversations with the president because "I was honestly concerned that he might lie about the nature of our meeting so I felt the need to document it." He said he had not done so with the two previous presidents he had served. On April 19, 2018, the Justice Department released 15 pages of documents to Congress which comprise partially declassified memos that Comey made after his meetings with Trump. The memos were released by Assistant Attorney General Stephen Boyd in both a classified and unclassified versions. The unclassified version was obtained by Mary Clare Jalonick of the Associated Press on April 19 and published the next day. In June 2018, DOJ inspector general Michael Horowitz told the Senate Judiciary Committee that he had received a referral from the FBI regarding Comey's release of his Trump meeting memos to Daniel Richman, parts of which were classified "confidential" after the fact. The DOJ decided in July 2019 to not prosecute Comey, with Fox News quoting one official saying, "Everyone at the DOJ involved in the decision said it wasn't a close call. They all thought this could not be prosecuted." In a second report released August 29, 2019, IG Horowitz found that Comey violated agency policies when he retained a set of memos he wrote documenting meetings with President Donald Trump early in 2017, and caused one of them to be leaked to the press. Though Comey is said by the report to have set a "dangerous example" for FBI employees in an attempt to "achieve a personally desired outcome", the Inspector General has found "no evidence that Comey or his attorneys released any of the classified information contained in any of the memos to members of the media", and the Department of Justice declined to prosecute Comey. In July 2022, The New York Times reported that both Comey and McCabe had been selected for the most invasive type of IRS audit after they had been fired from the FBI. The matter was referred to a Treasury Department inspector general on the day after the report. The Times said that the odds of anyone being selected for such an audit are very low, and the odds of the two top former FBI officials both being selected by chance were "minuscule". According to tax experts, both had an increased change of being randomly selected for research audits because their incomes increased after their FBI careers ended – Comey by his book deals and paid speeches, and McCabe by his CNN punditry. The Times reported in November 2022 that Trump's former chief of staff John Kelly said the president told him Comey and McCabe were among his perceived political enemies he wanted to "get the IRS on". Trump denied being involved in the audits. The inspector general's report found no wrongdoing. According to the report, in overall, IRS audit processes "worked as designed". Writings Macmillan Publishers' Flatiron Books announced in August 2017 that it had acquired the rights to Comey's first book, A Higher Loyalty: Truth, Lies and Leadership, in which he discusses ethics, leadership, and his experience in government. Several publishers had submitted bids in an auction conducted by literary agency Javelin. The release date was moved up from May 1, 2018 to April 17, 2018, due to scrutiny faced by the FBI during the Special Counsel investigation. A month before Comey's book was released, presale orders made it the top seller on Amazon. The boom was attributed to a series of Twitter attacks on Comey by Trump, in which Trump claimed that Comey "knew all about the lies and corruption going on at the highest levels of the FBI!" In response, Comey tweeted, "Mr. President, the American people will hear my story very soon. And they can judge for themselves who is honorable and who is not." Comey's autobiography was well-received, with The New York Times calling it "very persuasive" and describing the book as "absorbing" in its book review. Additionally, Comey has written the foreword for a biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt entitled A Christian and a Democrat: A Religious Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt published by William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Comey has authored a second book, Saving Justice: Truth, Transparency, and Trust, which will also be published by Macmillan Publishers' Flatiron Books. In 2023, Comey's first novel, a legal thriller entitled Central Park West, was published by Mysterious Press. He told The Washington Post that he was working on more novels, saying "I want this to be my job". In 2017, a pseudonymous Twitter account called @projectexile7 (later changed to @formerbu), which uses "Reinhold Niebuhr" as its display name, was speculated to be operated by Comey, and he subsequently confirmed it to be his. Post-government life In the summer of 2017, Comey gave the convocation speech and a series of lectures at Howard University, a historically black university in Washington, D.C., In the fall of 2018, Comey returned to his alma mater, the College of William & Mary, to teach a course on ethical leadership. He became an executive professor in education, a non-tenured position at the College. Comey joined assistant professor Drew Stelljes to teach the course during the 2018–2019 academic year. In February 2019, in the midst of controversy surrounding a blackface picture in new Virginia governor Ralph Northam's medical school yearbook, and a national debate about the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials, Comey published an op-ed in The Washington Post, suggesting that Virginia should get rid of the Confederate statues in Richmond: "Expressing bipartisan horror at blackface photos is essential, but removing the statues would show all of America that Virginia really has changed." In a May 2019 op-ed published in the New York Times, as Attorney General William Barr was scheduled to be questioned in congressional hearings, Comey wrote: "Accomplished people lacking inner strength can't resist the compromises necessary to survive Mr. Trump and that adds up to something they will never recover from. It takes character like Mr. Mattis's to avoid the damage, because Mr. Trump eats your soul in small bites." He concluded with, "Of course, to stay, you must be seen as on his team, so you make further compromises. You use his language, praise his leadership, tout his commitment to values. And then you are lost. He has eaten your soul." In 2020, Comey's tenure as the FBI director has been depicted in the Showtime TV mini-series The Comey Rule; he was portrayed by Jeff Daniels. Party affiliation Comey was a registered Republican for most of his life. He donated to Senator John McCain's campaign in the 2008 presidential election and to Governor Mitt Romney's campaign in the 2012 presidential election. He disclosed during congressional testimony in July 2016 that he was no longer registered with any party. In an interview with ABC News in April 2018, Comey said that the Republican Party "left me and many others", and that "these people don't represent anything I believe in". In July 2018, Comey urged voters to vote for Democratic candidates in the 2018 midterm elections through Twitter. He wrote, "This Republican Congress has proven incapable of fulfilling the Founders' design that 'Ambition must ... counteract ambition.' All who believe in this country's values must vote for Democrats this fall. Policy differences don't matter right now. History has its eyes on us." He donated to the campaign of Virginia Democratic candidate Jennifer Wexton in the 2018 elections and canvassed for Wexton. He donated to Senator Amy Klobuchar's campaign in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries; following the suspension of her campaign, he then endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden. Personal life Comey is of Irish descent and was raised in a Roman Catholic household but now belongs to the United Methodist Church, where he has taught Sunday school. He is tall. Comey met his wife, Patrice Failor, when they were both students at the College of William and Mary. They married in 1987 and are the parents of five children, and a son who died in infancy. He has said that he learned to make something good happen after a tragedy. They have also been foster parents. , Comey and his wife reside in McLean, Virginia. Their oldest daughter, Maurene, graduated from Harvard Law School in 2013 and is currently an assistant U.S. attorney in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York. In his book Donald Trump v. The United States, Michael S. Schmidt revealed that Comey suffered from stage 3 colon cancer in 2006. Comey had a malignant tumor removed from his colon in 2006. See also Inspector General report on FBI and DOJ actions in the 2016 election Notes References Further reading Wittes, Benjamin. "In Defense of Jim Comey: Politico's Bizarrely Shoddy Attack on the FBI Director". Lawfare Blog. September 14, 2016. External links Department of Justice Farewell Address James B. Comey – White House Biography James B. Comey Professional Biography, United States Department of Justice Transcript of James Comey's testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee, May 15, 2007 "Intelligence Under the Law", a speech delivered by James Comey to the National Security Agency on Law Day, May 20, 2005 Profile on Columbia Law School James Comey's opening statement preceding the June 8, 2017 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing \|- \|- 1960 births 20th-century American lawyers 20th-century Methodists 20th-century Roman Catholics 21st-century American lawyers 21st-century Methodists American United Methodists American people of Irish descent Articles containing video clips College of William & Mary alumni Columbia Law School faculty Converts to Methodism from Roman Catholicism Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy George W. Bush administration personnel Law clerks Living people Lockheed Martin people New Jersey Republicans New Jersey lawyers Obama administration personnel People associated with Gibson Dunn People associated with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections People associated with the 2016 United States presidential election People from Allendale, New Jersey People from Yonkers, New York Trump administration personnel United States Attorneys for the Southern District of New York United States Deputy Attorneys General University of Chicago Law School alumni University of Richmond faculty Virginia Independents
"Molitva" (; "Prayer") is a song with music by Vladimir Graić, lyrics by Saša Milošević Mare, and sung by Serbian singer Marija Šerifović. It was the winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 2007, performed for . The song marked the country's Eurovision debut as an independent nation, the having dissolved in June 2006. The song was released as a CD single in nine different versions on 27 July 2007 by Connective Records. "Molitva" also won the semi-final in the 2007 competition, collecting 298 points, which was the highest number of points ever gained in the semi-final under the single semi final format of the contest (2004–2007). It was succeeded as the Serbian Representative by "Oro" by Jelena Tomašević and as the winning song by "Believe" by Dima Bilan from Russia. Background Molitva was the first song containing no English language lyrics to win since Dana International's win for in with "Diva". Molitva was the last entirely non-English song to win the contest until the 2017 edition, where 's Salvador Sobral won with "Amar pelos dois", as well as being the first time a ballad had won since televoting became the standard and the first one of the so-called "Balkan ballads" that came to prominence since the late 1990s to win the contest. The song is also notable for its stage presentation because it lacked dance routines, revealing or showy costumes, pyrotechnics and other gimmicks. The Eurovision Song Contest is often accused of concentrating on these things instead of the music itself. Many elements of "Molitva" contrasted with the previous winner, "Hard Rock Hallelujah". Šerifović's performance was complemented by the notable presence of the five backing singers, who joined together afterwards to form Beauty Queens. They later joined her with a Serbian flag at the end. Other versions The English version is titled "Destiny", the Russian version is titled "" (Molitva), and the Finnish version is called ""; these were performed by the Beauty Queens, without Šerifović. The song has also been released as a dance remix and a remix named "Jovan Radomir mix" by Swedish TV-presenter Jovan Radomir, who also wrote the English lyrics. An instrumental version has also been released as well as a karaoke version. The UK oompah band Oompah Brass recorded an instrumental version of "Molitva" on their album Oompocalypse Now (2008), premiered at the 2007 Belgrade Beer Festival. Use of the song Molitva has been often played for many successes Serbia has had in the year 2007. It was played at a welcome party for Serbia's tennis players after their French Open successes. During Wimbledon 2007, Molitva was often used during clips displaying the courts and players on the BBC. It was mainly used before and after footage or interviews with the Serbian players. At the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, which took place on 24 May, Šerifović sang "Molitva" as the opening. The short 10-second instrumental theme of the song can be heard even today on Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) (between scheduled broadcasts as short intermezzo or when presenting RTS programme/image). In 2012, Šerifović performed this song during the interval act of the second semi-final at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku. She was accompanied by traditional Azeri musical instruments. In 2015, the chorus of the song was played on Day 102 of the soap opera parody Kalyeserye of the Philippine noontime variety show Eat Bulaga!. Molitva was included in the list of the 10 best Eurovision winners according to the SBS in 2016 and to The Independent in 2019, while The Eurovision Times, a fan blog, ranked it as the third best Eurovision song of all time. Track listing "Molitva" (Serbian version) – 3:03 "Destiny" (English version) – 3:04 "Molitva" (Russian version) – 3:01 "Molitva" (Magnetic Club reload mix Serbian version) – 4:26 "Destiny" (Magnetic Club reload mix English version) – 4:23 "Molitva" (Magnetic Club reload mix Russian version) – 4:25 "Molitva" (Jovan Radomir remix) – 3:38 "Rukoilen" (Finnish version) – 3:06 "Molitva" (instrumental) – 3:02 Charts References External links Marija Šerifović - Molitva (Serbia) 2007 Eurovision Song Contest - Official Eurovision YouTube video. Lyrics at diggiloo.net 2007 songs Eurovision songs of Serbia Eurovision songs of 2007 Eurovision Song Contest winning songs Songs written by Vladimir Graić
Peristernia pulchella is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies. Description Distribution References Fasciolariidae Gastropods described in 1847
Scott Michael Cross (born December 3, 1974) is an American college basketball coach who is currently head men's basketball coach at Troy. He is the former head men's basketball coach at the University of Texas at Arlington (UT Arlington), where he played college basketball. Early life and education Growing up in Garland, Texas, Cross graduated from North Garland High School in 1993. He attended the University of Texas at San Antonio for one year before beginning his college basketball player at Tyler Junior College in 1994–95. Cross then transferred to the University of Texas at Arlington, where he played at guard on the UT Arlington Mavericks men's basketball team from 1995 to 1998 under head coach Eddie McCarter. In 82 career games at UT Arlington, Cross averaged 9.3 points, 2.8 rebounds, and 2.7 assists. A two-time Academic All-American, Cross graduated from UT Arlington in 1998 with a bachelor's degree in marketing and 4.0 GPA. Coaching career UT Arlington assistant (1998–2006) After graduating, Cross became an assistant coach at UT Arlington under McCarter in 1998. Cross helped UT Arlington share the 2004 Southland Conference regular season title. Following the resignation of McCarter, on April 21, 2006, UT Arlington promoted Cross to head coach. UT Arlington (2006–2018) Cross was head coach at UT Arlington from 2006 to 2018. In his second season, Cross led UT Arlington to the Southland tournament title and first ever NCAA tournament appearance. The Southland Conference named Cross Coach of the Year after UT Arlington won the 2012 regular season title. Cross was also a Finalist for the Hugh Durham National Coach of the Year Award. That same season, UT Arlington appeared in the 2012 National Invitation Tournament. In 2012–13, UT Arlington temporarily moved to the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) and finished the season 19–14 (11–7 WAC) with an appearance in the 2013 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament. The following season, UT Arlington moved to the Sun Belt Conference. During the 2015-2016 season, Cross was able to lead his Mavericks to big program victories over Ohio State and Memphis. They would finish the season with a 24-11 record, receiving an invitation to the 2016 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament, where they would beat Savannah State in the first round before falling in the quarterfinals. Following the conclusion of the season, Cross was named a finalist for the Skip Prosser Man of the Year Award. The 27–9 record in 2016–17 set a new program record for wins. That season, UT-Arlington defeated Texas for the first time on November 29. Then on December 8, UT Arlington upset no. 12 Saint Mary's 65–51, the first win over a ranked opponent in program history. The 2016–17 team won the program's first Sun Belt regular season title, for which Cross was named Sun Belt Coach of the Year. UTA would receive an invitation to the 2017 National Invitation Tournament, where they would make it to the quarterfinals after defeating BYU and Akron. From 2014 to 2018, Cross coached power forward Kevin Hervey, who would be selected in the second round of the 2018 NBA draft and become the first UT Arlington player to play in the NBA. Following a 21–13 season, Cross was fired on March 26, 2018, with UTA athletic director Jim Baker citing a need for new leadership in the program. In 12 seasons, he had a 225–161 record, for the most wins of any coach in program history. He is the only UT Arlington head coach with a career winning record. TCU assistant (2018–2019) A few weeks after his firing, on April 12, Cross was hired by Jamie Dixon to be an assistant coach with the TCU Horned Frogs men's basketball team. While at TCU, Cross became Dixon's primary game plan strategist during the season. Cross would help lead the Horned Frogs to a 23–14 record and an appearance in the semifinals of the 2019 National Invitation Tournament. Troy (2019–present) On March 26, 2019, Cross was named the new head coach of the men's basketball team at Troy University. Troy went 9–22 in Cross's first season as head coach. Cross had his breakthrough season at Troy during the 2021-2022 season, when Troy finished the season with a 20-11 (10-6) record, winning the inaugural Paradise Classic tournament during the season and receiving an invitation to the postseason College Basketball Invitational. Head coaching record Personal life Cross is married to Jennifer Harris, who played volleyball at UT Arlington from 1995 to 1998. They have three children. References External links Troy bio UT Arlington bio 1974 births Living people American men's basketball coaches American men's basketball players Basketball coaches from Texas Basketball players from Texas College men's basketball head coaches in the United States Sportspeople from Garland, Texas TCU Horned Frogs men's basketball coaches Tyler Apaches men's basketball players University of Texas at San Antonio alumni UT Arlington Mavericks men's basketball coaches UT Arlington Mavericks men's basketball players Virginia Commonwealth University alumni
Frederick Audley Mitchell Jr. (born 5 October 1953) is a Bahamian Progressive Liberal Party politician serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs for the third time. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Fox Hill, first elected in 2002 and then again in 2021. He also served two terms in the Senate. Early life and education Mitchell was born in Nassau, the eldest son of Lilla (née Forde) and Frederick A. Mitchell Sr. His maternal grandfather was Barbadian. He attended Eastern Junior School, Sands School, and St. Augustine's College. He received his communications degree at Antioch University, his master's at Harvard University, and his law degree at the University of Buckingham. Career Mitchell was called to both the Bar of England and Wales and the Bar of the Bahamas. He worked in broadcasting and journalism. Mitchell began his political career as a senator appointed by Free National Movement Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham in 1992. In the Senate, he was chairman of the Select Committee on Culture. He joined the Progressive Liberal Party and ran for the Fox Hill constituency in the 1997 general election. He tried again in 2002 and was elected to the Assembly. He worked as editor of The Herald, a paper of the PLP and had a column in The Bahamas Uncensored. Mitchell served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in both Perry Christie governments. He chaired the CARICOM Council for Foreign and Community Relations and supported Haiti becoming a member state. He was a founding member of the Bahamas Committee on Southern Africa. Mitchell lost his seat in the 2017 general election. Whilst out of the Assembly, he returned to the Senate as an opposition leader and PLP chairman. He regained Fox Hill in 2021 and was sworn back into his Foreign Minister post under Philip Davis. Views and public image During his time in politics, some of his peers have accused him of "catching feelings" and being "overly emotional". Mitchell has also come under criticism from socially conservative Bahamians for his support of LGBT+ rights. However he believes that he will be remembered like Nelson Mandela for his stance. Although his party had no official policy regarding the monarchy until 2022, he was personally against it prior to that. See also List of foreign ministers in 2017 List of current foreign ministers References Living people 1953 births 20th-century Bahamian lawyers Alumni of the University of Buckingham Antioch College alumni Bahamian Anglicans Bahamian people of Barbadian descent Bahamian republicans Foreign ministers of the Bahamas Government ministers of the Bahamas Harvard University alumni Members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas Members of the Senate of the Bahamas Progressive Liberal Party politicians
Hermetic or related forms may refer to: of or related to the ancient Greek Olympian god Hermes of or related to Hermes Trismegistus, a legendary Hellenistic figure based on the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth , the ancient and medieval writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, mainly dealing with astrology, alchemy, magic, and religious philosophy Hermeticism or Hermetism, a religio-philosophical system that is primarily based on the Hermetic Qabalah, an esoteric tradition syncretizing several forms of belief Hermeticism (poetry) or Hermetic poetry, a form of obscure poetry where the sound of words is as important as their meaning Hermetic seal, an airtight seal Hermetic Press, a publishing company in Seattle, specializing in technical literature on magic and mentalism Hermética, an Argentine heavy metal band Hermética (album), their 1989 debut album Hermeticum (album), 1998 album by Portuguese gothic metal band Moonspell See also Hermes (disambiguation)
is an open standard developed by the World Wide Web Consortium since 2005. It was published as a Recommendation of the W3C on October 25, 2012. The document is a technical report specifying a multimodal system architecture and its generic interfaces to facilitate integration and multimodal interaction management in a computer system. It has been developed by the W3C's Multimodal Interaction Working Group. Description The Multimodal Architecture and Interfaces recommendation introduces a generic structure and a communication protocol to allow the modules in a multimodal system to communicate with each other. This specification proposes an event-driven architecture as a general frame of reference focused in the control flow data exchange. It can be used to determine the basic infrastructures needed to command the application's multimodal services. The architecture is also proposed to facilitate the task of implementing several types of multimodal services providers on multiple devices: mobile devices and cell phones, home appliances, Internet of Things objects, television and home networks, enterprise applications, web applications, "smart" cars or on medical devices and applications. Logical structure Multimodal Architecture and Interfaces is the specified description of a larger services infrastructure called The Runtime Framework which provides the main functions that a multimodal system can need. This framework is at a higher level of abstraction than the MMI architecture. The MMI Runtime Framework is the runtime support and communication modules of the multimodal system while MMI Architecture is the description and the specification of its main modules, its interfaces and its communication modes. The Multimodal Architecture and Interfaces specification is based on the MVC design pattern, that proposes to organize the user interface structure in three parts: the Model, the View and the Controller. This design pattern is also shown by the Data-Flow-Presentation architecture from the Voice Browser Working Group. A particularity of this architecture is that although the presentation layer represented by theView has traditionally been associated with graphical interfaces; this recommendation abstraction generalizes the View to the broader context of the multimodal interaction, where the user can use a combination of visual, auditory, biometric and / or tactile modalities. The MMI Architecture recommendation distinguishes three types of components: the Interaction Manager – IM, the Data Component – DC and the Modality Components – MC. This distinction is similar to the separation between the Controller, the Model and the presentation documents of the View in the MVC pattern. Another characteristic is recursion. The modules are black boxes and it is possible to encapsulate several components in a more complex component, which communicate with an Interaction Manager at a higher level. In this way, the architecture follows the nested dolls principle . The specification also covers the issues of a distributed implementation on multiple material resources in a network or a centralized implementation, with all the modules installed in a single material support. Information sharing between modules is loose coupled. This promotes low dependence between modules, reducing the impact of changes in one module on other modules, and facilitating the modules' reuse. In this way, the modules have little or no knowledge of the functioning of any other modules and the communication between modules is done through the exchange of messages following a precise communication protocol provided by the architecture's API. The MMI architecture modules The interaction manager The interaction manager is a logical component, responsible for all message exchanges between the components of the system and the multimodal Runtime Framework. It is a communication bus and also an event handler. Each application can configure at least one Interaction Manager to define the required interaction logic. This controller is the core of the multimodal interaction: It manages the specific behaviors triggered by the events exchanged between the various input and output components. It manages the communication between the modules and the client application. It ensures consistency between multiple inputs and outputs and provides a general perception of the application's current status. It is responsible for data synchronization. It is responsible for focus management. It manages communication with any other entity outside the system. The modality components The modality components are responsible for specific tasks, including handling inputs and outputs in various ways, such as speech, writing, video, etc.. These are logical entities that handles the input and output of different hardware devices (microphone, graphic tablet, keyboard) and software services (motion detection, biometric changes) associated with the multimodal system. For example, (see figure below), a modality component A can be charged at the same time of the speech recognition and the audio input management. Another modality component B can manage the complementary command inputs on two different devices: a graphics tablet and a microphone. Two modality components C, can manage separately two complementary inputs given by a single device: a camcorder. And finally, a modality component D, can use an external recognition web service and only be responsible for the control of communication exchanges needed for the recognition task. In all four cases the system has a generic modality component for the detection of a voice command input, despite the differences in implementation. Any modality component can potentially wrap multiple features provided by multiple physical devices but also more than one modality component could be included in a single device. To this extent the modality component is an abstraction of the same kind of input handled and implemented differently in each case. For this reason, the W3C recommendation currently does not describe in detail the structure or implementation of the modality components. It focuses only on the need of a communication interface with the Interaction Manager and the need of an implementation that follows a specific communication protocol: the Life-Cycle Events. The data component The data component's primary role is to save the public data of the application that may be required by one or several modality components or by other modules (e.g., the Framework's session module). The data component can be an internal module A or an external module B to the Interaction Manager (see Figure). This depends on the implementation chosen by each application. However, the Interaction Manager is the only module that has direct access to the Data Component and only the Interaction Manager can view and edit the data and communicate with external servers if necessary. As a result, the Modality Components must use the Interaction Manager as an intermediary to access the public data of the multimodal application. However, for the storage of private data, each Modality Component can implement its own Data Component. This private Data Component can also access external servers B (see Figure) and keep the data that the Modality Component may require, for example, in the speech recognition task. This can be the case of an implementation following the principle of nested dolls given by the MMI architecture recommendation. Communication protocol between different modules In the MMI architecture, the communication protocol is asynchronous, bi-directional and based on the exchange of event notifications that are raised by the system following a user action or some internal activity. This protocol defines the exchange mode and how to establish and end the communication between modules. In the case of this specification, it is reflected in the Life-Cycle Events. These are six standard control events that are proposed for controlling devices and material services (such as a video player or a sound reproduction device) and two notifications proposed for monitoring the current status of the multimodal system. The Standard Life-Cycle Events The specification recommends eight standard Life-Cycle Events specified as pairs of Request > Response exchanges: NewContext ( NewContextRequest / NewContextResponse ) Indicates the creation of a cycle of interaction (context) between zero, one or more users with one or multiple modality components. The context is the longest period of interaction in which the modules must keep the information available. The context is associated with the semantics of the user's and system's activity during the interaction cycle. This allows to the implementation decide whether to keeping the information still makes sense for the execution of the current activity. Usually the context is created from user input. The event is normally sent by one or more modality components to the interaction manager that must answer the query. For example, a modality component responsible for managing the inputs associated with the finger gesture ( touchmove ) in a web page viewed on a touch screen. At the beginning of the physical interaction, the modality component will send the query: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:newContextRequest requestID="myReq1" source="myPointerMC.php" target="myIM.php" data="myMCStatus.xml" /> </mmi:mmi> At this request the Interaction Manager will respond: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:newContextResponse requestID="myReq1" source="myIM.php" target="myPointerMC.php" context="myContextID1" status="success" /> </mmi:mmi> It is also possible that the Interaction Manager is at the origin of the request. In this case the syntax remains the same but the value of source and target properties must change. ClearContext ( ClearContextRequest / ClearContextResponse ) Sent by the interaction manager, the event marks the end of the cycle of interaction (context) and request the freed of the resources that were allocated to the current interaction context. The ClearContext event may be associated with the end of user or system activity. For example: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:clearContextRequest requestID="myReq2" source="myPointerMC.php" target="myIM.php" context="myContextID1" /> </mmi:mmi> Upon receipt the request, the modality component may give as an answer: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:clearContextResponse requestID="myReq2" source="myPointerMC.php" target="myIM.php" context="myContextID1" status="success" /> </mmi:mmi> Prepare ( PrepareRequest / PrepareResponse ) Sent by the interaction manager, this event control signals to the modality component that it must be prepared to start its task and that it can load data that will be required to perform its work. For example: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mmi:prepareRequest requestID="myReq3" source="myIM.php" target="myDisplayMC.php" context="myContextID2"> <mmi:content> <svg:svg width="100%" height="100%" version="1.1"> <rect width="300" height="100" style="fill:rgb(0,0,255);stroke-width:1; stroke:rgb(0,0,0)"/> </svg:svg> </mmi:content> </mmi:prepareRequest> </mmi:mmi> If there are multiple documents or data to be loaded during the preparation phase, the Interaction Manager could trigger the PrepareRequest event several times without starting the task after each request. Nevertheless, each request call must be answered. In our example, if the content has been properly preloaded the answer is: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:prepareResponse requestID="myReq3" source="myDisplayMC.php" target="myIM.php" status="success" context="myContextID2"> </mmi:prepareResponse> </mmi:mmi> Start ( StartRequest / StartResponse ) Sent by the Interaction Manager this control event signals to the Modality Component that it may start its task. For example: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:startRequest requestID="myReq4" source="myIM.php" target="myPlayerMC.php" context="myContextID3" data="myPlayerParams.xml"> <mmi:contentURL href="myAnimation.swf"/> </mmi:startRequest> </mmi:mmi> If during the execution of its work the Modality Component receives a new StartRequest event it may either start the new task, or report the failure. In the case of a successful execution the answer must be: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:startResponse requestID="myReq4" source="myPlayerMC.php" target="myIM.php" status="success" context="myContextID3"> </mmi:startResponse> </mmi:mmi> In the case of a failure, the response may be for example: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:startResponse requestID="myReq4" source="myPlayerMC.php" target="myIM.php" status="failure" context="myContextID3"> <mmi:statusInfo> NoContent </mmi:statusInfo> </mmi:startResponse> </mmi:mmi> Cancel ( CancelRequest / CancelResponse ) Sent by the Interaction Manager, this control event signals to the Modality Component that it should stop its current task. For example: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:cancelRequest requestID="myReq5" source="myIM.php" target="mySpokerMC.php" context="myContextID4" Immediate="true"/> </mmi:mmi> The Modality Component response may be: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:cancelResponse requestID="myReq5" source="mySpokerMC.php" target="myIM.php" context="myContextID4" status="success" data="myMCStatus.xml"/> </mmi:mmi> Pause ( PauseRequest / PauseResponse ) Sent by the Interaction Manager, this control event signals to the Modality Component that it must pause its current task. For example, the request for a Modality Component that manages the input of a graphics tablet may be: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:pauseRequest requestID="myReq6" source="myIM.php" target="myWriterMC.php" context="myContextID5" immediate="false"/> </mmi:mmi> And the response of the Modality Component may be: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:pauseResponse requestID="myReq6" source="myWriterMC.php" target="myIM.php" context="myContextID5" status="success" data="myMCStatus.xml"/> </mmi:mmi> Resume ( ResumeRequest / ResumeResponse ) Sent by the Interaction Manager, this control event signals to the Modality Component that the task previously paused should resume: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:resumeRequest requestID="myReq7" source="myIM.php" target="myWriterMC.php" context="myContextID5"/> </mmi:mmi> The Modality Component's response may be: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:resumeResponse requestID="myReq7" source="myWriterMC.php" target="myIM.php" context="myContextID5" status="success"/> </mmi:mmi> Status ( StatusRequest / StatusResponse ) It is sent either by the Interaction Manager or by the Modality Components. This event indicates whether the cycle of interaction is still running, that is, if the context is "alive". For example, a Modality Component may need to monitor the status of the system to stop a process in case of fault or standby. In this case, it may send to the Interaction Manager : <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:statusRequest requestID="myReq8" source="myRecorderMC.php" target="myIM.php" requestAutomaticUpdate="true" /> </mmi:mmi> Given that the request don't have the context parameter, the controller should return the system or the host server status and not the status of the current interaction context. To this request, the Interaction Manager may respond: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:statusResponse requestID="myReq8" source="myIM.php" target="myRecorderMC.php" status="alive" AutomaticUpdate="true" /> </mmi:mmi> The Notifications The specification also recommends two types of notifications, which one, the Extension Notification, can contain control or command data to handle devices or material services. For this reason this notification is regarded like an exception, a standard control event that is not described as a pair Request > Response (in a previous version it was called the Data Event). The two notifications are: Extension ( ExtensionNotification ) This event is used to communicate application-specific control data or any other needed data. It can be generated either by the Interaction Manager or by a Modality Component. It ensures the extensibility of the architecture by giving a generic API dedicated to the application-specific needs. For example, a Modality Component that handles a DVD player may indicate to the system an interaction with the DVD's main menu: <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:extensionNotification requestID="myReq9" source="myPlayerMC.php" target="myIM.php" context="myContextID6" name="playerNavigation"> <applicationdata> <data id="menu" selected="true" /> </applicationdata> </mmi:extensionNotification> </mmi:mmi> Done ( DoneNotification ) This notification is sent by the Modality Component to the Interaction Manager when it has finished its task. For example, when a recognizer Modality Component has finished the image recognition task (finding a face): <mmi:mmi xmlns:mmi="http://www.w3.org/2008/04/mmi-arch" version="1.0"> <mmi:doneNotification requestID="myReq10" source="myDetectorMC.php" target="myIM.php" context="myContextID7" status="success"> <mmi:data> <data id="detectionList"> <users> <user id="u58" confidence=".85" /> <user id="u32" confidence=".75" /> <user id="u87" confidence=".60" /> </users> </data> </mmi:data> </mmi:doneNotification> </mmi:mmi> References External links Standards and notes of W3C MMIF: Multimodal Interaction Framework by James A. Larson, T.V. Raman and Dave Raggett, Ed., W3C, 2003. This W3C Note proposes a framework that describes the main generic components of a multimodal system. This framework is a basis for developing multimodal applications, it suggest which language to use, which scripts, which styles and other useful resources. SCXML: State Chart XML. A State Machine Notation for Control Abstraction by Jim Barnett et al. Ed. W3C, 2006. SCXML is a state machine language for a general use and based on events. It can be used: as a dialog control language invoking different types of recognition; as a metalanguage for voice applications that can also control access to databases and business logic modules, such as a multimodal control language combining VoiceXML dialogues with other modalities, including keyboard, mouse, ink, vision, haptic devices, etc.; as a management language for extended call centers and finally as a control language for general processes in other contexts not involving speech processing. CCXML: Voice Browser Call Control Version 1.0 by R.J. Auburn Ed., W3C, 2005. CCXML allows the control of voice calls in dialog systems. It can handle various types of media for example in systems using VoiceXML. EMMA: Extensible Multimodal Annotation markup language by Michael Johnson and al. Ed., W3C, 2005. EMMA is an XML format to mark up the interpretation of user input with application-specific information such as the level of trust, the timestamp, the input modality and relevant options to the recognition of the input data. MMIUse: Multimodal Interaction Use Cases by Emily Candell and Dave Raggett, Ed., W3C, 2002. This W3C's Note describes several use cases for multimodal interaction and presents them in terms of the multiple device capacities and required events for each use case. It helps to assemble the various components of a multimodal application in which a user can interact with multiple modalities, for example, using speech, writing, shortcuts, voice commands to have an audio or visual output result. SMIL: Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Version 2.1 by Dick Bulterman and al. Ed. W3C, 2005. SMIL is a language that allows you to write interactive multimedia presentations describing the temporal behavior of the presentation, by combining links to the media describing the layout of the presentation on the screen. It also provides timing and synchronization to other languages that can need it. VoiceXML: Voice Extensible Markup Language Version 2.0 by Scott McGlashan and al. Ed., W3C, 2004. It allows to create pages with which a user can interact with his voice or any sound. It allows, also the creation of a dialog between the user and a web page with a synthesized speech, digitized audio signal, a voice input or a DTMF tone. HTML: HyperText Markup Language Version 4.01 by Raggett and al. Ed., W3C, 1999. It is used to describe the presentation and the text of web pages and include in the pages of links to additional texts, media resources (images, video, sound) and interactive media resources ( forms, animations, interactive universe 3D ) . This description is made with tags written in a structured code and can be completed by information about a given graphic style ( CSS ) or a programmed interaction by a script ( ECMAScript ). SVG: Scalable Vector Graphics 1.1 by Jon Ferraiolo and al. Ed., W3C, 1995. SVG is a file format for describing adaptable vector graphics. XMLSig: XML-SignatureSyntax and Processing by Eastlake and al. Ed., W3C, 2001. It is used to authenticate the author of the web page and ensure its integrity through digital signatures on XML documents. Other standards RFC 7230: HTTP/1.1 Message Syntax and Routing. IETF, 2014. RFC 2119: Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels in IETF, 1997. RFC 2396: Uniform Resource Identifiers in IETF, 1995. Scholar references Multimodal Interaction in Distributed and Ubiquitous Computing by Pous, M. et Ceccaroni, L, Internet and Web Applications and Services (ICIW), 2010 Fifth International Conference on, Barcelona, Spain, 2010. A Multimodal Interaction Manager for Device Independent Mobile Applications by Wegscheider, F. et al., Internet and Web Applications and Services (ICIW), 2010 Fifth International Conference on, Barcelona, Spain, 2010. A Model for Adaptive Multimodal Mobile Notification by William Brander, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 2007. Providing multimodal context-sensitive services to mobile users by Ardit, C et al., National Event on Virtual Mobile Guides, Turin, Italy, 2006. Papers presented to W3C's Multimodal Architecture and Interfaces Workshop, 19–20 July 2004. Sophia Antipolis, France Mobile Field Data Entry for Concrete Quality Control Information by Irina KONDRATOVA dans Proceedings of the European Conference on Products and Processes Modelling (ECPPM 2004).NRC Publication Number: NRC 47158. Links W3C Drafts New Multimodal Standard by Leonard Klie, speechtechmag, Feb, 17, 2009. W3C's Multimodal Architecture and Interfaces Workshop, 16–17 Nov. 2007. Keio University, Japon. The W3C Multimodal Architecture, Part 2: The XML specification stack. Multimodal authoring with SCXML, XHTML, REX, and more by Gerald MCCOBB, IBM, 31 May 2007. Multimodal interaction and the mobile Web, Part 1: Multimodal auto-fill. Automatically enter personal information into forms by Gerald MCCOBB, IBM, 15 November 2005. Multimodal interaction and the mobile Web, Part 2: Simple searches with Find-It How to enable voice access to the Yahoo! local search engine by Gerald MCCOBB, IBM, 6 December 2005. Multimodal interaction and the mobile Web, Part 3: User authentication. Secure user authentication with voice and visual interaction by Gerald MCCOBB, IBM, 10 January 2006. Distributed Multimodal Synchronization Protocol (DMSP) by Chris Cross With Contribution from Gerald McCobb and Les Wilson, IBM Corporation, July 13, 2006. W3C leads a New European Project: Multimodal Web Ercim News, 2004. Multimodal interaction promises device integration, accessibility, and enhanced communication services Techrepublic, 2003. Interview to Dr. Deborah Dahl by Paolo Baggia. VoiceXML Italian User Group, July, 2003. Publishers W3C's MMI Group Multimodal Interaction Activity Multimodal Interaction Activity in the W3C website World Wide Web Consortium standards XML-based standards Software architecture Multimodal interaction Human–computer interaction
```c++ #include "source/extensions/filters/udp/udp_proxy/session_filters/dynamic_forward_proxy/config.h" #include "envoy/registry/registry.h" #include "envoy/server/filter_config.h" #include "source/extensions/common/dynamic_forward_proxy/dns_cache_manager_impl.h" #include "source/extensions/filters/udp/udp_proxy/session_filters/dynamic_forward_proxy/proxy_filter.h" namespace Envoy { namespace Extensions { namespace UdpFilters { namespace UdpProxy { namespace SessionFilters { namespace DynamicForwardProxy { DynamicForwardProxyNetworkFilterConfigFactory::DynamicForwardProxyNetworkFilterConfigFactory() : FactoryBase("envoy.filters.udp.session.dynamic_forward_proxy") {} FilterFactoryCb DynamicForwardProxyNetworkFilterConfigFactory::createFilterFactoryFromProtoTyped( const FilterConfig& proto_config, Server::Configuration::FactoryContext& context) { Extensions::Common::DynamicForwardProxy::DnsCacheManagerFactoryImpl cache_manager_factory( context); ProxyFilterConfigSharedPtr filter_config( std::make_shared<ProxyFilterConfig>(proto_config, cache_manager_factory, context)); return [filter_config](Network::UdpSessionFilterChainFactoryCallbacks& callbacks) -> void { callbacks.addReadFilter(std::make_shared<ProxyFilter>(filter_config)); }; } /** * Static registration for the dynamic_forward_proxy filter. @see RegisterFactory. */ REGISTER_FACTORY(DynamicForwardProxyNetworkFilterConfigFactory, NamedUdpSessionFilterConfigFactory); } // namespace DynamicForwardProxy } // namespace SessionFilters } // namespace UdpProxy } // namespace UdpFilters } // namespace Extensions } // namespace Envoy ```
Established in 2006, SolarEdge developed an DC optimized inverter system. The company was the first to successfully commercialize Power Optimizers, a device that offers module-level maximum power point tracking (MPPT), before feeding back the electricity generated into an inverter. History SolarEdge was established in 2006 by Guy Sella, Lior Handelsman, Yoav Galin, Meir Adest and Amir Fishelov. The company was backed by venture capital from GE Energy Financial Services, Norwest Venture Partners, Lightspeed Venture Partners, ORR Partners, Genesis Partners, Walden International, Vertex Ventures Israel, JP Asia Capital and Opus Capital Ventures. The company started mass production of its products by contract manufacturer Flex at the end of 2009. In March 2015, SolarEdge had an initial public offering of 7,000,000 shares of its common stock at a price to the public of $18.00 per share, raising $126 million. The shares began trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol “SEDG.” Goldman Sachs and Deutsche Bank acted as joint book-running managers for the offering. In May 2015, SolarEdge partnered with Tesla Energy to develop an inverter that could charge the Tesla Powerwall home energy storage battery that was unveiled in April 2015. The SolarEdge inverter manages both the conversion of energy from solar panels along with charging and discharging of the Powerwall. Over time, Tesla phased out its partnership with SolarEdge, with Tesla adding an inverter to its Powerwall 2 that was introduced in October 2016, and introducing its own solar inverter in January 2021 In October 2018, SolarEdge announced agreements to acquire a major stake in Kokam, a South Korean provider of Lithium-ion battery cells, batteries and energy storage solutions. In January 2019 SolarEdge announced the acquisition of a majority stake in SMRE – an Italian EV powertrain manufacturer. In 2019 SolarEdge announced the acquisition of Gamatronic, a UPS manufacturer, and established its Critical Power division In January 2023, SolarEdge announced the acquisition of Hark - a European-Based Energy Analytics and IoT Company Following a battle with cancer, founder Guy Sella died in 2019. Former vice president of global sales Zvi Lando, was appointed as CEO. Technology Many solar photovoltaic systems use a central inverter, where the panels are connected together in a series creating a string, which delivers all the direct current (DC) power produced into the inverter for conversion into grid-compatible alternating current (AC). The major drawback to this approach is that maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is performed for the entire string, therefore production is limited by the output of the lowest-performing panel. Performance can be impacted by shading and weather conditions. SolarEdge addresses this problem with power optimizers, small devices placed behind each individual solar panel that offers module-level MPPT, before feeding the energy to a central inverter. Power optimizers also allow panel-level monitoring of energy production, instead of total or string level data provided by traditional central inverters. See also Solar inverter Photovoltaic system Photovoltaics List of photovoltaics companies Solar energy References External links Photovoltaic inverter manufacturers Companies listed on the Nasdaq Information technology companies of the United States Solar energy companies of the United States 2015 initial public offerings
The 2012 Moscow Victory Day Parade was held on 9 May 2012 on Moscow's Red Square to commemorate the 67th anniversary of the capitulation of Nazi Germany in 1945. The parade marked the Soviet Union's victory in the Great Patriotic War on the very day on the signing of the German act of capitulation, on the very midnight of May 9, 1945 (Russian time). Newly inaugurated President of Russia Vladimir Putin made his ninth victory holiday address in this parade. Preparations Since October 2011, the parade has been well prepared. Rehearsals began to be held by the various participating units. Beginning from March 2012, in the parade practice site in Alabino, Moscow Oblast, parade rehearsal were held from the 19th of that month until April 23, and from April 21 and 22 the parade's Mobile Column began its Moscow test runs. Full rehearsals in Moscow itself started on the final Thursday and weekend of April and lasted until May 6. These also included separate practice runs for the military bands and the mobile column. The event Among the attendees were Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, Chairman of the State Duma Sergei Naryshkin, and Mayor Sergey Sobyanin. Over 14,000 troops participated in the ceremony. For the first time in a year, due to the massive unpopularity of the new Battledress duty uniforms worn last year by almost all the parading units, all the participants, save for those in the mobile column, began wearing dress uniforms again. The entire marchpast segment for 2012 was composed of the following Russian uniformed services: Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Russian Ground Forces Russian Air Force Russian Navy Russian Naval Infantry Russian Airborne Troops Strategic Missile Troops Russian Aerospace Defence Forces Russian Railway Troops Border Guard of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation Ministry of Emergency Situations The mobile column was composed of more than a hundred military vehicles from various military units and a squadron of Army Air Center Mi-8s carrying the Flag of Russia and the flags of the Armed Forces flying past Red Square closed the parade segment. This year's combined military band, conducted by Lieutenant General Valery Khalilov in what is his 10th Victory Day appearance as Senior Director of Music of the Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, will have more than 1,100 bandsmen and for the first time in 3 years will see the return of the Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov Moscow Military Music School's Corps of Drums leading the parade in its dark blue and red dress uniform, as it has always done since the Moscow Victory Parade of 1945. The parade finale saw the bands perform the March Borodino and a special arrangement of Farewell of Slavianka, the latter being in honor of the centennial anniversary of its composition and the former being in honor of the bicentennial of the Patriotic War of 1812. Music Flag procession, Inspection, and Address Sacred War (Священная Война) by Alexander Alexandrov March of the Preobrazhensky Regiment (Марш Преображенского Полка) Slow March to Carry the War Flag (Встречный Марш для выноса Боевого Знамени) by Dmitriy Valentinovich Kadeyev Slow March of the Officers Schools (Встречный Марш офицерских училищ) by Semyon Tchernetsky Slow March of the Guards of the Navy (Гвардейский Встречный Марш Военно-Морского Флота) by Nikolai Pavlocich Ivanov-Radkevich Slow March of the Tankmen (Встречный Марш Танкистов) by Semyon Tchernetsky Slow March (Встречный Марш) by Evgeny Aksyonov Glory (Славься) by Mikhail Glinka Parade Fanfare All Listen! (Парадная Фанфара “Слушайте все!”) by Andrei Golovin State Anthem of the Russian Federation (Государственный Гимн Российской Федерации) by Alexander Alexandrov Signal Retreat (Сигнал “Отбой”) Infantry Column Triumph of the Winners (Триумф Победителей) Air March (Авиамарш) by Yuliy Abramovich Khait Crew is One Family (Экипаж - одна семья) by Viktor Vasilyevich Pleshak March of the Cosmonauts/Friends, I believe (Марш Космонавтов /Я верю, друзья) by Oskar Borisovich Feltsman Artillery March (Марш Артиллеристов) by Tikhon Khrennikov We Need One Victory (Нам Нужна Одна Победа) by Bulat Shalvovich Okudzhava Ballad of a Soldier (Баллада о Солдате) by Vasily Pavlovich Solovyov-Sedoy We are the Army of the People (Мы Армия Народа) by Georgy Viktorovich Mavsesya To Serve Russia (Служить России) by Eduard Cemyonovich Khanok The Entry of the Red Army in Budapest (Вхождение Красной Армии в Будапешт) by Semyon Tchernetsky March Youth (Марш "Молодёжный") by Valery Khalilov March Hero (Марш “Герой”) by Unknown On Guard for the Peace (На страже Мира) by Boris Alexandrovich Diev On the Road (В Путь) by Vasily Pavlovich Solovyov-Sedoy Victory Day (День Победы) by David Fyodorovich Tukhmanov Mobile and Air columns March General Miloradovich (Марш “Генерал Милорадович”) by Valery Khalilov Invincible and Legendary (Несокрушимая и легендарная) by Alexandr Alexandrov March “Three Tankmen” (Марш “Три Танкиста”) by Pokrass Brothers March of the Soviet Tankists (Марш сове́тских танки́стов) by Pokrass Brothers Katyusha (Катюша) by Matvey Blanter March Victory (Марш “Победа”) by Albert Mikhailovich Arutyunov Artillery March (Марш Артиллеристов) by Tikhon Khrennikov Long Live our State (Да здравствует наша держава) by Boris Alexandrov Conclusion March Borodino (Марш “Бородино”) by I. Rayevsky Farewell of Slavianka (Прощание Славянки) by Vasiliy Agapkin Full list of participants Colonel General Valery Gerasimov was the year's parade commander (his final parade appearance) while the Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation, Anatoly Serdyukov, in what would be his final parade review, was the parade reviewing officer. Military Bands Massed Military Bands of the Armed Forces under the direction of the Senior Director of Music of the Military Bands Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Lieutenant General Valery Khalilov Central Military Band of the Ministry of Defense of Russia Central Navy Band of Russia Band of the Moscow Garrison Other military bands of military educational institutions and independent ministries Corps of Drums of the Moscow Military Music School Ground Column 154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment Color Guard and Honor Guard Company of the 1st Honor Guard Battalion, 154th ICR Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Military University of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation Military Technical University of the Federal Agency of Special Construction Air Military Engineering University (first appearance) Fleet Admiral of the Soviet Union Nikolai Kuznetsov Naval Academy (first appearance) 336th Independent Naval Infantry Brigade Military Space Academy "Alexander Mozhaysky" Yaroslav Air Defense Senior College of Rocket Training and Research (first appearance) Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces 98th Guards Airborne Division 29th and 34th Independent Railway Brigades of the Russian Railway Troops''' (first appearance) 1st NBC Coastal Brigade 9th Chemical Disposal Regiment 45th Engineering Brigade Civil Defense Academy of the Ministry of Emergency Situations OMSDON Ind. Motorized Internal Troops Division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation "Felix Dzerzhinsky" Moscow Border Institute of the FSB 5th Independent Tamanskaya Guards Motor Rifle Brigade "Mikhail Kalinin" 4th Independent Kantemirovkaya Guards Tank Brigade "Yuri Andropov" 9th Independent Guards Motor Rifle Brigade 27th Independent Sevastopol Guards Motor Rifle Brigade 288th Independent Warsaw-Brandenburg Artillery Brigade Moscow Military Commanders Training School "Supreme Soviet of Russia"'' Mobile Column GAZ-2975 Tigr Iveco LMV (first appearance) BTR-80 T-90A 2S19 Msta Buk missile system Pantsir-S1 S-400 Triumf Iskander-M Topol-M Air Column Flypast Mil Mi-8 Hip Colors Party Rehearsals for 2012 Moscow Victory Day Parade See also Victory Day (9 May) References Moscow Victory Day Parades Moscow Victory Day Parade 2012 in military history 2012 in Moscow May 2012 events in Russia
Napoleon and Love is a 1974 British television series originally aired on ITV and lasting for 9 episodes from 5 March to 30 April 1974. The series stars Ian Holm in the title role as Napoleon and depicts his relationships with the women who featured in his life as a backdrop to his rise and fall. Main cast Ian Holm as Napoleon Billie Whitelaw as Josephine Bonaparte Peter Bowles as Murat Ronald Hines as Berthier Peter Jeffrey as Talleyrand T. P. McKenna as Barras Sorcha Cusack as Hortense Edward de Souza as Joseph Bonaparte Wendy Allnutt as Madame Tallien Veronica Lang as Madame de Remusat John White as Constant Tim Curry as Eugene Karen Dotrice as Desiree Cheryl Kennedy as Pauline Nicola Pagett as Georgina Stephanie Beacham as Madame Duchatel Diana Quick as Eleonore Catherine Schell as Marie Walewska Susan Wooldridge as Marie-Louise Ian Trigger as Raguideau Episodes References External links 1974 British television series debuts 1974 British television series endings 1970s British television miniseries 1970s British drama television series ITV television dramas Films about Napoleon Cultural depictions of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord Cultural depictions of Joséphine de Beauharnais English-language television shows Period television series Television series by Fremantle (company) Television shows produced by Thames Television Television shows shot at Teddington Studios
Mauja () is a town and Village development committee in Kaski District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. Most of the people lived in villages. A village was also called "Mauja". The chief of the village was the Patil. He used to try to bring maximum land under cultivation. When there was any dispute in the village, the Patil used to settle it amicably. A Kulkarni helped the Patil in his work. The Kulkarni kept the record of the revenue that was collected. There were various artisans in the village. They had hereditary rights regarding their occupation. The tenants gave a share of their agricultural produce to the artisans for the services they rendered to the village community. This share was known as baluta. The land was cultivated by tenants. See also Mouza References External links UN map of the municipalities of Kaski District Populated places in Kaski District
Emily Chamlee-Wright (born July 7, 1966) is an American economist who serves as president and CEO of the Institute for Humane Studies. From 2012 through 2016, she was the Provost and Dean of Washington College. She taught economics at Beloit College from 1993 to 2012, where she held the Elbert H. Neese Jr. Professorship in Economics and served as associate dean from 2010 to 2012. She was one of three principal investigators with the Mercatus Center researching Gulf Coast recovery efforts in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Bibliography The Cultural Foundations of Economic Development: Urban Female Entrepreneurship in Ghana (Routledge 1997) Culture and Enterprise: The Development, Representation and Morality of Business (with Don Lavoie, Routledge 2000) The Cultural and Political Economy of Recovery: Social Learning in a Post-disaster Environment (Routledge 2010) Political Economy of Hurricane Katrina and Community Rebound (with Virgil Storr, Edward Elgar 2010) How We Came Back (with Nona Martin Storr and Virgil Storr, Mercatus Center 2015) Liberal Learning and the Art of Self-Governance (editor, Routledge 2015) References External links Chamlee-Wright profile at the Institute for Humane Studies Chamlee-Wright profile at the Mercatus Center American women economists George Mason University alumni Washington College people Beloit College faculty 1966 births Living people 20th-century American economists 21st-century American economists American women chief executives Mercatus Center American university and college faculty deans Women deans (academic) 20th-century American women 21st-century American women
The Men's First-heavyweight Weightlifting Event (– 100 kg) is the third heaviest men's event at the weightlifting competition, limiting competitors to a maximum of 100.0 kilograms of body mass. The competition took place on 2 August in the Pavelló de l'Espanya Industrial. Each lifter performed in both the snatch and clean and jerk lifts, with the final score being the sum of the lifter's best result in each. The athlete received three attempts in each of the two lifts; the score for the lift was the heaviest weight successfully lifted. Ties were broken by the lifter with the lightest body weight. Results References Weightlifting at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Shirley Anita Chisholm ( ; ; November 30, 1924 – January 1, 2005) was an American politician who, in 1968, became the first black woman to be elected to the United States Congress. Chisholm represented New York's 12th congressional district, a district centered on Bedford–Stuyvesant, for seven terms from 1969 to 1983. In 1972, she became the first black candidate for a major-party nomination for President of the United States and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination. Throughout her career she was known for taking "a resolute stand against economic, social, and political injustices," as well as being a strong supporter of black civil rights and women's rights. Born in Brooklyn, New York, she spent ages five through nine in Barbados, and she always considered herself a Barbadian American. She excelled at school and earned her college degree in the United States. She started working in early childhood education and became involved in local Democratic Party politics in the 1950s. In 1964, overcoming some resistance because she was a woman, she was elected to the New York State Assembly. Four years later, she was elected to Congress, where she led the expansion of food and nutrition programs for the poor and rose to party leadership. She retired from Congress in 1983 and taught at Mount Holyoke College while continuing her political organizing. Although nominated for an ambassadorship in 1993, health issues caused her to withdraw. In 2015, Chisholm was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Early life and education Shirley Anita St. Hill was born to immigrant parents on November 30, 1924, in Brooklyn, New York City. She was of Guyanese and Bajan descent. She had three younger sisters, two born within three years of her and one later. Her father, Charles Christopher St. Hill, was born in British Guiana before moving to Barbados. He arrived in New York City via Antilla, Cuba, in 1923. Her mother, Ruby Seale, was born in Christ Church, Barbados and arrived in New York City in 1921. Charles St. Hill was a laborer who worked in a factory that made burlap bags and as a baker's helper. Ruby St. Hill was a skilled seamstress and domestic worker who experienced the difficulty of working outside the home while simultaneously raising her children. As a consequence, in November 1929, when Shirley turned five, she and her two sisters were sent to Barbados on the MS Vulcania to live with their maternal grandmother, Emaline Seale. She later said, "Granny gave me strength, dignity, and love. I learned from an early age that I was somebody. I didn't need the black revolution to tell me that." Shirley and her sisters lived on their grandmother's farm in the Vauxhall village in Christ Church, where she attended a one-room schoolhouse. She returned to the United States in 1934, arriving in New York on May 19 aboard the SS Nerissa. As a result of her time in Barbados, Shirley spoke with a West Indian accent throughout her life. In her 1970 autobiography, Unbought and Unbossed, she wrote: "Years later I would know what an important gift my parents had given me by seeing to it that I had my early education in the strict, traditional, British-style schools of Barbados. If I speak and write easily now, that early education is the main reason." In addition, she belonged to the Quaker Brethren sect found in the West Indies, and religion became important to her; however, later in life, she attended services in a Methodist church. As a result of her time on the island, and despite her U.S. birth, she would always consider herself a Barbadian American. Beginning in 1939, she attended Girls' High School in the Bedford–Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn, a highly regarded, integrated school that attracted girls from throughout Brooklyn. She did well academically at Girls' High and was chosen to be vice president of the Junior Arista honor society. She was accepted at and offered scholarships to Vassar College and Oberlin College, but the family could not afford the room-and-board costs to go to either, so, instead, she selected Brooklyn College, where there was no charge for tuition and she could live at home and commute to the school. She earned her Bachelor of Arts from Brooklyn College in 1946, majoring in sociology and minoring in Spanish (a language that she would employ at times during her political career). She won prizes for her debating skills and graduated cum laude. During her time at Brooklyn College, she was a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority and the Harriet Tubman Society. As a member of the Harriet Tubman Society, she advocated for inclusion (specifically in terms of the integration of black soldiers in the military during World War II), the addition of courses that focused on African-American history and the involvement of more women in the student government. However, this was not her first introduction to activism or politics. Growing up, she was surrounded by politics, as her father was an avid supporter of Marcus Garvey's and a dedicated supporter of the rights of trade union members. She saw her community advocate for its rights as she witnessed the Barbados workers' and anti-colonial independence movements. She met Conrad O. Chisholm in the late 1940s. He had migrated to the United States from Jamaica in 1946, and he later became a private investigator who specialized in negligence-based lawsuits. They married in 1949 in a large West Indian-style wedding. She subsequently suffered two miscarriages, and, to their disappointment, the couple would have no children; although, in the view of scholar Julie Gallagher, it is possible that her career goals played a role in this outcome as well. After graduating from college, Chisholm began working as a teacher's aide at the Mt. Calvary Child Care Center in Harlem. She would work at the center in a teaching role from 1946 to 1953. Meanwhile, she was furthering her education, attending classes at night and earning her Master of Arts in childhood education from Teachers College of Columbia University in 1951. Early career From 1953 to 1954, she was director of the Friend in Need Nursery, located in Brownsville, Brooklyn, and then, from 1954 to 1959, she was director of the Hamilton-Madison Child Care Center, located in Lower Manhattan. At the latter, there were 130 children, ages three to seven, and 24 employees reporting to her. From 1959 to 1964, she was an educational consultant for the Division of Day Care in New York City's Bureau of Child Welfare. There, she was in charge of supervising ten day-care centers as well as starting up new ones. She became an authority on early education and child-welfare issues. Chisholm entered the world of politics in 1953, when she joined Wesley "Mac" Holder's effort to elect Lewis Flagg Jr. to the bench as the first black judge in Brooklyn. The Flagg election group later transformed into the Bedford–Stuyvesant Political League (BSPL). The BSPL pushed candidates to support civil rights, fought against racial discrimination in housing, and sought to improve economic opportunities and services in Brooklyn. Chisholm eventually left the group around 1958 after clashing with Holder over Chisholm's push to give female members of the group more input in decision making. She also worked as a volunteer for white-dominated political clubs in Brooklyn, like the Brooklyn Democratic Clubs and the League of Women Voters. With the Political League, she was part of a committee that chose the recipient of its annual Brotherhood Award. She also was a representative of the Brooklyn branch of the National Association of College Women. Furthermore, within the political organizations she joined, Chisholm sought to make meaningful changes to the structure and make-up of the organizations, specifically the Brooklyn Democratic Clubs, which resulted in her being able to recruit more people of color into the 17th District Club and, thus, local politics. In 1960, Chisholm joined a new organization, the Unity Democratic Club (UDC), led by former Flagg campaign member Thomas R. Jones. The UDC's membership was mostly middle class, racially integrated, and included women in leadership positions. Chisholm campaigned for Jones, who lost the election for an assembly seat in 1960, but ran again two years later and won, becoming Brooklyn's second black assemblyman. State legislator After Jones accepted a judicial appointment rather than seek reelection, Chisholm sought to run for his seat in the New York state assembly in 1964. Chisholm faced resistance based on her sex, with the UDC hesitant to support a female candidate. Chisholm chose to appeal directly to women voters, including using her role as Brooklyn branch president of Key Women of America to mobilize female voters. Chisholm won the Democratic primary in June 1964. She then won the seat in December with over 18,000 votes over Republican and Liberal party candidates, neither of whom received more than 1,900 votes. Chisholm was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1965 to 1968, sitting in the 175th, 176th and 177th New York State Legislatures. By May 1965, she had already been honored in a "Salute to Women Doers" affair in New York. One of her early activities in the Assembly was to argue against the state's literacy test requiring English, holding that just because a person "functions better in his native language is no sign a person is illiterate". By early 1966, she was a leader in a push by the statewide Council of Elected Negro Democrats for black representation on key committees in the Assembly. Her successes in the legislature included getting unemployment benefits extended to domestic workers. She also sponsored the introduction of a SEEK program (Search for Education, Elevation and Knowledge) to the state, which provided disadvantaged students with the chance to enter college while receiving intensive remedial education. In August 1968, she was elected as the Democratic National Committeewoman from New York State. U.S. House of Representatives Initial election In 1968, Chisholm ran for the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 12th congressional district, which, as part of a court-mandated reapportionment plan, had been significantly redrawn to focus on Bedford–Stuyvesant and was thus expected to result in Brooklyn's first black member of Congress. (Adam Clayton Powell Jr. had, in 1945, become the first black member of Congress from New York City as a whole.) As a result of the redrawing, the white incumbent in the former 12th, Representative Edna F. Kelly, sought reelection in a different district. Chisholm announced her candidacy around January 1968 and established some early organizational support. Her campaign slogan was "Unbought and unbossed". In the June 18, 1968 Democratic primary, Chisholm defeated two other black opponents, State Senator William S. Thompson and labor official Dollie Robertson. In the general election, she staged an upset victory over James Farmer, the former director of the Congress of Racial Equality, who was running as a Liberal Party candidate with Republican support, winning by an approximately two-to-one margin. Chisholm thereby became the first black woman elected to Congress, and was the only woman in the first-year class that year. Early terms Speaker of the House John W. McCormack assigned Chisholm to serve on the House Agriculture Committee. Given her urban district, she felt the placement was irrelevant to her constituents. When Chisholm confided to Rebbe Menachem M. Schneerson that she was upset and insulted by her assignment, Schneerson suggested that she use the surplus food to help the poor and hungry. Chisholm subsequently met Bob Dole and worked to expand the food stamp program. She later played a critical role in the creation of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program. Chisholm would credit Schneerson for the fact that so many "poor babies [now] have milk and poor children have food". Chisholm was then also placed on the Veterans' Affairs Committee. Soon after, she voted for Hale Boggs as House Majority Leader over John Conyers. As a reward for her support, Boggs assigned her to the much-prized Education and Labor Committee, which was her preferred committee. She was the third-highest-ranking member of this committee when she retired from Congress. Initially, Chisholm only hired women for her office; half of them were black. In later years, she did hire some men for both her Washington office and the one in her Brooklyn district. Chisholm said that she had faced much more discrimination during her New York legislative career because she was a woman than for her race. Chisholm joined the Congressional Black Caucus in 1971 as one of its founding members. In the same year, she was also a founding member of the National Women's Political Caucus. In May 1971, Chisholm and fellow New York Congresswoman Bella Abzug introduced a bill to provide $10 billion in federal funds for child-care services by 1975. A less expensive version introduced by Senator Walter Mondale eventually passed the House and Senate as the Comprehensive Child Development Bill, but it was vetoed by President Richard Nixon in December 1971, who said that it was too expensive and would undermine the institution of the family. 1972 presidential campaign Chisholm began exploring her candidacy in July 1971 and formally announced her presidential bid on January 25, 1972, in a Baptist church in her district in Brooklyn. There, she called for a "bloodless revolution" at the forthcoming Democratic nominating convention for the 1972 U.S. presidential election. Chisholm became the first African American to run for a major party's nomination for President of the United States, making her also the first woman ever to run for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination (U.S. Senator Margaret Chase Smith having previously run for the 1964 Republican presidential nomination). In her presidential announcement, Chisholm described herself as representative of the people and offered a new articulation of American identity: "I am not the candidate of black America, although I am black and proud. I am not the candidate of the women's movement of this country, although I am a woman and equally proud of that. I am the candidate of the people and my presence before you symbolizes a new era in American political history." Her campaign was underfunded, only spending $300,000 in total. She also struggled to be regarded as a serious candidate instead of as a symbolic political figure; the Democratic political establishment ignored her, and her black male colleagues provided little support. She later said, "When I ran for the Congress, when I ran for president, I met more discrimination as a woman than for being black. Men are men." In particular, she expressed frustration about the "black matriarch thing", saying, "They think I am trying to take power from them. The black man must step forward, but that doesn't mean the black woman must step back." Her husband, however, was fully supportive of her candidacy and said, "I have no hangups about a woman running for president." Security was also a concern, as, during the campaign, three confirmed threats were made against her life; Conrad Chisholm served as her bodyguard until U.S. Secret Service protection was given to her in May 1972. Chisholm skipped the initial March 7 New Hampshire contest, instead focusing on the March 14 Florida primary, which she thought would be receptive due to its "blacks, youth, and a strong women's movement". But, due to organizational difficulties and Congressional responsibilities, she only made two campaign trips there and ended with 3.5 percent of the vote for a seventh-place finish. Chisholm had difficulties gaining ballot access, but campaigned or received votes in primaries in fourteen states. Her largest number of votes came in the June 6 California primary, where she received 157,435 votes for 4.4 percent and a fourth-place finish, while her best percentage in a competitive primary came in the May 6 North Carolina contest, where she got 7.5 percent for a third-place finish. Overall, she won 28 delegates during the primaries process itself. Chisholm's base of support was ethnically diverse and included the National Organization for Women. Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem attempted to run as Chisholm delegates in New York. Altogether, during the primary season, she received 430,703 votes, which was 2.7 percent of the total of nearly 16 million cast and represented seventh place among the Democratic contenders. In June, Chisholm became the first woman to appear in a United States presidential debate. At the 1972 Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida, there were still efforts taking place by the campaign of former Vice President Hubert Humphrey to stop the nomination of Senator George McGovern for president. After that failed and McGovern's nomination was assured, as a symbolic gesture, Humphrey released his black delegates to Chisholm. This, combined with defections from disenchanted delegates from other candidates, as well as the delegates that she had won in the primaries, gave her a total of 152 first-ballot votes for the presidential nomination during the July 12 roll call. (Her precise total was 151.95.) Her largest support overall came from Ohio, with 23 delegates (slightly more than half of them white), even though she had not been on the ballot in the May 2 primary there. Her total gave her fourth place in the roll call tally, behind McGovern's winning total of 1,728 delegates. Chisholm said she ran for office "in spite of hopeless odds ... to demonstrate the sheer will and refusal to accept the status quo". It is sometimes stated that Chisholm won a primary in 1972, or won three states overall, with New Jersey, Louisiana and Mississippi being so identified. None of these fit the usual definition of winning a plurality of the contested popular vote or delegate allocations at the time of a state primary, caucus or state convention. In the June 6 New Jersey primary, there was a complex ballot that featured both a delegate-selection vote and a non-binding, non-delegate-producing "beauty contest" presidential preference vote. In the delegate-selection vote, Democratic front-runner McGovern defeated his main rival at that point, Humphrey, and won the large share of available delegates. Of the Democratic candidates, only Chisholm and former North Carolina governor Terry Sanford were on the statewide preference ballot. Sanford had withdrawn from the contest three weeks earlier. In that non-binding preference tally, which the Associated Press described as "meaningless", Chisholm received the majority of votes: 51,433, which was 66.9 percent. During the actual balloting at the national convention, Chisholm received votes from only 4 of New Jersey's 109 delegates, with 89 going to McGovern. In the May 13 Louisiana caucuses, there was a battle between forces of McGovern and Alabama governor George Wallace; nearly all of the delegates chosen were those who identified as uncommitted, many of them black. Leading up to the convention, McGovern was thought to control 20 of Louisiana's 44 delegates, with most of the rest uncommitted. During the actual roll call at the national convention, Louisiana passed at first, then cast 18.5 of its 44 votes for Chisholm, with the next-best finishers being McGovern and Senator Henry M. Jackson with 10.25 each. As one delegate explained, "Our strategy was to give Shirley our votes for sentimental reasons on the first ballot. However, if our votes would have made the difference, we would have gone with McGovern." In Mississippi, there were two rival party factions that each selected delegates at their own state conventions and caucuses: "regulars", representing the mostly white state Democratic Party, and "loyalists", representing many blacks and white liberals. Each slate professed to be largely uncommitted, but the regulars were thought to favor Wallace and the loyalists McGovern. By the time of the national convention, the loyalists were seated following a credentials challenge, and their delegates were characterized as mostly supporting McGovern, with some support for Humphrey. During the convention, some McGovern delegates became angry about what they saw as statements from McGovern that backed away from his commitment to end U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia, and cast protest votes for Chisholm as a result. During the actual balloting, Mississippi went in the first half of the roll call, and cast 12 of its 25 votes for Chisholm, with McGovern coming next with 10 votes. During the campaign, the German filmmaker Peter Lilienthal shot the documentary film Shirley Chisholm for President for the German television channel ZDF. Later terms Chisholm created controversy when she visited rival and ideological opposite George Wallace in the hospital soon after his shooting in May 1972, during the presidential primary campaign. Several years later, when Chisholm worked on a bill to give domestic workers the right to a minimum wage, Wallace helped gain votes from enough Southern congressmen to push the legislation through the House. From 1977 to 1981, during the 95th Congress and 96th Congress, Chisholm served as Secretary of the Democratic Caucus. Throughout her tenure in Congress, Chisholm worked to improve opportunities for inner-city residents. She supported spending increases for education, health care and other social services. She was very concerned with instances of discrimination against women, and especially those against impoverished women. She also focused on land rights for Native Americans. In the area of national security and foreign policy, Chisholm worked for the revocation of Internal Security Act of 1950. She opposed the American involvement in the Vietnam War and the expansion of weapon developments and was a vocal opponent of the U.S. military draft. During the Jimmy Carter administration, she called for better treatment of Haitian refugees. She was a forceful advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment, believing that the initial value of passing it would be in the social and psychological effects it would have more than any economic or legal impact. She did not want the amendment modified to incorporate a provision that would permit laws that purportedly protected the health and safety of females, saying such a modification would continue a traditional avenue of discrimination against women. Regarding a specific argument made along these lines, that the amendment would require women to be subject to the draft, Chisholm was unperturbed, saying that if there was a draft, women could serve, and that some larger, stronger women might perform better in infantry roles than some smaller, weaker men. At the same time, Chisholm was aware of how much of second-wave feminism in the United States focused on the concerns of middle-class white women, such as the adoption of the term "Ms." At the 1973 convention of the National Women's Political Caucus, Chisholm said that "women of color" were faced with "double discrimination" that especially affected them economically, and that the women's movement needed to make changes to better reflect such women and their concerns. Scholar Julie Gallagher has written that Chisholm's pressure in this regard did make some difference in the focus of the women's movement later in the 1970s. Chisholm's first marriage ended in a divorce that was granted on February 4, 1977, in the Dominican Republic. Later that year, on November 26, she married Arthur Hardwick Jr., a former New York State Assemblyman whom Chisholm had known when they both served in that body and who was now a Buffalo, New York liquor-store owner. The ceremony was held in a Buffalo-area hotel. She indicated that, while her legal name was now Hardwick, she would continue to use Chisholm in politics. She began spending some of her time in Buffalo, which brought some political criticism that she was being inattentive to her district. By the mid-to-late 1970s, there was growing dissatisfaction with Chisholm among some liberals in New York state and city politics who felt that Chisholm too often sided with Democratic party bosses over liberal, black or feminist challengers. Instances of her doing this included supporting the incumbent conservative Democrat John J. Rooney over the liberal antiwar activist Allard Lowenstein in a 1972 congressional primary; failing to support Bella Abzug's primary campaigns for U.S. senator in 1976 and New York mayor in 1977; failing to support the young feminist Elizabeth Holtzman's successful primary challenge to the aging congressional incumbent Emanuel Celler in 1972; and remaining neutral during longtime African-American civil rights leader and elected official Percy Sutton's bid in the 1977 mayoral primary, followed by endorsing Ed Koch in a runoff. This dissatisfaction was exemplified by a long 1978 piece published in The Village Voice, titled "Chisholm's Compromises: Politics and the Art of Self-Interest" and written by former UDC ally Andrew W. Cooper and Voice investigative reporter Wayne Barrett. Similarly, The Amsterdam News ran an editorial about the "Chisholm problem". Chisholm defended herself by saying that she was selecting those candidates who could best protect the interests of, and produce government benefits for, her constituents, but critics said that her behavior put the lie to the "unbossed" part of her slogan. To her biographer Barbara Winslow, Chisholm, being black and a woman, had no natural political base, and she was likely siding with the Democratic machine in order to give herself a secure spot from which to speak out on the provocative progressive messages that she wanted to put forth. A later analysis in The Washington Post framed the matter by saying that, despite the celebrity stemming from her presidential campaign, "Chisholm has been a lonely politician. Her unpredictability has led to an isolation that has been augmented by her pride and paranoia." Hardwick was badly injured in an April 1979 automobile accident. Desiring to take care of her husband, and also dissatisfied with the course of liberal politics in the wake of the Reagan Revolution, Chisholm decided to leave Congress. The possibility that she would be challenged in a Democratic primary election may have also been a factor in her decision. She announced her retirement in February 1982, saying that she looked forward to "a more private life". She further expressed that the Reagan administration was "not responsive to our constituency. The constituency is going to be more voluble and demanding, and I find myself in a position where I can't help them." She also lamented the tactics of the Christian right, which she said made potent use of the media and the symbols of family, morality and the national flag to quiet dissatisfaction in the people. But, overall, Chisholm felt that press reports had overemphasized her political dissatisfaction in her retirement calculus; fundamentally, she said in September 1982, "I've been so obsessed with politics and the desire to help my people all these years, I've never had time to think about my personal life. I think the accident was an instrument, God's way of making me reassess my life." She said she never intended to spend her whole career in politics and looked forward to a return to teaching. Later life and death After leaving Congress in January 1983, Chisholm made her home in Williamsville, New York, a suburb of Buffalo. Wanting to resume her career in education, she had hoped to be named a college president, in particular of Medgar Evers College in Brooklyn or of City College of New York in Manhattan, but past political opponents were influential in the selection processes and she received neither post. Similarly, a move to make her New York City Schools Chancellor was blocked by teachers-union head, and longtime foe, Albert Shanker, and she withdrew from consideration for that position. However, she was offered a dozen possible teaching positions at colleges. She accepted being named to the Purington Chair at the all-women Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts, a position that she held for the next four years. She was not a member of any particular department, but was able to teach classes in a variety of areas; those previously holding the professorship included W. H. Auden, Bertrand Russell and Arna Bontemps. When questioned why she would want to teach at an institution with mostly affluent whites as students, she replied that she enjoyed the challenge of exposing them to both her feminist viewpoint and her background and experiences. In addition, during this time, she spent the Spring 1985 semester as a visiting professor at the historically black women's Spelman College in Atlanta. At Spelman, she taught classes titled "Congress, Power and Politics", where she sought to engage students in questions about representative government, and "History of the Black Woman in America". In 1984, Chisholm and C. Delores Tucker co-founded an organization initially known as the National Black Women's Political Caucus. This was established during the vice presidential campaign of Geraldine Ferraro's. African-American women from various political organizations convened to set forth a political agenda emphasizing the needs of women of African descent. Chisholm was chosen as its first chair. Creation of the group represented a split with an earlier organization, the National Black Women's Political Leadership Caucus, which had been co-founded by Tucker in 1971. Following a protest by the earlier group, the new one changed its name to the National Political Congress of Black Women, later simplified to the National Congress of Black Women. During those years, she continued to give speeches at colleges, by her own count visiting over 150 campuses since becoming nationally known. She told students to avoid polarization and intolerance: "If you don't accept others who are different, it means nothing that you've learned calculus." Continuing to be involved politically, she traveled to visit different minority groups and urge them to become a strong force at the local level. She campaigned for Jesse Jackson during his 1984 and 1988 presidential campaigns. In 1990, Chisholm, along with 15 other black women and men, formed African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom. Her husband, Arthur Hardwick, died in August 1986. Chisholm moved to Florida in 1991. In 1993, President Bill Clinton nominated her to be United States Ambassador to Jamaica, but she could not serve due to poor health, and the nomination was withdrawn. In that same year, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Chisholm died on January 1, 2005, at her home in Ormond Beach, Florida; her health had been in decline after she had suffered a series of small strokes the previous summer. At her funeral, held in Palm Coast, Florida, the minister said that Chisholm had brought about change because "she showed up, she stood up and she spoke up." She is buried in the Birchwood Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo, where the legend inscribed on her vault reads: "Unbought and Unbossed". Legacy In February 2005, Shirley Chisholm '72: Unbought and Unbossed, a documentary film, aired on U.S. public television. It chronicled Chisholm's 1972 bid for the Democratic presidential nomination. It was directed and produced by independent African-American filmmaker Shola Lynch. The film was featured at the Sundance Film Festival in 2004. On April 9, 2006, the film was announced as a winner of a Peabody Award. In 2014, the first biography of Chisholm for an adult audience was published, Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change, by Brooklyn College history professor Barbara Winslow, who was also the founder and first director of the Shirley Chisholm Project. Until then, only several juvenile biographies had appeared. Chisholm's speech "For the Equal Rights Amendment", given in 1970, is listed as number 91 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank). Monuments The Shirley Chisholm Project on Brooklyn Women's Activism (formerly known as the Shirley Chisholm Center for Research) exists at Brooklyn College to promote research projects and programs on women and to preserve the legacy of Chisholm. The Chisholm Project also houses an archive as part of the Chisholm Papers in the college library Special Collections. In January 2018, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced his intent to build the Shirley Chisholm State Park, a state park along of the Jamaica Bay coastline, adjoining the Pennsylvania Avenue and Fountain Avenue landfills south of Spring Creek Park's Gateway Center section. The state park was dedicated to Chisholm that September. The park opened to the public on July 2, 2019. A memorial monument of Chisholm is planned for the entrance to Prospect Park in Brooklyn by Parkside Avenue station, designed by artists Amanda Williams and Olalekan Jeyifous. Political Chisholm's legacy came into renewed prominence during the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, when Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton staged their historic "firsts" battle – where the victor would either be the first major-party African-American nominee, or the first woman nominee – with at least one observer crediting Chisholm's 1972 campaign as having paved the way for both of them. Chisholm has been a major influence on other women of color in politics, among them California Congresswoman Barbara Lee, who stated in a 2017 interview that Chisholm had a profound impact on her career. Lee had worked for Chisholm's 1972 presidential campaign. By the time of the 50th anniversary of Chisholm entering Congress, The New York Times was headlining "2019 Belongs to Shirley Chisholm", saying that "Chisholm was a one-woman precursor to modern progressive politics" and that she was "enjoying a resurgence of interest 14 years after her death". Chisholm has also inspired Vice President Kamala Harris, who recognized Chisholm's presidential campaign by using similar typography and red-and-yellow color scheme in her own 2020 presidential campaign's promotional materials and logo. Harris launched her presidential campaign 47 years to the day after Chisholm's presidential campaign. In popular culture Actress Uzo Aduba portrays Chisholm in the miniseries Mrs. America, released in April 2020, for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series. In November 2020, Danai Gurira was cast as Shirley Chisholm in The Fighting Shirley Chisholm, a film about Chisholm's 1972 run for president. The film will be directed by Cherien Dabis. Another Shirley Chisholm film was announced in February 2021, with Regina King starring as Chisholm and John Ridley directing. The film, which will be distributed by Netflix, stars Lance Reddick, Lucas Hedges, Amirah Vahn, André Holland, Christina Jackson, Michael Cherrie, Dorian Missick, W. Earl Brown and Terrence Howard. Chisholm was also heavily featured in Mel Brooks's 2023 satirical television series History of the World, Part II, played by Wanda Sykes. Segments throughout the series loosely detailed Chisholm's presidential bid stylized as episodes of a 1970s sitcom called Shirley!. The episodes "starred" other members of Chisholm's family and friends, including Conrad Chisholm (Colton Dunn), Florynce Kennedy (Kym Whitley), and Ruby Seale (Marla Gibbs). Honors and awards American honors Presidential Medal of Freedom (posthumously awarded) by President Barack Obama at a ceremony in the White House. – November 2015. William L. Dawson Award by the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation– 1982 Honorary degrees In 1974, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Aquinas College and was their commencement speaker. In 1975, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Smith College. In 1996, she was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree by Stetson University, in Deland, Florida. Other recognition In 1991, Chisholm was the commencement speaker at East Stroudsburg University in East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, where she received the first-ever conferred honorary doctorate from the university. An annual ESU student award was created in her honor. In 1993, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante included Shirley Chisholm on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans. On January 31, 2014, the Shirley Chisholm Forever Stamp was issued. It is the 37th stamp in the Black Heritage series of U.S. stamps. The Shirley Chisholm Living-Learning Community at Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts is a residential hall floor where students of African descent can choose to live. Books Chisholm wrote two autobiographies: See also List of African-American United States representatives Politics of New York City United States House of Representatives Women in the United States House of Representatives Explanatory notes Citations General and cited references Attribution Further reading External links Finding Aid for the Shirley Chisholm '72 Collection held by the Brooklyn College Library Archives and Special Collections Shirley Chisholm's oral history Video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project Shirley Chisholm at the National Women's History Museum Chisholm speech on the Equal Rights Amendment Chisholm '72 – Unbought & Unbossed PBS American Documentary \| POV documentary by Shola Lynch Chisholm '72 – Unbought & Unbossed Women Make Movies documentary by Shola Lynch Feature on Shirley Chisholm, with writing from Gloria Steinem and video clips from Chisholm '72 Unbought & Unbossed, by the International Museum of Women. \|- \|- \|- \|- 1924 births 2005 deaths 20th-century American educators 20th-century American politicians 20th-century American women educators 20th-century American women politicians 20th-century American women writers 20th-century American writers Activists for African-American civil rights African-American candidates for President of the United States African-American Christians African-American feminists African-American people in New York (state) politics African-American women in politics American people of Barbadian descent American people of Guyanese descent African-American Quakers Brooklyn College alumni Burials at Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo) Candidates in the 1972 United States presidential election Delta Sigma Theta members Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state) Female candidates for President of the United States Female members of the United States House of Representatives Girls' High School alumni Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly Methodists from New York (state) Mount Holyoke College faculty Politicians from Brooklyn Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Teachers College, Columbia University alumni Women state legislators in New York (state) American Quakers
```c /* * */ #include "soc/twai_periph.h" #include "soc/gpio_sig_map.h" const twai_controller_signal_conn_t twai_controller_periph_signals = { .controllers = { [0] = { .module = PERIPH_TWAI0_MODULE, .irq_id = ETS_TWAI0_INTR_SOURCE, .tx_sig = TWAI0_TX_PAD_OUT_IDX, .rx_sig = TWAI0_RX_PAD_IN_IDX, .bus_off_sig = TWAI0_BUS_OFF_ON_PAD_OUT_IDX, .clk_out_sig = TWAI0_CLKOUT_PAD_OUT_IDX, .stand_by_sig = TWAI0_STANDBY_PAD_OUT_IDX, }, [1] = { .module = PERIPH_TWAI1_MODULE, .irq_id = ETS_TWAI1_INTR_SOURCE, .tx_sig = TWAI1_TX_PAD_OUT_IDX, .rx_sig = TWAI1_RX_PAD_IN_IDX, .bus_off_sig = TWAI1_BUS_OFF_ON_PAD_OUT_IDX, .clk_out_sig = TWAI1_CLKOUT_PAD_OUT_IDX, .stand_by_sig = TWAI1_STANDBY_PAD_OUT_IDX, }, [2] = { .module = PERIPH_TWAI2_MODULE, .irq_id = ETS_TWAI2_INTR_SOURCE, .tx_sig = TWAI2_TX_PAD_OUT_IDX, .rx_sig = TWAI2_RX_PAD_IN_IDX, .bus_off_sig = TWAI2_BUS_OFF_ON_PAD_OUT_IDX, .clk_out_sig = TWAI2_CLKOUT_PAD_OUT_IDX, .stand_by_sig = TWAI2_STANDBY_PAD_OUT_IDX, } } }; ```
Jonathan Sriranganathan ( ; Sri) is an Australian activist and politician. He was the first ever Queensland Greens councillor, representing The Gabba Ward on the Brisbane City Council from 2016 to 2023. Early life and education Sriranganathan has a Bachelor of Laws (Hons) and Bachelor of Arts with majors in Journalism and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies from The University of Queensland. He has previously worked at a corporate law firm. Prior to being elected he was a musician and beat poet. Political career State politics Sriranganathan stood as the Greens candidate for South Brisbane at the 2015 Queensland state election, where he received 21.8% of the primary vote. He was defeated by former Labor MP Jackie Trad, and placed third after the Liberal National Party. Local politics Sriranganathan stood as a candidate for The Gabba Ward at the 2016 Brisbane City Council election, held on 19 March, where he received 31.7% of the primary vote. Preferences from the Labor candidate, Nicole Lessio, gave Sriranganathan 55% of the two-party-preferred vote, and he declared victory on 23 March after receiving a concession call from Lessio. He was sworn in on 12 April 2016, becoming the first Greens councillor anywhere in Queensland, and the first of Sri Lankan Tamil heritage. In 2016, Sriranganathan organised human barricades and protests against the controversial West Village development in West End. The development still went ahead but significant changes were made to the design. In 2018, Sriranganathan was accused of harassing and stalking a local real estate agent. Official investigations were launched into the complaint and the Brisbane City Council opted not to pursue misconduct charges. In October 2019, Sriranganathan was fined $1,300 for "inappropriate conduct" by the Councillor Conduct Review Panel, after "posing as a concerned resident in a hoax voicemail" left for state MP Jennifer Howard. Sriranganathan stood as a candidate for The Gabba Ward at the 2020 Brisbane City Council election, held on 28 March, where he received 45.6% of the primary vote, an increase of 13.9% from the previous election. On 26 March 2023, he announced his resignation as councillor, with the seat set to be filled by fellow Greens member Trina Massey. His last official day as councillor was 21 April. On 16 August 2023, he announced he would be The Greens' candidate for mayor in the 2024 Brisbane City Council election. Beliefs Sriranganathan has campaigned for a right to the city, and has argued that the function of cities should be centred around democratic control rather than capital accumulation. He is supportive of "public disobedience" as a valid form of political action and has posted information to assist followers in avoiding being fined. He has criticised the behaviour of the Queensland Police Service, describing them as a "violent and racist" institution. Personal life Sriranganathan lives on a houseboat moored in the Brisbane River with his partner, stating his purpose for this as wanting to donate half of his $157,782 salary. He is a saxophonist and vocalist with Brisbane band The Mouldy Lovers. He is known for his spoken word performances. While his father's full surname is Sriranganathan, Jonathan's name was listed as "Jonathan Sri" on his birth certificate. He was known as Sri until August 2022, when he took his father's full last name in order to "connect... more deeply with different components of [his] identity." References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Politicians from Brisbane Musicians from Brisbane Australian Greens politicians Australian people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent Queensland local councillors Extinction Rebellion
Mind, Body & Song is the second studio album by the American R&B trio Jade, released in 1994. The album produced two charting singles, "5-4-3-2 (Yo! Time Is Up)" which peaked at #72 on the US Billboard Hot 100, along with "Every Day of the Week" which peaked at #20. Track listing "When Will I See You Again" (Di Reed, Joi Marshall, Tonya Kelly) (0:30) "If the Mood Is Right" (Dave Hall, Gordon Chambers) (5:49) "Bedroom" (John Howcott, Emmanel Officer, Donald Parks, Wendell Wellman, Tabitha Duncan) (5:04) "If the Lovin' Ain't Good" (Dave Hall, Darnell Jones) (5:12) "5-4-3-2 (Yo! Time Is Up)" (Di Reed, Joi Marshall, Tonya Kelly, Mark Morales, Mark C. Rooney) (5:16) "What's Goin' On" (Terrance Davis, Captain Curt, Di Reed, Joi Marshall, Tonya Kelly) (4:45) "Hangin'" (Di Reed, Joi Marshall, Tonya Kelly, Reginald Heard) (3:59) "Every Day of the Week" (Antonina Armato, Robert Jerald, Ken Miller) (5:15) "Everything" (Emmanuel Dean, Laurneá Wilkerson) (4:18) "Do You Want Me" (Louis Hinton) (4:59) "I Like The Way" (Di Reed, Joi Marshall, Tonya Kelly, Mark Morales, Mark C. Rooney) (5:07) "There's Not a Man" (Mark Jordan, Rashad Coes, John Howcott, Emmanuel Officer, Donald Parks) (4:10) "It's On" (Mark Jordan, Rashad Coes, Di Reed, Joi Marshall, Tonya Kelly, John Howcott, Emmanuel Officer, Donald Parks) (4:08) "Mind, Body & Song" (Di Reed, Joi Marshall, Tonya Kelly) (1:20) References 1994 albums Albums produced by Cory Rooney Jade (American group) albums
1,1-DCE may refer to: 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene, also known as 1,1-dichloroethylene, vinylidene chloride, or 1,1-DCE
Joyce Johnson may refer to: Joyce Johnson (author) (born 1935), American author of fiction and nonfiction Joyce Johnson (organist) (born 1932), professor of music at Spelman College
Hoplias teres is a species of trahiras. It is a tropical, benthopelagic freshwater fish which is known to inhabit Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela. Males can reach a maximum length of 15.3 centimetres. Hoplias teres was originally described by Achille Valenciennes in 1847, under the genus Macrodon. It was listed as a valid species of Hoplias by Osvaldo Takeshi Oyakawa in 2003. References External links Hoplias teres at ITIS Erythrinidae Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes Fish described in 1847
Javicia Leslie ( ; born May 30, 1987) is an American actress. After landing her first major role in the Lifetime film Swim at Your Own Risk (2016), she appeared as a series regular on the BET drama The Family Business (2018–present) and the CBS comedy-drama God Friended Me (2018–2020). She also starred as the lead of the film Always a Bridesmaid (2019). In 2021, Leslie began portraying the title role of The CW superhero series Batwoman, and Red Death in the first five episodes of the ninth and final season of The Flash. Early life and education Leslie was born into a military family on May 30, 1987 in Augsburg, Germany. Her family moved to Maryland where she grew up in Upper Marlboro. She attended Hampton University where she appeared in productions of Seven Guitars, for colored girls, and Chicago. Career Following her graduation, Leslie moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career. She appeared in the BET series The Family Business and was in the 2019 film Always a Bridesmaid. She previously appeared as a series regular on God Friended Me from 2018 to 2020, where she portrayed the sister of Brandon Micheal Hall's character. In 2020, Leslie was cast in the title role of Batwoman following the departure of original lead Ruby Rose. She plays Ryan Wilder, an original character created for the show, who takes up the mantle of Batwoman in the second season, and her evil Earth-4125 doppelganger who goes by the moniker Red Death in the first five episodes of the ninth and final season of the CW live action TV series The Flash. Personal life Leslie is bisexual. She is a Christian and trained in Muay Thai. Filmography Film Television References External links 1987 births Living people 21st-century American actresses Actors from Augsburg German people of African-American descent Actresses from Maryland Hampton University alumni People from Upper Marlboro, Maryland Bisexual actresses African-American LGBT people German LGBT actors LGBT Christians LGBT people from Maryland African-American Christians 21st-century African-American women 21st-century African-American people American bisexual actors
The Malt Shovel is a Grade II listed public house at Potter Street, Spondon, Derby. The pub is known for its unmodernised period interiors and internal design. Description The pub has its own individual character, with a number of rooms from a large bar to small "snugs". The decoration is suggestive of times gone by; in fact the pub is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors. This means that CAMRA has identified this pub as being in the "first division" with regard to the historic quality of its interior design. This is one of fewer than 300 pubs chosen for their impressive, largely intact, historical interiors from the estimated 50,000 pubs that exist in the United Kingdom. The room that attracts most attention is labelled "B". Snug "B" contains a 1920s hearth and a style of seating that is now found in only a small number of such "snugs" in England. The only other snug with high backed seats in Derbyshire is at the Holly Bush Inn, Makeney. The name "B" is a peculiarity of local licensing which previously made landlords clearly indicate which rooms were licensed for the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Each licensed room, including the cellar, was given an identifying letter. Like other features of the pub the reason for it being created has now disappeared, but the sign "B" remains. The requirement to label the room "B" is long forgotten, but previous landlords refused to have it changed. In the early 1990s, the landlords feared that the brewery that owned the building were planning to sell the pub. This may have resulted in the interior being refurbished and as a result they bought the pub to prevent this happening. In the confusion, the landlords ended up running two pubs in Spondon, although they did find time to install a kitchen and introduce pub-food at the Malt Shovel. The most recent room's decoration dates from the 1990s and this has been internally divided by another bar. The smaller part has just tables and chairs whilst the larger section includes a full sized billiards table and a dartboard. The pub serves traditional real ale and an extensive range of freshly cooked pub food, from bacon cobs and burgers to wholesome meals. The pub is not in the centre of Spondon, but down a minor road. Around the back of the pub is an extensive lawned beer garden with a covered area and children's climbing toys. In 1333 or 1340, a disastrous fire started at a pub called the Malt Shovel and aided by the wind, swept through Spondon destroying the church and most of the houses. This is known as "the Great Fire of Spondon". Local historians although intrigued by the story say there is no proof that this pub sits on the same site as the 14th century pub, although both are known to be on the site of malting houses. The current pub was largely built in the late 18th or early 19th century, although some parts date from 1680. Further reading A short book describing the pub's history was published in 2011. See also Listed buildings in Spondon References Grade II listed buildings in Derby Grade II listed pubs in Derbyshire National Inventory Pubs
Shweta Agarwal is an Indian actress who has appeared in feature films such as Raghavendra (2003), Tandoori Love (2008), and Shaapit (2010). She is married to the television host and Bollywood singer, Aditya Narayan. Filmography Films References External links Shweta Agarwal on IMDb 21st-century Indian actresses Actresses in Hindi cinema Indian film actresses Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
Eiichi Nakamura (Japanese: 中村英一, Nakamura Eiichi; 1909 – 27 May 1945) was a Japanese athlete and field hockey player from Kyoto Prefecture. Nakamura is best known for competing in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Nakamura was a member of the Japanese field hockey team, which won the silver medal at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. He was killed in action during World War II. References External links profile 1909 births 1945 deaths Sportspeople from Kyoto Prefecture Japanese male field hockey players Olympic field hockey players for Japan Field hockey players at the 1932 Summer Olympics Olympic silver medalists for Japan Olympic medalists in field hockey Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics Japanese civilians killed in World War II Deaths by American airstrikes during World War II
```ruby # or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file # distributed with this work for additional information # regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file # # path_to_url # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, # "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY # specific language governing permissions and limitations class TestInt8Array < Test::Unit::TestCase include Helper::Buildable def test_new assert_equal(build_int8_array([-1, 2, nil]), Arrow::Int8Array.new(3, Arrow::Buffer.new([-1, 2].pack("c")), Arrow::Buffer.new([0b011].pack("C")), -1)) end def test_buffer builder = Arrow::Int8ArrayBuilder.new builder.append_value(-1) builder.append_value(2) builder.append_value(-4) array = builder.finish assert_equal([-1, 2, -4].pack("c*"), array.buffer.data.to_s) end def test_value builder = Arrow::Int8ArrayBuilder.new builder.append_value(-1) array = builder.finish assert_equal(-1, array.get_value(0)) end def test_values builder = Arrow::Int8ArrayBuilder.new builder.append_value(-1) builder.append_value(2) builder.append_value(-4) array = builder.finish assert_equal([-1, 2, -4], array.values) end sub_test_case("#sum") do def test_with_null array = build_int8_array([2, -4, nil]) assert_equal(-2, array.sum) end def test_empty array = build_int8_array([]) assert_equal(0, array.sum) end end end ```
```xml /** * AddressBarView.tsx * * Component to manage address bar state (whether it is focused or not) / import as React from "react" import styled from "styled-components" import { TextInputView } from "./../../UI/components/LightweightText" import { Sneakable } from "./../../UI/components/Sneakable" import { withProps } from "./../../UI/components/common" const AddressBarWrapper = styled.div` width: 100%; height: 2.5em; line-height: 2.5em; text-align: left; ` const EditableAddressBarWrapper = withProps<{}>(styled.div)` border: 1px solid ${p => p.theme["highlight.mode.insert.background"]}; &, & input { background-color: ${p => p.theme["editor.background"]}; color: ${p => p.theme["editor.foreground"]}; } & input { margin-left: 1em; } ` export interface IAddressBarViewProps { url: string onAddressChanged: (newAddress: string) => void } export interface IAddressBarViewState { isActive: boolean } export class AddressBarView extends React.PureComponent< IAddressBarViewProps, IAddressBarViewState > { constructor(props: IAddressBarViewProps) { super(props) this.state = { isActive: false, } } public render(): JSX.Element { const contents = this.state.isActive ? this._renderTextInput() : this._renderAddressSpan() return <AddressBarWrapper>{contents}</AddressBarWrapper> } private _renderTextInput(): JSX.Element { return ( <EditableAddressBarWrapper> <TextInputView defaultValue={this.props.url} onComplete={evt => { this._onComplete(evt) }} onCancel={() => this._onCancel()} /> </EditableAddressBarWrapper> ) } private _renderAddressSpan(): JSX.Element { return ( <Sneakable callback={() => this._setActive()} tag={"browser.address"}> <span onClick={() => this._setActive()}>{this.props.url}</span> </Sneakable> ) } private _setActive(): void { this.setState({ isActive: true, }) } private _onCancel(): void { this.setState({ isActive: false, }) } private _onComplete(val: string): void { this.props.onAddressChanged(val) this._onCancel() } } ```
```php <?php /*********************************************************************** Generated via "php artisan localization:missing" at 2018/04/18 16:23:42 ***********************************************************************/ return array ( //============================== New strings to translate ==============================// // Defined in file C:\\wamp\\www\\attendize\\resources\\views\\ManageEvent\\Partials\\SurveyBlankSlate.blade.php 'create_question' => ' ', //==================================== Translations ====================================// 'Q' => 'Q', 'add_another_option' => ' ', 'answer' => '', 'attendee_details' => ' ', 'make_this_a_required_question' => ' ', 'no_answers' => ', .', 'no_questions_yet' => ' ', 'no_questions_yet_text' => ' , .', 'question' => '', 'question_options' => ' ', 'question_placeholder' => ': ?', 'question_type' => ' ', 'require_this_question_for_ticket(s)' => ' ()', ); ```
The Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society, called also Slavic-Macedonian Scholarly and Literary Society was an organization of Macedonian Slavs in Russia in the first decades of the twentieth century. Activity Its founders were Dimitrija Čupovski and his brother Nace Dimov. Other founders include Stefan Dedov and Dijamandija Mišajkov. The organization's secretary was Milan Stoilov, a medical student in Saint Petersburg, until his death in 1903. , another founding member, served as its librarian. The Macedonian Literary and Scientific Society was the most prominent society of the Macedonians abroad. It was established in Saint Petersburg on 28 October 1902 and was presided over by Čupovski. As part of its scholarly and literary activities, the society supported the introduction of Macedonian as its official language. Its aim was the creation of an independent Macedonia, encompassing the entire geographic region of Macedonia, according to maps drawn by the society itself. Its member Krste Misirkov published the first book in a precursor of the modern Macedonian literary language (Za Makedonskite Raboti - On Macedonian Matters) in 1903. The book was published in the central dialects of Macedonia, which would later form the core of the Macedonian literary language, as proposed in the book itself. The book also used a modified Cyrillic script which served as a basis for standardization of the Macedonian alphabet. By April 1903, its members reached 25, but only the names of 19 founders are known. In 1905 the Society published Vardar, the first scholarly, scientific and literary journal in the central dialects of Macedonia, which later would contribute in the standardization of Macedonian, while in 1913 it produced the first ethnic and geographic map of Macedonia. In addition it published the journal "Makedonskij Golos" (Macedonian Voice) in Russian. Towards the end of 1905, the society was dissolved, and from 1912 it reappeared, but its activity ended in 1917 with the October Revolution in Russia. This scholarly institution with its literary and national cultural activity is considered the foundation upon which the history of the modern Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences was built upon. See also Macedonian nationalism On Macedonian Matters Memorandum of Independence of Macedonia (1913) References External links "Macedonian Voice" - third edition on Commons. "Macedonian Voice" - second edition on Commons. "Macedonian Voice" - first edition on Commons. Makedononskiy golos - scans from the original first edition of the magazine. Magazine "Vardar" History of North Macedonia Macedonian nationalism Organizations established in 1902
During the Japanese occupation of the islands in World War II, there was an extensive Philippine resistance movement (Filipino: Kilusan ng Paglaban sa Pilipinas), which opposed the Japanese and their collaborators with active underground and guerrilla activity that increased over the years. Fighting the guerrillas – apart from the Japanese regular forces – were a Japanese-formed Bureau of Constabulary (later taking the name of the old Philippine Constabulary during the Second Republic), the Kenpeitai (the Japanese military police), and the Makapili (Filipinos fighting for the Japanese). Postwar studies estimate that around 260,000 people were organized under guerrilla groups and that members of anti-Japanese underground organizations were more numerous. Such was their effectiveness that by the end of World War II, Japan controlled only twelve of the forty-eight provinces. Select units of the resistance would go on to be reorganized and equipped as units of the Philippine Army and Constabulary. The United States Government officially granted payments and benefits to various ethnicities who have fought with the Allies by the war's end. However, only the Filipinos were excluded from such benefits, and since then these veterans have made efforts in finally being acknowledged by the United States. Some 277 separate guerrilla units made up of 260,715 individuals were officially recognized as having fought in the resistance movement. Background The attack on Pearl Harbor (called Hawaii Operation or Operation AI by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan and the Philippines). The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against the overseas territories of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. Immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese operations to invade the Commonwealth of the Philippines began. Twenty-five twin engine planes bombed Tuguegarao and Baguio in the first preemptive strike in Luzon. The Japanese forces then quickly conducted a landing at Batan Island, and by December 17, General Masaharu Homma gave his estimate that the main component of the United States Air Force in the archipelago was destroyed. By January 2, Manila was under Japanese control and by January 9, Homma had cornered the remaining forces in Bataan. By April 9, the remaining of the combined American-Filipino force was forced to retire from Bataan to Corregidor. Meanwhile, Japanese invasions of Cebu (April 19) and Panay (April 20) were successful. By May 7, after the last of the Japanese attacks on Corregidor, General Jonathan M. Wainwright announced through a radio broadcast in Manila the surrender of the Philippines. Following Wainwright was General William F. Sharp, who surrendered Visayas and Mindanao on May 10. Afterwards came the Bataan Death March, which was the forcible transfer, by the Imperial Japanese Army, of 60,000 Filipino and 15,000 American prisoners of war after the three-month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II. The death toll of the march is difficult to assess as thousands of captives were able to escape from their guards (although many were killed during their escapes), and it is not known how many died in the fighting that was taking place concurrently. All told, approximately 2,500–10,000 Filipino and 300–650 American prisoners of war died before they could reach Camp O'Donnell. Resistance in Luzon USAFFE and American sponsored guerrillas After Bataan and Corregidor, many who escaped the Japanese reorganized in the mountains as guerrillas still loyal to the U.S. Army Forces Far East (USAFFE). One example would be the unit of Ramon Magsaysay in Zambales, which first served as a supply and intelligence unit. After the surrender in May 1942, Magsaysay and his unit formed a guerrilla force which grew to a 10,000-man force by the end of the war. Another was the Hunters ROTC which operated in the Southern Luzon area, mainly near Manila. It was created upon dissolution of the Philippine Military Academy in the beginning days of the war. Cadet Terry Adivoso refused to simply go home as cadets were ordered to do, and began recruiting fighters willing to undertake guerrilla action against the Japanese. This force would later be instrumental, providing intelligence to the liberating forces led by General Douglas MacArthur, and took an active role in numerous battles, such as the Raid at Los Baños. When war broke out in the Philippines, some 300 Philippine Military Academy and ROTC cadets, unable to join the USAFFE units because of their youth, banded together in a common desire to contribute to the war effort throughout the Bataan campaign. The Hunters originally conducted operations with another guerrilla group known as the Marking Guerrillas, with whom they went about liquidating Japanese spies. Led by Miguel Ver, a PMA cadet, the Hunters raided the enemy-occupied Union College in Manila and seized 130 Enfield rifles. Also, before being proven false in 1985 by the United States Military, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos claimed that he had commanded a 9,000-strong guerrilla force known as the Maharlika Unit. Marcos also used maharlika as his personal pseudonym; depicting himself as a bemedalled anti-Japanese Filipino guerrilla fighter during World War II. Marcos told exaggerated tales and exploits of himself fighting the Japanese in his self-published autobiography Marcos of the Philippines which was proven to be fiction. His father, Mariano Marcos, did however collaborate with the Japanese and was executed by Filipino guerillas in April 1945 under the command of Colonel George Barnett, and Ferdinand himself was accused of being a collaborator as well. In July 1942, South West Pacific Area (SWPA) became aware of the resistance movements forming in occupied Philippines through attempted radio communications to Allies outside of the Philippines; by late 1942, couriers had made it to Australia confirming the existence of the resistance. By December 1942, SWPA sent Captain Jesús A. Villamor to the Philippines to make contact with guerrilla organizations, eventually developing extensive intelligence networks including contacts within the Second Republic Government. A few months later SWPA sent Lieutenant Commander Chick Parsons, who returned to the Philippines in early 1943, vetting guerrilla leaders and established communications and supply for them with SWPA. Through the Allied Intelligence Bureau's Philippine Regional Section, SWPA sent operatives and equipment into the Philippines to supply and assist guerrilla organizations, often by submarine. The large cruiser submarines and , with a high capacity for personnel and supplies, proved especially useful in supporting the guerrillas. Beginning in mid-1943, the assistance to the guerrillas in the Philippines became more organized, with the formation of the 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion, which was largely composed of volunteer Filipino Americans from the 1st and 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiments, which were established and organized in California. In Nueva Ecija, guerrillas led by Juan Pajota and Eduardo Joson protected the U.S. Army Rangers and Alamo Scouts who were conducting a rescue mission of Allied POWs from a counterattack by Japanese reinforcements. Pajota and the Filipino guerrillas received Bronze Stars for their role in the raid. Among the guerrilla units, the Blue Eagles were a specialized unit established for landmine and sniper detection, as well as in hunting Japanese spies who had blended in with the civilian population. Nonetheless, Japanese crackdowns on these guerrillas in Luzon were widespread and brutal. The Imperial Japanese Army, Kenpeitai and Filipino collaborators hunted down resistance fighters and anyone associated with them. One example happened to resistance leader Wenceslao Vinzons, leader of the successful guerilla movement in Bicol. After being betrayed to the Japanese by a Japanese collaborator, Vinzons was tortured to give up information on his resistance movement. Vinzons however refused to cooperate, and he and his family, consisting of his father Gabino, his wife Liwayway, sister Milagros and children Aurora and Alexander, were bayoneted to death. Hukbalahap resistance As originally constituted in March 1942, the Hukbalahap was to be part of a broad united front resistance to the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. This original intent is reflected in its name: "Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon", which was "People's Army Against the Japanese" when translated into English. The adopted slogan was "Anti-Japanese Above All". The Huk Military Committee was at the apex of Huk structure and was charged to direct the guerrilla campaign and to lead the revolution that would seize power after the war. Luis Taruc, a communist leader and peasant-organizer from a barrio in Pampanga, was elected as head of the committee and became the first Huk commander called "El Supremo". Casto Alejandrino became his second-in-command. The Huks began their anti-Japanese campaign as five 100-man units. They obtained needed arms and ammunition from Philippine army stragglers, who were escapees from the Battle of Bataan and deserters from the Philippine Constabulary, in exchange of civilian clothes. The Huk recruitment campaign progressed more slowly than Taruc had expected, due to competition with U.S. Army Forces Far East (USAFFE) guerrilla units in enlisting new soldiers. The U.S. units already had recognition among the islands, had trained military leaders, and an organized command and logistical system. Despite being restrained by the American sponsored guerrilla units, the Huks nevertheless took to the battlefield with only 500 men and much fewer weapons. Several setbacks at the hands of the Japanese and with less than enthusiastic support from USAFFE units did not hinder the Huks growth in size and efficiency throughout the war, developing into a well-trained, highly organized force with some 15,000 armed fighters by war's end. The Huks attacked both the Japanese and other non-Huk guerrillas. One estimate alleges that the Huks killed 20,000 non-Japanese during the occupation. Ethnic Chinese resistance Unique to other guerrillas in the Philippines were the Wha-Chi; a resistance unit composed of Filipino-Chinese and Chinese immigrants. They were established from the Chinese General Labour Union of the Philippines and the Philippine branch of the Chinese Communist Party and reached a strength of 700 men. The movement served under the Huks until around 1943, when they started operating independently. They were also aided by the American guerrilla forces. Resistance in Visayas Various guerrilla groups also sprang out throughout the central islands of Visayas. Like those in Luzon, many of these Filipino guerrillas were trained by the Americans to fight in case the Japanese set their sights on the Visayas. These soldiers continued to fight even as the Americans surrendered the islands to the Japanese. One significant achievement for the resistance in Visayas was the capture of the "Koga Papers" by Cebuano guerrillas led by Lt. Col. James M. Cushing in April 1, 1944. Named after Admiral Mineichi Koga, these papers contained vital battle plans and defensive strategies of the Japanese Navy (code-named the "Z Plan"), information on the overall strength of the Japanese fleet and naval air units, and most importantly the fact that the Japanese had already deduced MacArthur's initial plans to invade the Philippines through Mindanao. These papers came into Filipino possession when Koga's seaplane, en route to Davao, crashed on the Cebu coast at San Fernando in the early hours of April 1, killing him and others. Koga's body (and many surviving Japanese) washing ashore, the guerrillas captured 12 high-ranking officers, including Vice Admiral Shigeru Fukodome, Chief of Staff of the Combined Fleet. On April 3, Cebuano fishermen found the papers inside a floating briefcase, then handed them over to the guerrillas, whereupon the Japanese ruthlessly hunted down both the documents and their captured officers, burning villages and detaining civilians in the process. They ultimately forced the guerrillas to release their captives in order to stop the aggression, but Cushing managed to summon a submarine which transported the documents to Allied headquarters in Australia. The contents of the papers were a factor in MacArthur's decision to move his planned invasion site from Mindanao to Leyte, and also aided the Allies in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Waray guerrillas under a former school teacher named Nieves Fernandez fought the Japanese in Tacloban. Nieves extensively trained her men in combat skills and making of improvised weaponry, as well as leading her men in the front. With only 110 men, Nieves managed to take out over 200 Japanese soldiers during the occupation. The Imperial Japanese Army posted a 10,000 pesos reward on her head in the hopes of capturing her but to no avail. The main commander of the resistance movement in the Island of Leyte was Ruperto Kangleon, a former Filipino soldier turned resistance fighter and leader. After the fall of the country, he successfully escaped capture by the Japanese and established a united guerrilla front in Leyte. He and his men, the Black Army, were successful in pushing the Japanese from the mainland province and further into the coastlands of Southern Leyte. Kangleon's guerrillas provided intelligence for the American guerrilla leaders such as Wendell Fertig, and assisted in the subsequent Leyte Landing and the Battle of Leyte soon after. The guerrillas in Leyte were also instrumental not only in the opposition against Japanese rule, but also in the safety and aid of the civilians living in the island. The book The Hidden Battle of Leyte: The Picture Diary of a Girl taken by the Japanese Military by Remedios Felias, a former comfort woman, revealed how the Filipino guerrillas saved the lives of many young girls raped or at risk of rape by the Japanese. In her vivid account of the Battle of Burauen, she recounts how the guerrillas managed to wipe out entire Japanese platoons in the various villages in the municipality, eventually saving the lives of many. Besides their guerrilla activities, these groups also participated in many pivotal battles during the liberation of the islands. In Cebu, guerrillas and irregulars under Lieutenant James M. Cushing and Basilio J. Valdes aided in the Battle for Cebu City. They also captured Maj. Gen. Takeo Manjom and his 2,000 soldiers and munitions. Panay guerrillas under Col. Macario Peralta helped in the seizing of the Tiring Landing Field and Mandurriao district airfield during the Battle of the Visayas. Major Ingeniero commanded the guerrilla forces in Bohol, in which they were credited in the liberation of the island from Japanese outposts at a cost of only seven men. Moro resistance in Mindanao While Moro rebels were still unsuccessfully at war with the United States, the Japanese invasion became the new perceived threat to their religion and culture. Some of those who opposed the occupation and fought for Moro nationalism, were Sultan Jainal Abirin II of Sulu, the Sulu Sultanate of the Tausug, and the Maranao Moros living around Lake Lanao and ruled by the Confederation of sultanates in Lanao led by Salipada Pendatun. Another anti-Japanese Moro unit, the Moro-Bolo Battalion led by Datu Gumbay Piang, consisted of about 20,000 fighting men made up of both Muslims and Christians. As their name suggests, these fighters were known visibly by their large bolos and kris. The Japanese Major Hiramatsu, a propaganda officer, tried convincing Datu Busran Kalaw of Maranao to join their side as "brother Orientals". Kalaw sent a response which goaded Major Hiramatsu into sending a force of Japanese soldiers to attack him, whom Kalaw butchered completely with no survivors. The juramentados brigands, who were veterans in fighting the Filipinos, Spanish and the Americans, now focused their assaults on the Japanese, using their traditional hit and run as well as suicide charges. The Japanese were anxious of being attacked by the resistance, and they fought back by murdering innocent civilians and destroying properties. During these times, the Moros had no allegiance with the Filipinos and the Americans, and they were largely unwelcoming of their assistance. In many cases, they would even indiscriminately attack them as well, especially following the fall of Corregidor, and establishment of a truce with the Moros by Wendell Fertig in mid 1943. The Moros also performed various cruelties during the war, such as thoughtlessly assaulting Japanese immigrants already living in Mindanao before the war. The warlord Datu Busran Kalaw was known for boasting that he "fought both the Americans, Filipinos and the Japanese", which took the lives of both American and Filipino agents and the Japanese occupiers. Nonetheless, the Americans respected the success of the Moros during the war. American POW Herbert Zincke recalled in his secret diary that the Japanese guarding him and other prisoners were scared of the Moro warriors and tried to keep as far away from them as possible to avoid getting attacked. The American Captain Edward Kraus recommended Moro fighters for a suggested plan to capture an airbase in Lake Lanao before eventually driving the Japanese occupiers out of the Philippines. The Moro Datu Pino sliced the ears off Japanese and cashed them in with the American guerrilla leader Colonel Fertig at the exchange rate of a pair of ears for one bullet and 20 centavos. Recognition The Filipino guerrillas were successful in their resistance against the Japanese occupation. Of the 48 provinces in the Philippines, only 12 were in firm control of the Japanese. Many provinces in Mindanao were already liberated by the Moros well before the Americans came, as well as major islands in the Visayas such as Cebu, Panay and Negros. During the occupation, many Filipino soldiers and guerrillas never lost hope of the United States. Their objective was to both continue the fight against the Japanese and prepare for the return of the Americans. They were instrumental in helping the United States liberate the rest of the islands from the Japanese. After the war, the American and Philippines governments officially recognized some of the units and individuals who had fought against the Japanese, which led to benefits for the veterans, but not all claims were upheld. There were 277 recognized guerrilla units out of over 1,000 claimed, and 260,715 individuals were recognized from nearly 1.3 million claims. These benefits are only available to the guerrillas and veterans who have served for the Commonwealth, and don't include the brigand groups of the Huks and the Moros. Resistance leaders Wendell Fertig, Russell W. Volckmann and Donald Blackburn would incorporate what they learned fighting with the Filipino guerrillas in establishing what would become the U.S. Special Forces. In 1944, only Filipino soldiers were denied from being given benefits by the GI Bill of Rights, which was supposed to give welfare to all those who have served in the United States Military irrespective of race, color or nationality. Over 66 countries were inducted into the bill but only the Philippines was left out, describing the Filipino soldiers as mere "Second Class Veterans". Then in 1946, the Rescission Act was enacted to mandate some aid to Filipino veterans, but only to those who had disabilities or serious injuries. The only benefit the United States could give at that time was the Immigrant Act, which made it easier for Filipinos who served in World War II to get American citizenship. It was not until 1996 that the veterans started seeking recognition from the United States. Representative Colleen Hanabusa submitted legislation to award Filipino Veterans with a Congressional Gold Medal, which became known as the Filipino Veterans of World War II Congressional Gold Medal Act. The Act was referred to the Committee on Financial Services and the Committee on House Administration. The Philippine government has also enacted laws concerning the benefits of Filipino guerrillas. The World War II guerrilla movement in the Philippines has also garnered attention in Hollywood films such as Back to Bataan, Back Door to Hell, American Guerrilla in the Philippines, Cry of Battle and the more contemporary John Dahl film The Great Raid. Filipino and Japanese films have also paid homage to the valor of the Filipino guerrillas during the occupation, such as Yamashita: The Tiger's Treasure, In the Bosom of the Enemy, Aishite Imasu 1941: Mahal Kita and the critically acclaimed Japanese film Fires on the Plain. There have been various memorials and monuments erected to commemorate the actions of the Filipino guerrillas. Among such are the Filipino Heroes Memorial in Corregidor, the Luis Taruc Memorial in San Luis, Pampanga, the bronze statue of a Filipino guerrilla in Corregidor, Balantang National Shrine in Jaro, Iloilo City to commemorate the 6th Military District that liberated the provinces of Panay, Romblon, and Guimaras, and the NL Military Shrine and Park in La Union. The Libingan ng mga Bayani (translated to Cemetery of the Heroes), which contains many Filipino national heroes, erected a special monument to pay respect to the numerous unnamed Filipino guerrillas who fought in the occupation. Notes References Further reading Morningstar, James K. (2021). War and Resistance in the Philippines, 1942-1944. Naval Institute Press. Villanueva, James A. (2022). Awaiting MacArthur's Return: World War II Guerrilla Resistance against the Japanese in the Philippines. University Press of Kansas. Hogan, Jr., David W. (1992) "Chapter 4: Special Operations in the Pacific" in U.S. Army Special Operations in World War II, CMH Publication 70-42, Center of Military History, Department of the Army. External links
The Boodle Gang was an American street gang active in New York City during the mid-to- late 19th century. The gang were notorious "butcher cart thieves" during the 1850s and their hijacking methods would later be used by criminals of the early twentieth century. History One of the earliest hijackers in New York's history, the Boodle Gang began raiding food provision wagons which passed through their territory of New York's Lower West Side during the 1850s. After the wagons began traveling around the West Side, the gang began moving into Centre Market soon dominating the area as the leading butcher cart mob. The gang's particular method, similar to other butcher mobs of the period, after approaching the store with a wagon about a dozen gang members would charge into a butcher shop stealing a whole carcass and fleeing in the wagon. The gang's theft usually met with indifference as rival competitors such as the Potashes were quick to take advantage by offering meat at discount prices. By the 1860s, the Boodlers had perfected their techniques and had begun robbing messengers and couriers in the financial district. The gang's activities became very lucrative, particularly in January 1866 when two members robbed a courier carrying $14,000 and escaping by jumping onto a wagon losing their pursuers by clogging traffic in Beekman Street with three other carts. While the police were never able to halt their activities, the gang fared poorly during various gang wars during the 1890s, especially against the Hudson Dusters who would come to dominate the area by the end of the decade. The Boodle moniker failed to instill fear among rival gangs. By the turn of the century the Boodlers were defunct. References Sifakis, Carl. Encyclopedia of American Crime, Facts On File, Inc.: New York, 1982. Former gangs in New York City 19th century in New York City
Conductores de Venezuela is a giant ceramic mural on a wall outside the Covered Gymnasium at the Central University of Venezuela, facing out to the Francisco Fajardo freeway. It was designed by cartoonist Pedro León Zapata and installed over a period of years in the late 1990s; it depicts cartoon Venezuelan people driving, with several vehicles having important Venezuelans from history behind the wheel. Background The Venezuelan architect and designer Carlos Raúl Villanueva began designing the Central University of Venezuela (UCV)'s University City of Caracas campus in the 1940s, beginning construction in the 1950s during a time of prevailing modernism in Latin America. Villanueva had a stylistic ideology for the project he called the "Synthesis of the Arts", combining the arts and architecture and creating artistic pieces that could also serve functional purposes. Villanueva died in 1975, before Pedro León Zapata began work on Conductores de Venezuela. Zapata was a cartoonist, working for newspaper El Nacional for 50 years, and had also been trained as a painter and muralist. His artwork was characteristically critical of the government, and he often depicted the everyday reality of life for regular Venezuelans. In 2005, he was awarded a PhD by UCV, where he was also a professor. Design and construction Zapata developed his own mural method, which he used for the work, when he was a student of Diego Rivera in Mexico. He was commissioned by the municipal mayor Antonio Ledezma and the university. In a 2008 interview, Zapata said that they promoted him as the mural's artist by referring to him as a painter but that they secretly wanted him to make it a cartoon, and so he resolved to make it "a caricature done by a painter". He also said that he "wanted to entertain drivers stuck in traffic". The mural is made of 45,000 stoneware tiles, each 20 x 20 cm, cooked at the Pienme plant by ceramist Ricardo Ceruzzi, using single-firing furnaces. It was installed by the company Cerámica Carabobo. It is 165 metres long and 11 metres tall and has experienced deterioration since its construction but has also been the focus of restorers due to being large and popular. The name translates to "drivers of Venezuela", with the mural depicting historic figures like Simón Bolívar, Simón Rodríguez, Teresa de la Parra, Armando Reverón, and José María Vargas driving vehicles. Response The mural marks the boundary of the University City of Caracas campus at its northeast and was installed in 1998 and 1999. It is sometimes called Conductores del país and is described as an "open-air gallery" that gives residents of Caracas a "sense of belonging". Zapata said that the mural belongs to all of Caracas, but he loved it dearly himself and said that it was one of the largest murals in Latin America not just in size but for giving him the chance to bring some color to the university he loves, adding that it "took over [his] heart". Dr. Silvio Llanos de la Hoz commented on the mural, writing that it does not reflect the Synthesis of the Arts in the way the rest of the campus artworks do, and that its message did not have a Kandinsky influence but was more concerned with Venezuela's social present at the time. References Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas Murals
The Davis family (variant forms: Davies, Davison, Davids) was one of the last of the Nova Scotian settler families and though the family has descendants in the United States and Europe, the Davis family was one of the original African American families of Sierra Leone, thus part of the Sierra-Leone Creole population. Anthony Davis, a 29-year-old, is mentioned in the Book of Negroes. He was a slave owned by Mark Davis on the Delaware River and ran away about 1780. He traveled to Nova Scotia on the ship Mary and also in the Muster list of Birchtown blacks as a farmer. References Nova Scotian Settlers Sierra Leone Creole families
The 2006 NRL Grand Final was the conclusive and premiership-deciding match of the NRL's 2006 Telstra Premiership season. It was played between the first-placed Melbourne Storm and the third-placed Brisbane Broncos clubs on the night of Sunday, 1 October. The 2006 grand final was the first ever to feature teams which were both from cities outside the borders of New South Wales, in this case the capitals of Queensland and Victoria, yet was played at the traditional venue of Sydney's Telstra Stadium. It was the first time the two sides had met in a grand final. They had played each other twice during the 2006 regular season, with Melbourne winning both times. The Melbourne side went into the grand final as heavy favorites, having won the minor premiership (although this was later discounted when salary cap breaches at the club were exposed in 2010). Both teams were looking to keep their perfect grand final records intact: Brisbane with 5/5 and the Melbourne side with 1/1 heading into the game. Background The 2006 NRL season was the 99th season of professional rugby league football in Australia and the ninth run by the National Rugby League. Fifteen clubs competed for the 2006 Telstra Premiership over the 26 rounds of the regular season. Eight of these teams qualified for the four-week finals series Brisbane Broncos The 2006 Brisbane Broncos season was the nineteenth in the club's history. Coached by Wayne Bennett and captained by Darren Lockyer, they finished the regular season in 3rd place before going on to reach their 6th grand final. Melbourne Storm The 2006 Melbourne Storm season was the 9th in the club's history. Coached by Craig Bellamy and captained by Cameron Smith, they won a record 20 out of 24 regular season games to finish in first place and win the minor premiership, eight points clear of the second-placed Canterbury. The Melbourne club then reached their 2nd grand final as heavy favorites. Teams Matt Geyer was the only remaining Melbourne Storm player from their 1999 premiership winning team and the only person at the club with grand final experience. Scott Hill (who had missed the 1999 grand final with injury) was playing his 200th and final game in the NRL. By contrast, around half of the Brisbane Broncos players had premiership rings, most of them from the club's 1998 and 2000 grand final wins, while Justin Hodges was the only player in the Broncos squad that had won elsewhere, being part of the Sydney Roosters' 2002 premiership team. It was to be the last rugby league match for Broncos veteran Shane Webcke before retirement. Match details A crowd of 79,609 people turned out, with Hoodoo Gurus and INXS performing before the match. Referee Paul Simpkins was chosen to officiate his first NRL grand final, with Bill Harrigan the video referee. 1st Half The first points of the match came from a penalty in the ninth minute. Brisbane's Shaun Berrigan, playing at hooker, tried to burrow over Melbourne's try-line from dummy half but was ruled to have had the ball taken from his arms by Billy Slater in a two-man tackle. The resulting penalty kick by captain Darren Lockyer in front of the posts was a gift two points for the Brisbane side to take an early 2-0 lead. Three minutes later, Melbourne halfback Cooper Cronk kicked a 40/20 coming out of his side's territory. Following the subsequent scrum in an attacking position, the Melbourne side raided Brisbane's line and got the first try of the match. Scott Hill did well to evade a few attempted tackles and shoot a remarkable pass around the back of a Brisbane defender and into the arms of winger Steve Turner who dived over out wide. Cameron Smith missed the conversion, leaving the score at 4-2. Brisbane then got a scrum of their own close to Melbourne's line after Turner knocked on trying to take a Lockyer bomb. Lockyer, moving across-field fed the ball back inside to Justin Hodges who went over untouched to put the ball down near the posts, affording the Brisbane captain another easy kick. No more points were scored in the first half and Brisbane went into the break with an 8-4 lead. Darren Lockyer was limping around in the dressing room but went on to play through the rest of the game. 2nd Half Eight minutes into the second half, a high tackle by Justin Hodges on Cameron Smith close to Brisbane's line resulted in a minor scuffle and a penalty to the Melbourne side. Melbourne captain Smith decided to take the tap and attack Brisbane's line and a close-range try to Matt King resulted. The scores were then level at 8-all, with the kick to come. Smith, also Melbourne's first-choice goal-kicker, was having a problem with his kicking leg so the task fell onto Matt Geyer whose conversion attempt went wide. Ten minutes later a penalty was awarded to the Broncos after a high shot from Billy Slater on Shaun Berrigan and Corey Parker's kick was successful, giving his side a two-point lead at 10-8. Following the restart kick from Melbourne, Brisbane were working the ball out of their own half and on the fifth tackle scored a brilliant grand final try. From dummy half Berrigan ran then passed back inside to Lockyer who gave a short ball on to Parker who did likewise for Casey McGuire. Before being tackled McGuire tossed the ball blindly back over his head and it was picked up by Lockyer who spun out of a tackle then passed it to Tonie Carroll. Without losing momentum, Carroll passed the ball on to a flying Brent Tate who raced to the corner for the try. The conversion attempt from near the sideline was missed by Parker so the Brisbane side led by six with seventeen minutes of play remaining. A couple of minutes later Melbourne appeared to have scored their third try when a bomb by Cronk was leapt for but unsuccessfully taken by both a Brisbane and a Melbourne player. On its way down the ball was snatched from the air by King who looked to have put it down for his second try but the video referee ruled that the ball had gone forward off the Storm so it was disallowed. In the seventy-third minute, after a strong run by prop Shane Webcke (the oldest player on the field) put him in good field position, Lockyer snapped away a successful field goal. This gave Brisbane a 7-point buffer. A frustrated Melbourne side were unable to score in the remaining minutes as Brisbane ground their way towards full-time, the score 15-8 at the final siren. Post-match Brisbane's Shaun Berrigan, playing in his new role as hooker, received the Clive Churchill Medal for man-of-the-match. His dummy half raids and effective defence were seen as instrumental in his team's victory. Brisbane's victory was the club's sixth premiership in their 19 seasons and it broke what was at the time their longest premiership drought (five years). They suffered 11 losses during the season (including those to non-finals teams the Cowboys (twice), Wests Tigers and the wooden spooners, South Sydney), the most ever by a premiership-winning team. The win also enabled Brisbane to maintain their 100% victory record in grand finals, making it six from six. This also made Wayne Bennett the most successful Australian rugby league club coach of all time in terms of premierships won. In addition the grand final victory provided the perfect farewell for retiring Broncos prop-forward Shane Webcke, who left the playing field with a grand final victory in his final match. Also departing the NRL were Casey McGuire and Scott Hill, both bound for the Super League. 2006's grand final set a new record for the second highest ever television audience in Australia for a rugby league match since the introduction of the OzTam ratings system in 2001, behind only the previous season's grand final. Melbourne's television audience for the match was higher than Sydney's. Match summary 2007 World Club Challenge Having won the NRL grand final, the Brisbane Broncos had earned the right to play against 2006's Super League XI Champions, St. Helens in the following February's World Club Challenge. St Helens won 18–14. See also 2006 NRL season results References External links 2006 NRL Grand Final at NRL.com Match replay at NRL.com NRL Grand Finals Melbourne Storm matches Brisbane Broncos matches Grand final
Seldom Disappointed: A Memoir is the 2001 autobiography of author Tony Hillerman. The title reflects the attitude that he learned as a child living on a farm in Oklahoma; if one learns not to have unrealistic expectations, one will often be pleasantly surprised and seldom disappointed. Reception The work was well received, with the New York Times Book Review stating that Hillerman "is an expert at knowing what to leave out, and at making what he leaves in cut to the bone without seeming overwrought", and further that the prose is "laced with humor and worldly wisdom"; stating that "Seldom Disappointed is a splendid and disarming remembrance of things past". It was also well reviewed by David Langness, for Paste magazine, who called the book "touching", "modest" and "powerful", and stated that "Seldom Disappointed unfolds with the quiet country cadences of the storytellers that consistently suffuse Hillerman's prose" and praising its "hilarious, perverse black humor". Awards 2001 Agatha Award, best non-fiction work 2002 Anthony Award, best non-fiction / critical work 2002 Macavity Award nomination, best biographical / critical mystery work References 2001 non-fiction books Books by Tony Hillerman Agatha Award-winning works Anthony Award-winning works HarperCollins books Books about New Mexico American memoirs
Tantpur is a town in the Agra district of Uttar Pradesh state in India. It is 65 km far from the main city Agra. The town is situated near the borderline of Rajasthan.The region was under the Dholpur estate and was part of Rajputana Agency during the British ea . Tantpur in enriched with natural resources of sandstone which mined and also exported to all across India. Famous Tantpur is known for its mines of sandstone, which has been used in the Parliament of India, Ranthambore Fort, Gagron Fort, Kumbhalgarh Fort, Jaisalmer Fort, Amer Fort, Maheshwar Fort, Agra Fort, Bandhavgarh Fort, Garh Kundar Fort, Red Fort, Gohad Fort, Madan Mahal, Jabalpur, Raisen Fort, Sabalgarh Fort, Utila Fort and other Forts and Monuments of India. References Cities and towns in Agra district
Iman Fathuroman (born on 31 May 1994) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Liga 1 club Persikabo 1973. Club career Sulut United On 20 June 2019, Fathurohman signed a one-year contract with Liga 2 club Sulut United. He made 16 league appearances for Sulut United in the 2019 Liga 2 (Indonesia) References External links Iman Fathuroman at Liga Indonesia 1994 births Men's association football midfielders Living people Indonesian men's footballers Liga 1 (Indonesia) players Liga 2 (Indonesia) players Madura United F.C. players Persika 1951 players Persikabo 1973 players 757 Kepri Jaya F.C. players Sulut United F.C. players Persija Jakarta players Persikab Bandung players Footballers from Bandung Footballers from West Java
Prof. Anuradha Seneviratna (July 13, 1938 - July 9, 2009) was a renowned Sri Lankan scholar. He wrote many scholarary works and he was a Senior Professor in the Department of Sinhala, University of Peradeniya. He has also worked in University of Colombo and was the Director of the Institute of Aesthetic Studies. He was educated at Dharmaraja College, Kandy. He was born in Eriyagama, Kandy, on July 13, 1938, and died on July 9, 2009. Writings Seneviratna has written nearly 70 books in English and Sinhala, the most famous being; Purana Anuradhapuraya: Aramika Nagaraya (Ancient Anuradhapura: The Monastic City) Polonnaruva, Medieval Capital of Sri Lanka: An Illustrated Survey of Ancient Monuments Sunset in a Valley: Kotmale Nana Darsana Anusmrti External links www.anuradhaseneviratna.com Sinhalese writers Alumni of Dharmaraja College Alumni of the University of Peradeniya Academic staff of the University of Colombo Academics from Kandy 1938 births 2009 deaths Academic staff of the University of Peradeniya Sinhalese academics
Jonas Buhl Bjerre (born 26 June 2004) is a Danish chess player. He holds the title of grandmaster. Biography In 2015, Jonas Buhl Bjerre won the Nordic Youth Chess Championship in the group E (for players born in 2004 and 2005). The next year he won the group D. Bjerre won a gold medal at the 2017 European Youth Chess Championships, held in Mamaia, in the U14 category. The next year, in Riga, he took the bronze medal in the same division. In July 2018, Bjerre was awarded the title of international master by FIDE. A few months later he played for the Danish national team, on the reserve board, in the 43rd Chess Olympiad in Batumi (+4, =4, -1). He tied for first place with Allan Stig Rasmussen in the Danish championship 2019 and lost the playoff match. Bjerre achieved his final norm for the title of grandmaster at the FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2019 to become the youngest Dane ever to achieve this title. FIDE awarded him the title in March 2020. Bjerre participated in the Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2022 Challengers group where he finished 3rd with a score of 8.5 / 13. References External links 2004 births Living people Danish chess players Chess grandmasters Chess Olympiad competitors Place of birth missing (living people)
Las Amapas Beach () is a beach at the south end of Zona Romántica, Puerto Vallarta, in the Mexican state of Jalisco. The small beach is separated from Playa de los Muertos by a rock formation known as "El Púlpito" (English: "The Pulpit"). References External links Beaches of Jalisco Zona Romántica
Luigi Basiletti (18 April 1780 – 25 January 1859) was an Italian painter, engraver, architect, and archeologist. Biography He was born in Brescia. He was a pupil of Sante Cattaneo, then moved to Bologna, and in 1806 to Rome. He painted sacred subjects, mythology as well as landscapes. He painted a Cascade at Tivoli for the Brera Academy at Milan. He is also represented by a Niobe and the landscapes Lago d’Iseo, Tempio di Sibilla, and Pozzuoli at the Galleria Tosio Martinengo in Brescia. Among other works are a Guardian Angel for the Duomo Vecchio of Brescia. He painted the Ferimento di Baiardo (1828) now in the Atheneum of Brescia. He painted frescoes for rooms in the Atheneum, and the Palazzo Martinengo. He contributed to the architectural decoration of the cupola by Luigi Cagnola for the Duomo Nuovo of Brescia (1820) and with the architect Vita a design for the Mercato del Grano (1820–1823). He designed the entrance staircase to the parish church of Gussago. He formed part of an archeologic commission in 1823 established in Brescia. He became an associate of the Brescian Atheneum (1810) and censor (1816–1844) and was admitted as an associated of the Brera Academy (1828). External links Sources 1780 births 1859 deaths Architects from Brescia 18th-century Italian painters Italian male painters 19th-century Italian painters Artists from Brescia 19th-century Italian male artists 18th-century Italian male artists
Lithraea molleoides (syn. Lithraea molleoides var. lorentziana Lillo, Lithraea ternifolia, Schinus brasiliensis Marchand ex Cabrera, Schinus leucocarpus M., Schinus molleoides (Vell.) Engler, Lithraea aroeirinha Marchand ex Warm.) is a tree (2.5 and 8 m tall) that is native to South America, specially in Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Cerrado vegetation of Brazil. Landscaping The plant is commonly considered as unsuitable to landscaping, as it is a poisonous plant: it produces volatile substances that propagate from touching the leaves, through contact with droplets, or through the tree's pollen. These substances are allergenic and contact with them may produce general allergic sensitivity, skin disease, fever, and visual problems. Planting this tree where it can be accessible to the general public is therefore strongly discouraged. Popular custom In Uruguay, folk tradition states that people are supposed to salute the tree in a way according to the time of day. For example, if somebody encounters the tree during the day, they are supposed to say "Good night, Mr. (or Mrs.) Aruera". Similarly, if it is during the night, they would say "Good day, Mr. Aruera". References External links Sistema de Información de Biodiversidad: Lithraea molleoides molleoides Trees of Argentina Trees of Bolivia Trees of Brazil Flora of the Cerrado Medicinal plants of South America
\|} The Many Clouds Chase is a Grade Two National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years or older. It is run at Aintree over a distance of about 3 miles and 1 furlong (3 miles and 210 yards, or 5,020 metres), and during its running there are nineteen fences to be jumped. It is scheduled to take place each year in early December. The race was first run as a Listed race in 2011. It was awarded Grade Two status and renamed in honour of Many Clouds in 2017. In April 2023 the British Horseracing Authority announced the removal of the race from the 2023/24 programme. Winners See also Horse racing in Great Britain List of British National Hunt races References Racing Post: , , , , , , , , , National Hunt races in Great Britain Aintree Racecourse National Hunt chases
Macorna railway station was located on the Yungera line. It served the Victoria town of Macorna. The station closed to passenger traffic on 4 October 1981 as part of the New Deal timetable for country passengers. References External links Melway map at street-directory.com.au Disused railway stations in Victoria (state)
Courts of Wisconsin include: ;State courts of Wisconsin Wisconsin Supreme Court (7 justices) Wisconsin Court of Appeals (4 districts, 16 judges) Wisconsin Circuit Court (9 judicial administrative districts (1-5; 7-10), 69 circuits, 261 judges) Wisconsin Municipal Courts Federal courts located in Wisconsin United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin Former federal courts of Wisconsin United States District Court for the District of Wisconsin (extinct, subdivided) See also List of Wisconsin circuit court judges References External links National Center for State Courts - directory of state court websites. Courts in the United States Wisconsin state courts
In mathematics, regular surface may refer to: Regular surface (differential geometry) Non-singular algebraic variety of dimension two
The South Africa men's national softball team is the men's national softball team of South Africa administered by Softball South Africa. The team competed at the 1996 ISF Men's World Championship in Midland, Michigan where they finished with 7 wins and 4 losses with Papate Mphahlele as pitcher of the season. The team competed at the 2000 ISF Men's World Championship in East London, South Africa where they finished eighth. The team competed at the 2004 ISF Men's World Championship in Christchurch, New Zealand where they finished twelfth. The team competed at the 2009 ISF Men's World Championship in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan where they finished fifteenth. References Softball Men's national softball teams Men's sport in South Africa Softball in South Africa
Richard Gavin "Dick" Reid (17 January 1879 – 17 October 1980) was a Canadian politician who served as the sixth premier of Alberta from 1934 to 1935. He was the last member of the United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) to hold the office, and that party's defeat at the hands of the upstart Social Credit League in the 1935 election made him the shortest serving premier to that point in Alberta's history. Born near Glasgow, Scotland, Reid worked a number of jobs as a young adult—including wholesaler, army medic (during the Second Boer War), farmhand, lumberjack and dentist—and immigrated to Canada in 1903. He involved himself in local politics and joined the recently formed UFA, which nominated him to run in the 1921 provincial election as its candidate in Vermilion. The UFA won the election, and Reid served in several capacities in the cabinets of premiers Herbert Greenfield and John Edward Brownlee, where he established a reputation for competence and fiscal conservatism. When a sex scandal forced Brownlee from office in 1934, Reid was the caucus' unanimous choice to succeed him as premier. When Reid took office, Alberta was experiencing the Great Depression. Reid took measures to ease Albertans' suffering, but believed that inducing a full economic recovery was beyond the capacity of the provincial government. In this climate, Alberta voters were attracted to the economic theories of evangelical preacher William Aberhart, who advocated a version of social credit. Despite Reid's claims that Aberhart's proposals were economically and constitutionally unfeasible, Social Credit routed the UFA in the 1935 election; Reid's party did not retain a single seat. Reid lived forty-five years after his defeat, but these years were spent in obscurity; he never returned to political life. Early life Reid was born 17 January 1879 near Glasgow, Scotland, to George (1843–1913) and Margaret (Ogston) Reid (1850–1928). He attended school in Glasgow and worked for several years in the wholesale provisions business before enlisting in the Royal Army Medical Corps. He served in South Africa as a Lance-Sergeant from 1900 to 1902 during the Second Boer War, doing hospital duty, before returning to Scotland. There he began to plan his future, considering returning to South Africa to live before deciding on Canada. He arrived in Killarney, Manitoba, in 1903, where he worked as a farmhand during the harvest. When winter came, he found work as a lumberjack in Fort William, Ontario. A voyage west followed, and he set up a homestead in east-central Alberta. Once there, he began to practice dentistry, drawing on his army experience. On 9 September 1919, he married Marion Stuart. They had three sons and two daughters. Early political career Entry into politics Reid's political career began with four years on the municipal council of Buffalo Coulee, around present-day Vermilion. He spent two of these as Reeve. He was instrumental in founding the Vermilion municipal hospital district, on whose board he served for many years. Federally, he was active with the United Farmers of Alberta Battle River Political Association, of which he became president. Reid was nominated as the UFA candidate in Vermilion during the 1921 provincial election, the first in which the UFA ran candidates. The Legislative Assembly of Alberta was dominated by the Liberals, who had governed Alberta since its creation in 1905. To Reid's great surprise, he defeated his Liberal opponent and was elected to the legislature, along with 37 of his fellow UFA candidates—enough to form a majority government. He chaired the first meeting of the new UFA caucus, at which it selected Herbert Greenfield as Premier. Reid was re-elected in the 1926 and 1930 elections. Cabinet career Reid occupied high-ranking cabinet positions in Greenfield's government and that of his successor, John Edward Brownlee. Greenfield appointed him Minister of Health and Minister of Municipal Affairs in 1921. In the former capacity, he drew on his past experience with the Vermilion board in establishing new municipal health boards. He also proposed a program of eugenics through the sterilisation of the mentally handicapped, which in 1928 led to the Sexual Sterilization Act of Alberta. As an advocate of government-wide economy, he laid off all school inspection nurses and many public health nurses. This inclination towards thrift was also evident in his performance as Minister of Municipal Affairs, in which he resisted a 1926 call from several municipalities to transfer a greater proportion of the responsibility for caring for indigents to the province. In 1929, he disagreed with them again when he insisted that they be responsible for 10% of the old-age pensions paid to their residents. In 1923 Greenfield moved Reid out of both of his portfolios and made him Provincial Treasurer, where he perpetuated his fiscal conservatism across the government. Early in his tenure, he presented a brief to cabinet recommending that ministers reduce their budgets and that the government create a purchasing department tasked with coordinating spending on supplies. In these proposals he found a close ally in Brownlee, Greenfield's Attorney-General, and when Brownlee succeeded Greenfield as Premier in 1925 he kept Reid as Provincial Treasurer and re-appointed him as Minister of Municipal Affairs. Brownlee and Reid had a history of working closely not only on fiscal issues, but also on agricultural ones: in July 1923, they had travelled together to investigate the creation of a wheat pool in Alberta. This trip included a meeting with cooperative pioneer Aaron Sapiro in San Francisco and a visit to Chicago's commodity market. Both Reid and Brownlee concluded that a pool ought to be proceeded with cautiously, if at all, though this view was overruled when a later visit by Sapiro to Alberta generated sufficient enthusiasm that the government had little choice but to go along with the creation of the Alberta Wheat Pool. With Brownlee as premier and Reid as Provincial Treasurer, government deficits ceased: the budget showed a surplus in every year from 1925 until 1930, except for 1927. In 1929, Reid predicted that Alberta was on the cusp of a period of economic expansion; instead, he was soon confronted with the Great Depression. He drastically cut provincial spending and raised taxes, in part by creating a new income tax. He reluctantly accepted that these measures could not prevent a return to deficit spending. His willingness to outspend revenues was due less to any Keynesian desire to stimulate the economy than to a belief that there was no further spending to be cut or further taxes that could reasonably be raised. Conversely, he rejected calls from the opposition Liberals to cut taxes as a stimulus measure. Though Brownlee was no more enthusiastic than Reid about deficits, his continued confidence in his Provincial Treasurer was evidenced by his decision to give him yet another ministerial portfolio. In 1930 Brownlee secured Alberta's long-sought control over its natural resources from the federal government, and he appointed Reid Alberta's first Minister of Lands and Mines on 10 October 1930. In this capacity, Reid favoured private over public ownership. He opposed calls from his own party to promote government-developed hydroelectricity projects, and viewed the provincially owned railways as a burden to the government, though they finally turned a profit in 1927. He was a leading advocate of selling them to private interests, a course that was eventually followed in 1929. Premier In 1934, Brownlee was implicated in a sex scandal, as a young family friend and her father sued him for seduction. By Reid's account, he had to convince his premier not to quit "hundreds of times". When the jury found in favour of the plaintiffs, however, Brownlee had no choice, and resigned effective 10 July 1934. Reid was the most prominent minister in the cabinet and among the most popular, and was the UFA caucus' unanimous choice to take over. He also replaced Brownlee as Provincial Secretary and installed himself in the newly created position of Treasury Board President. The UFA was in an uncertain position when Reid became Premier; besides Brownlee's resignation, longtime Minister of Public Works Oran McPherson was in the midst of a scandalous divorce and had also left cabinet, and UFA MLAs Peter Miskew and Omer St. Germain had crossed the floor to the Liberals. Additionally, the province's economic condition remained poor. Liberal leader William R. Howson tried to take advantage of this to undermine the government and position himself as the province's next Premier; he attacked Reid relentlessly for what he alleged were spendthrift habits, and suggested the province's tax rates were causing the confiscation of family homes. Reid asserted in response that Alberta's taxes had decreased since 1921, and criticised Howson for simultaneously attacking government spending and demanding new infrastructure projects. In the meantime, Reid's government took a number of policy initiatives. It passed legislation authorizing the government purchase of cattle from farmers who could no longer afford feed, and worked out a cost-sharing agreement with the federal government and the railways to relocate farmers fleeing the province's dust belt. Reid also called for the creation of a federal wheat marketing board, and proposed legislation—the Agricultural Industry Stabilisation Act—that protected from creditors any portion of a farmer's revenue that was used on operating costs for his farm or living expenses for his family. Despite these measures, Reid found himself at odds with his party's membership, which was reacting to the Great Depression by following an increasingly socialist path. He found UFA President Robert Gardiner to be of the "far left", and considered the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, in whose founding many UFA members had participated, to be an "unholy amalgamation". Even so, his government experimented with a form of universal health insurance, to be jointly funded by government, employers, and employees, that would provide Albertans with free medical, dental, and hospital care; the project was to be launched as a pilot project in Camrose, but was never begun because of the intervention of the 1935 election. More controversially, Reid's government reacted to McPherson's divorce and its attendant coverage by proposing to ban newspapers from covering divorce proceedings, a proposal that prompted Liberal MLA Joseph Miville Dechene to compare Reid to Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin. Social credit A more dangerous opponent than Howson was William Aberhart, the Calgary preacher who was proposing a form of social credit to cure the province's ills. Social credit, the brainchild of British engineer C. H. Douglas, purported to bridge the gap between a society's production and its purchasing power; Aberhart maintained that this gap was the source of Alberta's economic hardships. Reid was leery of Aberhart though he, like most politicians of the era, pronounced himself in favour of Douglas's philosophy. T. C. Byrne suggests that this expressed support was dishonest, that Reid considered social credit in all of its forms to be "complete nonsense", and paid it lip service only because of its popularity among voters. Though he was gaining adherents, Aberhart insisted that his aim was not to enter politics, but to persuade existing parties to adopt social credit in their platforms. To this end, he appeared at the UFA convention of 15 January 1935. The night before, he organised a reception for delegates. Besides Aberhart, it featured actors portraying two characters of whom Aberhart had been making considerable use in presentations around the province: the Man from Mars, who expressed bewilderment that poverty could exist in the midst of plenty and that governments were doing nothing about it, and Kant B. Dunn, who brought up straw man arguments against social credit for Aberhart to dismantle. Another of Aberhart's characters, the bumbling socialist C. C. Heifer, did not make an appearance; Aberhart biographers David Elliott and Iris Miller suggest that this was to avoid alienating the many UFA members who supported socialism. The next day, the UFA began debate on a resolution that read Resolved that a system of social credit as outlined by William Aberhart, Calgary, be put in as a plank in the UFA provincial platform to be brought before the electorate at the next provincial election. Debate was vigorous. One delegate said that UFA members wanted social credit, and if they could not get it through the UFA they would find other means. After three hours, UFA Vice President Norman Priestly noted in frustration that delegates were debating the merits of "a system of social credit as outlined by" Aberhart without ever having heard Aberhart outline his proposed system. It was agreed to invite Aberhart to appear. Using the analogy of blood flowing through the human body, he argued that the of blood contained in the human body were sufficient for the heart to pump much more than that per day; so it was, he argued, with currency, whose circulation needed to be accelerated to enhance Albertans' purchasing power. He closed by expressing pessimism that the delegates would choose to support social credit, and this pessimism proved well-founded: though sources are inconsistent on the precise outcome—journalist John Barr reports that the exact vote was not recorded, while historian Bradford Rennie states there were 30 affirmative votes out of 400 delegates present—there is agreement that the resolution was handily defeated. While the vote appeared to be a decisive victory for Reid and his fellow traditionalists, Byrne suggests that many members abstained. The threat from within apparently defeated, Reid and his government turned their attention to the threat from without: the convention's repudiation had convinced Aberhart that his Social Credit League must run candidates in the next election. Reid's defence took two forms. The first was an overt attack on Aberhart and his policies. He insisted that Aberhart's proposed "monthly credit dividends" of Can$25 could not be issued unless taxes increased tenfold. He argued that Aberhart's proposed means of raising revenue—"unearned increments" and "production levies"—were actually disguised taxes, which would be paid primarily by farmers, and that his claims that the necessary credit could be created "at the stroke of a fountain pen" on an accounting ledger were absurd. He further pointed out that elements of Aberhart's plan, including the provincial government's entry into banking and the creation of a provincial tariff, were ultra vires the province under the Canadian constitution. These themes were expounded on by Priestly and Brownlee, both of whom undertook speaking tours and radio addresses, and by legal and economic experts commissioned by the government. The second element of Reid's approach was to call into question Aberhart's understanding of social credit by exposing inconsistencies between his statements and the theories advanced by Douglas. Douglas and Aberhart did not like each other, and Douglas did not believe that Aberhart fully understood his theories; though he declined to comment publicly, one of his deputies once called one of Aberhart's pamphlets "fallacious from start to finish". Hoping to capitalize on this rift, Reid invited Douglas to come to Alberta and serve as "Economic Reconstruction Advisor" at an annual fee of $2,500 plus a $2,000 expense allowance for each of his annual three-week trips to the province. Douglas accepted. Angered that the government had incurred this sizable expense without consulting the legislature, Conservative leader David Duggan introduced a motion calling on Aberhart to be hired in a similar capacity. This suited Reid, who hoped that by inducing both men to submit detailed plans he would at last have something concrete from Aberhart to attack, and something equally concrete from Douglas with which to contrast it. Aberhart confounded Reid's plan by declining his offer. Douglas, for his part, provided mixed results: on his way to Edmonton he publicly repudiated Aberhart's impugned pamphlet and also pronounced himself against the creation of a provincial social credit political vehicle. On the other hand, shortly after his arrival he sent Aberhart a letter, gleefully released by Aberhart, asserting that there was no conflict between the "Douglas" and "Aberhart" versions of social credit. Moreover, his interim report to the government concerned itself primarily with political and legal, rather than economic, realities: he recommended setting up a provincially controlled media outlet to counter the anti-social credit propaganda he anticipated from the privately owned press, organizing a provincial government credit institution, and accumulating a stockpile of currency, stocks, and bonds. He also suggested that the UFA might need to form a coalition government to implement social credit. The report was of little use to Reid's government, so he had his Attorney-General, John Lymburn, ask Douglas to critique one of Aberhart's radio broadcasts. Douglas demurred, and made only vague comments about minor technical errors in the transcript. Reid's approach to combating Aberhart's influence had failed. The first element, attacking the validity of Aberhart's ideas directly, had failed because much of the Alberta public, in abject poverty, was not interested in hearing economic and legal arguments against social credit. This state of mind was illustrated by a voter's comments to Brownlee on Aberhart's proposals: Mr. Brownlee, we have listened to you with a great deal of attention and the answers you have given seem pretty hard to meet. But I have one more question ... I'm selling my wheat at 25 cents a bushel. If I tried to sell a steer tomorrow I'd probably hardly get enough to pay the freight. I get three cents a dozen for eggs. I'm lucky to get a dollar for a can of cream. Will you tell me what I've got to lose? The second part of the strategy, contrasting Aberhart's proposals with Douglas's, failed largely because both men were too evasive in their statements to make any kind of direct comparison of their views. Lakeland College historian Franklin Foster offers an additional explanation: when Albertans were exposed to the charismatic evangelist Aberhart and the dry technocrat Douglas, they preferred the former, irrespective of credentials or economic expertise. Electoral defeat When the election came in August 1935, Aberhart offered economic recovery while Reid offered criticisms of Aberhart. Highlighting the UFA's record of clean government, low taxes, and fiscal responsibility, Reid committed himself and his government to bringing a sense of security. More tangibly, he promised to build a government oil refinery (predicting that "the near future will witness the greatest explorations for oil which this province has ever known"). Most of the campaign was conducted around Social Credit's promise to pull the province out of depression with its monetary theories. Reid alleged that Aberhart's policies would destroy the province's credit and leave it unable to borrow the money it needed to carry on, but voters—even those sceptical of Social Credit's promises—saw no alternative hopes offered by the UFA. On 11 August, election day, every UFA MLA was defeated; Reid himself finished third in his riding, barely ahead of the Communist candidate, and resigned as Premier effective 22 August. Time would prove Reid correct in most of his criticisms of Aberhart: he did lack a specific economic agenda, much of his legislation was struck down by the courts, and the depression did continue for several more years in Alberta. This was of cold comfort to Reid, whose defeat was total: at 408 days, his time as Premier was the shortest in the province's history to that point. Life after politics After the election, Reid orchestrated a quick transfer of power. The Social Credit victory had provoked a bank run, and he wanted to re-establish stability as quickly as possible. Moreover, the province needed to borrow a large sum of money to meet even its short-term obligations, and the UFA, as a lame duck government, was unable to make promises to would-be creditors. Once in office, confronted with a dire financial situation, Aberhart accused the UFA government of mismanagement. Reid responded in January 1936 that there had been no such mismanagement, that the province's financial problems were due to Social Credit's policies, both real and promised, and that had the UFA won re-election in 1935 it could have continued governing without serious difficulty. He also resisted insinuations that it had been too restrained in helping impoverished farmers: as late as 1969 he was offering the view that shrinking sources of provincial revenue made further assistance impossible. Apart from these occasional forays defending his record, Reid withdrew from politics. He became a commission agent, and later the librarian for Canadian Utilities Limited. For this latter role, he was made an honorary member of the Edmonton Library Association. During World War II, he served on the Canadian government's mobilisation board. Richard Reid died in Edmonton 17 October 1980 at the age of 101. He was cremated, and his ashes buried in Edmonton. Historians generally view Reid as a victim of circumstance: like many governments across Canada, his was defeated by the Great Depression. Rennie argues that Reid's approach to government, frugal and non-interventionist, was well-suited to the prosperous 1920s but less so to the 1930s, and highlights his lack of charisma. But he also writes that virtually nobody could have won the 1935 election for the UFA. Foster agrees, assessing Reid as "a quietly competent, gentle man" who "merited the confidence of his colleagues", but who was in 1935 "distinctly out of his element". As Rennie closes, "In 1935 Albertans wanted a saviour. Richard Gavin Reid was a mere mortal." Electoral record As party leader As MLA Notes References 1879 births 1980 deaths Premiers of Alberta Canadian centenarians Men centenarians Canadian Presbyterians Politicians from Glasgow United Farmers of Alberta MLAs Scottish emigrants to Canada Royal Army Medical Corps soldiers British Army personnel of the Second Boer War People from the County of Vermilion River
Cairo Road is the main thoroughfare of Lusaka, Zambia and the principal business, retail and service centre of the city. It is a section of the T2 road and was so named because it is a link in Cecil Rhodes' then dream of a Cape to Cairo Road through British colonies in Africa. Cairo Road is 1.8 km long, running north–south between the Great East Road junction (also known as the "Kabwe Roundabout") and the Independence Avenue junction (also known as the "Kafue Roundabout"), and is a wide dual carriageway with an avenue of trees down the centre. It runs parallel to the main railway line which is one block to the east. As the main north–south road it became very congested. This has been partially alleviated by the expansion of Lumumba Road to the west as a by-pass, taking much through traffic. All Heavy Goods vehicles are required to use Lumumba Road (not allowed on Cairo Road) when travelling from the southern side of the CBD to the northern side of the CBD and vice versa. Despite this, Cairo Road frequently becomes very congested, as does much of Lusaka. This is primarily due to the lack of any major ring roads and the growth of Lusaka's population. In 2020, a new road was opened, named the Lusaka West Ring Road, in order for traffic that doesn't intend on stopping in Lusaka to bypass the city centre to the west. So, with the opening of the new road, any vehicles that have no business in Lusaka and are travelling from the south (Kafue) to the north (Chibombo) (and vice versa) on the T2 road can avoid both Cairo Road and Lumumba Road. References Roads in Zambia Buildings and structures in Lusaka
The Department of Electronics and Accreditation of Computer Courses (DOEACC) (Presently National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology - NIELIT) is an autonomous scientific society under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India and is involved in training, consulting, product development, entrepreneurship and human resource development in information, electronics & communication technologies. It is based in New Delhi with a network of centers on the globe. The DOEACC Society was created by the Department of Electronics to implement a scheme of the AICTE (All India Council of Technical Education), with a view to harness the resources available in the private sector for training in the Computers, with a view to meet the increasing requirement of the trained manpower. In December 2002,other Societies of the Department of Information Technology, (Dept. of Electronics was renamed as Dept. of Information Technology) like CEDT Aurangabad, CEDT Calicut, CEDT Jammu/Srinagar, CEDT Tezpur/Guwahati, CEDT Imphal, CEDT Aizawl, CEDT Gorakhpur, RCC Chandigarh, RCC Kolkata were merged into the DOEACC Society. The acronym CEDT stands for Centre for Electronic Design and Technology and RCC stands for Regional Computer Centre. DOEACC Society is now National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology. Courses There are four computer courses offered from DOEACC: O Level Equivalent to Diploma course. There are four paper in this level. A Level Equivalent to Advanced Diploma in Computer Applications. There are ten papers in this level. B Level qualified students are eligible to apply where MCA Master of Computer Applications is a desirable qualification. It's equivalent to MCA. For students doing B level after A level, there are fifteen papers, for students doing B level directly, there are 25 papers. C Level equivalent to M. Tech Level. Other than these, courses are also taught in bio-informatics and hardware. Fate On October 10, 2011 it was changed to NIELIT. External links Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)
William R. Johnson Coliseum is a 7,203-seat multi-purpose arena in Nacogdoches, Texas. Popularly referred to as The Sawmill, it is located at the corner of University Drive and East College Street, and is home to the Stephen F. Austin State University Lumberjacks basketball team and the Ladyjacks basketball team. Built in 1974, the coliseum seats 7,203. Two NCAA Women's Midwest Regional games have been played at the Coliseum, as well as a men's NIT game. During summer 2006, a new video board and ad panel were installed. The Coliseum was named after President William R. Johnson who retired from SFA on July 15, 1990, after 14 years of service. The Ladyjacks volleyball team played in the Coliseum until 2011 when they moved to the Robert H. Shelton Gymnasium. See also List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas References College basketball venues in the United States Sports venues in Texas Basketball venues in Texas Indoor arenas in Texas Volleyball venues in Texas Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks and Ladyjacks basketball 1974 establishments in Texas The Coliseum is named after Dr. William R. Johnson, SFA's fourth President in the university's then 55 year history. At the age of 42 at the time of his f his inauguration, he was the youngest State University President to serve. Dr. Johnson served in the United States Air Force during the Korean Conflict and suffered burns from an explosion and he required a year of hospital treatment, delaying his enrollment in undergraduate programs at the University of Houston. A first generation college student, his education was subsidized by the G. I. Bill. A native Texan, he completed his undergraduate and master's degrees at the University of Houston and his Ph.D in History at the University of Oklahoma. He came to SFASU from Texas Tech University where he served as Vice President for Academic Affairs. Johnson expanded programs and buildings including Liberal Arts North, the University Center, Forestry, Rusk, Chemistry, and the Steen Library. Johnson secured funds for a new Math and Nursing Building and served as chairman of an effort to create the Higher Education Assistance Fund, with a goal to provide regular funding for buildings statewide. He retired from SFA on July 15, 1990, and SFA’s coliseum is named in his honor.
```javascript !function(a){a.fn.datepicker.dates.si={days:["","","","","","",""],daysShort:["","","","","","",""],daysMin:["","","","","","",""],months:["","","","","","","","","","","",""],monthsShort:["","","","","","","","","","","",""],today:"",monthsTitle:"",clear:"",weekStart:0,format:"yyyy-mm-dd"}}(jQuery); ```
The shortlisted nominees for the 2014 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were announced on October 7, 2014, and the winners were announced on November 18. Each winner was awarded $25,000 from the Canada Council for the Arts. English French References External links Governor General's Awards Governor General's Awards Governor General's Awards Governor General's Awards
Chou Tien-chen (; born 8 January 1990) is a Taiwanese badminton player. He became the first local shuttler in 17 years to win the men's singles title of the Chinese Taipei Open in 2016 since Indonesian-born Fung Permadi won it in 1999. He won his first BWF Super Series title at the 2014 French Open, beating Wang Zhengming of China 10–21, 25–23, 21–19 in the finals. He is the record holder of three consecutive Bitburger Open Grand Prix Gold titles from 2012 till 2014. Achievements BWF World Championships Men's singles Asian Games Men's singles Asian Championships Men's singles Summer Universiade Men's singles Asian Junior Championships Mixed doubles BWF World Tour (7 titles, 11 runners-up) The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100. Men's singles BWF Superseries (1 title, 2 runners-up) The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011. Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year. Men's singles BWF Superseries Finals tournament BWF Superseries Premier tournament BWF Superseries tournament BWF Grand Prix (7 titles, 6 runners-up) The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017. Men's singles BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament BWF Grand Prix tournament BWF International Challenge/Series (4 titles) Men's singles Mixed doubles BWF International Challenge tournament BWF International Series tournament Record against selected opponents Record against Year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists. Accurate as of 19 September 2023. References External links 1990 births Living people Sportspeople from Taipei Taiwanese male badminton players Badminton players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Badminton players at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic badminton players for Taiwan Badminton players at the 2010 Asian Games Badminton players at the 2014 Asian Games Badminton players at the 2018 Asian Games Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Games Asian Games silver medalists for Chinese Taipei Asian Games bronze medalists for Chinese Taipei Asian Games medalists in badminton Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games Universiade bronze medalists for Chinese Taipei Universiade medalists in badminton Medalists at the 2011 Summer Universiade Medalists at the 2013 Summer Universiade Medalists at the 2015 Summer Universiade
Palaquium rubiginosum is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. References rubiginosum Endemic flora of Sri Lanka Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
```markdown # Download/Saving CIFAR-10 images in Inception format -------------------------------------- In this script, we download the CIFAR-10 images and transform/save them in the Inception Retraining Format. The end purpose of the files is for re-training the Google Inception tensorflow model to work on the CIFAR-10. We start by loading the necessary libraries and clearing out any current default computational graph.``` ```python import os import tarfile import _pickle as cPickle import numpy as np import urllib.request import scipy.misc from tensorflow.python.framework import ops ops.reset_default_graph() ``` ```markdown Download the data.``` ```python cifar_link = 'path_to_url~kriz/cifar-10-python.tar.gz' data_dir = 'temp' if not os.path.isdir(data_dir): os.makedirs(data_dir) # Download tar file target_file = os.path.join(data_dir, 'cifar-10-python.tar.gz') if not os.path.isfile(target_file): print('CIFAR-10 file not found. Downloading CIFAR data (Size = 163MB)') print('This may take a few minutes, please wait.') filename, headers = urllib.request.urlretrieve(cifar_link, target_file) # Extract into memory tar = tarfile.open(target_file) tar.extractall(path=data_dir) tar.close() objects = ['airplane', 'automobile', 'bird', 'cat', 'deer', 'dog', 'frog', 'horse', 'ship', 'truck'] ``` ```markdown Next we save the images in the corresponding train or test folders.``` ```python # Create train image folders train_folder = 'train_dir' if not os.path.isdir(os.path.join(data_dir, train_folder)): for i in range(10): folder = os.path.join(data_dir, train_folder, objects[i]) os.makedirs(folder) # Create test image folders test_folder = 'validation_dir' if not os.path.isdir(os.path.join(data_dir, test_folder)): for i in range(10): folder = os.path.join(data_dir, test_folder, objects[i]) os.makedirs(folder) # Extract images accordingly data_location = os.path.join(data_dir, 'cifar-10-batches-py') train_names = ['data_batch_' + str(x) for x in range(1,6)] test_names = ['test_batch'] ``` ```markdown Next we create a function that will load the images from the files.``` ```python def load_batch_from_file(file): file_conn = open(file, 'rb') image_dictionary = cPickle.load(file_conn, encoding='latin1') file_conn.close() return image_dictionary ``` ```markdown Create a function that will save the images from a dictionary into correctly formatted image files.``` ```python def save_images_from_dict(image_dict, folder='data_dir'): # image_dict.keys() = 'labels', 'filenames', 'data', 'batch_label' for ix, label in enumerate(image_dict['labels']): folder_path = os.path.join(data_dir, folder, objects[label]) filename = image_dict['filenames'][ix] #Transform image data image_array = image_dict['data'][ix] image_array.resize([3, 32, 32]) # Save image output_location = os.path.join(folder_path, filename) scipy.misc.imsave(output_location,image_array.transpose()) ``` ```markdown Next we sort the training and test images into the corresponding folders``` ```python # Sort train images for file in train_names: print('Saving images from file: {}'.format(file)) file_location = os.path.join(data_dir, 'cifar-10-batches-py', file) image_dict = load_batch_from_file(file_location) save_images_from_dict(image_dict, folder=train_folder) # Sort test images for file in test_names: print('Saving images from file: {}'.format(file)) file_location = os.path.join(data_dir, 'cifar-10-batches-py', file) image_dict = load_batch_from_file(file_location) save_images_from_dict(image_dict, folder=test_folder) ``` ```markdown Correctly label the images/folders in a text file:``` ```python # Create labels file cifar_labels_file = os.path.join(data_dir,'cifar10_labels.txt') print('Writing labels file, {}'.format(cifar_labels_file)) with open(cifar_labels_file, 'w') as labels_file: for item in objects: labels_file.write("{} ".format(item)) ``` ```markdown Now we have the images in the following format: ``` -train_dir \|--airplane \|--automobile \|--bird \|--cat \|--deer \|--dog \|--frog \|--horse \|--ship \|--truck -validation_dir \|--airplane \|--automobile \|--bird \|--cat \|--deer \|--dog \|--frog \|--horse \|--ship \|--truck ``` After this is done, we proceed with the [TensorFlow fine-tuning tutorial](path_to_url path_to_url``` ```python ```
```java package com.rxjava2.android.samples.ui.cache.model; public class Data { public String source; @SuppressWarnings("CloneDoesntDeclareCloneNotSupportedException") @Override public Data clone() { return new Data(); } } ```
Dafydd Ddu o Hiraddug (died 1371), also known as Dafydd Ddu Athro o Hiraddug, was a Welsh language poet, grammarian, and Roman Catholic priest in the diocese of Llanelwy (St Asaph). He was once believed to be the son of a certain Hywel ap Madog of Tremeirchion, but this has now been disproven. Dafydd composed poems on religious themes; his surviving work includes poems on the Ten Commandments, Salvation, and on the ephemeracy of human life and of God's judgement to come after death. Dafydd is also thought to be the composer of the (Mary's Service), a poetical translation of the Latin "Horae beatae Mariae virginis" (a Book of Hours) into Welsh. Dafydd's greatest fame lies with his revised edition of the or bardic grammar of Einion Offeiriad. Dafydd was probably buried in Dyserth, north Wales. References Bibliography R. Geraint Gruffydd and Rhiannon Ifans (eds.), Gwaith Einion Offeriad a Dafydd Ddu o Hiraddug (Aberystwyth, 1997) External links Gwenllian's Poetry Primer: an introduction to the poetic metres of the grammar. Welsh-language poets 1371 deaths Year of birth unknown 14th-century Welsh poets
I'm Not an Angel or I'm Not An Angel may refer to: "I'm Not an Angel", a song by Halestorm on their album Halestorm "I'm Not An Angel", a song by Kimmie Rhodes "I'm Not an Angel", a song by Ra Nisam Anđeo, (I'm Not an Angel), album by Marija Šerifović. Tenshi Nanka Ja Nai, (I'm Not an Angel), manga by Ai Yazawa "Cheonsaga Anya", (천사가 아냐, "I'm Not an Angel"), a song by APink on their EP Pink Luv See also I'm No Angel (disambiguation) No Angel (disambiguation) Not an Angel
In mathematical logic, Morley rank, introduced by , is a means of measuring the size of a subset of a model of a theory, generalizing the notion of dimension in algebraic geometry. Definition Fix a theory T with a model M. The Morley rank of a formula φ defining a definable (with parameters) subset S of M is an ordinal or −1 or ∞, defined by first recursively defining what it means for a formula to have Morley rank at least α for some ordinal α. The Morley rank is at least 0 if S is non-empty. For α a successor ordinal, the Morley rank is at least α if in some elementary extension N of M, the set S has countably infinitely many disjoint definable subsets Si, each of rank at least α − 1. For α a non-zero limit ordinal, the Morley rank is at least α if it is at least β for all β less than α. The Morley rank is then defined to be α if it is at least α but not at least α + 1, and is defined to be ∞ if it is at least α for all ordinals α, and is defined to be −1 if S is empty. For a definable subset of a model M (defined by a formula φ) the Morley rank is defined to be the Morley rank of φ in any ℵ0-saturated elementary extension of M. In particular for ℵ0-saturated models the Morley rank of a subset is the Morley rank of any formula defining the subset. If φ defining S has rank α, and S breaks up into no more than n < ω subsets of rank α, then φ is said to have Morley degree n. A formula defining a finite set has Morley rank 0. A formula with Morley rank 1 and Morley degree 1 is called strongly minimal. A strongly minimal structure is one where the trivial formula x = x is strongly minimal. Morley rank and strongly minimal structures are key tools in the proof of Morley's categoricity theorem and in the larger area of model theoretic stability theory. Examples The empty set has Morley rank −1, and conversely anything of Morley rank −1 is empty. A subset has Morley rank 0 if and only if it is finite and non-empty. If V is an algebraic set in Kn, for an algebraically closed field K, then the Morley rank of V is the same as its usual Krull dimension. The Morley degree of V is the number of irreducible components of maximal dimension; this is not the same as its degree in algebraic geometry, except when its components of maximal dimension are linear spaces. The rational numbers, considered as an ordered set, has Morley rank ∞, as it contains a countable disjoint union of definable subsets isomorphic to itself. See also Cherlin–Zilber conjecture Group of finite Morley rank U-rank References Alexandre Borovik, Ali Nesin, "Groups of finite Morley rank", Oxford Univ. Press (1994) B. Hart Stability theory and its variants (2000) pp. 131–148 in Model theory, algebra and geometry, edited by D. Haskell et al., Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ. 39, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2000. Contains a formal definition of Morley rank. David Marker Model Theory of Differential Fields (2000) pp. 53–63 in Model theory, algebra and geometry, edited by D. Haskell et al., Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ. 39, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2000. Model theory
```javascript // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be // found in the LICENSE file. // // MODULE import {bar} from "modules-init1.js"; assertEquals(5, bar); ```
David Mbodj, known as Mbodj (born 15 September 1994) is a Senegalese football player who currently plays for the Lega Pro club F.C. Catania. References Senegalese men's footballers 1994 births Living people Men's association football defenders Delfino Pescara 1936 players
Kyaw Shein (born 8 March 1938) is a Burmese former sports shooter. He competed in the 50 metre rifle, prone event at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He also competed at the 1962, 1966 and 1970 Asian Games. References External links 1938 births Living people Burmese male sport shooters Olympic shooters for Myanmar Shooters at the 1964 Summer Olympics Place of birth missing (living people) Asian Games medalists in shooting Shooters at the 1962 Asian Games Shooters at the 1966 Asian Games Shooters at the 1970 Asian Games Asian Games bronze medalists for Myanmar Medalists at the 1966 Asian Games Medalists at the 1970 Asian Games
City Hall Plaza, City Hall Plaza Tower or 900 Elm Street (U.S. Route 3), is a prominent office tower in Manchester, New Hampshire. Since its completion in 1992, City Hall Plaza has been the tallest building in the city of Manchester, the state of New Hampshire, and northern New England (the states of New Hampshire, Maine, and Vermont). It is shorter than most of the tallest buildings in Boston, Hartford, New Haven, and Providence. The tower is used as office space for private businesses and for the Manchester city government. The building is recognizable as one of the main features of the Manchester skyline, along with the Brady Sullivan Plaza, SNHU Arena, the DoubleTree Hotel, the Center of New Hampshire, and the Citizens Bank building. The facade is brick and limestone, with a four-gabled green roof. The building was built in the early 1990s (construction was completed in 1992) by Nynex Properties at a cost of $22 million. Ownership of the building changed hands several times until it was purchased by its present owner, Brady Sullivan Properties (also the owner of the nearby Brady Sullivan Plaza, New Hampshire's second-tallest building) in September 2014. References See also List of tallest buildings in Manchester, New Hampshire List of tallest buildings in New Hampshire List of tallest buildings by U.S. state Buildings and structures in Manchester, New Hampshire Skyscraper office buildings in New Hampshire Skyscrapers in New Hampshire 1992 establishments in New Hampshire Office buildings completed in 1992
Sweden was present at the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, held in Bergen, Norway. The Swedish national final, Melodifestivalen 1986, was held on 22 March at the Cirkus in Stockholm, and was broadcast across Sweden on SVT1. The winners were Lasse Holm and Monica Törnell with their song "E' de' det här du kallar kärlek?". Before Eurovision Qualifying competition Melodifestivalen 1986 was the contest for the 26th song to represent Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest. 90 songs had been submitted to SVT for the competition; 10 of these were performed at the contest, which was held at Cirkus in Stockholm on 22 March 1986. It was presented by Lennart Swahn and Tommy Engstrand and was broadcast on TV1. No orchestra was used, and instead the ten songs were broadcast as music videos. The five songs that qualified for the second round were performed live to backing track. Voting At Eurovision Voting References External links TV broadcastings at SVT's open archive 1986 Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 1986 Eurovision Eurovision
Downtown Anchorage is a neighborhood in the U.S. city of Anchorage, Alaska. Considered the central business district of Anchorage, Downtown has many office buildings, cultural points of interest, shopping areas, as well as dining and nightlife attractions. Today's Downtown was the original site of the Anchorage Land Auction in 1915, which gave rise to today's present-day grid street pattern. The actual original townsite was a tent city located off the banks of Ship Creek, at present-day Government Hill. Downtown is a major employment center for the greater Anchorage region, drawing commuters from as far away as the Matanuska-Susitna Borough. The largest industries were services, government, and retail. Downtown's architecture substantially defines the Anchorage skyline today. The tallest buildings in Alaska are located here, most notably the ConocoPhillips Building and the Atwood Building. Downtown Anchorage's cleanliness, safety, and vitality is strongly controlled and advocated by the Anchorage Downtown Partnership. See also History of Anchorage, Alaska Neighborhoods of Anchorage, Alaska References External links Anchorage Downtown Partnership, Ltd. Anchorage Economy of Anchorage, Alaska Neighborhoods in Anchorage, Alaska
The Latobrigi (or Latovici) were a Celtic tribe mentioned in Julius Caesar's Commentarii. According to Caesar, 14.000 Latobrigi joined the Helvetii in their attempted migration to southwestern France in 58 BC, together with several larger contingents from other tribes. After the defeat at Bibracte, they were ordered to return to their homes and are not mentioned again in the Commentarii. Due to the lack of sources, their localisation remains largely speculative, though an area close to the Helvetian territory is usually assumed. It has been suggested that they may be attested in an inscription from Brigantia-Bregenz, Austria, or that Juliomagus-Schleitheim might have been their tribal centre. They are normally not identified with the Pannonian tribe of a similar name, the Latobici. Notes Tribes involved in the Gallic Wars
The 2019 Monte Carlo Formula 2 round was a pair of motor races for Formula 2 cars that took place on 24 and 25 May 2019 at the Circuit de Monaco in Monte-Carlo, Monaco as part of the FIA Formula 2 Championship. It was the fourth round of the 2019 FIA Formula 2 Championship and was run in support of the 2019 Monaco Grand Prix. Background Driver changes Artem Markelov made a one-off return as a replacement for Jordan King at MP Motorsport, who was competing in the 2019 Indianapolis 500 with Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing. Classification Qualifying Group A Group B Notes – Nicholas Latifi was given a three-place grid penalty for exiting the pit lane whilst the pit exit light was red. Feature race The race has been red-flagged midway-through on lap 20 after a collision between Mick Schumacher and Tatiana Calderón on Rascasse. As a result, everyone down between Calderón in ninth and Raghunathan in nineteenth was stuck behind the incident. That bizzarely meant that the entire top eight gained a lap on the rest of the field, although they would all have to serve their mandatory stop after the race restarted. Notes – Ralph Boschung was given a ten-second time penalty for leaving the track and gaining an advantage. – Mick Schumacher was given a five-second time penalty for leaving the track and gaining an advantage. – Mahaveer Raghunathan was given a five-second time penalty for leaving the track and gaining an advantage as well as a twenty-second time penalty for causing an avoidable collision with Jack Aitken. – Luca Ghiotto originally finished 2nd but was disqualified for his car using rack stops of a thickness that did not comply with the sporting regulations. Sprint race Notes – Sean Gelael set the fastest lap, but finished outside the top 10, so he was ineligible to score points for the fastest lap. The two bonus points for the fastest lap were awarded to Nicholas Latifi as he set the fastest lap of those who finished inside the top 10 with a time of 1:23.868. Championship standings after the round Drivers' Championship standings Teams' Championship standings References External links Monaco Formula 2 Formula 2
"If You're Gonna Walk, I'm Gonna Crawl" is a song written by Larry Bastian and Buddy Cannon, and recorded by American country music artist Sammy Kershaw. It was released in March 1995 as the fourth single from the album Feelin' Good Train. The song reached #18 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Chart performance References 1995 singles 1994 songs Sammy Kershaw songs Songs written by Buddy Cannon Song recordings produced by Buddy Cannon Song recordings produced by Norro Wilson Mercury Records singles Songs written by Larry Bastian
John Senst is a former award-winning and Grey Cup champion flanker who played in the Canadian Football League from 1970 to 1973. Senst started his career with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in 1970, catching 22 passes for 393 yards, and was winner of the Dr. Beattie Martin Trophy for Canadian rookie of the year in the west. He played 3 seasons with the Calgary Stampeders, catching 25 passes for 352 yards and winning the Grey Cup in 1971. He finished with 59 receptions for 933 yards and 2 touchdowns. References Winnipeg Blue Bombers players Calgary Stampeders players Living people Canadian Football League Rookie of the Year Award winners Year of birth missing (living people)
```ruby # frozen_string_literal: true # shareable_constant_value: literal require 'date' # :stopdoc: # = time.rb # # When 'time' is required, Time is extended with additional methods for parsing # and converting Times. # # == Features # # This library extends the Time class with the following conversions between # date strings and Time objects: # # * date-time defined by {RFC 2822}[path_to_url # * HTTP-date defined by {RFC 2616}[path_to_url # * dateTime defined by XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes ({ISO # 8601}[path_to_url # * various formats handled by Date._parse # * custom formats handled by Date._strptime # :startdoc: class Time class << Time # # A hash of timezones mapped to hour differences from UTC. The # set of time zones corresponds to the ones specified by RFC 2822 # and ISO 8601. # ZoneOffset = { # :nodoc: 'UTC' => 0, # ISO 8601 'Z' => 0, # RFC 822 'UT' => 0, 'GMT' => 0, 'EST' => -5, 'EDT' => -4, 'CST' => -6, 'CDT' => -5, 'MST' => -7, 'MDT' => -6, 'PST' => -8, 'PDT' => -7, # Following definition of military zones is original one. # See RFC 1123 and RFC 2822 for the error in RFC 822. 'A' => +1, 'B' => +2, 'C' => +3, 'D' => +4, 'E' => +5, 'F' => +6, 'G' => +7, 'H' => +8, 'I' => +9, 'K' => +10, 'L' => +11, 'M' => +12, 'N' => -1, 'O' => -2, 'P' => -3, 'Q' => -4, 'R' => -5, 'S' => -6, 'T' => -7, 'U' => -8, 'V' => -9, 'W' => -10, 'X' => -11, 'Y' => -12, } # # Return the number of seconds the specified time zone differs # from UTC. # # Numeric time zones that include minutes, such as # <code>-10:00</code> or <code>+1330</code> will work, as will # simpler hour-only time zones like <code>-10</code> or # <code>+13</code>. # # Textual time zones listed in ZoneOffset are also supported. # # If the time zone does not match any of the above, +zone_offset+ # will check if the local time zone (both with and without # potential Daylight Saving \Time changes being in effect) matches # +zone+. Specifying a value for +year+ will change the year used # to find the local time zone. # # If +zone_offset+ is unable to determine the offset, nil will be # returned. # # require 'time' # # Time.zone_offset("EST") #=> -18000 # # You must require 'time' to use this method. # def zone_offset(zone, year=self.now.year) off = nil zone = zone.upcase if /\A([+-])(\d\d)(:?)(\d\d)(?:\3(\d\d))?\z/ =~ zone off = ($1 == '-' ? -1 : 1) * (($2.to_i * 60 + $4.to_i) * 60 + $5.to_i) elsif zone.match?(/\A[+-]\d\d\z/) off = zone.to_i * 3600 elsif ZoneOffset.include?(zone) off = ZoneOffset[zone] * 3600 elsif ((t = self.local(year, 1, 1)).zone.upcase == zone rescue false) off = t.utc_offset elsif ((t = self.local(year, 7, 1)).zone.upcase == zone rescue false) off = t.utc_offset end off end # :stopdoc: def zone_utc?(zone) # * +0000 # In RFC 2822, +0000 indicate a time zone at Universal Time. # Europe/Lisbon is "a time zone at Universal Time" in Winter. # Atlantic/Reykjavik is "a time zone at Universal Time". # Africa/Dakar is "a time zone at Universal Time". # So +0000 is a local time such as Europe/London, etc. # * GMT # GMT is used as a time zone abbreviation in Europe/London, # Africa/Dakar, etc. # So it is a local time. # # * -0000, -00:00 # In RFC 2822, -0000 the date-time contains no information about the # local time zone. # In RFC 3339, -00:00 is used for the time in UTC is known, # but the offset to local time is unknown. # They are not appropriate for specific time zone such as # Europe/London because time zone neutral, # So -00:00 and -0000 are treated as UTC. zone.match?(/\A(?:-00:00\|-0000\|-00\|UTC\|Z\|UT)\z/i) end private :zone_utc? def force_zone!(t, zone, offset=nil) if zone_utc?(zone) t.utc elsif offset \|\|= zone_offset(zone) # Prefer the local timezone over the fixed offset timezone because # the former is a real timezone and latter is an artificial timezone. t.localtime if t.utc_offset != offset # Use the fixed offset timezone only if the local timezone cannot # represent the given offset. t.localtime(offset) end else t.localtime end end private :force_zone! LeapYearMonthDays = [31, 29, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31] # :nodoc: CommonYearMonthDays = [31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31] # :nodoc: def month_days(y, m) if ((y % 4 == 0) && (y % 100 != 0)) \|\| (y % 400 == 0) LeapYearMonthDays[m-1] else CommonYearMonthDays[m-1] end end private :month_days def apply_offset(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, off) if off < 0 off = -off off, o = off.divmod(60) if o != 0 then sec += o; o, sec = sec.divmod(60); off += o end off, o = off.divmod(60) if o != 0 then min += o; o, min = min.divmod(60); off += o end off, o = off.divmod(24) if o != 0 then hour += o; o, hour = hour.divmod(24); off += o end if off != 0 day += off days = month_days(year, mon) if days and days < day mon += 1 if 12 < mon mon = 1 year += 1 end day = 1 end end elsif 0 < off off, o = off.divmod(60) if o != 0 then sec -= o; o, sec = sec.divmod(60); off -= o end off, o = off.divmod(60) if o != 0 then min -= o; o, min = min.divmod(60); off -= o end off, o = off.divmod(24) if o != 0 then hour -= o; o, hour = hour.divmod(24); off -= o end if off != 0 then day -= off if day < 1 mon -= 1 if mon < 1 year -= 1 mon = 12 end day = month_days(year, mon) end end end return year, mon, day, hour, min, sec end private :apply_offset def make_time(date, year, yday, mon, day, hour, min, sec, sec_fraction, zone, now) if !year && !yday && !mon && !day && !hour && !min && !sec && !sec_fraction raise ArgumentError, "no time information in #{date.inspect}" end off = nil if year \|\| now off_year = year \|\| now.year off = zone_offset(zone, off_year) if zone end if yday unless (1..366) === yday raise ArgumentError, "yday #{yday} out of range" end mon, day = (yday-1).divmod(31) mon += 1 day += 1 t = make_time(date, year, nil, mon, day, hour, min, sec, sec_fraction, zone, now) diff = yday - t.yday return t if diff.zero? day += diff if day > 28 and day > (mday = month_days(off_year, mon)) if (mon += 1) > 12 raise ArgumentError, "yday #{yday} out of range" end day -= mday end return make_time(date, year, nil, mon, day, hour, min, sec, sec_fraction, zone, now) end if now and now.respond_to?(:getlocal) if off now = now.getlocal(off) if now.utc_offset != off else now = now.getlocal end end usec = nil usec = sec_fraction * 1000000 if sec_fraction if now begin break if year; year = now.year break if mon; mon = now.mon break if day; day = now.day break if hour; hour = now.hour break if min; min = now.min break if sec; sec = now.sec break if sec_fraction; usec = now.tv_usec end until true end year \|\|= 1970 mon \|\|= 1 day \|\|= 1 hour \|\|= 0 min \|\|= 0 sec \|\|= 0 usec \|\|= 0 if year != off_year off = nil off = zone_offset(zone, year) if zone end if off year, mon, day, hour, min, sec = apply_offset(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, off) t = self.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, usec) force_zone!(t, zone, off) t else self.local(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, usec) end end private :make_time # :startdoc: # # Takes a string representation of a Time and attempts to parse it # using a heuristic. # # This method does not function as a validator. If the input # string does not match valid formats strictly, you may get a # cryptic result. Should consider to use `Time.strptime` instead # of this method as possible. # # require 'time' # # Time.parse("2010-10-31") #=> 2010-10-31 00:00:00 -0500 # # Any missing pieces of the date are inferred based on the current date. # # require 'time' # # # assuming the current date is "2011-10-31" # Time.parse("12:00") #=> 2011-10-31 12:00:00 -0500 # # We can change the date used to infer our missing elements by passing a second # object that responds to #mon, #day and #year, such as Date, Time or DateTime. # We can also use our own object. # # require 'time' # # class MyDate # attr_reader :mon, :day, :year # # def initialize(mon, day, year) # @mon, @day, @year = mon, day, year # end # end # # d = Date.parse("2010-10-28") # t = Time.parse("2010-10-29") # dt = DateTime.parse("2010-10-30") # md = MyDate.new(10,31,2010) # # Time.parse("12:00", d) #=> 2010-10-28 12:00:00 -0500 # Time.parse("12:00", t) #=> 2010-10-29 12:00:00 -0500 # Time.parse("12:00", dt) #=> 2010-10-30 12:00:00 -0500 # Time.parse("12:00", md) #=> 2010-10-31 12:00:00 -0500 # # If a block is given, the year described in +date+ is converted # by the block. This is specifically designed for handling two # digit years. For example, if you wanted to treat all two digit # years prior to 70 as the year 2000+ you could write this: # # require 'time' # # Time.parse("01-10-31") {\|year\| year + (year < 70 ? 2000 : 1900)} # #=> 2001-10-31 00:00:00 -0500 # Time.parse("70-10-31") {\|year\| year + (year < 70 ? 2000 : 1900)} # #=> 1970-10-31 00:00:00 -0500 # # If the upper components of the given time are broken or missing, they are # supplied with those of +now+. For the lower components, the minimum # values (1 or 0) are assumed if broken or missing. For example: # # require 'time' # # # Suppose it is "Thu Nov 29 14:33:20 2001" now and # # your time zone is EST which is GMT-5. # now = Time.parse("Thu Nov 29 14:33:20 2001") # Time.parse("16:30", now) #=> 2001-11-29 16:30:00 -0500 # Time.parse("7/23", now) #=> 2001-07-23 00:00:00 -0500 # Time.parse("Aug 31", now) #=> 2001-08-31 00:00:00 -0500 # Time.parse("Aug 2000", now) #=> 2000-08-01 00:00:00 -0500 # # Since there are numerous conflicts among locally defined time zone # abbreviations all over the world, this method is not intended to # understand all of them. For example, the abbreviation "CST" is # used variously as: # # -06:00 in America/Chicago, # -05:00 in America/Havana, # +08:00 in Asia/Harbin, # +09:30 in Australia/Darwin, # +10:30 in Australia/Adelaide, # etc. # # Based on this fact, this method only understands the time zone # abbreviations described in RFC 822 and the system time zone, in the # order named. (i.e. a definition in RFC 822 overrides the system # time zone definition.) The system time zone is taken from # <tt>Time.local(year, 1, 1).zone</tt> and # <tt>Time.local(year, 7, 1).zone</tt>. # If the extracted time zone abbreviation does not match any of them, # it is ignored and the given time is regarded as a local time. # # ArgumentError is raised if Date._parse cannot extract information from # +date+ or if the Time class cannot represent specified date. # # This method can be used as a fail-safe for other parsing methods as: # # Time.rfc2822(date) rescue Time.parse(date) # Time.httpdate(date) rescue Time.parse(date) # Time.xmlschema(date) rescue Time.parse(date) # # A failure of Time.parse should be checked, though. # # You must require 'time' to use this method. # def parse(date, now=self.now) comp = !block_given? d = Date._parse(date, comp) year = d[:year] year = yield(year) if year && !comp make_time(date, year, d[:yday], d[:mon], d[:mday], d[:hour], d[:min], d[:sec], d[:sec_fraction], d[:zone], now) end # # Works similar to +parse+ except that instead of using a # heuristic to detect the format of the input string, you provide # a second argument that describes the format of the string. # # If a block is given, the year described in +date+ is converted by the # block. For example: # # Time.strptime(...) {\|y\| y < 100 ? (y >= 69 ? y + 1900 : y + 2000) : y} # # Below is a list of the formatting options: # # %a :: The abbreviated weekday name ("Sun") # %A :: The full weekday name ("Sunday") # %b :: The abbreviated month name ("Jan") # %B :: The full month name ("January") # %c :: The preferred local date and time representation # %C :: Century (20 in 2009) # %d :: Day of the month (01..31) # %D :: Date (%m/%d/%y) # %e :: Day of the month, blank-padded ( 1..31) # %F :: Equivalent to %Y-%m-%d (the ISO 8601 date format) # %g :: The last two digits of the commercial year # %G :: The week-based year according to ISO-8601 (week 1 starts on Monday # and includes January 4) # %h :: Equivalent to %b # %H :: Hour of the day, 24-hour clock (00..23) # %I :: Hour of the day, 12-hour clock (01..12) # %j :: Day of the year (001..366) # %k :: hour, 24-hour clock, blank-padded ( 0..23) # %l :: hour, 12-hour clock, blank-padded ( 0..12) # %L :: Millisecond of the second (000..999) # %m :: Month of the year (01..12) # %M :: Minute of the hour (00..59) # %n :: Newline (\n) # %N :: Fractional seconds digits # %p :: Meridian indicator ("AM" or "PM") # %P :: Meridian indicator ("am" or "pm") # %r :: time, 12-hour (same as %I:%M:%S %p) # %R :: time, 24-hour (%H:%M) # %s :: Number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. # %S :: Second of the minute (00..60) # %t :: Tab character (\t) # %T :: time, 24-hour (%H:%M:%S) # %u :: Day of the week as a decimal, Monday being 1. (1..7) # %U :: Week number of the current year, starting with the first Sunday as # the first day of the first week (00..53) # %v :: VMS date (%e-%b-%Y) # %V :: Week number of year according to ISO 8601 (01..53) # %W :: Week number of the current year, starting with the first Monday # as the first day of the first week (00..53) # %w :: Day of the week (Sunday is 0, 0..6) # %x :: Preferred representation for the date alone, no time # %X :: Preferred representation for the time alone, no date # %y :: Year without a century (00..99) # %Y :: Year which may include century, if provided # %z :: Time zone as hour offset from UTC (e.g. +0900) # %Z :: Time zone name # %% :: Literal "%" character # %+ :: date(1) (%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y) # # require 'time' # # Time.strptime("2000-10-31", "%Y-%m-%d") #=> 2000-10-31 00:00:00 -0500 # # You must require 'time' to use this method. # def strptime(date, format, now=self.now) d = Date._strptime(date, format) raise ArgumentError, "invalid date or strptime format - `#{date}' `#{format}'" unless d if seconds = d[:seconds] if sec_fraction = d[:sec_fraction] usec = sec_fraction * 1000000 usec = -1 if seconds < 0 else usec = 0 end t = Time.at(seconds, usec) if zone = d[:zone] force_zone!(t, zone) end else year = d[:year] year = yield(year) if year && block_given? yday = d[:yday] if (d[:cwyear] && !year) \|\| ((d[:cwday] \|\| d[:cweek]) && !(d[:mon] && d[:mday])) # make_time doesn't deal with cwyear/cwday/cweek return Date.strptime(date, format).to_time end if (d[:wnum0] \|\| d[:wnum1]) && !yday && !(d[:mon] && d[:mday]) yday = Date.strptime(date, format).yday end t = make_time(date, year, yday, d[:mon], d[:mday], d[:hour], d[:min], d[:sec], d[:sec_fraction], d[:zone], now) end t end MonthValue = { # :nodoc: 'JAN' => 1, 'FEB' => 2, 'MAR' => 3, 'APR' => 4, 'MAY' => 5, 'JUN' => 6, 'JUL' => 7, 'AUG' => 8, 'SEP' => 9, 'OCT' =>10, 'NOV' =>11, 'DEC' =>12 } # # Parses +date+ as date-time defined by RFC 2822 and converts it to a Time # object. The format is identical to the date format defined by RFC 822 and # updated by RFC 1123. # # ArgumentError is raised if +date+ is not compliant with RFC 2822 # or if the Time class cannot represent specified date. # # See #rfc2822 for more information on this format. # # require 'time' # # Time.rfc2822("Wed, 05 Oct 2011 22:26:12 -0400") # #=> 2010-10-05 22:26:12 -0400 # # You must require 'time' to use this method. # def rfc2822(date) if /\A\s (?:(?:Mon\|Tue\|Wed\|Thu\|Fri\|Sat\|Sun)\s,\s)? (\d{1,2})\s+ (Jan\|Feb\|Mar\|Apr\|May\|Jun\|Jul\|Aug\|Sep\|Oct\|Nov\|Dec)\s+ (\d{2,})\s+ (\d{2})\s* :\s(\d{2}) (?:\s:\s(\d\d))?\s+ ([+-]\d{4}\| UT\|GMT\|EST\|EDT\|CST\|CDT\|MST\|MDT\|PST\|PDT\|[A-IK-Z])/ix =~ date # Since RFC 2822 permit comments, the regexp has no right anchor. day = $1.to_i mon = MonthValue[$2.upcase] year = $3.to_i short_year_p = $3.length <= 3 hour = $4.to_i min = $5.to_i sec = $6 ? $6.to_i : 0 zone = $7 if short_year_p # following year completion is compliant with RFC 2822. year = if year < 50 2000 + year else 1900 + year end end off = zone_offset(zone) year, mon, day, hour, min, sec = apply_offset(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, off) t = self.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec) force_zone!(t, zone, off) t else raise ArgumentError.new("not RFC 2822 compliant date: #{date.inspect}") end end alias rfc822 rfc2822 # # Parses +date+ as an HTTP-date defined by RFC 2616 and converts it to a # Time object. # # ArgumentError is raised if +date+ is not compliant with RFC 2616 or if # the Time class cannot represent specified date. # # See #httpdate for more information on this format. # # require 'time' # # Time.httpdate("Thu, 06 Oct 2011 02:26:12 GMT") # #=> 2011-10-06 02:26:12 UTC # # You must require 'time' to use this method. # def httpdate(date) if date.match?(/\A\s (?:Mon\|Tue\|Wed\|Thu\|Fri\|Sat\|Sun),\x20 (\d{2})\x20 (Jan\|Feb\|Mar\|Apr\|May\|Jun\|Jul\|Aug\|Sep\|Oct\|Nov\|Dec)\x20 (\d{4})\x20 (\d{2}):(\d{2}):(\d{2})\x20 GMT \s\z/ix) self.rfc2822(date).utc elsif /\A\s (?:Monday\|Tuesday\|Wednesday\|Thursday\|Friday\|Saturday\|Sunday),\x20 (\d\d)-(Jan\|Feb\|Mar\|Apr\|May\|Jun\|Jul\|Aug\|Sep\|Oct\|Nov\|Dec)-(\d\d)\x20 (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)\x20 GMT \s\z/ix =~ date year = $3.to_i if year < 50 year += 2000 else year += 1900 end self.utc(year, $2, $1.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i, $6.to_i) elsif /\A\s (?:Mon\|Tue\|Wed\|Thu\|Fri\|Sat\|Sun)\x20 (Jan\|Feb\|Mar\|Apr\|May\|Jun\|Jul\|Aug\|Sep\|Oct\|Nov\|Dec)\x20 (\d\d\|\x20\d)\x20 (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)\x20 (\d{4}) \s\z/ix =~ date self.utc($6.to_i, MonthValue[$1.upcase], $2.to_i, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i) else raise ArgumentError.new("not RFC 2616 compliant date: #{date.inspect}") end end # # Parses +time+ as a dateTime defined by the XML Schema and converts it to # a Time object. The format is a restricted version of the format defined # by ISO 8601. # # ArgumentError is raised if +time+ is not compliant with the format or if # the Time class cannot represent the specified time. # # See #xmlschema for more information on this format. # # require 'time' # # Time.xmlschema("2011-10-05T22:26:12-04:00") # #=> 2011-10-05 22:26:12-04:00 # # You must require 'time' to use this method. # def xmlschema(time) if /\A\s (-?\d+)-(\d\d)-(\d\d) T (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d) (\.\d+)? (Z\|[+-]\d\d(?::?\d\d)?)? \s\z/ix =~ time year = $1.to_i mon = $2.to_i day = $3.to_i hour = $4.to_i min = $5.to_i sec = $6.to_i usec = 0 if $7 usec = Rational($7) 1000000 end if $8 zone = $8 off = zone_offset(zone) year, mon, day, hour, min, sec = apply_offset(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, off) t = self.utc(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, usec) force_zone!(t, zone, off) t else self.local(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, usec) end else raise ArgumentError.new("invalid xmlschema format: #{time.inspect}") end end alias iso8601 xmlschema end # class << self # # Returns a string which represents the time as date-time defined by RFC 2822: # # day-of-week, DD month-name CCYY hh:mm:ss zone # # where zone is [+-]hhmm. # # If +self+ is a UTC time, -0000 is used as zone. # # require 'time' # # t = Time.now # t.rfc2822 # => "Wed, 05 Oct 2011 22:26:12 -0400" # # You must require 'time' to use this method. # def rfc2822 strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %T ') << (utc? ? '-0000' : strftime('%z')) end alias rfc822 rfc2822 # # Returns a string which represents the time as RFC 1123 date of HTTP-date # defined by RFC 2616: # # day-of-week, DD month-name CCYY hh:mm:ss GMT # # Note that the result is always UTC (GMT). # # require 'time' # # t = Time.now # t.httpdate # => "Thu, 06 Oct 2011 02:26:12 GMT" # # You must require 'time' to use this method. # def httpdate getutc.strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %T GMT') end # # Returns a string which represents the time as a dateTime defined by XML # Schema: # # CCYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssTZD # CCYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.sssTZD # # where TZD is Z or [+-]hh:mm. # # If self is a UTC time, Z is used as TZD. [+-]hh:mm is used otherwise. # # +fraction_digits+ specifies a number of digits to use for fractional # seconds. Its default value is 0. # # require 'time' # # t = Time.now # t.iso8601 # => "2011-10-05T22:26:12-04:00" # # You must require 'time' to use this method. # def xmlschema(fraction_digits=0) fraction_digits = fraction_digits.to_i s = strftime("%FT%T") if fraction_digits > 0 s << strftime(".%#{fraction_digits}N") end s << (utc? ? 'Z' : strftime("%:z")) end alias iso8601 xmlschema end ```
Gerhard Delling (born 21 April 1959) is a German television presenter and sports journalist. Life Delling was born in Rendsburg. From 1980 to 1985 he studied at University of Kiel. He worked since 1987 as a journalist for German broadcaster ARD. As a sport reporter he worked for ARD at football sport events. He wrote several books on German football. From 2011 to 2014 he was chief moderator of the German television programme Wochenspiegel. Works Fußball-Deutsch, Deutsch-Fußball – Berlin: Langenscheidt, 2006 Portugal 2004 – Munich: Südwest, 2004 50 Jahre Bundesliga – Göttingen: Verl. Die Werkstatt, 2012 Awards 2000: Grimme-Preis (together with Günter Netzer) References External links NOZ.de: Ein TV-Dino stirbt, ARD stellt "Wochenspiegel" ein (in German) Deutsche Nationalbiliothek: Gerhard Delling German sports journalists German sports broadcasters German television reporters and correspondents 20th-century German journalists 21st-century German journalists University of Kiel alumni People from Rendsburg 1959 births Living people ARD (broadcaster) people Norddeutscher Rundfunk people
Banisilan, officially the Municipality of Banisilan (Maguindanaon: Inged nu Banisilan, Jawi: ايڠايد نو بنيسيلن; Iranun: Inged a Banisilan, ايڠايد ا بنيسيلن; ; ; ), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Cotabato, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 46,995 people. History Banisilan accidentally acquired its name from a type of fresh water shell called the Banisil which were then abundant in the area. Before Banisilan was created as a separate municipality from Carmen, its mother town, President Ramon Magsaysay signed Proclamation No. 317 dated July 17, 1956 reserving an area of 100,018 hectares of land for a resettlement project which was under the general administration (NARRA) now known as the Department of Agrarian Reform. This resettlement project covers three (3) municipalities and part of these is the North Cotabato Resettlement Project No. 1. As years passed, hundreds of landless and qualified citizens coming from almost all parts of the country were resettled in the area. On March 19, 1959, the first batch of settlers from Panay called SAKADA, headed by Jesus T. Alisasis who become the first Vice Mayor, set foot in Banisilan and in the succeeding months, other tribes from Luzon followed. Possible isolation due to future establishment of Bangsamoro During the 2001 Referendum for inclusion to the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, two (2) out of twenty-eight (28) barangays of Carmen, Cotabato chose to be part of ARMM, but were excluded because they are not connected to the main region of ARMM. During 2010-2016 Administration, the Bangsamoro ideal sprouted and a newly proposed region was in the making. According to the agreements signed by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the Administration of Noynoy Aquino, Carmen will be included in Bangsamoro because of the two out of twenty-eight barangays that voted in favor of joining the Muslim region back in 2001. Unfortunately, Bangsamoro was not implemented before the term of Aquino ended. Despite this, the current administration aims to establish a Federal Government, where Bangamoro will be realized into a State of the Philippines wherein Carmen will be included in Bangsamoro. Plans to establish a new municipality in the south of Carmen so that the indigenous and Christian central and northern part of Carmen will be retained in North Cotabato has yet to be confirmed. The idea arose because once the entire municipality of Carmen is included in Bangsamoro, the province of North Cotabato will be cut into half, leaving three towns (Banisilan, Alamada, and Libungan) at its west without connection to the center of North Cotabato, isolating these towns in the process. Geography Located at the northern quadrant of Cotabato Province bounded on the north by the municipality of Wao, Lanao del Sur, on the east to north-east by the municipality of Carmen and Bukidnon, on the west by Alamada, on the south by the municipality of Pikit. Barangays Banisilan is politically subdivided into 20 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios. Busaon Capayangan Carugmanan Gastav Kalawaig Kiaring Malagap Malinao Miguel Macasarte Pantar Paradise Pinamulaan Poblacion I Poblacion II Puting-bato Salama Thailand Tinimbacan Tumbao-Camalig Wadya Climate Banisilan has wet and dry seasons, a general characteristic of the Philippine climate. Demographics In the 2020 census, the population of Banisilan, Cotabato, was 46,995 people, with a density of . Economy A large agricultural area is devoted to agri-production, producing resources like corn, palay, rubber, sugar cane and fruit trees. Tourism Mount Opao - This mountain is located between the boundaries of Banisilan and Alamada. It has natural grown trees and a cold spring. References External links Banisilan Profile at the DTI Cities and Municipalities Competitive Index [ Philippine Standard Geographic Code] Philippine Census Information Municipalities of Cotabato
Arorae (spelling variants: Arorai, Arurai; also known as Hope Island or Hurd Island) is an atoll in Kiribati located near the equator. Arorae is the southernmost island in the Gilbert Islands group. It has a population of just over a thousand inhabitants on 9.5 square kilometres. Geography Arorae is the southernmost atoll in the Gilbert Islands, 600 km south from South Tarawa. The atoll's area is . The atoll is a low and flat coralline island with an elongated shape. It is 9 km in length and 1 km wide, at its widest point. There is no lagoon, like in bigger atolls of the Gilberts. Since the 2015 census, Arorae is the less populated island of the Republic of Kiribati but Banaba and Canton Island. The population at the November 2020 census was the lowest ever, 983 inhabitants from 208 households. The population at the previous 2015 census was 1,011, most of whom (98.5%) are Protestants of Kiribati Uniting Church (KUC) and all of them are I-Kiribati (no declared mixed races or others). During the 2010 census, there were only 2 foreign citizens. In the Republic of Kiribati, 25% of the people identifying as “from Arorae” (4,190) live in Arorae: 1,061 live in Arorae, 2,142 live in South Tarawa and 987 in outer islands. 216 people living in Arorae are not “from Arorae” (2010). At the first census after WWII, in 1947, 1,558 people lived in Arorae; in 1963, 1,760; in 1968, 1,830, the highest population ever; in 1973, 1,626; in 1978, 1,527; in 1985, 1,470; in 1990, 1,440; in 1995, 1,248; in 2000, 1,225; in 2005, 1,256; in 2010, 1,279 — 134 h/km2. There were 238 households with 5.3 people average in each household (2010 census). Arorae has a large elderly population compared to the rest of Kiribati (12% over 60). There are only two villages on the island, Tamaroa, the northern village and Roreti (a local transliteration of "Royalist"), the southern village. The government station, with Island Council, schools and services, is located midway, between the two villages, at Taribo. Each village has its KUC church at the centre, the most notable infrastructural features on the atoll, at Tamaroa and Roreti. These churches were built from pure limestone rock hacked from the island base itself in the early 1870s during the initial establishment of Christianity on the island by the London Missionary Society, which later became the Kiribati Protestant Church (KPC), nowadays KUC. The households are arranged along the road in an orderly way, quite close together at the roadside. Tamaroa (population 356, 2015 census) Roreti (population 655, 2015 census) History Arorae was first sighted in 1809 by Captain John Patterson of the British vessel, Elizabeth and called Hope Island. For the Kanakas, the years of blackbirding in the mid-19th Century came slowly to an end in 1870 upon the arrival of the London Missionary Society (Protestant) missionaries, from Samoa, who were able to give some protection against the black birders, together with the establishment of the British Western Pacific Territories, and especially the Pacific Islanders Protection Act of 1872 (the Kidnapping Act) and the Act of 1875 — which provided for agents on British recruiting vessels, stricter licensing procedures, and patrol of British-controlled islands; these Acts reduced the incidence of blackbirding by British subjects, but because of the continuing heavy demand for labour in Queensland, however, the practice continued. The village Royalist (Roreti – local rendition for Royalist) was named after Captain Davis warship, , that carried out the proclamation of the Gilbert Islands as a British protectorate in 1892. Culture Arorae culture has been influenced by Samoa more than most of the other atolls in the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati). This is because Samoan missionaries from Upolu settled there and converted the island's residents to the Protestant Church. The Samoan presence in Arorae shaped their style of dancing, making Arorae known for the "taubati", a dance using claps, slaps, and stomps as visual percussion to accompany local songs. Because it is a more remote outer-island within the Gilbert line of the Republic of Kiribati, it is known for maintaining a more traditional culture held together mostly under the authority of "unimwane" (village elders). Arorae fishermen are skilled at catching large tuna and shark using hand lines. Arorae fisherman usually save the dorsal shark fin to export for shark fin soup; however, the island has a strict law against cutting the dorsal fin of any shark without taking the entire shark ashore for food. At the northern tip of Arorae is a set of stones (circa 1000–1500 AD) that mark out the initial directions for voyages to the other islands - Tamana, Nikunau, Beru and Onotoa. These stones are no longer visible from the sea, but are still called "Te Atibu ni Borau" or "navigational stones". Close to the navigational stones is the "migratory" beach, which disappears and reappears at certain times of the year. History Arorae Post Office opened around 1923. Transportation By air Arorae Airport, featuring Air Kiribati scheduled service on Thursdays, is located in the north of the island, north of the village of Tamaroa. Education Arorae is known as the atoll with more literate people of Kiribati, with 98% able to read and write in Gilbertese. There are only two schools in Arorae: namely Arorae Junior Secondary School (JSS) and the Tiona Primary School. There are also two pre-schools. Both schools are enough for the size of Arorae, placed near the Arorae Island Council, with easy access from both villages. In 2011, a total of 198 children were enrolled in the Tiona Primary School and 103 students were attending the Arorae JSS. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20161015001723/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/32000187 Exhibit: The Alfred Agate Collection: The United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842 from the Navy Art Gallery Atolls of Kiribati
Alan Ansen (January 23, 1922 – November 12, 2006) was an American poet, playwright, and associate of Beat Generation writers. He was a widely read scholar who knew many languages. Ansen grew up on Long Island and was educated at Harvard. He worked as W. H. Auden's secretary and research assistant in 1948–49; he was the main author of the chronological tables in Auden's The Portable Greek Reader and Poets of the English Language. Relationship to Beat Writers He became a close friend of various Beat writers, and was the model for "flamboyant" characters in their fiction (Ansen was gay), including Rollo Greb in Jack Kerouac's On the Road, AJ in William S. Burroughs' Naked Lunch, and Dad Deform in Gregory Corso's American Express. Ansen spent time in Tangiers with Paul Bowles and was a close associate of Allen Ginsberg. William Gaddis, who spent time in the early 50s on Long Island with Kerouac and Ansen, wrote that Ansen had never quite received the credit he deserved for being "the mentor he was for this whole [Beat] group," staying up with Jack until dawn drinking and talking. Ansen was the protagonist in Ralph Rumney's psychogeographical guide to Venice, produced in 1957 and which primarily consisted of a number of photographs of Ansen – referred to as A. – taken by Rumney on a Rolleiflex camera. Ansen lived mostly in Athens after the early 1960s, where he was part of a circle of writers that included James Merrill and Chester Kallman. Rachel Hadas, who also lived in Athens and met Ansen in 1969, described his life in "the tall old house on Alopekis Street":Alan's apartment was notable for innumerable books and vases full of tall flowers—gladiolas, in particular.... There were two sofas in the flower- and book-filled living room, hard and covered with grubby tapestries, but very comfortable.... He had a sensible policy of not lending anything from his library, but the contents of many of his books, in any case, seemed to be in his head; he recited, declaimed and burst (in the case of opera) into song. Alan lived books, in a way that was rare even then. His works The Old Religion. Tibor de Nagy Gallery Editions, New York 1959; 300 copies. (poems) Disorderly Houses: A Book of Poems. Wesleyan University Series, Middletown, CT 1961. Wesleyan Poetry Series. William Burroughs: An Essay. Water Row Press, Sudbury 1986. (combines three previously published essays) The Vigilantes: A Fragment. Water Row Press, Sudbury 1987. (from an unpublished novel) Contact Highs: Selected Poems, 1957-1987. Dalkey Archive Press, Elmwood Park, IL 1989. Introduction by Steven Moore. The Table Talk of W.H. Auden. Sea Cliff Press, New York 1989. Ed. by Nicholas Jenkins, introduction by Richard Howard; excerpts from conversation diaries. (reprinted with two other publishers) References Further reading Archival resources Alan Ansen collection of papers, 1942-1953 (72 items) are housed at the New York Public Library. Allen Ginsberg Papers, 1937-1994 (circa 1,000 linear feet) are housed at the Stanford University Department of Special Collections. External links Beat Generation Biographies Disorderly Houses by Alan Ansen People from Long Island Poets from New York (state) Harvard University alumni 1922 births 2006 deaths 20th-century American poets American LGBT writers American LGBT poets 20th-century American LGBT people 21st-century American LGBT people Psychogeographers
Harry Holden Adams (1918 – 1985) was a African-American photographer who worked for the California Eagle and Los Angeles Sentinel. Life and education Adams was born in Arkansas to Hunter Adams and Robbie Lee Evans Adams. The Adams family moved to Santa Ana, California, where they eventually helped establish Johnson Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church. Adams attended Santa Ana College, where he studied music and political science. He worked as a janitor for the Santa Ana Recreation and Park Department while attending Whittier College until he was drafted into the Army, serving as a military police officer and eventually sergeant until his discharge from Camp Harahan in 1946. He moved to Los Angeles, where he graduated from Moler Barber College and became a security guard for the Los Angeles County Sheriff Department. Four years later, in 1950, he attended the California School of Photography and Graphic Design and the Fred Archer School of Photography, where he earned the nickname "One Shot Harry" for his quick work. He later resigned from the Sheriff's Department to open a barbershop and studio at 4223 Avalon Blvd. He relocated it to 4300 South Central in 1971. Personal life Adams married Marjorie Harris Adams in 1939 and had two children, a son, born that same year and a daughter, born in 1941. Adams and Harris divorced, and he married Lorraine Proctor in 1956. Adams died from a heart attack in 1985. Work Adams' work was known for being "worklike and of-the-moment" but not dramatic or provocative. The Los Angeles Times said, "His photographs captured everyday life in the city's African-American community. His work also includes images of dignitaries such as Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, a young Tom Bradley, former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and many others." Exhibitions Black Life: Images of Resistance and Resilience in Southern California. San Diego Museum of Art. August 24, 2019 – December 1, 2019. Identity and Affirmation: Post War African-American Photography. California State University, Northridge Art Gallery, Pacific Standard Time: Art in L.A., 1945–1980, September 1–December 10, 2011. Harry Adams: Camera & Community. California African American Museum, Los Angeles, California, March–May 1997. Collections Photographic collections of Adams' work are held at Yale University and in the Tom and Ethel Bradley Center at California State University, Northridge. References External links Yale University Archive Tom and Ethel Bradley Center Archive African-American photographers 1918 births 1985 deaths 20th-century African-American artists Whittier College alumni 20th-century American photographers United States Army personnel of World War II
Battle Over Britain is a board wargame published by the SPI subsidiary of TSR in 1983 that simulates the Battle of Britain. Description Battle Over Britain is a two-player game that simulates air combat in the skies of Britain that took place in August and September 1940. The game can be played on three levels: Strategic game (15 hours) Full campaign (several days) Tactical combat game (several hours) In the Second Edition published by PSC Games in 2017 and retitled Battle of Britain, the scenarios of the strategic game are reduced to 1–2 hours each, and the full campaign can be completed in 3–4 hours. Components two 22" x 34" maps of Britain and northern France. These can be used individually or joined together to form a master map, depending on the level of game being played. 800 die-cut counters rule book 20-sided die counter tray British Airfield Display dividing screen, to keep the British Airfield Display secret Gameplay The German player plans day or night raids and which bomber and fighter forces will be used. The British player lays down hidden fighter factories and command centers, and deploys flak to defend potential targets. When the German force crosses the British radar line, the German player must reveal the size of the raid, at which point the British player must decide whether to intercept, and which squadrons to commit. If the British fighters are able to pierce the German screen of hunter fighters, they can engage the German's main force. If this happens, the German player must decide whether to press on or abort the mission. If the German fights through the British attack, the raid must then contend with any flak defenses around the target before bombing or strafing the target. Victory Points are assigned to either player depending on how many German bombers and fighters were destroyed, and how much damage was done to British targets. Victory conditions To prevent either player from holding back forces until the last turn and then unleashing them in an all-out effort, the game has a variable end of game so that the players do not know when the game will end. When the game does end, the player with the most Victory Points wins. Publication history In 1982, as wargame publisher Simulation Publications, Inc. (SPI) struggled with debt, John H. Butterfield designed Battle Over Britain. When TSR acquired the assets of SPI in 1983, the game was almost ready for publication, and was released under the TSR trademark. In 2017, PSC Games acquired the license to the game, and produced a second edition, featuring streamlined rules for dogfighting, fuel, and ace squadrons. A single plane-versus-plane tactical wargame titled Battle Over Britain: RAF vs Luftwaffe, Summer 1940 published by Minden Games in 2013 is not related to the original TSR/SPI game. Reception In Issue 14 of Imagine, Peter O'Toole said "the game is of epic proportions. The detail is remarkable even for SPI." He did note this is more of a grand strategic game rather than a single fighter-versus-bomber game, saying, "In all it's a game for master tacticians rather than be-goggled fighter pilots." O'Toole concluded with a strong recommendation, calling the game "A subtle and tense contest between the mighty Luftwaffe and 'The Few'." Other reviews Strategy & Tactics #91 (Winter 1983) Fire & Movement #42 (Winter 1984) Fire & Movement #72 (march/April 1991) The Grenadier #21 (1984) Simulations Canada Newsletter #13 References Board games introduced in 1983 TSR, Inc. games World War II board wargames
Brandeston Hall is a grade II* listed house in Old Maids Lane, Brandeston, Suffolk, England. The Hall is the former manor house of Brandeston but is now used for educational purposes. The original house was built around 1550 for Andrew Revett, but only the east wing and entrance porch survive from a fire of 1847 that destroyed most of the house. It was rebuilt in 1848 for Charles Austin, a lawyer and the head of the Parliamentary Bar. Brandeston Hall was used as a military headquarters during World War II. 8th Army Group Royal Artillery was formed there on 1 May 1943 by conversion of the Headquarters, Royal Artillery, of 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division. It was acquired by Framlingham College in 1949, as recorded in a Latin inscription over the doorway. The ceiling to the headmaster's study has painted portraits of 24 famous men. References External links Grade II* listed buildings in Suffolk Grade II* listed houses Suffolk Coastal
McNelly is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Jack McNelly (1949-2020), American curler and coach Leander H. McNelly (1844–1877), Confederate officer and Texas Ranger Nicki McNelly (born 1962), British Anglican priest Willis E. McNelly (1920–2003), American professor and writer See also McNally (surname)

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