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A Perfect Fit is a 2005 American thriller written and directed by Ron Brown.The film is produced by Primary Process Productions and stars Adrian Grenier, Leila Arcieri, Polly Draper, Victoria Rowell. It was distributed by Warner Bros. and Polychrome Pictures.
Premise
A mentally unstable young man suffering from horrific nightmares finds that his nightmare has just begun when he meets the woman of his dreams.
Cast
Adrian Grenier as John
Leila Arcieri as Sarah
Polly Draper as Dr Weiss
Victoria Rowell as Sheila
Michele Santopietro as Pat
External links
2005 films
2005 thriller films
Warner Bros. films
American thriller films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films |
The Cloppenburg Museum Village and Lower Saxon Open-Air Museum () located in the Lower Saxon county town of Cloppenburg is the oldest museum village in Germany. The museum is a research and educational establishment specializing in cultural and rural history.
The Lower Saxon Open-Air Museum is a non-profit organisation. Although the museum does not set out to compete for visitors, in 2009 the Cloppenburg Museum Village had more visitors than any other museum in Lower Saxony (250,000). In 2004, the museum was visited by more than 60,000 students as a part of their school curriculum.
History
The Museum Village was laid out in 1934 by the Cloppenburg senior schoolmaster, Heinrich Ottenjann, and was ceremonially opened on Ascension Day in 1936. On 13 April 1945, six houses in the museum village were destroyed by artillery fire, including the Quatmannshof farm. By 1962, this farm had been rebuilt in a way that was faithful in detail to the original. The second museum director after Heinrich Ottenjann was his son, Helmut Ottenjann (1961–1996). Since 1996, Uwe Meiners has been the director of the open-air museum.
Purpose
Today, the Lower Saxon Open-Air Museum acts as a research and educational establishment for cultural and agricultural history. The museum's education facilities are always activity- and product-oriented.
Research work concentrates on folklore, regional history and historic rural houses. A team of three scientists is responsible for investigation and construction of new houses, work that is constantly supported by volunteers and project partners. This work is documented not just in scientific journals and volumes; the museum village also publishes its own books and papers. The scientific staff are supported by craftsmen, who maintain the museum village and demonstrate traditional crafts to its visitors.
Since 2009, the Carola Wüstefeld Foundation has supported the village by donating €50,000 annually for the maintenance of its buildings.
Facilities
Covering an area of about , the Lower Saxon Open-Air Museum portrays the history of rural life in the Lower Saxony region from 16th century to the present. Over 50 historic buildings, with their associated rural gardens and surrounding agricultural fields, illustrate the relationship of man to his environment over the course of time.
In the early days a form of reconstruction was chosen that showed the houses in their original state. Important design variants of the Low German house and East Frisian Gulfhaus are presented in this way. Since the 1970s, houses have been re-assembled, conserving the traces of their history and illustrating aspects of the life of their former occupants.
In addition to buildings that underpinned farming and crafts and the residential homes of country folk, the museum terrain also has a timber framed church from Klein-Escherde (built in 1698) and a village school from Renslage (built in 1751).
Outside the actual museum village land, north of Höltinghauser Straße, a large moor plough displayed. More information about the individual exhibits is available in an interactive location plan.
In 2011, planning began on the construction of a new entrance hall and integrated cultural-historical centre. Funding will be provided by the state of Lower Saxony, and the district and town of Cloppenburg. In the same year, construction started on a wheelwrights home dating to 1564. On completion, it will be oldest building on the museum village site.
Agriculture and crafts – living and working buildings
Of the many buildings that were used for farming, the Quatmannshof (from Elsten, built in 1805) and the Wehlburg (from Wehdel, built in 1750) are especially worth mentioning. As well as farmhouses, servants' houses (Heuerhäuser) and farm workers' houses there are numerous examples of rural tradesmen's houses: a turner's, a whitesmith's, a farrier's, a blacksmith's, a coppersmith's, a leather shoemaker's, a clog maker's, a joiner's, a carpenter's workshop, a brewery, a cooper's, a blue printing works, a saddlery, a pottery, a goldsmith's and a silversmith's as well as technical cultural artefacts like grinding mills and engines.
The Cloppenburg Museum Village aims to display as complete a range as possible of the different types of old country crafts and their associated tools and equipment.
Mills
Since 2008 the Museum Village has been a stop on the Lower Saxon Mill Road. Tourists can see the following mills at this waypoint on the route:
a post mill (Bockwindmühle or Ständermühle) from Essern (Nienburg district), probably built around 1638
a smock mill (Kappenwindmühle, Galerieholländer, Achtkantwindmühle or Holländer) from Bokel (Cloppenburg district) from the year 1764
a Kokerwindmühle windmill from Edewecht (Landkreis Ammerland) dating to 1879, originally conceived as a water scoop mill (Wasserschöpfmühle)
a horse mill from Mimmelage (Osnabrück district); a wooden mill or horse gin, for milling corn, built around 1850 to 1890. Grain was milled with the aid of horses. The horse mill found in the threshing and grain barn of the Wehlburg farm from the year 1868 is the last of its kind in Lower Saxony, that has been preserved.
Collections and exhibitions
The famous Oldenburg meteorite ('Bissel' fragment, 4.84 kg) is also kept in the museum's collection. The meteorite fell in 1930 onto the villages of Bissel (parish of Großenkneten) and Beverbruch (parish of Garrel).
The results of the extensive work of the museum are presented to the public by means of selected examples in regularly changing special exhibitions in Arkenstede Castle (Burg Arkenstede) and the Münchhausen Barn (Münchhausenscheune).
Outing
Since 2002, an annual garden festival has been organised at the Cloppenburg Museum Village between Ascension and the Sunday before Pentecost.
The Genius loci
The museum's founding year of 1934 has given rise to the question of whether the Cloppenburg Museum Village was an expression of Nazi "blood and soil" mythology. This assumption has been inadvertently fostered by the Centre for Educational Media on the Internet (Zentrale für Unterrichtsmedien in the Internet (zum)) because they listed the history teachers of the Museum Village under "Cloppenburg Museum Village (NS)", the NS standing for Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), not Nationalsozialismus (Nazism).
In fact the foundation of the Cloppenburg Museum Village should be seen more in the context of the growth of the local history movement in Germany. This had arisen as early as 1880 as a reaction to the urbanisation of Germany and from the desire of many towns to recall their agricultural roots. From this movement, in the state of Oldenburg, the Ammerland farmhouse in Bad Zwischenahn in 1910 and the Rauchkate in Neuenburg in 1912 emerged as places where memories could be brought to life. In 1922 a local history museum was founded in Cloppenburg itself.
From this movement, Heinrich Ottenjann developed the concept of the Cloppenburg Museum Village, an idea which came to fruition in 1934. The national socialists supported the idea of local history and exploited and ideologised the site which had in fact been based on folk and farming history, but never in the sense of becoming a Nazi cult site like the Stedingsehre project in Bookholzberg which was also supported by Gauleiter Carl Röver.
Today staff at the Cloppenburg Museum Village react rather irritatedly at the insinuation that there is a similarity between local history and Nazi ideology. The museum village not only holds regular events intended to throw light on Nazi 'demons', but its employees are also well enough informed. For example, when asked, they can comment on the theory that the horses' heads on Lower Saxon farmhouses (Lower Saxon houses) are relics of the sacrifice of horses, a myth widely disseminated by the Nazis, which does not stand up to the critical investigation by historians.
See also
Open-air museums in Germany
References
Sources
Hermann Kaiser, Helmut Ottenjann: Museumsführer Museumsdorf Cloppenburg – Niedersächsisches Freilichtmuseum, Stiftung Museumsdorf Cloppenburg (1995)-
Hermann Kaiser: Ein Haus und eine Familie in schweren Zeiten: Der Wiederaufbau der Hofanlage Wübbe M. Meyer aus Firrel, Ostfriesland im Museumsdorf Cloppenburg , Stiftung Museumsdorf Cloppenburg (2003) –
External links
Official homepage
Centre for educational media on the Internet (about the): Cloppenburg Open-Air Museum
Cloppenburg
Museums in Lower Saxony
Open-air museums in Germany
Rural history museums in Germany
Oldenburg Münsterland |
1977 Dutch hostage crisis may refer to:
1977 Dutch school hostage crisis
1977 Dutch train hijacking
See also
1975 Dutch hostage crisis (disambiguation) |
```javascript
const assert = require('assert');
const withV4 = require('../support/withV4');
const BucketUtility = require('../../lib/utility/bucket-util');
const { WebsiteConfigTester } = require('../../lib/utility/website-util');
const bucketName = 'testbucketwebsitebucket';
describe('PUT bucket website', () => {
withV4(sigCfg => {
const bucketUtil = new BucketUtility('default', sigCfg);
const s3 = bucketUtil.s3;
function _testPutBucketWebsite(config, statusCode, errMsg, cb) {
s3.putBucketWebsite({ Bucket: bucketName,
WebsiteConfiguration: config }, err => {
assert(err, 'Expected err but found none');
assert.strictEqual(err.code, errMsg);
assert.strictEqual(err.statusCode, statusCode);
cb();
});
}
beforeEach(done => {
process.stdout.write('about to create bucket\n');
s3.createBucket({ Bucket: bucketName }, err => {
if (err) {
process.stdout.write('error in beforeEach', err);
done(err);
}
done();
});
});
afterEach(() => {
process.stdout.write('about to empty bucket\n');
return bucketUtil.empty(bucketName).then(() => {
process.stdout.write('about to delete bucket\n');
return bucketUtil.deleteOne(bucketName);
}).catch(err => {
if (err) {
process.stdout.write('error in afterEach', err);
throw err;
}
});
});
it('should put a bucket website successfully', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
s3.putBucketWebsite({ Bucket: bucketName,
WebsiteConfiguration: config }, err => {
assert.strictEqual(err, null, `Found unexpected err ${err}`);
done();
});
});
it('should return InvalidArgument if IndexDocument or ' +
'RedirectAllRequestsTo is not provided', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester();
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidArgument', done);
});
it('should return an InvalidRequest if both ' +
'RedirectAllRequestsTo and IndexDocument are provided', done => {
const redirectAllTo = {
HostName: 'test',
Protocol: 'http',
};
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester(null, null,
redirectAllTo);
config.addRoutingRule({ Protocol: 'http' });
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
it('should return InvalidArgument if index has slash', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('in/dex.html');
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidArgument', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if both ReplaceKeyWith and ' +
'ReplaceKeyPrefixWith are present in same rule', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ ReplaceKeyPrefixWith: 'test',
ReplaceKeyWith: 'test' });
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if both ReplaceKeyWith and ' +
'ReplaceKeyPrefixWith are present in same rule', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ ReplaceKeyPrefixWith: 'test',
ReplaceKeyWith: 'test' });
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if Redirect Protocol is ' +
'not http or https', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ Protocol: 'notvalidprotocol' });
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if RedirectAllRequestsTo Protocol ' +
'is not http or https', done => {
const redirectAllTo = {
HostName: 'test',
Protocol: 'notvalidprotocol',
};
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester(null, null, redirectAllTo);
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
it('should return MalformedXML if Redirect HttpRedirectCode ' +
'is a string that does not contains a number', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ HttpRedirectCode: 'notvalidhttpcode' });
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'MalformedXML', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if Redirect HttpRedirectCode ' +
'is not a valid http redirect code (3XX excepting 300)', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ HttpRedirectCode: '400' });
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if Condition ' +
'HttpErrorCodeReturnedEquals is a string that does ' +
' not contain a number', done => {
const condition = { HttpErrorCodeReturnedEquals: 'notvalidcode' };
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ HostName: 'test' }, condition);
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'MalformedXML', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if Condition ' +
'HttpErrorCodeReturnedEquals is not a valid http' +
'error code (4XX or 5XX)', done => {
const condition = { HttpErrorCodeReturnedEquals: '300' };
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ HostName: 'test' }, condition);
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
});
});
``` |
The 2012 FAI Senior Challenge Cup, also known as the 2012 FAI Ford Senior Cup, was the 92nd season of the national football competition of the Republic of Ireland. The winners of the competition earned spots in both the second qualifying round of the 2013-14 UEFA Europa League and the 2013 Setanta Sports Cup.
A total of 40 team competed in the 2012 competition, which commenced on the weekend ending on 1 April 2012. The teams entered from the 2012 League of Ireland Premier Division and First Division received byes into the second round stage. Four non-league clubs also received byes to the second round. The remaining 12 teams entered at the first round stage. These teams are composed of the sixteen clubs, which reached the fourth round of the 2011–12 FAI Intermediate Cup. The cup was won by Derry City.
Teams
Calendar
The calendar for the 2012 FAI Cup, as announced by Football Association of Ireland.
First round
The draw for this round was conducted by FAI President Paddy McCaul and former player and 7-time winner Mick Neville at the FAI headquarters in Abbotstown on 6 March 2011. 16 of the 20 non-League of Ireland clubs are participating in this round, with the remaining 4 clubs earning a bye to the second round. The matches were played on the weekend ending 1 April 2012.
Second round
The draw for this round was conducted by FAI President Paddy McCaul at the FAI headquarters in Abbotstown on 30 April 2012. The 8 winners from the first round are joined by Blarney United, Drumkeen United, Everton AFC, St. Patrick's CY, which received byes for the first round, and the 20 League of Ireland clubs. The matches were played on the weekend ending 27 May 2012.
Second round Replays
Third round
The draw for the third round was made on 16 July on Monday Night Soccer. The draw was conducted with only 15 clubs due to the exit of Monaghan United from senior football. St. Patrick's Athletic were first drawn out and therefore received a bye.
Quarter-finals
The draw for the quarter-finals was made on 27 August on Monday Night Soccer. Fixtures took place on the weekend of 16 September 2012.
Quarter-finals replays
Semifinals
The draw for the semifinals was made on 17 September on Monday Night Soccer. Fixtures took place on the weekend of 7 October 2012.
Semi-finals replays
Final
External links
Official competition website
References
2012
2 |
Robert Lee Watt (born January 15, 1948) is an American horn player and the first African-American French hornist hired by a major symphony orchestra in the United States.
Born in Neptune Township, New Jersey, his father was a jazz trumpet player who did not approve of his choice of instrument—feeling Watt's background and race would make a career with the horn impossible. Nevertheless, Watt won a scholarship to the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston and continued studies at California Institute of the Arts.
In 1970 at the age of twenty-two he was hired by Zubin Mehta and the Los Angeles Philharmonic to play assistant principal horn where he remained for 37 years before retiring in 2008.
References
External links
American classical horn players
Living people
American jazz horn players
California Institute of the Arts alumni
Boston Conservatory at Berklee alumni
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century American musicians
21st-century classical musicians
21st-century American musicians
1948 births
People from Neptune Township, New Jersey
Classical musicians from New Jersey
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American musicians |
Hang Hau () is a residential area in Tseung Kwan O, Sai Kung, New Territories, Hong Kong. It is located at the eastern edge of the Tseung Kwan O New Town. Most of the land was reclaimed from Hang Hau Village and Shui Bin Village ().
History
The earliest history referring to Hang Hau was in the 19th century. It was an agricultural and fishing village. Hang Hau got its name from a large water channel near Mang Kung Uk () that led to the sea. In days gone by, Hang Hau was on the sea front, facing Junk Bay. Many of the village names in Hang Hau reflect this – Shui Bin Village () means Waterside Village, for example.
On 2 October 1957, Hang Hau Rural Committee was established. The rural committee was to serve the indigenous inhabitants in Hang Hau Village, Shui Bin Village, Tin Ha Wan Village, Yau Yue Wan Village, Tseng Lan Shue, Tai Po Tsai, Mang Kung Uk and Po Toi O.
Between the 1960s and 1980s, Hang Hau was a large ship scrapyard area. Since there was a ferry from Junk Bay to Island East Hong Kong, Hong Kong Oxygen Company started building factories in Hang Hau. Manufacturing business and trading services were established.
Long before the development of Tseung Kwan O New Town, Hang Hau was near settlements such as Hang Hau Village, Boon Kin Village and Tin Ha Wan Village. Most of the Villages were relocated at the current site near the Tseung Kwan O Hospital, which were moved after the new town's development. Now, about two-thirds of Hang Hau is on reclaimed land, and the sea is far away.
Housing
Indigenous three storey village houses still can be found in the eastern edge of Hang Hau. Nowadays, Hang Hau is fully built-out with private and public estates owing to the development of Tseung Kwan O New Town.
Villages
Boon Kin Village
Hang Hau Village
Shui Bin Village
Tin Ha Wan Village
Home Ownership Scheme Estates
Chung Ming Court
Hin Ming Court
Wo Ming Court
Yu Ming Court
Yuk Ming Court
Private Sector Participation Scheme (PSPS) Estates
Fu Ning Garden
Jolly Place
On Ning Garden
Public Estates
Hau Tak Estate
Ming Tak Estate
Private Estates
East Point City
Maritime Bay
Residence Oasis
La Cite Noble
Nan Fung Plaza
Infrastructures
Civil Facilities
Po Ning Road General Outpatient Clinic
Sai Kung Tseung Kwan O Government Complex
Tseung Kwan O Hospital
Recreations
Hang Hau Sports Centre
Hang Hau Man Kuk Lane Park
Tseung Kwan O Sports Ground
Hong Kong Velodrome
Shopping Malls
East Point City
TKO Gateway (formerly Hau Tak Shopping Centre)
Nan Fung Plaza
The Lane (MTR Malls)
La Cite Noble
Maritime Bay
Temple
Hang Hau Tin Hau Temple
Church
St Andrew's Church
Institutes
Primary schools
Assembly of God Leung Sing Tak Primary School
PLK Fung Ching Memorial Primary School
Tseung Kwan O Government Primary School
Yan Chai Hospital Chan Iu Seng Primary School
Secondary schools
Catholic Ming Yuen Secondary School
H.K.M.L.C. Queen Maud Secondary School
PLK Ho Yuk Ching (1984) College
See also
Hang Hau station
Tseung Kwan O
Tseung Kwan O New Town
Sai Kung District
References
Areas of Hong Kong
Sai Kung District
Tseung Kwan O |
```javascript
export * from "./ui";
export * from "./search";
``` |
This overview lists proposed changes in the taxonomy of gastropods at the family level and above since 2005, when the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) was published. In other words, these are recent updates in the way various groups of snails and slugs are classified.
Changes in subfamilies are outlined in the respective articles about each particular family. Unchanged taxa are not listed here.
In one of the largest recent changes (affecting the most species of gastropods), Klussmann-Kolb et al. (2008) showed that the traditional classification of the Euthyneura needed to be reconsidered. The change was subsequently made by Jörger et al. (2010), who redefined the major groups within the Heterobranchia.
A great number of major changes have been made within the classification of the Conoidea since 2011.
In the 2017 issue of "Malacologia" journal (available online from 4 January 2018) new much updated version of 2005 "Bouchet & Rocroi" taxonomy was published: "Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families".
Helcionelloida (not gastropods)
It has become clear that the fossil taxon Helcionelloida does not belong to the class Gastropoda; it is now a separate class within the Mollusca. P. Yu. Parkhaev (2006, 2007) created the class Helcionelloida, whose members were previously treated as "Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain systematic position" sensu Bouchet & Rocroi.
Subclass Archaeobranchia Parkhaev, 2001
Order Helcionelliformes Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975
Superfamily Helcionelloidea Wenz, 1938
Family Helcionellidae Wenz, 1938
Family Igarkiellidae Parkhaev, 2001
Family Coreospiridae Knight, 1947
Superfamily Yochelcionelloidea Runnegar & Jell, 1976
Family Trenellidae Parkhaev, 2001
Family Yochelcionellidae Runnegar & Jell, 1976
Family Stenothecidae Runnegar & Jell, 1980
Subfamily Stenothecinae Runnegar & Jell, 1980
Subfamily Watsonellinae Parkhaev, 2001
Order Pelagiellifomes MacKinnon, 1985
Family Pelagiellidae Knight, 1952
Family Aldanellidae Linsley et Kier, 1984
Subclass Divasibranchia Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
Order Khairkhaniiformes Parkhaev, 2001
Family Khairkhaniidae Missarzhevsky, 1989
Subclass Dextrobranchia Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
Order Onychochiliformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
Family Onychochilidae Koken, 1925
Patellogastropoda
This revised taxonomy of the Patellogastropoda (the true limpets) is based on research by Nakano & Ozawa (2007). The Acmaeidae is treated as a synonym of Lottiidae; the subfamily Pectinodontinae is elevated to Pectinodontidae; a new family Eoacmaeidae with the new type genus Eoacmaea is established. The remaining three families (Neolepetopsidae, Daminilidae, Lepetopsidae) are moved into the Lottioidea, like this:
superfamily Eoacmaeoidea
family Eoacmaeidae
superfamily Patelloidea
family Patellidae
superfamily Lottioidea
family Nacellidae
family Lepetidae
family Pectinodontidae
family Lottiidae
family Neolepetopsidae
† family Daminilidae
† family Lepetopsidae
Vetigastropoda
Geiger (2009) elevated the subfamily Depressizoninae to family level as Depressizonidae. Also two subfamilies (the Larocheinae from the Scissurellidae, and the Temnocinclinae from the Sutilizonidae) were upgraded to family level as the Larocheidae and the Temnocinclidae.
Superfamily Lepetodriloidea
Family Lepetodrilidae
Family Clypeosectidae
Family Sutilizonidae
Family Temnocinclidae
Superfamily Scissurelloidea
Family Scissurellidae
Family Larocheidae
Family Anatomidae
Family Depressizonidae
The superfamily Trochoidea was redefined by Williams et al. (2008) and the superfamily Turbinoidea is no longer used. Phasianelloidea and Angarioidea were created as new superfamilies.
Trochoidea
Trochidae
Turbinidae
Solariellidae
Calliostomatidae
Liotiidae
† Family Elasmonematidae
† Family Eucochlidae
† Family Microdomatidae
† Family Proconulidae
† Family Tychobraheidae
† Family Velainellidae
Phasianelloidea
Phasianellidae
Colloniidae
Angarioidea
Angariidae - monotypic with Angaria
Areneidae (probable placement)
Neomphalina
The superfamily Neomphaloidea was previously regarded as belonging within the clade Vetigastropoda. Molecular phylogeny has shown however that it belongs in its own clade, Neomphalina, which is endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vent habitat. The clade Neomphalina appears to be basal to the Vetigastropoda. Neomphalina is a monophyletic clade, however, its exact relationship among the gastropods is uncertain.
Neritimorpha
Bandel (2007) described four new families within the Neritopsoidea. He classified Neritopsoidea in the order Neritoina within the superorder Cycloneritimorpha and within the subclass Neritimorpha. Bandel (2007) recognizes Natisopsinae (in Neritopsidae by Bouchet & Rocrois 2005) at the family level, as Naticopsidae. Bandel's classification looks like this:
superfamily Neritopsoidea
family Neritopsidae
† Fedaiellidae Bandel, 2007
† family Delphinulopsidae
† family Cortinellidae
† Palaeonaricidae Bandel, 2007
† Naticopsidae - Natisopsinae (in Neritopsidae by Bouchet & Rocroid 2005) is recognized at family level by Bandel (2007).
† Tricolnaticopsidae Bandel, 2007
† Scalaneritinidae Bandel, 2007
† family Plagiothyridae
† family Pseudorthonychiidae
family Titiscaniidae
Caenogastropoda
The family Provannidae was moved to the superfamily Abyssochrysoidea Tomlin, 1927. In addition, a new family Hokkaidoconchidae Kaim, Jenkins & Warén, 2008 was named.
superfamily Abyssochrysoidea
family Provannidae
family Hokkaidoconchidae
The subfamily Semisulcospirinae, within the Pleuroceridae, was elevated to the family level Semisulcospiridae by Strong & Köhler (2009).
superfamily Cerithioidea
family Pleuroceridae
family Semisulcospiridae
and others
Bandel (2006) made numerous changes in the following clades: Cerithimorpha/Cerithioidea, Turritellimorpha/Turritelloidea, Murchisonimorpha/Orthonematoidea, Campanilimorpha/Campaniloidea and Ampullinoidea, Vermetimorpha/Vermetoidea.
Fehse (2007) elevated both the subfamily Pediculariinae and the tribe Eocypraeini (which were previously in the family Ovulidae) to family level, based on both morphological research and molecular phylogeny research. Families within Cypraeoidea are now as follows:
superfamily Cypraeoidea
family Cypraeidae
family Eocypraeidae
family Ovulidae
family Pediculariidae
Within the Tonnoidea, Beu (2008) raised the subfamily Cassinae to the rank of family: Cassidae Latreille, 1825.
Bouchet et al. (2011) updated the taxonomy of the superfamily Conoidea:
New family Horaiclavidae Bouchet, Kantor, Sysoev & Puillandre, 2011
Some subfamilies were elevated to families
The polyphyletic family Turridae was split up in 13 monophyletic families by raising a number of subfamilies to the rank of family.
In 2012, within the Conoidea, a new family Bouchetispiridae Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012 that includes one genus Bouchetispira Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012 and one species Bouchetispira vitrea Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012, was discovered.
In 2015, in the Journal of Molluscan Studies, Puillandre, Duda, Meyer, Olivera & Bouchet presented a new classification for the old genus Conus. Using 329 species, the authors carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses. The results suggested that the authors should place all cone snails in a single family, Conidae, containing four genera: Conus, Conasprella, Profundiconus and Californiconus. The authors group 85% of all known cone snail species under Conus, They recognize 57 subgenera within Conus, and 11 subgenera within the genus Conasprella. .
Heterobranchia
Janssen (2005) established a new family, Praecuvierinidae.
Gosliner et al. (2007) elevated the subfamily Babakininae to the family level as Babakinidae.
Golding et al. (2007) established new families within the Amphiboloidea:
Maningrididae Golding, Ponder & Byrne, 2007
Phallomedusidae Golding, Ponder & Byrne, 2007
Uit de Weerd (2008) moved two families Urocoptidae and Cerionidae to the newly established superfamily Urocoptoidea, based on molecular phylogeny research as follows:
superfamily Urocoptoidea
family Urocoptidae
family Cerionidae
Other authors also made numerous taxonomic changes within Orthalicoidea in 2009-2012.
Schrödl & Neusser (2010) rearranged the taxonomy of the Acochlidiacea.
Swennen & Buatip (2009) described a new family Aitengidae, which was later moved to Acochlidiacea by Jörger et al. (2010).
Malaquias et al. (2009) rearranged the taxonomy of the Cephalaspidea sensu lato: reinstated Architectibranchia, reinstated Runcinacea, reinstated Scaphandridae as a valid family, but they did not use superfamilies.
Subsequently, Malaquias (2010) moved Bullacta exarata (formerly the only member of Bullactidae) into the family Haminoeidae.
Sutcharit et al. (2010) established a new family Diapheridae within the Streptaxoidea in 2010.
Jörger et al. (2010) redefined major groups of Heterobranchia and created the new clades Euopisthobranchia and Panpulmonata.
Maeda et al. (2010) confirmed the placement of Cylindrobulla within the Sacoglossa.
Thompson (2010) redefined subfamilies in Spiraxidae, moving Euglandininae and Streptostylinae (from where they had been in the Oleacinidae per Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)) so that they became subfamilies of Spiraxidae.
Johnson (2011) resurrected the family Cadlinidae.
Thompson (2012) established a new family, Epirobiidae.
Thompson & Naranjo-García (2012) described a new family Echinichidae within Xanthonychoidea.
Prestonellinae was formally described as a new subfamily within Bothriembryontidae in 2016.
Proposals and research
Based on nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial genomes Grande et al. (2008) proposed these changes:
Pulmonata is polyphyletic
Euthyneura is not monophyletic because the Pyramidelloidea should be included within the Euthyneura
Opisthobranchia is not monophyletic because Siphonaria pectinata should be recognized as a member of the Opisthobranchia
Peter J. Wagner considers Isospiridae to be a synonym of Cyrtonellidae within the Tergomya, The Paleobiology Database has adapted this as yet (February 2010) unpublished opinion by Wagner. This alternate taxonomy is as: Tergomya, Cyrtonellida, Cyrtonellidae.
See also
List of gastropods described in the 2000s
List of gastropods described in 2010
List of gastropods described in 2011
References
Further reading
Millard V. (2008). Classification of Mollusca. (in two volumes + CD-ROM), Edition 4, privately printed, South Africa, 1918 pp. .
Gastropod taxonomy
Malacological literature |
The Living Return is the fourth studio album by the British pop group Swing Out Sister. It was released in August 1994 on Mercury Records.
Charts
Although this was the first studio album by the group that failed to reach the UK Albums Chart, the lead single, "La-La (Means I Love You)", peaked at #37 on the UK Singles Chart. This song is a cover version of the 1968 hit by The Delfonics and appeared on the soundtrack of the film Four Weddings and a Funeral. "Better Make It Better" was also released as a single, although it did not make the music charts in either the UK or the US. The song "Mama Didn't Raise No Fool" was featured on the American basic cable and satellite television network, Disney Channel.
Reviews
New Musical Express magazine gave The Living Return an 8 out of 10 rating in its 17 September 1994 issue, saying that the album "...sounds divine, a glissando of strings and things, an aural bath for the ears." Q magazine also spoke favourably of the album, mentioning that "SOS have an ear for a snappy arrangements and a mature lightness of touch as they gently echo Miles Davis, Weather Report and the whole modish Afro era." It rated the album with four stars and an "excellent" rating.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Andy Connell and Corinne Drewery; except where indicated
CD and cassette version
1. "Better Make It Better" - 6:53
2. "Don't Let Yourself Down" - 4:42
3. "Ordinary People" - 6:22
4. "Mama Didn't Raise No Fool" - 5:11
5. "Don't Give Up On A Good Thing" - 3:44 (Connell, Drewery, Derick Johnson, Tim Cansfield)
6. "Making the Right Move" - 10:32
7. "La-La (Means I Love You)" - 4:52 (Thom Bell, W. Hart)
8. "Feel Free" - 5:06
9. "Stop and Think It Over" - 6:03
10. "That's the Way It Goes" - 4:42 (Connell, Drewery, Johnson, Cansfield)
11. "All in Your Mind" - 4:15
12. "O Pesadelo Dos Autores" - 5:26 (Connell, Drewery, Maurice White, Airto Moreira, Regina Werneck, Tania Maria Correa Reis, Stevie Wonder, Sylvia Moy, Henry Cosby, Ivan Lins, Victor Martins, Aloysio de Oliveira, Herbie Hancock, Bennie Maupin, Burick)
13. "Low Down Dirty Business" - 5:19 (Connell, Drewery, Johnson, Cansfield)
The song "O Pesadelo Dos Autores" features a medley of the songs:
"Brazilian Rhyme" - Earth, Wind & Fire
From the 1977 album "All 'N All" (Maurice White)
"Celebration Suite" - Return to Forever
From the 1975 album "No Mystery" (Airto Moreira)
"Come with Me" - Tania Maria
From the 1982 album "Come with Me" (Regina Werneck, Tania Maria Correa Reis)
"My Cherie Amour" - Stevie Wonder
From the 1969 album "My Cherie Amour" (Stevie Wonder, Sylvia Moy, Henry Cosby)
"The Smiling Hour" - Kalima
From the 1984 single "The Smiling Hour/Flyaway" (Ivan Lins, Victor Martins, Aloysio de Oliveira)
"Butterfly" - Herbie Hancock
From the 1974 album "Thrust" (Herbie Hancock, Bennie Maupin)
A limited edition "edits" version was also available featuring edited versions of six tracks from the album.
Personnel
Swing Out Sister
Corinne Drewery – lead vocals, arrangements
Andy Connell – keyboards, arrangements
Additional Musicians
Danny Gluckstein – programming
Tim Cansfield – guitars (1-6, 8-13)
Matt Backer – guitars (7)
Derrick Johnson – bass guitar
Myke Wilson – drums, timbales solo (12)
Chris Manis – percussion
Gary Plumley – saxophones, flute
Richard Edwards – trombone
John Thirkell – trumpet, flugelhorn
Derek Green – backing vocals
Erica Harrold – backing vocals
Sylvia Mason-James – backing vocals
Production
Ray Hayden – producer (1-6, 8-13)
Swing Out Sister – co-producers (1-6, 8-13), producers (7)
Mark McGuire – mix engineer, recording (7), mixing (7)
Jamie Cullam – assistant mix engineer
Luke Gifford – assistant mix engineer
James Martin – photography
Via Johnson – design
Bennett Freed – management (USA)
Stephen King – management
Studios
Recorded at Opaz Studios and Strongroom (London, UK).
Mixed at Strongroom and Metropolis Studios (London, UK).
References
1994 albums
Swing Out Sister albums
Mercury Records albums |
```scss
/// Makes an element's :before pseudoelement a FontAwesome icon.
/// @param {string} $content Optional content value to use.
/// @param {string} $where Optional pseudoelement to target (before or after).
@mixin icon($content: false, $where: before) {
text-decoration: none;
&:#{$where} {
@if $content {
content: $content;
}
-moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
font-family: FontAwesome;
font-style: normal;
font-weight: normal;
text-transform: none !important;
}
}
/// Applies padding to an element, taking the current element-margin value into account.
/// @param {mixed} $tb Top/bottom padding.
/// @param {mixed} $lr Left/right padding.
/// @param {list} $pad Optional extra padding (in the following order top, right, bottom, left)
/// @param {bool} $important If true, adds !important.
@mixin padding($tb, $lr, $pad: (0,0,0,0), $important: null) {
@if $important {
$important: '!important';
}
$x: 0.1em;
@if unit(_size(element-margin)) == 'rem' {
$x: 0.1rem;
}
padding: ($tb + nth($pad,1)) ($lr + nth($pad,2)) max($x, $tb - _size(element-margin) + nth($pad,3)) ($lr + nth($pad,4)) #{$important};
}
/// Encodes a SVG data URL so IE doesn't choke (via codepen.io/jakob-e/pen/YXXBrp).
/// @param {string} $svg SVG data URL.
/// @return {string} Encoded SVG data URL.
@function svg-url($svg) {
$svg: str-replace($svg, '"', '\'');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '%', '%25');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '<', '%3C');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '>', '%3E');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '&', '%26');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '#', '%23');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '{', '%7B');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '}', '%7D');
$svg: str-replace($svg, ';', '%3B');
@return url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf8,#{$svg}");
}
/// Initializes base flexgrid classes.
/// @param {string} $vertical-align Vertical alignment of cells.
/// @param {string} $horizontal-align Horizontal alignment of cells.
@mixin flexgrid-base($vertical-align: null, $horizontal-align: null) {
// Grid.
@include vendor('display', 'flex');
@include vendor('flex-wrap', 'wrap');
// Vertical alignment.
@if ($vertical-align == top) {
@include vendor('align-items', 'flex-start');
}
@else if ($vertical-align == bottom) {
@include vendor('align-items', 'flex-end');
}
@else if ($vertical-align == center) {
@include vendor('align-items', 'center');
}
@else {
@include vendor('align-items', 'stretch');
}
// Horizontal alignment.
@if ($horizontal-align != null) {
text-align: $horizontal-align;
}
// Cells.
> * {
@include vendor('flex-shrink', '1');
@include vendor('flex-grow', '0');
}
}
/// Sets up flexgrid columns.
/// @param {integer} $columns Columns.
@mixin flexgrid-columns($columns) {
> * {
$cell-width: 100% / $columns;
width: #{$cell-width};
}
}
/// Sets up flexgrid gutters.
/// @param {integer} $columns Columns.
/// @param {number} $gutters Gutters.
@mixin flexgrid-gutters($columns, $gutters) {
// Apply padding.
> * {
$cell-width: 100% / $columns;
padding: ($gutters * 0.5);
width: $cell-width;
}
}
/// Sets up flexgrid gutters (flush).
/// @param {integer} $columns Columns.
/// @param {number} $gutters Gutters.
@mixin flexgrid-gutters-flush($columns, $gutters) {
// Apply padding.
> * {
$cell-width: 100% / $columns;
$cell-width-pad: $gutters / $columns;
padding: ($gutters * 0.5);
width: calc(#{$cell-width} + #{$cell-width-pad});
}
// Clear top/bottom gutters.
> :nth-child(-n + #{$columns}) {
padding-top: 0;
}
> :nth-last-child(-n + #{$columns}) {
padding-bottom: 0;
}
// Clear left/right gutters.
> :nth-child(#{$columns}n + 1) {
padding-left: 0;
}
> :nth-child(#{$columns}n) {
padding-right: 0;
}
// Adjust widths of leftmost and rightmost cells.
> :nth-child(#{$columns}n + 1),
> :nth-child(#{$columns}n) {
$cell-width: 100% / $columns;
$cell-width-pad: ($gutters / $columns) - ($gutters / 2);
width: calc(#{$cell-width} + #{$cell-width-pad});
}
}
/// Reset flexgrid gutters (flush only).
/// Used to override a previous set of flexgrid gutter classes.
/// @param {integer} $columns Columns.
/// @param {number} $gutters Gutters.
/// @param {integer} $prev-columns Previous columns.
@mixin flexgrid-gutters-flush-reset($columns, $gutters, $prev-columns) {
// Apply padding.
> * {
$cell-width: 100% / $prev-columns;
$cell-width-pad: $gutters / $prev-columns;
padding: ($gutters * 0.5);
width: calc(#{$cell-width} + #{$cell-width-pad});
}
// Clear top/bottom gutters.
> :nth-child(-n + #{$prev-columns}) {
padding-top: ($gutters * 0.5);
}
> :nth-last-child(-n + #{$prev-columns}) {
padding-bottom: ($gutters * 0.5);
}
// Clear left/right gutters.
> :nth-child(#{$prev-columns}n + 1) {
padding-left: ($gutters * 0.5);
}
> :nth-child(#{$prev-columns}n) {
padding-right: ($gutters * 0.5);
}
// Adjust widths of leftmost and rightmost cells.
> :nth-child(#{$prev-columns}n + 1),
> :nth-child(#{$prev-columns}n) {
$cell-width: 100% / $columns;
$cell-width-pad: $gutters / $columns;
padding: ($gutters * 0.5);
width: calc(#{$cell-width} + #{$cell-width-pad});
}
}
/// Adds debug styles to current flexgrid element.
@mixin flexgrid-debug() {
box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px red;
> * {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px blue;
position: relative;
> * {
position: relative;
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px green;
}
}
}
/// Initializes the current element as a flexgrid.
/// @param {integer} $columns Columns (optional).
/// @param {number} $gutters Gutters (optional).
/// @param {bool} $flush If true, clears padding around the very edge of the grid.
@mixin flexgrid($settings: ()) {
// Settings.
// Debug.
$debug: false;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'debug')) {
$debug: map-get($settings, 'debug');
}
// Vertical align.
$vertical-align: null;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'vertical-align')) {
$vertical-align: map-get($settings, 'vertical-align');
}
// Horizontal align.
$horizontal-align: null;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'horizontal-align')) {
$horizontal-align: map-get($settings, 'horizontal-align');
}
// Columns.
$columns: null;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'columns')) {
$columns: map-get($settings, 'columns');
}
// Gutters.
$gutters: 0;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'gutters')) {
$gutters: map-get($settings, 'gutters');
}
// Flush.
$flush: true;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'flush')) {
$flush: map-get($settings, 'flush');
}
// Initialize base grid.
@include flexgrid-base($vertical-align, $horizontal-align);
// Debug?
@if ($debug) {
@include flexgrid-debug;
}
// Columns specified?
@if ($columns != null) {
// Initialize columns.
@include flexgrid-columns($columns);
// Gutters specified?
@if ($gutters > 0) {
// Flush gutters?
@if ($flush) {
// Initialize gutters (flush).
@include flexgrid-gutters-flush($columns, $gutters);
}
// Otherwise ...
@else {
// Initialize gutters.
@include flexgrid-gutters($columns, $gutters);
}
}
}
}
/// Resizes a previously-initialized grid.
/// @param {integer} $columns Columns.
/// @param {number} $gutters Gutters (optional).
/// @param {list} $reset A list of previously-initialized grid columns (only if $flush is true).
/// @param {bool} $flush If true, clears padding around the very edge of the grid.
@mixin flexgrid-resize($settings: ()) {
// Settings.
// Columns.
$columns: 1;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'columns')) {
$columns: map-get($settings, 'columns');
}
// Gutters.
$gutters: 0;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'gutters')) {
$gutters: map-get($settings, 'gutters');
}
// Previous columns.
$prev-columns: false;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'prev-columns')) {
$prev-columns: map-get($settings, 'prev-columns');
}
// Flush.
$flush: true;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'flush')) {
$flush: map-get($settings, 'flush');
}
// Resize columns.
@include flexgrid-columns($columns);
// Gutters specified?
@if ($gutters > 0) {
// Flush gutters?
@if ($flush) {
// Previous columns specified?
@if ($prev-columns) {
// Convert to list if it isn't one already.
@if (type-of($prev-columns) != list) {
$prev-columns: ($prev-columns);
}
// Step through list of previous columns and reset them.
@each $x in $prev-columns {
@include flexgrid-gutters-flush-reset($columns, $gutters, $x);
}
}
// Resize gutters (flush).
@include flexgrid-gutters-flush($columns, $gutters);
}
// Otherwise ...
@else {
// Resize gutters.
@include flexgrid-gutters($columns, $gutters);
}
}
}
``` |
The Kingsgate Centre is an indoor shopping centre located in the town centre of Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. Marks and Spencer and the former Debenhams store anchors the main entrances to the shopping centre. The Kingsgate was extended in 2008 at which time it also underwent significant refurbishment. The centre has a three-storey car park on the roof and contains 74 retail units over two floors.
References
External links
Kingsgate Official Website
Shopping centres in Fife
Buildings and structures in Dunfermline
1985 establishments in Scotland
Shopping malls established in 1985 |
Peter Krieger (born December 9, 1993) is an American professional ice hockey forward currently playing for HC Vítkovice Ridera of the Czech Extraliga (ELH). He won two National Championships with Minnesota Duluth in 2018 and 2019.
Playing career
Krieger attended Saint Thomas Academy, a Catholic military academy near his home town, and played on the ice hockey team for three years. After graduating in 2012, he continued his junior hockey career first with the Aberdeen Wings and then the Waterloo Black Hawks. After being a point per game scorer for nearly that entire five-year period, Krieger headed up to Alaska to begin his college career.
He debuted for the Nanooks in 2014, however, due to prior NCAA recruiting violations, Alaska was ineligible for the postseason that year. With Alaska eligible for the playoffs in his sophomore season, Krieger began to show the scoring touch he had possessed in juniors and led the club with 16 assists. Unfortunately, the Nanooks fell from 4th to 8th in the standings and were swept out in the first round.
After his second year, Krieger decided to transfer closer to home and join Minnesota Duluth. He sat out the next season per NCAA transfer requirements and then played his first game as a Bulldog in 2017. Krieger saw his goal totals explode with his new team, scoring nearly three times his totals as a sophomore. Krieger finished second on the team with 30 points, however, it was on the defensive end where Duluth made its name. UMD was one of the top teams in the country and, though they had a slightly disappointing regular season, they were still able to earn one of the final at-large bids for the NCAA tournament. Krieger helped his team earn four consecutive 1-goal victories to capture the National Championship. Krieger's scoring declined slightly in his final season but it didn't hurt the Bulldogs as UMD won a second consecutive NCAA championship.
With his college tenure now over, Krieger headed to Sweden to kick of his professional career. He joined Västerviks IK of the second Swedish league and finished in a tie for the team lead in goals. Västerviks made the postseason that year, however, the playoffs were abruptly ended on March 15 due to the Coronavirus pandemic.
Krieger returned to North America and played with the Indy Fuel during the abbreviated 'Covid year'. He performed well enough to earn a stint with the Manitoba Moose but ended up finishing the year in the ECHL.
After things returned to normal following the COVID-19 vaccine rollout, Krieger travelled back across the Atlantic. He spent the 21-22 season with HKM Zvolen and led the club in both goals and points (tied). After helping Zvolen to a second-place finish in the regular season, Krieger was again their top scorer in the playoffs but couldn't prevent them from bring eliminated in the semifinals. After the year, Krieger was again on the move and signed with HC Vítkovice Ridera of the ELH on May 4, 2023.
Career statistics
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey centers
American men's ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Minnesota
People from Oakdale, Minnesota
Sportspeople from Washington County, Minnesota
Waterloo Black Hawks players
Alaska Nanooks men's ice hockey players
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs men's ice hockey players
NCAA men's ice hockey national champions
Västerviks IK players
Indy Fuel players
Manitoba Moose players
HKM Zvolen players
HC Vítkovice players
American expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden
American expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
American expatriate ice hockey players in Slovakia
American expatriate ice hockey players in the Czech Republic |
Ukrainian Gothic Portal (Український Готичний Портал, UGP) is a printed magazine, web-portal and promotion agency of gothic / dark / electro scene in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus. UGP was established in 1999 on basis of unofficial closed subculture formation Kiev Gothic Clan (KGC) and was officially registered in 2000 on the domain gothic.com.ua. The founder and ideologist of UGP was the author of gothic-related publications, Vitaliy Stranger. In 2000–2005, UGP became one of the leading dark music-related agencies in Ukraine and Russia, covered by local and international press, organizing festival "Deti Nochi: Chorna Rada", publishing printed magazine "Gothica", releasing cds on label "Tridens", making its own radio program and TV appearances. Cooperation partners of UGP became such festivals as Wave-Gotik-Treffen, Castle Party, such magazines as Zillo, Orkus and other organizations in Europe. The aims of UGP were the creation, development and coverage of gothic / dark / electro scene in Ukraine and in all countries of ex-USSR as well as uniting scene-fans and admirers of respective aesthetics.
Among the most famous projects of UGP has to be mentioned the establishment of the festival (2000), label Tridens Records (2003) and printed magazine "Gothica" (2006):
Festival is gothic/dark/electro event in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus and other countries of ex-USSR
Label Tridens Records is gothic/dark/electro studio in Ukraine
Printed magazine Gothica is Russian-speaking music magazine
Since 1999 the numerous projects had been launched for the achievement of assigned aims. UGP conducted following functions:
As a multifunctional online portal gothic.com.ua it developed informational and news resources (publication of materials, reportages and photo galleries from various events in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Germany, Poland etc.), started specialized sections (“Music”, “Cinema”, “Literature”, “Architecture”, “Photo”, “Art”, “Translations”), designed sites of bands (Komu Vnyz, Fleur, Holodne Sonze etc.) and official Russian-language sites of festivals (Wave-Gotik-Treffen, M’era Luna, Castle Party), and also began to create and manage interactive services (GothicJournal, GothicGallery, BlackPages).
Being a management, production and booking agency, it supported various bands, among them are Komu Vnyz, Flëur, Dust Heaven, Holodne Sonze.
UGP organized more than 20 performances of bands and Djs, whom it supports, in Europe, Ukraine and CIS at the international festivals: Wave-Gotik-Treffen (2002, 2004, 2007), Castle Party (2001, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009), Prague in Dark (2006), Electro Prague (2007). In 2010 UGP started to work with Russian band Otto Dix and organized their concert on Castle Party 2010.
As an organizer of the concerts in Ukraine, UGP organized the concerts Diary of Dreams (Germany), Deutsch Nepal (Sweden ) and other international and domestic bands.
It also began to issue and license the material of supported bands in Germany and Poland for such compilations as "Gotham", "Dark East", "Castle Party" and also helped bands to take part in remix-contests: Gray/scale for Wumpscut, Funker Vogt, Agonized by Love, Deathcamp Project, Holodne Sonze for L'Âme Immortelle.
As achievement of UGP, praised by local Ukrainian press, can be stated the organization of the concerts of three Ukrainian bands (Komu Vnyz, Dust Heaven, Grayscale) at festival Wave-Gotik-Treffen at once in both 2004 and 2007.
At the present team of UGP continues to increase its activity in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus as well as in other European countries and works on one more book about gothic-scene in ex-USSR and Europe.
Notes
References
Article about history and development of Ukrainian gothic/dark scene "Men in black" in business weekly magazine "Power of society" (No. 51, September 2005), author: Olga Volodchenko
Article "Gothic for the masses" in "Highway" online-magazine (h.ua), author: Olga Volodchenko
Article "Goths" in weekly "Afisha" (No. 21, 30.05 - 05.06, 2005) (gotic.org.ua) (gothic.org.ua)
Article "Notes for the goths: Deti Nochi 4" in magazine "Hammer" (No. 17, 2007) (gotic.org.ua), author: Oleksandra Vasylchuk
Article "Ukrainian goths celebrated the night" in magazine "Review" (25.04.2007) (gothic.org.ua), author: Efim Alexandrov
Article "Goths between us" in magazine "Everning news" (No. 196, 25.12.2003) (gothic.com.ua), author: Alexander Evtushenko
Article about Ukrainian gothic scene "Vitaliy aus Kiew denkt duester" and biography of Vitaliy Stranger in German magazine "Leipziger Volskszeitung" (No. 196, 25.12.2003) (gothic.com.ua), author: Eddie Stein
Article "Gothic in Ukraine: For those who's going down and those who need cold sun", magazine "R.I.P." (No.1, June/July 2005) (restinpeace.spb.ru), author: Olga Safina
Interview "Ideologist of ukrainian gothic Vitaliy Stranger: Dark angel with axe protects Ukraine" in political magazine "Ukrainian truth" (No. 196, 29.08.2004) (pravda.com.ua), author: Nasty Snezhnaja
Interview "Ukrainian gothic is a power of spirit" in literature digest "Ukrainian word" (No. 13, 27.02 - 04.03, 2003) (gothic.com.ua), author: Nasty Snezhnaja
Article and interview "Men in black" in weekly "Afisha" (No. 42, 25.10 - 10.11, 2003) (gothic.com.ua)
External links
Official site of festival "Deti Nochi: Chorna Rada"
Official site of magazine "Gothica"
Official site of label "Tridens"
1999 establishments in Ukraine
Magazines established in 1999
Magazines published in Ukraine
Music magazines
Multilingual magazines |
In enzymology, a phenylacetate—CoA ligase is an enzyme () that catalyzes the chemical reaction
ATP + phenylacetate + CoA AMP + diphosphate + phenylacetyl-CoA
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, phenylacetate, and CoA. Its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and phenylacetyl-CoA.
This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is phenylacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include phenylacetyl-CoA ligase, PA-CoA ligase, and phenylacetyl-CoA ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme participates in tyrosine metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism.
References
EC 6.2.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
Berry-Bouy () is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.
Geography
An area of forestry and farming comprising the village and several hamlets situated in the Yèvre river valley, some northwest of Bourges at the junction of the D160 with the N76 and the D60 roads.
Population
Places of interest
The church of St. Hilaire, dating from the nineteenth century.
The abandoned church of St.Pantaléon at Bouy.
See also
Communes of the Cher department
References
Communes of Cher (department) |
The Franklin City Cemetery in Franklin, Tennessee was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.
Four American Revolutionary War veterans are buried there. The cemetery is significant for its history of early settlers and for its funerary markers, the most unusual of which is perhaps a "treestone" one.
It is across North Margin Street from Rest Haven Cemetery, also NRHP-listed in 2012.
References
External links
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Buildings and structures in Franklin, Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Williamson County, Tennessee |
Roadfood is a series of books by Jane and Michael Stern originally published in 1977. The term Roadfood was coined by the Sterns to describe the regional cuisine they discovered when they began driving around America in the early 1970s. Their focus was not on deluxe fare, but on everyday local food – barbecue, chili, fried chicken, apple pie – and the unpretentious restaurants that serve it: diners, small-town cafes, seaside shacks, drive-ins, and bake shops.
The Sterns, who had no formal training in cuisine or journalism, met at Yale University in 1968, married in 1970, and graduated in 1971, after which they left academia to explore the USA. At first, their focus was on popular culture in general, but after traveling around the country for a few years, they realized they had been keeping an informal diary of unknown and unique places to eat: inconspicuous restaurants that were, at the time, of no interest to the food-writing establishment. After three years of travel in a beat-up Volkswagen Beetle, staying at seedy motels, and occasionally sleeping in the back seat of the car, they drafted the manuscript of Roadfood, a guide to restaurants that were neither fast food nor gourmet dining, but were an expression of local foodways.
Roadfood was a landmark, the first cross-country guide to regional American food. Since then, the Sterns have written Roadfood columns for Gourmet magazine and Saveur and report regularly about "road food" on public radio's "The Splendid Table." They have won numerous James Beard awards for their writing and have been inducted into the Who’s Who of American Food.
The book Roadfood has been updated several times; the 10th edition was published in March 2017. Writing in the New York Times Book Review about Two for the Road, the Sterns' memoir of their pursuit of "road food", Nora Ephron commented, "Jane and Michael Stern write about ordinary food so simply and exuberantly that I couldn't help thinking, as I read this latest book of theirs (the 31st), that they deserved a room of their own in the Smithsonian Institution, right next to Julia Child's Cambridge kitchen."
In the years since its first publication, Roadfood has inspired countless other writers, television personalities, and internet bloggers to pay attention to regional fare. In 2000, the Sterns partnered with Stephen Rushmore to create Roadfood.com, the first internet website to include photos with restaurant reviews. In 2015, Roadfood was acquired by Fexy Media of Seattle, Washington. After the sale, the Sterns remained in charge of editorial content of the website.
Misha Collins hosted Roadfood: Discovering America One Dish at a Time on PBS.
References
Travel guide books
Restaurant guides |
International Coffee & Tea, LLC, doing business as The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf (sometimes shortened to simply "Coffee Bean" or "The Coffee Bean", often abbreviated as CBTL), is an American coffee shop chain founded in 1963. Since 2019, it is a trade name of Ireland-based Super Magnificent Coffee Company Ireland Limited. Its 80% stake is by multinational company Jollibee Foods Corporation. It operates as an independent subsidiary and remains headquartered in Los Angeles, California.
As of 2017, the chain had over 1,000 self-owned and franchised stores in the United States and 31 in other countries.
History
The company was founded by Herbert Hyman (1931–2014) in September 1963, as a coffee service for offices. His wife Mona (whom he married in 1966) and he honeymooned in Sweden where they discovered quality coffee. This sparked the decision to import, roast and sell gourmet coffee in Los Angeles, opening the first Coffee Bean store in 1968 in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Brentwood. Innovations included selling whole beans and touting their country of origin and allowing customers to observe the beans being roasted and then to sample varieties before making a purchase. Hyman died on April 28, 2014, at the age of 82.
By the 1970s the firm had expanded to 10 stores in Southern California and had added exotic teas to the menu. In the summer of 1987 an employee brought a blender to a Westwood store where he mixed together ice, coffee extract and chocolate powder, paving the way for the company's signature Ice Blended drinks. With the invention of the Ice Blended, the chain saw a surge in popularity. The drink was a predecessor to the Starbucks Frappuccino. In 1991, when it was first planning to expand into Los Angeles, Starbucks tried to purchase the firm, but Hyman turned them down. The opening of Starbucks stores in Los Angeles unexpectedly helped Coffee Bean's business, by driving curious customers to the area.
In 1996, the Hymans sold the Asian franchise rights to Singaporean brothers Victor Sassoon and Sunny Sassoon. The Sassoons quickly expanded the company in the US and internationally, opening the first outlet in Singapore in 1996, and in Malaysia the following year. Within two years, they had opened 29 stores in Singapore and Malaysia, almost as many stores as the Hymans had opened in their 35 years of ownership. In 1998, the Sassoons, along with longtime friend Severin Wunderman, purchased the parent company, International Coffee & Tea LLC, from the Hymans, and took it global. The company’s European partner was British businessman and founder of Reebok Sports Club, Mark Burby. He acquired UK Aroma stores from McDonalds to fast-track Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf unit roll-out in the UK. Mark Burby and the company attracted international headlines when he won a $100m High Court award against members of the Brunei Royal family who defaulted on investment contracts in the UK business. According to court documents the Brunei Royals were silent partners fuelled by their appetite for the brand and frequently asked for product to be delivered to their private jet when flying from Singapore. The court ruled there was no credible defence for their default resulting in a substantial court award.
Victor Sassoon works out of Singapore, Sunny Sassoon works in Los Angeles, and Wunderman is a silent partner with no role in management. International Coffee & Tea, LLC remains the name of the holding company.
Sunny Sassoon served as president and CEO from 1998 until 2009, when he moved to the executive chairman position until 2019. In 2009, Mel Elias (Sassoon's brother-in-law) assumed the role of president and CEO of the company, after spending seven years as chief operating officer. In September 2013, a significant equity position in Coffee Bean was acquired from International Coffee & Tea by US-based Advent International, in partnership with South Korea-based Mirae Asset Private Equity and Taiwan-based CDIB Capital. The Sassoon family remains a large shareholder. John Fuller served as president and CEO from 2015 to 2020.
On July 24, 2019, Jollibee Foods Corporation purchased The Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf for $650 million.
Products
The company is known for its Original Ice Blended coffee and tea drinks, hot coffee drinks, and hot and iced tea drinks. It also sells a variety of whole bean coffees, whole leaf teas, flavored powders, and baked goods.
Coffee
The company's coffees fall into seven categories: Light & Subtle, Light & Distinctive, Medium & Smooth, Dark & Distinctive, Decaffeinated, Flavored, and Reserve. It roasts approximately seven million pounds of coffee annually. All of the beans are hand-roasted at its roasting facility in Camarillo, California. The beans come from farms in Costa Rica, Colombia, Kenya, Indonesia, Jamaica, Thailand, and Sri Lanka. The firm offers several seasonal holiday drinks, in flavors including candy cane, gingerbread, red velvet cake, eggnog, and peppermint. For the company's 50th anniversary in 2013, it introduced a Birthday Cake Ice Blended.
Tea
The company's teas fall into seven categories: Green, Black, Oolong, Herbal Infusion, Decaffeinated, Flavored, and Tea Master's. All of the teas are hand-blended at its facility in Camarillo, California. The Chai Tea Latte, one of the chain's most popular drinks, was first served in 1998. In March 2014, the company introduced its Tea Granita beverage in two flavors, Pear Berry and Passion Fruit.
CBTL single-serve system
CBTL, a single-serve system for home use, was launched in the United States, Singapore, Malaysia, South Korea, and the Philippines in 2010. Several types of single-serve capsules are available for the machines: espresso, coffee, tea, and hot chocolate.
Kosher and halal
All Coffee Bean coffees, teas, and the powders used to make other beverages, are certified kosher. As of June 2020, Coffee Bean ended its storewide kosher-only certification for stores and bakery items in Southern California. Storewide kosher certification was ended for Coffee Bean locations in the Las Vegas area months earlier. While Coffee Bean had planned to move away from kosher-only certification to provide more offerings as a phased rollout before the COVID-19 pandemic, the company said the crisis accelerated its plan.
Prior to June 2020, all company-owned locations in Southern California were certified kosher. During that time, most in California and Nevada had signed and dated certificates indicating that the entirety of their items were kosher in conformance to the standards of the certifying agency, the Kosher Supervision of America. Even before June 2020, privately owned franchise stores could opt-out of kosher certification.
All the company's locations in Singapore and Malaysia are halal.
Locations
, the chain is present in 32 countries, with new stores opened in Japan on May 26, 2015, and in Panama on June 17, 2015.
Partnerships
On 5 September 2012, Nokia announced a deal with the chain to offer wireless charging facilities in its cafés. On May 28, 2013, Hilton Worldwide announced they had signed an exclusive agreement for Coffee Bean to provide in-room coffee and tea for all Hilton hotels in North America, South America, and Central America.
Green Mountain Coffee Roasters announced on May 29, 2013, that they had partnered with Coffee Bean to create a K-Cup for Keurig single-cup brewing systems, available in the US as of 2014.
On August 24, 2015, the firm announced they had signed an exclusive area development agreement with South Korean retail conglomerate E-LAND to enter into the Chinese market. On July 21, 2020, the Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf entered into a partnership with fast casual chain Smashburger (also owned by Jollibee Foods Corporation), and began incorporating Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf products into their menu.
Controversies
2012: Bathroom spycam scandal
A popular coffee shop chain was under fire for how it addressed repeated discoveries of a bathroom peeping Tom at a couple of its stores, according to a lawsuit filed in Los Angeles Superior Court.
According to Courthouse News, lead plaintiff Roderick Smith discovered the first spy camera nestled in the u-bend of the sink in an Encino, California, Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf store in October 2011. Smith said after he noticed the device inside the bathroom's unisex facilities, he immediately told management at the shop but was told the camera looked more like a flash drive, according to Smith's attorney Brian Kabateck.
In a statement obtained by CBS Los Angeles, the company said: “We believe that our cooperation helped lead to the arrest of the suspect. In light of the pending litigation surrounding this matter, we are unable to comment further at this time.”
2019: Political gaffe in SAF Day discount promotional artwork
The Singapore chain of Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf has apologized for a blunder in its original promotional artwork to mark SAF Day, which featured a soldier in uniform. However, the soldier did not appear to be from the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). The chain pulled the promotion from its Facebook page shortly after and issued an apology for the mistake. It said: "Our SAF Day Celebration artwork that went out earlier was incorrect. We sincerely apologize for the mistake. Thank you very much for your comments and kind understanding."
A few hours later, Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf shared a new promotional artwork on Facebook that featured an ice-blended drink, instead of a soldier. While some social media users defended the coffee chain, there was still some backlash from others.
Animal cruelty allegations
2018: The backlash from #CatsofBGC controversy
After the news hit that the friendly neighborhood felines of One Bonifacio High Street suddenly disappeared, rumors began to circulate that the adjacent hotel had hired a pest control company called Pestbusters to get rid of them. The angry people of the Internet discovered that The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf is part of the Table Group, which also runs Pestbusters, the pest control company that “dealt with” the cats. The coffee chain has been implicated by association and is now being disavowed by its patrons.
The Facebook page called Rats of BGC was set up, with an event called "Hanapan ng Pusa sa Shangri-la," with the goal of pointing out that the hotel will rue their decision to get rid of the cats when the rats start pouring in.
2022: Caged eggs in CBTL’s global supply chain
CBTL has been facing negative publicity for its usage of battery-cage eggs in the food it provides in its locations across the globe. Due to the cruel conditions on those farms, as well as the health risks associated with eggs produced in battery cages, the European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC banned caged farms back in 2012.
See also
List of coffeehouse chains
References
External links
Coffeehouses and cafés in the United States
Food and drink companies based in Los Angeles
Restaurants established in 1963
1963 establishments in California
Jollibee Foods Corporation subsidiaries
American subsidiaries of foreign companies
2019 mergers and acquisitions |
"Reunited" is the first episode of the fourth season of the American mockumentary comedy horror television series What We Do in the Shadows, set in the franchise of the same name. It is the 31st overall episode of the series and was written by executive producer Stefani Robinson and executive producer Paul Simms, and directed by co-executive producer Yana Gorskaya. It was released on FX on July 12, 2022, airing back-to-back with the follow-up episode, "The Lamp".
The series is set in Staten Island, New York City. Like the 2014 film, the series follows the lives of vampires in the city. These consist of three vampires, Nandor, Laszlo, and Nadja. They live alongside Colin Robinson, an energy vampire; and Guillermo, Nandor's familiar. The series explores the absurdity and misfortunes experienced by the vampires. In the episode, the vampires return to the house, discovering what Laszlo was hiding.
According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.504 million household viewers and gained a 0.18 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received extremely positive reviews from critics, who praised the humor, tone, performances and set-up.
Plot
One year later, the documentary crew return to the vampire house. They encounter Laszlo (Matt Berry), who has been taking care of baby Colin Robinson (Mark Proksch), referring to him as "boy." The boy has grown in size, although Laszlo still cannot call him Colin Robinson as he does not really see him in the boy's face. Laszlo has been training the boy, in order to avoid him from becoming an energy vampire like Colin Robinson.
Laszlo is surprised when Nandor (Kayvan Novak) and Nadja (Natasia Demetriou) return. Nadja is angry at having abandoned her for their planned journey to England, while Nandor visited the country before going back to Al-Quolanudar. They find that due to Laszlo's recklessness, the house is falling apart due to a gas leak. When Laszlo mentions a noise coming from a crate, Nadja remembers that she sent Guillermo (Harvey Guillén) back in the crate, where he has been locked for one week. Guillermo is angry at his treatment, and considers leaving the vampires behind. However, Nandor asks him to be his best man at his upcoming wedding, despite not having found a bride yet, and Guillermo accepts it. Guillermo is also shocked at Laszlo's treatment of Baby Colin, prompting him to stay to ensure the boy's safety.
As Colin Robinson paid the bills, the house's services are falling. Unable to access Colin Robinson's account, Nadja comes up with the idea of opening a vampire nightclub to raise money, something that she has wanted to do for years. They inform the plans to the Guide (Kristen Schaal), also telling her they will open the nightclub at their Vampiric Council headquarters, much to her chagrin.
Production
Development
In June 2022, FX confirmed that the first episode of the season would be titled "Reunited", and that it would be written by executive producer Stefani Robinson and executive producer Paul Simms, and directed by co-executive producer Yana Gorskaya. This was Robinson's eighth writing credit, Simms' eighth writing credit, and Gorskaya's ninth directing credit.
Reception
Viewers
In its original American broadcast, "Reunited" was seen by an estimated 0.504 million household viewers with a 0.18 in the 18-49 demographics. This means that 0.18 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 34% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.375 million household viewers with a 0.15 in the 18-49 demographics.
Critical reviews
"Reunited" received extremely positive reviews from critics. William Hughes of The A.V. Club gave the episode an "A–" grade and wrote, "The times change. The fashions change. But these assholes? And yet! While the 'One year later' chyron — which kicks off the season four return to one of TV's most energetic and hilarious sitcoms — obviously matters less to Nandor, Nadja, and Laszlo than it might to the rest of us (including poor, twice-shipped-in-a-crate Guillermo), there's still a sense of the status quo getting shook with 'Reunited,' in ways both big and small."
Katie Rife of Vulture gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "As What We Do in the Shadows settles back in for a new season, the challenge for the characters will be for each of them to take off their blinders and see how their personal obsessions are hurting the ones they love. They'll probably realize this messily and far too late, but that's part of the fun, right? As for the show itself, it'll be interesting to see what happens when it revisits premises it's explored before. Sticking with character development and goofy shit paid off handsomely in season three, so as long as the writing stays sharp, everything should be all right." Tony Sokol of Den of Geek gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "'Reunion' is a welcome return. The jokes and action move at a fast pace, and surreal absurdity abounds. The password sequence may be classic TV comedy material, but it is definitely an early clue to a new distraction."
Melody McCune of Telltale TV gave the episode a 4.5 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "Nadja and Laszlo's deliciously dirty sex scenes in 'Reunited' are hysterical, proving this series excels at physical comedy alongside other comedic formats. Who wouldn't pine for a love like theirs?" Alejandra Bodden of Bleeding Cool gave the episode a 8.5 out of 10 rating and wrote, "This was a fantastic start to What We Do in the Shadows Season 4, with two strong outings that just felt right... like time has not passed."
References
External links
2022 American television episodes
What We Do in the Shadows (season 4) episodes
Television episodes directed by Yana Gorskaya
Television episodes written by Stefani Robinson
Television episodes written by Paul Simms |
The Brătianu family is a Romanian noble family, whose members were prominent politicians and founders of the National Liberal Party (PNL).
Notable members
Dincă Brătianu (1768–1844), Romanian nobleman
Ion Brătianu (1821–1891), PNL president, 1875–1891; Interior Minister, 1867, 1867–1868, 1877–1878, 1878–1879, 1882, 1884–1887; President of the Assembly of Deputies, 1868–1869; Prime Minister, 1876–1888, with a brief interruption in 1881
Dimitrie Brătianu (1818–1892), PLD president, 1885–1890; PNL president, 1891–1892; Foreign Affairs Minister, 1859; Interior Minister, 1860; Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister, 1881; President of the Assembly of Deputies, 1881–1882
Elisa Brătianu (née Princess Elisa Știrbei, daughter of Prince Alexandru B. Știrbei) (1870–1957) central figure in Romanian politics and cultural preservation from 1907 to 1948. Was a participant in the Inter-Allied Women's Conference presentation to the League of Nations in 1919.
Ion I. C. Brătianu (1864–1927), PNL president, 1909–1927; Interior Minister, 1907–1909, 1910, 1923–1926; Foreign Affairs Minister, 1916–1918, 1918–1919, 1927; Prime Minister, 1908–1910, 1914–1918, 1918–1919, 1922–1926, 1927
Dinu Brătianu (1866–1950), PNL president, 1934–1947; died at Sighet Prison
Vintilă Brătianu (1867–1930), PNL president, 1927–1930; Prime Minister, 1927–1928
Constantin C. (Bebe) Brătianu (1887–1956), PNL General Secretary, 1938–1947
Gheorghe I. Brătianu (1898–1953), president of the National Liberal Party-Brătianu, 1930–1938; died at Sighet Prison
(1914–1994), president of the Liberal Party 1993, 1993–1994
References |
Oom Yung Doe (음양도; 陰陽道) is a line of Korean martial arts schools founded by John C. Kim (Grandmaster "Iron" Kim). In addition to teaching a broad range of physical movements and self-defense, the training also incorporates meditation, philosophy, and the use of herbal formulas and equipment. Some students describe substantial benefits including self-defense skills, mental and physical health, and improvements in conditions such as asthma, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and blood pressure. Critics, however, accuse the school's founder and instructors of unethical behavior, charging large fees, and pressuring students to commit to long-term contracts. Beginning in the late 1980s, several TV and newspaper reports publicized these accusations, and described the school as a "cult." Kim and four of the organization's instructors were found guilty of conspiracy to commit tax fraud in 1995. Despite those issues, certain benefits of the training such as increased lung capacity and the healing of treatment-resistant back pain have been demonstrated to be effective in clinical settings; and there have also been several news reports publicizing some of the benefits described by the students.
Lineage and history of Oom Yung Doe
Oom Yung Doe represents itself as a synthesis of several martial arts styles, but primarily a line of traditional Chinese martial arts known as Yin Yang Dao ("Oom Yung" is Korean for "Yin Yang"). While the early history of Yin Yang Doe is not provided in detail, Oom Yung Doe literature describes a legend indicating that the first generation Grandmaster in this line was an individual named "Bagwa" who developed the style of martial arts known as Bagwa or Bāguàzhǎng (all this despite the fact that "bagwa" [八卦 - hanja representing the eight divinatory trigrams] is pronounced "palgwe" [팔괘] in Korean). The legend holds that Bagwa was born in a remote province of China around 1,500 years ago and taught his unique style of martial arts to the military, royalty, and prominent citizens. No information is reported with regard to the second through sixth generation grandmasters; however, Thomas White, a practitioner of Moo Doe martial arts, lists the seventh generation Grandmaster as "Wang Po."
White reports that Grandmaster "Iron" Kim received the title of Grandmaster in 1974.
Kim emigrated to the United States in the early 1970s, and opened his first American school of martial arts in 1973, teaching Kong Su in Westmont, IL. In 1976, John C. Kim began operating a line of martial arts schools called "Chung Moo Quan" (충무권), teaching the same 8 martial arts styles that are taught in modern Oom Yung Doe schools. "Chung Moo Quan" was effectively renamed to "Chung Moo Doe" (충무도) in 1989, and again to "Oom Yung Doe" in 1999; the instructor corps and training techniques for the three schools have been similar, and they have all been headed by John C. Kim.
Training
Oom Yung Doe practitioners describe the techniques taught within the school as "moo doe." Moo doe is generally translated as "martial arts," but within the school the original term is used to contrast Oom Yung Doe's techniques against "common martial arts" or "fabricated movement" which is more commonly taught in the United States. In common martial arts, students learn "general sequences of movements; movements that are basically the same for everyone. In this case the student/practitioner can truly only 'copy' the movement and cannot truly absorb and make it 'one' with their mind and body."
In contrast, moo doe movement / technique must match the individual. Each person is unique and therefore needs training that matches by them. The main line of Oom Yung Doe training is directed by a traditional master (not a school instructor, but a 9th degree international master who is required to clearly demonstrate their skill and ability). Because the master is able to "fit" the movement to the individual, each student/practitioner can fully absorb the movement.
Training is adjusted to fit the individual student, allowing even older individuals or individuals with injuries or conditions such as arthritis to participate. In fact, instructors claim (and some students have reported) that Oom Yung Doe training can help older or disabled individuals dramatically improve their condition.
Some of the main goals of practicing moo doe are said to be:
To develop skill and ability (speed, strength, timing, flexibility, and coordination)
To bring the mind, body, and movement together as one
To bring full balance to the mind and body for increased health
To develop strong self-defense capabilities
8 Martial Arts
Oom Yung Doe schools claim to train in eight different martial arts taught as one. These are listed as the following eight styles of martial arts:
Hap Ki Do / Ai Ki Do
Kong Su / Tae Kwon Do
Udo / Ju Jitsu
Kom Do / Samurai
Kung Fu
Tai Chi
Bagwa Chung
Ship Pal Gae
Tournaments
Movement taught by a master is often demonstrated in a tournament. In tournaments, practitioners demonstrate movement and self-defense ability, and are judged based on:
Strength
Correctly connecting movements
Speed
Coordination
Balance
Accuracy
Focus (eyes)
Top body movement
Middle body movement
Lower body movement
Acupressure and herbal equipment
Herbal formulas and acupressure points are an essential part of Oom Yung Doe practice. Herbal formulas used by practitioners are said to improve circulation and remove toxins from the body, and some movements taught within the school are designed to stimulate internal pressure points (similar to acupuncture).
Some critics have contended that the herbal equipment used in Oom Yung Doe represents little more than an additional revenue stream for the school. During an investigation for a news program, Steve Given and Allen Sayigh (respectively the dean of the School of Oriental Medicine and manager of the Chinese Herb Dispensary at Bastyr University) examined a set of dry herbal equipment sold for fifty dollars and concluded that "The entire bag couldn't be worth more than a couple dollars."
Medical benefits
Oom Yung Doe has been represented as a way to build health and longevity; students and instructors report increased physical health as a major benefit of Oom Yung Doe practice. Students report benefits such as strength, flexibility, increased energy level, and a general sense of well-being, as well as improvements in conditions such as asthma and diabetes. One study published in the Journal of Asian Martial Arts found that students practicing qi gong techniques taught within the school had significantly better lung capacity than the general population (20-25% greater for students 35 years and younger, and 30-45% greater for older students).
The school also teaches techniques designed to repair damage to the body. A retrospective study of 58 patients with herniated disks who had been treated by the school indicated significant improvement:
After 120 days, 90% of the patients had been completely free of back pain for 2 weeks; another 4% of patients had partial relief. These patients all had complete resolution of pain after 140-160 days of therapy.
All patients who had taken leave from work were able to return.
Uniforms and ranking
Beginning Oom Yung Doe practitioners are ranked into "sections" until reaching first degree black belt. Beginning students receive a white belt, sections of which are dyed black at each promotion until the rank of first degree black belt is achieved, at which point the entire belt is black. Higher-level instructors have a gold belt as part of their uniform trim, although their rank continues to be that of "nth degree black belt".
Oom Yung Doe instructors are likewise promoted through a series of instructor positions. Rank generally indicates skill and ability, while position generally indicates a practitioner's involvement with teaching. The two are independent, although there's a typical correspondence between them as indicated on the chart on the right.
All Oom Yung Doe practitioners wear standardized uniforms while practicing in the school. Students and beginning instructors wear white uniforms, and main instructors and higher-level practitioners wear black uniforms. Practitioners at 3rd degree black belt and below wear Korean-style uniforms similar to Karategi. 4th degree black belts and above wear Chinese-style ("Kung Fu") uniforms which button together at the front (similar to a button-down shirt).
Legal Proceedings
1989: Allegations of violating the Consumer Fraud Act in Illinois
In 1989, the Attorney General for the State of Illinois filed charges against the school. What was alleged in this complaint was that John C. Kim and five other instructors “violated the Consumer Fraud Act....by inducing Illinois consumers, through fraud, coercion and breach of fiduciary duty, to pay sums of money in excess of $2,500.00 per year for physical fitness services, failing to give consumers copies of contracts signed for these services, failing to notify consumers of their three day right to cancel said contracts, and coercing consumers into signing contracts for increasingly expensive courses...”. This began a legal battle which continued until 1994, when the case was ended without trial—the parties entered into a consent decree in which the defendants did not admit wrongdoing or misconduct, but did agree to abide by the laws governing businesses associated with physical fitness, and did pay $4,000 to the State Project and Court Ordered Distribution Fund for Consumer Enforcement and Education.
1995: Conviction for tax conspiracy
In April 1995, Kim and thirteen other instructors were arraigned to federal court for conspiracy to defraud the United States IRS. In contrast to the crime of tax fraud (which requires an "overt act" of fraud), the charge of conspiracy requires only that defendants had discussed or planned activities which, if carried out, would have been fraudulent. Kim and four other defendants were found guilty of conspiracy on December 6, 1996. The court estimated that the conspiracy withheld or planned to withhold $2,172,800.00 in taxes. The four defendants were sentenced to five years in prison and Kim was fined $2,550.00 and sentenced to five years in prison. He was released on April 13, 2001.
Other Controversies
Media reports and critics of the school have at various times accused the schools of unethical behavior and of exaggerated claims of the value of the training.
Kim's claims of achievement
John C. Kim claims to have competed in and won the All Asia Championship (Chung Dong Yang Moo Sul Yun Moo Dae Hwey) in 1956 in the Cho Leung area of Pusan. Internal Oom Yung Doe literature lists Wang Po as the sponsor of the tournament, and Yang Chou Fai, Wang Sei Kau, and Hwan Byung Quan as the presiding judges. Also said to be in attendance were Mok Jing Quan, Chae Jung Su, Park Hyun Su, Yu Gee Han, Chil Sung, and Park Yung-Gil. This claim has attracted criticism. Nam Tae Hi, one of the founders of modern Taekwondo who ran a competing school in Chicago at the time, made a statement to a reporter investigating Kim's claims indicating that becoming champion of all Asia in the 1950s was "Not possible."
Another achievement claimed by Kim is a technique he refers to as "Kyong Gong Sul Bope" (경공술법 or flying side kick) which he claims to have demonstrated by jumping from the equivalent of an 11-story building. While in the U.S. in 1972, Kim claims to have again performed the Kyong Gong Sul Bope movement by jumping from the equivalent of an 8-story building and landing without injury on a sloped surface.
Some critics accuse Kim of falsifying these claims and promoting outlandish legends of his abilities.
Cost of Training
Critics have charged that the school's training is overpriced and that students are pressured to pay exorbitant amounts of money for additional courses or seminars of questionable value. Even some critics of the school, however, acknowledge that the rigorous training includes valuable self-defense skills, and students report further benefits such as greatly improved health and even recovery from injury and illness. One student described the training as "like paying for therapy and personal trainers and a gym and all of that stuff rolled into one", and another said that Oom Yung Doe charges "twice what other [schools] charge. But what they teach there is 10 times more than what they teach at other schools."
References
External links
Hybrid martial arts
North American martial arts
Articles containing video clips |
This is the discography of Canadian singer-songwriter Alannah Myles.
Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
EPs
Singles
Guest appearances
"Give Peace a Chance" (1991 charity single as part of Peace Choir)
"Don't Give Up" (duet with Saga, released as a B-side to the latter's 2001 single "Money Talks")
"Try to Live Again" and "I'll Remember You" (both duets with Joe Lynn Turner, from the 2001 Nikolo Kotzev rock opera Nostradamus.
"I Can't Stand the Rain" (with Jeff Healey, from the 2006 album MTM Music – 10th Anniversary)
"Back & Forth" (backing vocals, from Tiles' 2008 album Fly Paper)
"We Got It All" (duet with Kee Marcello, from the latter's 2011 Redux: Melon Demon Divine)
References
Discographies of Canadian artists
Rock music discographies
Pop music discographies |
Sandro Altunashvili (; born 19 May 1997) is a Georgian football player who plays as a midfielder for Austrian club Wolfsberger AC.
He is the two-time winner of Erovnuli Liga. Altunashvili has also won Georgian Cup once and Super Cup twice. Individually, he has been twice recognized as the Erovnuli Liga Midfielder of the Year and three times named in Team of the Season.
Club career
Altunashvili started his career at second-division club Saburtalo in 2014. He was a regular player of the team that first gained promotion, gradually established itself and started winning trophies in Erovnuli Liga. His club secured the league title in 2018. A year later Altunashvili lifted the national Cup as well. This season he was selected in Team of the Year for the first time.
In early 2021, Altunashvili moved to Dinamo Batumi on a two-year deal. For two consecutive years he won a nomination for the best midfielder of the league, drawing interest from the national team.
In June 2023, he left his native Georgia to join Austrian Bundesliga club Wolfsberger AC on a two-year contract with the option for a further year.
International career
He made his debut for the Georgia national football team on 5 September 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Spain, a 0–4 away loss. He substituted Giorgi Aburjania in the 69th minute.
Statistics
Honours
Team
Erovnuli Liga (2): 2018, 2021
Georgian Cup (1): 2019
Georgian Super Cup (2): 2020, 2022
Individual
Erovnuli Liga Midfielder of the Year (2): 2021, 2022
References
External links
1997 births
Footballers from Tbilisi
Living people
Men's footballers from Georgia (country)
Georgia (country) men's youth international footballers
Georgia (country) men's under-21 international footballers
Georgia (country) men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Saburtalo Tbilisi players
FC Dinamo Batumi players
Wolfsberger AC players
Erovnuli Liga players
Expatriate men's footballers from Georgia (country)
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Expatriate sportspeople from Georgia (country) in Austria |
Tibetan Freedom Concert was a series of rock concerts between 1996 and 2001 to support the cause of Tibetan independence. This album covers the 1997 concert held in New York City. The album was recorded and produced by Pat McCarthy and Sylvia Massy, and mixed in New York City at Greene Street Studios.
Track listing
Disc 1
Opening prayers – Tibetan monks
"Ground On Down" – Ben Harper
"Blues Explosion Man" – The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion
"Om Mani Padme Hung" – Yungchen Lhamo
"About a Boy" – Patti Smith
"Fake Plastic Trees" – Radiohead
"Oh My God" – A Tribe Called Quest
"One" – U2
"Cast No Shadow" – Noel Gallagher
"Wildflower" – Sonic Youth
"Meija" – Porno for Pyros
"The Celebration" – Nawang Khechog
"This Is a Call" – Foo Fighters
"The Bridge Is Over/Black Cop/South Bronx Medley" – KRS-One
"Star Spangled Banner/Nobody Beats the Biz" – Biz Markie
Closing prayers – Tibetan monks
Disc 2
Opening prayers – Tibetan monks
"Yellow Ledbetter" – Eddie Vedder & Mike McCready
"Noise Brigade" – The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
"Type Slowly" – Pavement
"Gyi Ma Gyi" – Dadon
"Heads of Government" – Lee "Scratch" Perry
"She Caught the Katy" – Taj Mahal & The Phantom Blues Band
"Beetlebum" – Blur
"Electrolite" – Mike Mills and Michael Stipe
"Ajo Sotop" – Chaksam-pa
"Wake Up" – Alanis Morissette
"Hyper-Ballad" – Björk
"The Harder They Come" – Rancid
"Root Down" – Beastie Boys
"Closing prayers" – Tibetan monks
Disc 3
"Birthday Cake" – Cibo Matto
"Asshole" – Beck
"Me, Myself & I" – De La Soul
"Fu-Gee-La" – The Fugees
"Bulls on Parade" – Rage Against the Machine
References
Collaborative albums
Charity albums
1997 live albums
1997 compilation albums
Capitol Records compilation albums
Capitol Records live albums
Politics of Tibet |
```html
<!-- Toolbar -->
<div class="toolbar" role="banner">
<img width="40" alt="Openvidu Logo" src="assets/images/openvidu_globe.png" />
<span>{{ title }}</span>
<div class="spacer"></div>
<a aria-label="OpenVidu on twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="path_to_url" title="Twitter">
<svg id="twitter-logo" height="24" data-name="Logo" xmlns="path_to_url" viewBox="0 0 400 400">
<rect width="400" height="400" fill="none" />
<path
d="M153.62,301.59c94.34,0,145.94-78.16,145.94-145.94,0-2.22,0-4.43-.15-6.63A104.36,104.36,0,0,0,325,122.47a102.38,102.38,0,0,1-29.46,8.07,51.47,51.47,0,0,0,22.55-28.37,102.79,102.79,0,0,1-32.57,12.45,51.34,51.34,0,0,0-87.41,46.78A145.62,145.62,0,0,1,92.4,107.81a51.33,51.33,0,0,0,15.88,68.47A50.91,50.91,0,0,1,85,169.86c0,.21,0,.43,0,.65a51.31,51.31,0,0,0,41.15,50.28,51.21,51.21,0,0,1-23.16.88,51.35,51.35,0,0,0,47.92,35.62,102.92,102.92,0,0,1-63.7,22A104.41,104.41,0,0,1,75,278.55a145.21,145.21,0,0,0,78.62,23"
fill="#fff"
/>
</svg>
</a>
</div>
<div class="content" role="main" style="height: 100%">
<div class="dashboard-section">
<div id="call-app">
<h2>OpenVidu Call APP</h2>
<p>
Test the OpenVidu Call app using <b>{{ title }}</b
>:
</p>
<div class="card-container">
<a id="call-app-btn" class="card" (click)="goTo('call')">
<span>OpenVidu Call APP</span>
<svg class="material-icons" xmlns="path_to_url" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
<path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" />
</svg>
</a>
<a id="call-admin-dashboard-btn" class="card" (click)="goTo('admin')">
<span>Admin Dashboard</span>
<svg class="material-icons" xmlns="path_to_url" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
<path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" />
</svg>
</a>
</div>
<div>
<mat-checkbox id="static-videos" (change)="staticVideosChanged($event.checked)">
Enable static videos
</mat-checkbox>
<mat-icon matTooltip="Enable or disable static videos with the aim of taking website screenshots">info</mat-icon>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="dashboard-section">
<div id="testing-app">
<h2>Testing APP</h2>
<p>App for automated testing of openvidu-components-angular</p>
<input type="hidden" #selection />
<div class="card-container">
<a class="card" id="testing-app-btn" (click)="goTo('testing')">
<span>Testing App</span>
<svg class="material-icons" xmlns="path_to_url" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
<path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" />
</svg>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
``` |
The 1982 South American Jaguars rugby union tour of South Africa was a series of seven matches played by the South American Jaguars rugby union team in South Africa in March and April 1982. The South American team won six of their tour matches, suffering only a single defeat to the South Africa national rugby union team. The South American team's 21-12 victory over South Africa in the second international was a major shock and described by Rothmans Rugby Yearbook as "a phenomenon of international rugby".
The touring team comprised 42 players, including some from the Chile national rugby union team, Uruguay national rugby union team and Paraguay national rugby union team but the players who took part in the two international fixtures were drawn entirely from the Argentina national rugby union team and were described as "effectively the Pumas".
The matches
Touring party
Manager: O. C. Martinez-Bassante
Assistant managers: W. G. Davies, R. F. O'Reilly
Captain: Hugo Porta
References
Sources
South America rugby union tour
South American Jaguars rugby union tour
South American Jaguars rugby union tour
South American Jaguars rugby union tours
Rugby union tours of South Africa
tour
tour
Rugby union and apartheid |
The Travancore Legislative Council was the governing body of the Travancore princely state from 1888 to 1932. This legislature was the first opportunity in post-medieval India for non-royal natives to interfere, at least to some extent, with the sovereignty of princely states or imperial powers. Shri Moolam Tirunal Rama Varma, the Maharaja (King) of Travancore, is considered as the first Indian ruler to implement the concept of public participation in governance through the formation of this council. After passing through many stages of evolution, this assembly later became the basic framework of the Kerala Legislature and is considered to became the core of the legislative system of Kerala itself, which became a state in independent India.
Formation
The Travancore Legislative Council came into existence on 30 March 1888 through an order issued by Maharaja Shri Moolam Tirunal. The proclamation stipulated a committee of eight members, including not less than two non-official members, for a term of three years. On 23 August 1888, in the first meeting chaired by the then Dewan T. Ram Rao himself, there were five official members and three non-official members. The council was chaired by the Diwan. Provision was made to appoint a vice-chairman temporarily in his absence.
Objectives
Such a council was formed for the first time among the six hundred princely states that existed in India. The role of the council was to advise the king and his staff on legislation. The rules framed by the committee came into force after receiving the approval of the King. The King himself had the final authority to enact such laws. The council had no authority to check whether the said laws were being effectively implemented or to take any further action. But even with those limitations, the Travancore Legislative Council is considered now as a first step towards a democratic process involving the public.
Development and evolution
At the same time as the formation of the council, important historical changes were also taking place in Travancore in the community and social sphere. It was in the same year that Sree Narayanaguru performed Shiva pratishtha at Aruvipuram. In 1891, a huge petition signed by about ten thousand people was presented to the Maharaja. Known as the Malayali Memorial or the Travancore Memorial, this massive petition protested against the policy of considering only foreign Brahmins, mainly from Tamil Nadu in government service and demanded that the common people also get representation in government jobs. Indian National Congress leader G. P Pillai, historian C.V. Ramanpilla, KP Shankaramenon and other social reformers like Palpu and youths of different castes and religions were behind this petition. The Tamil Brahmin community, not amused by the presentation of the Malayali memorial, soon submitted a counter-memorial to the king, refuting all its arguments.
During this time, Swami Vivekananda, who visited Kerala, had heard from Palpu about the customs of untouchability in Kerala. Vivekananda suggested Palpu to unite the community under a real ascetic as a solution to the problems experienced by the Ezhava community. Along with this, in May 1895, Dr. Palpu himself submitted a petition to Dewan Shankarasubbayar. Also, in September 1896, a huge petition signed by 13176 members of the Ezhava community was also presented to the Maharaja under his leadership. The petition was known as Ezhava Memorial Petition.
Swami Vivekananda, who came to Kerala for his second visit, started efforts to bring the caste problem in Kerala to the attention of the British Parliament. As the customs and caste system that existed in Kerala became a serious topic of discussion in the British Parliament, the Kingdom of Travancore was forced to find some solution in this regard. As a result, Kumaranashan, Ayyankali and others were nominated to the council. In 1919 a significant change took place in the Legislative Council. The membership of the council was increased to 25, giving more representation, power and responsibilities to the people. A provision was made to appoint three of the 11 non-official members by nomination and the remaining eight by direct election of the people. Firstly, the committee members had an opportunity to discuss the annual budget and ask questions. A maximum of three questions per person was fixed in one session. Also, members had no right to ask sub-questions or move motions. Later, after the amendments of 1922, these rights were also granted.
In October 1921, the council was again developed and the new composition was 22 nominees out of 50 and 7 non-officials. Only those who paid Rs.5 as land tax or labor tax and graduates got the right to vote for members.
In 1922, women were allowed to vote and be elected. With this doctor Mary Poonen Lukose became the first woman to be nominated to any legislative assembly in India.Elections to the council were held on 22 April 1922, 14 May 1925, 27–28 May 1928 and 20, 23 May 1931. It was during this jurisdiction that the Nair Regulation of 1925 and the Ezhava Regulation were passed.
In 1930 the council's powers were once again extended. With this, the council got full freedom of expression.
The regulation issued by Srichitra Tirunal Maharaja on 28 October 1932 led to the complete dismantling of the existing legislative system. It was decided that the Praja Sabha and the Legislative Council should function as two chambers of the legislature. With that, the Travancore Legislative Council was abolished and replaced by an Upper House called the Srichithira State Council as part of the new bicameral system.
See also
Cochin Legislative Council
References
History of Thiruvananthapuram
Kingdom of Travancore
1888 establishments in India
Legislatures in Indian princely states |
The Eternal leaders of North Korea, officially the Eternal leaders of Juche Korea, refers to the practice of granting posthumous titles to deceased leaders of North Korea. The official title was established by a line in the preamble to the Constitution, as amended on 30 June 2016, and in subsequent revisions.
It reads (in the original version):
History of the title
Presidency of North Korea before 1994
The post of "President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" was established in the Constitution of North Korea in 1972. Until then, Kim Il Sung held the posts of premier and general secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea.
In 1972, the presidency was established, and Kim Il Sung was elected to the position by the Supreme People's Assembly, the North Korean legislature, on 28 December 1972. Kim served as president until 1994 when he died, and the position was left vacant and his son and successor Kim Jong Il was not given the title.
"Eternal President"
The revised constitution in 1998 abolished the presidency and declared Kim Il Sung "eternal President".
The preamble of the Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea as amended on 5 September 1998 reads:
The president was the de jure head of state of North Korea, but whose powers were exercised by the "sacred leader" of the nation's state ideology called Juche. According to Ashley J. Tellis and Michael Wills, this amendment to the preamble was an indication of the unique North Korean characteristic of being a theocratic state based on the personality cult surrounding Kim Il-sung. In addition, North Korea adopted a Juche calendar dating from 1912, the year of Kim Il Sung's birth.
The 2012 Constitution once again referred to Kim Il Sung as the "eternal President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea".
"Eternal General Secretary" / "Eternal Chairman"
After the death of Kim Jong Il, the constitution was amended in 2012, declaring him Eternal General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission. The title of party leader was changed to "first secretary", although in 2021 it was renamed "General Secretary".
In 2016, the title "eternal leaders of Juche Korea" was introduced by amending the preamble of the constitution, which was given to Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il.
Head of state role in North Korea after the deaths of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il
The functions and powers previously belonging to the president were divided between numerous officials: the premier of North Korea; the chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly, chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly; and the head of the military, the chairman of the National Defence Commission (replaced by State Affairs Commission of North Korea in 2016) and supreme commander of the Korean People's Army. These positions are currently held by Kim Tok-hun, Choe Ryong-hae, and Kim Jong Un respectively.
See also
Death and state funeral of Kim Il Sung
Death and state funeral of Kim Jong Il
Absolute monarchy
Imperial cult
Kim dynasty (North Korea)
Kim Il Sung bibliography
List of things named after Kim Il Sung
North Korean cult of personality
Political religion
President for Life
Propaganda in North Korea
Sacred king
Vice President of North Korea
References
Bibliography
1998 in North Korea
Government of North Korea
Kim Il Sung
Kim Jong Il
Posthumous awards |
"Stay (Wasting Time)" is a song by Dave Matthews Band, released as the second single off their album Before These Crowded Streets. As a single, it reached #8 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, #33 on Top 40 Mainstream, and #20 on the Adult 40. The song features The Lovely Ladies (Tawatha Agee, Cindy Myzell, and Brenda White King) on background vocals.
The song was used by the Virginia Tourism Corporation for a 2005 television commercial. It was also featured in the 2007 film The Kingdom.
Track listing
"Stay (Wasting Time)" (Remix Edit) — 4:34
"Stay (Wasting Time)" (Album Edit) — 4:34
"Stay (Wasting Time)" (Album Version) — 5:36
Australian Version
"Stay (Wasting Time)" (Edit) - 2:55
"Stay (Wasting Time)" (Album Edit) - 4:30
"Lover Lay Down" - 6:22
Live releases
A live performance of "Stay (Wasting Time)" is featured on the following albums:
Listener Supported
Live in Chicago 12.19.98
Live at Folsom Field, Boulder, Colorado
The Central Park Concert
Live Trax Vol. 1
Live Trax Vol. 2
Live Trax Vol. 6
The Best of What's Around Vol. 1
Live Trax Vol. 9
Live Trax Vol. 10
Live at Piedmont Park
Live at Mile High Music Festival
Charts
References
1998 singles
Dave Matthews Band songs
Songs written by Dave Matthews
Song recordings produced by Steve Lillywhite
1998 songs
RCA Records singles
Songs written by Stefan Lessard
Songs written by LeRoi Moore |
Company Quartermaster Havildar Abdul Hamid Idrisi (1 July 1933 – 10 September 1965), was an Indian Army soldier. He was posthumously given India's highest military decoration, the Param Vir Chakra, for his actions during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
Hamid joined the army in December 1954, and was posted to the 4th Battalion of the Grenadiers regiment. During the Sino-Indian War, his battalion participated in the battle of Namka Chu against the People's Liberation Army. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the 4 Grenadiers battalion was entrusted with a vital position before the village of Chima on the Khem Karan–Bhikhiwind line. At the Battle of Asal Uttar on 9–10 September 1965, Hamid destroyed eight Pakistani tanks and was killed destroying the ninth tank.
Early life
Abdul Hamid was born on 1 July 1933 in a village in Ghazipur district of Uttar Pradesh state. His mother was Sakina Begum and his father was Mohammad Usman, a tailor. Hamid would help his father's business by stitching clothes.
Military career
He joined the Grenadiers regiment of the Indian Army on 27 December 1954. He was later posted to the regiment's 4th Battalion (formerly the 109th Infantry), where he served for the rest of his career. He served with the battalion in Agra, Amritsar, Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, NEFA and Ramgarh.
During the Sino-Indian War of 1962, Hamid's battalion was part of the 7th Infantry Brigade commanded by Brigadier John Dalvi and participated in the Battle of Namka Chu against the People's Liberation Army. Surrounded and cut off, the battalion broke out on foot into Bhutan and on to Misamari. Second Lieutenant G. V. P. Rao was posthumously awarded the Maha Vir Chakra for his actions during the war; it was the highest gallantry award received by the battalion since Indian independence, until Hamid's commendation.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
As a prelude to Operation Gibraltar, Pakistan's strategy to infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir, and start a rebellion against Indian rule, Pakistani forces attempted a series of incursions across the Jammu and Kashmir border. From 5 to 10 August 1965, Indian troops uncovered a mass infiltration. Captured documents and prisoners revealed Pakistan's plans to capture Kashmir with a guerrilla attack were brought to light; about 30,000 guerrillas were trained by the Pakistanis for this purpose. For reasons which remain unknown, the guerrilla troops were dispersed, dissipated or destroyed and the action never took place. Haji Phir and Phir Saheba were captured by India in an attempt to eliminate the guerrilla bases, and Pakistan launched an offensive which captured Chhamb and Jourian. Indian Air Force bases in Amritsar were also attacked.
In a counter-offensive, India launched operations across the international border. The 4th Infantry Division was charged with the capture of Pakistani territory east of the Ichogil Canal and the suppression of a possible attack along the Kasur–Khem Karan axis. After reaching the canal, the division awaited a Pakistani assault. 4 Grenadiers was entrusted with a vital position before the village of Chima on the Khem Karan–Bhikhiwind line.
Battle of Asal Uttar
4 Grenadiers arrived at midnight on 7–8 September, and had dug trenches by dawn. At 7:30am they heard the first rumbles of Pakistani tanks, which straddled the road an hour and a half later. Hamid led the Jonga-mounted recoilless rifle (RCLR) detachment of his battalion. The battalion held their fire until a tank away was hit by Hamid with his RCL gun, and Pakistani soldiers in the two following tanks fled. The Indians experienced artillery shelling at 11:30am, followed by another armour attack. Hamid knocked out another tank, and the Pakistani soldiers in the following tanks again fled. By the end of the day, an engineering company had laid anti-personnel and anti-tank mines around the Grenadiers' position.
Their battalion was attacked by Pakistani Sabre jets at 9:00am on 9 September, with mass casualties. The Pakistanis made armoured attacks at 9:30, 11:30am and 2:30pm. By the evening, Hamid had knocked out four tanks. The battalion destroyed a total of 13 tanks, and many were abandoned. The Indians withdrew a squadron of Sherman tanks, which were ineffective against the US built Pakistani Patton tanks. Centurion tanks were also withdrawn to deploy them in a position more suitable for a tank battle. As a result, the 4 Grenadiers were left with only RCL guns and mines.
On 10 September at about 8:00 am the first wave of three tanks, one leading and the other two following at a distance, arrived. Hamid knocked out another tank with his RCL gun. The Pakistanis attacked again with increased artillery support at 9:00 am, and Hamid destroyed another tank. Since his open jeep was vulnerable to the shelling, he moved to another position and ordered his men to take cover. Hamid and a Pakistani tank soon spotted each other. Alone and unable to change his position, he fired at the tank as it fired at him and he was killed instantly. The battalion suppressed further attacks by the Pakistanis, and the battle was a decisive Indian victory.
Param Vir Chakra
For his actions at the Battle of Asal Uttar, Hamid was awarded the Param Vir Chakra on 10 September 1965. The official citation read:
Military decorations
Legacy
A stamp commemorating Hamid was issued by India Post on 28 January 2000 as part of a set of five stamps honouring recipients of awards for gallantry. The stamp has a bust of Hamid and an illustration of a jeep with a recoilless rifle.
Hamid's widow, Rasoolan Bibi, met Indian President Pratibha Patil in Lucknow in 2008 with requests to establish a military-recruiting center in his village, convert Hamid's home in Dullapur into a memorial, observe his death anniversary at the national level and help her grandchildren obtain government employment. Every year, there is big sports and culture fair is organized in asal uttar village on 9 September in the memory of Abdul Hamid A memorial to Hamid in his home village of Dhamupur which had fallen into disrepair was renovated in 2011 by the Flags of Honour Foundation for the 46th anniversary of his death. The renovation included a new statue of Hamid, repairs and painting of the gates and boundary, and improvements to the garden. Indian Member of Parliament Rajeev Chandrasekhar, founder of Flags of Honour, spoke on the occasion. On 10 September 2017, the 52nd anniversary of Hamid's death, then Chief of the Army Staff General Bipin Rawat unveiled a memorial in Ghazipur district. In February 2023, Adhikar Sena President Amitabh Thakur accused the Indian Government and Uttar Pradesh Government of neglecting the Dhamupur memorial.
In popular culture
The tenth episode of Param Vir Chakra, a 1988 TV series on the lives of Param Vir Chakra recipients, explored Hamid's actions on 10 September 1965. Hamid was played by Naseeruddin Shah, and the episode was directed by Chetan Anand.
Documentaries
Battle of Asal Uttar – Largest Tank Battle Since World War II (2018) is a TV documentary which premièred on Veer by Discovery Channel series, Mission & Wars.
Story of CQMH Abdul Hamid released by the Indian Army detailing the events of the battle and his death.
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
Further reading
1933 births
1965 deaths
Indian military personnel killed in action
20th-century Indian Muslims
military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
people from Ghazipur
recipients of the Param Vir Chakra |
```smalltalk
//
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
// a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
// permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
// the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
// included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
// LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
// OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
//
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Reflection;
using NUnit.Framework;
using MonoTests.System.Xaml;
using System.Windows.Markup;
#if PCL
using System.Xaml;
using System.Xaml.Schema;
#else
using System.Xaml;
using System.Xaml.Schema;
#endif
using Category = NUnit.Framework.CategoryAttribute;
namespace MonoTests.System.Windows.Markup
{
[TestFixture]
public class StaticExtensionTest
{
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithoutType ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
// it fails because it cannot be resolved to a static member.
// This possibly mean, there might be a member that
// could be resolved only with the name, without type.
x.Member = "Foo";
Assert.Throws<ArgumentException> (() => x.ProvideValue (null));
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithoutMember ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
x.MemberType = typeof (int);
Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException> (() => x.ProvideValue (null));
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueInstanceProperty ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
x.MemberType = typeof (StaticExtension);
x.Member = "MemberType"; // instance property is out of scope.
Assert.Throws<ArgumentException> (() => x.ProvideValue (null));
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueStaticProperty ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
x.MemberType = typeof (XamlLanguage);
x.Member = "Array";
Assert.AreEqual (XamlLanguage.Array, x.ProvideValue (null), "#1");
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueConst ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
x.MemberType = typeof (XamlLanguage);
x.Member = "Xaml2006Namespace";
Assert.AreEqual (XamlLanguage.Xaml2006Namespace, x.ProvideValue (null), "#1");
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValuePrivateConst ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
x.MemberType = GetType ();
x.Member = "FooBar"; // private const could not be resolved.
Assert.Throws<ArgumentException> (() => x.ProvideValue (null), "#1");
}
const string FooBar = "foobar";
[Test]
public void ProvideValueEvent ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
x.MemberType = GetType ();
x.Member = "FooEvent"; // private const could not be resolved.
Assert.Throws<ArgumentException> (() => x.ProvideValue (null), "#1");
}
#pragma warning disable 67
public static event EventHandler<EventArgs> FooEvent;
#pragma warning restore 67
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithMemberOnly()
{
const string xaml = "<x:Static xmlns:x='path_to_url xmlns:foo='clr-namespace:MonoTests.System.Xaml;assembly=System.Xaml.TestCases' Member='foo:StaticClass1.FooBar' />";
var result = XamlServices.Parse(xaml.UpdateXml());
Assert.AreEqual("test", result);
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueFromChildEnum()
{
const string xaml = "<x:Static xmlns:x='path_to_url xmlns:foo='clr-namespace:MonoTests.System.Xaml;assembly=System.Xaml.TestCases' Member='foo:StaticClass1+MyEnum.EnumValue2' />";
var result = XamlServices.Parse(xaml.UpdateXml());
Assert.AreEqual(StaticClass1.MyEnum.EnumValue2, result);
}
}
}
``` |
Robert C. T. Lee () (October 2, 1923 – May 15, 2016), was a Taiwanese veterinarian and politician.
Biography
Lee was born in Shanghai, Republic of China, with his ancestral hometown in Suzhou, Jiangsu. His brother is the physicist and Nobel Prize laureate Tsung-Dao Lee.
Lee finished his undergraduate study in Guangxi, and continued his graduate studies in the United States. He received his PhD in veterinary medicine from Cornell University in New York. Lee went back to China and became a technician in the Republic of China Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
Later on Lee went to teach in universities, and was professor of veterinary medicine at National Taiwan University and later at National Chung Hsing University. In August 1981, Lee became the President of National Chung Hsing University.
Lee was also in several important positions in Taiwan, including:
Secretary-general of the Council of Agriculture of the Executive Yuan,
May 1973, Director-general of the Council of Agriculture of the Executive Yuan,
September 1984, Commissioner of the Examination Yuan,
1989, the first Director of the College Entrance Examination Center (大學入學考試中心),
November 1989, Advisor of the Office of the President, Republic of China (中華民國總統府國策顧問),
1991, Vice-president of the Academia Sinica.
After retirement, he resided in College Station, TX until his death.
References
1923 births
2016 deaths
Chinese expatriates in the United States
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine alumni
Academic staff of the National Taiwan University
Educators from Shanghai
Taiwanese Ministers of Agriculture
Republic of China politicians from Shanghai
Presidents of universities and colleges in Taiwan
Taiwanese people from Shanghai
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
Taiwanese veterinarians
Scientists from Shanghai
Academic staff of the National Chung Hsing University
Tsung-Dao Lee |
Nifuratel (brand name Macmiror, or — in combination with nystatin, — Macmiror Complex) is a drug used in gynecology. It is a local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally. Nifuratel is not approved for use in the United States.
Nifuratel appears to have a broad antibacterial spectrum of action and is effective against Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma spp. as well as fungal infections from Candida spp.
Taken orally, or as a vaginal pessary, it is used in the treatment of a wide range of infections of the genito-urinary tract, especially if there is no accurate diagnosis available. For example, it may be used in the treatment of women exhibiting vaginal discharge where there is uncertainty as to whether the cause is Trichomonas vaginalis or Candida strains such as Candida albicans.
Side effects appear to be minimal or non-existent and it has a safe toxicological profile.
References
Thioethers
2-Oxazolidinones
Nitrofurans |
Shamli railway station is a main railway station in Shamli district, Uttar Pradesh. Its code is SMQL. It serves Shamli city. The station consists of three platforms. The platforms are not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation.
Trains
Some of the trains that runs from Shamli are :
Bikaner–Haridwar Special Fare Special
Haridwar–Ajmer Express
Saharanpur–Farukhnagar Janta Express (UP- 14545, Down- 14546)
Shamli Delhi Passenger
Shamli Delhi DEMU Passenger
Shamli Saharanpur Passenger
References
Railway stations in Shamli district
Delhi railway division
Shamli |
The International Canoe (IC) (also known as the International Ten Square Meter Sailing Canoe) is a single-handed sailing canoe whose rules are governed by the International Canoe Federation.
The boat has a narrow bow entry and a planing hull, carrying a mainsail, and a jib (sometimes self tacking). Stability is achieved with a sliding seat on which the single crew member sits, effectively controlling the boat from 'outside'.
International Canoes are raced in three divisions.
The main body of the class competes to a development (or "box") rule, allowing significant variation in design between different boats within the rule framework.
Within that rule there is a "One Design" subclass which covers boats built to a one design rule in operation between 1971 and 2007, all of which have the same hull shape and are subject to an 83 kg minimum weight limit.
The third division, known as the AC (Asymmetric Canoe), uses the 83 kg one design hull and carries an asymmetrical spinnaker.
The combination of an easily driven hull with a highly developed and efficient sail plan, and the powerful righting moment afforded by the (single) crew positioned well away from the hull centerline provides possibly the most exhilarating and technically challenging sailing experience available in a mono-hulled craft.
The origins of the class can be traced back to the 1860s, and International competition with craft that are recognisably ancestors of the current boats started in 1884. The Class still competes for the New York Canoe Club Challenge Trophy, which was established in 1885 and is believed to be the oldest international sailing trophy after the America’s Cup.
The class is most popular in Australia, the US and Northern Europe, especially Germany, Sweden and the UK.
International Canoes can compete against other classes in a mixed fleet by use of the RYA Portsmouth Yardstick handicap scheme. The one-design class uses a Portsmouth number of 905. The Asymmetric Canoe has a faster Portsmouth number of 870, making it 3.9% faster.
References
External links
International Canoe sites globally
Canoes
Dinghies
Boats designed by Jack Holt |
Noel Mwandila (born 28 December 1982) is a retired Zambian football midfielder.
References
1982 births
Living people
Zambian men's footballers
Zambia men's international footballers
Green Buffaloes F.C. players
Winners Park F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders
Zambian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
Zambian expatriate sportspeople in South Africa |
Leo Steiner ( – December 31, 1987) was an American restaurateur who was co-owner of the Carnegie Deli, located next to Carnegie Hall at 55th Street and Seventh Avenue in the New York City borough of Manhattan. While his partner, Milton Parker, mostly worked behind the scenes, Steiner worked the crowd with his Jewish humor in the restaurant, which became a destination for both celebrities and tourists in the theater district.
Steiner was born in Newark, New Jersey. He worked in his parents' grocery store in nearby Elizabeth, New Jersey, where he grew up. The one-time owner of Pastrami & Things, a delicatessen located at Third Avenue and 23rd Street, he joined Milton Parker and Fred Klein in 1976, purchasing the Carnegie Deli from the trio of Bernie Gross, Max Hudas and Thomas North. Klein, whio had not been actively involved in running the business, dropped out shortly thereafter.
Under the management of Parker and Steiner, the deli became known nationwide, attracting celebrities such as Woody Allen, Jackie Mason and Henny Youngman, and opened branch locations in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Secaucus, New Jersey and Tysons Corner, Virginia.
Steiner became the public face of Jewish food, appearing in a television commercial for rye bread. He created a 60-pound Statue of Liverty carved from chopped liver, complete with a torch fashioned from a turkey wing, for the United States Bicentennial and was asked to prepare corned beef and pastrami for visiting heads of state attending the G7 economic summit meeting held in 1983 in Williamsburg, Virginia. Portions of Woody Allen's 1984 film Broadway Danny Rose were filmed at the restaurant.
The deli's corned beef and pastrami, celebrated by smoked meat connoisseurs nationwide, were cured in the store's cellar using Steiner's own recipe in a two-week-long curing process. The Carnegie Deli used a half-ton of brisket to prepare a week's supply of corned beef by the time of his death. Steiner admitted that "you could eat it after seven days, but if you wait until the 13th you're in heaven".
A resident of Manhattan, Steiner died at age 48 on December 31, 1987, at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center due to complications of a brain tumor and was buried at Gomel Chesed Cemetery in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He was survived by his wife Irma and two brothers, Sam, a manager at the Carnegie Deli at the time of Leo's death, and Robert, a stockbroker in Lakewood, NJ.
Steiner was eulogized by comedian Henny Youngman as "the deli lama". Many felt that the Carnegie Deli had deteriorated, even just several months after Steiner's death. Corbett Monica, a comedian featured in scenes of Broadway Danny Rose filmed at the restaurant, lamented that "It's not the same kind of warm haimish feeling since Leo passed away." Mark Simone, a radio personality at WNEW-FM reminisced that "The Carnegie used to be a party every afternoon, and the reason was Leo Steiner... You could go there any afternoon and sit with celebrities. Now it's just not happening. And a lot of those people are coming to the Stage." Even Steiner's wife, who was then involved in a protracted battle with her husband's former partner over the valuation of the business, had abandoned the Carnegie, stating that "Since Leo died, I don't feel right about going to the Carnegie."
References
1939 births
1987 deaths
Businesspeople from Manhattan
Businesspeople from Elizabeth, New Jersey
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American businesspeople |
Andreas Kopasis was the Ottoman-appointed Prince of Samos from 1908 to 1912. His tenure was widely regarded as pro-Turkish and tyrannical. His bringing in of additional Ottoman troops in 1908 caused a revolt to break out among the Samians, which was quelled brutally by further Ottoman reinforcements. The leaders of the pro-Greek opposition, including Themistoklis Sophoulis, fled the island for Greece. Kopasis was assassinated by a pro-Sophoulis agent on 22 March 1912.
1856 births
1912 deaths
Kopasis
People murdered in Greece
Princes of Samos
20th-century monarchs in Europe
People from Sfakia
Politicians from Crete |
The Gilchrist Educational Trust is a British charity supporting education, perhaps best known for its support of the Gilchrist Lectures from 1867 to 1939.
The trust was established in 1841 by the will of British Indologist, John Borthwick Gilchrist, but could not begin work until 1865 due to litigation culminating in an 1858 hearing before the House of Lords. Gilchrist's will directed that the trust be used 'for the benefit advancement and propagation of education and learning in every part of the world as far as circumstances will permit.'
Early efforts included scholarships to bring Indian students to England for a university education. When these scholarships were taken over by the Government of India, efforts turned to similar scholarships for other British colonies. When women's colleges were being established, the trust began to provide scholarships for women.
The Gilchrist Lectures were mainly on scientific topics and aimed at working class adults in industrial areas of Great Britain.
Grants
At present the trust provides four types of educational grants:
Individuals - full-time students at a British university who face unexpected financial difficulties.
Organisations - for efforts by British organisations.
Expeditions - modest-sized British expeditions for scientific research abroad.
Fieldwork Award - biennial award of £15,000 for British overseas research.
References
External links
Gilchrist Educational Trust
Educational charities based in the United Kingdom
Charities based in West Sussex |
Heterotetrax is a genus of bird in the bustard family Otididae. It contains the three species, all restricted to Africa.
Species
Karoo korhaan (Heterotetrax vigorsii)
Rüppell's korhaan (Heterotetrax rueppellii)
Little brown bustard (Heterotetrax humilis)
References
Heterotetrax
Bird genera
Taxa named by Richard Bowdler Sharpe |
Reza Zarkhanli (; born 22 March 1973) is an Iranian professional futsal coach and former player. He is currently head coach of Safir Gofteman in the Iranian Futsal Super League.
Honours
Managerial
Iran Futsal's 1st Division
Champions (3): 2010–11 (Misagh) - 2016–17 (Moghavemat Qarchak) - 2019–20 (Foodka)
Notes and references
1973 births
Living people
Iranian men's futsal players
Iranian futsal coaches
Place of birth missing (living people) |
High Stakes is the thirty-fourth album by American singer-songwriter Michael Martin Murphey, released on April 22, 2016.
Track listing
"High Stakes" – Michael Martin Murphey
"Campfire on the Road" – John Robert Williamson
"Running Gun" – Jim Glaser
"Emila Farewell" – Michael Martin Murphey
"Master's Call" – Marty Robbins
"The Drover Road to Amulree" – David John Wilkie
"The Betrayal of Johnnie Armstrong" – David John Wilkie
"Three Sons" – John Robert Williamson
"I've Got the Guns" – Roger William Creager
"Honor Bound" – Michael Martin Murphey
"The End of The Road" – Michael Martin Murphey
Credits
Music
Michael Martin Murphey – vocals, acoustic guitar, banjo
Ryan Murphey – acoustic guitar, mandolin, background vocals
Chris Leuzinger – electric guitar, acoustic guitar
Tim Lauer – keyboards
Jonathan Yudkin – fiddle, cello, bouzouki
David Coe – fiddle
Al Perkins – steel guitar
Pat Flynn – acoustic guitar, 12-string guitar
Jim Hoke – accordion
Matt Pierson – electric and acoustic bass
Production
Michael Martin Murphey – executive producer
Bobby Blazier – producer
Jeremy Hunter – engineer
Brennan – album design
References
External links
Michael Martin Murphey's Official Website
2016 albums
Bluegrass albums
Michael Martin Murphey albums
Western music (North America) albums |
```html
<h1 style="display:none">Search Results</h1>
<div id="search-results"></div>
<script src="/docs/1.0/searchIndex.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script src="/docs/common/js/search.js"></script>
<script src="/docs/common/js/fuse.min.js"></script>
<script src="/docs/common/js/stopWords.js"></script>
``` |
Grantsburg is an unincorporated community in Union Township, Crawford County, Indiana.
History
Grantsburg was laid out in 1854.
The Grantsburg post office (spelled Grantsburgh in early years) was established in 1854. John V. Grant was an early postmaster.
Geography
Grantsburg is located at .
References
Unincorporated communities in Crawford County, Indiana
Unincorporated communities in Indiana |
Rudolf Fiket (5 February 1915 – 31 January 1978) was a Yugoslav racing cyclist. He rode in the 1936 Tour de France.
He died in 1978.
References
External links
1915 births
Year of death missing
Yugoslav male cyclists
Place of birth missing |
The Very Best of Power Ballads - The Greatest Driving Anthems in the World... Ever! is an edition in The Greatest Driving Anthems in the World... Ever! series, which is a part of The Best... Album in the World...Ever! brand. Each album includes select power ballads starting from the 1960s, while one album specifically includes Sixties Power Ballads. This album was released November 7, 2005 and includes 50 rock love songs. The album was released with two different album covers.
Track listing
Disc 1
Queen - "We Are the Champions" (1977)
Foreigner - "I Want to Know What Love Is" (1985)
Phil Collins - "In the Air Tonight" (1981)
Whitesnake - "Is This Love" (1987)
Scorpions - "Wind of Change" (1990)
Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes - "Up Where We Belong" (1981)
Mr. Mister - "Broken Wings" (1985/1986)
Tina Turner - "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)" (1986)
Cher - "If I Could Turn Back Time" (1989)
Cutting Crew - "(I Just) Died in Your Arms" (1986)
REO Speedwagon - "Can't Fight This Feeling" (1985)
Meat Loaf feat. Patti Russo - "I'd Lie For You (And That's The Truth)" (1983)
Heart - "Alone" (1987)
Alice Cooper - "Poison" (1989)
Marillion - "Kayleigh" (1986)
Starship - "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now" (1987)
Maria McKee - "Show Me Heaven" (1989)
Disc 2
Robbie Williams - "Angels" (1997)
The Cars - "Drive" (1985)
The Moody Blues - "Nights in White Satin" (1967/1972)
Air Supply - "All Out of Love" (1980)
Chicago - "Hard to Say I'm Sorry" (1982)
Roxette - "Listen to Your Heart" (1989)
Boston - "More Than a Feeling" (1976)
R.E.M. - "The One I Love" (1987)
Nickelback - "How You Remind Me" (2001)
The Rolling Stones - "Streets of Love" (2005)
The Animals - "The House of the Rising Sun" (1964)
Nilsson - "Without You" (1972/1976)
Sinéad O'Connor - "Nothing Compares 2 U" (1990)
Frankie Goes to Hollywood - "The Power of Love" (1984)
Poison - "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" (1989)
Nazareth - "Love Hurts" (1975)
Pandora's Box - "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" (1989)
Disc 3
Bonnie Tyler - "Holding Out for a Hero" (1984)
Europe - "The Final Countdown" (1987)
Whitesnake - "Here I Go Again" (1987)
Billy Idol - "White Wedding" (1982/1984)
Huey Lewis and the News - "The Power of Love" (1985)
Belinda Carlisle - "Leave a Light On" (1989)
Paul Carrack - "Don't Shed a Tear" (1986)
Alannah Myles - "Black Velvet" (1989)
4 Non Blondes - "What's Up" (1994)
Chad Kroeger feat. Josey Scott - "Hero" (2002)
T'Pau - "China in Your Hand" (1987)
Simple Minds - "Alive and Kicking" (1986)
Stevie Nicks - "Rooms On Fire" (1989)
John Waite - "Missing You" (1984)
Mike + The Mechanics - "Over My Shoulder" (1995)
Meat Loaf - "Bat Out of Hell" (1979)
References
The Very Best of Power Ballads (front- and backcover)
[ The Very Best of Power Ballads]
The Very Best of Power Ballads (different album cover)
2005 compilation albums |
Legend of Keepers: Career of a Dungeon Manager is a 2021 dungeon management game developed and published by Goblinz Studio for Windows, Linux, MacOS, and Nintendo Switch.
Gameplay
Players are an employee of a company that runs dungeons. To defend against raiding adventurers, they are put in charge of recruiting monsters and placing traps. Players control the monsters in turn-based tactical combat. If adventurers survive to the end of the dungeon, the player faces them as a final boss. Between attacks by adventurers, players manage their dungeon and optionally trigger random events. If the player is defeated in the boss fight, they must start over. Players retain unlocks when they are defeated, and their level-ups can carry over to another session.
Development
The game was in early access for about a year. The developers credited this with giving them early feedback on how to improve the game, such as prioritizing a free play mode over additional bosses. Legend of Keepers was released for Windows, MacOS, Linux, and Switch on April 29, 2021.
Reception
On Metacritic, Legend of Keepers received positive reviews on Windows and mixed reviews on the Switch. Christopher Livingston of PC Gamer said the game was not as polished as Darkest Dungeon, which it resembled in reverse, but he had fun playing it. Nicolas Dixmier of Jeuxvideo.com called it a funny game that does not revolutionize the roguelite genre.
References
External links
2021 video games
Dungeon management games
Goblinz Studio games
Indie games
Linux games
MacOS games
Nintendo Switch games
Single-player video games
Turn-based tactics video games
Windows games |
Federico Bianchi may refer to:
Federico Bianchi (painter) (1635–1719), Italian painter of the Baroque
Federico Bianchi (soccer) (born 1983), American former professional soccer player |
Bucknall could be:
Places named Bucknall
Bucknall, Lincolnshire
Bucknall, Staffordshire, a suburb of Stoke-on-Trent
People named Bucknall
Benjamin Bucknall, (1833–1895) English architect of the Gothic Revival in England and Wales, and neo-Moorish architecture in Algeria.
Frederick Estcourt Bucknall (1835 – 1896) was an English-born publican, brewer and politician in the colony of South Australia.
Henry Bucknall (1885-1962), British rower.
Gerard Bucknall (1894-1980), British World War II general.
James Bucknall (b. 1958) British general and Deputy Commander ISAF
Steve Bucknall (b. 1966), English basketball player.
David Bucknall (1939-2015), British Quantity Surveyor
James Bucknall Bucknall Estcourt, (1803-1855), was a major-general and MP.
Thomas Bucknall-Estcourt, was a British Conservative politician.
Thomas Grimston Bucknall Estcourt, English Politician.
George Bucknall-Estcourt, English Politician.
Roger Bucknall, luthier.
Henry Bucknall Betterton, English Politician.
Harry Bucknall (1965-), British writer best known for books In the Dolphin's Wake and Like a Tramp Like a Pilgrim.
Anthony Launce Bucknall (1945-), a former England international rugby union player and captain.
Cedric Bucknall, (1849-1921), English organist and botanist.
Thomas Bucknall 18th century English shipbuilder for the Royal Navy
Sir William Bucknall (1633-1676), English politician.
William Bucknall, 1750–1814, English politician. Known before 1797 as William Grimston.
Thomas Bucknall Lloyd, 1824 - 1896 was Archdeacon of Salop from 1886 until his death.
See also
Bucknell (disambiguation) |
The Australian Institute of Business (AIB) is a private business school based in Adelaide, South Australia. It is registered by the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA). AIB's programmes are accredited within the Australian Qualifications Framework. AIB is accredited to confer business degrees, offering programmes including the Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Management (MMgt), Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) and Doctor of Philosophy in Management (PhD).
History
AIB began as a management consulting firm before transitioning to offer higher education. It was formerly known as the Gibaran Action Research Management Institute and later the Gibaran Learning Group. In 2011, it amalgamated as the Australian Institute of Business, combining the Gibaran Graduate School of Business, the Australian Institute of Business Administration, the Tourism Institute of Australia, and the Entrepreneurship Institute Australia.
Selva Abraham is the Founder of the Australian Institute of Business. His focus has been on Work-Based Learning, which he has extended into the concept of Work-Applied Learning. He has published four books on the subjects of work-applied learning, management and action research.
AIB is registered as a higher education provider by the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA), the government body in Australia authorised to register institutions of higher education.
Programmes
Master of Business Administration (MBA), designed with the working adult in mind.
Master of Management (MMgt), a degree, primarily suited to working managers, that combines Master's-level coursework with an in-depth research project.
Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), a research degree designed for experienced managers.
Doctor of Philosophy in Management (PhD), a traditional doctoral qualification that allows for research to be undertaken in greater depth..
Research
The AIB Research Centre is led by the Director of Research and brings together faculty and research degree candidates. The AIB Research Centre supports the wider development of business knowledge through its publishing arm, AIB Publications, which publishes business and management books, and the twice-yearly Gibaran Journal of Applied Research.
The Global Centre for Work-Applied Learning (GCWAL) is an independent organisation that exists within the Australian Institute of Business. It aims to bring together practitioners, scholars and organisations committed to Work-Applied Learning (WAL).
In December 2012, AIB signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Middlesex University to allow both institutions to work together to advance Work-Applied and Work-Based Learning research. This collaboration led to the inaugural Work-Applied Learning for Change conference, where the two institutions partnered to present a conference on the techniques of Work-Based Learning (WBL). In 2015, AIB in partnership with Emerald Group Publishing launched the Journal of Work-Applied Management.
Alumni
References
Education companies of Australia
Education in South Australia
Business schools in Australia |
is a Japanese voice actor affiliated with Aoni Production. He is best known for voicing Fushi in To Your Eternity and Patrick / Ricky in Shadows House.
Biography
Kawashima was born in Aichi Prefecture on November 30, 1995. He cited Final Fantasy X as the reason he decided to become a voice actor. Kawashima starred in his first lead role as Fushi in the anime series To Your Eternity. In 2022, he received the Best New Actor Award at the 16th Seiyu Awards. Kawashima was initially affiliated with the voice acting agency Air Agency, but has since moved to Aoni Production.
Filmography
Television animation
2021
Shadows House as Patrick / Ricky
To Your Eternity as Fushi
2022
Shadows House 2nd Season as Patrick / Ricky
To Your Eternity 2nd Season as Fushi
VazzRock the Animation as Eita Nomura
2023
Sugar Apple Fairy Tale as Jonas Anders
Mashle as Finn Ames
The Great Cleric as Luciel
Classroom for Heroes as Blade
2024
Quality Assurance in Another World as Amano
Mission: Yozakura Family as Taiyō Asano
Original net animation
2017
Station Memories as Master
Video games
2019
Dankira!!! as Sora Asahi (young)
Skygalleon of the Blue Sky as Eros, Krishna
2020
Captain Tsubasa: Rise of New Champions as Player character
Quiz RPG: The World of Mystic Wiz as Koenmaru
2021
Tarot Boys: 22 Apprentice Fortune Tellers as Heil Lavushka
Monster Strike as Cony Lu
2022
Touken Ranbu as Shichiseiken
References
External links
Official agency profile
1995 births
Aoni Production voice actors
Japanese male video game actors
Japanese male voice actors
Living people
Male voice actors from Aichi Prefecture
Seiyu Award winners |
James, Jim, or Jimmy Martin may refer to:
Academics
James Cullen Martin (1928–1999), American chemist
James E. Martin (1932–2017), president of the University of Arkansas and Auburn University
James Kirby Martin (born 1943), American historian
Actors, musicians, and other performers
Jimmy Martin (1927–2005), American bluegrass musician
James Martin (Irish actor), Northern Irish actor from Oscar winning An Irish Goodbye
James Martin (Scottish actor) (born 1931), Scottish actor on Still Game
James R. Martin (born 1951), American producer and director of documentaries Wrapped In Steel and Fired-up!
Jim Martin (musician) (born 1961), American guitarist formerly with Faith No More
Jim Martin (puppeteer) (born 1960), American puppeteer on Sesame Street
James and Tom Martin (born 1977), English twin musicians
Judges and lawyers
James Loren Martin (1846–1915), U.S. federal judge
James Robert Martin Jr. (1909–1984), U.S. federal judge
James Martin (attorney), U.S. attorney in Missouri
Military figures
James Green Martin (1819–1878), Civil War Confederate brigadier general
James Martin II (1826–1918), American Medal of Honor recipient
James Fitzgerald Martin (1876–1958), officer of the British Army
Jim Martin (Australian soldier) (1901–1915), youngest Anzac to serve at Gallipoli
James Stewart Martin (author), United States Department of Justice official in Germany after World War II
James Martin (British Army officer) (born 1973)
Politicians
Australian politicians
Sir James Martin (premier) (1820–1886), premier of New South Wales
James Martin (South Australian politician) (1821–1899), engineer and politician of Gawler, South Australia
James Martin (New South Wales politician, born 1850) (1850–1898), member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for South Sydney and Sydney-Bligh
James Martin (Queensland politician) (born 1981), Queensland politician (elected 2021)
Canadian politicians
James Morris Martin (1845–1902), Canadian politician
Irish politicians
James Martin (Irish politician) (1905–1969), Fianna Fáil Senator from 1965 to 1969
United Kingdom politicians
James Martin (1738–1810), British banker and politician who sat in the House of Commons for 31 years from 1776 to 1807
James Martin (1807–1878), British Liberal Party politician and banker
James Martin (trade unionist) (1850–1933), British trade unionist and politician
United States politicians
James Stewart Martin (congressman) (1826–1907), U.S. representative from Illinois
Jimmy Martin (politician) (1938–2019), American politician from Alabama
James D. Martin (1918–2017), U.S. Representative from Alabama
Jimmy Leawood Martin (born 1934), American politician in South Carolina
James G. Martin (born 1935), North Carolina governor
Jim Martin (Georgia politician) (born 1945), member of the Georgia House of Representatives
James Martin (Maine politician) (born 1965), member of the Maine House of Representatives
James Martin (mayor), Republican mayor of Ansonia, Connecticut, 1969–1971
James Martin (South Carolina politician) (died 1868), member of the South Carolina House of Representatives
Clergy
James S. Martin (evangelical minister) (fl. 1913–1914), American anti-Mormon preacher
James J. Martin (priest), American Jesuit priest and writer
James A. Martin (1902–2007), American Jesuit priest
Sportspeople
James Martin (Australian cricketer) (1851–1930), Australian cricketer
James Martin (Scottish cricketer) (1901–1988), Scottish cricketer and administrator
Jim Martin (Australian footballer) (1884–1940), Australian rules player at multiple clubs
James Martin (footballer, born 1893) (1893–1940), Scottish footballer
James Martin (footballer, born 1898) (1898–1969), English footballer
Jimmy Martin (golfer) (1924–2000), Irish golfer
Jim Martin (American football) (1924–2002), College Football Hall of Fame member
James Martin (American football) (1944–2009), American football and baseball coach, college athletics administrator
Jimmy Martin (American football) (born 1982), National Football League guard
James Martin (rugby league) (born 1987), British rugby player
James Martin (footballer, born 1994), Scottish footballer
James Martin (footballer, born 1998), English footballer
Jimmy Martin (judoka), American judoka
Writers
James Martin (philosopher) (fl. 1577), Scottish writer
James Martin (convict) (c. 1760–?), convict transported to New South Wales, author of the only extant First Fleet convict account of life in the colony
James J. Martin (historian) (1916–2004), American historian, wrote on anarchism
James Martin (author) (1933–2013), computer systems design author, writer
James Conroyd Martin (fl. 2006–2016), historical fiction writer
Other
James Ranald Martin (1796–1874), surgeon in India
Sir James Martin (engineer) (1893–1981), inventor of the modern aircraft ejection seat
James Slattin Martin Jr. (1920–2002), project manager for the Viking program
James Martin (chef) (born 1972), British celebrity chef
James Martin (photographer), American photojournalist
James Purdon Martin (1893–1984), British neurologist
Jim Martin (ombudsman), Scottish public servant
Spider Martin (1939–2003), American photographer
James Martin & Co, Australian engineering firm
James Henry Martin (1835-1909), British shipowner and entrepreneur
James David Martin (born 1971), American serial killer
See also
James Marten (born 1984), American football player
James Edgar Martine (1850–1925), U.S. Senator from New Jersey
Jamie Martin (disambiguation)
James Martin House (disambiguation)
James S. Martin (disambiguation)
Martin High School (Arlington, Texas), also known as James Martin High School |
```c
/*
*
*/
#include <zephyr/bluetooth/conn.h>
#include "conn.h"
uint8_t bt_conn_index(const struct bt_conn *conn)
{
return conn->index;
}
int bt_conn_get_info(const struct bt_conn *conn, struct bt_conn_info *info)
{
*info = conn->info;
return 0;
}
struct bt_conn *bt_conn_ref(struct bt_conn *conn)
{
return conn;
}
void bt_conn_unref(struct bt_conn *conn)
{
}
void mock_bt_conn_disconnected(struct bt_conn *conn, uint8_t err)
{
STRUCT_SECTION_FOREACH(bt_conn_cb, cb) {
if (cb->disconnected) {
cb->disconnected(conn, err);
}
}
}
``` |
Liberty Bus Incorporated was a school bus manufacturer based in Lima, Ohio.
The company was founded in the 1990s and ceased operations in March 2005.
Products
Liberty Bus built mini school buses using GMC or Chevrolet van chassis:
Body on GMC C5000/Revolution - midsize school bus
Body on GMC Express/MPB - mini school bus
Body on Chevrolet Express chassis/Freedom - mini school bus
Body on Chevrolet Express chassis/Independence - mini school bus
References
External links
School bus manufacturers
Bus manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Ohio
Lima, Ohio |
The 2005–06 Spartan South Midlands Football League season is the 9th in the history of Spartan South Midlands Football League a football competition in England.
Premier Division
The Premier Division featured 17 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs:
Biggleswade United, promoted from Division One
Oxford City, relegated from the Southern Football League
Oxhey Jets, promoted from Division One
Also, Haywood United changed name to Aylesbury Vale.
League table
Division One
Division One featured 14 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs:
Bedford United & Valerio, relegated from the Premier Division
Dunstable Town 98, promoted from Division Two
Hoddesdon Town, relegated from the Premier Division
League table
Division Two
Division Two featured 15 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs:
Aston Clinton
M K Scot
Tring Corinthians
Also, Padbury B T F C changed name to Padbury United.
League table
References
External links
FCHD Spartan South Midlands Football League page
2005–06
9 |
Karen Lanyon is an Australian senior career officer of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade who is the Consul General in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Prior to serving in Vietnam, Lanyon was Consul-General in Los Angeles.
Lanyon earned a Bachelor of Arts/Bachelor of Laws from the Australian National University.
She is a breast cancer survivor.
References
Australian women ambassadors
Australian National University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
This is a list of zoos and aquariums that are members of World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).
The WAZA has two types/levels of membership.
The first is an association member that is through another zoo association such as the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).
The second is a direct institutional membership of WAZA.
See also
List of zoo associations
References
World Association of Zoos and Aquariums members page
WAZA |
Heindrich Swanepol is a Paralympic athlete from Great Britain competing mainly in category F12 javelin events.
Heindrich won a bronze medal in the F12 javelin at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney.
References
Paralympic athletes for Great Britain
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic bronze medalists for Great Britain
Living people
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
British male javelin throwers
Visually impaired javelin throwers
Paralympic javelin throwers
British blind people |
```tex
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%% paper.tex = template for Real Time Linux Workshop papers
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage{multicol}
\usepackage{framed}
\usepackage{graphics}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{float}
\usepackage{listings}
\setlength{\paperheight}{297mm}
\setlength{\paperwidth}{210mm}
\setlength{\voffset}{-12mm}
\setlength{\topmargin}{0mm}
\setlength{\headsep}{8mm}
\setlength{\headheight}{10mm}
\setlength{\textheight}{235mm}
\setlength{\hoffset}{-4mm}
\setlength{\textwidth}{166mm}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0mm}
\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0mm}
\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0mm}
\setlength{\marginparpush}{0mm}
\setlength{\columnsep}{6mm}
\setlength{\parindent}{6mm}
\setlength{\parskip}{2mm}
%% insert eps pictures
%% use as \epsin{epsfile}{width_in_mm}{label}{caption}
\usepackage{epsfig}
\newcounter{figcounter}
\def\epsin #1#2#3#4{
\refstepcounter{figcounter} \label{#3}
\[
\mbox{
\epsfxsize=#2mm
\epsffile{#1.eps}
}
\]
%\vspace{0mm}
\begin{center}
\parbox{7cm}{{\bf FIGURE \arabic{figcounter}:}\quad {\it #4 } } \\
\end{center}
}
%% insert table
%% use as \tabin{size_in_mm}{label}{caption}{table_data}
\newcounter{tabcounter}
\def\tabin #1#2#3#4{
\refstepcounter{tabcounter} \label{#2}
\[ \makebox[#1mm][c]{#4} \]
%\vspace{0mm}
\begin{center}
\parbox{7cm}{{\bf TABLE \arabic{tabcounter}:}\quad {\it #3 } } \\
\end{center}
}
\title{\LARGE
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% TITLE OF PAPER (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Tiny Linux Kernel Project: Section Garbage Collection Patchset
}
\author{\large
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% AUTHOR (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
{\bf Wu Zhangjin}\\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% AFFILIATION (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Tiny Lab - Embedded Geeks\\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% STREET ADDRESS (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
path_to_url
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% E-MAIL (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
wuzhangjin$@$gmail.com \\
\\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% AUTHOR (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
{\bf Sheng Yong}\\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% AFFILIATION (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Distributed \& Embedded System Lab, SISE, Lanzhou University, China\\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% STREET ADDRESS (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou, P.R.China\\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% E-MAIL (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\vspace{8mm}
shengy07$@$lzu.edu.cn\\
}
\date{}
\newcommand{\codesize}{\fontsize{6pt}{\baselineskip}\selectfont}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% ABSTRACT (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{abstract}
Linux is widely used in embedded systems which always have storage limitation
and hence require size optimization. In order to reduce the kernel size, based
on the previous work of the ``Section Garbage Collection Patchset", this paper
focuses on details of its principle, presents some new ideas, documents the
porting steps, reports the testing results on the top 4 popular architectures:
ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, X86 and at last proposes future works which may enhance or
derive from this patchset.
\end{abstract}
\vspace{10mm}
\begin{multicols}{2}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% SECTION (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Introduction}
The size of Linux kernel source code increases rapidly, while the memory and
storage are limited in embedded systems (e.g. in-vehicle driving safety
systems, data acquisition equipments etc.). This requires small or even tiny
kernel to lighten or even eliminate the limitation and eventually expand the
potential applications.
{\em Tiny Lab} estimated the conventional tailoring methods and found that the
old Tiny-linux project is far from being finished and requires more work and
hence submitted a project proposal to CELF: ``Work on Tiny Linux Kernel'' to
improve the previous work and explore more ideas[1, 9].
``Section garbage collection patchset(gc-sections)'' is a subproject of
Tiny-linux, the initial work is from Denys Vlasenko[9]. The existing patchset
did make the basic support of section garbage collection work on X86 platforms,
but is still outside of the mainline for the limitation of the old GNU
toolchains and for there are some works to be done(e.g. compatibility of the
other kernel features).
Our gc-sections subproject focuses on analyzes its working mechanism, improves
the patchset(e.g. unique user defined sections), applies the ideas for more
architectures, tests them and explores potential enhancement and derivation.
The following sections will present them respectively.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% NEXT SECTION (OPTIONAL)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Link time dead code removing using section garbage collection}
Compiler puts all executable code produced by compiling C codes into section
called .text, r/o data into section called .rodata, r/w data into .data, and
uninitialized data into .bss[2, 3]. Linker does not know which parts of
sections are referenced and which ones are not referenced. As a result,
unused(or `dead') function or data cannot be removed. In order to solve this
issue, each function or data should has its own section.
{\em gcc} provides {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} or {\small {\tt
-fdata-sections}} option to put each function or data to its own section, for
instance, there is a function called unused\_func(), it goes to
.text.unused\_func section. Then, {\em ld} provides the {\small {\tt
--gc-sections}} option to check the references and determine which
function or data should be removed, and the {\small {\tt --print-gc-sections}}
option of {\em ld} can print the the function or data being removed, which is
helpful to debugging.
The following two figures demonstrates the differences between the typical
object and the one with {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}:
%% the figure will be in file rt-tux.eps and will occupy 75mm on the page
\epsin{typical}{80}{fig1:f1}{Typical Object}
\epsin{gc}{80}{fig1:f2}{Object with -ffunction-sections}
To learn more about the principle of section garbage collection, the basic
compiling, assebmling and linking procedure should be explained at first (Since
the handling of data is similar to function, will mainly present function below).
\subsection{Compile: Translate source code from C to assembly}
If no {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} for {\em gcc}, all functions are put into
.text section (indicated by the .text instruction of assembly):
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' | gcc -S -x c -o - - \
| grep .text
.text
\end{lstlisting}
Or else, each function has its own section (indicated by the .section
instruction of assembly):
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' \
| gcc -ffunction-sections -S -x c -o - - | grep .text
.section .text.unused,"ax",@progbits
.section .text.main,"ax",@progbits
\end{lstlisting}
As we can see, the prefix is the same .text, the suffix is function name, this
is the default section naming rule of {\em gcc}.
Expect {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}, the section attribute instruction of
{\em gcc} can also indicate where should a section of the funcion or data be put in,
and if it is used together with {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}, it has
higher priority, for example:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo '__attribute__ ((__section__(".text.test"))) unused(){} \
main(){}' | gcc -ffunction-sections -S -x c -o - - | grep .text
.section .text.test,"ax",@progbits
.section .text.main,"ax",@progbits
\end{lstlisting}
.text.test is indicated instead of the default .text.unused. In order to avoid
function redefinition, the function name in a source code file should be
unique, and if only with {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}, every function has
its own unique section, but if the same section attribute applies on different
functions, different functions may share the same section:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo '__attribute__ ((__section__(".text.test"))) unused(){} \
__attribute__ ((__section__(".text.test"))) main(){}' \
| gcc -ffunction-sections -S -x c -o - - | grep .text
.section .text.test,"ax",@progbits
\end{lstlisting}
Only one section is reserved, this breaks the core rule of section garbage
collection: {\em before linking, each function or data should has its own
section}. But sometimes, for example, if want to call some functions at the
same time, section attribute instruction is required to put these functions to
the same section and call them one by one, but how to meet these two
requirements? Use the section attribute instruction to put the functions to the
section named with the same prefix but unique suffix, and at the linking stage,
merge the section which has the same prefix to the same section, so, to linker,
the sections are unique and hence better for dead code elimination, but still
be able to link the functions to the same section. The implementation will be
explained in the coming sections.
Based on the same rule, the usage of section attribute instruction should also
follow the other two rules:
\begin{enumerate}
\item The section for function should be named with .text prefix, then,
the linker may be able to merge all of the .text sections. Or else, it
will not be able to or not conveniently merge the sections and at last
instead may increase the size of executable for the accumulation of
the section alignment.
\item The section name for function should be prefixed with .text.
instead of the default .text prefix used by {\em gcc} and break the core rule.
\end{enumerate}
And we must notice that: `You will not be able to use ``gprof" on all systems if
you specify this option and you may have problems with debugging if you specify
both this option and -g.' (gcc man page)
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' | \
gcc -ffunction-sections -p -x c -o test -
<stdin>:1:0: warning: -ffunction-sections disabled; \
it makes profiling impossible
\end{lstlisting}
\subsection{Assemble: Translate assembly files to binary objects}
In assembly file, it is still be possible to put the function or data to an
indicated section with the .section instruction (.text equals .section
``.text"). Since {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} and {\small {\tt
-fdata-sections}} don't work for assembly files and they have no way to determine
the function or data items, therefore, for the assembly files written from
scratch (not translated from C language), .section instruction is required to
added before the function or data item manually, or else the function or data
will be put into the same .text or .data section and the section name indicated
should also be unique to follow the core rule of section garbage collection.
The following commands change the section name of the `unused' function in the
assembly file and show that it does work.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' \
| gcc -ffunction-sections -S -x c -o - - \
| sed -e "s/unused/test/g" \
| gcc -c -xassembler - -o test
$ objdump -d test | grep .section
Disassembly of section .text.test:
Disassembly of section .text.main:
\end{lstlisting}
\subsection{Link: Link binary objects to target executable}
At the linking stage, based on a linker script, the linker should be able to
determine which sections should be merged and included to the last executables[4].
When linking, the {\small {\tt -T}} option of {\em ld} can be used to indicate the
path of the linker script, if no such option is used, a default linker script
is called and can be printed with {\small {\tt ld --verbose}}.
Here is a basic linker script:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf32-i386", "elf32-i386",
"elf32-i386")
OUTPUT_ARCH(i386)
ENTRY(_start)
SECTIONS
{
.text :
{
*(.text .stub .text.* .gnu.linkonce.t.*)
...
}
.data :
{
*(.data .data.* .gnu.linkonce.d.*)
...
}
/DISCARD/ : { *(.note.GNU-stack) *(.gnu.lto_*) }
}
\end{lstlisting}
The first two commands tell the target architecture and the ABI, the ENTRY
command indicates the entry of the executable and the SECTIONS command deals
with sections.
The entry (above is \_start, the standard C entry, defined in crt1.o) is the
root of the whole executable, all of the other symbols (function or data)
referenced (directly or indirectly) by the the entry must be kept in the
executable to make ensure the executable run without failure. Besides, the
undefined symbols (defined in shared libraries) may also need to be kept with
the EXTERN command. Note, the {\small {\tt --entry}} and {\small {\tt
--undefined}} options of {\em ld} functions as the same to the ENTRY and EXTERN
commands of linker script respectively.
{\small {\tt --gc-sections}} will follow the above rule to determine which
sections should be reserved and then pass them to the SECTIONS command to do
left merging and including. The above linker script merges all section prefixed
by .text, .stub and .gnu.linkonce.t to the last .text section, the .data
section merging is similar. The left sections will not be merged and kept as
their own sections, some of them can be removed by the /DISCARD/ instruction.
Let's see how {\small {\tt --gc-section}} work, firstly, without it:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' | gcc -x c -o test -
$ size test
text data bss dec hex filename
800 252 8 1060 424 test
\end{lstlisting}
Second, With {\small {\tt --gc-sections}} (passed to {\em ld} with -Wl option of
{\em gcc}):
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' | gcc -ffunction-sections \
-Wl,--gc-sections -x c -o test -
$ size test
text data bss dec hex filename
794 244 8 1046 416 test
\end{lstlisting}
It shows, the size of the .text section is reduced and {\small {\tt
--print-gc-sections}} proves the dead `unused' function is really removed:
\noindent{\codesize {\tt
\$ echo 'unused()\{\} main()\{\}' | gcc -ffunction-sections $\backslash$\\
-Wl,--gc-sections,--print-gc-sections -x c -o test -\\
/usr/bin/ld: Removing unused section '.rodata' in file '.../crt1.o'\\
/usr/bin/ld: Removing unused section '.data' in file '.../crt1.o'\\
/usr/bin/ld: Removing unused section '.data' in file '.../crtbegin.o'\\
/usr/bin/ld: Removing unused section '.text.unused' in file '/tmp/cclR3Mgp.o'
}}
The above output also proves why the size of the .data section is also reduced.
But if a section is not referenced (directly or indirectly) by the entry, for
instance, if want to put a file into the executable for late accessing, the
file can be compressed and put into a .image section like this:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
...
SECTIONS
{
...
.data :
{
__image_start = .;
*(.image)
__image_end = .;
...
}
}
\end{lstlisting}
The file can be accessed through the pointers: \_\_image\_start and
\_\_image\_end, but the .image section itself is not referenced by anybody, then,
{\small {\tt --gc-sections}} has no way to know the fact that .image section is
used and hence removes .image and as a result, the executable runs without
expected. In order to solve this issue, another KEEP instruction of the linker
script can give a help[4].
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
...
SECTIONS
{
...
.data :
{
__image_start = .;
KEEP(*(.image))
image_end = .;
...
}
}
\end{lstlisting}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% NEXT SECTION (OPTIONAL)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Section garbage collection patchset for Linux}
The previous section garbage collection patchset is for the -rc version of
2.6.35, which did add the core support of section garbage collection for Linux
but it still has some limitations.
Now, let's analyze the basic support of section garbage collection patchset for
Linux and then list the existing limitations.
\subsection{Basic support of gc-sections patchset for Linux}
The basic support of gc-sections patchset for Linux includes:
\begin{itemize}
\item Avoid naming duplication between the magic sections defined by section
attribute instruction and {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} or {\small {\tt
-fdata-sections}}
The kernel has already defined some sections with the section attribute
instruction of {\em gcc}, the naming method is prefixing the sections with .text., as
we have discussed in the above section, the name of the sections may be the
same as the ones used by {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} or {\small {\tt
-fdata-sections}} and hence break the core rule of section garbage collections.
Therefore, several patches have been upstreamed to rename the magic sections
from \{.text.X, .data.X, .bss.X, .rodata.X\} to \{.text..X, .data..X, .bss..X,
.rodata..X\} and from \{.text.X.Y, .data.X.Y, .bss.X.Y, .rodata.X.Y\} to
\{.text..X..Y, .data..X..Y, .bss..X..Y, .rodata..X..Y\}, accordingly, the
related headers files, c files, assembly files, linker scripts which
reference the sections should be changed to use the new section names.
As a result, the duplication between the section attribute instruction and
{\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}/{\small {\tt -fdata-sections}} is
eliminated.
\item Allow linker scripts to merge the sections generated by {\small {\tt
-ffunction-sections}} or {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}} and prevent
them from merging the magic sections
In order to link the function or data sections generated by {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}
or {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}} to the last \{.text,
.data, .bss, .rodata\}, the related linker scripts should be changed to merge the
corresponding \{.text.*, .data.*, .bss.*, .rodata.*\} and to prevent the linker
from merging the magic sections(e.g. .data..page\_aligned), more restrictive
patterns like the following is preferred:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
*(.text.[A-Za-z0-9_$^]*)
\end{lstlisting}
A better pattern may be the following:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
*(.text.[^.]*)
\end{lstlisting}
Note, both of the above patterns are only supported by the latest {\em ld}, please
use the versions newer than 2.21.0.20110327 or else, they don't work and will
on the contrary to generate bigger kernel image for ever such section will be
linked to its own section in the last executable and the size will be increased
heavily for the required alignment of every section.
\item Support objects with more than 64k sections
The variant type of section number(the e\_shnum member of elf\{32,64\}\_hdr) is
\_u16, the max number is 65535, the old {\em modpost} tool (used to postprocess
module symbol) can only handle an object which only has small than 64k sections
and hence may fail to handle the kernel image compiled with huge kernel builds
(allyesconfig, for example) with -ffunction-sections. Therefore, the modpost
tool is fixed to support objects with more than 64k sections by the document
``IA-64 gABI Proposal 74: Section Indexes'':
path_to_url
\item Invocation of {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}/{\small {\tt
-fdata-sections}} and {\small {\tt --gc-sections}}
In order to have a working kernel with {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} and
{\small {\tt -fdata-sections}}:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ make KCFLAGS="-ffunction-sections -fdata-sections"
\end{lstlisting}
Then, in order to also garbage-collect the sections, added
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
LDFLAGS_vmlinux += --gc-sections
\end{lstlisting}
in the top-level Makefile.
\end{itemize}
The above support did make a working kernel with section garbage collection on
X86 platforms, but still has the following limitations:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Lack of test, and is not fully compatible with some main kernel features,
such as Ftrace, Kgcov
\item The current usage of section attribute instruction itself still breaks
the core rule of section garbage collections for lots of functions or data may
be put into the same sections(e.g. \_\_init), which need to be fixed
\item Didn't take care of assembly carefully and therefore, the dead sections
in assembly may also be reserved in the last kernel image
\item Didn't focus on the support of compressed kernel images, the dead
sections in them may also be reserved in the last compressed kernel image
\item The invocation of the gc-sections requires to pass the {\em gcc} options to
`make' through the environment variables, which is not convenient
\item Didn't pay enough attention to the the kernel modules, the kernel modules
may also include dead symbols which should be removed
\item Only for X86 platform, not enough for the other popular embedded
platforms, such as ARM, MIPS and PowerPC
\end{enumerate}
In order to break through the above limitations, improvement has been added in
our gc-sections project, see below section.
\subsection{Improvement of the previous gc-sections patchset}
Our gc-sections project is also based on mainline 2.6.35(exactly 2.6.35.13),
it brings us with the following improvement:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Ensure the other kernel features work with gc-sections
Ftrace requires the \_\_mcount\_loc section to store the mcount calling
sites; Kgcov requires the .ctors section to do gcov initialization. These two
sections are not referenced directly and will be removed by {\small {\tt
--gc-sections}} and hence should be kept by the KEEP instruction explicitly.
Besides, more sections listed in include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h or the other
arch specific header files have the similar situation and should be kept
explicitly too.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
/* include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h */
...
- *(__mcount_loc) \
+ KEEP(*(__mcount_loc)) \
...
- *(.ctors) \
+ KEEP(*(.ctors)) \
...
\end{lstlisting}
\item The section name defined by section attribute instruction should be
unique
The symbol name should be globally unique (or else gcc will report symbol
redefinition), in order to keep every section name unique, it is possible to
code the section name with the symbol name. {\small {\tt \_\_FUNCTION\_\_}} (or
{\small {\tt \_\_func\_\_}} in Linux) is available to get function name, but
there is no way to get the variable name, which means there is no general
method to get the symbol name, so instead, another method should be used, that
is coding the section name with line number and a file global counter. the
combination of these two will minimize the duplication of the section name (but
may also exist duplication) and also reduces total size cost of the section
names.
{\em gcc} provides {\small {\tt \_\_LINE\_\_}} and {\small \tt{\_\_COUNTER\_\_}} to
get the line number and counter respectively, so, the previous \_\_section()
macro can be changed from:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
#define __section(S) \
__attribute__ ((__section__(#S)))
\end{lstlisting}
to the following one:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
#define __concat(a, b) a##b
#define __unique_impl(a, b) __concat(a, b)
#define __ui(a, b) __unique_impl(a, b)
#define __unique_counter(a) \
__ui(a, __COUNTER__)
#define __uc(a) __unique_counter(a)
#define __unique_line(a) __ui(a, __LINE__)
#define __ul(a) __unique_line(a)
#define __unique(a) __uc(__ui(__ul(a),l_c))
#define __unique_string(a) \
__stringify(__unique(a))
#define __us(a) __unique_string(a)
#define __section(S) \
__attribute__ ((__section__(__us(S.))))
\end{lstlisting}
Let's use the \_\_init for an example to see the effect. Before, the section
name is .init.text, all of the functions marked with \_\_init will be put into
that section. With the above change, every function will be put into a unique
section like .text.init.13l\_c16 and make the linker be able to determine which
one should be removed.
Similarly, the other macros used the section attribute instruction should be
revisited, e.g. \_\_sched.
In order to make the linker link the functions marked with \_\_init to the last
.init.text section, the linker scripts must be changed to merge .init.text.* to
.init.text. The same change need to be applied to the other sections.
\item Ensure every section name indicated in assembly is unique
{\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} and {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}} only
works for C files, for assembly files, the .section instruction is used
explicitly. By default, the kernel uses the instruction like this: {\small {\tt
.section .text}}, which will break the core rule of section garbage collection
tool, therefore, every assembly file should be revisited.
For the macros, like {\small {\tt LEAF}} and {\small {\tt NESTED}} used by
MIPS, the section name can be uniqued with symbol name:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
#define LEAF(symbol) \
- .section .text; \
+ .section .text.asm.symbol;\
\end{lstlisting}
But the other directly used .section instructions require a better solution,
fortunately, we can use the same method proposed above, that is:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
#define __asm_section(S) \
.section __us(S.)
\end{lstlisting}
Then, every .section instruction used in the assembly files should be changed
as following:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
/* include/linux/init.h */
-#define __HEAD .section ".head.text","ax"
+#define __HEAD __asm_section(.head.text), "ax"
\end{lstlisting}
\item Simplify the invocation of the gc-sections
In order to avoid passing {\small {\tt -ffunction-sectoins}}, {\small {\tt
-fdata-sections}} to `make' in every compiling, both of these two options
should be added to the top-level Makefile or the arch specific Makefile
directly, and we also need to disable {\small {\tt -ffunction-sectoins}}
explicitly when Ftrace is enabled for Ftrace requires the {\small {\tt -p}}
option, which is not compatible with {\small {\tt -ffunction-sectoins}}.
Adding them to the Makefile directly may also be better to fix the other
potential compatiabilities, for example, {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}} doesn't
work on 32bit kernel, which can be fixed as following:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/mips/Makefile
ifndef CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER
cflags-y := -ffunction-sections
endif
# FIXME: 32bit doesn't work with -fdata-sections
ifdef CONFIG_64BIT
cflags-y += -fdata-sections
endif
\end{lstlisting}
Note, some architectures may prefer {\small {\tt KBUILD\_CFLAGS}} than
cflags-y, it depends.
Besides, the {\small {\tt --print-gc-sections}} option should be added for
debugging, which can help to show the effect of gc-sections or when the kernel
doesn't boot with gc-sections, it can help to find out which sections are
wrongly removed and hence keep them explicitly.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# Makefile
ifeq ($(KBUILD_VERBOSE),1)
LDFLAGS_vmlinux += --print-gc-sections
endif
\end{lstlisting}
Then, {\small {\tt make V=1}} can invocate the linker to print which symbols
are removed from the last executables.
In the future, in order to make the whole gc-sections configurable, 4 new
kernel config options may be required to reflect the selection of
{\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}, {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}}, {\small
{\tt --gc-sections}} and {\small {\tt --print-gc-sections}}.
\item Support compressed kernel image
The compressed kernel image often include a compressed vmlinux and an extra
bootstraper. The bootstraper decompresses the compressed kernel image
and boots it. the bootstraper may also include dead code, but for its Makefile
does not inherit the make rules from either the top level Makefile or the
Makefile of a specific architecture, therefore, this should be taken care of
independently.
Just like we mentioned in section 2.3, the section stored the kernel image must
be kept with the KEEP instruction, and the {\small {\tt -ffunction-sectoins}},
{\small {\tt -fdata-sections}}, {\small {\tt --gc-sections}} and {\small {\tt
--print-gc-sections}} options should also be added for the compiling and
linking of the bootstraper.
\item Take care of the kernel modules
Currently, all of the kernel modules share a common linker script:
scripts/module-common.lds, which is not friendly to {\small {\tt
--gc-sections}} for some architectures may require to discard some specific
sections. Therefore, an arch specific module linker script should be added to
arch/ARCH/ and the following lines should be added to the top-level Makefile:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# Makefile
+ LDS_MODULE = \
-T $(srctree)/arch/$(SRCARCH)/module.lds
+ LDFLAGS_MODULE = \
$(if $(wildcard arch/$(SRCARCH)/module.lds),\
$(LDS_MODULE))
LDFLAGS_MODULE += \
-T $(srctree)/scripts/module-common.lds
\end{lstlisting}
Then, every architecture can add the architecture specific parts to its own
module linker script, for example:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/mips/module.lds
SECTIONS {
/DISCARD/ : {
*(.MIPS.options)
...
}
}
\end{lstlisting}
In order to remove the dead code in the kernel modules, it may require to
enhance the common module linker script to keep the functions called by
module\_init() and module\_exit(), for these two are the init and exit entries of
the modules. Besides, the other specific sections (e.g. .modinfo, \_\_version)
may need to be kept explicitly. This idea is not implemented in our
gc-sections project yet.
\item Port to the other architectures based platforms
Our gc-sections have added the gc-sections support for the top 4 architectures
(ARM, MIPS, PowerPC and X86) based platforms and all of them have been tested.
The architecture and platform specific parts are small but need to follow some
basic steps to minimize the time cost, the porting steps to a new platform will
be covered in the next section.
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{The steps of porting gc-sections patchset to a new platform}
In order to make gc-sections work on a new platform, the following steps should
be followed (use ARM as an example).
\begin{enumerate}
\item Prepare the development and testing environment, including real
machine(e.g. dev board) or emulator(e.g. qemu), cross-compiler, file system
etc.
For ARM, we choose {\em qemu} 0.14.50 as the emulator and versatilepb as the test
platform, the corss-compiler ({\em gcc} 4.5.2, {\em ld} 2.21.0.20110327) is provided by
ubuntu 11.04 and the filesystem is installed by debootstrap, the ramfs is
available from path_to_url
\item Check whether the GNU toolchains support {\small {\tt
-ffunction-sections}}, {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}} and {\small {\tt
--gc-sections}}. If not, add the toolchains support at first.
The following command shows the GNU toolchains of ARM does support gc-sections,
or else, there will be failure.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' | arm-linux-gnueabi-gcc \
-ffunction-sections -Wl,--gc-sections \
-S -x c -o - - | grep .section
.section .text.unused,"ax",%progbits
.section .text.main,"ax",%progbits
\end{lstlisting}
\item Add {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}, {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}},
at proper place in arch or platform specific Makefile
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/arm/Makefile
ifndef CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER
KBUILD_CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections
endif
KBUILD_CFLAGS += -fdata-sections
\end{lstlisting}
\item Fix the potential compatibility problem (e.g. disable {\small {\tt
-ffunction-sections}} while requires Ftrace)
The Ftrace compatiability problem is fixed above, no other compatibility has
been found up to now.
\item Check if there are sections which are unreferenced but used, keep them
The following three sections are kept for ARM:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/arm/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
...
KEEP(*(.proc.info.init*))
...
KEEP(*(.arch.info.init*))
...
KEEP(*(.taglist.init*))
\end{lstlisting}
\item Do basic build and boot test. If a boot failure happens, use {\small {\tt
make V=1}} to find out the wrongly removed sections and keep them
explicitly with the KEEP instruction
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ qemu-system-arm -M versatilepb -m 128M \
-kernel vmlinux -initrd initrd.gz \
-append "root=/dev/ram init=/bin/sh" \
\end{lstlisting}
If the required sections can not be determined in the above step, it will be
found at this step for {\small {\tt make V=1}} will tell you which sections may
be related to the boot failure.
\item Add support for assembly files with the \_\_asm\_section() macro
Using grep command to find out every .section place and replace it with the
\_\_asm\_section() macro, for example:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/arm/mm/proc-arm926.S
- .section ".rodata"
+ __asm_section(.rodata)
\end{lstlisting}
\item Follow the above steps to add support for compressed kernel
Enable gc-sections in the Makefile of compressed kernel:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/arm/boot/compressed/Makefile
EXTRA_CFLAGS+=-ffunction-sections -fdata-sections
...
LDFLAGS_vmlinux := --gc-sections
ifeq ($(KBUILD_VERBOSE),1)
LDFLAGS_vmlinux += --print-gc-sections
endif
...
\end{lstlisting}
And then, keep the required sections in the linker script of the compressed
kernel:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/arm/boot/compressed/vmlinux.lds.in
KEEP(*(.start))
KEEP(*(.text))
KEEP(*(.text.call_kernel))
\end{lstlisting}
\item Make sure the main kernel features (e.g. Ftrace, Kgcov, Perf and
Oprofile) work normally with gc-sections
Validated Ftrace, Kgcov, Perf and Oprofile on ARM platform and found they
worked well.
\item Add architecture or platform specific module.lds to remove unwanted
sections for the kernel modules
In order to eliminate the unneeded sections(e.g. .fixup, \_\_ex\_table) for
modules while no CONFIG\_MMU, a new module.lds.S is added for ARM:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/arm/module.lds.S
...
SECTIONS {
/DISCARD/ : {
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
*(.fixup)
*(__ex_table)
#endif
}
}
# arch/arm/Makefile
extra-y := module.lds
\end{lstlisting}
\item Do full test: test build, boot with NFS root filesystem, the modules and
so forth.
Enable the network bridge support between qemu and your host machine, open the
NFS server on your host, config smc91c111 kernel driver, dhcp and NFS root
client, then, boot your kernel with NFS root filesystem to do a full test.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ qemu-system-arm -kernel /path/to/zImage \
-append "init=/bin/bash root=/dev/nfs \
nfsroot=$nfs_server:/path/to/rootfs ip=dhcp" \
-M versatilepb -m 128M -net \
nic,model=smc91c111 -net tap
\end{lstlisting}
\end{enumerate}
\section{Testing results}
Test has been run on all of the top 4 architectures, including basic boot with
ramfs, full boot with NFS root filesystem and the main kernel features (e.g.
Ftrace, Kgcov, Perf and Oprofile).
The host machine is thinkpad SL400 with Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU T5670, the
host sytem is ubuntu 11.04.
The qemu version and the cross compiler for ARM is the same as above section,
the cross compiler for MIPS is compiled from buildroot, the cross compiler for
PowerPC is downloaded from emdebian.org/debian/, the details are below:
\tabin{75}{tbl:t1}{Testing environment}{
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
\hline
arch & board & net & gcc & ld \\
\hline
ARM & {\tiny versatilepb} & {\tiny smc91c111} & 4.5.2 & {\tiny 2.21.0.20110327} \\
MIPS & malta & pcnet & 4.5.2 & 2.21 \\
PPC & g3beige & pcnet & 4.4.5 & {\tiny 2.20.1.20100303 } \\
X86 & pc-0.14 & {\tiny ne2k\_pci} & 4.5.2 & {\tiny 2.21.0.20110327}\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
Note:
\begin{itemize}
\item In order to boot qemu-system-ppc on ubuntu 11.04, the openbios-ppc must
be downloaded from debian repository and installed, then use the -bios option
of qemu-system-ppc to indicate the path of the openbios.
\item Due to the regular experssion pattern bug of {\em ld} \textless 2.20 described in
section 3, in order to make the gc-sections features work with {\tiny
2.20.1.20100303}, the linker script of powerpc is changed through using the
pattern .text.*, .data.*, .bss.*, .sbss.*, but to avoid wrongly merging the
kernel magic sections (e.g. .data..page\_aligned) to the .data section, the
magic sections are moved before the merging of .data, then it works well
because of the the .data..page\_aligned will be linked at first, then, it will
not match .data.* and then it will not go to the .data section. Due to the
unconvenience of this method, the real solution will be forcing the users to use
{\em ld} \textgreater= 2.21, or else, will disable this gc-sections feature to avoid generating
bigger kernel image.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
SECTIONS
{
...
.data..page_aligned : ... {
PAGE_ALIGNED_DATA(PAGE_SIZE)
}
...
.data : AT(ADDR(.data) - LOAD_OFFSET) {
DATA_DATA
*(.data.*)
...
*(.sdata.*)
...
}
...
}
\end{lstlisting}
\end{itemize}
The following table shows the size information of the vanilla kernel
image(vmlinux) and the kernel with gc-sections, both of them are
stripped through {\small {\tt strip -x}} (or even {\small {\tt strip s}})
because gc-sections may introduce more symbols (especially, non-global
symbols) which are not required for running on the embedded platforms.
The kernel config is gc\_sections\_defconfig placed under arch/ARCH/configs/,
it is based on the versatile\_defconfig, malta\_defconfig, pmac32\_defconfig
and i386\_defconfig respectively, extra config options only include the DHCP,
net driver, NFS client and NFS root file system.
\tabin{75}{tbl:t1}{Testing results}{
\begin{tabular}{llllll}
\hline
arch & text & data & bss & total & save \\
\hline
ARM & 3062975 & 137504 & 198940 & 3650762 & \\
& 3034990 & 137120 & 198688 & 3608866 & -1.14\% \\
MIPS & 3952132 & 220664 & 134400 & 4610028 & \\
& 3899224 & 217560 & 123224 & 4545436 & -1.40\% \\
PPC & 5945289 & 310362 & 153188 & 6671729 & \\
& 5849879 & 309326 & 152920 & 6560912 & -1.66\% \\
X86 & 2320279 & 317220 & 1086632 & 3668580 & \\
& 2206804 & 311292 & 498916 & 3572700 & -2.61\% \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% NEXT SECTION (OPTIONAL)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Conclusions}
The testing result shows that gc-sections does eliminate some dead code and
reduces the size of the kernel image by about 1\~{}3\%, which is useful to some
size critical embedded applications.
Besides, this brings Linux kernel with link time dead code elimination, more
dead code can be further eliminated in some specific applications (e.g. only
parts of the kernel system calls are required by the target system, finding out
the system calls really not used may guide the kernel to eliminate those system
calls and their callees), and for safety critical systems, dead code
elimination may help to reduce the code validations and reduce the possibinity
of execution on unexpected code. And also, it may be possible to scan the
kernel modules(`make export\_report' does help this) and determine which
exported kernel symbols are really required, keep them and recompile the kernel
may help to only export the required symbols.
Next step is working on the above ideas and firstly will work on application
guide system call optimization, which is based on this project and maybe
eliminate more dead code.
And at the same time, do more test, clean up the existing patchset, rebase it
to the latest stable kernel, then, upstream them.
Everything in this work is open and free, the homepage is {\small
tinylab.org/index.php/projects/tinylinux}, the project repository is
{\small gitorious.org/tinylab/tinylinux}.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% REFERENCES (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{thebibliography}{8}%use this if you have <=9 bib refs
%\begin{thebibliography}{99}%use this if you have >9 bib refs
\bibitem {link1}{\it Tiny Lab, path_to_url }
\bibitem {book1}{\it Link time dead code and data elimination using GNU toolchain, path_to_url}, {\sc Denys Vlasenko}
\bibitem {book2}{\it Executable and Linkable Format, path_to_url}
\bibitem {link2}{\it GNU Linker ld, path_to_url}
\bibitem {book3}{\it A Whirlwind Tutorial on Creating Really Teensy ELF Executables for Linux, path_to_url~breadbox/software/\\tiny/teensy.html}
\bibitem {book4}{\it Understanding ELF using readelf and objdump, path_to_url understanding-elf-using-readelf-and-objdump\_125.html}
\bibitem {book5}{\it ELF: From The Programmers Perspective, path_to_url}
\bibitem {link3}{\it Section garbage collection patchset, path_to_url}, {\sc Denys Vlasenko}
\bibitem {link4}{\it Work on Tiny Linux Kernel, path_to_url}, {\sc Wu Zhangjin}
\end{thebibliography}
\end{multicols}
\end{document}
``` |
A toddler is a child approximately 1 to 3 years old, though definitions vary. The toddler years are a time of great cognitive, emotional and social development. The word is derived from "to toddle", which means to walk unsteadily, like a child of this age.
Developmental milestones
Toddler development can be broken down into a number of interrelated areas. There is reasonable consensus about what these areas may include:
Physical: growth or an increase in size.
Gross motor: the control of large muscles which enable walking, running, jumping and climbing.
Fine motor: the ability to control small muscles; enabling the toddler to feed themselves, draw and manipulate objects.
Vision: the ability to see near and far and interpret what is seen.
Hearing and speech: the ability to hear and receive information and listen (interpret), and the ability to understand and learn language and use it to communicate effectively.
Social: the ability to interact with the world through playing with others, taking turns and fantasy play.
Although it is useful to chart defined periods of development, it is also necessary to recognize that development exists on a continuum, with considerable individual differences between children. There is a wide range of what may be considered 'normal' development. However, according to experts, there are specific milestones that should be achieved by certain ages and stages in life in order to properly grow and develop. Medical experts also point out that children develop in their own time and suggest that carers should not worry too much if a child fails to reach all the milestones for their age range. Premature birth or illness during infancy may also slow down a young child's development.
Below follows a rough breakdown of the kinds of skills and attributes which young children can be expected to have developed by different points during the toddler period. Citations for the information given are provided here.
Early milestones and intelligence
It has long been known that markedly late achievement of developmental milestones is related to intellectual or physical disabilities. However, it was thought for a long time that within the general population no relationship between the age of passing developmental milestones and later intelligence is seen. It was only more recently discovered that early passing of developmental milestones indicates in general a higher level of intelligence. A study from 2007 based on more than 5,000 children born in the United Kingdom in 1946 showed that for every month earlier a child learned to stand, there was a gain of one half of one intelligence quotient point at age 8. Also a later 2018 study found a relationship between milestone achievement and intelligence in adulthood (in this case, the milestone used was being able to name objects/animals in pictures at less than 18 months, 18–24 months, and later than 24 months). The IQ of children who were able to form a sentence at less than 24 months of age averaged 107 points, whereas children who were able to form a sentence later than 24 months of age in young adulthood (20–34 years old) had an average IQ of 101. Early passing developmental milestones and the head circumference up to the age of 3 years explained about 6% of variance in IQ in adulthood. In comparison, parental socioeconomic status and the child's sex explained about 23% of the variance in IQ. However, experts advise against rushing children through milestones, as long as they are reaching them within a normal range.
Toilet training
Readiness: The Azrin and Foxx method of toilet training introduced the first set of objective criteria for determining whether a child is prepared to begin toilet training. The child should be physiologically and psychologically capable. Physiologic preparedness describes the ability of the child to perform tasks necessary for toilet training such as controlling their anal and urethral sphincter, sitting upright, and walking. Psychological readiness describes the child's motivation to become toilet trained and their ability to understand and follow directions.
Process training.
Parental response.
Squatting
Young children squat instinctively as a continuous movement from standing up whenever they want to lower themselves to ground level. One- and two-year-olds can commonly be seen playing in a stable squatting position, with feet wide apart and bottom not quite touching the floor, although at first they need to hold on to something to stand up again.
Language
Talking is the next milestone of which parents are typically aware. A toddler's first word often occurs around 12 months, but this is only an average. The child will then continue to steadily add to his or her vocabulary until around the age of 18 months when language increases rapidly. He or she may learn as many as 7–9 new words a day. Around this time, toddlers generally know about 50 words. At 21 months is when toddlers begin to incorporate two word phrases into their vocabulary, such as "I go", "mama give", and "baby play". Before going to sleep they often engage in a monologue called crib talk in which they practice conversational skills. At this age, children are becoming very proficient at conveying their wants and needs to their parents in a verbal fashion."If I want it, it's mine.
If I give it to you and change my mind later, it's mine.
If I can take it away from you, it's mine.
If I had it a little while ago, it's mine.
If it's mine it will never belong to anyone else, no matter what.
If we are building something together, all the pieces are mine.
If it looks like mine, it's mine."
Poem about the social lives of young children written by Burton L. White in his Raising a Happy, Unspoiled Child
Emotions and self-image
There are several other important milestones that are achieved in this time period that parents tend not to emphasize as much as walking and talking. Gaining the ability to point at whatever it is the child wants you to see shows huge psychological gains in a toddler. This generally happens before a child's first birthday.
This age is sometimes referred to as "the terrible twos", because of the temper tantrums for which they are famous. This stage can begin as early as nine months old depending on the child and environment. Toddlers tend to have temper tantrums because they have such strong emotions but do not know how to express themselves the way that older children and adults do. Immediate causes can include physical factors such as hunger, discomfort and fatigue or a child's desire to gain greater independence and control of the environment around them. The toddler is discovering that they are a separate being from their parent and are testing their boundaries in learning the way the world around them works. Although the toddler is in their exploratory phase, it is also important to understand that the methods used by the parents for communicating with the toddler can either set off a tantrum or calm the situation. Research has shown that parents with histories of maltreatment, violence exposure, and related psychopathology may have particular difficulty in responding sensitively and in a developmentally appropriate manner to their toddlers' tantrums and thus may benefit from parent-child mental health consultation. This time between the ages of two and five when they are reaching for independence repeats itself during adolescence.
Self-awareness is another milestone that helps parents understand how a toddler is reacting. Around 18 months of age, a child will begin to recognize himself or herself as a separate physical being with his/her own thoughts and actions. A parent can test if this milestone has been reached by noticing if the toddler recognizes that their reflection in a mirror is in fact themselves. One way to test this is the rouge test: putting lipstick on the child's face and showing them their own reflection. Upon seeing the out-of-the-ordinary mark, if the child reaches to his or her own face, the child has achieved this important milestone. Along with self recognition comes feelings of embarrassment and pride that the child had not previously experienced.
See also
Child development stages
Early childhood
Early childhood education
Sign language in infants and toddlers
References
External links
Childhood |
Tillandsia nuyooensis is a species of flowering plant in the genus Tillandsia. This species is endemic to Mexico.
References
nuyooensis
Flora of Mexico |
Dolnja Počehova ( or ) is a settlement in the Municipality of Pesnica in northeastern Slovenia. It lies in the Upper Pesnica Valley. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
A small roadside chapel-shrine in the settlement dates to 1775.
References
External links
Dolnja Počehova on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Pesnica |
Ivan Filipović (24 July 1823 – 28 October 1895) was a Croatian teacher, writer and lexicographer.
Born in Velika Kopanica, he was educated to become a teacher in Vinkovci and Sremska Mitrovica, where he also started as a teacher's apprentice in 1842. He became a teacher in Nova Gradiška in 1846, later moving to Zagreb, then to Požega and then again to Zagreb in 1863, where in turn he would remain until his retirement. In 1875 he became the school superintendent of the Zagreb County.
Filipović was an avid organizer of teachers, having founded a teachers' cooperative in 1865, co-founding the Croatian Pedagogic and Literary Board in 1871, and later the Union of Croatian Teacher Societies in 1885.
He worked to modernize the Croatian school system, and in 1865 he drafted a document that would serve as a basis for the first Croatian public school law passed in 1874 in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. Filipović advocated for the freedom and autonomy of schools as well as for women's education, which brought him in conflict with the authorities, such as the government of Khuen Hedervary as well as the Catholic Church.
Filipović wrote poetry as part of the Illyrian movement, and one of his patriotic songs led to him getting jailed during the time of the Bach's absolutism. He also wrote love poems, as well as a number of works of prose and poetry for children.
He also wrote a Croatian-German dictionary, an encyclopedia of pedagogy, and founded or edited a number of journals.
Filipović retired in 1887 and died in Zagreb in 1895.
Boris Papandopulo founded the Teachers' Choir "Ivan Filipović" in 1932.
The Croatian government named its national award for educational workers after Ivan Filipović. First created in 1964 by the Croatian Pedagogical and Literary Board, since 1967 it has been awarded by the Croatian Parliament. It has since become an annual award and a lifetime achievement award.
References
1823 births
1895 deaths
Croatian educators
19th-century Croatian writers
Croatian lexicographers |
Weliwita Ihalagama is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
See also
List of towns in Central Province, Sri Lanka
External links
Populated places in Kandy District |
Silvaninae is a subfamily of silvanid flat bark beetles in the family Silvanidae. There are about 11 genera and at least 30 described species in Silvaninae.
Genera
Ahasverus Gozis, 1881
Airaphilus Redtenbacher, 1858
Cathartosilvanus Grouvelle, 1912
Cathartus Reiche, 1854
Eunausibius Grouvelle, 1912
Monanus Sharp, 1879
Nausibius Lentz, 1857
Oryzaephilus Ganglbauer, 1899
Pensus Halstead, 1973
Silvanoprus Reitter, 1911
Silvanus Latreille, 1804
References
Further reading
Silvanidae |
Trudovoi Tiraspol is the main newspaper of the largest city of Transnistria, the breakaway region of Moldova. It is Russian for Working Tiraspol. It appears in its capital Tiraspol. It is normally not available in the rest of Transnistria, with the exception of Bender, the region's second largest city.
Mass media in Transnistria
Russian-language newspapers published in Moldova
Mass media in Tiraspol |
Cristina González Cruz (born 25 July 1973) is a Mexican politician and lawyer affiliated with the PRI. She currently serves as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico.
References
1973 births
Living people
Politicians from Mexico City
Lawyers from Mexico City
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Mexican women lawyers
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Deputies of the LXII Legislature of Mexico
21st-century Mexican lawyers
21st-century women lawyers |
I Liked Kissing Women () is a 1926 German silent film directed by and starring Alfons Fryland, Elisabeth Pinajeff, and Evi Eva.
The film's sets were designed by the art director Carl Ludwig Kirmse.
Cast
References
External links
Films of the Weimar Republic
Films directed by Bruno Rahn
German silent feature films
German black-and-white films |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
/* eslint-disable object-curly-newline, object-property-newline */
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var tape = require( 'tape' );
var noop = require( '@stdlib/utils/noop' );
var Float64Array = require( '@stdlib/array/float64' );
var keyBy = require( './../lib' );
// TESTS //
tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
t.ok( true, __filename );
t.strictEqual( typeof keyBy, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function throws an error if not provided a collection', function test( t ) {
var values;
var i;
values = [
'5',
5,
NaN,
true,
false,
null,
void 0,
{},
function noop() {},
/.*/,
new Date()
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[i] ), TypeError, 'throws a type error when provided '+values[i] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
keyBy( value, noop );
};
}
});
tape( 'the function throws an error if not provided a function to invoke', function test( t ) {
var values;
var i;
values = [
'5',
5,
NaN,
true,
false,
null,
void 0,
{},
[],
/.*/,
new Date()
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[i] ), TypeError, 'throws a type error when provided '+values[i] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
keyBy( [ 1, 2, 3 ], value );
};
}
});
tape( 'if provided an empty collection, the function never invokes a provided function', function test( t ) {
var arr = [];
function foo() {
t.fail( 'should not be invoked' );
}
keyBy( arr, foo );
t.deepEqual( arr, [], 'expected result' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function returns an object', function test( t ) {
var arr;
var out;
function toKey( v ) {
t.pass( 'invoked provided function' );
return v;
}
arr = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
out = keyBy( arr, toKey );
t.strictEqual( typeof out, 'object', 'returns an object' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function converts a collection to an object (array)', function test( t ) {
var expected;
var arr;
var out;
function toKey( value ) {
return value.name;
}
arr = [
{ 'name': 'v0', 'value': 1 },
{ 'name': 'v1', 'value': 2 },
{ 'name': 'v2', 'value': 3 }
];
expected = {
'v0': arr[ 0 ],
'v1': arr[ 1 ],
'v2': arr[ 2 ]
};
out = keyBy( arr, toKey );
t.deepEqual( out, expected, 'expected result' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function converts a collection to an object (array-like object)', function test( t ) {
var expected;
var arr;
var out;
function toKey( value ) {
return value.name;
}
arr = {
'length': 3,
'0': { 'name': 'v0', 'value': 1 },
'1': { 'name': 'v1', 'value': 2 },
'2': { 'name': 'v2', 'value': 3 }
};
expected = {
'v0': arr[ 0 ],
'v1': arr[ 1 ],
'v2': arr[ 2 ]
};
out = keyBy( arr, toKey );
t.deepEqual( out, expected, 'expected result' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function converts a collection to an object (typed array)', function test( t ) {
var expected;
var arr;
var out;
function toKey( value, index ) {
return index;
}
arr = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 ] );
expected = {
'0': 1.0,
'1': 2.0,
'2': 3.0
};
out = keyBy( arr, toKey );
t.deepEqual( out, expected, 'expected result' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function supports providing an execution context', function test( t ) {
var ctx;
var arr;
function toKey( value ) {
/* eslint-disable no-invalid-this */
this.sum += value;
this.count += 1;
return value;
}
ctx = {
'sum': 0,
'count': 0
};
arr = [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 ];
keyBy( arr, toKey, ctx );
t.strictEqual( ctx.sum/ctx.count, 2.0, 'expected result' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function does not skip empty elements', function test( t ) {
var expected;
var arr;
arr = [ 1, , , 4 ]; // eslint-disable-line no-sparse-arrays
expected = [ 1, void 0, void 0, 4 ];
function verify( value, index ) {
t.strictEqual( value, expected[ index ], 'provides expected value' );
}
keyBy( arr, verify );
t.end();
});
``` |
Army & Navy sweets are a type of traditional boiled sweet, or hard candy, available in the United Kingdom. They are black in colour, lozenge-shaped and flavoured with liquorice and herbs. They are often eaten in winter as their slightly medicinal flavour is similar to that of Cough candy. Their name is likely derived from their popularity with service personnel during the First World War. Originally they are reported to have contained Opium.
See also
Liquorice (confectionery)
Aniseed twist
References
British confectionery
Candy
Liquorice (confectionery)
Throat lozenges |
Paulina Rivoli (22 July 1823 – 12 October 1881) was a Polish operatic soprano who had an active international career with important European opera houses from 1837–1860.
Rivoli was born in Vilnius, Lithuania. She was particularly associated with the operas of Daniel Auber, Domenico Cimarosa, Stanisław Moniuszko, and Carl Maria von Weber. She trained under Kurpinski at the Teatr Wielki. Rivoli also was known for playing Halka in the famous opera with the same name. She died, aged 58, in Warsaw.
References
1823 births
1881 deaths
Polish operatic sopranos
19th-century Polish women opera singers
Musicians from Vilnius |
```powershell
function Test-LabPathIsOnLabAzureLabSourcesStorage
{
[CmdletBinding()]
param
(
[Parameter(Mandatory)]
[string]$Path
)
if (-not (Test-LabHostConnected)) { return $false }
try
{
if (Test-LabAzureLabSourcesStorage)
{
$azureLabSources = Get-LabAzureLabSourcesStorage
return $Path -like "$($azureLabSources.Path)*"
}
else
{
return $false
}
}
catch
{
return $false
}
}
``` |
Johan Didrik Frisch (4 May 1835 – 22 November 1867) was a Danish landscape and animal painter.
Biography
Didrik Frisch was born on a farm near Slagelse, Denmark. His father was a landowner. He began his education at the Sorø Academy; a private boarding school. While there, perhaps inspired by Frederik Vermehren, who was a family friend, he started doing sketches. These drew the attention of the landscape painter Hans Harder, who was sufficiently impressed that he helped him to begin his career as an artist.
After some time at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, he went to Paris in 1857 to continue his studies. While there, he began to show his paintings. Originally, he depicted figures, but soon turned to landscapes, then combined the two.
By 1866, however, he had decided to devote himself to animal painting and spent a great deal of time painting en plein aire at the Jægersborg Dyrehave (Deer Park). The following year, he received a scholarship from the Academy to study in Italy. He briefly visited Rome, then went to Florence, where he took up with his fellow Danish painters, Otto Bache and L.A. Schou.
During a cholera epidemic later that year, he and Schou were both infected and died in Florence within days of each other.
References
External links
ArtNet: More works by Frisch.
1836 births
1867 deaths
People from Slagelse
Danish landscape painters
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
19th-century Danish painters
Danish male painters
Animal artists
19th-century Danish male artists |
Magnuszew is a village in Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Magnuszew. It lies approximately north-west of Kozienice and south-east of Warsaw.
In 2012 the village, located near the Vistula river, had a population of 800 (2012).
It was the site of a major battle in August 1944 during World War II, when the Soviet army established a strategic bridgehead in its vicinity, on the west bank of the Vistula.
History
The oldest settlement dates from the 12th century when the village, then called Magnussewo, was founded by one of the early Dukes of Masovia. In 1377, when the village was owned by Świętosław, it received certain autonomy rights (Magdeburg Rights) from Duke Siemowit IV. In 1576, as a result of war damage and fires that destroyed numerous wooden buildings, Magnuszew was demoted to the rank of a village. Later owners of Magnuszew were the Potocki family and - particularly powerful - the Zamoyski family. In 1655 during the Swedish Deluge, the village was burned down by the soldiers of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. It was rebuilt, but physically moved in 1774, possibly because of changes in the course of the River Vistula.
In 1776 the new owner, Andrzej Zamoyski, restored the rank of the settlement as a city, due to a privilege granted by King Stanisław August Poniatowski. However, only two years later, in 1778, the village was again destroyed by a large fire. In the following years the city experienced numerous fires and floods, and the population declined dramatically due to epidemics such as cholera and smallpox. These various disasters left Magnuszew impoverished and once more the settlement lost its status as a city.
In around 1800 German and Jewish immigrants arrived in Magnuszew. The German settlers built farmhouses on higher ground along the banks of the Vistula. The alluvial flats near the river remained uninhabited because of flooding that hit the area at least twice a year, until levees were built in the late 19th century. Historical and linguistic research indicates that the Germans arrived from similar settlements further downstream along the Vistula. The origin of the Jewish population settling in Magnuszew is unknown. They formed a congregation that had 330 members in 1827. The most well-known of the congregation was the founder and first Rebbe of the Ger Hasidic dynasty, Yitzchak Meir Alter.
The Polish-Catholic and Jewish populations were roughly equal in numbers over time until World War II. Together they accounted for 80-90 percent of the local population (until 1942). Aside from a very few exceptions, the Poles were Catholics, and spoke Polish, the Germans were Lutherans and talked a Low German dialect, and the Jews were Jewish and spoke Yiddish.
In the course of the following 150 years, the settlement witnessed frequent changes of political regimes (French, Russian and German). On 1 June 1869, under the ukase of Emperor Alexander II of Russia, Magnuszew lost its city rights. In World War I, the Tsarist army deported the German and Polish inhabitants of Magnuszew to the River Volga and other remote areas of Russia. As a result of the deportations and other losses the village's population decreased heavily between 1913 (3,206) and 1921 (1,568).
A second wave of deportations, accompanied by ethnic cleansing, hit Magnuszew in World War II, when the German occupants deported its Polish inhabitants to Germany as slave workers, while the Jewish population was imprisoned in a ghetto in Magnuszew. In 1942 the ghetto was liquidated, and the Jews were either shot on the spot or transported to the Treblinka extermination camp where they were killed by gas.
In 1944, as part of Operation Bagration, the Red Army established a bridgehead at Magnuszew, (at times also called the Warka bridgehead). Heavy fighting between Soviet and German forces occurred when the bridgehead was established, and even more fighting occurred in January 1945 when the Red Army broke out of the bridgehead heading for Berlin. The town was almost completely destroyed.
References
External links
Jewish Community in Magnuszew on Virtual Shtetl
Upstream Vistula by Jutta Dennerlein
Bibliography
Frank Meyer, Å se verden fra grenselandet. Det nasjonale og det transnasjonale i lokalhistorien, Historisk tidsskrift (Norwegian), 90 (2011): 213–232. ISSN print: 0018-263X ISSN online: 1504-2944
Villages in Kozienice County
Radom Governorate
Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Holocaust locations in Poland |
Sublette County School District #9 is a public school district based in Big Piney, Wyoming, United States.
Geography
Sublette County School District #9 serves southwestern Sublette County and a portion of northeastern Lincoln County, including the following communities:
Incorporated places
Town of Big Piney
Town of La Barge
Town of Marbleton
Census-designated places (Note: All census-designated places are unincorporated.)
Calpet
Schools
Big Piney High School (Grades 9–12)
Big Piney Middle School (Grades 6–8)
Big Piney Elementary School (Grades K-5)
La Barge Elementary School (Grades K-5)
Student demographics
The following figures are as of October 1, 2008.
Total District Enrollment: 691
Student enrollment by gender
Male: 367 (53.11%)
Female: 324 (46.89%)
Student enrollment by ethnicity
White (not Hispanic): 602 (87.12%)
Hispanic: 57 (8.25%)
American Indian or Alaskan Native: 26 (3.76%)
Black (not Hispanic): 6 (0.87%)
See also
List of school districts in Wyoming
References
External links
Sublette County School District #9 – official site.
Education in Sublette County, Wyoming
Education in Lincoln County, Wyoming
School districts in Wyoming |
Ptychohyla dendrophasma is a species of frog in the family Hylidae found in Guatemala and possibly Mexico. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Sources
dendrophasma
Amphibians of Guatemala
Frogs of North America
Critically endangered fauna of North America
Amphibians described in 2000
Taxa named by Jonathan A. Campbell
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Szumowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Korycin, within Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Korycin, west of Sokółka, and north of the regional capital Białystok.
References
Villages in Sokółka County |
Synolos is a Social Enterprise (CIC) organisation based in West Oxfordshire, founded by Barry Ingleton in 2010 which helps individuals to improve their lives and build the future that they aspire to. Synolos does this by offering practical classes that builds educational attainment, work based skill underpinned but we well being awareness.
References
2010 establishments in the United Kingdom |
Nicotelline is an alkaloid first identified in 1914 as a chemical constituent of tobacco plants (Nicotiana).
The chemical structure of nicotelline wasn't elucidated until 1956, when it was determined that nicotelline is a terpyridine consisting of three linked pyridine rings. This structure was confirmed by laboratory synthesis. Nicotelline has the molecular formula . It is a crystalline solid with a melting point of 147-148 °C. It is soluble in hot water, chloroform, ethanol, and benzene.
Nicotelline has long been known to be a constituent of tobacco smoke. As such, it has recently been proposed as a biomarker or environmental tracer for tobacco smoke.
References
Alkaloids
Pyridines |
The National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame and Museum was founded in 1973. The mission of the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame is to recognize and preserve outstanding achievement by individuals of Polish heritage in the field of sports and to educate the entire community with the hope of encouraging and inspiring personal excellence. The hall is located in Troy, Michigan.
Each year, inductees are elected in a nationwide vote among NPASHF officers, Hall of Fame inductees and more than 500 members of the Sports Panel Council. With over 150 inductees, the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame has an outstanding collection of historic artifacts on display at the American Polish Cultural Center in Troy, Michigan. Stan Musial, the first inductee, is represented with items worthy of being in Cooperstown.
Visitors can also see uniforms worn by greats such as Steve Gromek, Carol Blazejowski, Mark Fidrych and Ed Olczyk; the boxing gloves used by 1940s heavyweight champion Tony Zale; basketballs, baseballs, footballs, and bowling balls used and signed by Mike Krzyzewski, Whitey Kurowski, Ted Marchibroda, and Eddie Lubanski. Among other items is a football signed by Bob Skoronski, Vince Lombardi and other members of the 1967 Super Bowl I Champion Green Bay Packers.
In 2013, the Hall of Fame instituted its NPASHF Excellence in Sports Award and race driver Brad Keselowski was the initial recipient. Other winners include Liz Johnson, Frank Kaminsky, Gary Kubiak, Joe Maddon, Dave Dombrowski, Sam Mikulak and Natalie Wojcik.
The Hall of Fame on June 20, 2019, named its inaugural Excellence in Media Award the Tony Kubek Award and Adrian Wojnarowski of ESPN was the inaugural recipient. Sportswriter Joe Posnanski won in 2021.
At the Avenue of Stars, "Aleja Gwiazd Sportowców Polonijnych", of Rzeszow Poland, bronze plates with handprints of outstanding sportsmen of Polish origin were unveiled July 15, 2023, including NPASHF inductees Bob Brudzinski and Ann Meyers Drysdale.
The National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame held its 49th Annual Induction Banquet in June 2022, inducting Mark Dantonio, Mark Gubicza, Loree Jon Hasson and John Danowski. Celebrating 50 years, the NPASHF will host a gala banquet with all living inductees invited, on September 14, 2023 in Troy, Michigan as Ann Meyers Drysdale will serve as keynote speaker and Jon Paul Morosi master of ceremonies.
Baseball
Oscar Bielaski (2005)
Stan Coveleski (1976)
Art "Pinky" Deras (2011)
Moe Drabowsky (1999)
Mark Fidrych (2009)
Steve Gromek (1981)
Mark Grudzielanek (2019)
Mark Gubicza (2022)
Ryan Klesko (2014)
Ted Kluszewski (1974)
Jim Konstanty (2008)
Mike Krukow (2020)
Tony Kubek (1982)
Whitey Kurowski (1988)
Bob Kuzava (2003)
Eddie Lopat (1978)
Stan Lopata (1997)
Greg Luzinski (1989)
Bill Mazeroski (1979)
Barney McCosky (1995)
Stan Musial (1973)
Joe Niekro (1992)
Phil Niekro (1990)
Danny Ozark (2010)
Tom Paciorek (1992)
Ron Perranoski (1983)
A. J. Pierzynski (2020)
Johnny Podres (2002)
Jack Quinn (2006)
Ron Reed (2005)
Jenny Romatowski (1999)
Ray Sadecki (2007)
Al Simmons (1975)
Bill Skowron (1980)
Frank Tanana (1996)
Alan Trammell (1998)
Connie Wisniewski (2020)
Carl Yastrzemski (1986)
Richie Zisk (2004)
Basketball
Carol Blazejowski (1994)
Vince Boryla (1984)
Ann Meyers Drysdale (2016)
Mike Gminski (2003)
Tom Gola (1977)
Bobby Hurley (2006)
Larry Krystkowiak (2018)
Mike Krzyzewski (1991)
Mitch Kupchak (2002)
Bob Kurland (1996)
Christian Laettner (2008)
June Olkowski (2012)
John Payak (1982)
Juliene Brazinski Simpson (2017)
Kelly Tripucka (2000)
Billiards
Loree Jon Hasson (2022)
Frank Taberski (2020)
Bowling
Johnny Crimmins (1976)
Billy Golembiewski (1981)
Cass Grygier (1984)
Eddie Lubanski (1978)
Aleta Rzepecki-Sill (2008)
Ann Setlock (1983)
Boxing
Duane Bobick (2014)
Bobby Czyz (2009)
Stanley Ketchel (1984)
Teddy Yarosz (2005)
Tony Zale (1975)
Fencing
Janusz Bednarski (2017)
Figure Skating
Janet Lynn (1990)
Elaine Zayak (2013)
American Football
Danny Abramowicz (1992)
Pete Banaszak (1990)
Steve Bartkowski (1993)
Zeke Bratkowski (1995)
Bob Brudzinski (2005)
Lou Creekmur (2001)
Zygmont Czarobski (1980)
Mark Dantonio (2022)
Mike Ditka (2001)
Conrad Dobler (2018)
Jim Dombrowski (2013)
Forest Evashevski (2000)
Frank Gatski (1989)
Jim Grabowski (1993)
Jack Ham (1987)
Leon Hart (1988)
Vic Janowicz (1987)
Ron Jaworski (1991)
Mike Kenn (2006)
Joe Klecko (1999)
Ed Klewicki (1982)
Gary Kubiak (2017)
Frank Kush (1998)
Ted Kwalick (2005)
Greg Landry (2012)
Johnny Lujack (1978)
Ted Marchibroda (1976)
Chester Marcol (2016)
Mike McCoy (2019)
Lou Michaels (1994)
Walt Michaels (1997)
Dick Modzelewski (1986)
Mike Munchak (2003)
Bronko Nagurski (2020)
Tom Nowatzke (2008)
Dominic Olejniczak (2020)
Bill Osmanski (1977)
Walt Patulski (2014)
Frank Piekarski (2005)
Bill Romanowski (2011)
Mark Rypien (2006)
Tom Sestak (2007)
Bob Skoronski (2000)
Emil Sitko (2020)
Hank Stram (1985)
Dick Szymanski (1994)
Frank Szymanski (1995)
Frank Tripucka (1997)
Steve Wisniewski (2004)
Alex Wojciechowicz (1975)
Golf
Billy Burke (2005)
Betsy King (2000)
Warren Orlick (1983)
Bob Toski (1987)
Al Watrous (1979)
Evan Williams (2018)
Gymnastics
George Szypula (1985)
Ice Hockey
Walter Broda (2005)
Len Ceglarski (1993)
Joe Kocur (2016)
Tom Lysiak (2012)
Allison Mleczko (2019)
Ed Olczyk (2004)
Bryan Smolinski (2015)
Pete Stemkowski (2002)
Lacrosse
John Danowski (2022)
Motor Sports
Tony Adamowicz (2016)
Tom D'Eath (2011)
Alan Kulwicki (2001)
Skiing
Kristina Koznick (2015)
Softball
Ed Tyson (1974)
Sports Journalism
Ed Browalski (1983)
Billy Packer (1988)
Sports Officials
Steve Javie (2017)
Stan Javie (2011)
Red Mihalik (1996)
Speed Skating
J.R. Celski (2020)
Swimming
Rachel Komisarz Baugh (2018)
Chet Jastremski (2007)
Kristy Kowal (2010)
Joe Verdeur (2009)
Taekwondo
Arlene Limas (2019)
Tennis
Jane "Peaches" Bartkowicz (2010)
Frank Parker (1988)
Track & Field
Bob Gutowski (1980)
Stella Walsh (1974)
Frances Sobczak Kaszubski (2020)
Volleyball
Andy Banachowski (2009)
Randy Stoklos (2015)
Water Polo
Monte Nitzkowski (2016)
Weightlifting
Norbert Schemansky (1979)
Stanley Stanczyk (1991)
Wrestling
Władek "Killer" Kowalski (2007)
Stanley Zbyszko (1983)
See also
Polish American Museum
Polish Museum of America
References
External links
Polish-American culture in Metro Detroit
All-sports halls of fame
Polish
Ethnic museums in Michigan
Sports museums in Michigan
Polish-American organizations
Awards established in 1973
1973 establishments in Michigan
Polish-American museums |
The 1986 season in Swedish football, starting January 1986 and ending December 1986:
Honours
Official titles
Competitions
Promotions, relegations and qualifications
Promotions
League transfers
Relegations
International qualifications
Domestic results
Allsvenskan 1986
Allsvenskan play-off 1986
Semi-finals
Final
Division 2 Norra 1986
Division 2 Södra 1986
Division 1 promotion play-off 1986
Svenska Cupen 1985–86
Final
National team results
Notes
References
Print
Online
Seasons in Swedish football |
is a Japanese video game developer and entrepreneur born in Kanazawa, Japan. He is the founder and representative director of Bushiroad. Kidani has also served as the chairman of New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). He continues to be involved with NJPW through Bushiroad, in which owns the company.
Early life
After Kidani graduated from Musashi University with a degree in economics, he worked at Yamaichi Securities. He handled American duties.
Broccoli
Kidani formerly from Yamaichi Securities in 1994. On March 25 of the same year, he founded Broccoli as a startup company. At first, his business focused on event management, but from 1994 to 1998, he started Comic Castle for dōjinshi. In 1996, he established his first chain of retail stores . His company has its center focus on anime and video games. Their company performance increased after producing the anime series Di Gi Charat and his company was then listed on the JASDAQ Securities Exchange.
Bushiroad
He founded Bushiroad in May 2007 as a company that produces card games and assumed the position of president. The origin of the name Bushiroad comes from the failure to make Neppu Kairiku Bushi Road into a film due to various reasons when he led the project in the days of Broccoli. The film was restarted in March 2013 with Kidani as the executive producer. The company would create numerous media franchises including Tantei Opera Milky Holmes and BanG Dream!.
On October 2, 2017, Bushiroad announced that Kidani would be stepping down as the company's Representative Director on October 20 and joining its board of directors.
Awards
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Promoter of the Year (2014, 2017, 2018)
References
Japanese business executives
Japanese anime producers
Japanese animated film producers
Professional wrestling promoters
Japanese game designers
People from Ishikawa Prefecture
Living people
1960 births |
Edsbyns IF, is a bandy team from Edsbyn in Ovanåker Municipality in Sweden founded on 6 June 1909. The bandy section of the club was founded as late as in 1925 was formally made a club of its own on 28 June 2000.
Edsbyns IF has played in the highest bandy league in Sweden from 1945–1969 and then again since 1971.
History
Edsbyns IF was founded in 1909.
In September 2003, Edsbyn moved to Edsbyn Arena, the first indoor arena for bandy in Sweden, and won the Swedish Championship final in the end of the season.
In June 2009, the club decided to dissolve the women's bandy team for the 2009–2010 season, while keeping the girls' bandy activity and attempting to re-start the women's team as soon as possible. On 4 October 2009, the women's bandy team Team Hälsingland was established instead, as a cooperation between Bollnäs GIF, Broberg/Söderhamn Bandy, Edsbyns IF and Ljusdals BK.
On 26 March 2004, Edsbyns IF played a men's bandy exhibition game at the Streatham Ice Arena in London against Russian Super League team Vodnik, which ended with a 10-10 draw.
The club's bandy section was awarded the Hälsingland Golden Award in 2004. The award has also been given to various individual sportspeople competing for the club.
Players
Current squad
Honours
Domestic
Swedish Champions:
Winners (13): 1952, 1953, 1962, 1978, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2022
Runners-up (8): 1949, 1955, 1958, 1961, 1963, 1982, 1984, 2009
Cup
Svenska Cupen:
Winners (3): 2005, 2008, 2019
International
World Cup:
Winners (3): 1979, 1991, 2008
Runners-up (3): 1980, 2005, 2007
European Cup:
Winners (2): 2005, 2007
Runners-up (4): 1978, 2004, 2006, 2008
References
External links
Official website
Sport in Gävleborg County
Bandy clubs established in 1909
Bandy clubs in Sweden
1909 establishments in Sweden |
Daniel Sullivan is an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at Eureka College in Eureka, Illinois from 2005 to 2008, compiling a record of 5–30. Sullivan resigned as head football coach at Eureka in October 2008. A graduate of University High School in Normal, Illinois, Sullivan played college football at Loras College in Dubuque, Iowa. He earned a master's degree in sports administration from Illinois State University in 2001. Sullivan spent two seasons as co-defensive coordinator at the University of Chicago before he was hired at Eureka.
Head coaching record
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chicago Maroons football coaches
Eureka Red Devils football coaches
Loras Duhawks football players
Illinois State University alumni
Sportspeople from Normal, Illinois
Players of American football from Illinois
Loras Duhawks football coaches
Drake Bulldogs football coaches
Loras College alumni
Lafayette Leopards football coaches
Illinois Wesleyan Titans football coaches
Southwest Minnesota State Mustangs football coaches
High school football coaches in New York (state) |
The 2008 K League Championship was the twelfth competition of the K League Championship, and was held to decide the 26th champions of the K League. The top six clubs of the regular season qualified for the championship. The winners of the regular season directly qualified for the final, and second place team qualified for the semi-final. The other four clubs entered the first round, and the winners of the second round advanced to the semi-final. Each match was played as a single match, excluding the final which consisted of two matches. Suwon Samsung Bluewings became the champions by defeating FC Seoul 3–2 on aggregate in the final.
Qualified teams
Bracket
First round
Second round
Semi-final
Final
First leg
Second leg
Suwon Samsung Bluewings won 3–2 on aggregate.
Final table
See also
2008 in South Korean football
2008 K League
References
External links
K League history
Match report at K League
K League Championship
K League
K League |
Ralph Burton Rogers (November 30, 1909 – November 4, 1997) was an American industrialist, philanthropist and PBS executive, called the "Founding Father of the Public Broadcasting Service."
Biography
He was born on November 30, 1909 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was educated at Boston Latin School and Northeastern University. As a businessman, Rogers worked for or ran many industrial firms, including Cummins Diesel Engine and Indian Motorcycles.
In 1950, he started work with Texas Industries in Dallas and by 1951 he was chairman of the board, president, and chief executive officer of this company. It became a Fortune 500 company with many interests but remains focused on cement production.
Rogers became civically and politically active in the 1960s. In 1972, he is credited with saving the Public Broadcasting Service during the Nixon Administration. As chairman of PBS (1973-1979) he organized more than 200 independent stations into a national television system. He later co-founded the Children's Television Workshop, and became a significant philanthropist, primarily in the Dallas area.
He died on November 4, 1997.
Awards and honors
Horatio Alger Award. According to the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans, the award "symbolizes the Association's values, including personal initiative and perseverance, leadership and commitment to excellence, belief in the free-enterprise system and the importance of higher education, community service, and the vision and determination to achieve a better future."
1978 Ralph Lowell Award, by which the Corporation for Public Broadcasting "recognizes outstanding contributions and achievements to public television."
See also
Hartford N. Gunn Jr.
References
External links
Ralph B. Rogers papers at the University of Maryland libraries
1909 births
1997 deaths
American manufacturing businesspeople
Sesame Workshop people
20th-century American businesspeople
Boston Latin School alumni
Northeastern University alumni
Businesspeople from Boston
PBS people
American chief executives
American chairpersons of corporations
20th-century American philanthropists
Philanthropists from Massachusetts |
```yaml
version: "3"
services:
qbittorrent:
image: linuxserver/qbittorrent:${VERSION:-latest}
ports:
- 8080:8080
environment:
- WEBUI_PORT=8080
tmpfs:
- /downloads
networks:
default:
external:
name: electorrent_p2p
``` |
```tex
\documentclass{report}
\usepackage[plainpages=false,pdfpagelabels,breaklinks,pagebackref]{hyperref}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{txfonts}
\usepackage{chicago}
\usepackage{aliascnt}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{calc}
\usepackage[ruled]{algorithm2e}
\usetikzlibrary{matrix,fit,backgrounds,decorations.pathmorphing,positioning}
\usepackage{listings}
\lstset{basicstyle=\tt,flexiblecolumns=false}
\def\vec#1{\mathchoice{\mbox{\boldmath$\displaystyle\bf#1$}}
{\mbox{\boldmath$\textstyle\bf#1$}}
{\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptstyle\bf#1$}}
{\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptscriptstyle\bf#1$}}}
\providecommand{\fract}[1]{\left\{#1\right\}}
\providecommand{\floor}[1]{\left\lfloor#1\right\rfloor}
\providecommand{\ceil}[1]{\left\lceil#1\right\rceil}
\def\sp#1#2{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}
\def\spv#1#2{\langle\vec #1,\vec #2\rangle}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
\newaliascnt{example}{theorem}
\newtheorem{example}[example]{Example}
\newaliascnt{def}{theorem}
\newtheorem{definition}[def]{Definition}
\aliascntresetthe{example}
\aliascntresetthe{def}
\numberwithin{theorem}{section}
\numberwithin{def}{section}
\numberwithin{example}{section}
\newcommand{\algocflineautorefname}{Algorithm}
\newcommand{\exampleautorefname}{Example}
\newcommand{\lstnumberautorefname}{Line}
\renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{Section}
\renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{Section}
\def\Z{\mathbb{Z}}
\def\Q{\mathbb{Q}}
\def\pdom{\mathop{\rm pdom}\nolimits}
\def\domain{\mathop{\rm dom}\nolimits}
\def\range{\mathop{\rm ran}\nolimits}
\def\identity{\mathop{\rm Id}\nolimits}
\def\diff{\mathop{\Delta}\nolimits}
\providecommand{\floor}[1]{\left\lfloor#1\right\rfloor}
\begin{document}
\title{Integer Set Library: Manual\\
\small Version: \input{version} }
\author{Sven Verdoolaege}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\chapter{User Manual}
\input{user}
\chapter{Implementation Details}
\input{implementation}
\bibliography{isl}
\bibliographystyle{chicago}
\end{document}
``` |
William Henry Sears (September 1, 1830 - February 7, 1891) was a Republican politician from California who served in the California State Assembly from the 21st district between 1861 and 1865, serving as Speaker of the Assembly between 1863 and 1864. He later served in the California State Senate between 1879 and 1881 from the 15th district where he was a candidate for President pro-tempore of the Senate but lost. He died in San Francisco in 1891 at the age of 60 and was buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland.
References
1830 births
1891 deaths
Speakers of the California State Assembly |
The Passenger Amenities Committee (PAC) is a statutory Organization body under the Ministry of Railways (India), Government of India. It is tasked with grievances of passengers for the ease of railway transport in India. PAC is considered to be one of the classical organizational network for smooth functioning of railways in India.
Works at Karaikudi Railway station
Replacement of old coaches in Chennai and Coimbatore-bound express trains with new one
Additional coaches in Chennai – Sengottai Silambu Express.
Forwarded a proposal for scheduled stop at Karaikudi for the Rameswaram Ayodhya Express.
Proposal for separate berths for Karaikudi passengers on Chennai-bound express trains.
People
Syed Ahmad Hashmi formerly served as the chairman of the PAC.
References
Ministry of Railways (India)
Government agencies of India
Passenger rail transport in India |
Marilyn da Silva (née Grrevank; born 1952) is an American sculptor, metalsmith, jeweler, and educator. She teaches and serves as a department head at the California College of the Arts in the San Francisco Bay Area. Da Silva has won numerous awards including honorary fellow by the American Craft Council (2007).
Early life and education
Marilyn da Silva was born in 1952 in Akron, Ohio.
She attended Bowling Green State University and graduated with a B.S. degree in 1974. She continued her study at Indiana University Bloomington and graduated with a M.F.A. degree in 1977. In graduate school she worked under Alma Eikerman. She is married to jeweler and silversmith , whom she met in graduate school.
Career
Da Silva is known for her technique of added color to metalwork using a colored pencil. Her sculptures often feature imagery of objects such as birds, rabbits, books, and houses.
Da Silva is a professor and the department head of the jewelry and metal arts program at California College of the Arts, since 1987. She previously taught at Bowling Green State University from 1978 to 1987; and has taught workshops at Penland School of Craft, Haystack Mountain School of Craft, Arrowmont School of Arts and Crafts, and the Mendocino Art Center.
Da Silva is an Honorary Fellow of the American Craft Council since 2007; she was awarded Master Metalsmith by the National Ornamental Metal Museum in 1999; and she was awarded the Master of the Medium award from the James Renwick Alliance in 2017.
Her work can be found in the museum collections at the Arkansas Arts Center (also known as the Arkansas Museum of Fine Arts), the National Ornamental Metal Museum, the Oakland Museum of California, and the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in Seoul.
References
Artists from Akron, Ohio
American women sculptors
Bowling Green State University alumni
Bowling Green State University faculty
Indiana University Bloomington alumni
California College of the Arts faculty
20th-century American women artists
American metalsmiths
Living people
1952 births
20th-century American women sculptors
20th-century American sculptors |
Professor Peredrij Ganna Romanivna (25 January 1925 – 16 September 2019) was a Ukrainian writer, linguist and educator. She wrote more than 100 works, including school textbooks. She became professor Emeritus of Cherkasy National University which emerged from Cherkasy Pedagogical Institute (which she had led).
Life
Romanivna was born in 1925 in Zhytomyr Oblast in northern Ukraine. She attended Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv and studied in the Faculty of Philology.
She taught Ukrainian language and literature at Berdichev Pedagogical School. The school existed until 1971. She was in the Department of Ukrainian Language within I. I. Mechnykov National University. She worked for more than 37 years advancing to be an Associate Professor and to lead the Department of the Cherkasy Pedagogical Institute.
Her department worked with the Research Institute of Pedagogy of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine. In 1984 she began co-authoring Ukrainian language textbooks for grades 5, 6, 7. She was recognised for her work with awards from both the central authorities and more locally from the Cherkasy Pedagogical Institute. She became Professor Emeritus of the Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy, she was received the award for "Excellent National Education" and the medal of AS Makarenko.
She died in 2019. Her husband was the zoologist Samarsky Sergey Levkovich and their son was the diplomat Samarsky Alexander Sergeevich.
References
Women linguists
1925 births
2019 deaths
People from Zhytomyr Oblast |
Bereznitsy () is a rural locality (a village) in Denisovskoye Rural Settlement, Gorokhovetsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2010.
Geography
Bereznitsy is located 27 km southwest of Gorokhovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Melkishevo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Gorokhovetsky District |
The Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn BDSeh 4/8 is a four member class of metre gauge electric multiple units operated by the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB), in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland. They have partially panoramic, articulated bodies, and were the first new items of powered rolling stock to be placed into service by the MGB.
Since entering the MGB fleet, the BDSeh 4/8 multiple units have been used to operate the Zermatt shuttle trains. These trains link Zermatt railway station, which serves the car-free mountaineering and ski resort of Zermatt, with Täsch railway station, where there is a large parking station for people travelling to or from Zermatt by road vehicle.
Technical details
The BDSeh 4/8 class is part of the Stadler GTW family of multiple units. It has an aluminium frame.
Each member of the class is made up of three articulated units. The central unit is a panorama car, and houses the four traction motors. Attached to each end of the central unit is a control car unit. The two outlying units have low floor entrances, to facilitate the transport of baggage carts, 40 of which can be loaded into the whole three unit train.
The BDSeh 4/8 class vehicles are all equipped with Schwab type automatic couplings. These couplings can be used to join two members of the class, and thereby make up a six unit train, thus adjusting capacity to meet changes in demand.
The interiors of the vehicles are fitted with air conditioning and information display screens.
References
External links
Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn
Stadler Rail
This article is based upon a translation of the German language version as at August 2010. The original authors can be seen here.
Stadler Rail multiple units
Multiple units of Switzerland
Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn multiple units |
214001–214100
|-id=081
| 214081 Balavoine || || Daniel Balavoine (1952–1986), French singer and songwriter. ||
|}
214101–214200
|-id=136
| 214136 Alinghi || || Alinghi, the name of several Swiss yachts, operated by the Société Nautique de Genève. The crew won several races including the America's Cup in 2003. ||
|-id=180
| 214180 Mabaglioni || || Maurizio Baglioni (born 1947) graduated in electrical engineering from the University of Rome "La Sapienza". He works in engineering and management. His main interests are in celestial mechanics and archeoastronomy, where he focused on astronomical studies of the ancient Assyrians, Babylonians and Mayans. ||
|}
214201–214300
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
214301–214400
|-id=378
| 214378 Kleinmann || || Georges Kleinmann (born 1930), retired journalist and producer for Swiss public television who covered the Apollo space missions. ||
|}
214401–214500
|-id=432
| 214432 Belprahon || || Belprahon, a Swiss village located in the Bernese Jura, the French-speaking part of the canton of Bern. ||
|-id=474
| 214474 Long Island || || Long Island, the 190-km-long, fish-shaped island that extends east from New York City. The island is composed of multiple terminal moraines deposited during the most recent glacial period. ||
|-id=475
| 214475 Chrisbayus || || Chris Bayus (born 1957), American amateur astronomer and an accomplished astrophotographer. ||
|-id=476
| 214476 Stephencolbert || || Stephen Colbert (born 1964), American political satirist, writer, comedian, actor and television host. ||
|-id=485
| 214485 Dupouy || || Philippe Dupouy (born 1952), founder of the Observatoire de Dax in 1978. ||
|-id=487
| 214487 Baranivka || || The Ukrainian town of Baranivka, known for one of the oldest plants for the production of porcelain ||
|}
214501–214600
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
214601–214700
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
214701–214800
|-id=715
| 214715 Silvanofuso || || Silvano Fuso (born 1959), Italian teacher and a science writer, who worked in the field of molecular spectroscopy ||
|-id=772
| 214772 UNICEF || || The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) is a United Nations' program headquartered in New York City that provides humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. ||
|}
214801–214900
|-id=819
| 214819 Gianotti || || Fabiola Gianotti (born 1960), the coordinator of the ATLAS experiment at the CERN's Large Hadron Collider. ||
|-id=820
| 214820 Faustocoppi || || Fausto Coppi (1919–1960), an Italian cyclist and the dominant international cyclist of the years before and after the Second World War. ||
|-id=863
| 214863 Seiradakis || || John H. Seiradakis (born 1948) is a Greek radio astronomer, emeritus professor at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, and former Director of the Observatory of Thessaloniki. He has contributed significantly to our knowledge of pulsars, archaeoastronomy, and of the Antikythera Mechanism, the earliest known astronomical computer. ||
|-id=883
| 214883 Yuanxikun || || Yuan Xikun (born 1944), a Chinese sculptor and painter. ||
|}
214901–215000
|-id=911
| 214911 Viehboeck || || Franz Viehböck (born 1960), electrical engineer and first Austrian astronaut ||
|-id=928
| 214928 Carrara || || Carrara is a town and municipality in the province of Massa-Carrara, Tuscany. It is the world's most important center for the extraction and processing of Carrara marble, a very precious white marble that is extracted from the nearby Apuane Alps. ||
|-id=953
| 214953 Giugavazzi || || Giuseppe Gavazzi (born 1936), an Italian painter and sculptor ||
|}
References
214001-215000 |
István Friedrich (anglicised as Stephen Frederick; 1 July 1883 – 25 November 1951) was a Hungarian politician, footballer and factory owner who served as prime minister of Hungary for three months between August and November in 1919. His tenure coincided with a period of political instability in Hungary immediately after World War I, during which several successive governments ruled the country.
Biography
Early life
Friedrich was born into a family of German origin as the son pharmacist János Friedrich and Erzsébet Wagner on 1 July 1883 in the town of Malacka (now Malacky, Slovakia). He finished his secondary studies at the High Gymnasium of Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia). As a right winger footballer of the Műegyetemi AFC, he played once for the Hungary national football team on 9 October 1904, when they suffered a 4–5 defeat against Austria in WAC-Platz. Thus, Friedrich became the first prime minister in the world history who had earlier played for a national football team on a professional level. Following the game, he functioned as a referee, belonging to the second generation.
Friedrich studied engineering at the universities of Budapest (where he graduated in 1905) and Charlottenburg before studying law at Budapest and Berlin. He worked as an engineer for AEG in Berlin until 1908. That year he returned to Hungary and married Margit Asbóth, daughter of Emil Asbóth, the owner of the Ganz-Danubius Company, one of the largest industrial conglomerates in Hungary, although he did not work for his father-in-law, instead setting up his own business in Mátyásföld, on the outskirts of the Hungarian capital. On his return to Hungary he was engaged in the manufacture of machinery and owned an iron foundry; he sold the factory in 1920.
Friedrich spent eight years working as an emigrant in the United States. In 1912 he joined the Independence Party of Mihály Károlyi and was considered as part of the left wing of the liberals. During that time he also came in contact with a Masonic lodge. Soon, Friedrich became president of his party's Mátyásföld branch. In 1914 he had accompanied Mihály Károlyi to the United States and since then was one of his closest friends. Károlyi recalled him as a "youtful, idealistic and enthusiastic" who held in high esteem for his "resolute desire for peace". On his way home, Friedrich was interned in France for a short time following the outbreak of the World War I. Returning to Hungary after a successful escape through Spain and Italy, he volunteered and served in the Austro-Hungarian Army, in the artillery, with the rank of lieutenant, and fought at the Uzsok Pass in Carpathian Ruthenia. After having been declared unfit for service on the front, he went to work as a rearguard in Pilsen (Škoda Works) and Vienna (Arsenal), then served as commander of a technical repair unit until his demobilisation from the army in 1917.
Cabinet of Mihály Károlyi and the Soviet republic
During the Aster Revolution at the end of World War I, he led large protests at the Royal Palace of Budapest to demand the appointment of the Károlyi government; he actively participated in and was wounded in the so-called "Battle of the Chain Bridge" on 28 October 1918. Following the formation of the government on 31 October, he was appointed Secretary of State for War in Károlyi's first cabinet on 1 November, which came under his control because of the small size of his superior, minister Béla Linder's entity. According to Károlyi, Friedrich was an "uncontrollable demagogue." The old enthusiasm between the prime minister and his deputy minister cooled quickly. Friedrich approached the more conservative section of the party, while Károlyi relied increasingly on the Social Democrats.
Károlyi proclaimed himself a follower of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, thus he and his followers trusted the Entente Powers and pinned their hopes for maintaining Hungary's territorial integrity, the securing of a separate peace, and exploiting Károlyi's close connections in France. By contrast, Friedrich, as a prominent member of the moderate wing, rejected Károlyi's "naive" foreign policy and sought to set up a powerful army under the old leadership of military officers, contradicting Linder's pacifist manifesto. After the dismissal of Linder, Friedrich was a close associate of Albert Bartha, the new defence minister. He maintained a relationship with counter-revolutionary groups, thus gradually drifted into the political right-wing.
In the dismemberment of the party that finally took place in January 1919 between conservatives and progressives, Friedrich left, along with the majority, while Károlyi only managed to keep less than a quarter of the party next to him. Friedrich was dismissed as Secretary of State for War on 8 February 1919. He formed an opposition party along with other former cabinet members, such as Minister of Education Márton Lovászy and Minister of the Interior Tivadar Batthyány. In the coming decades, several former colleagues, including Lajos Varjassy, Oszkár Jászi and Mihály Károlyi himself regarded Friedrich as a traitor, who had joined the reactionary forces, abandoning the cause of the short-lived liberal democracy in Hungary.
Following the resignation of the coalition government of Dénes Berinkey on 20 March 1919, which was caused by the intention of the Entente to further reduce the territory controlled by Hungary, the Social Democrats called the Communists to a coalition government, which gained power the next day, leading to the establishment of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Most prominent liberals left the country or took refuge in the countryside. However, Lovászy and Friedrich remained in the capital. In the face of the Hungarian-Romanian War, the new Soviet government took numerous hostages. On 19 April the authorities arrested Friedrich and sentenced him to death for counter-revolutionary activities. With the aid of People's Commissar Zsigmond Kunfi, a former member of the Károlyi Cabinet, he managed to have the sentence commuted and soon managed to escape with the aid of some of the workers of his factory; he remained in hiding until the end of the Béla Kun government on 1 August 1919.
Coup d'état of 1919
During the period of his internal exile, Friedrich became associated with the White House Comrades Association (), a right-wing, counter-revolutionary group, which originated from a secret society of intellectuals founded by dentist and well-known anti-Semitic political figure András Csilléry in 1916. Initially sceptical, Friedrich refused to join them and worked closely with Lovászy and Bartha to bring together the formation of a new government after the expected collapse of the Kun regime.
After attempting to negotiate with the new moderate Social Democrat prime minister, Gyula Peidl, in an attempt to replace his government with a coalition where the Socialists would be forced to the background and removed, Friedrich tried to gain support for his project from the representative of the Entente. Failing in both endeavours and fully aware of the conspiracies of the reactionaries, he decided to join the White House to control the plot. The first meeting of the conspirators took place on 1 August 1919 and it was decided that they would take power on 5 August, before the possibility that the prime minister could reach an agreement with the Entente which would reinforce his power or that he would agree to form a new coalition cabinet with the middle class parties. The conspirators communicated their plan to Guido Romanelli, the representative of the Entente in the capital, who rejected it, and the commander of the Romanian occupation troops, who approved it with the condition that the operation did not cause chaos and that the coup leaders acted promptly.
The conspirators who ended up supporting Friedrich were not politicians, but bourgeoisie (officials, university professors, dentists, etc.) with radical right leanings (anti-Semitic, anti-democratic and anti-monarchical). Their first candidate for prime minister was Gyula Pekár, a novelist of little success who was very close to the late prime minister István Tisza. A few days later, Friedrich recommended his friend Márton Lovászy to hold the position of prime minister, however the leadership of the White House objected it on ideological grounds. On 4 August 1919, Friedrich led the monarchical delegation that persuaded Archduke Joseph of Austria, who had "universal prestige" in Hungary, according to Gusztáv Gratz, to travel to Budapest that night to carry out a coup that would overthrow the government of Gyula Peidl, controlled by the trade unionists. However, Joseph was unpopular with the membership of the White House because of his supportive role in the Aster Revolution.
On 5 August, Vilmos Böhm, envoy to Vienna, phoned Budapest to inform his government of his meeting with representatives of the Entente Powers, where they accepted a moderate reorganisation of the Peidl cabinet instead of establishment of a grand coalition. A White House spy informed Csilléry of the conversation's content. Böhm's telephone call confirmed the counterrevolutionary forces' worst fears; the Allied representatives were willing to recognise Peidl's cabinet. The leaders of the White House then felt that they needed to take power immediately.
With the control of the police and some of the military units in the capital on 6 August 1919, that afternoon members of the White House, most notably General Ferenc Schnetzer and Jakab Bleyer, arrested Károly Peyer, the Minister of the Interior, learning that the rest of the cabinet was meeting in council at the Sándor Palace, where they were detained by the coup plotters. At the same time, they had occupied the Ministry of Defence without resistance. After some protests, Peidl's cabinet agreed to resign under threats and with the coup plotters' promise that a coalition government would be formed. Friedrich's participation in the coup was minimal, as he has always tried to resolve the situation by negotiation. Historian Eva S. Balogh argued that he wanted to re-establish the early phases of the Károlyi regime, yet exclude the later shift that led to the Social Democratic Party having more influence in the affairs of the state.
Prime Minister of Hungary
Following the success of the coup, which counted on the Romanian neutrality and the tacit support of the British and the Italians, on 7 August 1919 Friedrich was named prime minister while the archduke became regent. After a one-week transitional period lasting until 15 August, his cabinet was composed primarily of former members of the government of Prime Minister Mihály Károlyi, belonging mainly to the more conservative wing of his Independence Party, which had split during his rule. Friedrich founded his own party Christian National Party (KNP) but it did not have mass support. He was far to the left of the counter-revolutionaries who had plotted the coup against the Peidl government and attempted to carry out, ultimately unsuccessfully, the moderate program that had originally been proposed at the beginning of the government of Károlyi. His government was even weaker than Peidl's and was little more than a collection of conspirators and unknown figures, without members of the nobility that could serve to attract the counterrevolutionary right. The cabinet could not count on British nor Italian military aid, given the practical absence of troops from these countries in the capital, nor could it count on Romanian aid, whose units occupied the city and the eastern territories. The government of Bucharest refused to recognise the Friedrich cabinet. The government of Szeged and the French, for their part, almost immediately tried to do away with the Friedrich government or, if this was impossible, to alter its composition. The neighbouring states, fearful of a restoration of the Habsburgs, supported the French position and showed their opposition to the appointment of Archduke Joseph.
After the seizure of power, Friedrich tried to limit reckoning with the former government's criminals, without much success. Attacks were soon launched on Jews, accused by many reactionaries of being responsible for the Soviet government and any crimes committed during its period. In spite of this, in mid-August he had succeeded in forming a broad coalition government which, however, was not joined by the Socialists. Without these, the Entente refused to recognise the government. The Entente feared that the government, with a ruler from the ancient imperial family, would restore the dynasty.
On 7 August, Friedrich abolished institutions of the Hungarian Soviet Republic and instituted private ownership in industry, commerce and agriculture, following decrees which abrogated the Soviet legacy from the former Peidl Government.
On 23 August, the Archduke decided to resign the regency before opposition from the powers; Friedrich thus lost one of the pillars of his government and the post of head of state remained unfilled.
His attempts to create a military force loyal to his government, independent of the National Army and theoretically subordinate to the government of Szeged, failed due to the Romanian opposition. The few units that managed to reunite mostly defected to the side of Miklós Horthy when they entered Szeged, after evacuating it of the Romanian formations.
Militarily limited, Friedrich tried to politically underpin his government during August and September with successive modifications of the cabinet, first to the left and then to the right, without thereby achieving the recognition of the Entente. With each change of government, refugees, and especially Viennese counterrevolutionaries, were gaining power. Despite failing to achieve recognition of the major powers, the alliances resulted in the formation of a powerful new political party, the Christian National Union Party (KNEP). This party, created in October, brought together important politicians from the northwestern territories of Hungary, the Catholic Church and certain refugees from Transylvania, such as those grouped around István Bethlen and Pál Teleki. Part of the upper-class bourgeoisie also supported the new organisation. The government of Szeged, which had recognised Friedrich's government, had disappeared; the main weakness of this government was the military, and the uncertain possibility at the outset that Horthy should not subordinate his National Army to Friedrich's government, as it happened.
Friedrich tried to earn his loyalty by officially naming himself Commander-in-Chief of the Hungarian Army, a position he already held, but he did not manage to subordinate Horthy to his government, nor transfer his government to the capital. Meanwhile, Horthy controlled the Western territories free of the Romanian occupation through the officers of his army, leaving aside the official officers loyal to the government of Friedrich.
At the beginning of November, the Romanians showed themselves willing to evacuate the capital and the whole territory to the west of the Tisza River, which happened to be controlled by the forces of Horthy, given the lack of significant forces directly subordinate to the government. Faced with the possibility of an extension of a White Terror, practised by officers loyal to Horthy's units, both the Allies and representatives close to the government tried to convince Horthy to limit the crackdown in the capital. After initially promising to subject the Army to control of a new coalition government, he contradicted them and maintained control over it. The large number of detainees under his command intensified after the arrival of Horthy to the capital; political prisoners soon filled the jails.
On 17 November, the Friedrich cabinet imposed Prime Ministerial Decree ME 5985/1919 which established universal suffrage by secret ballot to all citizens (including women) over the age of 24. Thus 74% of the adult population (and 40% of the total population) had access to vote in the January 1920 parliamentary election which was the most democratic election in Hungarian history until the 1945 parliamentary election, as three million citizens had the right to vote. However the first universal suffrage in Hungary proved to be short-lived and temporary, as in early 1922, the Bethlen cabinet at the beginning of the era of consolidation, imposed residency, citizenship, education, age and gender restrictions and reintroduced use of the open ballot system in countryside via Prime Ministerial Decree ME 2200/1922, reducing suffrage by 12% points to 28% of the total population.
Friedrich remained in office as Prime Minister until 24 November, and then transferred to the Ministry of Defence until 15 March 1920, a position of little significance given that the troops obeyed only Horthy. The pressure of the socialist left and the reactionaries led by Miklós Horthy, both supported by the representative of the Entente, led to the resignation of Friedrich. The new government, of which he was a part, was a coalition cabinet that included socialists, liberals and agrarians, but which was controlled by the KNEP. It was led by Károly Huszár, of little political stature and with few followers, elected as a result of the rejection of the candidacy of Horthy and his supporters to that of Albert Apponyi. Supporters of Friedrich theoretically occupied key ministries, such as defence, foreign and interior, but the maintenance of control of the army by Horthy and its independence from the government foiled the chances of Friedrich maintaining political power in the country.
Exit from power
In the elections of February 1920, Friedrich was elected by the KNEP but almost immediately formed an own group with his followers, one of several groups that arose from the parties which had contended in the elections. He was deputy of a small group of Christian Democrats from 1920 to 1939. In 1921, accused in the trial for the murder of István Tisza, he managed to be acquitted. In November of the same year, he was again arrested for participating in the failed attempt to restore the Emperor Charles. Shortly afterwards he became marginalised from national politics.
In July 1951, he was arrested by the government of the Hungarian People's Republic under Mátyás Rákosi and falsely accused of plotting his overthrow. He was sentenced to fifteen years in prison, but died on 25 November 1951. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1990.
See also
Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–20)
References
Bibliography
1883 births
1951 deaths
People from Malacky
Sportspeople from Malacky
Hungarian people of German descent
Prime Ministers of Hungary
Defence ministers of Hungary
Hungarian Interior Ministers
Hungarian football referees
Hungarian men's footballers
20th-century Hungarian engineers
Hungarian sportsperson-politicians
Hungarian people who died in prison custody
Hungary men's international footballers
Hungarian industrialists
Hungarian anti-communists
Eötvös Loránd University alumni
Technical University of Berlin alumni
Men's association football wingers
Heads of government who were later imprisoned |
Radio
The New England Patriots' flagship radio station is WBZ-FM 98.5 FM, owned by CBS Radio. The larger radio network is called the "New England Patriots Radio Network", whose 35 affiliate stations span seven states. Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti were the longtime announcing team. In 2011, the network debuted a sideline reporter, with former quarterback Scott Zolak handling sideline duty. On July 20, 2012, Gino Cappelletti announced his retirement, ending a 32-year career as the popular color analyst on the team’s radio broadcasts, and was replaced by Zolak. Santos had also announced that 2012 would be his final season. Former Navy football broadcaster Bob Socci was named to replace Santos beginning in 2013.
By year
Brock replaced Cappelletti for the first eight games of 2001 because of illness to Cappelletti.
Cappelletti returned to the broadcast booth for the opening quarter of New England's Week 17 game vs. Miami.
Television
Any preseason games not on national television are shown on CBS affiliate WBZ-TV, along with other stations in the other New England television markets. These games were broadcast on ABC affiliate WCVB-TV from 1995 until the change to WBZ in 2009.
By year
References
External links
Radio page on Patriots.com
New England Patriots
New England Patriots
broadcasters
CBS Radio Sports |
Motoyuki Negoro (June 14, 1875 – April 18, 1939) was a journalist and strike leader in Hawaii.
Early life
Negoro was born in 1875 in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. After attending school for a couple years in his hometown, he decided to go to America and study law. He earned a law degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1903, one of the first awarded by the school.
Hawaii
After graduation, Negoro moved to Hawaii, where he wrote for the Hawai Shimpo. Though he had a law degree, he was not allowed to practice because he was a resident alien, not a citizen. Instead, he was a clerk and interpreter at the Atkinson and Quarles law firm.
In 1908, Negoro, Yokichi Tasaka, Yasutaro Soga, and Fred Kinzaburo Makino, formed the Higher Wage Association (Zokyu Kisei Kai), and protested the low wages that Japanese plantation workers were paid. During the same year, Negoro began writing for the Nippu Jiji, which was published by Soga. He wrote articles that fanned the flames of the 1909 Sugar Strike, and established himself as one of the leaders. Negoro, Soga, and Makino were arrested during the strike and sentenced to ten months in jail and a $300 fine. They were pardoned and released after four months, on July 4, 1910.
After the strike broke, Negoro returned to Japan and worked in Makino's brother's trading company. In November 1914, Negoro came back to Hawaii and began writing for the Hawaii Hochi, Makino's newspaper and Nippu Jiji's competitor. In 1917, he returned to Japan for good. He died in Tokyo on April 18, 1939.
Selected bibliography
References
1875 births
1939 deaths
Japanese journalists
Japanese activists
UC Berkeley School of Law alumni
People from Wakayama Prefecture
Japanese emigrants to the United States
Hawaii people of Japanese descent |
Joseph Patrick Douglass (born January 23, 1950) is a retired American basketball coach. He was most recently the men's head coach at UC Irvine from 1997 to 2010.
Early life and education
Born in Knoxville, Tennessee, Douglass moved to Barstow, California as a teenager and graduated from Kennedy High School. He graduated from the University of the Pacific in 1972 with a bachelor's degree in biology and teaching credential in physical education.
Coaching career
Douglass climbed the coaching ladder, first at the high school level as head coach at Dixon High School from 1973 to 1975, then Manteca High School from 1975 to 1979. He stepped up to the junior college ranks, guiding Columbia Junior College from 1979 to 1981.
Douglass spent six seasons at Eastern Montana (now known as MSU-Billings), with an overall record of 119–57.
In his 10 seasons at Cal State Bakersfield, Douglass compiled a 257–61 record, won three Division II national championships, and reached the Elite Eight seven times.
Head coaching record
References
1950 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Barstow High School alumni
Basketball coaches from California
Basketball coaches from Tennessee
Basketball players from Knoxville, Tennessee
Basketball players from San Bernardino County, California
Cal State Bakersfield Roadrunners men's basketball coaches
Columbia Claim Jumpers men's basketball coaches
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Montana State Billings Yellowjackets men's basketball coaches
Pacific Tigers men's basketball players
People from Barstow, California
UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball coaches |
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