text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
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Kálnoky is a Hungarian surname meaning "from Kálnok" (, now Covasna County). Notable people with the surname include:
the House of Kálnoky;
Gustav Kálnoky, Hungarian statesman
László Kálnoky, a Hungarian poet
Tomas Kalnoky, Czech-born American musician
See also
List of titled noble families in the Kingdom of Hungary |
Hileithia nacobora is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914. It is found in Panama.
Description
The wingspan is about 14 mm. The wings are white, tinged with creamy and with small costal dots. The lines are slender and blackish. There is a dusky shade between the inner and outer lines of the hindwings.
References
Moths described in 1914
Spilomelinae |
Tanta Sports Club () is an Egyptian football and sports club based in Tanta, Egypt. The club plays in the Egyptian Premier League, the highest league in the Egyptian football league system. The club was established on 5 June 1926 and is one of the oldest football clubs in Africa.
Current squad
Current technical staff
{| class="toccolours"
!bgcolor=silver|Position
!bgcolor=silver|Name
!bgcolor=silver|Nationality
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
|Manager:||Reda Abdel Aal||
|-
|Assistant manager:||Ahmed Hamouda||
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
|Assistant manager:||Waleed El Mahrouki||
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
|Goalkeeping coach:||Walid Ibrahim||
|-
Managerial history
Ayman El Mizzayn
Mohamed Salah
Ahmed Samy
Ayman El Mizzayn
Reda Abdel Aal
References
Football clubs in Egypt
1920 establishments in Egypt
Sports clubs and teams in Egypt
Egyptian Football League clubs
Egyptian Second Division
Egyptian Third Division
Egyptian Second Division A clubs |
is a Japanese manga series by Tetsuya Imai. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Monthly Afternoon from January to October 2011, with its chapters collected in two tankōbon volumes. An anime film adaptation by Zero-G premiered in Japan in October 2022.
Characters
Media
Manga
Written and illustrated by , Break of Dawn was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Monthly Afternoon from January 25 to October 25, 2011. Kodansha collected its chapters in two tankōbon volumes, released respectively on June 23 and November 22, 2011.
In July 2022, Kodansha USA announced that they licensed the series for an English print release.
Anime film
In March 2022, it was announced that an anime film adaptation was in production. The film was produced by Zero-G and directed by Tomoyuki Kurokawa, with Dai Satō writing the scripts, Pomodorosa designing the characters, and Masaru Yokoyama composing the music. It premiered in Japan on October 21, 2022. The film's theme song, "Itsushika" (Before You Know It), is performed by Daichi Miura.
See also
Alice & Zoroku, another manga series by the same author
References
External links
2022 anime films
2022 films
Anime films based on manga
Kodansha manga
Manga adapted into films
Science fiction anime and manga
Seinen manga
Zero-G (studio) |
The 14th Annual Helpmann Awards for Australian live performance were held on 18 August 2014 at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney.
Winners and nominees
In the following tables, winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. The nominees are those which are listed below the winner and not in boldface.
Theatre
Musicals
Opera and Classical Music
Dance and Physical Theatre
Contemporary Music
Other
Industry
Special Awards
Notes
A: The full producing credit for The Shadow King is Malthouse Theatre in association with the Confederation of Australian International Arts Festivals – Adelaide Festival, Brisbane Festival, Melbourne Festival, Perth International Arts Festival and Sydney Festival.
B: The full producing credit for Opus is Circa, a Nuits de Fourvière production/ Département du Rhône, coproduced with Les Théâtres de la ville de Luxembourg, GREC Festival of Barcelona, Le Cirque-Théâtre d’Elbeuf, Düsseldorf Festival, Barbican Theatre, CACCV Espace Jean Legendre-Compiegne, in association with the Confederation of Australian International Arts Festivals, Brisbane Festival, Perth International Arts Festival and Melbourne Festival.
C: The full producing credit for Black Diggers is Queensland Theatre Company and Sydney Festival in association with the Confederation of Australian International Arts Festivals, presented by Sydney Festival, Brisbane Festival, Queensland Theatre Company and Queensland Performing Arts Centre.
References
External links
The official Helpmann Awards website
Helpmann Awards
Helpmann Awards
Helpmann Awards
Helpmann Awards
Helpmann Awards, 14th
Helpmann Awards |
Steven J. R. Ellis (born April 21, 1974) is an Australian classicist and archaeologist, and a professor of classics at the University of Cincinnati. His research focuses on Roman cities and archaeological methodologies, and he is widely known for his archaeological excavations at Pompeii. Ellis won the Rome Prize in 2012-2013. In 2018, Ellis wrote the book called The Roman Retail Revolution, published with Oxford University Press.
Career
Ellis taught in the Department of Classical Studies at the University of Michigan between 2005 and 2007. He joined the Department of Classics at the University of Cincinnati in 2007 as an assistant professor of Classics, gaining tenure and promotion to associate professor in 2013.
Ellis is the director of the Pompeii Archaeological Research Project: Porta Stabia, an archaeological excavation of Pompeii undertaken by the University of Cincinnati and the American Academy in Rome. His excavations at Pompeii gained popular attention when Apple featured the project’s use of the iPad to record, access, and analyze data. Ellis won the Rome Prize of the American Academy in Rome (2012-2013).
Books
The Roman Retail Revolution. Oxford University Press, 2018.
The Making of Pompeii: Studies in the history and urban development of an ancient town (Editor: JRA Supp. Series 85) Portsmouth, R.I. 2011.
References
Australian archaeologists
Writers from Sydney
1974 births
Living people
21st-century Australian male writers
University of Cincinnati faculty
Australian expatriates in the United States |
New Guinea tree frog may refer to several different species of frogs:
Garman New Guinea tree frog
Northern New Guinea tree frog
New Guinea tree frog (Ranoidea genimaculata)
Southern New Guinea tree frog
White-lipped tree frog |
Galatga is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is in the Nipani Taluk of Belgaum district in Karnataka.
Demographics
At the 2001 India census, Galatga had a population of 15,000 with 7800 males and 7200 females.
See also
Belgaum
Districts of Karnataka
References
Villages in Belagavi district |
Qaanaaq Municipality was the only municipality in the county of North Greenland (Avannaa). It is now part of the municipality of Avannaata.
On January 22, 1968, a B-52 crashed 11 km (7 mi) south of Pituffik Space Base. Nuclear bombs were lost and debris scattered over the area in the accident.
The municipality has a population of 850 (as of 1 January 2005). The town of Qaanaaq has a population of 640. In addition to the town, there are five inhabited villages:
Savissivik: pop. 78, in the northern part of Melville Bay, in the south of the municipality
Moriusaq: 21 (about 30 km (19 mi) off Pituffik Space Base)
Qeqertat: 22 (on the main island of the Harward Øer)
Siorapaluk: 87 (one of the northernmost settlements in the world at 77°47'N)
All villages are losing population, since people are moving to the town. Historically, the number of villages has been higher, but some have been abandoned. This process of population concentration in the towns is observed through all of Greenland.
Etah, an abandoned village which once was the northernmost village of the world (at 78°19'N), lies 78 km (48 mi) northwest of Siorapaluk. Annoatok, once a small hunting station, was slightly further north (at 78°33'N) and about 24 km (15 mi) from Etah.
The municipality has an area of 225,500 km2 (87,066 mi2), a large portion of which is ice cap area. It is the largest municipality in Greenland and one of the largest in the world (the surface area is larger than the United Kingdom). It borders on Upernavik Municipality on the south, on the unincorporated area of the Northeast Greenland National Park on the east, on the Arctic Ocean on the north, and on the Nares Strait, which separates North Greenland from Ellesmere Island of Nunavut, Canada on the west.
References
External links
DIIS Report 2009:18 on the fate of the four bombs
Former municipalities of Greenland |
John Charles O'Neill (9 March 1834 – 8 January 1878) was an Irish-born officer in the American Civil War and member of the Fenian Brotherhood. O'Neill is best known for his activities leading the Fenian raids on Canada in 1866 and 1871.
Early life
O'Neill was born in Drumgallan, Clontibret County Monaghan, where he received some schooling. He emigrated to New Jersey in 1848 at the height of the Great Famine. He received an additional year of education there and worked in a number of jobs. In 1857 he enlisted in the 2nd United States Dragoons and served in the Utah War (May 1857 – July 1858), apparently deserting afterwards to California.
Civil war service
In California, he joined the 1st Cavalry, and served as a sergeant in the American Civil War with this regiment until December 1862, at which time he was commissioned as an officer in the 5th Indiana Cavalry. He was credited as being a daring fighting officer, but believed he had not received due promotion, which led to a transfer to the 17th United States Colored Infantry as captain. He left the Union Army prior to the end of the conflict, marrying Mary Crow, with whom he had several children.
Fenian activity
While in Tennessee, O'Neill joined the militant Irish-American movement, the Fenian Brotherhood, which eschewed politics in favor of militant action to expel the British presence in Ireland. He attached himself to the group led by William Randall Roberts, who wished to attack Canada.
Battle of Ridgeway
O'Neill, ranked as colonel, travelled to the Canada–US border with a group from Nashville to participate in the Fenian raids. The assigned commander of the expedition did not appear, so O'Neill took command. On 1 June 1866, he led a group of six hundred men across the Niagara River and occupied Fort Erie.
The following day, north of Ridgeway, Canada West, O'Neill's group encountered a detached column of Canadian volunteers, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred Booker (mainly formed of the Queen's Own Rifles of Toronto and the 13th Battalion of Hamilton). The inexperienced Canadians were routed by the Civil War veterans. O'Neill withdrew back to Fort Erie and fought a battle against a detachment led by John Stoughton Dennis. With overwhelming numbers of Canadian forces closing in, O'Neill oversaw a successful evacuation on the night of 2–3 June back to US territory. He was later charged with violating the neutrality laws of the US, but it was dropped.
The Dictionary of Canadian Biography states that
Ridgeway made O'Neill a Fenian hero. He had won the only success the Fenians ever achieved in their numerous enterprises against Canada. He had handled his force well, and it should be added that he had kept his men under strict control and that there was little looting or disorder. The episode shortly led to the Roberts party of the Fenian Brotherhood appointing him "inspector general of the Irish Republican Army." He took Roberts' place as president at the end of 1867.
Pembina Raid
However, the split between two factions of the Fenians remained, and penetration of O'Neill's organization by British and Canadian spies ensured that his next venture into Canada in 1870 (see Battle of Eccles Hill) was known in advance, and Canada was accordingly prepared. After the Battle of Trout River ended in a disorganized rout, O'Neill was arrested by United States Marshal George P. Foster and charged with violating neutrality laws. That led to O'Neill's imprisonment in July 1870 – he was sentenced to two years – but he and other Fenians were pardoned by President Ulysses S. Grant that October.
Though he renounced the idea of further attacks on Canada, he changed his mind at the urging of an associate of Louis Riel, William Bernard O'Donoghue. With the latter, and without the backing of the bulk of the Fenians, he led an attack on the Hudson's Bay Company's post at Pembina, Dakota Territory, on 5 October 1871. He was arrested by American troops.
Later life and death
O'Neill was working for a firm of land speculators in Holt County, Nebraska, in January 1878, when he died of a paralytic stroke; the county seat of Holt County, O'Neill, being named in his honor.
Fergal O'Hanlon Lecture 2000
The Fergal O'Hanlon Lecture is an annual lecture given in memory of Fergal O'Hanlon who died, along with Seán South, when they, along with others, unsuccessfully attacked a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) Barracks in Brookeborough, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland on New Year's Day, 1957. In 2000, the lecture was delivered by Derek Warfield of the Irish ballad group, the Wolfe Tones. The lecture was attended by relatives of Feargal O'Hanlon and by Gerry O'Neill, whose great grandfather was a brother of John O'Neill.
References
1834 births
1878 deaths
19th-century Irish people
American activists for Irish independence
Irish Brigade (U.S.)
Irish emigrants to the United States
Irish expatriates in the United States
Irish soldiers in the United States Army
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
Military personnel from County Monaghan
People of the Fenian raids
Union Army colonels
United States Army soldiers |
WTMG (Magic 101.3) is a commercial radio station in Williston, Florida, broadcasting to the Gainesville-Ocala, Florida area on 101.3 FM.
WTMG has been in its current format since 1994, playing Hip Hop, R&B, Old School and Classic Soul and Gospel. At first, it was Gainesville's only Urban radio station, targeting the Mainstream Urban and Urban Adult Contemporary audiences alike, but has shifted over to a Rhythmic contemporary direction. It is home to the Rickey Smiley morning show.
History
The station began broadcasting in 1983 at 92.1 on the FM dial as WJRQ, a satellite-fed country station. WJRQ became WLLO ("Willow 92") in 1986, programming beautiful music, and changed its calls to WFEZ the following year following a sale. The format changed back to country music in 1988 due to advertiser difficulty in selling the easy listening format; however, the country format fared no better in ratings or revenue, and later that same year WFEZ transformed into a Rhythmic Contemporary or "Churban" station, playing urban, dance and pop music, under the guidance of Ocala-Gainesville radio veteran Tony Downes, at the direction of station general manager Mark Tillery, and took the name "Hot 92.1." Hot 92.1 was a ratings success and paved the way for the current urban format which took to the air in the early 1990s; the station adopted the WTMG calls in 1996 and moved to 101.3 FM. By 2009 WTMG began to evolve to a Rhythmic direction with a heavy emphasis on hit-driven Hip-Hop/R&B. Because of this shift, Nielsen BDS placed the station on the Rhythmic Airplay panel.
External links
Official Website
92.1 & 101.3 FM history at Central Florida Radio
TMG
Rhythmic contemporary radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1983
1983 establishments in Florida |
```objective-c
#pragma once
#include <chrono>
#include "envoy/event/dispatcher.h"
#include "quiche/quic/core/quic_clock.h"
namespace Envoy {
namespace Quic {
class EnvoyQuicClock : public quic::QuicClock {
public:
EnvoyQuicClock(Event::Dispatcher& dispatcher) : dispatcher_(dispatcher) {}
// quic::QuicClock
quic::QuicTime ApproximateNow() const override;
quic::QuicTime Now() const override;
quic::QuicWallTime WallNow() const override;
private:
template <typename T> int64_t microsecondsSinceEpoch(std::chrono::time_point<T> time) const {
return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(time.time_since_epoch()).count();
}
Event::Dispatcher& dispatcher_;
};
} // namespace Quic
} // namespace Envoy
``` |
The 2011–12 Indonesian Premier League season was the inaugural season of the Indonesian Premier League (IPL), a fully professional football competition that shared with the Indonesia Super League (ISL) as the top tier of the football league pyramid in Indonesia.
After the signing of the MoU between Djohar Arifin Husein (PSSI) and La Nyalla Matalitti (KPSI-PSSI) that was initiated by FIFA and the AFC through the AFC Task Force, now Indonesia Super League and Indonesian Premier League were under the control of the joint committee until the establishment of a new professional competition by the committee.
Teams
Stadium and locations
Personnel and kits
Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players and Managers may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Foreign players
Managerial changes
League table
Results
Goal scorers
Hat-tricks
Play-offs
The play-offs started on 26 November 2012.
References
Indo
1
Indonesian Premier League seasons |
```go
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package metricdata // import "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric/metricdata"
import (
"encoding/json"
"time"
"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/instrumentation"
"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
)
// ResourceMetrics is a collection of ScopeMetrics and the associated Resource
// that created them.
type ResourceMetrics struct {
// Resource represents the entity that collected the metrics.
Resource *resource.Resource
// ScopeMetrics are the collection of metrics with unique Scopes.
ScopeMetrics []ScopeMetrics
}
// ScopeMetrics is a collection of Metrics Produces by a Meter.
type ScopeMetrics struct {
// Scope is the Scope that the Meter was created with.
Scope instrumentation.Scope
// Metrics are a list of aggregations created by the Meter.
Metrics []Metrics
}
// Metrics is a collection of one or more aggregated timeseries from an Instrument.
type Metrics struct {
// Name is the name of the Instrument that created this data.
Name string
// Description is the description of the Instrument, which can be used in documentation.
Description string
// Unit is the unit in which the Instrument reports.
Unit string
// Data is the aggregated data from an Instrument.
Data Aggregation
}
// Aggregation is the store of data reported by an Instrument.
// It will be one of: Gauge, Sum, Histogram.
type Aggregation interface {
privateAggregation()
}
// Gauge represents a measurement of the current value of an instrument.
type Gauge[N int64 | float64] struct {
// DataPoints are the individual aggregated measurements with unique
// Attributes.
DataPoints []DataPoint[N]
}
func (Gauge[N]) privateAggregation() {}
// Sum represents the sum of all measurements of values from an instrument.
type Sum[N int64 | float64] struct {
// DataPoints are the individual aggregated measurements with unique
// Attributes.
DataPoints []DataPoint[N]
// Temporality describes if the aggregation is reported as the change from the
// last report time, or the cumulative changes since a fixed start time.
Temporality Temporality
// IsMonotonic represents if this aggregation only increases or decreases.
IsMonotonic bool
}
func (Sum[N]) privateAggregation() {}
// DataPoint is a single data point in a timeseries.
type DataPoint[N int64 | float64] struct {
// Attributes is the set of key value pairs that uniquely identify the
// timeseries.
Attributes attribute.Set
// StartTime is when the timeseries was started. (optional)
StartTime time.Time `json:",omitempty"`
// Time is the time when the timeseries was recorded. (optional)
Time time.Time `json:",omitempty"`
// Value is the value of this data point.
Value N
// Exemplars is the sampled Exemplars collected during the timeseries.
Exemplars []Exemplar[N] `json:",omitempty"`
}
// Histogram represents the histogram of all measurements of values from an instrument.
type Histogram[N int64 | float64] struct {
// DataPoints are the individual aggregated measurements with unique
// Attributes.
DataPoints []HistogramDataPoint[N]
// Temporality describes if the aggregation is reported as the change from the
// last report time, or the cumulative changes since a fixed start time.
Temporality Temporality
}
func (Histogram[N]) privateAggregation() {}
// HistogramDataPoint is a single histogram data point in a timeseries.
type HistogramDataPoint[N int64 | float64] struct {
// Attributes is the set of key value pairs that uniquely identify the
// timeseries.
Attributes attribute.Set
// StartTime is when the timeseries was started.
StartTime time.Time
// Time is the time when the timeseries was recorded.
Time time.Time
// Count is the number of updates this histogram has been calculated with.
Count uint64
// Bounds are the upper bounds of the buckets of the histogram. Because the
// last boundary is +infinity this one is implied.
Bounds []float64
// BucketCounts is the count of each of the buckets.
BucketCounts []uint64
// Min is the minimum value recorded. (optional)
Min Extrema[N]
// Max is the maximum value recorded. (optional)
Max Extrema[N]
// Sum is the sum of the values recorded.
Sum N
// Exemplars is the sampled Exemplars collected during the timeseries.
Exemplars []Exemplar[N] `json:",omitempty"`
}
// ExponentialHistogram represents the histogram of all measurements of values from an instrument.
type ExponentialHistogram[N int64 | float64] struct {
// DataPoints are the individual aggregated measurements with unique
// attributes.
DataPoints []ExponentialHistogramDataPoint[N]
// Temporality describes if the aggregation is reported as the change from the
// last report time, or the cumulative changes since a fixed start time.
Temporality Temporality
}
func (ExponentialHistogram[N]) privateAggregation() {}
// ExponentialHistogramDataPoint is a single exponential histogram data point in a timeseries.
type ExponentialHistogramDataPoint[N int64 | float64] struct {
// Attributes is the set of key value pairs that uniquely identify the
// timeseries.
Attributes attribute.Set
// StartTime is when the timeseries was started.
StartTime time.Time
// Time is the time when the timeseries was recorded.
Time time.Time
// Count is the number of updates this histogram has been calculated with.
Count uint64
// Min is the minimum value recorded. (optional)
Min Extrema[N]
// Max is the maximum value recorded. (optional)
Max Extrema[N]
// Sum is the sum of the values recorded.
Sum N
// Scale describes the resolution of the histogram. Boundaries are
// located at powers of the base, where:
//
// base = 2 ^ (2 ^ -Scale)
Scale int32
// ZeroCount is the number of values whose absolute value
// is less than or equal to [ZeroThreshold].
// When ZeroThreshold is 0, this is the number of values that
// cannot be expressed using the standard exponential formula
// as well as values that have been rounded to zero.
// ZeroCount represents the special zero count bucket.
ZeroCount uint64
// PositiveBucket is range of positive value bucket counts.
PositiveBucket ExponentialBucket
// NegativeBucket is range of negative value bucket counts.
NegativeBucket ExponentialBucket
// ZeroThreshold is the width of the zero region. Where the zero region is
// defined as the closed interval [-ZeroThreshold, ZeroThreshold].
ZeroThreshold float64
// Exemplars is the sampled Exemplars collected during the timeseries.
Exemplars []Exemplar[N] `json:",omitempty"`
}
// ExponentialBucket are a set of bucket counts, encoded in a contiguous array
// of counts.
type ExponentialBucket struct {
// Offset is the bucket index of the first entry in the Counts slice.
Offset int32
// Counts is an slice where Counts[i] carries the count of the bucket at
// index (Offset+i). Counts[i] is the count of values greater than
// base^(Offset+i) and less than or equal to base^(Offset+i+1).
Counts []uint64
}
// Extrema is the minimum or maximum value of a dataset.
type Extrema[N int64 | float64] struct {
value N
valid bool
}
// MarshalText converts the Extrema value to text.
func (e Extrema[N]) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
if !e.valid {
return json.Marshal(nil)
}
return json.Marshal(e.value)
}
// MarshalJSON converts the Extrema value to JSON number.
func (e *Extrema[N]) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
return e.MarshalText()
}
// NewExtrema returns an Extrema set to v.
func NewExtrema[N int64 | float64](v N) Extrema[N] {
return Extrema[N]{value: v, valid: true}
}
// Value returns the Extrema value and true if the Extrema is defined.
// Otherwise, if the Extrema is its zero-value, defined will be false.
func (e Extrema[N]) Value() (v N, defined bool) {
return e.value, e.valid
}
// Exemplar is a measurement sampled from a timeseries providing a typical
// example.
type Exemplar[N int64 | float64] struct {
// FilteredAttributes are the attributes recorded with the measurement but
// filtered out of the timeseries' aggregated data.
FilteredAttributes []attribute.KeyValue
// Time is the time when the measurement was recorded.
Time time.Time
// Value is the measured value.
Value N
// SpanID is the ID of the span that was active during the measurement. If
// no span was active or the span was not sampled this will be empty.
SpanID []byte `json:",omitempty"`
// TraceID is the ID of the trace the active span belonged to during the
// measurement. If no span was active or the span was not sampled this will
// be empty.
TraceID []byte `json:",omitempty"`
}
// Summary metric data are used to convey quantile summaries,
// a Prometheus (see: path_to_url#summary)
// data type.
//
// These data points cannot always be merged in a meaningful way. The Summary
// type is only used by bridges from other metrics libraries, and cannot be
// produced using OpenTelemetry instrumentation.
type Summary struct {
// DataPoints are the individual aggregated measurements with unique
// attributes.
DataPoints []SummaryDataPoint
}
func (Summary) privateAggregation() {}
// SummaryDataPoint is a single data point in a timeseries that describes the
// time-varying values of a Summary metric.
type SummaryDataPoint struct {
// Attributes is the set of key value pairs that uniquely identify the
// timeseries.
Attributes attribute.Set
// StartTime is when the timeseries was started.
StartTime time.Time
// Time is the time when the timeseries was recorded.
Time time.Time
// Count is the number of updates this summary has been calculated with.
Count uint64
// Sum is the sum of the values recorded.
Sum float64
// (Optional) list of values at different quantiles of the distribution calculated
// from the current snapshot. The quantiles must be strictly increasing.
QuantileValues []QuantileValue
}
// QuantileValue is the value at a given quantile of a summary.
type QuantileValue struct {
// Quantile is the quantile of this value.
//
// Must be in the interval [0.0, 1.0].
Quantile float64
// Value is the value at the given quantile of a summary.
//
// Quantile values must NOT be negative.
Value float64
}
``` |
Mohammad Hafifi bin Mansor (born 28 October 1990) is a Malaysian professional weightlifter. He won the gold medal in the men's 69 kg event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also won the bronze medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in the 69 kg event.
Tested positive for drugs in 2017.
Major competitions
References
External links
Mohd Hafifi Bin Mansor - Tag Archive - Sports247.My
1990 births
Living people
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian male weightlifters
Olympic weightlifters for Malaysia
Weightlifters at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Malaysia
Weightlifters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Malaysia
Commonwealth Games medallists in weightlifting
Weightlifters at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
21st-century Malaysian people
Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games |
Helen Lynd, also known as Helene Lynch, (January 18, 1902 – April 1, 1992) was an American actress and comedienne active on stage and in film.
Life and career
Born in Jersey City, New Jersey on January 18, 1902, Helen Lynd began her career in 1919 as a chorus girl in Ned Wayburn's Demi Tasse Revue at the Capitol Theatre on Broadway. In her early career she performed under the name Helene Lynch, and it was this name that she used in tryout performances of a new musical, Phil Charig's Yes, Yes, Yvette, in Boston in May 1927. By the time Yes, Yes, Yvette reached Broadway's Sam H. Harris Theatre on October 3, 1927, she was billed as Helen Lynd in the role of Mabel Terry; her first significant part on the stage for which The New York Times reviewer praised her execution of "low comedy".
In 1928 Lynd returned to Broadway as Frankie Shultz in the Jack Yellen and Milton Ager musical Rain or Shine at George M. Cohan's Theatre which was written as a starring vehicle for comedian Joe Cook. She left that production later in the year to star as Penny in Oscar Hammerstein II and Vincent Youmans's short lived musical Rainbow at the Gallo Opera House. After this she starred in the music revues The Little Show (1929-1930) and The Earl Carroll Vanities (1931-1932). Her other Broadway credits included Ladies' Money (1934, as Margie), Battleship Gertie (1935, as Gertie), The Hook-up (1935, as Virginia Bryce), and The Illustrators' Show (1936, multiple roles).
After the mid-1930s, Lynd was primarily active as a film actress in California into the late 1940s. She began her film career in 1930 starring in the short films Purely an Accident andWedding Bells.
Helen Lynd died in Beverly Hills, California on April 1, 1992. She was married to the talent agent Al Melick.
Filmography
Purely an Accident (1930)
Wedding Bells (1930)
Success (1931, as Molly)
Maybe I'm Wrong (1932)
Tee for Two (1932, as Blonde vocalist)
The Build Up (1933, the Beach Boy's Sweetheart)
Hats Off (1936, as Ginger Connolly)
Swingtime in the Movies (1938, as Lorna)
Of Mice and Men (1939, as Susie)
When Tomorrow Comes (1939, as the waitress)
Flight at Midnight (1939, as Josephine)
The Lone Wolf Spy Hunt (1939, as Marie Templeton)
Lucky Partners (1940, as Ethel)
Murder in the Air (1940, as Dolly)
Power Dive (1941, as Giggly Blonde)
The Strawberry Blonde (1941, as Josephine)
Here Comes Happiness (1941, as Flo)
You're Telling Me (1942, as Miss Ames)
The Great Man's Lady (1942, as Bettina Sempler)
Moonlight in Havana (1942, as Daisy)
So Proudly We Hail! (1943, as Lt. Elsie Bollenbacher)
When the Wife's Away (1946, as Dolly)
Any Number Can Play (1949, as Ellen)
References
Bibliography
External links
1902 births
1992 deaths
Actresses from Jersey City, New Jersey
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
20th-century American actresses |
The Concordant Version is an English translation of the Bible compiled by the Concordant Publishing Concern (CPC), which was founded by Adolph Ernst Knoch in 1909. The principal works of the CPC are the Concordant Literal New Testament with Keyword Concordance (CLNT) and the Concordant Version of the Old Testament (CVOT). A. E. Knoch designed the Concordant Version in such a way as to put the English reader who lacks a formal knowledge of Koine Greek in possession of all the vital facts of the most ancient codices: Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus, and Codex Alexandrinus. The CPC's efforts yielded a restored Greek text, titled The Concordant Greek Text, containing all of the important variant readings found in the codices mentioned above. This was done with the intent of conforming, as far as possible, to the original autograph manuscripts. An utterly consistent hyper-literal sub-linear based upon a standard English equivalent for each Greek element is to be found beneath each Greek word. The Concordant Greek Text forms the basis of the Concordant Literal New Testament, which is more idiomatic in its English than the hyper-literal sublinear. The Concordant Literal New Testament and the Concordant Greek Text are linked together and correlated for the English reader by means of an English concordance—the Keyword Concordance—and a complementary list of the Greek elements.
With the use of the Concordant method of translation the CPC endeavored to recognize the importance of the vocabulary of Scripture, keeping distinct the words used in the original languages by giving each Greek word—as far as is possible—its own unique and consistent English equivalent. While acknowledging that absolute consistency cannot be achieved in the making of an idiomatic English version, the introduction to the Sixth edition of the Concordant Literal New Testament states that the CLNT, by being harmonious with the original texts, keeps to a minimum the confusion resulting from translating different Greek words with the same English word, or one Greek word with many English words. It is this principle of consistent or "concordant" translation which was also employed in the compilation of the Concordant Version of the Old Testament (CVOT), now completed. Therefore, with the exception of occasional idiomatic variants, each English word in the Concordant Version does exclusive duty for a single Greek or Hebrew word. Thus, according to the CPC, a substantial formal correspondence is maintained between the source languages and the receptor language.
The CPC describes what distinguishes its work from that of others in an article titled About the Concordant Publishing Concern, published on its website:
Our research efforts are centered upon the many issues involved in discovering the meaning of the original Scripture declarations themselves. Then we seek to determine how we may best translate these same Scriptures, endeavoring to do so objectively, accurately, and consistently. Our translation principles, both of vocabulary and grammatical analysis, govern all that we do.
We first seek to determine essence of word meaning; wherever possible, according to internal scriptural evidence. For each Greek word, then, we assign a STANDARD English word. To facilitate a readable English translation, additional synonyms or other concordant variants are also used, as needed. In nearly all cases, any such standards, synonyms, and variants are used exclusively for a single word in the Original, thereby eliminating almost all "crosswiring" between languages... It is such very principles of translation themselves, together with our many years of refining our efforts according to these principles, which distinguish our work, and its results, from that of others.
In the CLNT the CPC utilizes special typographic devices in an effort to display the actual grammatical features of the Greek New Testament, rather than merely an interpretation of said features. These devices may be categorized as follows: (1) lightface and boldface type to indicate when an English word is inserted to complete the sense, (2) symbols for the verb, and (3) distinctive signs and abbreviations for other grammatical elements. Similar devices are used in the CVOT, in which boldface type, symbols and capital letters indicate the words actually found in the Hebrew text, and lightface type indicate English words added for clarity. Textual emendations are also noted. The extreme care taken by the CPC demonstrates the "high" view of Scriptural inspiration that guided its efforts.
In the interests of neutrality and objectivity, it is a fair and truthful statement that the Concordant Version is significantly more difficult to use than most other versions of the Bible. It requires regular use and study to become familiar and comfortable with its exacting vocabulary and syntax, and competent in the use of its many features. The CLNT is not an "easy reader", and its compilers expected its users to have a good grasp of English, and an interest in concerted study rather than light reading. One may inspect the complete text of the CLNT, sans the various typographic symbols, online at the web-site of the Concordant Publishing Concern, www.concordant.org.
The CVOT is published in five volumes, each with an introduction explaining the features employed by the Version, as well as the method of translation used to produce it.
Editions of the Concordant Literal New Testament
The first tentative installments of this translation of the New Testament appeared in 1914 under the title Concordant Version. These were withdrawn the following year because they failed to reach the quality desired. In 1915 A.E. Knoch chose a new title, Standard Version. However, the publishers of the American Standard Edition of the Revised Version (ASV) voiced objection, and Mr. Knoch reestablished the title as Concordant Version.
From 1919 until 1926 the CV was issued in parts beginning with Revelation. The second edition was a pocket edition printed in 1927. The third revised edition (1931) was similar to the 1926 edition with Greek text and notes, but included the Lexicon and Concordance and The Greek Elements. It retained the title- Concordant Version: The Sacred Scriptures. The fourth edition appeared in 1944 and followed the publication of a Concordant Version in Germany in 1939. (The current German edition has the title Konkordantes Neues Testament.) The corresponding English version was then called the "Revised, International Edition." The revision printed in 1966 was designated "The Memorial Edition" in honor of the compiler, Adolph Ernst Knoch, who was put to repose on March 28, 1965. At this time the translation was given a new title- Concordant Literal New Testament. A revised and updated edition was released in 1976, with several subsequent printings.
The Concordant Greek Text
Several years of research resulted in a Greek text which gives the readings of the three most ancient codices: Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, and Sinaiticus, generally referred to as A, B, and the Hebrew letter Aleph (which the CPC designates as s), and readings from other sources. The CPC decided to base its comparisons on Weymouth's RESULTANT GREEK TESTAMENT. Richard Francis Weymouth based his text on editors of the nineteenth century: Lachmann, Tregelles, Tischendorf, Lightfoot, Weiss, Alford, Ellicott, Stockmeyer & Riggenbach, the Revisers, and Westcott & Hort. Weymouth's apparatus was also consulted which gives the results of Stunica, Erasmus, Stephens, Elziver and Scrivener.
The work was done as follows: Photographic facsimiles of each of the ancient manuscripts were compared with a copy of the text of Weymouth's THE RESULTANT GREEK TESTAMENT, and every variation was noted in it. Then another copy of Weymouth’s text was cut up and pasted, line for line, on large sheets of paper which were bound together as a book. Space was left between each line, so that all the variations could be entered in place, above the words. If another reading was preferred instead of Weymouth’s, the notation above the line was changed accordingly. The principles on which this text was constructed are explained in the Introduction to the CONCORDANT GREEK TEXT. This volume of the Concordant Library contains every word and letter of A, B, s, Codex Vaticanus 2066 (046) for the Apocalypse, and some recently discovered fragments of Papyri. Variant readings in these manuscripts are shown in the Greek text, referred to as the super-linear. A uniform, hyper-literal word-for-word English sub-linear translation is given below the Greek text. The Greek text is printed in the ancient uncial letters as found in the most ancient manuscripts.
The edition of the CLNT printed in 1966 reflects significant revision work and minor original translation work by Herman Rocke and Dean Hough. The 1976 edition, which is the current edition, contains further refinements.
Reliable Secondary Sources
The 1936 book Studies in Paul's Epistle to the Romans by George Lawley Rogers is an in-depth examination of the Epistle to the Romans utilizing the Concordant Version; though out of print, used copies are available.
Others involved
The names of some of those who assisted A. E. Knoch during the various phases of the preparation work on the CLNT are as follows: Melville Dozier (Superintendent of Schools in Los Angeles), J. H. Breckenridge (Attorney for the Irvine Ranch) who advised on legal matters, C. P. Wilcox of Long Beach, Horace M. Conrad of South Pasadena, who assisted with proofreading, Mrs. Gibson and Mrs. Walker, who prepared the slips for the card index system, Dr. Emma Lucas, Earl Taber, Vi E. Olin, Edna Parr, Dr. and Mrs. W. S. Bagley, Pastor George L. Rogers of Almont, Michigan, who served as an expert on the Greek verb and assisted with type, David Mann, Frank Neil Pohorlak (later known as Dr. Pohorlak), Alexander Thomson of Scotland, Edward H. Clayton of England, who served as an advisor in translation matters, Ben Bredimus and Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Kirk of Seattle and Adlai Loudy.
See also
Bible concordance
Dynamic and formal equivalence
References
External links
NT Online (New Testament)
OT Online (Old Testament)
Bible translations into English
1926 non-fiction books
1926 in Christianity |
The flag of New Zealand (), also known as the New Zealand Ensign, is based on the British maritime Blue Ensigna blue field with the Union Jack in the canton or upper hoist corneraugmented or defaced with four red stars centred within four white stars, representing the Southern Cross constellation.
New Zealand's first internationally accepted national flag, the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand, was adopted in 1834, six years before New Zealand's separation from New South Wales and creation as a separate colony following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Chosen by an assembly of Māori chiefs at Waitangi in 1834, the flag was of a St George's Cross with another cross in the canton containing four stars on a blue field. After the formation of the colony in 1840, British ensigns began to be used. The current flag was designed and adopted for use on the colony's ships in 1869, was quickly adopted as New Zealand's national flag, and given statutory recognition in 1902.
For several decades there has been debate about changing the flag. In 2016, a two-stage binding referendum on a flag change took place with voting on the second final stage closing on 24 March. In this referendum, the country voted to keep the existing flag by 57% to 43%.
Design
Devices
The flag of New Zealand uses two prominent symbols:
The Union Jack (or Union Flag)
The Southern Cross (or Crux)
In its original usage as the flag of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Union Jack combined three heraldic crosses which represent the countries of the United Kingdom (as constituted in 1801):
The red St George's Cross of England
The white diagonal St Andrew's Cross of Scotland
The red diagonal St Patrick's Cross of Ireland
The Union Jack reflects New Zealand's origins as a British colony.
The Southern Cross constellation is one of the striking features of the Southern Hemisphere sky, and has been used to represent New Zealand, among other Southern Hemisphere colonies, since the early days of European settlement. Additionally, in Māori mythology the Southern Cross is identified as Māhutonga, an aperture in Te Ikaroa (the Milky Way) through which storm winds escaped.
Specifications
The flag should be rectangular in shape and its length should be two times its width, translating into an aspect ratio of 1:2. It has a royal blue background with a Union Jack in the canton, and four five-pointed red stars centred within four five-pointed white stars on the fly (outer or right-hand side). The exact colours are specified as Pantone 186 C (red), Pantone 280 C (blue), and white. According to the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, the government department responsible for the flag, the royal blue background is "reminiscent of the blue sea and sky surrounding us", and the stars "signify [New Zealand's] place in the South Pacific Ocean". The New Zealand Government history website states: "Its royal blue background is derived from the ensign of the Blue Squadron of the Royal Navy."
The notice that appeared in the New Zealand Gazette on 27 June 1902 gave a technical description of the stars and their positions on the New Zealand Ensign:
History
Early flags of New Zealand
There is no recorded flag culture among the Māori before Europeans introduced them to New Zealand. By the early 1800s, flags had become an important part of Māori culture. During this time, some Māori attached fern leaves or traditional woven cloth, such as paki, to their ships when participating in international trade. These are considered by some to be the first flags of New Zealand.
In 1830, the trading ship Sir George Murray, built in the Hokianga, sailed to the port of Sydney flying a kaitaka flag. The ship was seized by customs officials in the port who deemed the cloth not to meet the British navigation laws requiring ships to fly national ensigns. Among the passengers on the ship were two high-ranking Māori chiefs, believed to be Patuone and Taonui. The ship's detention was reported as arousing indignation among the Māori population.
The Murray was sold at auction to Thomas McDonnell who flew a St. George's cross with a blue canton charged with a half moon from the ship. This flag was described by the Sydney Herald as 'the New Zealand colours', though they may have been simply McDonnell's house flag.
Flag of the United Tribes
The first flag of New Zealand was adopted 9 (or 20) March 1834 by a vote made by the United Tribes of New Zealand, a meeting of Māori chiefs convened at Waitangi by British resident James Busby. The United Tribes later made the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand at Waitangi in 1835. Three flags were proposed, all designed by the missionary Henry Williams, who was to play a major role in the translation of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. The chiefs rejected two other proposals which included the Union Jack, in favour of a modified St George's Cross or the White Ensign, which was the flag used by Henry Williams on the Church Missionary Society ships. This flag became known as the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand and was officially gazetted in New South Wales in August 1835, with a general description not mentioning fimbriation or the number of points on the stars.
The United Tribes' flag is still flown on the flag pole at Waitangi, and can be seen on Waitangi Day.
Union Jack
After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, the Union Jack was used, although the former United Tribes flag was still used by a number of ships from New Zealand and in many cases on land. The New Zealand Company settlement at Wellington, for example, continued to use the United Tribes flag until Governor William Hobson sent a small armed force to Wellington in May 1840 (following his declaration of British sovereignty). The Union Jack, as a symbol of British authority, became the focus of the Flagstaff War which began in 1844, marking (according to some historians) the start of the New Zealand Wars.
The Union Jack was described as the "superior flag", to be flown above the New Zealand flag prior to 1965.
Flags based on defaced Blue Ensign
During the Invasion of the Waikato (July 1863 – April 1864) period of the New Zealand Wars the British forces realised they needed access to colonial ships to fight Māori. The colonial government subsequently acquired vessels which were staffed by Royal Navy officers. The vessels were under local and not Admiralty control. An armed ship, Victoria, owned by the Colony of Victoria transported reinforcements to New Zealand for the campaign and took part in bombardments of Māori. The British government was concerned about its colonies developing their own navies, not under the control of the Royal Navy's Admiralty.
This led to the British parliament passing the Colonial Naval Defence Act 1865, which allowed the colonial governments to own ships, including for military purposes, under the provision that they would have to be under the Royal Navy's command. In 1866 the British Admiralty advised colonies that if they possessed vessels governed by the Act, they must fly the Royal Navy Blue Ensign but that they must also include on the flag the seal or badge of the colony. New Zealand did not have a colonial badge, or indeed a coat of arms of its own at this stage, and so in 1867 the letters "NZ" were simply added to the blue ensign, following a decree by Governor George Grey on 15 January 1867.
In 1869 the then First Lieutenant of the Royal Navy vessel Blanche, Albert Hastings Markham, submitted a design to Sir George Bowen, the Governor of New Zealand, for a national ensign for New Zealand. This followed a request by Bowen to Markham to come up with a new flag design, following a request to Bowen from the Colonial Office. His proposal, incorporating the Southern Cross, was approved on 23 October 1869. It was initially to be used only on government ships.
To end confusion between various designs of the flag, New Zealand's Liberal Government passed the New Zealand Ensign Act 1901, which was approved by King Edward VII on 24 March 1902.
Flown in battle
One of the first recorded accounts of the New Zealand Blue Ensign flag being flown in battle was at Quinn's Post, Gallipoli, in 1915. It was not flown officially. The flag was brought back to New Zealand by Private John Taylor, Canterbury Battalion. The first time the flag of New Zealand was flown in a naval battle and the first time officially in any battle, was from HMS Achilles during the Battle of the River Plate in 1939.
Flag law and protocol
The Flags, Emblems, and Names Protection Act 1981 governs the usage of the national flag and all other official flags. This Act, like most other laws, can be amended or repealed by a simple majority in Parliament. Section 5(2) of the Act declares the flag to be "the symbol of the Realm, Government, and people of New Zealand". Section 11(1) outlines two offences: altering the flag without lawful authority, and using, displaying, damaging or destroying the flag in or within view of a public place with the intention of dishonouring it.
The Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage has authority to prescribe when and how the flag should be flown and what the standard sizes, dimensions, proportions and colours should be. In its advisory role, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage has issued guidelines to assist persons in their use of the flag. No permission is needed to fly the flag, and it may be flown on every day of the year—government and public buildings with flagpoles are especially encouraged to fly the flag during working hours. However, it should never be flown in a dilapidated condition.
From November 1941 to October 1984 the Ceremony of Honouring the Flag Regulations 1941 required state schools to commemorate Waitangi, Anzac, Empire, King's birthday, Trafalgar, Armistice and Dominion Days. In 1984 the cost of flags and poles was estimated to be $340,000.
Unlike some other countries there is no single official "Flag Day" in New Zealand, and no pledge of allegiance to the flag. Flag flying may be encouraged on certain commemorative days, at the discretion of the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage.
The flag is usually only used as a vehicle flag by certain high-ranking officeholders, including: the prime minister and other ministers; ambassadors and high commissioners (when overseas); and the chief of Defence Force. In such cases, no distinguishing defacement or fringing of the flag is used.
The flag is flown at half-mast in New Zealand—always at the discretion of the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage—to indicate a period of mourning. Notable occasions on which the flag was half-masted include: the death of former prime minister David Lange, the death and state funeral of mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary and the death of Queen Elizabeth II. When the flag is flown at half-mast, it should be lowered to a position recognisably at half-mast to avoid the appearance of a flag which has accidentally fallen away from the top of the flagpole; the flag should be at least its own height from the top of the flagpole.
Debate
With the Union Jack in its upper left-hand quarter, the flag still proclaims New Zealand's origins as a British colony. Some New Zealanders believe a new flag would better reflect the country's independence, while others argue that the design represents New Zealand's strong past and present ties to the United Kingdom and its history as a part of the British Empire. Relatedly, debate about changing the flag has often arisen in connection with the issue of republicanism in New Zealand. The Southern Cross constellation is depicted on other flags, such as the flag of Australia—although in Australia's case there are five all-white stars and an additional larger star beneath the Union Jack canton, while New Zealand's four stars have red centres. The similar flags of Australia and New Zealand are often mistaken for each other, and this confusion was cited by the NZ Flag.com Trust as a reason for adopting a different design.
Debate on keeping or changing the New Zealand flag started before May 1973, when a remit for "New Zealand to be declared a republic, change the
national flag, and the national anthem" was voted down by the Labour Party at their national conference. In November 1979 Minister of Internal Affairs Allan Highet suggested that the design of the flag should be changed, and sought an artist to design a new flag with a silver fern on the fly, but the proposal attracted little support.
In 1994 Christian Democrat MP Graeme Lee introduced a Flags, Anthems, Emblems, and Names Protection Amendment Bill. If passed, the bill would have entrenched the Act that governs the flag (see ) and added New Zealand's anthems, requiring a majority of 65 percent of votes in Parliament before any future legislation could change the flag. The bill passed its first reading but was defeated at its second reading, 26 votes to 37.
In 1998 Prime Minister Jenny Shipley backed Cultural Affairs Minister Marie Hasler's call for the flag to be changed. Shipley, along with the New Zealand Tourism Board, put forward the quasi-national silver fern flag (a silver fern on a black field, along the lines of the Canadian Maple Leaf flag) as a possible alternative flag.
On 5 August 2010 Labour list MP Charles Chauvel submitted a member's bill for a consultative commission followed by a referendum on the New Zealand flag.
2015–16 referendums
On 11 March 2014, Prime Minister John Key announced in a speech his intention to hold a referendum, during the next parliamentary term, on adopting a new flag. Key stated, "It's my belief, and I think one increasingly shared by many New Zealanders, that the design of the New Zealand flag symbolises a colonial and post-colonial era whose time has passed". Following his party's re-election that year, the details of the two referendums were announced. The first referendum was set for November 2015 allowing voters to decide on a preferred design from five choices. The second referendum would see the preferred design voted on against the current flag in March 2016.
Had the flag changed, the current flag (described as the "1902 flag") of New Zealand would have been "recognised as a flag of historical significance", and its continued use would have been permitted. Official documents depicting the current flag would have been replaced only through ordinary means, e.g. an existing driving licence would have remained valid until its renewal date.
On 11 December 2015, preliminary results were announced for the first referendum. The black, white and blue design, with a silver fern and red stars, was the winning flag. This flag design did not win the second referendum; according to preliminary results announced on 24 March 2016, the existing 1902 flag was chosen to remain the New Zealand flag. 56.7% were in favour of retaining the flag, with a voter turnout of 67.3%. 43.3% were in favour of changing the flag to the Lockwood design.
New Zealand Red Ensign
A red version of the flag, officially called the Red Ensign and nicknamed the "red duster", was adopted in 1903 to be flown on non-government ships. It was flown on New Zealand merchant ships during both world wars.
The Red Ensign has sometimes been flown incorrectly on land in the belief that it is the national flag. The Flags, Emblems, and Names Protection Act 1981 does allow for the Red Ensign to be used on land on occasions of Māori significance, continuing the long preference of Māori for the use of red in flags.
Other New Zealand flags
The flag commonly known as the tino rangatiratanga (te reo Māori for 'absolute sovereignty') flag was designed in 1989. It has been acknowledged as a national flag for the Māori.
There are two official flags which, when flown in the appropriate circumstance, take precedence over the national flag of New Zealand:
The Queen's Personal New Zealand Flag, adopted in 1962, depicts the New Zealand coat of arms in banner form defaced with a roundel containing the letter 'E' and a crown. The personal flag was flown continuously on any building in which Queen Elizabeth II was in residence and by any ship that transported the Queen in New Zealand waters. Since the death of the Queen, the flag is no longer displayed.
The flag of the governor-general of New Zealand is flown continuously in the presence of the governor-general. The flag in its present form was adopted in 2008, and is a blue banner with a shield of the New Zealand coat of arms surmounted by a crown.
In addition, the New Zealand Police, New Zealand Fire Service, New Zealand Customs Service, and the services of the New Zealand Defence Force have their own flags. A few local authorities have commissioned their own flags, such as that of the City of Nelson.
See also
Flag desecration § New Zealand
National symbols of New Zealand
Coat of arms of New Zealand
Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories
Flags depicting the Southern Cross
List of countries and territories with the Union Jack displayed on their flag
National Māori flag, also known as the Tino Rangatiratanga flag
Flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
The New Zealand Flag – Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Maritime history of the flag
The Flag Institute, United Kingdom
A 2003 paper on New Zealand flag changes by John Moody, Secretary of the New Zealand Flag Association
New Zealand
New Zealand
National symbols of New Zealand
Southern Cross flags
1902 establishments in New Zealand
1869 introductions
Flags that incorporate the Union Jack |
Mount Bona is one of the major mountains of the Saint Elias Mountains in eastern Alaska, and is the fifth-highest independent peak in the United States. It is either the tenth- or eleventh-highest peak in North America. Mount Bona and its adjacent neighbor Mount Churchill are both large ice-covered stratovolcanoes. Bona has the distinction of being the highest volcano in the United States and the fourth-highest in North America, outranked only by the three highest Mexican volcanoes, Pico de Orizaba, Popocatépetl, and Iztaccíhuatl. Its summit is a small stratovolcano on top of a high platform of sedimentary rocks.
The mountain's massif is covered almost entirely by icefields and glaciers, and it is the principal source of ice for the Klutlan Glacier, which flows east for over into the Yukon Territory of Canada. The mountain also contributes a large volume of ice to the north-flowing Russell Glacier system.
Mount Bona was named by Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi in 1897, who saw the peak while making the first ascent of Mount Saint Elias about to the southeast. He named it after the Bona, his racing yacht.
The mountain was first climbed in 1930 by Allen Carpé, Terris Moore, and Andrew Taylor, from the Russell Glacier on the west of the peak. The current standard route is the East Ridge; a climb of nearby Mount Churchill is a relatively easy addition via this route as well.
Elevation
Mount Bona's exact elevation is uncertain. USGS 1:250,000 topographical maps show an elevation of , which was determined in 1913 by International Boundary Commission surveyors. However, USGS 1:63,360 topographical maps do not show a spot height, and their contour lines indicate a summit elevation of 16,55050 feet (504515 meters). Many sources quote the latter figure.
See also
List of mountain peaks of North America
List of mountain peaks of the United States
List of mountain peaks of Alaska
List of the highest major summits of the United States
List of the most prominent summits of the United States
List of the most isolated major summits of the United States
List of volcanoes in the United States
References and notes
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Mount Bona at the Alaska Volcano Observatory
Landforms of Copper River Census Area, Alaska
Mountains of Alaska
Mountains of Unorganized Borough, Alaska
Mount Bona
Saint Elias Mountains
Stratovolcanoes of the United States
Subduction volcanoes
Volcanoes of Alaska
Volcanoes of Unorganized Borough, Alaska
Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve |
Valerie Charlton made props, models and special effects for movies in the 1970s and 1980s, especially those by the Monty Python troupe and Terry Gilliam.
Her partner was Julian Doyle, who also worked on many of the same movies.
Productions and works
The Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch, dragon boat prow, Black Knight's tent and Trojan rabbit in Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
Jabberwocky (1977)
Monty Python's Life of Brian (1980)
Time Bandits (1981)
The Landstriders in The Dark Crystal (1982)
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
the winged model of Sam Lowry – the protagonist of Brazil (1985)
Hoggle and Riding Goblins in Labyrinth (1986)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988)
References
Model makers
Monty Python
Prop designers
Special effects people
Year of birth missing |
William Fisher Lange (February 16, 1897 – June 22, 1953) was an American basketball and football player and coach. He played college football and basketball for Wittenberg College from 1918 to 1921. During the 1922–23 season, he coached the Cleveland Rosenblums, an early professional basketball team that was known at the time as "the fastest basket ball aggregation in this part of the country." From 1923 to 1936, he was the athletic director and head football and basketball coach at Muskingum College in Ohio. He was best known for being the head coach of the North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team from 1939 through 1944.
Early years
Lange was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1897 and raised in Huron, Ohio. At the time of the 1910 United States Census in April 1910, Lange was living on a farm in Berlin Township, Erie County, Ohio, with his uncle, Adam Fisher, his mother, Mary Lange, and his younger sisters, Hilda and Murnice Lange.
Lange attended Huron High School where he starred on the basketball and football teams. In June 1918, Lange was employed by the Cleveland Stevedore Co. in Huron, Ohio. Lange joined the U.S. Naval Reserves in July 1918 and was called to active duty in November 1918. He served 108 days of active duty and attained the rank of seaman second class. At the time of the 1920 United States Census, Lange was living in Huron, Ohio, with his mother, Mary Lange, and his younger sister, Murnice Lange. He received his honorable discharge from the Naval Reserves in September 1921.
Wittenberg College
Lange subsequently enrolled at Wittenberg College in Springfield, Ohio. He played college football as a tackle on Wittenberg football teams that went undefeated for consecutive seasons in 1919 and 1920. His football coach at Wittenberg was Ernie Godfrey, who later served as a longtime assistant coach for the Ohio State Buckeyes football team and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1972. Lange also played on Wittenberg's basketball team and was selected to the All-Ohio team in both sports. He graduated from Wittenberg in 1921.
Coaching career
High school coach
After graduating from Wittenberg, Lange coached high school sports at London, Ohio. During the 1922–23 academic year, he was a coach at West Tech High School in Cleveland.
Cleveland Rosenblums
While coaching high school basketball in Cleveland, Lange also coached the Cleveland Rosenblums. The Rosenblums were an early professional basketball team that was known in 1923 as "the fastest basket ball aggregation in this part of the country." The Rosenblums later became one of the founding members of the American Basketball League in 1925. Some sources indicate that Lange also played for the team.
Muskingum College
In September 1923, he was hired as the athletic director and head coach at Muskingum College in New Concord, Ohio. Upon his hiring, one Ohio newspaper reported: "Lange is a young man of splendid character and has the initiative and ambition together with an attractive personality that make for success as an athletic director and coach." He remained at Muskingum for 13 years until 1936. As the school's head football coach from 1923 to 1935, Lange led the school to an overall record of 71–32–6. He is the third winningest coach in the history of Muskingum's football program. As Muskingum's basketball coach, he compiled a record of 133–94. He also served as the school's athletic director for several years. During the 1925–26 and 1926–27 season, Lange led the Muskingum men's basketball team to records of 17–2 and 19–2. His 1927 Muskingum men's basketball team won the Ohio Conference championship. Lange was instrumental in the construction of McConagha Stadium and a student gymnasium at Muskingum. One Ohio newspaper noted that Lange turned Muskingum into a consistent winner despite several obstacles: "Lange formed winning basketball and football teams despite numerous handicaps. With material never outstanding, Lange put together winning combinations year in and year out."
At the time of the 1930 United States Census, Lange was living in Union Township, Muskingum County, Ohio, with his wife Juliet Rive Lange and their daughter Harriet S. Lange.
University of North Carolina
In July 1936, Lange left Muskingum to accept a position at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as the Tar Heels football team's backfield coach and as an assistant professor of physical education. As an assistant coach on the football team, he worked under head coaches Raymond Wolf (1936–1941), Jim Tatum (1942), and Tom Young (1943). He became the head coach of the North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team in 1939. In 1940–41, Lange guided the Tar Heels to the school's first ever NCAA tournament appearance. They lost to Pittsburgh 26–20 in the first round. Also during Lange's time coaching North Carolina, George Glamack became a star player and earned a national player of the year honor.
Kenyon College
In 1944, Lange left North Carolina to become the athletic director for Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. Lange also served as Kenyon's head football and basketball coach during the 1944–1945 school year. In his lone season as the basketball coach, the Kenyon Lords compiled one win—a 30–29 away game defeat of Kent State.
Later years and honors
Lange retired from coaching in 1945 and moved to Florida. He lived in Englewood, Florida, and worked as a commission merchant dealing in citrus fruit. He later moved to Leesburg, Florida where he operated a tourist court for three years. In June 1953, he died at age 56 while visiting friends in Wadsworth, Ohio.
In 1980, Lange was selected as one of the inaugural inductees into the Muskingum University Athletic Hall of Fame. He was also inducted into the Wittenberg University Athletic Hall of Fame in 1987.
Head coaching record
Football
Basketball
References
General
Specific
External links
1897 births
1953 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Basketball coaches from Ohio
Basketball players from Cleveland
Cleveland Rosenblums coaches
Cleveland Rosenblums players
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Kenyon Lords and Ladies athletic directors
Kenyon Lords basketball coaches
Kenyon Lords football coaches
Muskingum Fighting Muskies athletic directors
Muskingum Fighting Muskies football coaches
Muskingum Fighting Muskies men's basketball coaches
North Carolina Tar Heels football coaches
North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball coaches
People from Englewood, Florida
People from Berlin Heights, Ohio
People from Leesburg, Florida
Sportspeople from Lake County, Florida
Players of American football from Cleveland
Sportspeople from Cleveland
United States Navy sailors
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Wittenberg Tigers football players
Wittenberg Tigers men's basketball players
United States Navy reservists |
Else Seifert (9 December 1879 – 23 June 1968) was a German architectural photographer and teacher from Dresden.
Biography
Else Seifert was born in Dresden in 1879 to Karl Robert Seifert, a merchant, and Klara Amalie Juliane (née Schiertz). She was educated at the Fröbelseminar in Kassel and completed a brief training in accounting. She worked as a private tutor in Kassel for three years and then worked in the commercial sector for ten years. In 1909 she returned to Dresden and began teaching at the Städtischen Mädchengewerbe- und Handelsschule (Municipal Girls' Industry and Trade School), where she worked until 1924. She taught classes in penmanship, correspondence, commodity economics, life skills, mathematics and civics.
Seifert took up amateur photography in 1909 and joined the Dresden Photographic Society. In her spare time, she studied photography and architecture at the Dresden University of Technology. She left her teaching job in 1924 and travelled to Italy, where she worked for a year as a nurse and began to pursue commercial photography. Upon her return to Dresden in 1926, her first book of photography was published by Wolfgang Jess. Between 1926 and 1931 she worked for the City of Dresden and its departments of buildings, education and transport as an architectural photographer. She spent three months in the Netherlands in 1930 and exhibited in Utrecht and Amsterdam. A collection of her photographs of Dresden was displayed in an exhibition at the German Hygiene Museum in the same year. Between 1931 and 1934, Seifert worked for the Hamburg-Südamerikanischen Steam Shipping Company as an onboard photographer on its routes to Norway, Morocco, Spain, Egypt, Palestine and England. From 1937 she turned her focus away from commercial photography to creating portraits and cityscapes, particularly of Loschwitz, the neighborhood of Dresden where she lived.
Seifert was largely inactive after 1945, and three books she had compiled were never published. She died on 23 June 1968 in Dresden. A collection of her work is held by the Saxon State and University Library Dresden in its Deutsche Fotothek library. The collection includes around 1100 negatives and 570 positive photographs.
References
External links
1879 births
1968 deaths
Architectural photographers
Photographers from Dresden
German women photographers
German schoolteachers |
```smalltalk
using System.Buffers;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Memory;
namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Advanced;
/// <summary>
/// Utility methods for batched processing of pixel row intervals.
/// Parallel execution is optimized for image processing based on values defined
/// <see cref="ParallelExecutionSettings"/> or <see cref="Configuration"/>.
/// Using this class is preferred over direct usage of <see cref="Parallel"/> utility methods.
/// </summary>
public static partial class ParallelRowIterator
{
/// <summary>
/// Iterate through the rows of a rectangle in optimized batches.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">The type of row operation to perform.</typeparam>
/// <param name="configuration">The <see cref="Configuration"/> to get the parallel settings from.</param>
/// <param name="rectangle">The <see cref="Rectangle"/>.</param>
/// <param name="operation">The operation defining the iteration logic on a single row.</param>
[MethodImpl(InliningOptions.ShortMethod)]
public static void IterateRows<T>(Configuration configuration, Rectangle rectangle, in T operation)
where T : struct, IRowOperation
{
var parallelSettings = ParallelExecutionSettings.FromConfiguration(configuration);
IterateRows(rectangle, in parallelSettings, in operation);
}
/// <summary>
/// Iterate through the rows of a rectangle in optimized batches.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">The type of row operation to perform.</typeparam>
/// <param name="rectangle">The <see cref="Rectangle"/>.</param>
/// <param name="parallelSettings">The <see cref="ParallelExecutionSettings"/>.</param>
/// <param name="operation">The operation defining the iteration logic on a single row.</param>
public static void IterateRows<T>(
Rectangle rectangle,
in ParallelExecutionSettings parallelSettings,
in T operation)
where T : struct, IRowOperation
{
ValidateRectangle(rectangle);
int top = rectangle.Top;
int bottom = rectangle.Bottom;
int width = rectangle.Width;
int height = rectangle.Height;
int maxSteps = DivideCeil(width * (long)height, parallelSettings.MinimumPixelsProcessedPerTask);
int numOfSteps = Math.Min(parallelSettings.MaxDegreeOfParallelism, maxSteps);
// Avoid TPL overhead in this trivial case:
if (numOfSteps == 1)
{
for (int y = top; y < bottom; y++)
{
Unsafe.AsRef(in operation).Invoke(y);
}
return;
}
int verticalStep = DivideCeil(rectangle.Height, numOfSteps);
var parallelOptions = new ParallelOptions { MaxDegreeOfParallelism = numOfSteps };
var wrappingOperation = new RowOperationWrapper<T>(top, bottom, verticalStep, in operation);
Parallel.For(
0,
numOfSteps,
parallelOptions,
wrappingOperation.Invoke);
}
/// <summary>
/// Iterate through the rows of a rectangle in optimized batches.
/// instantiating a temporary buffer for each <paramref name="operation"/> invocation.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">The type of row operation to perform.</typeparam>
/// <typeparam name="TBuffer">The type of buffer elements.</typeparam>
/// <param name="configuration">The <see cref="Configuration"/> to get the parallel settings from.</param>
/// <param name="rectangle">The <see cref="Rectangle"/>.</param>
/// <param name="operation">The operation defining the iteration logic on a single row.</param>
public static void IterateRows<T, TBuffer>(Configuration configuration, Rectangle rectangle, in T operation)
where T : struct, IRowOperation<TBuffer>
where TBuffer : unmanaged
{
var parallelSettings = ParallelExecutionSettings.FromConfiguration(configuration);
IterateRows<T, TBuffer>(rectangle, in parallelSettings, in operation);
}
/// <summary>
/// Iterate through the rows of a rectangle in optimized batches.
/// instantiating a temporary buffer for each <paramref name="operation"/> invocation.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">The type of row operation to perform.</typeparam>
/// <typeparam name="TBuffer">The type of buffer elements.</typeparam>
/// <param name="rectangle">The <see cref="Rectangle"/>.</param>
/// <param name="parallelSettings">The <see cref="ParallelExecutionSettings"/>.</param>
/// <param name="operation">The operation defining the iteration logic on a single row.</param>
public static void IterateRows<T, TBuffer>(
Rectangle rectangle,
in ParallelExecutionSettings parallelSettings,
in T operation)
where T : struct, IRowOperation<TBuffer>
where TBuffer : unmanaged
{
ValidateRectangle(rectangle);
int top = rectangle.Top;
int bottom = rectangle.Bottom;
int width = rectangle.Width;
int height = rectangle.Height;
int maxSteps = DivideCeil(width * (long)height, parallelSettings.MinimumPixelsProcessedPerTask);
int numOfSteps = Math.Min(parallelSettings.MaxDegreeOfParallelism, maxSteps);
MemoryAllocator allocator = parallelSettings.MemoryAllocator;
int bufferLength = Unsafe.AsRef(in operation).GetRequiredBufferLength(rectangle);
// Avoid TPL overhead in this trivial case:
if (numOfSteps == 1)
{
using IMemoryOwner<TBuffer> buffer = allocator.Allocate<TBuffer>(bufferLength);
Span<TBuffer> span = buffer.Memory.Span;
for (int y = top; y < bottom; y++)
{
Unsafe.AsRef(in operation).Invoke(y, span);
}
return;
}
int verticalStep = DivideCeil(height, numOfSteps);
var parallelOptions = new ParallelOptions { MaxDegreeOfParallelism = numOfSteps };
var wrappingOperation = new RowOperationWrapper<T, TBuffer>(top, bottom, verticalStep, bufferLength, allocator, in operation);
Parallel.For(
0,
numOfSteps,
parallelOptions,
wrappingOperation.Invoke);
}
/// <summary>
/// Iterate through the rows of a rectangle in optimized batches defined by <see cref="RowInterval"/>-s.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">The type of row operation to perform.</typeparam>
/// <param name="configuration">The <see cref="Configuration"/> to get the parallel settings from.</param>
/// <param name="rectangle">The <see cref="Rectangle"/>.</param>
/// <param name="operation">The operation defining the iteration logic on a single <see cref="RowInterval"/>.</param>
[MethodImpl(InliningOptions.ShortMethod)]
public static void IterateRowIntervals<T>(Configuration configuration, Rectangle rectangle, in T operation)
where T : struct, IRowIntervalOperation
{
var parallelSettings = ParallelExecutionSettings.FromConfiguration(configuration);
IterateRowIntervals(rectangle, in parallelSettings, in operation);
}
/// <summary>
/// Iterate through the rows of a rectangle in optimized batches defined by <see cref="RowInterval"/>-s.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">The type of row operation to perform.</typeparam>
/// <param name="rectangle">The <see cref="Rectangle"/>.</param>
/// <param name="parallelSettings">The <see cref="ParallelExecutionSettings"/>.</param>
/// <param name="operation">The operation defining the iteration logic on a single <see cref="RowInterval"/>.</param>
public static void IterateRowIntervals<T>(
Rectangle rectangle,
in ParallelExecutionSettings parallelSettings,
in T operation)
where T : struct, IRowIntervalOperation
{
ValidateRectangle(rectangle);
int top = rectangle.Top;
int bottom = rectangle.Bottom;
int width = rectangle.Width;
int height = rectangle.Height;
int maxSteps = DivideCeil(width * (long)height, parallelSettings.MinimumPixelsProcessedPerTask);
int numOfSteps = Math.Min(parallelSettings.MaxDegreeOfParallelism, maxSteps);
// Avoid TPL overhead in this trivial case:
if (numOfSteps == 1)
{
var rows = new RowInterval(top, bottom);
Unsafe.AsRef(in operation).Invoke(in rows);
return;
}
int verticalStep = DivideCeil(rectangle.Height, numOfSteps);
var parallelOptions = new ParallelOptions { MaxDegreeOfParallelism = numOfSteps };
var wrappingOperation = new RowIntervalOperationWrapper<T>(top, bottom, verticalStep, in operation);
Parallel.For(
0,
numOfSteps,
parallelOptions,
wrappingOperation.Invoke);
}
/// <summary>
/// Iterate through the rows of a rectangle in optimized batches defined by <see cref="RowInterval"/>-s
/// instantiating a temporary buffer for each <paramref name="operation"/> invocation.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">The type of row operation to perform.</typeparam>
/// <typeparam name="TBuffer">The type of buffer elements.</typeparam>
/// <param name="configuration">The <see cref="Configuration"/> to get the parallel settings from.</param>
/// <param name="rectangle">The <see cref="Rectangle"/>.</param>
/// <param name="operation">The operation defining the iteration logic on a single <see cref="RowInterval"/>.</param>
public static void IterateRowIntervals<T, TBuffer>(Configuration configuration, Rectangle rectangle, in T operation)
where T : struct, IRowIntervalOperation<TBuffer>
where TBuffer : unmanaged
{
var parallelSettings = ParallelExecutionSettings.FromConfiguration(configuration);
IterateRowIntervals<T, TBuffer>(rectangle, in parallelSettings, in operation);
}
/// <summary>
/// Iterate through the rows of a rectangle in optimized batches defined by <see cref="RowInterval"/>-s
/// instantiating a temporary buffer for each <paramref name="operation"/> invocation.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">The type of row operation to perform.</typeparam>
/// <typeparam name="TBuffer">The type of buffer elements.</typeparam>
/// <param name="rectangle">The <see cref="Rectangle"/>.</param>
/// <param name="parallelSettings">The <see cref="ParallelExecutionSettings"/>.</param>
/// <param name="operation">The operation defining the iteration logic on a single <see cref="RowInterval"/>.</param>
public static void IterateRowIntervals<T, TBuffer>(
Rectangle rectangle,
in ParallelExecutionSettings parallelSettings,
in T operation)
where T : struct, IRowIntervalOperation<TBuffer>
where TBuffer : unmanaged
{
ValidateRectangle(rectangle);
int top = rectangle.Top;
int bottom = rectangle.Bottom;
int width = rectangle.Width;
int height = rectangle.Height;
int maxSteps = DivideCeil(width * (long)height, parallelSettings.MinimumPixelsProcessedPerTask);
int numOfSteps = Math.Min(parallelSettings.MaxDegreeOfParallelism, maxSteps);
MemoryAllocator allocator = parallelSettings.MemoryAllocator;
int bufferLength = Unsafe.AsRef(in operation).GetRequiredBufferLength(rectangle);
// Avoid TPL overhead in this trivial case:
if (numOfSteps == 1)
{
var rows = new RowInterval(top, bottom);
using IMemoryOwner<TBuffer> buffer = allocator.Allocate<TBuffer>(bufferLength);
Unsafe.AsRef(in operation).Invoke(in rows, buffer.Memory.Span);
return;
}
int verticalStep = DivideCeil(height, numOfSteps);
var parallelOptions = new ParallelOptions { MaxDegreeOfParallelism = numOfSteps };
var wrappingOperation = new RowIntervalOperationWrapper<T, TBuffer>(top, bottom, verticalStep, bufferLength, allocator, in operation);
Parallel.For(
0,
numOfSteps,
parallelOptions,
wrappingOperation.Invoke);
}
[MethodImpl(InliningOptions.ShortMethod)]
private static int DivideCeil(long dividend, int divisor) => (int)Math.Min(1 + ((dividend - 1) / divisor), int.MaxValue);
private static void ValidateRectangle(Rectangle rectangle)
{
Guard.MustBeGreaterThan(
rectangle.Width,
0,
$"{nameof(rectangle)}.{nameof(rectangle.Width)}");
Guard.MustBeGreaterThan(
rectangle.Height,
0,
$"{nameof(rectangle)}.{nameof(rectangle.Height)}");
}
}
``` |
```python
import struct
import pytest
import moderngl
def test_1(ctx):
prog = ctx.program(
vertex_shader='''
#version 330
in vec2 in_v1;
in vec2 in_v2;
out vec2 out_v;
void main() {
out_v = in_v1 + in_v2;
}
''',
varyings=['out_v']
)
buf_v1 = ctx.buffer(struct.pack('8f', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8))
buf_v2 = ctx.buffer(struct.pack('2f', 10, 100))
res = ctx.buffer(reserve=buf_v1.size)
vao = ctx.vertex_array(prog, [
(buf_v1, '2f', 'in_v1'),
(buf_v2, '2f/i', 'in_v2'),
])
vao.transform(res, moderngl.POINTS)
tup = struct.unpack('8f', res.read())
assert pytest.approx(tup[0]) == 11.0
assert pytest.approx(tup[1]) == 102.0
assert pytest.approx(tup[2]) == 13.0
assert pytest.approx(tup[3]) == 104.0
assert pytest.approx(tup[4]) == 15.0
assert pytest.approx(tup[5]) == 106.0
assert pytest.approx(tup[6]) == 17.0
assert pytest.approx(tup[7]) == 108.0
``` |
Life is beautiful is FLOW's fifth single. It reached #28 on the Oricon charts in its first week and charted for 4 weeks. *
Track listing
References
2004 singles
Flow (band) songs
2004 songs
Ki/oon Music singles |
G. Wayne Miller (born June 12, 1954) is an American author, journalist and filmmaker. He is a faculty member at Salve Regina University's Pell Center for International Relations and Public Policy, in Newport, Rhode Island, where he is co-founder and director of the Story in the Public Square program and co-host and co-producer of the national PBS/SiriusXM Radio show by the same name.
Early life
Miller is the last child and only son of the late Roger L. Miller, an airplane mechanic, and Mary M. Miller, a homemaker. He was raised in Wakefield, Massachusetts, where he attended Saint Joseph School. He graduated in 1972 from St. John's Preparatory School in Danvers, Massachusetts, where he was co-editor of his high school newspaper and also co-wrote and published an underground newspaper. Miller graduated cum laude from Harvard College in 1976.
Career
In 1978, Miller became a reporter at The Transcript, a small daily newspaper in North Adams, Massachusetts, now part of The Berkshire Eagle. In 1979, he took a staff writer position at the larger Cape Cod Times in Hyannis, Massachusetts. Since 1981, he has been a staff writer at The Providence Journal. In 1988, he sold his first book, a novel, Thunder Rise (hardcover, 1989; paperback, 1992), first in a trilogy of horror novels, to William Morrow.
Miller's first book of non-fiction, The Work of Human Hands: Hardy Hendren and Surgical Wonder at Children's Hospital, was first published in 1993. It was edited by Jon Karp, then an editor at Random House, and now president and publisher of Simon & Schuster Publishing Group.
Toy Wars: The Epic Struggle Between G.I. Joe, Barbie and the Companies That Make Them, released in 1998, opened Miller's readers to the previously closed doors exposing the inner workings of toy manufacturing giants and Fortune 500 companies Mattel and Hasbro. In 2000, Miller published King of Hearts: The True Story of the Maverick Who Pioneered Open Heart Surgery, an account of the men who created open-heart surgery focusing on Dr. C. Walton Lillehei. The popularity and success of Toy Wars would later lead to the opportunity to write Men and Speed: A Wild Ride Through NASCAR's Breakout Season, in 2002, the result of Miller being granted unprecedented access to Roush Racing (now Roush Fenway Racing) during the 2001 season.
Miller's next book was The Xeno Chronicles: Two Years on the Frontier of Medicine Inside Harvard's Transplant Research Lab. His eighth book, An Uncommon Man: The Life and Times of Senator Claiborne Pell, about the six-term Rhode Island senator best remembered for creating the Pell Grants educational loan program, was published in October 2011. In November 2013, Simon & Schuster published Top Brain, Bottom Brain: Surprising Insights Into How You Think, which Miller coauthored with neuroscientist and psychologist Stephen M. Kosslyn. A revised edition, Top Brain, Bottom Brain: Harnessing the Power of the Four Cognitive Modes, was published in March 2015.
In 2004 Miller was part of a team that was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for their four-part series Fatal Foam, a look at the flammability dangers of household furniture and beds. It was part of the Providence Journals coverage of the devastating Rhode Island nightclub fire that killed 100 people in 2003. Among his other awards is the 2013 Roger Williams Independent Voice Award, presented by the Rhode Island International Film Festival, "to an outstanding artist whose vision promotes tolerance, compassion and understanding. It is named after the founder of Rhode Island, Roger Williams, who established an American tradition of religious freedom and individual liberty that was encoded in The Bill of Rights."He has also received the "Bell of Hope - Mental Health Hero" award from the Mental Health Association of Rhode Island for his coverage of mental-health issues.
Miller has also written the Thunder Rise trilogy of horror novels, Thunder Rise, Asylum, and Summer Place; a fourth horror novel, Drowned: A Different Kind of Zombie Tale; and three collections of horror, mystery and science-fiction short stories.
Miller co-produced and wrote the documentary On the Lake: Life and Love in a Distant Place, released in 2009 and subsequently broadcast on PBS. He also wrote and co-produced Behind the Hedgerow : Eileen Slocum and the Meaning of Newport Society, which premiered in 2010. In 2011, Miller wrote and co-produced The Providence Journals Coming Home, about veterans of the wars in Iraq, which won a regional Edward R. Murrow Award and was nominated for a New England Emmy. The documentary was based on Miller's 16th newspaper series, The War on Terror: Coming Home, which the Providence Journal published in the fall of 2011.
In 2012, Miller became a visiting fellow at Salve Regina University's Pell Center for International Relations and Public Policy in Newport, Rhode Island. He is co-founder and director of the center's Story in the Public Square program. Since September 2018, Story in the Public Square, the multiple Telly Award-winning public television and SiriusXM Satellite Radio weekly program, has been broadcast nationally and is now seen in 87 percent of all U.S. markets with 516 weekly airings. Miller co-hosts and co-produces the show with Pell Center executive director Jim Ludes. The show was the inaugural winner of the Newport Historical Society's History Starts Here Award.
Kid Number One: A story of heart, soul and business, featuring Alan Hassenfeld and Hasbro, was published in September 2019 by Stillwater River Publications, and Blue Hill was published in October 2020 by Crossroad Press. Miller's latest book, Traces of Mary, was published in 2022 by Macabre Ink.
In November 2022, Miller left the Providence Journal after four decades as a staff writer to become director of Ocean State Stories, a new media outlet from Salve Regina University's Pell Center serving all of Rhode Island and the many diverse communities that comprise the state.
Miller's 21st book, Unfit to Print: A Modern Media Satire, will be published on October 10, 2023.
Personal life
Miller is married to Y. T. Gabrielle and is the father of three children. He lives near Providence, Rhode Island, and enjoys time on the New England coast.
Bibliography
Thunder Rise: Book One of the Thunder Rise Trilogy (1989)
The Work of Human Hands: Hardy Hendren and Surgical Wonder at Children's Hospital (1993)
Coming of Age: The True Adventures of Two American Teens (1995)
Toy Wars: The Epic Struggle Between G.I. Joe, Barbie and the Companies That Make Them (1998)
King of Hearts: The True Story of the Maverick Who Pioneered Open Heart Surgery (2000)
Men and Speed: A Wild Ride Through NASCAR's Breakout Season (2002)
The Xeno Chronicles: Two Years on the Frontier of Medicine Inside Harvard's Transplant Research Lab (2005)
An Uncommon Man: The Life and Times of Senator Claiborne Pell (2011)
Since the Sky Blew Off: The Essential G. Wayne Miller Fiction, Vol. 1 (2012)
Asylum: Book Two of the Thunder Rise Trilogy (2013)
Summer Place: Book Three of the Thunder Rise Trilogy (2013)
Vapors: The Essential G. Wayne Miller Fiction, Vol. 2 (2013)
Top Brain, Bottom Brain: Surprising Insights Into How You Think (with Stephen M. Kosslyn, 2013)
The Beach That Summer: The Essential G. Wayne Miller Fiction, Vol. 3 (2014)
Drowned: A Different Kind of Zombie Tale (2015)
Car Crazy: The War for Supremacy Between Ford and Olds and the Dawn of the Automobile Age (2015)
Kid Number One: A Story of Heart, Soul and Business, featuring Alan Hassenfeld and Hasbro (2019)
Blue Hill (2020)
The Growing Season: Frank Beazley and the Meaning of Life (2020)
Traces of Mary (2022)
References
External links
Official website
Living people
1954 births
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
Harvard University alumni
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers |
```c++
///|/
///|/ PrusaSlicer is released under the terms of the AGPLv3 or higher
///|/
#ifndef libslic3r_Triangulation_hpp_
#define libslic3r_Triangulation_hpp_
#include <vector>
#include <set>
#include <libslic3r/Point.hpp>
#include <libslic3r/Polygon.hpp>
#include <libslic3r/ExPolygon.hpp>
namespace Slic3r {
class Triangulation
{
public:
Triangulation() = delete;
// define oriented connection of 2 vertices(defined by its index)
using HalfEdge = std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>;
using HalfEdges = std::vector<HalfEdge>;
using Indices = std::vector<Vec3i>;
/// <summary>
/// Connect points by triangulation to create filled surface by triangles
/// Input points have to be unique
/// Inspiration for make unique points is Emboss::dilate_to_unique_points
/// </summary>
/// <param name="points">Points to connect</param>
/// <param name="edges">Constraint for edges, pair is from point(first) to
/// point(second), sorted lexicographically</param>
/// <returns>Triangles</returns>
static Indices triangulate(const Points &points,
const HalfEdges &half_edges);
static Indices triangulate(const Polygon &polygon);
static Indices triangulate(const Polygons &polygons);
static Indices triangulate(const ExPolygon &expolygon);
static Indices triangulate(const ExPolygons &expolygons);
// Map for convert original index to set without duplication
// from_index<to_index>
using Changes = std::vector<uint32_t>;
/// <summary>
/// Create conversion map from original index into new
/// with respect of duplicit point
/// </summary>
/// <param name="points">input set of points</param>
/// <param name="duplicits">duplicit points collected from points</param>
/// <returns>Conversion map for point index</returns>
static Changes create_changes(const Points &points, const Points &duplicits);
/// <summary>
/// Triangulation for expolygons, speed up when points are already collected
/// NOTE: Not working properly for ExPolygons with multiple point on same coordinate
/// You should check it by "collect_changes"
/// </summary>
/// <param name="expolygons">Input shape to triangulation - define edges</param>
/// <param name="points">Points from expolygons</param>
/// <returns>Triangle indices</returns>
static Indices triangulate(const ExPolygons &expolygons, const Points& points);
/// <summary>
/// Triangulation for expolygons containing multiple points with same coordinate
/// </summary>
/// <param name="expolygons">Input shape to triangulation - define edge</param>
/// <param name="points">Points from expolygons</param>
/// <param name="changes">Changes swap for indicies into points</param>
/// <returns>Triangle indices</returns>
static Indices triangulate(const ExPolygons &expolygons, const Points& points, const Changes& changes);
};
} // namespace Slic3r
#endif // libslic3r_Triangulation_hpp_
``` |
David Ippolito is an American singer-songwriter and playwright. He has self-released eight albums and is best known for his weekly summer performances in Central Park.
Career
In 1992, Ippolito first performed an impromptu concert on a hill in Central Park in front of a small audience. Among those present was editor Jack Rosenthal from The New York Times, who the next day published an editorial about the performance. The next week, Ippolito played again, and began to gather a following. Since then, he has performed on a hill near a rowboat lake almost every summer weekend to crowds of passers-by and regulars, including international tourists, and has become a cult figure in New York.
His most recent CD, "Wouldn't Want It Any Other Way", was released in 2009. The album features "Keep Hope Alive", which was co-written with Sid Bernstein, the famous music promoter who brought the Beatles to the US. Ippolito has performed at venues throughout New York City, including an annual December performance at Merkin Concert Hall, as well as shows at the Leonard Nimoy Thalia, Symphony Space, The Red Lion on Bleecker Street, and Cast Party at the Birdland Music Club.
Central Park
Ippolito's Central Park concerts are relatively well-known. However, in 2000, the Parks Department ordered him (and all other musicians in the park) to unplug his small speaker, which led to outcry from his fans and letters to The New York Times by supportive audience members. The current arrangement is that he has to select a month in advance which dates he wants to play, as well as pay for each permit, rain or shine. On the Sunday after the September 11 attacks, approximately 1,000 of his fans filled his guitar case in Central Park with more than $7,000, which Ippolito, the son of a retired New York City firefighter, delivered to Ladder Company 25 and the 9/11 Fund.
I Love the Company
During 2006, Ippolito hosted a daily podcast called "I Love the Company," which was broadcast globally via Podshow.com. The 365+ podcasts featured new works by Ippolito and music by singers and songwriters around the world, which was joined by an "I Love the Video" videocast.
Playwriting and other work
As an actor, Ippolito has had roles in national TV commercials and musical theater productions.
Ippolito's song, "City Song," was used to close NBC's television coverage of the 2001 New York City Marathon.
He has appeared on ABC's "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire", winning $64,000.
A playwright and storyteller, his work has been performed at The Soho Playhouse and The Actors Studio. Ippolito is currently workshopping his new musical project for the stage, "Possibility Junkie."
Discography
The People on the Hill (1997)
That Guitar Man from Central Park...In Person (1998)
Just a Thought for Christmas (1999)
It's Just Us (2000)
Crazy on the Same Day (2002)
Talk Louder (the Cell Phone Song) (2003)
Common Ground (2004)
I Love the Company (2007)
Crazy on the Same Day (re-mastered in 2008)
Wouldn't Want It Any Other Way (2009)
References
External links
That Guitar Man Website
Description of his charity work
Interview
I Love The Company podcast
YouTube "Resolution (The Torture Song)"
New York Times: A Protest Song Gets a Television Showcase
Television Documentary Film: Following Dreams
Living people
American folk singers
American folk guitarists
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
Central Park
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
American people of Italian descent
American street performers
American performance artists
Guitarists from New York City
Singers from New York City
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Singer-songwriters from New York (state) |
is a Quasi-National Park on the coast of Kōchi Prefecture and Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. It was founded on 1 June 1964 and has an area of .
See also
List of national parks of Japan
References
National parks of Japan
Parks and gardens in Kōchi Prefecture
Parks and gardens in Tokushima Prefecture
Protected areas established in 1964 |
Underground Atlanta is a hip hop compilation album performed by various artists. The double disc album was released on August 31, 2009, by American rapper Killer Mike’s Grind Time Official and SMC Recordings. The compilation was supported by the release of one single, "I'mma Fool wit It", by Killer Mike featuring Big Kuntry King.
Track listing
Charts
References
2009 compilation albums
Killer Mike albums
SMC Recordings albums
Albums produced by B.o.B
Hip hop compilation albums
Albums produced by Nard & B |
Joshua Benjamin Brenet (born 20 March 1994) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a full-back for Eredivisie club Twente.
Club career
Brenet is a graduate of PSV's youth academy, having joined the club in 2011 from Zeeburgia. He made his professional debut on 6 December 2012 in a Europa League game against Napoli, coming on for Peter van Ooijen after 87 minutes.
He made his Champions League qualification debut on 30 July 2013 against Zulte Waregem.
He played on 15 April 2018 as PSV beat rivals Ajax 3–0 to clinch the 2017–18 Eredivisie title.
On 31 January 2022, Brenet joined Twente until the end of the 2021–22 season.
International career
Born in the Netherlands, Brenet is of Curaçaoan descent. Brenet made his debut for the Netherlands in a November 2016 friendly match against Belgium. He was called up to the preliminary squad for the Curaçao national team for the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
PSV
Eredivisie: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18
Johan Cruijff Shield: 2015, 2016
References
External links
Voetbal International profile
1994 births
Living people
Dutch people of Curaçao descent
Sportspeople from Kerkrade
Dutch men's footballers
Footballers from Limburg (Netherlands)
Men's association football fullbacks
Netherlands men's youth international footballers
Netherlands men's under-21 international footballers
Netherlands men's international footballers
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Bundesliga players
Regionalliga players
Jong PSV players
PSV Eindhoven players
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim players
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim II players
FC Twente players
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany |
is the 4th single by the Japanese female idol group Momoiro Clover Z, released in Japan on July 6, 2011.
Release
The single was released in only one edition and had just one song on it. It was released on the same day with Momoiro Clover's 6th single "D' no Junjō" and preceded the release of the band's first album Battle and Romance. The two singles became first the group released under the name of Momoiro Clover Z.
"Z Densetsu (Owarinaki Kakumei)" is a tie-up song for a commercial for Tokyo Joypolis.
An updated version of the song, called the "ZZ Version" and performed by the four remaining members following Momoka Ariyasu's departure, was included in the group's 2019 self-titled album.
Music
The song was produced by Kenichi Maeyamada who had written for Momoiro Clover such trademark songs as "Ikuze! Kaitō Shōjo" and "Coco Natsu". The shout "Zed!" was performed by the "big brother of the anime music genre" Ichiro Mizuki. The male voice summoning the members is Fumihiko Tachiki. When the announcer shouts out "Blue!" (the color of Akari Hayami who left the group in April), the girls freeze in shock and the song stops for a split second.
Cover art and music video
The music video was released on the DVD that came with the limited edition A of the album Battle and Romance that came out three weeks later, on July 27.
On the cover and in the music video all members are wearing costumes in the style of "sentai heroes", main protagonists of Japanese television series in a genre called "sentai". The sentai genre (the word sentai means literally "squadron") evolves around a team of costumed superheroes fighting villains and includes such popular television shows and franchises as Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger (remade into Power Rangers for the US), Kamen Rider, Ultraman, Metal Hero. The music video is also reminiscent of sentai films. In the video, the girls use transformation belts to become helmeted fighters looking like sentai warriors, and the Weekend Heroines squadron fights fully armed with a song and a dance. The protagonists of the superhero genre usually have transformation belts (henshin beruto) or some other transformation items (like rings, swords, etc.), which they use to transform into superheroes in armored suits. Momoiro Clover Z transformation belts are clover style.
Transformation in sentai
The transformation between an ordinary person and a superhero is an important feature of the plots of Japanese sentai (superhero) adventures. The protagonists seem to be ordinary people, but they transform from their civilian selves into their superhero selves at the push of a button, sometimes simultaneously saying a particular word or phrase. Kamen Rider Accel from the Kamen Rider W series uses his henshin beruto (transformation belt or morphing belt) to transform into a masked crusader. His belt gives a protagonist special powers. For example, a Kamen Rider can jump ten times his height when using his henshin beruto. Copies of the Kamen Rider series' belts are one of the most popular Christmas gifts for Japanese boys.
Promotion
By June 3 the music video for "Z Legend (Owarinaki Kakumei)" was released on the Stardust Digital's official YouTube channel and on Nico Nico Douga.
When the song was performed live for the first time, the performance was described as shocking and attracted a lot of attention.
To promote the release of both 4th and 5th singles, Momoiro Clover Z held a series of live events and appearances, one of the notable ones being a concert on July 9, 2012 at the theme park Mega Web 1F in front of the audience of 1,800 people. At the event, Momoiro Clover performed in the costumes used in the music video for "Z Densetsu (Owarinaki Kakumei)".
Reception
The single debuted at the 5th place in the Oricon Daily Singles Chart, while the simultaneously released 5th single "D' no Junjō" at the 6th.
Track listing
All songs written, composed, and arranged by Kenichi Maeyamada.
Chart performance
Notes
References
External links
CD single profile on the official site
2011 singles
Japanese-language songs
Momoiro Clover Z songs
Songs written by Kenichi Maeyamada
King Records (Japan) singles
2011 songs |
Benjamin Abram Bernstein (20 May 1881, Pasvalys, Lithuania – 25 September 1964, Berkeley, California) was an American mathematician, specializing in mathematical logic.
Biography
With his Jewish family, Bernstein immigrated as a child to the United States. After completing public primary education in 1897 in Baltimore, he completed in 1902 his secondary education at Baltimore City College, and then received in 1905 his A.B. degree from Johns Hopkins University. After completing two years of graduate study at Johns Hopkins University, he became in 1907 an instructor and continuing graduate student in mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley. There he received in 1913, with supervisor Mellen W. Haskell, his Ph.D. At Berkeley, Bernstein became in 1918 an assistant professor, in 1923 an associate professor, and in 1928 a full professor of mathematics, retiring in 1951 as professor emeritus.
He was an Invited Speaker at the ICM in 1924 in Toronto. He was elected in 1931 a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. His doctoral students include Robert Levit and J.C.C. McKinsey.
In June 1920 in New York City, Professor Bernstein married Rose Davidson; her brother was the sculptor Jo Davidson. Bernstein was predeceased by his wife and upon his death was survived by a daughter and a granddaughter.
Selected publications
with A. O. Leuschner:
Errata for 1924 Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. vol. 26, pages 171–175: published Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 27 (1925) 600.
"On the Serial Relations in Boolean Algebras" Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 32(5) 523,4 1926
with Nemo Debely:
with Alfred L. Foster:
References
External links
Guide to the Benjamin Abram Bernstein papers, 1901–1963, Online Archive of California
1881 births
1964 deaths
Mathematical logicians
20th-century American mathematicians
Baltimore City College alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States |
Christian López or Lopez may refer to:
Christian López (weightlifter) (1984–2013), Guatemalan weightlifter
Christian Lopez (footballer) (born 1953), French former football defender
Christian Lopez (musician) (born 1995), American folk rock singer-songwriter
Christian Javier López (born 1992), Mexican football midfielder
Christian Roberto López (born 1987), Mexican football defender
See also
Christian Lopes (born 1992), American baseball player
Cristian López (born 1989), Spanish football forward |
The Couzinet 10 Arc-en-Ciel ('Rainbow') was built as a first example of the three-engined, aerodynamically refined, cantilever low wing monoplane designer René Couzinet thought offered the safest long range passenger transport, for example on the South Atlantic route. Only one was completed, though other, similar aircraft of different sizes and powers followed.
Design and development
The Couzinet 10 was the first of his designs to be built, though it was the result of his design study number 27. It led to the smaller Couzinet 20 and 30 series and the larger Couzinet 40 and 70.
The one-piece wing of the Couzinet 10 was thick at the root, a thickness to chord ratio of 18%, and thinned continuously out to the tip. In plan each wing was trapezoidal, though long tips produced an approximately elliptical form. Long, narrow-chord ailerons filled most of the straight part of the trailing edges. It was entirely wooden, built around two box spars and plywood covered.
The Arc-en-Ciel was powered by three Hispano-Suiza 8Ac water-cooled upright V8 engines. One was in the nose and the other two ahead of the wing leading edge, all within cowlings that followed the V8's cylinder heads and cooled with Lamblin radiators. Seven wing fuel tanks held a total of . The thickness of the wing at its root allowed crew to reach the engines in flight via a corridor high.
Behind the central engine the fuselage had a largely circular section, built up from frames with a maximum diameter of linked by stringers and ply-covered into a semi-monocoque structure. The enclosed cockpit was over the wing leading edge and behind it there was a windowed cabin with access through a starboard-side door. This contained two berths forward and, towards the back, tables for radio-operator and navigator, with a toilet further aft. The fin was integral with the body, rising slowly from it (a characteristic feature of Couzinet's designs) and carrying a pointed, curved, deep and narrow rudder. The Arc-en-Ciel's triangular plan tailplane, mounted near mid-fuselage, had a tapered elevator with a curved cut-out for rudder movement.
The Couzinet 10 had fixed, conventional landing gear, with mainwheels below the outer engines on V-struts from the wing spars and with rubber cord shock absorbers. Enclosed within fairings that reached back to the trailing edges, its track was . A small tailskid was fitted on the fuselage below the tailplane's leading edge.
The Couzinet 10 was flown for the first time on 7 May 1928 by Maurice Drouhin. Further flights demonstrated well-coordinated controls and the ability to maintain altitude with the outer engine speeds reduced to 500 rpm and the central one at 1,500 rpm, compared with a maximum 1,900 rpm. The ability to fly safely on one central engine provided, Couzinet thought, safety if an outer engine failed. By July 1928 it had been converted into the Couzinet 11 with a central Hispano 12Lb V12 engine. The Couzinet 11 is sometimes called the Couzinet 27, using the design study number as the type number, but the Couzinet 20 series were much smaller aircraft. The new engine installation raised the empty weight by and slightly increased speed, ceiling and useful load. The Type 11 crashed at Orly on 8 August 1928 following intense aileron flutter at speed, killing both Drouhin and engineer André Lanet. A second airframe, intended to have three Hispano 12Lb engines, was barely started when it was destroyed with the first Couzinet 20 in the hangar fire at the workshops of the Société d'Aviation Letord at Meudon, France, on 17 February 1930.
Variants
From Faix
Couzinet 10 Arc-en-Ciel 1, first Couzinet built.
Couzinet 11 Arc-en-Ciel 1bis, Couzinet 10 with a Hispano 12Lb central engine.
Couzinet 12? Arc-en-Ciel 2, three Hispano 12Lb, burned uncompleted in hangar fire.
Specifications (Couzinet 10)
References
Trimotors
1920s French civil aircraft
10 |
"Don't Phunk with My Heart" (censored as "Don't Mess with My Heart") is a song recorded by American group the Black Eyed Peas for their fourth studio album Monkey Business (2005). It was written by band members will.i.am and Fergie with Printz Board, George Pajon, Jr. and Full Force; will.i.am also produced and engineered the song. The song is a hip hop song in which the lyrics, according to will.i.am, tell of a situation between a couple when one tries to end the relationship and the other is in disbelief. It features compositional samples of songs derived from two Bollywood films of the 1970s, Apradh (1972) and Don (1978), as well as interpolations of Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam's 1985 single "I Wonder If I Take You Home" and Gucci Crew II's 1988 single "Sally (That Girl)", which effectively credited Kalyanji–Anandji, Indeewar and Full Force as songwriters. The song was released as the lead single from Monkey Business on April 5, 2005, by A&M Records and Interscope Records.
"Don't Phunk with My Heart" was received positively by most contemporary music critics, with many of them naming it one of the album's highlights. It was also met with a positive commercial response, peaking at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100–becoming the group's highest-peaking single on the chart at the time–and at number one in Australia, the Czech Republic, Finland, and New Zealand. At the 48th Annual Grammy Awards (2006), it won Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group, while receiving a nomination for Best Rap Song. The song's accompanying music video is a parody of game shows, most notably The Price Is Right, The Dating Game, and Love Connection.
Background
"Don't Phunk with My Heart" is one of two songs on Monkey Business that was written by will.i.am and Fergie of the Black Eyed Peas. Additional writers include George Pajon, Jr. and Printz Board.
The song contains samples of several songs: "I Wonder If I Take You Home", written and composed by Full Force, and "Ae Naujawan Sab Kuchh Yahan" and "Yeh Mera Dil Pyaar Ka Diwana", both recorded by Asha Bhosle, composed by Kalyanji Anandji, and with lyrics written by Indeewar. The former of the latter two was featured in the Hindi film Apradh (1972) while the latter was featured in the Hindi film Don (1978).
Black Eyed Peas member will.i.am, in addition to co-writing the song, produced the track on his own while working with Neil Tucker and Tal Herzberg on engineering it. Co-writer Pajon, Jr. contributed guitars while Keith Harris played the drums. "Don't Phunk with My Heart" features a prominent use of several string instruments, which include the electric violin and Mellotron strings, played by Charlie Baccarat and song co-writer Board. It was then mixed by Mark "Spike" Stent and programmed by Herzberg using Pro Tools technology. The song was recorded at Metropolis Studios in Chiswick, London, England and The Record Plant in Los Angeles, California. "Don't Phunk with My Heart" serves as the first single taken from Monkey Business (2005). Interscope Records solicited the song to mainstream radios on April 11, 2005, in the United States.
Composition
"Don't Phunk with My Heart" is a hip-hop song that runs for 4 minutes and 4 seconds. According to the digital music sheet published at Musicnotes.com by Universal Music Publishing Group, it is written in a key of F minor. The song is set in common time and runs through a freely moving tempo of 132 beats per minute. will.i.am described the song to be the lyrical sequel to the band's 2003 single "Shut Up" (Elephunk, 2003). He explained: "When you're on bad terms with a significant other, you don't want to break up. You tell her things and at the time you really mean them. But she's saying, stop f****ing with me." Jason King of The Village Voice called the song a "sassy gender duel" between will.i.am and Fergie, while commenting that it is reminiscent of "Shut Up".
Critical reception
Nicholas Taylor of PopMatters called "Don't Phunk with My Heart" a "standout" in regard to "complex and engaging hip-hop music, a mix of rap, soul, jazz, and funk that will constantly surprise and delight." However, he stated that "Pump It" would have been a better choice for the first single, writing that it "continually impresses and grooves and better melds raps with beats", while noting "Don't Phunk with My Heart" to get repetitive and clunky. Taylor further explains the song's cons, writing that it suffers from "unimpressive rapping" and "a distinct lack of substance". John Bush of Allmusic listed it as one of the album's best tracks. Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club calls it a continuation of the "summertime vibe of dumb fun". Robert Christgau listed the song as a track pick. Azeem Ahmad of musicOMH predicted the album Monkey Business to be a success if "Don't Phunk with My Heart" was an indication of its sound. The staff at Boston.com felt the song was "OK" compared to "My Style", a different album track. Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times called it "a much more wholesome hip-hop hit", comparing it to Ying Yang Twins' 2005 single "Wait (The Whisper Song)".
The Black Eyed Peas were nominated for two 2006 Grammy Awards for the song and won for "Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group". The song also won the BMI Award, which was awarded to the Kalyanji Anandji brothers, for their compositions of "Ye Mera Dil" and "Ae Nujawan" used as a basis for the song. The award was collected by Anandji Virji Shah, the surviving member of the duo.
Chart performance
In the United States, "Don't Phunk with My Heart" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number ninety-seven following its release. The song then jumped sixty-six places to number thirty-one in the following week due to digital sales. It continued to rise up the chart until June 25, 2005, when it peaked at number three due to an increase in digital sales, becoming the week's "greatest digital gainer". "Don't Phunk with My Heart" also reached the top ten on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40. The song sold over 500,000 digital copies in the United States, earning a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
In the United Kingdom, "Don't Phunk with My Heart" entered and debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart on May 22, 2005 (for the week ending May 28, 2005). It lasted four weeks inside the top ten and sixteen weeks total on the chart. According to the Official Charts Company, the song sold 210,000 copies there. The song fared similarly in Ireland, where it debuted and peaked at number four on the singles chart. On May 23, 2005, "Don't Phunk with My Heart" debuted and peaked at number one on the Australian Singles Chart. It lost the position the following week but retook the position on June 12 and maintained the top spot for two more weeks. The song has shipped over 70,000 copies in Australia, earning a platinum certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). In New Zealand, the song entered the singles chart at number thirty-six on May 16, 2005. The following week, it rose to number one, where it stayed for three consecutive weeks. The song shipped 15,000 copies in New Zealand, earning a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ).
"Don't Phunk with My Heart" appeared on the Norwegian Singles Chart on May 24, 2005, at number five. It maintained that position for three weeks before rising to number four on June 14, 2005, where it continued to stay for three more weeks. The song remained on the chart for six more weeks and shipped over 5,000 copies, earning a gold certification by IFPI Norway. Across the rest of Europe, "Don't Phunk with My Heart" achieved top-five positions in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Flanders, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland and reached the top ten in France, Germany, Sweden, and Wallonia.
Music video
The video for the song is a parody of game shows, most notably The Price Is Right, The Dating Game, and Love Connection. will.i.am, apl.de.ap and Taboo attempt to win the heart of Fergie, a beautiful girl, by being chosen to go on a date with her by spinning a wheel to decide where they will go, then being teleported to the site. will.i.am takes Fergie on a horse-ride, apl takes her dancing and Taboo takes her to a restaurant, but each date ends badly with Voodoo Thursday sabotaging the boys' attempts. He makes will.i.am's horse buck him off, he makes apl twitch when Fergie tries to kiss him, and he programs Taboo to grab another girl's butt. In the end, Fergie has to choose whom to end up with. Voodoo then spins the wheel, it comes up "knock boots". When the time comes for Fergie to choose, Voodoo whispers something to Fergie, and they are teleported away. The members of The Black Eyed Peas all appear in the video, some in multiple roles. will.i.am plays himself, the host Voodoo Thursday, and the drummer in the live band. apl plays himself, the guitarist, and the announcer, Fergie plays herself and Taboo plays himself and the pianist/keyboardist in the live band.
A brief instrumental clip of the song can be heard on various episodes of The Hills as their cue for possible drama coming up.
Track listings
US promotional CD (AMRR-11406-2 1N02)
UK CD single (9882330)
European CD single (988 232-9)
European enhanced maxi-single (988 232-8)
Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Monkey Business, A&M Records, will.i.am Music Group, Interscope Records.
Recording and sample
Recorded at Metropolis Studios in Chiswick, London, England and The Record Plant in Los Angeles, California.
Contains elements of "I Wonder If I Take You Home", written by Full Force under Careers-BMG Music (BMI)
Contains elements of "Ae Naujawan Sab Kuchh Yahan", written by Kalyanji Anandji and Indeewar under Saregma India Ltd. (IRPS)
Contains elements of "Yeh Mera Dil Yaar Ka Diwana", written by Kalyanji Anandji and Indeewar under Saregma India Ltd. (IRPS)
Personnel
Songwriting – William Adams, Stacy Ferguson, Printz Board, George Pajon, Jr., Full Force, Kalyanji Anandji, Indeewar
Vocals – will.i.am, Fergie and Taboo
Production – will.i.am
Drums – Keith Harris
Guitar – George Pajon, Jr.
Keyboards – Printz Board
String arrangement – Ron Fair
Electric violin – Charlie Baccarat
Pro Tools programming – Tal Herzberg
Engineering – will.i.am, Neil Tucker, Tal Herzberg
Mixing – Mark "Spike" Stent
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
Cover versions
Russian metalcore band Amatory released a cover version of the song, as "Don't Fuck with My Heart". It appears on their covers EP Discovery.
References
External links
"Don't Phunk with My Heart" lyrics
2005 songs
2005 singles
A&M Records singles
Black Eyed Peas songs
Interscope Records singles
Music videos directed by The Malloys
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in the Czech Republic
Number-one singles in Finland
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Songs written by Fergie (singer)
Songs written by George Pajon
Songs written by will.i.am |
St Macartan's Cathedral, Clogher is one of two cathedral churches in the Diocese of Clogher (the other is St Macartin's Cathedral, Enniskillen) in the Church of Ireland. It is situated in the village of Clogher, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland in the ecclesiastical province of Armagh.
It was designed in 1744 by architect James Martin in a neo-classical style.
History
According to tradition a monastery and bishopric were founded in Clogher circa 490 by St. Macartan on the orders of St. Patrick.
In 1041, the church of Clogher was rebuilt, and dedicated to the memory of St. Macartin. It was again rebuilt in 1295 by Matthew M'Catasaid, Bishop of Clogher, but burnt to the ground on 20 April 1396 along with two chapels, the abbey, the court of the bishops, and thirty-two other buildings with all their contents. In 1610 the abbey and its revenues were confiscated by King James I and given to the Diocese of Clogher.
The present building was erected on the site in 1744.
Burials
Brian Mac Cathmhaoil, Bishop of Clogher (1356–1358). He died of the plague in 1358.
Art Mac Cathmhaoil (Mac Cawell), Bishop of Clogher (1390–1432) a pious man, who had kept a house of public hospitality for the poor and indigent, died after penance in 1432.
Robert Leslie (died 1672), Bishop of Clogher
See also
Dean of Clogher
References
Creating St Macartan's Cathedral
Photographs of cathedral
Clogher
Diocese of Clogher (Church of Ireland)
Grade A listed buildings |
The Northern Division or Kottayam Division was one of the three (or four) administrative subdivisions of the princely state of Travancore in British India. It was established in 1856 and covered parts of Kottayam, Ernakulam and Idukki in the present-day Kerala. The division was administered by a Diwan Peishkar, a civil servant of rank equivalent to a District Collector. The division was sub-divided into the taluks of Alangadu, Kunnatunadu, Meenachil, Muvattupuzha , Kothamangalam , Paravur, Thodupuzha and Vaikom. The headquarters of the division was first located at Cherthala, and later got shifted to Kottayam.
See also
Quilon Division
Southern Division (Travancore)
Trivandrum Division
References
Divisions of Travancore
Regions of Kerala |
IBM Hakozaki Facility () in Nihonbashi-Hakozaki-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, is IBM's largest building in Japan, in terms of the number of people working there. It mainly houses IBM's marketing and market support departments, and since October 2009 headquarters, which moved from Roppongi, Tokyo. It was built for IBM in 1989.
General description
IBM Hakozaki Facility is located at 19-21 Nihonbashi-Hakozaki-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, on the right bank of the Sumida River. It houses mainly IBM's marketing and systems engineering departments, and is IBM's largest facility in Japan, in terms of the number of people working there. Because of the seminars and demonstrations of the latest products and services frequently held there, it is also familiar to many users and potential users of IBM.
Its main building was completed in 1989, designed by Takenaka Corporation, and is owned and leased by Mitsui-Soko, Mitsui Group's warehousing & distribution company. The building complex also houses cafeterias, restaurants, a post office, a bookstore, a gym and a tea ceremony house.
Access
The facility can be accessed from Suitengūmae Station on the Tokyo Metro Hanzomon Line, Ningyōchō Station on the Toei Asakusa Line, Tokyo City Air Terminal, and from the Toei Bus bus stop.
See also
IBM Yamato Facility (R&D formerly)
IBM Toyosu Facility (R&D)
References
External links
Hakozaki Facility, IBM Japan, Ltd. (in Japanese)
IBM facilities
Buildings and structures completed in 1989
1989 establishments in Japan
Buildings and structures in Koto, Tokyo |
A registered retirement income fund (RRIF) is a tax-deferred retirement plan under Canadian tax law. Individuals use an RRIF to generate income from the savings accumulated under their registered retirement savings plan. As with an RRSP, an RRIF account is registered with the Canada Revenue Agency.
Converting from RRSP
The option exists to convert a RRSP into a RRIF anytime on or before an individual reaches their 71st year. Before the end of the year in which an individual turns 71, it is mandatory to either withdraw all funds from a RRSP plan or convert the RRSP to a RRIF or life annuity. If funds are simply withdrawn from a RRSP, the entire amount is fully taxable as ordinary income; one defers this taxation by transferring investments in a RRSP into a RRIF.
History
The creation of the RRIF was announced on 10 April 1978 by Jean Chrétien as part of the April 1978 Canadian federal budget. The reform was implemented by an amendment to the Income Tax Act (creation of section 146.3) which was achieved when Bill C-52 received royal assent on 30 June 1978.
As part of the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic, RRIF minimum withdrawals amounts were reduced by 25% for 2020. The measure was implemented by the COVID-19 Emergency Response Act which received royal assent on 25 March 2020.
Functionality
Investments held inside a RRIF grow in a tax-deferred manner just as with a RRSP. There are two primary differences between a RRSP and a RRIF. The first is that no further contributions can be made once conversion to a RRIF has occurred. The other is a special functionality called a minimum RRIF withdrawal.
A minimum RRIF withdrawal is an annual obligatory amount which is cashed out of a RRIF and sent to the account-holder without withholding tax. The withdrawal remains taxable Canadian income, but is eligible for a tax credit to reduce federal income tax by 15% of the first $2,000 withdrawn, if the holder is 65 years or older. In most provinces, a tax credit is also available to reduce provincial income tax.
The minimum RRIF withdrawal each year is determined by a percentage that is calculated by the account holder's age and the total value of the plan on January 1 each year. The holder of a RRIF may elect to withdraw an amount greater than the minimum RRIF amount for that year, though withholding tax will apply to this supplementary amount.
As an example, if a RRIF is valued at $500,000 when the account holder is 72 at the start of the year, the minimum annual payout will be $37,400, 7.48% of the value of the plan at the beginning of the year: (500,000 0.0748 = 37,400.)
The federal 2015 budget reduced the minimum withdrawal factors.
A pre-computed table for ages 65 to 78:
The minimum withdrawals are defined as:
See also
Canada Revenue Agency
Income tax
Registered retirement savings plan
Retirement
References
External links
Canada Revenue Agency RRIF Primer
Canada Revenue Agency RRIF FAQ
Efficient Market Canada - RRSP/RRIF Canadian Investment Magazine
BMO Minimum Annual Income Payment Calculator
Tax-advantaged savings plans in Canada
Pensions in Canada |
Real Magic TV, commonly known as “RMTV”, is an interactive television series that features magic with musicians and celebrities. In addition to the magic, RMTV features acoustic sessions with recording artists. The show's main focus is on following close-up magician Jonathan Real as he performs for small audiences that often includes musicians and actors. RMTV presents a candid look behind the scenes as the interactions between Jonathan and popular stars take place. The show is a promotion tool used by musicians, actors and other celebrities to promote their newest works to the show's target teen demographic.
The show has been featured on CNN and FUSE TV. The show is currently featured on Hulu's online network.
About the show
The Real Magic series was born out of a film project produced in support of the Twin Towers Fund in 2001. The original film Real Magic New York debuted on a 6-story IMAX screen, documenting Jonathan's travels as he raised not only money but the spirits of New Yorkers he came in contact with. After performing for veteran hard rockers Sevendust and singer/songwriter Howie Day in the film, the popularity of Jonathan's performances grew through word of mouth among touring artists, publicists and labels. Jonathan gained the nickname “the musician’s magician.” Demand grew from record labels (Island/Def Jam, Universal, etc.) wanting their bands to be featured on a Real Magic project with Jonathan Real. In response to the demand, the Real Magic TV series was created.
Real Magic TV interviews take a different approach than most programs. The interview begins with magic. RMTV shows celebrities laughing, shouting, screaming — doing all the things they rarely do in a regular interview. Next, Jonathan asks the band fan submitted questions — historically submitted via email, text message and through RMTV's official website.
Distribution history
The Real Magic series broadcasts began on closed-circuit college TV networks in New York, Philadelphia and Delaware in 2002. After having the band Evanescence make a guest appearance on the program, demand for RMTV outgrew its distribution footprint, and producers scrambled to respond to tens-of-thousands of requests worldwide.
In the fall of 2003, Real Magic TV began to distribute programs through online video streaming. Viewers from all 50 states and 60+ countries were tracked in the first 2 months of broadcasting.
In 2005, Real Magic TV began producing segments of RMTV for the Fuse TV Network. Fuse featured the segments on Daily Download, their highest rated TV show, as well as their official website (fuse.tv).
In 2007, RMTV was one of the first 300 companies to become part of YouTube's pilot program for Content Partners, reaching new heights and garnering record numbers of hits on the popular video sharing site.
Also in 2007, RMTV was asked their permission for Apple to feature their iPhone application. It was one of the first 500 applications that apple.com ever featured, reaching tens of thousands of users daily. This feature came almost a year before the Apple App Store was launched.
As of August 12, 2010, RMTV formed a distribution partnership with Hulu. Through this partnership RMTV has broadened its online streaming to include AOL, MySpace, MSN, Yahoo, Fancast, IMDb, TV Guide Online, Television Without Pity, myYearbook, Flixster, Dailymotion, Facebook (Slide), RockYou and more.
About the host
Jonathan Real, a native of Westchester County in New York State, became enamored with magic at a surprisingly early age. Unbeknownst to his parents, their gift of a magic kit for his fourth birthday would propel him into a career as a magician.
In addition to his lifelong interest in magic, Jonathan has also focused his attention on the art of music.
Jonathan's continued commitment to community and encouragement around youth learning recently got him appointed as the new Director of the Society of Young Magicians (SYM) in Stamford, CT. At the society Jonathan teaches kids 7-17 how to perform and make magic a part of their lives. Jonathan is only the second person in the club's 22-year history to hold this post. He was asked to take over the role in 2009, by the group's founder and past national president of the Society of American Magicians, Bill Andrews. He now leads the group of young and aspiring magicians in monthly meetings.
Official website
Real Magic TV's Official site includes information on upcoming interview, current episodes, episode archives, up & comers, Weekly Top 3, as well as a biography of the host.(1)
Weekly Top 3 A recap of the top 3 most viewed Real Magic TV episodes. This show is live every Wednesday night.
Up & Comers A section of the site that puts local bands up with the big names. Bands get their music on the site, a mention on the live show, and syndicate sample of their mp3s are featured on the Real Magic TV's exclusive iPhone / iPod Touch application.
Interact Fans can select an upcoming guest from a list, type in a question or two that they'd like answered and RMTV will bring the questions to the artist. Real Magic TV also offers their Win A Call program where one of their guests might call a fan.
Magic with Your Stuff Jonathan creates magic effects using random stuff that fans send him. The segments are done during the weekly live shows and backstage with celebrities. Viewers can send in objects to Real Magic TV's submission address: P.O. Box 422, Wilton, CT 06897.
Featured artists
(1) http://www.realmagictv.com
(2) https://www.youtube.com/realmagictv
(3) http://www.facebook.com/realmagictv
(4) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0389675/
(5) http://www.jonathanreal.com/
American television magic shows |
Dracula velutina is a species of orchid.
velutina |
Teryoshkin or Tereshkin () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Teryoshkina or Tereshkina. It may refer to
Viktoria Tereshkina (born 1983), Russian ballet dancer
Vladislav Teryoshkin (born 1995), Russian football player
Russian-language surnames |
(The) Lilywhites is a nickname of many sports teams, typically because they play in white clothing.
Association football
England
Berkhamsted Town
Bromley F.C.
Cambridge City F.C.
Faversham Town F.C.
Fulham F.C.
Hereford United F.C.
Leyton F.C.
Mossley A.F.C.
Preston North End F.C.
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
Elsewhere
Dundalk F.C., Ireland
Clachnacuddin F.C., Scotland
Rhyl F.C., Wales
Eastern Suburbs A.F.C, New Zealand
Other
Kildare GAA, Gaelic games
Coldstream Guards, British infantry regiment
See also
Lillywhites, a sports retail store in London
Lily White (disambiguation) |
East Hundred is a female-fronted indie rock band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
History
East Hundred was formed in 2004 as a recording project with brothers Brooke and Will Blair and Brooke's then-girlfriend Beril Guceri. They released their first self-titled EP in late spring of 2005. Soon after, they invited bassist Dave Sunderland and keyboardist Susan Gager to join the live act. The trio continued to write and record and in February 2007 they released Copper Street Performer produced by John McEntire. In April 2008, the now five-piece began
recording what would become their first full-length album Passenger with Brian McTear of Miner Street Studios. During this time the band experienced inner turmoil as Blair and Guceri ended their relationship. This in turn fueled a surge of material and Passenger was completed and self-released in January 2009.
The group continued to tour and write throughout 2010 and recorded a five-song EP in early 2011 at The Studio in Philadelphia, PA. The Spells EP was released in June 2011.
In a post on the band's homepage entitled 'Spring 2012', East Hundred posted: 'With heavy hearts, we'd like to invite you to East Hundred's final farewell show to help us show appreciation for everyone who has supported us and guided us through this musical venture which we've mutually decided is now ending.' There was no specific reason why the band was ending its musical career, only that the farewell show would be at Johnny Brenda's (http://www.johnnybrendas.com/event/113485/) on May 6.
In popular culture
East Hundred is a registered VH1/ MTV artist. "Plus Minus" has been featured in MTV's The City and VH1's Secrets of Aspen. "Slow Burning Crimes" has been featured on MTV's 16 and Pregnant.
Songs "Slow Burning Crimes" and "Afterlove" have been featured on the Showtime reality program The Real L Word
The song "Slow Burning Crimes" was featured in the Disney film Prom 2011
The song "Afterlove" was featured in the television trailer for The Company Men 2011
In July 2009 East Hundred was named Philadelphia's WXPN "Artist to Watch"
Disney
East Hundred's music was used in the 2017 film Mustang Island, starring Brooke and Will Blair's brother, Macon Blair.
Members
Beril Guceri - vocals
Brooke Blair - guitar
Will Blair - drums
Dave Sunderland - bass
Susan Gager - keys
Discography
Self-Titled EP (self-released 2007)
Copper Street Performer EP (self-released 2007)
Passenger full-length (self-released 2009)
The Spells EP (self-released 2011)
References
External links
Official Site
East Hundred on MySpace
Indie rock musical groups from Pennsylvania
Musical groups from Philadelphia |
Banque Pharaon & Chiha S.A.L. was a Lebanese bank, founded in 1876, and headquartered in Achrafieh, Beirut. The bank was founded by Antoine Chiha during the Lebanese Ottoman era. It was one of the oldest Lebanese banks that were still operating in the recent years.
The bank was acquired by Byblos Bank in 2016.
See also
Henri Philippe Pharaoun
List of Banks in Lebanon
References
1876 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
Banks established in 1876
Banks of Lebanon |
Le Soliat is a mountain of the Jura, overlooking Lake Neuchâtel in western Switzerland. The main summit (1,465 m) is located within the canton of Neuchâtel. A secondary summit (1,463 m) is located within the canton of Vaud.
The north side of the mountain forms a rocky cirque named Creux du Van.
See also
List of most isolated mountains of Switzerland
References
External links
Le Soliat on Hikr
Mountains of the Jura
Mountains of the canton of Neuchâtel
Mountains of Switzerland
One-thousanders of Switzerland |
FilGoal.com (In the Goal) is an Egyptian sports website, owned and managed by Sarmady (a subsidiary of Vodafone Egypt), FilGoal's main scope is football news.
Coverage
FilGoal covers the Egyptian, Saudi and European leagues, as well as the UEFA Champions League, Africa Cup of Nations, the FIFA World Cup and other international competitions. It provides over 20 news pieces a day beside opinion pieces and interviews with both players and coaches. With services ranging from streaming web radio commentary and analysis, visitors' own analysis section, match previews and reviews.
FilGoal.com is published in Arabic and English. The 1st version of FilGoal logo was created in 2001 by Mostafa Farahat.
References
External links
Official Website
Football News Website
Cristiano Ronaldo Family
Association football websites
Egyptian sport websites |
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1994.
Specific locations
1994 in British music
1994 in Norwegian music
1994 in South Korean music
Specific genres
1994 in country music
1994 in heavy metal music
1994 in hip hop music
1994 in Latin music
1994 in jazz
Events
January–February
January 19 – Bryan Adams becomes the first major Western music star to perform in Vietnam since the end of the Vietnam War.
January 21–February 5 – The Big Day Out festival takes place, again expanding from the previous year's venues to include the Gold Coast, Queensland and Auckland in New Zealand. The festival is headlined by Soundgarden, Ramones and Björk.
January 25 – Alice in Chains release their Jar of Flies album which makes its US chart debut at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, becoming the first ever EP to do so.
January 29 – The Supremes' Mary Wilson is injured when her Jeep hits a freeway median and flips over just outside Los Angeles, USA. Wilson's 14-year-old son is killed in the accident.
February 1 – Green Day release their breakthrough album Dookie, ushering in the mid-1990s punk revival. Dookie eventually achieves diamond certification.
February 7 – Blind Melon's lead singer Shannon Hoon is forced to leave the American Music Awards ceremony because of his loud and disruptive behavior. Hoon is later charged with battery, assault, resisting arrest, and destroying a police station phone.
February 11 – The three surviving members of The Beatles secretly reunite to begin recording additional music for a few of John Lennon's old unfinished demos, presented to Paul McCartney by Yoko Ono, with Jeff Lynne producing. The track, "Free As A Bird", is released as a single in late 1995 as part of the exhaustive Beatles Anthology project, reaching No. 2 in the UK and No. 6 in the United States.
February 14 – Grateful Dead's Jerry Garcia marries Deborah Koons.
February 23 – Eddie Van Halen, Chris Isaak, and B.B. King attend the ground breaking ceremony for the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino takes place in Paradise, Nevada, USA.
February 26 – The Sanremo Music Festival ends with victory for Aleandro Baldi in the "Big Artists" category, for the song "Passerà"
March–April
March 1
Selena becomes the first Tejano music singer to win a Grammy Award.
Nirvana play their final concert, in Munich.
The 36th Annual Grammy Awards are presented in New York, hosted by Garry Shandling. The soundtrack from the 1992 film The Bodyguard wins Album of the Year, while its lead single, Whitney Houston's cover of "I Will Always Love You", wins Record of the Year. The single version of "A Whole New World", performed by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle, wins Song of the Year. Toni Braxton wins Best New Artist.
Frank Sinatra receives the Grammy Legend Award. Sinatra's acceptance speech is cut short. Other artists criticize the producer's decision during the show, and Billy Joel takes extra time to perform his song, The River of Dreams, noting that he is wasting valuable air time.
March 3 – In Rome, Nirvana's Kurt Cobain lapses into a coma after overdosing on Rohypnol and champagne.
March 5 – Grace Slick is arrested for pointing a shotgun at police in her Tiburon, California, home.
March 7 – The United States Supreme Court decision Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. rules that parody can qualify as fair use. The case was spurred by 2 Live Crew releasing a parody of the Roy Orbison hit "Oh, Pretty Woman" without a license from the publishing firm Acuff-Rose Music.
March 8 – Nine Inch Nails release their second studio album The Downward Spiral. It would go on to sell over 3 million copies and be credited with helping bring industrial rock music into the mainstream.
March 13 – Selena releases her final Spanish album Amor Prohibido. Its production had been delayed because of the launch of Selena's fashion clothing line and boutiques, and her "Selena Live!" tour in support of Live!.
March 18
Courtney Love calls the police, fearing that her husband, Nirvana's Kurt Cobain, is suicidal. Police confiscate four guns and 25 boxes of ammo from Cobain's home.
Bassist Darryl Jones replaces Bill Wyman in The Rolling Stones.
March 22 - Pantera releases Far Beyond Driven, which becomes the heaviest album to hit number 1 on the Billboard 200.
March 30 – Pink Floyd embark on what would be their last world tour before their breakup. The record-breaking tour supports their Division Bell album, with the band playing to 5,500,000 people in 68 cities and grossing over £150,000,000 (US$186,952,500).
March 31 – Madonna on Late Show with David Letterman: Madonna appears on the Late Show with David Letterman, making headlines with her profanity-laced interview. Robin Williams later describes the segment as a "battle of wits with an unarmed woman."
April 8 – The body of Kurt Cobain, lead singer of Nirvana, is found. Cobain's death, three days before, is legally declared to be suicide from a self-inflicted gunshot.
April 11 – The Offspring release Smash, which goes on to become the best selling independent album of all time and one of the most influential albums of the 90s.
April 25
Blur releases Parklife, its first album reaching No. 1 in UK, where it was certified "quadruple platinum".
Adam Horovitz of the Beastie Boys is sentenced to 200 hours of community service for attacking a television cameraman during funeral services for actor River Phoenix in November 1993.
April 26 – Grace Slick pleads guilty to having pointed a shotgun at police officers on March 5.
April 27 – The legendary Fillmore club reopens in San Francisco with a concert headlined by The Smashing Pumpkins.
April 30 – The 39th Eurovision Song Contest takes place in Dublin, Ireland, which becomes the first-ever country to win three consecutive contests. Its winners are Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan with "Rock 'N' Roll Kids", written by Brendan Graham. The interval features the first-ever public performance of Riverdance, featuring Michael Flatley and Jean Butler, which developed into the world-famous stage show.
May–June
May 2 – A Los Angeles jury finds Michael Bolton, along with co-writer Andy Goldmark and Sony Music Entertainment, guilty of copyright infringement over the song "Love Is a Wonderful Thing". The song is ruled to be too similar to a song of the same name by The Isley Brothers.
May 3 – The Rolling Stones arrive by yacht to a press conference in New York City to announce the Voodoo Lounge Tour kicking off in the summer.
May 6
Pearl Jam files a complaint against Ticketmaster with the U.S. Justice Department charging that the company has a monopoly on the concert ticket business.
To help promote his new album, Alice Cooper releases a three-part comic book that followed the album The Last Temptation.
May 9–13 – 1994 International Rostrum of Composers
May 10
Tupac Shakur begins serving a 15-day sentence in a county jail for attacking director Allen Hughes on the set of a video shoot.
Weezer are introduced to the world with their self-titled debut, often referred to as the Blue Album. It would go on to become one of the most influential records of the 1990s spawning hits "Undone – The Sweater Song", "Buddy Holly" and "Say It Ain't So".
May 26 – Michael Jackson and Lisa Marie Presley are married in the Dominican Republic.
May 27 – The Eagles launch the Hell Freezes Over tour in Burbank, California. The reunion tour is the group's first since breaking up in 1980, but much is also made of the band becoming the first to charge over $100 per ticket for arena shows.
June 7 – Grace Slick is sentenced to 200 hours of community service and three months' worth of Alcoholics Anonymous meetings after a March 5 incident with police officers.
June 9 – Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes of TLC, in a domestic dispute with partner Andre Rison, sets fire to his shoes; the fire ultimately spreads to the mansion they share and destroys it.
June 21 – George Michael loses his legal bid in a London court to be released from his contract with Sony Records.
June 27 – Aerosmith becomes the first major band to premiere a new song on the Internet. Over 10,000 CompuServe subscribers download the free track "Head First" within its first eight days of availability.
July–August
July 12–16 – The Yoyo A Go Go punk and indie rock festival opens in Olympia, Washington.
July 30
The Verbier Festival is launched.
In keeping with the country's new constitution and the promotion of its native language, Moldova adopts Limba noastră as its new national anthem, replacing the anthem of Romania which was previously in use.
Suede announce that guitarist Bernard Butler has left the band following fractious recording sessions for their album Dog Man Star.
August 9
Peter Maxwell Davies conducts the first performance of his fifth symphony at the Royal Albert Hall in London, as part of The Proms.
Rich Mullins and "Leave a Legacy" contest winner, 76-year-old Miguel Garcia Massiate, travel to Bogotá, Colombia, with Compassion International. The two men visit the Ciudad Sucre Center where Mullins presented them with over $40,000 that was raised on his summer '94 Ragamuffin Band tour.
Decca releases a recording of the 1949 première of Benjamin Britten's Spring Symphony for the first time.
Machine Head release their first album Burn My Eyes, which was a big success and becomes Roadrunner Records' best selling debut album.
August 11 – A compact disc copy of Sting's album Ten Summoner's Tales, released the previous year, becomes the first item securely purchased over the internet; the CD is sold for $12.48 plus shipping and handling fees.
August 12–14 – Woodstock '94 is held in Saugerties, New York. As with the original 1969 festival, attendance is swelled by a high number of gatecrashers, while heavy rains turn the festival grounds into a sea of mud. Nine Inch Nails, Metallica, Aerosmith, Bob Dylan, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Peter Gabriel, and Green Day are among the many performers.
August 23 – Jeff Buckley releases his single, critically acclaimed, full-length studio album Grace.
August 30
Oasis release their debut album Definitely Maybe; it becomes the fastest selling debut album in the United Kingdom until 2006 when it was beaten by the Arctic Monkeys' debut album Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not.
Luis Miguel release Segundo Romance, the best-selling Latin album of the 1990s by a male artist. Four singles from the album were released; two of which reached No. 1 on the Top Latin Songs. It received a Grammy Award and a Billboard Latin Music Award.
September–October
September 6
José Cura wins the Operalia – International Plácido Domingo Opera Singer Competition.
Bad Religion release their eighth studio album (and proper major-label debut) Stranger than Fiction. This proved to be the last to feature founding guitarist/songwriter Brett Gurewitz for seven years, until his return. Gurewitz would be replaced by former Minor Threat / Dag Nasty / Junkyard guitarist Brian Baker, who turned down a touring job for R.E.M. at this time, and eventually becomes a permanent member of Bad Religion.
September 8 – Richard A. Morse, lead male vocalist of RAM, narrowly escapes a kidnapping by armed men during the band's live performance at the Hotel Oloffson in Port-au-Prince, Haiti; the attempted kidnapping was provoked by the performance of "Fèy", a RAM single banned nationwide by the military authorities.
September 15 – A 1957 audio tape of John Lennon performing with The Quarrymen on the same night he met Paul McCartney fetches £78,500 at Sotheby's, London.
October 11 – Korn, a nu metal band from Bakersfield, California, launches its self-titled debut album, peaking at No. 72 on the Billboard 200 and launching the nu metal sound.
October 12 – Jimmy Page and Robert Plant: No Quarter (Unledded) premieres on MTV. The "unplugged" concert special featuring the two former Led Zeppelin bandmates was filmed to accompany the release of the album of the same name.
November–December
November 20 – David Crosby undergoes a seven-hour liver transplant operation in Los Angeles.
November 30 – The Breeders guitarist Kelley Deal is arrested at her Ohio home after accepting a private-courier package containing four grams of heroin.
December 2 – Warner Music Group acquires a 49 percent share of Seattle record label Sub Pop in a deal believed to be worth over $30 million.
December 18 – Paul Oakenfold's legendary Goa Mix is first broadcast in the early hours of this day as a BBC Radio 1 Essential Mix.
December 19 – Aerosmith opens the 250-seat Mama Kin Music Hall in Boston, co-owned by the group, with a performance.
December 31 – The twenty-third annual New Year's Rockin' Eve special airs on ABC, with appearances by Melissa Etheridge, The O'Jays, Salt-n-Pepa, Hootie & the Blowfish and Jon Secada.
Also in 1994
Christoph von Dohnányi becomes principal guest conductor of the Philharmonia Orchestra.
Josep Pons becomes principal conductor of the City of Granada Orchestra.
Christian Olde Wolbers replaces Andrew Shives in Fear Factory.
ALL part ways with their original home Cruz Records, and sign a recording contract with Interscope (though they shortly leave that label after releasing an album in the following year).
The Offspring frontman Dexter Holland and bassist Greg Kriesel form the label Nitro Records, an incubator for successful punk artists such as AFI. The label later releases albums from classic punk bands, including The Damned and T.S.O.L., and also reissues the first Offspring album.
Social Distortion manager Jim Guerinot forms the label Time Bomb Recordings in joint-venture agreement with Arista. The label actually exists mostly as an imprint for current releases from Social Distortion and solo albums by Mike Ness, along with the administration of the label's back catalog.
Summer – Tony Wilson attempts to revive Factory Records, in collaboration with London Records, as "Factory Too".
Former Wolfsbane lead singer Blaze Bayley auditions and is hired by Iron Maiden.
Bands formed
See Musical groups established in 1994
Bands disbanded
See Musical groups disestablished in 1994
Bands reformed
Circle Jerks (hiatus since 1989)
King Crimson (since 1984)
Eagles (disbanded in 1980)
Albums released
January–March
April–June
July–September
October–December
Release date unknown
Acappella – Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge
Acoustic - Nitty Gritty Dirt Band
Anything Can Happen - Leon Russell
Aria – Asia
Barangay Apo – Apo Hiking Society
Benjamin – Benjamin
The Best of Chris Rea – Chris Rea
Big Bad Voodoo Daddy – Big Bad Voodoo Daddy
Bjesovi – Bjesovi
Blue Cadet-3, Do You Connect? (EP) – Modest Mouse
Blue House – Marcia Ball
Blue Room – Unwritten Law
Bright Red – Laurie Anderson 25/10/1994
The Business Trip – Hawkwind – Live
The Church Within – The Obsessed
Churn – Seven Mary Three
Clocking Out Is for Suckers – Drake Tungsten
D Generation – D Generation
Danzón (Dance On) – Arturo Sandoval
Deliverance – Corrosion of Conformity
Dreamchild – Toyah
El nervio del volcán – Caifanes
Firin' in Fouta – Baaba Maal
Fishing for Luckies – The Wildhearts
Flesh – David Gray
Frigate – April Wine
Giant Robot – Buckethead
Give Out But Don't Give Up – Primal Scream
Of Ruine or Some Blazing Starre – Current 93
Dial Hard – Gotthard
Hold on It Hurts – Cornershop
Goodbye to the Age of Steam – Big Big Train
Gulfam – Hariharan
Halo in a Haystack – Converge
Hell Paso (EP) – At the Drive-In
Hellig Usvart – Horde
The Icon Is Love – Barry White
I Hope Your Heart Is Not Brittle – Portastatic
Imagínate – Menudo
Isolationism – Various Artists
Ja još spavam u tvojoj majici – Ceca
K... jego mać – Sedes
Klaus Schulze Goes Classic – Klaus Schulze
Laura Pausini – Laura Pausini
Life in the Streets – Prince Ital Joe & Marky Mark
LL77 – Lisa Lisa
Love, Nancy – Nancy Wilson
Mi Forma De Sentir – Pedro Fernández
Naghmet Hob – Najwa Karam
Nefarious (EP) – Spoon
Nek'af uzhas, nek'af at – Hipodil
Och du tände stjärnorna – Thorleifs
Old Stuff, Part Two – Anal Cunt
Pandemonium – Killing Joke
Pandora's Toys – Aerosmith (compilation)
Patashnik – Biosphere
Pawnshop Guitars – Gilby Clarke
Peter Frampton – Peter Frampton
Potatoes for Christmas (EP) – Papa Roach
Puno't Dulo – The Dawn
Quick – Far
Rester vrai – Florent Pagny
Rivermaya – Rivermaya
Safe Sex Designer Drugs & the Death of Rock 'N' Roll – Baby Chaos
San Francisco – American Music Club
Sing Me a Song – Miriam Makeba
Soda Pop-Rip Off – Slant 6
Sour – Ours
Spit Burger Lottery – Jimmie's Chicken Shack
Storyteller – Crystal Waters
Stuck – Puddle of Mudd
Television - Dr. John
Unboxed – Free Kitten
The Walls We Bounce Off Of - John Hartford
Withdrawal Method – Die Monster Die
The Woman's Boat – Toni Childs
Yank Crime – Drive Like Jehu
Biggest hit singles
The following songs achieved the highest chart positions.
in the charts of 1994.
Top 40 Chart hit singles
Other chart hit singles
Notable singles
Other Notable singles
Top ten best albums of the year
All albums have been named albums of the year for their hits in the charts.
TLC – CrazySexyCool
Oasis – Definitely Maybe
Weezer – Weezer
Portishead – Dummy
Nirvana – MTV Unplugged In New York
Green Day – Dookie
Nas – Illmatic
Blur – Parklife
Soundgarden – Superunknown
Nine Inch Nails – The Downward Spiral
Classical music
Thomas Beveridge – Yizkor Requiem
George Crumb – Quest for guitar, soprano saxophone, harp, double bass, and percussion (two players)
Richard Danielpour – Cello Concerto
Mario Davidovsky – Festino for guitar, viola, violoncello, contrabass
Peter Maxwell Davies – Symphony No. 5
David Diamond – Trio for violin, clarinet and piano
Lorenzo Ferrero
Paesaggio con figura for small orchestra
Portrait for string quartet
Osvaldo Golijov – The Dreams and Prayers of Isaac the Blind
Vagn Holmboe – Symphony No. 13, M.362 (begun 1993)
Guus Janssen – Klotz, for violin, hi-hat and small ensemble
Karl Jenkins – Adiemus: Songs of Sanctuary
Wojciech Kilar – Reign Over Us, Christ, for voice and piano
Oliver Knussen – Horn Concerto
György Kurtág – Stele
Morten Lauridsen – O magnum mysterium
Frederik Magle – Concerto for organ and orchestra The Infinite Second
Thea Musgrave – Journey through a Japanese Landscape, for marimba and wind
Tristan Murail – L'esprit des dunes
Michael Nyman – Concerto for Trombone
Einojuhani Rautavaara – Symphony No. 7 Angel of Light
Steve Reich
City Life
Bagoya Marimbas
Robert Simpson – String Quintet No. 2 (1991–94)
Karlheinz Stockhausen – Weltraum (electronic music from Freitag aus Licht)
Boris Tishchenko – Symphony No. 7
Charles Wuorinen
Lightenings VIII, for soprano and piano
Piano Quintet
Christes Crosse, for soprano and piano
Percussion Quartet
Guitar Variations
Windfall, for wind ensemble
Opera
Peter Maxwell Davies – The Doctor of Myddfai
Vivian Fine – Memoirs of Uliana Rooney
Adam Guettel – Floyd Collins
Nicholas Lens – The Accacha Chronicles Trilogy: Flamma Flamma – The Fire Requiem
Tobias Picker – Emmeline, libretto by JD McClatchy
Alice Shields – Apocalypse
Karlheinz Stockhausen – Freitag aus Licht (completed; not staged until 1996)
Jazz
Musical theater
Beauty and the Beast – Broadway production opened at the Palace Theatre and ran for 5461 performances
Carousel (Rodgers & Hammerstein) – Broadway revival
Damn Yankees (Richard Adler and Jerry Ross) – Broadway revival
Grease – Broadway revival
Show Boat (Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II) – Broadway revival
Sunset Boulevard (Andrew Lloyd Webber) – Broadway production opened at the Minskoff Theatre and ran for 977 performances
Musical films
Aag Aur Chingari
Andaz, with music by Bappi Lahiri
Airheads
Backbeat
Chaand Kaa Tukdaa, starring Sridevi
Fear of a Black Hat
Gandugali, with music by Sadhu Kokila.
Hated: GG Allin and the Murder Junkies
Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!, with music by Raamlaxman
Immortal Beloved, biopic of Ludwig van Beethoven
The Lion King – animated feature film with songs by Elton John and Tim Rice
Min fynske barndom, biopic of composer Carl Nielsen
Sukham Sukhakaram, with music by Ravindra Jain.
The Swan Princess – animated feature film
That's Entertainment! III
Thumbelina – animated feature film.
Births
January 13 – Asta, Australian singer-songwriter
January 14 – Kai, Korean singer and dancer (EXO)
January 18
Minzy, South Korean singer, rapper and dancer
Jiyoung, South Korean singer and actress
January 23 – Vera Blue, Australian indie singer-songwriter
January 28 – Maluma, Colombian singer and rapper
February 1
Skylar Laine, American singer-songwriter
Harry Styles, British musician, singer-songwriter, activist, (pop singer of boy band One Direction) (worked with Taylor Swift, Mabel, Stevie Nicks, Kacey Musgraves)
February 3 – Orla Gartland, Irish singer, songwriter and YouTuber
February 8 – Nikki Yanofsky, Canadian singer
February 10 – Seulgi, Korean singer and dancer (Red Velvet)
February 14
Paul Butcher, American actor and singer
Becky Hill, English singer and songwriter
February 16 – Ava Max, American singer-songwriter
February 17 – Angie Miller, American singer-songwriter and pianist
February 18 – J-Hope , South Korean rapper, songwriter, dancer and record producer, member of BTS
February 21 – Wendy, Korean singer (Red Velvet)
February 22 – Rachael Leahcar, (Italian) Australian multi lingual singer-songwriter, musician, performer, writer, runner, composer, and runner composer (The Voice (Australia)) (team and toured with Delta Goodrem)
February 23 – Little Simz, English rapper, singer and actress
February 24 – Earl Sweatshirt, American rapper
February 28 – Jake Bugg, English singer-songwriter and musician
March 1 – Justin Bieber, Canadian singer
March 3 - Sam Asghari, Iranian-American actor, dancer, fitness guru, businessman, business owner and model (Formerly married & muse to Britney Spears)
March 10 – Bad Bunny, Puerto Rican Latin trap and reggaeton singer.
March 11 – Jace Chan, Hong Kong singer and actress
March 12 – Christina Grimmie, American singer, songwriter, musician, multi-instrumentalist, actress and YouTuber (d. 2016)
March 13 – Zella Day, American singer, songwriter and musician
March 14 – Ansel Elgort, American actor, singer and DJ
March 15 – Lynn Gunn, American musician (PVRIS)
March 16
Connie Glynn, English author, former influencer, and member of snaggletooth, a "Very haunted" band.
Camilo (singer), Colombian singer, musician and songwriter. (Married to Evaluna Montaner)
March 19 – Fletcher, American actress, singer, and songwriter.
March 22 – Dax, Canadian rapper
March 28
Dreezy, American hip hop recording artist, rapper, musician
Catherine and Lizzy Ward Thomas, twin English country-pop musicians
Jackson Wang, Hong Kong rapper
March 29 – Sulli, singer and actress (d. 2019)
April 1 – Ella Eyre, English singer-songwriter
April 4 – Risako Sugaya, Japanese singer
April 9 – Bladee, Swedish rapper, singer, songwriter, fashion designer and member of the musical group Drain Gang.
April 11 – Duncan Laurence, Dutch singer-songwriter, winner of Eurovision Song Contest 2019
April 12
Airi Suzuki, Japanese singer
Sehun, Korean singer, rapper and actor (EXO)
April 18 – Aminé, American rapper, singer and songwriter
April 24 – Jordan Fisher, American singer, dancer and actor
April 25
Sam Fender, English actor, singer-songwriter, musician and activist
Maggie Rogers, American singer-songwriter and record producer
April 26 - Michael Pollack, American songwriter, singer, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer
May 5 – Celeste, American-born British singer
May 7 - Laurel (musician). British musician
May 11 - Howard Lawrence of EDM House garage band, Disclosure
May 17 – Julie Anne San Jose, Filipina actress, singer, television personality
May 24 – Dimash Kudaibergen, Kazakh singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist
May 25 -
Royal & the Serpent, American singer and songwriter
Nathan Dawe, English DJ and producer (Annie-Marie, Little Mix, Ella Henderson)
May 28 – Alec Benjamin, American musician
May 30 - Madeon, French DJ and record producer
May 31 - Lil Aaron, American rapper, singer and songwriter
June 4 – Olivia Somerlyn, known as LIVVIA, American pop singer-songwriter
June 14 – Scarlxrd, British rapper and songwriter
June 25 - Egor Kreed, Russian rapper
June 27 - Malinda Kathleen Reese, American stage actress, multi-instrumentalist, and singer-songwriter, comedian, YouTuber, and activist (Founder, Leader, Creator of Twisted Translations/ Google Translate Sings / Translator Fails)
July 4
Era Istrefi, Kosovar singer
Amaarae, A Ghanaian-American pop, afrobeat, alte, R&B singer
July 5 – Sơn Tùng M-TP, Vietnamese singer-songwriter
July 7
Ashton Irwin, Australian drummer and singer-songwriter (5 Seconds of Summer)
July 9 - SG Lewis, English singer-songwriter, musician and record producer (Tove Lo)
July 10 – Angel Haze, American rapper and singer
July 11 – Nina Nesbitt, Scottish singer-songwriter, model, and musician
July 14 - Bibi Bourelly, German-American singer-songwriter
July 17 – Kali Uchis, Colombian-American singer-songwriter, record producer, music video director, and fashion designer
July 31 – Lil Uzi Vert, American rapper, singer, songwriter
August 2 – Jacob Collier, British musician, singer-songwriter, composer, music producer, and multi-instrumentalist
August 8 – Lauv (Ari Leff), American singer-songwriter and record producer
August 9 – King Von, American rapper (d. 2020)
August 16 – Áine Cahill, Irish singer-songwriter
August 17 – Phoebe Bridgers, American indie rock singer-songwriter, musician and artist
August 18 – Bobby Andonov, Australian singer-songwriter and actor
August 22 – Jimilian, Danish singer
August 28 – Felix Jaehn, German/Dutch DJ and record producer
August 29 - Courtney Stodden, American media personality, model and singer
August 30 – Kwon So-hyun, South Korean actress and singer
August 31 - MoStack British Rapper and Singer (Anne-Marie)
September 1 – Bianca Ryan, American singer
September 12 – RM, South Korean rapper, songwriter and record producer, member of BTS
September 17
Taylor Ware, American singer and yodeler
Chen Yihan, Chinese pianist and composer
September 22
Emily Burns, English musician and singer-songwriter
G Flip, Australian singer-songwriter, producer, musician, drummer and activist
September 23 – Zolita, American singer-songwriter, director, photographer and activist
September 28 – Trevor Daniel, American singer-songwriter
September 29 – Halsey, American singer-songwriter, artist and activist
October 1 – Alfredo Olivas, Mexican singer
October 2 – Shekhinah, South African singer-songwriter
October 4 – Sarah Aarons, Australian singer, songwriter, musician
October 15 – Sebastián Yatra, Colombian singer
October 24 – Krystal Jung, American-South Korean singer
October 15 – Lil' Kleine, Dutch musician
November 3 – Ella Mai, English singer and songwriter
November 4 – keshi, American singer
November 6 – Speaker Knockerz, American rapper and record producer (d. 2014)
November 8 – Lauren Alaina, American country music singer, songwriter and actress
November 9 – MNEK, British singer-songwriter and record producer
November 24 – Reece Mastin, winner of The X Factor (Australia), rock-soul-blues singer-songwriter, and musician (English born, Australian)
November 26 – Emma Portner, American dancer and choreographer
November 28 – Bonnie Anderson, Australian singer-songwriter
December 2 – Laura Les, American music producer and singer-songwriter (100 gecs)
December 13 – Ibeyi (Lisa-Kaindé Diaz and Naomi Diaz), twin French singer-songwriters
December 18 = Slowthai, British rapper (Anne-Marie)
December 19
Michele Bravi, Italian singer
Nathan Evans, Scottish musician
December 21, Thelma Plum, an Aboriginal Australian singer, songwriter, guitarist and musician
Unknown: Ny Oh, a New Zealand folk singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist.
Deaths
January 4 – R. D. Burman, music director, 54
January 6 – Harold Sumberg, violinist, 88
January 15
Harry Nilsson, singer, songwriter, 52 (heart attack)
Georges Cziffra, pianist, 72
January 22 – Rhett Forrester, American singer-songwriter, 37 (shot)
January 25 – Bertha Rawlinson, New Zealand opera singer, composer and music teacher, 83
January 30 – Rudolf Schwarz, conductor, 88
February 5 – Tiana Lemnitz, operatic soprano, 96
February 7 – Witold Lutosławski, composer, 81
February 8 – Raymond Scott, composer and bandleader, 85
February 19 – Micho Russell, Irish tin whistle player and collector of traditional music and folklore, 79
February 22 – Papa John Creach, blues violinist, 76
February 24
Jean Sablon, French singer, 87
Dinah Shore, singer, actress, 77
March 3 – Karel Kryl, Czech folk singer, 49
March 6 – Yvonne Fair, African-American singer, 51
March 13 – Danny Barker, jazz musician and composer, 85
March 16 – Nicolas Flagello, composer, 66
March 18 – Ephraim Lewis, soul and R&B singer, 26
March 22 – Dan Hartman, singer, 42 (brain tumour)
March 23 – Donald Swann, pianist, composer and entertainer (Flanders and Swann), 70
April 5
Rowland Greenberg, Norwegian jazz trumpeter, 73
Kurt Cobain, singer & guitarist (Nirvana), 27 (self-inflicted shotgun wound)
April 7 – Lee Brilleaux, British R&B singer (Dr. Feelgood), 41 (cancer)
April 19 – Larry Davis, blues singer and guitarist, 57
May 23 – Joe Pass, jazz guitarist, 65 (liver cancer)
May 25 – Eric Gale, jazz guitarist, 55 (lung cancer)
May 26 – Sonny Sharrock, jazz guitarist, 53
May 27 – Red Rodney, bop trumpeter, 66
May 29 – Oliver Jackson, jazz drummer, 61
May 31
Uzay Heparı, Turkish composer, music producer, songwriter and actor, 24 (motorcycle accident)
Herva Nelli, operatic soprano, 85
June 4 – Earle Warren, saxophonist, 79
June 11 – Robert Beadell, composer, 68
June 14 – Henry Mancini, composer, 70
June 15 – Manos Hadjidakis, composer, 68
June 16 – Kristen Pfaff, bass guitarist (Hole), 27 (heroin overdose)
June 25
Kin Vassy, songwriter, performer, co-lead singer and guitarist of The First Edition 1969–72 (lung cancer), 50
DJ Train, producer (smoke inhalation)
June 29 – Kurt Eichhorn, conductor, 85
July 2 – Marion Williams, gospel singer, 66
July 31 – Anne Shelton, British singer, 70
August 6 – Domenico Modugno, Italian singer and songwriter, 66
September 2 – Roy Castle, musician and all-round entertainer, 62 (lung cancer)
September 3 – Major Lance, R&B singer, 55
September 6
Nicky Hopkins, session musician, keyboardist, 50 (complications from intestinal surgery)
Max Kaminsky, jazz trumpeter and bandleader, 85
September 7 – Eric Crozier, librettist, 79
September 13 – John Stevens, jazz musician
September 20 – Jule Styne, songwriter, 88
September 24 – Urmas Alender, singer, 40 (drowned in MS Estonia sinking)
September 29 – Cheb Hasni, Algerian Raj musician, 26 (murdered)
October 4 – Danny Gatton, guitarist, 49
October 19 – Martha Raye, singer and comedian, 88
October 22
Jimmy Miller, record producer, 52
Shlomo Carlebach, Jewish songwriter
October 26 – Wilbert Harrison, R&B singer, pianist, guitarist and harmonica player, 65
October 27 – Robert White, Motown session guitarist, 57
October 31
Lester Sill, record executive, 76
Erling Stordahl, Norwegian singer, 71
November 4 – Fred "Sonic" Smith, MC5 guitarist, 46 (heart attack)
November 7 – Shorty Rogers, jazz trumpeter, 70
November 11 – Elizabeth Maconchy, composer, 87
November 18 – Cab Calloway, jazz and scat singer, 86
November 21 – Juancho Rois, Colombian vallenato musician, accordionist, and composer, 35 (plane crash)
November 28 – Vic Legley, Belgian violist and composer of French birth, 79
December 8 – Antônio Carlos Jobim, bossa nova composer and songwriter, 67
December 10 – Garnett Silk, reggae singer, 28 (house fire)
Awards
The following artists are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: John Lennon, Elton John, Grateful Dead, The Band, Bob Marley, Duane Eddy, Rod Stewart, and The Animals
Inductees of the GMA Gospel Music Hall of Fame include Tennessee Ernie Ford
Filmfare Awards
Kumar Sanu – Filmfare Best Male Playback Award
Filmfare Best Music Director Awards – Rahul Dev Burman
Grammy Awards
36th Annual Grammy Awards
Country Music Association Awards
1994 Country Music Association Awards
Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest 1994
Mercury Music Prize
Elegant Slumming – M People wins.
Juno Award
Rascalz – Juno Award Best rap album
Charts
KROQ
KROQ Top 106.7 Countdown of 1994
Triple J Hottest 100
Triple J Hottest 100, 1994
See also
1994 in British music
Record labels established in 1994
References
Citations
20th century in music
Music by year |
Alfred Braithwood (February 15, 1892 – November 24, 1960) was a professional baseball pitcher. Braithwood, a left-hander, made two relief appearances for the Pittsburgh Rebels of the Federal League in .
External links
1892 births
1960 deaths
Pittsburgh Rebels players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Bradford Drillers players |
The Prague Slavic Congress of 1848 (, ) took place in Prague between 2 June and 12 June 1848. It was the first occasion on which voices from nearly all Slav populations of Europe were heard in one place.
Several other were held in different central and eastern European cities over the next century.
Background
The initiative came from Pavel Jozef Šafárik and Josip Jelačić, but was organized by Czech activists František Palacký, Karl Zapp, Karel Havlíček Borovský, and František Ladislav Rieger.
The exact goal of the Congress was unclear even as it was beginning. In addition to lacking a goal, the conference planners also quarreled over the format and the agenda of the gathering. Perhaps this was an indication of how difficult the conference would be for the factions to come together.
Once underway, the conference met in three sections: Poles and Ukrainians (at that time Ruthenians); South Slavs; and Czecho-Slovaks. The Pole-Ukrainian section contained a combination of Ruthenes, Mazurians, Greater Poles, and Lithuanians. Of the total 340 delegates at the Congress, the greatest number came from the Czecho-Slovak section. 237 Czecho-Slovaks participated along with 42 South Slavs and 61 Pole-Ukrainian. German was the primary language used during discussions.
During the Congress, there was debate about the role of Austria in the lives of the Slavs. Dr. Josef Frič argued that the “primary goal is the preservation of Austria”, adding that the Congress “only differs on the means.” This point was disputed by Ľudovít Štúr who told the Congress, “our goal is self-preservation”. Such a disconnect was typical of the environment of this conference.
One important statement did come out of the conference around 10 June, when the Manifesto to the Nations of Europe was pronounced. The statement was a strongly worded proclamation that demanded an end to the oppression of the Slav people. The Slavs did not look for any type of revenge, but they wanted to “extend a brotherly hand to all neighbouring nations who are prepared to recognize and effectively champion with us the full equality of all nations, irrespective of their political power or size”. This was an important development because it indicated some sort of unity among all of the Slav people of Europe.
The Congress was cut short on 12 June because of the Prague Uprising of 1848 that erupted due to Austrian garrison in Prague opened fire on a peaceful demonstration. This later became known as the Whitsuntide events because of the timing during the Christian holiday of Pentecost. The delegates left in disgust and some were even arrested because of the revolutionary nature of the Congress which marked a period in the history of Austria as the Bach's absolutism (after the Interior Minister Baron Alexander von Bach). Among arrested was Mikhail Bakunin who became apprehended in Dresden in 1849 for his involvement in 1848 Prague events and deported to the Russian Empire.
Congress Commissions
Czech-Slovak Commission
František Palacký, Czech historian, oversaw the entire conference as president.
Pavel Jozef Šafárik, Slovak philologist, poet, literary historian and ethnographer, chairman of the Czecho-Slovaks.
Ľudovít Štúr, Slovak poet, journalist, publisher, teacher, philosopher, linguist and member of the Hungarian Parliament.
František Zach, Czech-born soldier and military theorist.
Polish-Ruthenian Commission
The commission was created on the initiative of František Palacký and Mikhail Bakunin. It was headed by Leon Sapieha and discussed issues of the Polish-Ruthenian relations. Galician Ruthenians (native pronunciation Rusyns, modern Ukrainians) were represented by the political organizations Supreme Ruthenian Council and Ruthenian sobor.
Karol Libelt, Polish philosopher, writer, political and social activist, social worker, chairman of the Poles and Ukrainians.
Supreme Ruthenian Council (Iwan Borysykewycz, Hryhorij Hynyłewycz, Ołeksa Zakłynśkyj)
Ruthenian sobor (Leon Sapieha, Jan Tadeusz Lubomirski, Kasper Cięglewicz, Ludwik Stecki)
South Slavic Commission
Stanko Vraz, Slovene-Croatian poet, vice-president of congress.
Pavo Stamatović, Serbian writer, historian, and archpriest, chairman of the South Slavs.
Jovan Subotić, Serbian lawyer, writer, politician and academic.
Notes
Further reading
Polišenský, Josef: Aristocrats and the Crowd in the Revolutionary Year 1848. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1980.
External links
Slavic Congress in Prague at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
Dr. T. Mackiw. 150 YEARS AGO: The Ukrainian National Awakening in Halychyna. The Ukrainian Weekly. November 8, 1998.
Stebliy, F.I. 1848 Slavic Congress in Prague. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.
Pan-Slavism
1848 in the Austrian Empire
1848 conferences
Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire
19th century in Prague
Political movements in the Austrian Empire
Poland–Ukraine relations
Participants of the Slavic Congress in Prague 1848 |
A safety area is a term from the shooting sports describing a bay with a safe direction where shooters can handle unloaded firearms without the supervision of a Range Officer (RO). Safety areas are widely used in dynamic shooting sport disciplines (e.g. IPSC and PPC 1500), and may for example be used to pack, unpack or holster a gun, cleaning or repair, dry firing and training with empty magazines.
The handling of ammunition is expressly prohibited within the safety area, including any dummy rounds. Outside the safety area ammunition can be handled freely to load magazines, but firearms may only be handled under the direct supervision of a Range Officer. This strict separation of firearms and ammunition prevents accidents like accidental discharge (AD). Violators will be prosecuted as a rule, with immediate disqualification and exclusion from the competition.
References
Shooting sports |
Makarora is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.
References
Key to Nearctic eulophid genera
Universal Chalcidoidea Database
Eulophidae |
Commentators have compared Peter Jackson's 2001–2003 The Lord of the Rings film trilogy with the book on which it was based, J. R. R. Tolkien's 1954–1955 The Lord of the Rings, remarking that while both have been extremely successful commercially, the film version does not necessarily capture the intended meaning of the book. They have admired Jackson's ability to film the long and complex work at all; the beauty of the cinematography, sets, and costumes; the quality of the music; and the epic scale of his version of Tolkien's story. They have however found the characters and the story greatly weakened by Jackson's emphasis on action and violence at the expense of psychological depth; the loss of Tolkien's emphasis on free will and individual responsibility; and the replacement of Frodo's inner journey by an American monomyth with Aragorn as the hero.
Commentators admired the simultaneous use of images, words, and music to convey emotion, evoking the appearance of Middle-earth, creating wonderfully believable creatures, and honouring Tolkien's Catholic vision with images that can work also for non-Christians.
Scholars, critics, actors and fans have seen Jackson's version as a success, on its own terms, as an adaptation of Tolkien, and as going beyond Tolkien into a sort of modern folklore. The development of fan films such as Born of Hope and The Hunt for Gollum, and of a modern folklore with characters such as elves, dwarves, wizards, and halflings, all derived from Jackson's rendering of Tolkien, have been viewed as measures of this success.
Context
Both book and film versions of The Lord of the Rings have been extremely successful in their way, enjoyed by the public and non-academic reviewers alike, attracting the attention of scholars to the differences between them.
Tolkien's fantasy novel
J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings was published in three volumes in 1954–1955 and has sold over 150 million copies. It has been translated into at least 58 languages. It takes up, according to the edition, around 1000 pages of text. Read out loud in the unabridged audiobook voiced by Rob Inglis, it has a running time of nearly 60 hours.
Tolkien was involved in a proposal to make an animated film adaptation by Morton Grady Zimmerman. He was not opposed to the idea: in 1957 he wrote that an abridgement "with some good picture-work would be pleasant". He felt that selective omission would be better than compression; in the script he was shown, he found the compression excessive, with "resultant over-crowding and confusion, blurring of climaxes, and general degradation".
Peter Jackson's film trilogy
Peter Jackson's film series was released as three films between 2001 and 2003. The budget was $281 million, and together the three films grossed over $2.9 billion worldwide. The series runs for 9 hours, 18 minutes in the "theatrical" or cinema version, and 11 hours, 26 minutes in the extended version released on DVD. Although long for a film trilogy, this was short compared to Tolkien's work, presenting the films' makers with a major challenge of abridgement, compression, and transformation for the production of the series.
Filmgoers and non-academic reviewers rated the films as almost perfect, The Two Towers actually scoring "a rare 100%" on Rotten Tomatoes, and gaining many Oscars and other film awards. The film scholar Kristin Thompson, reviewing an early book on Tolkien on Film, wrote that "[literary] scholars seem particularly irked by the films' enormous popularity, not just among fans but also among reviewers", noting that the films have brought a "vastly enlarged" audience to The Lord of the Rings, and perhaps millions of new readers to the book; and that there are "book-firsters" and "film-firsters" among Tolkien fans, as evidenced (she writes) by the message boards on TheOneRing.net.
Differences
The film version differs in content from the written version in several ways, including cutting some scenes, adding scenes, adjusting scenes to cope with other changes, such as moving some action to different locations, and adding some minor characters. The differences of content created by the necessary compression and transformation of Tolkien's story inevitably result in differences of style. Commentators have addressed the question of whether the observed differences are appropriate.
Transformation
Scholars have stated multiple reasons why a film-maker would need to transform the source text into a screenplay. Tolkien's version contains a variety of types of writing, especially descriptions of landscape, characters, and their appearance, namely narrative, dialogue, and embedded songs and poems. As Joseph Ricke and Catherine Barnett write, "Tolkien's characters … – like the narrative in which they exist – pause often for reflection, lamentation, poetry, song, moral inventory, refocusing, wrestling with their consciences, and debating their commitment to the mission before them." Furthermore, the main text is supplemented by a prologue on the nature of hobbits, the distinctive small people of an England-like region of Middle-earth, and the social and political organisation of their home, the Shire. It is accompanied by six lengthy appendices describing the history of Middle-earth's kings, its chronology over more than 6,000 years of the Second and Third Ages, family trees, calendars, and guides to pronunciation and the Elvish scripts, and to the languages of Middle-earth. Film has different capabilities from prose fiction. The film version translates descriptions of landscape into actual landscapes, whether those of New Zealand or computer-generated imagery; something of the feeling aroused by the descriptions is conveyed by the choice of landscape and the photography, from woodland scenes in the Shire to wide panoramas of majestic mountains. Subtle effects such as Tolkien's indirect suggestion of the power of the Ring are difficult to replicate. Dialogue is sometimes taken unchanged from the book, but much is cut; some elements are voiced by other characters.
The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey noted that Jackson was under much greater financial pressure than Tolkien, who was risking nothing more than his spare time. In his view, Jackson was obliged to address different audiences, including teenagers who expected Arwen to have some of the characteristics of a "warrior princess", and who delighted in jokes about Dwarf-tossing, something that, he commented, Tolkien would not have understood.
Omissions
Film-makers can omit written materials that do not materially further the story to be told in the film. The early chapters "A Conspiracy Unmasked", "The Old Forest", "In the House of Tom Bombadil", and "Fog on the Barrow-Downs", all of which concern a deviation on the Hobbits' journey from their home in the Shire to the village of Bree, are essentially omitted completely, though brief mentions of these are made later. The penultimate chapter "The Scouring of the Shire", in which the Hobbits use the skills of leadership and warfare that they have acquired to cleanse their home region of the enemy, is omitted, although a vision of it is seen by Frodo in the Mirror of Galadriel.
Additions
Film-makers can add scenes to make a film flow better. An addition to Tolkien's main text that critics felt worked well is the incorporation of an appendix, "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen", as a secondary plot line on the "bittersweet love affair" between a man, one of the heroes of the film, and an immortal Elf. Another major addition is the attack on Aragorn by cavalry Orcs riding wolflike Wargs, leaving him wounded and unconscious. The entire episode is a digression from the main story; Shippey suggested it was inserted to provide more of a role for the beautiful but distant Elf-woman Arwen, who helps to bring Aragorn back to life.
Transformations of structure
Film-makers can transform the structure of a book to clarify the film's action; such transformations may necessitate further changes when story elements are tightly woven together by the plot. Jackson decided to make use of some of the "history" (events long before the main action of The Lord of the Rings, described in the appendices and recalled in dialogue in the Council of Elrond, midway through the first volume) in a dramatic film prologue. It begins with Sauron's forging of the Ring in the Second Age, his overthrow by an alliance of Elves and Men, and the taking of the Ring by Isildur, a distant ancestor of Aragorn. This resolves a major problem for the film-maker in the narrative, namely that Tolkien tells much of the history through "talking heads", reflecting long after the events on what they meant, and violating the basic "show, don't tell" principle of film.
A major structural change was Jackson's decision to abandon Tolkien's interlacing structure (entrelacement) and replace it with a story told in chronological order, with intercutting between characters in different places at the same time. This may make the narrative easier to follow, but it allows the audience to know more than the characters do, undercutting the feeling that choices must be made based on personal courage in the face of incomplete knowledge. One of the scriptwriters, Philippa Boyens, stated that the trilogy was simply their interpretation of the written work. Jackson asserted that it would not be possible to film a straight retelling of the story on screen, and said of his version "Sure, it's not really The Lord of the Rings … but it could still be a pretty damn cool movie."
Other scenes have necessarily been adjusted to handle the effects of cuts and other changes. The death of the Wizard Saruman is moved to his fortress of Isengard and to an earlier time, as the end-of-book action on returning to the Hobbits' home the Shire is omitted. Since, too, the Hobbits failed to visit the Barrow-downs and so didn't pick up ancient blades from the Barrow-wight's hoard, something that fitted naturally into the story in the book, they awkwardly get their swords from Aragorn on Weathertop as the party is threatened with imminent attack: he just happens to be carrying four Hobbit-sized swords with him, all the more surprising as he had only been expecting to meet Frodo and Sam.
Transformations of characters
Film-makers can transform the book's characters to suit the film's purposes. Scholars such as Janet Brennan Croft state that many of Jackson's characters are "demonstrably different" from Tolkien's: she lists Arwen, Faramir, Denethor, Théoden, Treebeard, Gimli, and "even Frodo, Sam, and Gollum". But the character she picks out as radically transformed is the hero Aragorn, who appears as a humble Ranger of the North, and ends as King of Gondor and Arnor. She suggests that the changes reflect Joseph Campbell's "heroic 'monomyth'" in which the hero ventures into a supernatural realm, fights strange forces, wins, and returns with enhanced power. The American variant is that the hero begins as a lone outsider, seeks justice for the community, is morally pure, and returns accepted by the community. Croft writes that Tolkien's quest fits Campbell's model quite closely, but that it is Frodo who sets out as the fairytale hero, the ordinary person who as Verlyn Flieger writes "stumbles into heroic adventure and does the best he can"; Tolkien then switches about Frodo's and Aragorn's roles as heroes. Jackson puts the Shire under violent threat from the start. Tolkien has Aragorn always aiming for marriage with Arwen; Jackson, in keeping with the chastity required in the American monomyth, has Aragorn avoid both Arwen and Éowyn, who carries a torch for him.
Both critics and film-makers are aware that transformations can be controversial. The scholar of literature Victoria Gaydosik notes that the screenwriters Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens joke about "crimes against the book" on the extended edition DVD, and investigates the transformation of Arwen in the films. In the film of The Fellowship of the Ring, Arwen takes on elements of the "warrior princess" role not found in the book. This prompted debate on fan sites about how she might feature in The Two Towers; a photograph showed Arwen "in full armor wielding her father's sword at Helm's Deep", but what Boyens jokingly called that "slight departure" from Tolkien did not appear in the film of The Two Towers, where Arwen returns to being "passively feminine"; in the book she does not appear at all, only her hand-woven banner for her fiancé Aragorn being mentioned. Walsh confirmed that the conception of Arwen in the script changed radically before the release of The Two Towers in the face of fan opinion.
Effective film technique
Scholars and critics have largely agreed that the film makes fine use of visual imagery and music to convey an impression of Middle-earth, from the New Zealand landscapes to the use of casting, costumes, prosthetics and digital effects to create characters and action.
Visual imagery
Many commentators have admired the film's translation of Middle-earth architecture and landscapes to Jackson's New Zealand. The scholar of humanities Brian Rosebury wrote that "The attentiveness to the original text's descriptions of locales is often quite remarkable: The West Wall of Moria, the Argonath and the lake of Nen Hithoel, Helm's Deep, Minas Tirith, all provide the Tolkien reader with a satisfying shock of recognition". The scholar Kim Selling found the evocation of the look of Middle-earth and the "eliciting of wonder" "marvellously realized". She felt that the trilogy achieved this both with its many strange creatures, whether beautiful or horrifying, but through landscape and setting, and special effects like half-height Hobbits and the creation of monster Gollum. In her view, these succeeded in the terms set out for believable fantasy in Tolkien's 1939 essay "On Fairy Stories".
Even scholars generally hostile to the film version have respected its visual presentation. David Bratman stated that "I felt as if I were seeing two films at once. One in the visuals, which was faithful and true to Tolkien, and another in the script and in the general tone and style, which was so unfaithful as to be a travesty." Verlyn Flieger found much of the film's imagery problematic but praised its effect when used with restraint, as in the case of Boromir's "magisterial" boat funeral, which she called "effective and moving". Daniel Timmons found the "cinematography, art direction, sets, props, and costumes" spectacular, calling this "probably Jackson's finest achievement". He admired the motion-capture that in his view brilliantly animated the Ring-obsessed monster Gollum, and the special effects that made the Wizard Gandalf's battle with the fiery monstrous Balrog in the caverns of Moria so effective.
Music
The Tolkien scholar Kristin Thompson noted that "even the film's harshest critics" agree that its design elements, including its music, which was composed by Howard Shore, are "superb". Where additional variety was required, other composers and performers were recruited; for example, the Irish Celtic fusion singer and songwriter Enya created a piece for an Elvish scene in Rivendell. Selling cited the film scholar Erica Sheen's remark that a film adaptation converts a book into a soundtrack, conveying emotion by combining images, words, and music, and argued that Jackson's films successfully "replicate the pleasurable experiences elicited by narrative". The final song, "Into the West", sung by Annie Lennox to Shore's music with lyrics by Fran Walsh, "intriguing[ly]" modulates the end of the last film "to a tone closer to that of the novel", write Judy Ann Ford and Robin Anne Reid; its lyrics speak of "weeping, shadows, and fading", counteracting the image of dazzling light presented by the film, and echoing the note of pessimism and doubt in Tolkien's ending.
Estelle Jorgensen considers how Tolkien's text translates to film, and in particular how the implicit music of Tolkien's poetry is realized, both visually and aurally. She cites Jackson's remark that Tolkien's "music" is "imaginary", objecting only that his Gregorian chanting of "Namárië" and his "dramatic" performance of "Ride of the Rohirrim" give "a glimpse" of how he imagined his songs might have sounded. Jackson, she writes, omitted Tom Bombadil and Goldberry, along with all their music; and Galadriel's singing, too, is dropped. Jackson acknowledged his musical limitations, relying on Shore to represent Tolkien's music. Shore stated that he wanted to "re-insert" Tolkien's verse into his score with choral versions of songs in Tolkien's invented languages. Jorgensen comments that be that as it may, songs such as "May It Be" and "Aníron" are set to words not by Tolkien, while most of Tolkien's "rich" provision of Hobbit songs is absent from the score. She notes that the score is "pervasively orchestral and tonal" in keeping with Shore's intention to create "a feeling of antiquity", almost as if the music had been "discovered" rather than newly written. She comments that the actual result is rather different: "What happens, however, is that while the music lends another dimension to sight, it is swallowed up by sight...; the audience's focus is primarily upon the screen." She notes, on the other hand, that the use of familiar leitmotifs from the earlier films in The Return of the King helps to tie the trilogy together, while the song over the credits, "Into the West", wrapped "in now familiar musical material ... helps to create a musical unity".
Handling Tolkien's spirit
Commentators have differed on how well the films manage to represent the spirit of the book, from feeling that it had been lost, to granting that some elements were lost but others suitably substituted, to seeing the films as a remarkable cinematic tribute to Tolkien.
Eviscerated
Some scholars felt that the spirit of the book had been lost. Bratman wrote that Jackson has "taken out just about everything that makes The Lord of the Rings a strikingly unique work, one which we love, and reduced it to a generic sword-and-sorcery adventure story … Condensation is not the issue: the evisceration of Tolkien's spirit is the issue." He wrote that he did enjoy "those few moments which come straight from the book", such as Frodo and Gandalf's discussing the moral issue around Gollum, which he called "scenes from a different movie, the one I wish Jackson had made". Christopher Tolkien, editor of his father's Middle-earth manuscripts, stated that "The Lord of the Rings is peculiarly unsuitable to transformation into visual dramatic form", and that the films had "eviscerated" the book. Rosebury mourned the loss of "some of the book's greatest virtues" including English understatement, emotional tact, and spaciousness. He regretted the absence of the book's emphasis on free will and individual responsibility. He was sorry, too, about the film version's choice of physical conflict over rhetorical power, "dignity of presence[,] or force of intellect". Timmons commented that a deft touch was needed to balance artistic integrity with Hollywood's demands and that Jackson had "often failed" to achieve that balance. In his view, the "orgy of Orc killing" at the end of The Fellowship of the Ring made the film quite implausible; Jackson continually "minimizes mood development and dialogue, and offers seemingly nonstop flights and fights"; and "the significance of Frodo's inner journey becomes submerged in frenetic action". Timmons felt that in scenes like Frodo's meeting with Strider, the stay in Lothlórien, the fall of Saruman from his position as first among Wizards, and the tense meeting of Gandalf with the powerful but mentally-tortured Denethor, the hasty coverage seriously weakened the story.
Characters flattened
Tolkien scholars such as Wayne G. Hammond, Janet Brennan Croft and Carl Hostetter felt that many characters had not been depicted faithfully; they had essentially been flattened from complex, rounded characters with strengths and weaknesses to simple types or caricatures. Croft called the film versions of Aragorn and Frodo "strangely diminished"; she noted that Hostetter described Aragorn as less noble, more full of angst, and Frodo more of a wimp. Using the critic Northrop Frye's literary modes, Croft described Tolkien's Aragorn as "the typical hero of romance, who is 'superior in degree to other men and his environment'", whereas Frodo is a hero of the high mimetic mode, superior to other men but not to his environment. She concluded that Jackson's screenplay aims at "Hollywood's lowest common denominator … the pathos of the low-mimetic mode and the irresistible power of the American … monomyth", allowing the audience to identify with the "lone redeemer, riding into town, … saving the day, and galloping off into the sunset", whereas Tolkien challenges his readers to "emulate timeless characters of a higher mode than ourselves".
Tom Shippey found Jackson's tendencies for "democratisation" and "emotionalisation" problematic, writing that where Tolkien has a clear hierarchy, Jackson is happy to enlarge the parts of humble characters like the servant-Hobbit Sam, who converts Faramir to supporting the quest, or the young Hobbit Pippin, who (unlike in Tolkien's version) persuades the tree-giant Treebeard to attack the fallen wizard Saruman's fortress of Isengard. Where Tolkien's Denethor is a cold ruler doing his best for his country, Jackson's is made to look greedy and self-indulgent; Shippey calls the scene where he gobbles a meal, while his son Faramir has been sent out in a hopeless fight, a "blatant [use] of cinematic suggestion".
Christianity Today wrote that the films "missed the moral and religious depths" of the book, such as when they turned "the awful subtlety and complexity of evil" into something trivially obvious. It gave as an instance the reduction of Tolkien's sadly conflicted Gollum to a "pathetically comic and merely devious figure", and the caricaturing of the powerful Steward of Gondor, Denethor, as "a snarling and drooling oaf rather than a noble pessimist".
Preserved by appropriate substitution
Some critics and scholars freely admitted that the film version differed from the book, but felt that it appropriately substituted other elements for those that could not be preserved. The scholar Daniel Timmons recorded that the film critics of major newspapers both pointed out the trilogy's weaknesses, as when Roger Ebert said of Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring that it was "more of a sword and sorcery epic than a realization of [Tolkien's] more naive and guileless vision", and on the other hand gave Jackson "high praise". The scholar Robin Anne Reid analysed the grammar used by Tolkien, which she stated often dwells on the environment, with devices such as placing the characters into subordinate clauses, and the equivalent visual grammar used by Jackson. In her view, the cinematography successfully mirrors the text, except when Frodo and Sam are approaching Mordor, where Reid found the film "perfunctory in its construction of Ithilien compared to earlier scenes". Against that, she considered that the lighting of the beacons to summon the riders of Rohan to Gondor, a lengthy scene at 98 seconds, "exceeds the impact of the novel because of the cinematic narrator's ability to move away from a single character's point of view to dramatize the event".
Selling stated that a film adaptation's success requires the film-makers to persuade the audience that their interpretation is valid; she noted that Jackson, Philippa Boyens and Fran Walsh were, as both screenwriters and fans themselves, acutely aware of the "fidelity to the original text expected by the wider community of Tolkien fans". They knew that the books were "unfilmable" without transformation, so they set about "translat[ing]" Tolkien's core themes into film. They preserved Tolkien's dialogue wherever they could, sometimes moving lines to a different time, place, or character, as when Gandalf makes a speech in the Mines of Moria before arriving at Balin's tomb; in the book, the words are spoken in Frodo's home in the Shire, before he sets out. Selling found that the transformations, such as the substitution of the Elf-lady Arwen for the Elf-lord Glorfindel in The Fellowship of the Ring, were mainly successful, but that the omission of the entire Tom Bombadil sequence was more damaging.
The medievalist Yvette Kisor wrote that while Jackson had been unfaithful to Tolkien's narrative technique (such as interlacing), character development and motivation, and specific events, he had continually striven to be faithful "to the totality of Tolkien's epic – its impact, its look and feel, and, perhaps, some of its themes". In her view, he allowed himself "unusually free reshuffling" of scenes to simplify the chronology, but managed to build the Tolkienesque themes of "providence, eucatastrophe [sudden happy reversal], interconnectedness" through skilful intercutting and use of music. She gives as example Éowyn's battle with the Witch-king, intercut with Aragorn's unlooked-for arrival with an army in the captured ships of the Corsairs of Umbar. The scene looks like her defeat, and indeed the defeat of the army of the West, along with the Witch-king's triumphant prophecy "You fool – no man can kill me" and a break in the music, suddenly reversed as the music restarts with her revelation of herself as a woman, and her killing him. The method of narration is not Tolkien's, but the effect is similarly eucatastrophic.
The writer Diana Paxson, describing herself as a lover of the book version, said she found watching the films a "fascinating, if sometimes mixed, experience". Seeing the films "refreshed" her re-readings of the book; she felt that the films showed "in rich detail" things "all too briefly described" by Tolkien, though the text provided dialogue and explanation skipped over by the films. She writes that "a surprising number" of lines of dialogue survive in the films, though often transposed, continuing a process begun by Tolkien, who as his son Christopher notes, often moved conversations into fresh contexts, voiced by different speakers. She concludes that it is possible for multiple versions all to be valid and that it is "a story that can survive being retold".
Well represented
Critics, scholars, fans, and others have described Jackson's adaptation of The Lord of the Rings as a success. Chauncey Mabe, in The Los Angeles Times, wrote of The Two Towers that "Tolkien fanatics, the kind who wear furry rubber hobbit feet to the theater, ... are praising Jackson for being true to the spirit, not the letter, of Tolkien’s books." The scholar of culture Douglas Kellner stated that the conservative community spirit of Tolkien's Shire is reflected in Jackson's films as well as the division of the Fellowship into "squabbling races".
The actor Ian McKellen, who played Gandalf in the film trilogy, and who had "moved" Shakespeare's play Richard III to a 1995 film of the same name, called Jackson's adaptation "perhaps the most faithful screenplay ever adapted from a long novel." He stated that this was because the scriptwriters had been "devoted to the original and would share other fans' resentment if it were "mistreated", and because Tolkien's storylines were clearer than those of Dickens or Tolstoy. McKellen added that the films "augment our appreciation" of the book. Guido Henkel, reviewing the extended edition DVD of The Fellowship of the Ring for DVD Review & High Definition, and describing himself as "a hardcore fan" of the book, called the adaptation "faithful". He commented that one could not "dissect the film like an annotation to the novel" because a film has "different requirements and dynamics". He acknowledged the inevitable omissions, but stated that Jackson "did indeed manage to capture the essence of the books".
Steven D. Greydanus, film critic for the National Catholic Register, called Jackson's trilogy "an extraordinary cinematic tribute to a great work of Catholic imagination". He noted that Tolkien described his book as "a fundamentally religious and Catholic work", with clear allusions to "the hand of Providence", though religion almost never appears on the surface. Greydanus noted that Jackson and his team were aware of Tolkien's faith, while not sharing it, and intended to honour the themes of his book. He gave as one of many examples of this willingness the death and return of Gandalf, fighting the Balrog, "as hellish as Jackson's conceptual artists and the Weta effects people could make it", falling into the abyss with his arms extended as if on a cross, and returning "shining like a painting of the risen Christ" as he appears to Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli, "who like [Jesus's] disciples are at first unable to recognize him". The scholar Mark Stucky considered that Jackson had possibly managed to portray the returned Gandalf as Tolkien would have wanted, noting that Tolkien felt he had not got the return right. Frodo, too, Greydanus wrote, symbolically dies in the giant spider Shelob's lair and is reborn, and walks his Via Dolorosa on the way to Mount Doom to destroy the Ring; while Aragorn walks the Paths of the Dead. He concluded that while the film trilogy does not equal the book's religious vision, it succeeds in honouring that vision in a way that works for Christians, while giving "non-Christian postmoderns" a "rare encounter with an unironic vision of good and evil, a moral vision of evil as derivative of good and of the ever-present human susceptibility to temptation". Timmons agreed, writing that Tolkien's core story, that the Ring insidiously tempted everyone to evil, was effectively told, through the Ring's "subtle and seductive voice".
Going beyond Tolkien, and getting others to do so
Finally, some scholars have analysed how Jackson has gone beyond Tolkien, creating his own take on Middle-earth, and in the process creating a community of fans united by shared interest and knowledge, and open to discussing and creating a body of new work – a fan film culture, or a modern folklore – informed by, but different from, both Tolkien's and Jackson's.
Creating a fan film culture
The scholar Maria Alberto wrote that Jackson had created a "fan film culture" in a large community that shared interest in and knowledge of Middle-earth. The film scholar Lothar Mikos and colleagues noted that Jackson's film trilogy had created a phenomenon in the shape of a fan culture which encompassed a passion for books, video games and every possible kind of merchandise. Selling wrote that the films had certainly led many fans to read Tolkien's book, as documented on TheOneRing.net. Alberto stated that scholars such as Fimi and Croft had written about how Tolkien fans could be unforgiving of any deviation from the text, but that Jackson had carefully balanced fan reaction and the need for commercial success of his film trilogy.
The success with fans could be seen, Alberto remarked, in the fan films Born of Hope, directed by Kate Madison in 2009, and The Hunt for Gollum directed by Chris Bouchard that same year. Born of Hope, for instance, drew on "a couple of paragraphs" by Tolkien in an appendix on the Tale of Aragorn and Arwen, added its own original characters, ties its story in to other elements of Middle-earth, and references Jackson's film treatment with its choice of rugged filming locations, Viggo Mortensen's portrayal of Aragorn by casting the similar-looking Christopher Dane as Aragorn's father Arathorn, and by making the Orcs monstrous and ragged in visibly Jacksonian style. It further alludes to Jackson's trilogy, Alberto writes, with techniques such as "accelerated exposition" and an unseen narrator of "ancient story" speaking over "sweeping location shots, battle scenes, and details from a character's life". Reid comments that The Hunt for Gollum fills a gap in the story left by Jackson's decision to omit the hunt; the fan film, she writes, knowledgeably follows Tolkien's story, having Aragorn capture Gollum and hand him over to the Elves, before going further with its own narrative.
The scholar Philip Kaveny wrote that Jackson and Tolkien "found different solutions to similar issues of audience and narrative ... in different media". The film scholar Kristin Thompson stated that Tolkien, his scholars, and his fans "no doubt ... would have been impressed by some elements of [the film trilogy] and annoyed by others"; Alberto called it remarkable that Thompson consciously treats both scholars and fans as audiences worthy of consideration.
Creating a modern folklore tradition
The scholar of literature Dimitra Fimi wrote that Jackson had succeeded in transforming Tolkien's book for the screen, in the process creating a modern folklore tradition. She noted that Tolkien made use of medieval myth, legend, and fairytale. In turn, his Middle-earth has, she states, influenced both fantasy authors and the role-playing game industry, redefining or creating widely-used races such as Elves, Dwarves, Wizards, and Halflings. Jackson was thus taking on what Weta Workshop's creative supervisor, Richard Taylor, called "an opportunity to bring a piece of modern English folklore to the screen". Fimi notes especially the monstrous Balrog, the graceful Elves, and the Dead Men who follow Aragorn. Tolkien leaves unclear whether the Balrog had wings; it appears as a being of monstrous size, wreathed in flame and shadow. Jackson consulted with fans and decided to give it satanic bat-wings; this has become its definitive form in fantasy artwork and games. Tolkien's Elves are rooted firmly, Fimi writes, in Anglo-Saxon, Middle English, and Norse tradition, but influenced also by Celtic fairies in the Tuatha Dé Danann. Jackson's Elves are "Celtic" in the romanticised sense of the Celtic Revival.
Fimi compares Jackson's representation of Gildor's party of Elves riding through the Shire "moving slowly and gracefully towards the West, accompanied by ethereal music" with John Duncan's 1911 painting The Riders of the Sidhe. She notes that Jackson's conceptual designer, the illustrator Alan Lee, had made use of the painting in the 1978 book Faeries. Tolkien does not attempt to describe the Dead, noting only the reactions of dread they inspire in Aragorn's men and the Dwarf Gimli in the dark and chilling "Paths of the Dead". Jackson's Dead are instead "visible in a misty greenish light, partly skeletons, partly ghosts and partly rotten-fleshed zombies", following cinematic tradition. Fimi commented that the more embodied form for the Dead Men probably prevailed because they had to fight a battle (for the Corsair's ships); she noted that Jackson's first successes as a director were horror films.
The scholar of fantasy literature Amy Sturgis noted that the Tolkien fan fiction community rests on the shoulders of both Tolkien and Jackson; their writings explore the intersection of Tolkien's text and Jackson's visualisations, and the gaps between them, or use Jackson's departures from the book to create alternate universes. She wrote that the "new cyberculture" that has grown around such writing is big, with (by 2005) over 29,000 Lord of the Rings stories on Fanfiction.net and many specialised archives such as Henneth Annûn, which had (by 2005) over 1,000 Tolkien-based stories; that it is diverse, with conventions, printed fanzines, fiction awards, discussion boards, blogs, journals, and role-playing games; and unusual, in not being constrained to one central text. She concluded from this that Jackson's trilogy had stimulated "a remarkable degree of fan creativity, production, and dialogue".
Notes
References
Sources
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
Films directed by Peter Jackson
Literary criticism |
Guards Sergeant Mariya Sergeyevna Borovichenko (October 21, 1925 – July 14, 1943) was a Soviet medical officer of the Soviet 32nd Guards Artillery Regiment, awarded the Medal for Combat Service, Medal For Courage, Order of the Red Star and the Order of the Red Banner. She was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union in May 1965 for saving a lieutenant.
Biography
She was an orphan raised by her uncle near Mysholovka (translated as "Mousetrap") and she enrolled as a nurse when World War II started. While escaping from Kiev after the Germans attacked it, she collected valuable information and gave it to the 5th Airborne Brigade of the 3rd Airborne Corps, commanded by Alexander Rodimtsev, which allowed the Soviets to defeat some of the German troops; this earned her a position in the service. On August 13 1941, she was wounded in a battle south of Kiev and, despite being wounded, she continued and saved her commander from German captivity. Later, she captured a high-ranking German officer and, with this deed, started attracting the attention of Rodimtsev, who closely followed her achievements. However, Borovichenko herself was captured near the village of Kazaktskoye but she soon escaped and notified her team. On September 5 1941, after the Germans were surrounding Kiev, Rodimtsev moved his troops to the Seym River near Konotop, but the Germans followed and attempted to coax them across a damaged railroad bridge. However, Borovichenko saw this coming and convinced her comrades to help set up a Maxim gun and, as a spotter and loader, she cleared the way for the troops; Rodimtsev personally congratulated her. On September 17, she single-handedly captured ten German soldiers while scouting. She was prominently featured in newspapers as she carried on at the battlefront. At the Battle of Stalingrad, her fiancé was hit by a bullet.
Known to combatants as Mashenka from Myshelovka, Borovichenko was a companion of another medical attendant, Mikhail Kravchuk. Having noticed an enemy tank, Borovichenko threw a grenade and covered platoon lieutenant P. Korniyenko with her body. At this moment a shell exploded at her feet and she was killed by a shell splinter. Rodimtsev called her one of his favorite soldiers and she was buried near Mikhalskoyve. On May 6 1965, she was honored as a Hero of the Soviet Union.
School N122, a school she attended in Kiev was named after her and a film was shot in 1965 (Нет неизвестных солдат) which was precisely produced and included newsreels. A street in Ivnya, Belgorod was also named for her.
See also
List of female Heroes of the Soviet Union
Notes
1925 births
1943 deaths
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Military personnel from Kyiv
Soviet military personnel killed in World War II
Ukrainian women in World War II
Ukrainian nurses
Women in the Russian and Soviet military
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
Recipients of the Medal "For Courage" (Russia)
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner |
Achandunie () is a village north of Alness in Ross-shire in the Scottish council area of the Highland. The village lies on the B9176 road to the north of Alness.
References
Populated places in Ross and Cromarty |
Selcall (selective calling) is a type of squelch protocol used in radio communications systems, in which transmissions include a brief burst of sequential audio tones. Receivers that are set to respond to the transmitted tone sequence will open their squelch, while others will remain muted.
Selcall is a radio signalling protocol mainly in use in Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, and continues to be incorporated in radio equipment marketed in those areas.
Details
The transmission of a selcall code involves the generation and sequencing of a series of predefined, audible tones. Both the tone frequencies, and sometimes the tone periods, must be known in advance by both the transmitter and the receiver. Each predefined tone represents a single digit. A series of tones therefore represents a series of digits that represents a number. The number encoded in a selcall burst is used to address one or more receivers. If the receiver is programmed to recognise a certain number, then it will un-mute its speaker so that the transmission can be heard; an unrecognised number is ignored and therefore the receiver remains muted.
Tone Sets
A selcall tone set contains 16 tones that represent 16 digits. The digits correspond to the 16 hexadecimal digits, i.e. 0-9 and A-F. Digits A-F are typically reserved for control purposes. For example, digit "E" is typically used as the repeat digit.
There are eight, well known, selcall tone sets.
Tone Periods
The physical characteristics of the transmitted sequence of tones is tightly controlled. Each tone is generated for a predefined period, in the order of tens of milliseconds. Each subsequent tone is transmitted immediately after the preceding one for the same period, until the sequence is complete.
Typical tone periods include; 20ms, 30ms (sometimes 33ms), 40ms, 50ms, 60ms, 70ms, 80ms, 90ms and 100ms.
The longer the tone period, the more reliable the decoding of the tone sequence. Naturally, the longer the tone period, the greater the duration of the selcall tone burst; longer bursts may be enough to force the user pause before speaking, especially if using the leading-edge ANI scheme.
A typical tone period selection is 40ms, so for a 5-tone sequence this represents a total selcall duration of 5 x 40ms = 200ms. However this is vendor specific and for example commercial radios from Ericsson uses a tone period selection of 100ms where the first tone is 700ms. The 700ms is used on the first tone and allows radios to run a tone scan on several channels without missing a call.
Repeat Tone
Each tone in a selcall sequence must be unique. Typically, the receiving device cannot discriminate between two consecutive tones, where the frequency of those two tones is the same; that is, two consecutive tones with the same frequency will be decoded as a single digit. Therefore, where there are two consecutive digits to be transmitted that are the same, the second digit will be replaced by the repeat digit. The repeat digit is nearly always assigned as "E". On reception, if the receiving device decodes a sequence that contains a repeat digit, then it will substitute it with the preceding digit, thereby reconstituting the original sequence.
For example; the sequence "12334" is actually transmitted as "123E4".
If a transmission would have multiple repeats, like "12333", it would be transmitted as "123E3" in order to not have the same problem again.
Implementations
Automatic Number Identification
Automatic Number Identification or ANI, is a scheme that uses selcall for identification purposes. Typically a mobile radio will be configured to transmit a preconfigured selcall sequence when the user presses the ‘push-to-talk’ (PTT) button, which will automatically identify them to other devices listening on the same frequency on the radio network.
There are two ANI schemes; leading-edge and trailing-edge. Leading-edge ANI will transmit the selcall sequence as soon as the user presses the PTT button. Trailing-edge ANI will transmit the selcall sequence as soon as the user releases the PTT button.
Some selcall implementations use the last digit in the selcall sequence to signify some sort of status or condition, for example emergency or duress. Both transmitting and receiving devices are configured such that they attribute the same significance to each of the status codes. Often a device that decodes a certain status can display a predefined message to alert the user.
Together, ANI and status provide a convenient way to rapidly relay information via the radio network, without the user having to speak. For example, an ambulance paramedic in the field, having encountered some emergency, can simply press and release the PTT button on their radio to signal their predicament to the base. The ANI will identify the caller, the status code will indicate the scenario and the base can dispatch assistance as required.
Status Gap
A variation on selcall transmission that includes a status code is for the transmitting device to insert one or two tone periods of silence between the preceding tones and the status tone; the so-called status gap. Another variation is to prolong the status tone by another tone period; the so-called two tone-period status tone.
Proprietary Implementations
Motorola's name is Select 5 in sales brochures for obsolete equipment marketed in Europe such as Syntor mobiles, Syntor X mobiles, Mitrek mobiles, Mostar mobiles, and Maxar mobiles.
As push-to-talk identifier
A similar proprietary Motorola format used a seven-tone sequence and was called MODAT. Radios with this option were marketed in the US during the 1970s and 1980s. MODAT encoders in Motorola radios can be configured to send five-tone sequences with code plans compatible to CCIR, ZVEI, or the proprietary Motorola seven-tone-sequential format. These systems send tone sequences to identify a unit (unit ID) rather than for selective calling. Some systems used CTCSS and MODAT. In a unit ID application, every radio has a different five- or seven-tone code. Each time the push-to-talk is pressed, the tone sequence is transmitted. This code is displayed at the dispatch console to identify which unit has called. In some cases the code is translated to a vehicle number or other identifier.
External links
Radio technology |
There have been various proposals to establish a rail line that links Canada and Alaska.
History
1890–1919
The Edmonton and District Railway Company received a charter in 1898 to build westward from Edmonton, District of Alberta, North-West Territories, to Pelly River, Yukon. Changing the company name to the Edmonton, Yukon and Pacific Railway Company (EY&PR) in 1899, their charter eventually lapsed. That year, the White Pass and Yukon line opened between Skagway, Alaska, and Bennett, British Columbia (near the border). A year later, the line was extended to Whitehorse, Yukon. The British Columbia & Alaska Railway Company received a charter in 1910, but even its shrunken plans never eventuated.
Sir Richard McBride, the BC Premier (1903–15), encouraged nonviable railway development within the province, both emptying the provincial treasury, and ultimately undermining all railway projects and burdening stakeholders. In liaison with the Alaska authorities and the respective federal governments, he envisaged the Pacific Great Eastern Railway (PGE) (whose reaching Prince George was far from imminent), being further extended to the Alaskan border at a cost of $40–60 million. He however recognized the proposal's potential military value for the United States. President Wilson's signing of the Alaska Railroad Bill of 1914 expanded the Alaska rail network within that territory, which in turn increased optimism regarding the possibility of a line from Alaska through Dawson City to the Peace River Country.
1920–1939
A 1922 proposal by American capitalists to acquire the PGE as part of a Seattle-Alaska line lacked credibility. Between 1925 and 1946, the BC government had a standing offer of 16 million acres of land to anyone willing to buy its PGE railway.
The Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia Railway reached westward from Alberta to Dawson Creek, BC in 1930. Earlier, rumours had circulated regarding an extension from this railhead through the Yukon to the Alaskan territory.
Interest waning, the 1930s were more focused upon a highway to Alaska.
1940–1949
During World War II, the head of the United States Western Defence Command and Fourth Army announced there was no pressing need for a railway to Alaska.
The United States Army Corps of Engineers surveyed a rail route during 1942–1943. When Japan ceased to be a threat, the idea was temporarily abandoned, until tensions arose with the Soviet Union. If the sea-routes to Alaska were threatened, it was considered the Alaska Highway had the capacity to supply only one division of troops stationed in the north. In 1948, a resolution was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Relations committee to approve negotiations between Canada and the United States for the construction of a rail line.
The Port of Seattle and its feeder railroads were opposed to the project because it would reduce its sea-freight traffic with Alaska. Nevertheless, Senator Warren Magnuson, from Washington state, was a strong proponent of the scheme. He envisaged a link connecting the Fairbanks-Seward line with the Alaska-Yukon boundary. The PGE would build and operate the line northwest to this point, the project being financed by the American Congress in the form of prepaid trackage rights.
The US Senate approved negotiations with Canada, but the House of Representatives resolution failed. The Senate Foreign Relations committee requested the president's co-operation with the Canadian government on surveys and studies. In due course, President Truman signed the railroad bill, which authorised him to negotiate an agreement with Canada for the $112-million Prince George-Fairbanks link. Opinion remained divided over the military merits of the scheme.
1950–1969
Consultants and contractors seeking a business interest in the venture realized that unless the project was well advanced by the end of the Korean War (1950–53), the proposal would likely evaporate. Consequently, they emphasized its urgency, in light of the immediate Soviet threat.
The provincial government and the respective central BC communities were very supportive and looked forward to Prince George, with its promised new rail connections, becoming the nodal point.
The PGE provided Prince George with a direct southerly connection in 1952, and extended north to Fort St. John and Dawson Creek by 1958. The two transcontinental railways in Canada had refused to build the latter link without a legal guarantee of sufficient freight revenue to make the line profitable. This was equally true for the Alaska proposal.
Entrepreneur, Axel Wenner-Gren, promised partial financial backing for the venture, titled the Pacific Northern Railway (PNR). A report prepared by the Battelle Memorial Institute estimated that the line would require an annual subsidy of $34 million by 1980. Construction costs would be $114 million. The Alaska International Rail and Highway Commission pressed for the U.S. Congress to endorse the concept, while relying upon Axel Wenner-Gren for the financing, but no significant progress occurred prior to his death.
1970–1999
In 1972, the PGE was renamed the British Columbia Railway (BCR). The following year, the first of the Dease Lake branch line opened at a capital cost of $75 million, followed by an operating loss of $25 million on the route over a six-year period. Since even optimistic traffic increases would not attain break-even point, the line was abandoned for seven years. An agreement with logging company users recouped the further $25 million spent to replace rotted ties and washed out ballast needed for the rehabilitation. Mixed trains ran twice weekly.
Calls were made to extend the branch more than north through the Yukon and into Alaska to join the federally-owned Alaska state railroad. An Alaska state study outlined numerous economic benefits from developing mineral resources and suggested it could become a trunk line to Alaska ports. Although preliminary studies showed the project financially feasible and environmentally sound, the BC government displayed no appetite for further financial commitments. It regarded financing as primarily the responsibility of the U.S. federal and Alaskan governments, with some contribution by the Canadian government. The prohibitive $2-billion cost put an indefinite damper on building the link.
2000–present
A 2006 study indicated a capital cost at $10.5 billion and suggested it be a joint public-private project.
A 2015 study by the Van Horne Institute, which was commissioned by AECOM, examined a line between Fort McMurray, Alberta, and the Port of Valdez, Alaska, for carrying bitumen, petroleum and other products. Covering , the estimated capital cost was $28–34 billion depending upon the volume of product shipped.
In June 2019, the Alaska Railroad Corp. board of directors gave agreement to link Alaska and Canada by rail. Construction was estimated to cost US$13 billion and was still pending permitting, land acquisition, and other planning. Per the agreement, the Alaska-Alberta Railway Development Corp. (a.k.a. "A2A Rail") received an “exclusive right” to operate an Alaska-Canada railroad between Alaska and Fort McMurray, Alberta. Business reasons for developing this railroad were cited as access to Alberta oil sands as well as providing an alternative to overloaded mainland U.S. ports for inbound intermodal shipping from Asia.
Footnotes
References
http://pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca/fedora/repository
Proposed railway lines in Canada
Proposed railway lines in Alaska |
Ernesto Gómez may refer to:
Ernesto Gómez Cruz (born 1933), Mexican actor
Ernesto Javier Gómez Barrales (born 1978), Mexican politician
Ernesto Gómez (footballer, born 1982), Spanish footballer
Ernesto Gómez (footballer, born 1985), Spanish footballer
Ernesto Gómez (footballer, born 1994), Spanish footballer
See also:
Ricardo Ernesto Gómez (born 1981), Argentine footballer |
Vlad Slavnic (born 10 September 1958) is a retired Australian discus thrower.
He finished seventh at the 1986 Commonwealth Games. Slavnic also became Australian champion in 1982. His personal best throw was 64.10 metres, achieved in January 1988 in Melbourne.
References
1958 births
Living people
Australian male discus throwers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Australia
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Winthrow-Melhase Block, also known as Stevens Hotel, was built in 1906 in Klamath Falls, Oregon. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The building was severely damaged by the 1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes, and was subsequently demolished.
References
Italianate architecture in Oregon
Hotel buildings completed in 1906
National Register of Historic Places in Klamath County, Oregon
Hotels in Oregon
Buildings and structures in Klamath County, Oregon
1906 establishments in Oregon |
A bronze sculpture of American pioneer, newspaper editor and historian Harvey W. Scott (1838–1910) by Gutzon Borglum, sometimes called Harvey Scott or Harvey W. Scott, was installed on Mount Tabor in Portland, Oregon, United States, until being toppled in October 2020.
Modeled in 1930 and sculpted in 1933, the statue is among Borglum's final works and was donated by Scott's family. The memorial's dedication ceremony was attended by 3,000 people, including Governor Julius Meier, Portland mayor Joseph K. Carson, and Chester Harvey Rowell, as well as members of Scott's family, who created a maintenance fund during the 1940s. The statue has been administered by the City of Portland's Bureau of Parks and Recreation, and later the City of Portland and Multnomah County Public Art Collection courtesy of the Regional Arts & Culture Council. The sculpture has been vandalized multiple times and has been featured in many Portland guides as a feature of Mount Tabor.
Description
Gutzon Borglum's two-ton bronze statue depicts a "scowling" Harvey W. Scott (1838–1910), an American pioneer and long-time editor of The Oregonian newspaper, wearing a knee-length coat and pointing his extended right arm westward toward Downtown Portland and the future. The memorial was installed in Mount Tabor Park, a city park on Mount Tabor, a dormant volcano in southeast Portland's eponymous neighborhood.
The statue of Scott was displayed on the summit's southern side and faces southeast, toward Mount Scott; the "towering" statue sat on a basalt terrace with two concrete benches and steps. It measures approximately , and has a granite base measuring approximately . An inscription of the plinth's side edge reads; and its back edge bears the inscription; . The front of the base reads: .
History
The statue of Scott is among Borglum's final works; it was modeled in Borglum's studio in 1930 while he was also working on Mount Rushmore, South Dakota, and sculpted in 1933. It was gifted by Scott's wife Margaret, who left a $20,000 bequest upon her death in 1925, and other family members.
In 1928, a resolution accepting a statue was presented to city council, and Leslie M. Scott confirmed six installation sites were being considered, including Mount Scott Park, the North and South Park Blocks, Terwilliger Boulevard, and Washington Park. On August 31, The Oregonian said Borglum planned to complete and install the work "within a year"; once finished, the design or a model would be inspected by the council, who would help determine an appropriate site. Leslie Scott and Ambrose B. Scott served as executors of the estate, and were tasked with presenting the statue to Portland.
Construction and site selection
The Scott family selected Borglum to complete the memorial, and the monument's site was chosen by the sculptor and the city's arts commission. Borglum selected the location in 1928 during a visit to Portland with his son Lincoln as guests of Leslie Scott and Colonel A. E. Clark; Borglum believed the city had many suitable sites for the monument and selected Mount Tabor as "... the most poetic, the most beautiful of all". During his visit, he told The Oregonian:
The newly-formed arts commission approved the dormant volcano's south slope as the installation site in May 1930. In October, Leslie Scott confirmed the statue would be larger than the original design and The Oregonian reported May 1931 as the planned unveiling date. By then, Borglum had spent three months creating the clay model from which casts in plaster were made, following a series of clay models. The molds were shipped to Chicago to be filled with bronze. Borglum was assisted by Ivan Houser, and the sculpture was cast by New York's Kunst Foundry. The Oregonian also described plans for the monument's pedestal and base:
When the statue arrived in Portland on April 10, 1931, work on the construction of a temporary wooden base had already started. Several days later, the sculpture was displayed on the wooden structure at Mount Tabor's summit to allow arts commission members to finalize the design for the permanent granite base. The statue's exact placement and orientation were determined in February 1932 by the arts commission, members of Oregon's American Institute of Architects chapter, and Leslie Scott, who spent hours testing options. Two temporary bases were used while final placement decisions were made.
Dedication and subsequent maintenance
The monument arrived in July 1933 and was dedicated at an "impressive" ceremony that was attended by 3,000 people, including "numerous out-of-town notables". Speakers included Governor Julius Meier, San Francisco Chronicle editor Chester Harvey Rowell, and Joseph Schafer, the superintendent of the Wisconsin Historical Society, who described Scott's impact on the Pacific Northwest. Leslie Scott formally presented the statue, which was unveiled by Scott's granddaughter Elizabeth and received by mayor Joseph K. Carson. Clark served as the program's general chairman and an invocation was delivered by J. Whitcomb Brougher, pastor of Boston's Tremont Temple Baptist church. Also in attendance were members of Scott's family, who in the 1940s created the Scott Statue Memorial Fund with $5,000 to be used for future maintenance.
In 1953, the statue was placed into temporary storage while the original pedestal, which had developed a crack, was replaced with a new bronze one. The work was surveyed and deemed "well maintained" by the Smithsonian Institution's "Save Outdoor Sculpture!" program in 1993, when the statue was administered by the City of Portland's Bureau of Parks and Recreation. The sculpture was later administered by the City of Portland and Multnomah County Public Art Collection courtesy of the Regional Arts & Culture Council (RACC). In 2010, RACC oversaw an $8,000 restoration of the monument that was partly funded by the Oregon Cultural Trust.
Vandalism and replacement
The statue was vandalized in May 2019 and graffiti removal was required. In November the same year, the artwork was again vandalized by an unknown perpetrator, who wrote "No Thanks Land" and "Chinook Land" in red paint.
The statue was toppled in October 2020, following a series of statue removals in Portland during the George Floyd protests. Earlier in the year, demonstrators toppled statues of Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, and the statue of Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Rider were toppled during the Indigenous Peoples Day of Rage (October 11).
In February 2021, a bust of York by an unknown artist appeared on the pedestal. He was depicted as bald and a plaque read, "The first African American to cross North America and reach the Pacific Coast". Parks commissioner Carmen Rubio said, "We should regard this installation for both the important piece that it is, as well as a much-needed reminder to city leaders to hasten our work of rooting out white supremacy in our institutions—particularly our city government, where many processes exclude community participation and discourage engagement." As of February 20, the city planned to keep the bust on display, according to Rubio, to "ensure our city policies regarding monuments, recognitions, and parks-affiliated names reflect our commitment to a fuller, more racially inclusive history of contributions to Portland". Adena Long, director of Portland Parks & Recreation, said the bureau was surprised by the installation. The bust was toppled in July 2021.
Reception
In 1931, The Oregonian said Scott is depicted with a "powerful pose, symbolizing the idea of the man of vision", and Leslie Scott was quoted as saying, "Borglum has done a fine piece of modeling, and I think our people here will value it both as a work of art and as a good standing portrait". The newspaper's Janet Moore described the statue as "heroic" in 1951 and wrote, "Portland is fortunate to possess this excellent specimen of Borglum's work".
In 1965, John Painter Jr. of The Oregonian called the statue "dramatic" and said most Portland residents were unfamiliar with the "dilemma" over the artwork's installation site. In his "fascinating history of 25 Portland public-art gems" (2017), the newspaper's Douglas Perry said the sculpture "is further proof that Borglum liked to think big", with Scott "[having] the stance and look of a radical politician".
The statue has been included in published walking, hiking, biking, and other exploratory guides of Portland, as well as road trips of the Pacific Northwest, as a feature of Mount Tabor.
See also
1933 in art
List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests
List of public art in Portland, Oregon
References
External links
Harvey W. Scott at the Public Art Archive
1933 establishments in Oregon
1933 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in Oregon
Monuments and memorials in Portland, Oregon
Monuments and memorials in the United States removed during the George Floyd protests
Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon
Outdoor sculptures in Portland, Oregon
Sculptures by Gutzon Borglum
Sculptures of men in Oregon
Statues in Portland, Oregon
Scott, Harvey
Vandalized works of art in Oregon
Statues removed in 2020 |
Santiago González and Vasek Pospisil were the defending champions; however, González decided not to participate.
Pospisil played alongside Nicholas Monroe, but they lost to Andre Begemann and Chris Eaton in the semifinals.
First seeds Rajeev Ram and Bobby Reynolds defeated second seeds Begemann and Eaton 6–3, 6–2, to claim this year's title.
Seeds
Rajeev Ram / Bobby Reynolds (champions)
Andre Begemann / Chris Eaton (final)
Nicholas Monroe / Vasek Pospisil (semifinals)
Marcel Felder / Paolo Lorenzi (quarterfinals)
Draw
Draw
References
Main Draw
Torneo Internacional AGT - Doubles
2011 Doubles |
```java
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
package org.apache.pulsar.common.stats;
import java.lang.management.GarbageCollectorMXBean;
import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import lombok.SneakyThrows;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
@SuppressWarnings({"checkstyle:JavadocType"})
public class JvmDefaultGCMetricsLogger implements JvmGCMetricsLogger {
private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JvmDefaultGCMetricsLogger.class);
private volatile long accumulatedFullGcCount = 0;
private volatile long currentFullGcCount = 0;
private volatile long accumulatedFullGcTime = 0;
private volatile long currentFullGcTime = 0;
private static Object /*sun.management.HotspotRuntimeMBean*/ runtime;
private static Method getTotalSafepointTimeHandle;
private static Method getSafepointCountHandle;
private Map<String, GCMetrics> gcMetricsMap = new HashMap<>();
static {
try {
runtime = Class.forName("sun.management.ManagementFactoryHelper")
.getMethod("getHotspotRuntimeMBean")
.invoke(null);
getTotalSafepointTimeHandle = runtime.getClass().getMethod("getTotalSafepointTime");
getTotalSafepointTimeHandle.setAccessible(true);
getSafepointCountHandle = runtime.getClass().getMethod("getSafepointCount");
getSafepointCountHandle.setAccessible(true);
// try to use the methods
getTotalSafepointTimeHandle.invoke(runtime);
getSafepointCountHandle.invoke(runtime);
} catch (Throwable e) {
log.warn("Failed to get Runtime bean", e);
}
}
@SneakyThrows
static long getTotalSafepointTime() {
if (getTotalSafepointTimeHandle == null) {
return -1;
}
return (long) getTotalSafepointTimeHandle.invoke(runtime);
}
@SneakyThrows
static long getSafepointCount() {
if (getTotalSafepointTimeHandle == null) {
return -1;
}
return (long) getSafepointCountHandle.invoke(runtime);
}
/**
* Metrics for the Garbage Collector.
*/
static class GCMetrics {
volatile long accumulatedGcCount = 0;
volatile long currentGcCount = 0;
volatile long accumulatedGcTime = 0;
volatile long currentGcTime = 0;
}
@Override
public void logMetrics(Metrics metrics) {
metrics.put("jvm_full_gc_pause", currentFullGcTime);
metrics.put("jvm_full_gc_count", currentFullGcCount);
gcMetricsMap.forEach((name, metric) -> {
metrics.put("jvm_" + name + "_gc_pause", metric.currentGcTime);
metrics.put("jvm_" + name + "_gc_count", metric.currentGcCount);
});
}
@SuppressWarnings("restriction")
@Override
public void refresh() {
List<GarbageCollectorMXBean> gcBeans = ManagementFactory.getGarbageCollectorMXBeans();
try {
if (gcBeans != null) {
for (GarbageCollectorMXBean gc : gcBeans) {
GCMetrics gcMetric = gcMetricsMap.computeIfAbsent(gc.getName(), gcName -> new GCMetrics());
long newGcTime = gc.getCollectionTime();
long newGcCount = gc.getCollectionCount();
gcMetric.currentGcCount = newGcCount - gcMetric.accumulatedGcCount;
gcMetric.currentGcTime = newGcTime - gcMetric.accumulatedGcTime;
gcMetric.accumulatedGcCount = newGcCount;
gcMetric.accumulatedGcTime = newGcTime;
}
}
/**
* Returns the accumulated time spent at safepoints in milliseconds. This is the accumulated elapsed time
* that the application has been stopped for safepoint operations.
* path_to_url
*/
long newSafePointTime = getTotalSafepointTime();
long newSafePointCount = getSafepointCount();
currentFullGcTime = newSafePointTime - accumulatedFullGcTime;
currentFullGcCount = newSafePointCount - accumulatedFullGcCount;
accumulatedFullGcTime = newSafePointTime;
accumulatedFullGcCount = newSafePointCount;
} catch (Exception e) {
log.error("Failed to collect GC stats: {}", e.getMessage());
}
}
}
``` |
```smalltalk
using System;
namespace Volo.Abp.Domain.Entities.Events;
/// <summary>
/// This type of event can be used to notify just after creation of an Entity.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="TEntity">Entity type</typeparam>
[Serializable]
public class EntityCreatedEventData<TEntity> : EntityChangedEventData<TEntity>
{
/// <summary>
/// Constructor.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="entity">The entity which is created</param>
public EntityCreatedEventData(TEntity entity)
: base(entity)
{
}
}
``` |
The Spanish Navy or officially, the Armada, is the maritime branch of the Spanish Armed Forces and one of the oldest active naval forces in the world. The Spanish Navy was responsible for a number of major historic achievements in navigation, the most famous being the discovery of America and the first global circumnavigation by Elcano. For several centuries, it played a crucial logistical role in the expansion and consolidation of the Spanish Empire, and defended a vast trade network across the Atlantic Ocean between the Americas and Europe, and the Manila Galleon across the Pacific Ocean between the Philippines and the Americas.
The Spanish Navy was the most powerful maritime force in the world from the late 15th century to the early 18th century. In the early 19th century, with the loss of most of its empire, Spain transitioned to a smaller fleet but maintained a major shipbuilding industry which produced important technical innovations. The Spanish Navy built and operated the first military submarines, made important contributions in the development of destroyer warships, and again achieved a first global circumnavigation, this time by an ironclad vessel.
The main bases of the Spanish Navy are at Rota, Ferrol, San Fernando and Cartagena.
History
Origins: the Middle Ages
The roots of the modern Spanish navy date back to before the unification of Spain. By the late Middle Ages, the two principal kingdoms that would later combine to form Spain, Aragon and Castile, had developed powerful fleets. Aragon possessed the third largest navy in the late medieval Mediterranean, although its capabilities were exceeded by those of Venice and (until overtaken in the 15th century by those of Aragon) Genoa. In the 14th and 15th centuries, these naval capabilities enabled Aragon to assemble the largest collection of territories of any European power in the Mediterranean, encompassing the Balearics, Sardinia, Sicily, southern Italy and, briefly, the Duchy of Athens.
Castile meanwhile used its naval capacities to conduct its Reconquista operations against the Moors, capturing Cádiz in 1232 and also to help the French Crown against England in the Hundred Years' War. In 1375, a Castilian fleet destroyed a large English fleet at Bourgneuf, and Castilian ships raided the English coast. As Castile developed long-lasting trade relationships with towns in the Low Countries of the Netherlands and Flanders, the English Channel virtually became the "Spanish Channel." In 1402, a Castilian expedition led by Juan de Bethencourt conquered the Canary Islands for Henry III of Castile. In 1419, the Castilians defeated the German Hanseatic League at sea and excluded them from the Bay of Biscay.
In the 15th century, Castile entered into a race of exploration with Portugal, the country that inaugurated the European Age of Discovery. In 1492, two caravels and a carrack, commanded by Christopher Columbus, arrived in America, on an expedition that sought a westward oceanic passage across the Atlantic, to the Far East. This began the era of trans-oceanic trade routes, pioneered by the Spanish in the seas to the west of Europe and the Portuguese to the east.
The Habsburg era
Following the discovery of America and the settlement of certain Caribbean islands, such as Cuba, Spanish conquistadors Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro were carried by the Spanish navy to the mainland, where they conquered Mexico and Peru respectively. The navy also carried explorers to the North American mainland, including Juan Ponce de León and Álvarez de Pineda, who discovered Florida (1519) and Texas (1521) respectively. In 1519, Spain sent out the first expedition of world circumnavigation in history, which was put in the charge of the Portuguese Commander Ferdinand Magellan. Following the death of Magellan in the Philippines, the expedition was completed under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano in 1522. In 1565, a follow-on expedition by Miguel López de Legazpi was carried by the navy from New Spain (Mexico) to the Philippines via Guam to establish the Spanish East Indies, a base for trade with the Orient. For two and a half centuries, the Manila galleons operated across the Pacific linking Manila and Acapulco. Until the early 17th century, the Pacific Ocean was dominated by the Spanish Navy. Aside from the Marianas and Caroline Islands, several naval expeditions also discovered the Tuvalu archipelago, the Marquesas, the Solomon Islands and New Guinea in the South Pacific. In the quest for Terra Australis, Spanish explorers in the 17th century also discovered the Pitcairn and Vanuatu archipelagos. Most significantly, from 1565 Spanish fleets explored and colonised the Philippine archipelago, the Spanish East Indies.
After the unification of its kingdoms under the House of Habsburg, Spain maintained two largely separate fleets, one consisting chiefly of galleys for use in the Mediterranean and the other of sailing ships for the Atlantic, successors to the Aragonese and Castilian navies respectively. This arrangement continued until superseded by the decline of galley warfare during the 17th century. The completion of the Reconquista with the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada in 1492 had been followed by naval expansion in the Mediterranean, where Spain seized control of almost every significant port along the coast of North Africa west of Cyrenaica, notably Melilla (captured 1497), Mers El Kébir (1505), Oran (1509), Algiers (1510) and Tripoli (1510), which marked the furthest point of this advance. However, the hinterlands of these ports remained under the control of their Muslim and Berber inhabitants, and the expanding naval power of the Ottoman Empire brought about a major Islamic counter-offensive, which embroiled Spain in decades of intense warfare for control of the Mediterranean. (Algiers and Tripoli would be lost to the Ottomans later in the 16th century causing piracy problems)
From the 1570s, the lengthy Dutch Revolt increasingly challenged Spanish sea power, producing powerful rebel naval forces that attacked Spanish shipping and in time made Spain's sea communications with its possessions in the Low Countries difficult. Most notable of these attacks was the Battle of Gibraltar in 1607, in which a Dutch squadron destroyed a fleet of galleons at anchor in the confines of the bay. This naval war took on a global dimension with actions in the Caribbean and the Far East, notably around the Philippines. Spain's response to its problems included the encouragement of privateers based in the Spanish Netherlands and known from their main base as Dunkirkers, who preyed on Dutch merchant ships and fishing trawlers.
At the Battle of Lepanto (1571), the Holy League, formed by Spain, Venice, the Papal States and other Christian allies, inflicted a great defeat on the Ottoman Navy, stopping Muslim forces from gaining uncontested control of the eastern Mediterranean.
In the 1580s, the conflict in the Netherlands drew England into war with Spain, creating a further menace to Spanish shipping. The effort to neutralise this threat led to a disastrous attempt to invade England in 1588, however, the disaster of the English Armada the following year managed to return the balance between the belligerents. The defeat of 1588 led to a reform of fleet operations. The navy at this time was not a single operation but consisted of various fleets, made up mainly of armed merchantmen with escorts of royal ships. The Armada fiasco marked a turning point in naval warfare, where gunnery was now more important than ramming and boarding and so Spanish ships were equipped with purpose built naval guns. During the 1590s, the expansion of these fleets allowed a great increase in overseas trade and a massive increase in the importation of luxuries and silver. Nevertheless, inadequate port defences allowed an Anglo-Dutch force to raid Cadiz in 1596, and though unsuccessful in its objective of capturing the silver from the just returned convoy, was able to inflict great damage upon the city. Port defences at Cadiz were upgraded and all attempts to repeat the attack in the following centuries would fail.
Meanwhile, Spanish ships were able to step up operations in the English Channel, the North Sea and towards Ireland.They were able to capture many enemy ships, merchant and military, in the early decades of the 17th century and provide military supplies to Spanish armies in France and the Low Countries and to Irish rebels in Ireland. In the early 17th century Spanish fleets inflicted major defeats on Ottoman empire in the battle of cape corvo and cape celidonia . These battles stabilised the situation on the eastern Mediterranean front. However, in 1639, a Dutch fleet under Maarten Tromp decisively defeated a large Spanish fleet in the Battle of the Downs and put an end to Spanish operations in Northern waters.
By the middle of the 17th century, Spain had been drained by the vast strains of the Thirty Years' and related wars and began to slip into a slow decline. During the middle to late decades of the century, the Dutch, English and French were able to take advantage of Spain's shrinking, run-down and increasingly underequipped fleets. Military priorities in continental Europe meant that naval affairs were increasingly neglected. The Dutch took control of the smaller islands of the Caribbean, while England conquered Jamaica and France the western part of Santo Domingo. These territories became bases for raids on Spanish New World ports and shipping by pirates and privateers. The Spanish concentrated their efforts in keeping the most important islands, such as Cuba, Puerto Rico and the majority of Santo Domingo, while the system of treasure fleets, despite being greatly diminished, was rarely defeated in safely conveying its freight of silver and Asian luxuries across the Atlantic to Europe. Only two such convoys were ever lost to enemy action with their cargo, one to a Dutch fleet in 1628 and another to an English fleet in 1656. A third convoy was destroyed at anchor by another English attack in 1657, but it had already unloaded its treasure.
By the time of the wars of the Grand Alliance (1688–97) and the Spanish Succession (1702–14), the Habsburg regime had decided that it was more cost effective to rely on allied fleets, Anglo-Dutch and French respectively, than to invest in its own fleets.
The Bourbon era
The War of the Spanish Succession arose after the establishment on the Spanish throne of a House of Bourbon king, following the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line. The internal division between supporters of a Habsburg and those of a Bourbon king led to a civil war and ultimately to the loss of Sicily, Sardinia, Menorca and Gibraltar. Gibraltar and Menorca were captured by Anglo-Dutch forces fighting under the Spanish flag of Habsburg contender Charles VI. Menorca was ultimately surrendered to Spain years later. At the end of the War of Spanish Succession, Spain's possessions in the Low countries and mainland Italy were ceded to Austria.
Attempting to reverse the losses of the previous war, in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–20) the Spanish navy successfully convoyed armies to invade Sicily and Sardinia, but the poorly maintained escort fleet was destroyed by the British in the Battle of Cape Passaro and the Spanish invasion army was defeated in Italy by the Austrians. A major program to renovate and reorganise the run-down navy was begun. A secretaría (ministry) of the army and navy had been established by the Bourbon regime as early as 1714; which centralized the command and administration of the different fleets. Following the war of Quadruple Alliance, a program of rigorous standardization was introduced in ships, operations, and administration. Given the needs of its empire, Spanish warship designs tended to be more orientated towards long-range escort and patrol duties than for battle. A major reform of the Spanish navy was initiated, updating its ships and administration, which was helped by French and Italian experts, although Spaniards, most notably Antonio Castaneta, soon rose to prominence in this work, which made Spain a leader in warship design and quality again, as was demonstrated by ships like the Princesa. A major naval yard was established at Havana, enabling the navy to maintain a permanent force in the Americas for the defence of the colonies and the suppression of piracy and smuggling. In metropolitan Spain, significant forest reconnaissance operations were regularly undertaken by Spanish naval officers to seek out sources of timber suitable for shipbuilding.
During the War of the Polish Succession (1733–38), a renewed attempt to regain the lost Italian territories for the Bourbon dynasty was successful; with the French as allies and the British and Dutch neutral, Spain launched a campaign by sea and retook Sicily and southern Italy from Austria. In the War of Jenkins' Ear, the navy showed it was able to maintain communications with the American colonies and resupply Spanish forces in Italy in the face of British naval opposition. The navy played an important part in the decisive Battle of Cartagena de Indias in modern-day Colombia, where a massive British invasion fleet and army were defeated by a smaller Spanish force commanded by able strategist Blas de Lezo. This Spanish victory prolonged Spain's supremacy in the Americas until the early 19th century. The program of naval renovation was continued and by the 1750s the Spanish navy had outstripped the Dutch to become the third most powerful in the world, behind only those of Britain and France.
Joining France against Britain near the end of the Seven Years' War (1756–63), the navy failed to prevent the British capturing Havana, during which the Spanish squadron present was also captured. In the American War of Independence (1775–83), the Spanish navy was essential to the establishment, in combination with the French and Dutch navies, of a numerical advantage that stretched British naval resources. They played a vital role, along with the French and Dutch, in maintaining military supplies to the American rebels. The navy also played a key role in the Spanish army led operations that defeated the British in Florida. The bulk of the purely naval combat on the allied side fell to the French navy, although Spain achieved lucrative successes with the capture of two great British convoys meant for the resupply of British forces and loyalists in North America. Joint operations with France resulted in the capture of Menorca but failed in the siege of Gibraltar.
Having initially opposed France in the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), Spain changed sides in 1796, but defeat by the British a few months later in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797) and Trinidad (1798) was followed by the blockade of the main Spanish fleet in Cadiz. The run down of naval operations had as much to do with the confused political situation in Spain as it had to do with the blockade. The British blockade of Spain's ports was of limited success and an attempt to attack Cadiz was defeated; ships on special missions and convoys successfully evaded the Cadiz blockade and other ports continued to operate with little difficulty, but the main battle fleets were largely inactive. The blockade was lifted with the Peace of Amiens 1802. The war recommenced in 1804 and ended in 1808 when the Spain and the United Kingdom became allied against Napoleon. As in the first part, Cadiz was blockaded and Spanish naval activity was minimal. The most notable event was Spanish involvement in the Battle of Trafalgar under French leadership. This resulted in the Spanish navy losing eleven ships-of-the-line or over a quarter of its line-of-battle ships. After Spain became allied with the United Kingdom in 1808 in its war of independence, the Spanish navy joined the war effort against Napoleon.
The 19th century
The 1820s saw the loss of most of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. With the empire greatly reduced in size and Spain divided and unstable after its own war of independence, the navy lost its importance and shrank greatly.
The first new steam-driven vessel (Isabel II) was purchased from the United Kingdom in 1834.
However, in the 1850s and 1860s, particularly under the prime-ministership of General O'Donnell, significant investments were made in the Spanish naval squadrons of the Pacific. A new steam-powered naval squadron sailed around the Pacific escorting a Spanish scientific expedition and unfortunately became entangled in what has been billed the First War of the Pacific from 1864 to 1871. During the conflict, the Spanish massed a fleet of 15 vessels to combat the combined navies of Peru, Chile, and Ecuador.
The 1890s saw the Spanish Navy gain several armored cruisers—important for maintaining connection with the Spanish Empire's remaining colonies—including the Emperador Carlos V. As of 1896, according to the plans of Admiral José María Beránger, there were three naval divisions based at Cadiz, Ferrol, and Cartagena. Each division was composed of ironclads, in addition to auxiliary squadrons for defense of the Spanish coastline. That year the Armada consisted of one battleship, eight cruisers of the first class, six of the second class, and nine of the third class, as well as 38 torpedo craft. There were an additional ten vessels under construction. As of 1896 there were 1,002 officers in the navy, along with 725 mechanics, 14,000 sailors, and 9,000 marines. Their numbers were maintained by conscription of the seafaring population.
During the Spanish–American War in 1898, a badly supported and equipped Spanish fleet of four armored cruisers and two destroyers was overwhelmed by numerically and technically superior forces (three new battleships, one new second class battleship, and one large armored cruiser) as it tried to break out of an American blockade in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba. Admiral Cervera's squadron was overrun in an attempt to break a powerful American blockade off Cuba. In the Philippines, a squadron, made up of aging ships, including some obsolete cruisers, had already been sacrificed in a token gesture in Manila Bay. The Battle of Manila Bay took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish–American War. The American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón. The engagement took place in Manila Bay in the Philippines, and was the first major engagement of the Spanish–American War. This war marked the end for the Spanish Navy as a global maritime force.
At the end of the 19th century, the Spanish Navy adopted the Salve Marinera, a hymn to the Virgin Mary as Stella Maris, as its official anthem.
The 20th and 21st centuries
During the Rif War in Morocco, the Spanish navy conducted operations along the coast, including the Alhucemas landing in 1925, the first air-naval landing of the world. At that time, the Navy developed a Naval Aviation branch, the Aeronáutica naval.
The Spanish Republic and Spanish Civil War
In 1931, following the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, the Navy of the Spanish Kingdom became the Spanish Republican Navy. Admiral Aznar's casual comment: "Do you think it was a little thing what happened yesterday, that Spain went to bed as a monarchy and rose as a republic" became instantly famous, going quickly around Madrid and around Spain, making people accept the fact and setting a more relaxed mood. The Spanish Republican Navy introduced a few changes in the flags and ensigns, as well as in the navy officer rank insignia. The executive curl (La coca) was replaced by a golden five-pointed star and the royal crown of the brass buttons and of the officers' breastplates (La gola) became a mural crown.
The Spanish Republican Navy became divided after the coup of July 1936 that led to the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). The fleet's two small dreadnoughts, one heavy cruiser, one large destroyer and half a dozen submarines and auxiliary vessels were lost in the course of the conflict.
World War II
Like the rest of the Spanish armed forces, the Spanish Francoist Navy maintained Franco's policy of neutrality during World War II.
Post World War II
Since the mid-20th century, the Spanish Navy began a process of reorganization to once again become one of the major navies of the world. After the development of the s based on the US Navy's , the Spanish Navy embraced the American naval doctrine. Spain became a member of NATO in 1982 and the Armada Española has taken part in many coalition peacekeeping operations, from SFOR to Haiti and other locations around the world. Today's Armada is a modern navy with a carrier group, a modern strategic amphibious ship (which replaced a dedicated aircraft carrier in 2011), modern frigates (F-100 class) with the Aegis Combat System, F-80-class frigates, minesweepers, new s, amphibious ships and various other ships, including oceanographic research ships.
The Armada's special operations and unconventional warfare capability is embodied in the Naval Special Warfare Command (Mando de Guerra Naval Especial), which is under the direct control of the Admiral of the Fleet. The unit in charge of special operations is the Naval Special Warfare Force (Fuerza de Guerra Naval Especial), which is a merge of the previous Special Operations Unit (Unidad de Operaciones Especiales (UOE)) and the Special Combat Diver Unit (Unidad Especial de Buceadores de Combate (UEBC)). This unit is trained in maritime counter-terrorism, specialized combat diving and swimming, coastal infiltration, ship boarding, direct action, special reconnaissance, hydrographic reconnaissance and underwater demolitions.
Armada officers receive their education at the Spanish Naval Academy (ENM). They are recruited through two different methods:
Militar de Complemento: Similar to the U.S. ROTC program, students are college graduates who enroll in the navy. They spend a year at the Naval Academy and then are commissioned as ensigns and Marine second lieutenants. This path is growing in prestige. Their career stops at the rank of commander (for the Navy) and for the Marines, lieutenant colonel.
Militar de Carrera: Students spend one year in the Naval Academy if they apply to the Supply Branch or the Engineering Branch, and five years if they apply as General Branch or Marines, receiving a university degree-equivalent upon graduation and being commissioned as ensigns and Marine second lieutenants.
Current status
Subordinate to the Spanish Chief of Naval Staff, stationed in Madrid, are four area commands: the Cantabrian Maritime Zone with its headquarters at Ferrol on the Atlantic coast; the Straits Maritime Zone with its headquarters at San Fernando near Cadiz; the Mediterranean Maritime Zone with its headquarters at Cartagena; and the Canary Islands Maritime Zone with its headquarters at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Operational naval units are classified by mission and assigned to either the combat forces, the protective forces, or the auxiliary forces. Combat forces are given the tasks of conducting offensive and defensive operations against potential enemies and for assuring maritime communications. Their principal vessels include a carrier group, naval aircraft, transports, landing vessels, submarines, and missile-armed fast attack craft. Protective forces have the mission of securing maritime communications over both ocean and coastal routes, securing the approaches to ports and maritime terminals. Their principal components are frigates, corvettes, and minesweepers. It also has marine units for the defense of naval installations. Auxiliary forces are responsible for transportation and provisioning at sea and has diverse tasks like coast guard operations, scientific work, and maintenance of training vessels. In addition to supply ships and tankers, the force included destroyers and a large number of patrol craft.
Until February 2013, when it was decommissioned because of budget cuts, the second largest vessel of the Armada was the aircraft carrier Principe de Asturias, which entered service in 1988 after completing sea trials. Built in Spain, it was designed with a "ski-jump" takeoff deck. Its complement was 29 AV-8 Harrier II vertical (or short) takeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft or 16 helicopters designed for antisubmarine warfare and to support marine landings.
, the Armada has a strength of 20,800 personnel.
Infantería de Marina
The Infantería de Marina is the marine infantry of the Spanish Navy, and the oldest marine corps in existence in the world. It has a strength of 11,500 troops and is divided into base defense forces and landing forces. One of the three base defense battalions is stationed with each of the Navy headquarters. "Groups" (midway between battalions and regiments) are stationed in Madrid and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The Tercio (fleet — regiment equivalent) is available for immediate embarkation and based out of San Fernando. Its principal weapons include light tanks, armored personnel vehicles, self-propelled artillery, and TOW and Dragon antitank missiles.
Equipment
Ships and submarines
As of 2018, there are approximately 138 vessels in service within the Navy, including minor auxiliary vessels. A breakdown includes an amphibious assault ship (also used as an aircraft carrier), amphibious transport docks, frigates, submarines, mine countermeasure vessels, patrol vessels and a number of auxiliary ships. The total displacement of the Spanish Navy is approximately 220,000 tonnes.
Aircraft
The Spanish Naval Air Arm constitutes the naval aviation branch of the Spanish Navy.
|-
| McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II
| USA
| Jet
| Multi-role
| 1987
|
| 13
|
|-
| Cessna Citation
| USA
| Jet
| Utility
|
|
| 4
|
|-
| NHI NH90
| Europe
| Rotorcraft
| Utility
| 2021
| NH-90 TTH
|
| 7 on order
|-
| Airbus Helicopters H135
| Europe
| Rotorcraft
| Trainer
| 2023
| H135
|
| 7 on order
|-
| Agusta-Bell AB 212+
| Italy
| Rotorcraft
| Utility
| 1989
|
| 7
|
|-
| Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk
| USA
| Rotorcraft
| ASW
| 1988
| SH-60B
| 12
|
|-
| Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk
| USA
| Rotorcraft
| Transport
| 2020
| SH-60F
| 6
| ex-US Navy
|-
| Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk
| USA
| Rotorcraft
| Transport
| 2025
| SH-60R
|
| 8 on order, to replace SH-60B
|}
Ranks and insignia
The officer ranks of the Spanish Navy are as follows below, (for a comparison with other NATO ranks, see Ranks and Insignia of NATO). Midshipmen are further divided into 1st and 2nd Classes and Officer Cadets 3rd and 4th Classes respectively.
Officers
Enlisted
The article Spanish Marine Infantry includes the rank insignia descriptions for this part of the Navy.
Organization
The Spanish Navy shares the organization model of its two sister services – the Spanish Army and the Spanish Air and Space Force. Each of them consists of a Headquarters (Cuartel general), a Force (Fuerza, composed of the operational units) and a Force Support (Apoyo a la fuerza, composed of administration, logistical and training units). For historical traditions the Force of the Spanish Navy is called Fleet (Flota) and the two terms are used interchangeably. At the head of the Navy is an Almirante general (a four-star rank reserved for the Chief of the Spanish Navy and the Chief of the Spanish Armed Forces, when the latter position is held by a naval officer), denominated AJEMA or Admiral Chief of the General Staff of the Navy (Almirante Jefe de Estado Mayor de la Armada). Counterintuitive to this official designation he holds authority over all three components of the service and the officer, who actually functions as Chief of Staff is a three-star Almirante, designated Admiral Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Navy (Almirante Segundo Jefe del Estado Mayor de la Armada or 2º AJEMA)
Admiral Chief of the General Staff of the Navy (AJEMA)
Navy Headquarters – Admiral Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Navy (2º AJEMA) (in Madrid)
General Staff of the Navy
Office of the Admiral Chief of the General Staff of the Navy
Department of General Services, Technical Assistance and Signals and Telecommunication Systems
Naval Cultural and Historical Office
Legal Service of the Navy Headquarters
Central Internal Audit Service of the Navy
Central Maritime (Naval) Tribunal
Fleet – Admiral of the Fleet (ALFLOT)
Fleet Command (Mando de la Flota, in the "Almirante Rodríguez Martín-Granizo" Complex at Rota Naval Base)
Naval Action Force – Admiral of Naval Action (ALNAV) (at the La Graña Naval Station, Ferrol)
Naval Action Group 1 (at the La Graña Naval Station, Ferrol)
31st Escort Squadron (at Ferrol)
5 AEGIS Frigates (). 6,250 tons.
41st Escort Squadron (at Rota Naval Base)
6 Frigates (). 4,017 tons
1 Replenishment ship (at Ferrol). 17,045 tons
1 Replenishment ship (at Ferrol). 19,500 tons
Naval Action Group 2 (at Rota Naval Base)
1 LHD . 27,079 Tons.
2 LPD s. 13,818 tons
Beachmaster Group, including LCM-1E landing craft
Naval Maritime Force – Admiral of Maritime Action (ALMART) , at Cartagena Naval Arsenal
Canary Islands Naval Command – Admiral of the Canary Islands (ALCANAR) , at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Naval Arsenal)
Canary Patrol Craft Unit
Canary Diving Unit
support units
Naval Commandancy of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Naval Commandancy of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Cádiz Naval Action Command – Naval Commandant of Cádiz, at Puntales Naval Station, Cádiz
Alborán Naval Detachment (of patrol craft and tow boats)
Cádiz Diving Unit
Naval Commandancy of Cádiz
Ferrol Naval Action Command – Naval Commandant of Ferrol, at Ferrol Naval Base
Ferrol Naval Detachment
Ferrol Diving Unit
Naval Commandancy of Ferrol
Cartagena Naval Action Command – Naval Commandant of Cartagena, at Cartagena Naval Arsenal
Cartagena Naval Detachment
Naval Commandancy of Cartagena
Balearic Islands Naval Sector – Naval Commandant of the Balearic Islands, at Porto Pi Naval Station, Palma de Mallorca
Naval Commandancy of Palma
Naval Commandancy of Mahón
Naval Commandancy of Ibiza
Mine Counter-Measures Force – Commandant of the MCM Force, at the Cartagena Naval Arsenal
MCM command ship Diana
1st MCM Squadron – 6 Minehunters M-30 (). 585 tons
MCM Diving Unit
Support Force
Naval Diving Center, at Algameca Naval Station, Cartagena
Sector Naval de Baleares
Marine Infantry Force – Commandant General of Naval Infantry (COMGEIM) , at San Fernando, Cádiz
Naval Expeditionary Force (Tercio de la Armada (TEAR))
Naval Infantry Brigade (BIM) , at San Fernando, Cádiz
Protection Force (Fuerza de Protección)
Marine Infantry Madrid Detachment (Agrupación de Infantería de Marina de Madrid (AGRUMAD)) – Naval HQ security unit
Northern Battalion (Tercio del Norte (TERNOR)) – Nuestra Señora de los Dolores Barracks, Ferrol
Southern Battalion (Tercio del Sur (TERSUR)) – San Fernando and Rota Naval Base
Eastern Battalion (Tercio de Levante (TERLEV)) – Cartagena Naval Arsenal
Security Unit of the Canary Islands Naval Command (Unidad de Seguridad del Mando Naval de Canarias (USCAN)) – Las Palmas
Naval Special Warfare Force(FGNE) , at Algameca Naval Station, Cartagena
Submarine Flotilla (FLOSUB), at Cartagena Naval Arsenal
Flotilla Command
3 Submarines S-70 Galerna (). 1,740 tons
4 AIP submarines (). (Under construction) 3,426 tons
Submarine Base
Training Section
Tactical Submarine Programs Center
Aircraft Flotilla (FLOAN), at Rota Naval Base
Flotilla Command
3rd Flying Squadron – Agusta-Bell 212
4th Flying Squadron – Cessna Citation liaison aircraft
5th Flying Squadron – Sikorsky SH-3D Sea King
6th Flying Squadron – Hughes 500MD
9th Flying Squadron – McDonnell Douglas AV/TAV-8B+ Harrier II
10th Flying Squadron – Sikorsky SH-60B/F Seahawk
11th Flying Squadron – Boeing Insitu ScanEagle
Carrier Air Group – aircraft detached from the flying squadrons
Simulation Center
Aircraft Maintenance Center
General Support Units
Force Support
Department of Personnel – Admiral in Charge of Personnel (AJEPER) , in Cádiz
Logistic Support Department – Admiral in Charge of Logistic Support (AJAL) , in Cádiz
Directorate of Economic Affairs – Director of Economic Affairs, Quartermaster Major General (DEA) , in Madrid
TOTAL Tons Main Vessels: 233,596 Tons
Preserved ships
Most of the few retired Spanish Navy ships preserved as museum ships are submarines:
Submarine Peral of 1888 is preserved in Cartagena (Murcia).
Two units of the Foca class: SA-41 in Mahón (Balearic Islands) and SA-42 in Cartagena (Murcia).
Two units of the Tiburón class: the SA-51 in Barcelona (Catalonia) and the SA-52 in Cartagena (Murcia).
Delfín (S-61), of the Daphné class (S-60) is moored in Torrevieja (Province of Alicante, Valencian Community). Unlike the other submarines, it is not anchored on land but moored in the port, thus becoming the first "floating museum" of its kind in Spain.
The Customs Surveillance Service patrol car Albatros III is also preserved in Torrevieja.
Galatea, a barque that was a training ship for the Spanish Navy between 1922 and 1982, is preserved in Glasgow (Scotland, United Kingdom).
See also
Salve Marinera
Coats of arms, badges and emblems of Spanish Armed Forces#Navy
List of retired Spanish Navy ships
List of future Spanish Navy ships
Notes
References
External links
Official website
http://www.todoababor.es (Spanish Naval History)
History of Spanish Mariners
http://www.revistanaval.com
http://www.losbarcosdeeugenio.com/principal_es.html
El Arma Submarina Española (unofficial website)
https://web.archive.org/web/20070514165145/http://www.fotosdebarcos.com/ (Spanish Navy Section, see Armada Española with all kind of Spanish navy ships)
Spanish Navy page on Andrew Toppan's Haze Gray and Underway
Spain Plans to Upgrade Navy's Projection Group
Foro Militar General (unofficial forum)
Warships of the Spanish Civil War
BUQUESDEGUERRA.TK, Spanish website about warships |
Kahn Qaleh (, also Romanized as Kahn Qal‘eh and Kohan Qal‘eh) is a village in Chahar Gonbad Rural District, in the Central District of Sirjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16, in 5 families.
References
Populated places in Sirjan County |
Yurii Kosmych Hlushko (, known by the pseudonym Mova (; 4 April 1882 – 28 October 1942), was a Ukrainian public and political figure, one of the organizers of Ukrainian national cultural existence in Green Ukraine (Zelenyi Klyn).
Life
Hlushko was born 4 April 1882 in the village of Nova Basan, Chernihiv Oblast.
Hlushko graduated from the Railway Institute in Kyiv in 1899. During 1901–1903, he worked as a steamship engineer for Dobroflot steamships serving the Odesa-Vladivostok route.
Between 1904 and 1907, he worked for the Chinese Eastern Railway in Manchuria. From 1907, he lived in Vladivostok, worked as a draftsman and technician. He became active in the amateur Ukrainian theater society organized by the local Ukrainian community and the Ukrainian student society.
Hlushko was mobilized during the First World War and served at the Caucasian front in 1916–1917. In the spring of 1918 he became the head of the Vladivostok Ukrainian society "Prosvita" (—"Enlightenment") and the Vladivostok Ukrainian Council. He became the chairman of 3rd Ukrainian Far Eastern Council in the summer of 1918. He organized the 4th Ukrainian Far Eastern Council, which proclaimed him head of the Ukrainian Far Eastern Secretariat.
He was arrested by Kolchak's White forces in 1919 for Ukrainian activism. In 1922 he was arrested by Bolshevik authorities. Accused of anti-Soviet activities and "designs to split Far East from Russia and give it to Japan", Hlushko was sentenced in Chita in 1924 to 5 years imprisonment. After serving the term, he worked as a technician in the Far East and Tajikistan.
Hlushko returned to Ukraine in 1930, and died in Kyiv on 28 October 1942.
Works
Підручник актьорові. — Владивосток, 1918.
Literature
Глушко Юрій // Енциклопедія українознавства. Словникова частина. — Т. 1. — С. 389.
Попок А. Глушко Юрій // Енциклопедія історії України. — Т. 2. — К., 2005. — С. 124—125.
Биховський Л. Ю. К. Глушко-Мова // Нові дні. — 1952. — Вересень.
Світ І. Суд над українцями в Читі в 1923—1924 рр. // Визвольний шлях. — 1963. — Книги 3—5.
Чорномаз В. Глушко-Мова Юрій // Енциклопедія сучасної України. — Т.5. — К., 2006.
Степанов Іван. Українець з Далекого Сходу // Дзеркало тижня. — 2002. — № 15 (390).
Ukrainian politicians before 1991
1942 deaths
1882 births
People from Chernihiv Oblast
People from Chernigov Governorate
20th-century Ukrainian engineers
Ukrainian male stage actors
Ukrainian theatre directors
Russian military personnel of World War I
Ukrainian people of World War I
Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire
History of the Russian Far East |
The Nationals–Phillies rivalry is a Major League Baseball rivalry between the Washington Nationals and the Philadelphia Phillies of the National League East division. The series was previously known as the Expos–Phillies rivalry when Nationals franchise was previously known as the Montreal Expos. The franchise relocated to Washington, D.C., in 2005. The two teams clashed frequently for control of the division during much of the 1980s and 1990s. The first postseason matchup between the two teams occurred during the 1981 National League Division Series, resulting in the Expos winning the series 3–2. The rivalry regrew in intensity following the Expos' relocation and rebranding given the proximity of Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia.
History
1970s
The Phillies were one of the original franchises in the National League, having formed in 1883. The league added two new franchises in 1969, one of which franchises was the Montreal Expos. Both teams struggled during the earlier half of the 1970s, with the Phillies failing to post a winning record between 1969 and 1974. The Expos fared much worse, failing to post a winning record in their first nine seasons. The two began to competitively clash during the 1979 season as the Expos managed two consecutive series sweeps of the Phillies, taking control of the division headed into June. The Phillies slowly fell out of contention for the division lead as the sweep by the Expos culminated in a six-game losing streak for Philadelphia, ultimately placing them third in the NL East by the end of the month. Things continued to spiral out of control for the Phillies as they lost five critical series matchups against the Dodgers, Cardinals, and Cubs, bringing them down to fourth in the division. The Expos experienced further success headed into September, with a 10-game win streak, and they held the division lead until a four-game skid allowed the Pittsburgh Pirates to win the division.
1980s
The following season saw the two teams battle throughout the duration of the season, all the way down to the final week before the end of the regular season. The Expos hosted the Phillies for the final three games of the season at Olympic Stadium with both teams tied for first. The Phillies took a close ten-inning victory in the first game of the series, clinching the division.
The 1981 season started with the Phillies running away with the division lead headed into June, four wins ahead of Montreal. The season then ground to a halt on June 12 due to a players' strike. Following the strike, Major League Baseball split the season into two halves. The Phillies won the first half and the Expos the second. The two teams then met in the divisional round resulting from the split-season format. The Expos won the first two games only to see the Phillies take games three and four. Game 5 saw Montreal prevail as Steve Rogers yielded six hits in a 3–0 Expos shutout victory.
1990s
Despite a rough start to the decade for both teams, the two found themselves embroiled in a heated race for the division title during the 1993 season. Montreal struggled through much of May, including two four-game sweeps at the hands of the San Francisco Giants and St Louis Cardinals. The Phillies, meanwhile, took an eight-game lead. Following the all-star break in July, Philadelphia stumbled, being swept by both the San Diego Padres and Houston Astros. The two teams met for their final matchup of the season with the Phillies leading by six games after the Expos endured a two-game series loss to the Houston Astros. During the first game in Montreal, Expos hearing-disabled rookie Curtis Pride doubled home two runners and scored on the following play during his first major league at-bat. After the game, Pride claimed he couldn't hear the ovation but he felt the vibration of the 45,757 Expos fans in attendance at Olympic Stadium. Despite the turnaround to the season, the Expos finished the season 94–68, three games behind the Phillies, and missed the posteason.
The following season, Montreal appeared to be on track to secure its first postseason berth since 1981, but the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike ended any chances of a postseason run. The Expos then narrowly missed a divisional playoff berth in 1996. The Phillies also struggled near the end of the decade, failing to make the postseason from 1995 to 2001.
2000s
Both teams continued to struggle entering the new millennium, and budgetary issues began to severely affect the Expos' roster as several key stars were traded or lost to free agency. Philadelphia experienced a winning season in 2001, but missed a divisional berth by three games. 2002 and 2003 saw both teams struggle to appear in the postseason despite both managing several winning seasons but usually falling short as the Atlanta Braves often controlled much of the NL East.
Expos leave Montreal
Montreal's situation quickly devolved further in 2000. Budgetary issues heavily affected any free agency or postseason aspirations for the Expos after former owner Claude Brochu sold the team to American Businessman Jeffrey Loria in December of 1999. Loria quickly damaged the team's relationship with the city and fans alike after demanding an increase in broadcast revenue and demanding a near-entirely public funded stadium in Downtown Montreal. Loria's management critically damaged the team financially, forcing the league to take control of the franchise and eventually relocate the team to Washington, D.C., for the 2005 season as the Washington Nationals. The Phillies hosted the Nationals on Opening Day on April 4, 2005; two days later, the Nationals beat the Phillies 7–3 for their first regular-season win following their relocation.
The Nationals struggled for their first seven seasons in Washington, failing to appear in the postseason. The Phillies rebuilt their roster during the middle of the decade and won the 2008 World Series.
2010s
The Phillies attempted to capitalize on the success stemming from their 2008 World Series championship, but fell to the Yankees in the following year's World Series. The team stayed competitive, but fell short after an NLCS upset loss to the San Francisco Giants in 2010 and a divisional round loss to the St Louis Cardinals in 2011. Prior to the start of the 2012 campaign, the Nationals had endured several incidents of Philadelphia fans overtaking their home games during the series. Nationals management created the "Take Back the Park" campaign to heavily market to fans in surrounding areas to restrict the amount of visiting Phillies fans. Nationals management further banned ticket sales in Eastern Pennsylvania. The campaign proved successful as Nationals' home attendance grew substantially as the team qualified for the postseason, clinching the division title after back-to-back defeats of the Phillies in their final series of the season. The Nationals made four appearances in the divisional series between 2012 and 2017, but lost each time. Meanwhile, the Phillies did not post a winning season from 2012 to 2021.
Bryce Harper joins the Phillies
During the 2018 offseason, Nationals star right fielder (and 2015 National League MVP) Bryce Harper became a free agent. Harper had initially sought to renew his contract with Washington, but cited that he was displeased with the offers he received. After numerous reports had linked Harper to a $45 million annual contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers, he ultimately signed a 13-year, $330 million contract with the Phillies, then the second-largest contract in major league history. During his first press conference, Harper misspoke during his introductory speech, stating, "We want to bring a title back to D.C." Despite losing Harper, the Nationals won the 2019 World Series.
2020s
Despite the championship in 2019, the Nationals' roster was decimated by injuries and poor signings the following year. Longtime pitcher (and 2019 World Series MVP) Stephen Strasburg opted out of the remaining four years left on his contract, becoming a free agent. The Nationals re-signed him to a seven-year, $245 million contract, setting a record for any contract signed by a pitcher in league history. Strasburg then repeatedly battled injury from 2020 to 2022. Meanwhile, the Phillies reached the 2022 World Series but fell to the Houston Astros.
See also
Commanders–Eagles rivalry
Capitals–Flyers rivalry
References
Annual events in Major League Baseball
Washington Nationals
Philadelphia Phillies
Major League Baseball rivalries |
This article lists the 25 oldest verified Edmontonians of all time (people from Edmonton, Alberta, all of whom attained the age of at least 105 years). Centenarians have received considerable local recognition in the City of Edmonton due to the Edmonton Aging Symposium, as well as the presence of the Alberta Centre on Aging at the University of Alberta. Edmonton's centenary focus is exemplified in the city's municipal slogan "Official Host City of the Turn of the Century" which was introduced in 1895, following the city's own centennial.
As of 2022, the oldest verified Edmontonian is Margherita Buttiri, who died aged 112 years and 46 days on 23 June 2020.
Municipal recognition
The City of Edmonton honours citizens who become centenarians with a letter from the Mayor.
Oldest verified Edmontonians
See also
Demographics of Edmonton
References
External links
Edmonton Aging Symposium
City of Edmonton Mayor's Office
Alberta Centre on Aging
Edmonton
Ageing
Edmonton |
Leea Elisabet Klemola (born 16 August 1965 in Veteli) is a Finnish actress, director and playwright. She studied at the Theatre Academy Helsinki 1987–1991 and has also been teaching acting.
Career
Klemola has worked on stage and in films. She starred in two Auli Mantila films, Neitoperho (1997) and Pelon maantiede (1999), and most recently in Simo Halinen's film Open Up to Me (2013) in which she is portraying a woman who has just gone through a sex reassignment surgery. In her work, Klemola is often dealing with controversial subjects such as gender blending, forbidden love and sexuality.
Selected filmography
Talvisota (1989)
Tuhlaajapoika (1992)
Kuinka katosin karkkimaahan (1992)
Kauhun millimetrit (1992)
Kaivo (1992)
P(l)ain Truth (1993)
Neitoperho (1997)
Pelon maantiede (1999)
Lasileuka (2004)
Miehen työ (2007)
Skavabölen pojat (2009)
Open Up to Me (2013)
Wildeye (2015)
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
People from Veteli
Finnish stage actresses
Finnish film actresses
20th-century Finnish actresses
21st-century Finnish actresses |
```xml
/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-var-requires */
/* eslint-disable max-statements, complexity */
const AnsiConvert = require("ansi-to-html");
const convert = new AnsiConvert();
const BunyanLevelLookup = {
60: "error",
50: "error",
40: "warn",
30: "info",
20: "debug",
10: "silly"
};
const tagLevelMap = {
"warn:": "warn",
"error:": "error",
fail: "error",
rejection: "error",
unhandled: "error",
exception: "error",
"debugger listening on": "silly"
};
/**
* @param str
* @param last
*/
export function parse(str: string, last: any) {
let jsonData;
let show;
try {
if (str[0] === "{" || str[0] === "[") {
jsonData = JSON.parse(str);
}
} catch {
//
}
let message;
let level;
if (jsonData) {
level = BunyanLevelLookup[jsonData.level];
message = str;
if (level === "warn" || level === "error") {
show = 2;
}
}
if (!level) {
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/warn\:|error\:|fail|rejection|unhandled|exception|debugger listening on/i
);
if (match) {
const tag = match[0].toLowerCase();
if (!level) {
level = tagLevelMap[tag];
}
show = tag === "debugger listening on" ? 1 : 2;
}
}
const entry: any = {
level: level || "info",
ts: Date.now(),
message: message || str,
json: jsonData,
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};
if (last && entry.ts === last.ts) {
entry.tx = (last.tx || 0) + 1;
}
return entry;
}
/**
* @param event
*/
export function getLogEventAsHtml(event) {
return `${convert.toHtml(event.message)}`;
}
``` |
The Chagrin Valley Times is a Northeast Ohio weekly newspaper covering the eastern suburbs of Cleveland in Cuyahoga and Geauga counties. The newspaper is published every Thursday and was founded in 1971. It is produced in the village of Chagrin Falls, Ohio.
Politics
On August 16, 2018, the Chagrin Valley Times was part of a campaign launched by the Boston Globe in which 350 newspapers addressed the repeated attacks on American news media by Donald Trump. CNN Money named the Chagrin Valley Times as one of the "16 must-read editorials" of the campaign.
Legal
In 2013, Murray Energy Company sued The Chagrin Valley Times for defamation of Robert Murray after the paper ran an article covering a protest at the company's Pepper Pike offices. The protest took place as a result of Murray firing 158 employees the day after President Barack Obama was re-elected in the 2012 Election. In addition to negative coverage of Murray, Ron Hill, cartoonist for the Chagrin Valley Times, published a cartoon of a snowman made out of lumps of coal, holding a sack of money in each of his hands. Hill included lyrics to "Frosty the Snowman", with a parody on the words that read "Murray the coal-man meant to hoard away his pay."
The lower court ruled that Robert Murray was a public figure and that the newspaper had not demonstrated the standard for defamation of a public figure. In 2019, an appeal was filed with the Ohio Supreme Court, which voted 4-3, allowing the lower court ruling to stand.
References
External links
ChagrinValleyToday.com
Newspapers published in Ohio
Newspapers established in 1971
1971 establishments in Ohio
Greater Cleveland
Weekly newspapers published in the United States |
Crispian Steele-Perkins (born 18 December 1944) is an internationally acclaimed classical trumpeter who was educated at Copthorne Preparatory School, Marlborough College and the Guildhall School of Music.
Personal life
Steele-Perkins lives in Dorking, Surrey and is the father of Emma, Kate and Guy. He is also grandfather to William and Ben Mitchell and Isabelle and Zoe Jinadu. In 1967, he married Angela Helen Hall (d. 1991), and in 1995 he married Jane Elizabeth Mary Steele-Perkins.
Career
Steele-Perkins picked up his first trumpet at the age of ten and progressed so quickly that just 6 years later he was playing with the English National Youth Orchestra. On graduating from the Guildhall School of Music, having studied with Bernard Brown, Steele-Perkins began his professional career with the Sadler's Wells Theatre (ENO) 1966–73, before performing with the London Gabrielli Brass Ensemble 1974–84, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra 1976–80, English Baroque Soloists 1980–91, Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra, The King's Consort, 1985–2009.
Steele-Perkins's purity of tone and artistic subtlety have received critical acclaim for more than four decades now. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, he played a key role in the growth of historically-aware trumpet playing, using a collection of more than 100 pre-1900 mechanised and 'natural' trumpets to bring a brighter, clearer sound to baroque performances. In 2004, Steele-Perkins received the Monk Award for his significant and lifelong contribution to the field of early brass music.
In October 2015 BBC’s CD Choice programme selected his recording of Joseph Haydn’s Trumpet Concerto in Eb with the English Chamber Orchestra as the best available recording of the work.
In addition to his work with classical orchestras and period instruments, Steele-Perkins has developed a body of television and film work which is universally recognisable today – most famously he played the theme tune to the popular British television programme Antiques Roadshow. As a studio musician he also played for many film scores including Wild Geese, Zulu Dawn, Watership Down and Jaws 2 in 1978, The Life of Brian, Moonraker in 1979, Superman 2 in 1980, History of the World, Part 1, For Your Eyes Only, Arthur in 1981, Gandhi and Rambo in 1982, Never Say Never, Octopussy in 1983, Supergirl in 1984, Santa Claus, A View to Kill in 1985 and Robocop in 1988. Thereafter he became established as an international solo performer upon the Baroque Trumpet and toured the globe extensively.
Steele-Perkins has also accompanied some of the world's greatest singers, recording Handel's "Let the bright Seraphim" with Dame Kiri Te Kanawa and "Eternal Source of Light Divine" with James Bowman and Elin Manahan-Thomas. His more recent performances alongside Emma Kirkby, Lynn Dawson, Carolyn Sampson, Bryn Terfel and Lesley Garrett have cemented his international reputation as one of classical music's great ambassadors.
Well known for his enthusiasm and wit, Steele-Perkins is also a popular presenter giving recitals, lectures and masterclasses at schools, colleges and music venues around the world. He has a sizeable collection of antique trumpets from the late 18th century to 1920s and in later years has become an enthusiastic motorcyclist.
Selected recordings
Eternal Source of Light Divine, with James Bowman and The King's Consort, Purcell, Hyperion Records CDA66315
Classical Trumpet Concertos, with The King's Consort, Hyperion Records (2001) CDA67266
The Well-Tempered Trumpet, with Leslie Pearson, LDR Recordings (1989) LDRCD 1006
Music for Trumpet & Orchestra, Tafelmusik and Jeane Lamon, Sony Classical Records (1993) SK 53 365
Let The Trumpet Sound, with the Bournemouth Sinfonietta, Carlton Classics (1996) 30366 00382
The Regents Bugle, with Ian Partridge, Leslie Pearson and David Woodcock, Independent
Let The Bright Seraphim, with Jeni Bern and The Handel Players, Carlton Classics (1998) 30366 01182
Trumpets Ancient and Modern, with David Hill, Herald AV Publications (2000) HAVPCD 251
Trumpet Concertos, with the English Chamber Orchestra, Alto (1986) ALTO 1063
The Music of Gershwin, with Leslie Pearson, Independent (2007)
References
Who's Who 2006, Publ: A&C Black Ltd., London, p. 2136,
Crispian Steele-Perkins in Conversation with Bruce Duffie, 2001, website. Retrieved 1 June 2009
Interview with Crispian Steele-Perkins, 2002, GFHandel.org. Retrieved 1 June 2009
Awards
Historic Brass Society – Christopher Monk Award, 2004, website. Retrieved 4 November 2010
Published works
Trumpet (Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides), Publ: Kahn & Averill, 2006,
External links
Crispian Steele-Perkins Homepage
Thaxted Music Festival
1944 births
Living people
English classical trumpeters
Male trumpeters
People educated at Copthorne Preparatory School
People from Dorking
21st-century trumpeters
21st-century British male musicians |
Clark Glacier is an long glacier located on Mount Abbe in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve in the U.S. state of Alaska. It leads northwest to its 1961 terminus at the head of Johns Hopkins Inlet, northwest of Hoonah, Alaska. It was named by W. O. Field and W. S. Cooper in 1936 for Johns Hopkins University professor of geology William Bullock Clark (1860–1917).
See also
List of glaciers in the United States
References
Glaciers of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve
Glaciers of Hoonah–Angoon Census Area, Alaska
Glaciers of Unorganized Borough, Alaska |
Tong but lut () is a Cantonese dessert. Glutinous rice flour balls in sugar syrup are sprinkled with crushed roasted peanuts (and/or roasted sesame seeds and desiccated coconut). The stickiness of the balls prevents the topping from coming off, hence the name.
The dish played a role in traditional Cantonese betrothals. A man seeking a wife would visit her parents and if the woman's family agreed to his suit, he would be served tong but lut, to suggest that the couple's married life would be sweet () and they would stick together (). If his request was refused, he would be served a sweet soup () containing scrambled eggs () and dried tofu skin to suggest that the couple would fall apart (散 meaning both 'scramble' and 'break up'). This form of politeness helped the suitor maintain face.
See also
Sì (dessert)
Tangyuan (food)
References
Cantonese cuisine
Glutinous rice dishes
Chinese rice dishes
Chinese desserts
Hong Kong cuisine
Rice cakes |
Mary Cecilia Lacity (born May 27, 1963)[1] is a David D. Glass Chair and a distinguished professor of Information Systems at the University of Arkansas, Sam M. Walton College of Business.
Lacity was previously the Curators’ Distinguished Professor of Information Systems and International Business Fellow at the University of Missouri-St. Louis. She also held the position of visiting scholar at the MIT Center for Information Systems Research. Additionally, she has held visiting positions at the London School of Economics, Washington University, and Oxford University. She is best known for her research in automation, outsourcing and blockchain.
Early life
Mary Lacity was born May 27, 1963, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. She got her undergraduate degree in Quantitative Business Analysis at Pennsylvania State University in 1985. Before Mary received her PhD, she was a consultant for Technology Partners International and a systems' analyst for Exxon. In 1992, she received her Ph.D. in Information Systems from the University of Houston, C.T. Bauer College of Business.
Career
University of Missouri-St. Louis
Mary Lacity started at the University of Missouri-St. Louis in 1992, and was there for 26 years. Starting as an Assistant Professor of MIS, she moved to associate professor in 1998 and full professor in 2004. In 2012, she became the Curators’ Distinguished Professor of Information Systems, and International Business Fellow. She taught classes on Qualitative Research Methods and The Philosophy of Science and Qualitative Research Methods.
Sam M. Walton College of Business
After her time at the University of Missouri-St. Louis, Mary Lacity moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas, to become a Walton Professor of Information Systems.[11] She also served as the Director of the Blockchain Center of Excellence for five years.
Other roles
Mary Lacity has served in many different roles in her career. She held the position of visiting scholar at the MIT Center for Information Systems Research. Additionally, she has held visiting positions at the London School of Economics, Washington University, and Oxford University. She is also a Certified Outsourcing Professional. She is a coeditor of the Palgrave Series: Work, Technology, and Globalization, senior editor of MIS Quarterly Executive and Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases, and on the editorial boards for the Journal of Information Technology, the Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Contributing Editor for Journal of the British Blockchain Association.
Additionally, Mary is a member of the IAOP Outsourcing Hall of Fame. She received the 2000 World Outsourcing Achievement Award and 2008 Gateway to Innovation Award. Her publications have appeared in Harvard Business Review, Sloan Management Review, MIS Quarterly, IEEE Computer, and Communications of the ACM.
Mary became a Fellow of the Association for Information Systems in 2020. The AIS Fellow Award recognizes individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the information systems discipline in terms of research, teaching and service. Mary is also a Fellow of the British Blockchain Association.
Books
Information Systems Outsourcing: Myths, Metaphors and Realities (1993)
Beyond The Information Systems Outsourcing Bandwagon: The Insourcing Response (1995)
Inside Information Technology Outsourcing: A State-of-the-art Report (2000)
Global Information Technology Outsourcing: In Search of Business Advantage (2001)
Netsourcing: Renting Business Applications and Services Over a Network (2002)
Outsourcing: All You Need to Know (2004)
Information Systems and Outsourcing (2008)
Information Systems and Outsourcing: Studies in Theory and Practice (2008)
Offshore Outsourcing of It Work (2008)
The Practice of Outsourcing: From Information Systems to BPO and Offshoring (2009)
Emerging ITO and BPO Markets: Rural Sourcing and Impact Sourcing (2012)
The Rise of Legal Services Outsourcing: Risk and Opportunity (2014)
South Africa’s BPO Service Advantage: Becoming Strategic in the Global Marketplace (2015)
Nine Keys to World-Class Business Process Outsourcing (2015)
Service Automation: Robots and the Future of Work (2016)
Robotic Process Automation and Risk Mitigation: The Definitive Guide (2017)
Robotic Process and Cognitive Automation (2018)
A Manager's Guide to Blockchains for Business (2018)
Becoming Strategic with Robotic Process Automation (2019)
Blockchain Foundations For the Internet of Value (2020)
Lacity, M., and Lupien, S. (2022). Blockchain Fundamentals for Web 3.0. Epic Books/University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville Arkansas. ISBN 9781682262252
Lacity, M. and Treiblmaier, H. (editors) (2022). Blockchains and the Token Economy: Theory and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan, London. ISBN 3030951073
References
External links
People associated with cryptocurrency
Living people
1963 births
People from Margate City, New Jersey
University of Arkansas faculty
Pennsylvania State University alumni
University of Houston alumni
Database researchers
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
Information systems researchers
University of Missouri–St. Louis faculty
American women academics |
Thrilling Cities is the title of a travelogue by the James Bond author and The Sunday Times journalist Ian Fleming. The book was first published in the UK in November 1963 by Jonathan Cape. The cities covered by Fleming were Hong Kong, Macau, Tokyo, Honolulu, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Chicago, New York, Hamburg, Berlin, Vienna, Geneva, Naples and Monte Carlo.
Thrilling Cities was initially a series of articles Fleming wrote for The Sunday Times, based on two trips he took. The first trip was in 1959, in which he travelled around the world, and the second was in 1960, in which he drove around Europe.
The first trip was at the behest of The Sunday Timess features editor Leonard Russell; the paper's chairman, Roy Thomson, enjoyed the series so much he requested Fleming undertake a second trip. The book version includes material edited out of the original articles, as well as photographs of the various cities.
Synopsis
Thrilling Cities is Ian Fleming's view of thirteen cities he visited in two trips in 1959 and 1960. The cities covered are: Hong Kong, Macau, Tokyo, Honolulu, Los Angeles and Las Vegas (the two cities are examined in one chapter), Chicago, New York, Hamburg, Berlin, Vienna, Geneva, Naples and Monte Carlo.
Fleming's account is highly personal and deals with his visit and his experiences and impressions. Each chapter closes with what Fleming called "Incidental Intelligence", dealing with the hotels, restaurants, food and nightlife.
Background
In 1959 the features editor of The Sunday Times, Leonard Russell, suggested to Ian Fleming that he take a five-week, all-expenses-paid trip around the world for a series of features for the paper. Fleming declined, saying he was a terrible tourist who "often advocated the provision of roller-skates at the door of museums and art galleries". Russell persuaded him, pointing out that Fleming could also get some material for the Bond books in the process.
Fleming took £500 (£ in pounds) of travellers cheques for expenses and flew BOAC to his first stop, Hong Kong. He was guided around the city by his friend Richard Hughes, the Australian correspondent for The Sunday Times; Hughes was later the model for the character Dikko Henderson in You Only Live Twice, as well as for "Old Craw" in John le Carré's The Honourable Schoolboy.
Fleming stayed just three days in Hong Kong, before he and Hughes flew to Tokyo where they were joined by Torao Saito—also known as "Tiger"—a journalist with the Asahi Shimbun newspaper group. Saito later became the model for the character Tiger Tanaka in You Only Live Twice. Fleming spent three days in Tokyo and decided there would be "no politicians, museums, temples, Imperial palaces or Noh plays, let alone tea ceremonies" on his itinerary; he instead visited a judo academy, a Japanese soothsayer and the Kodokan, a local gymnasium.
Fleming left Tokyo on Friday the 13th to fly to Hawaii; 2,000 miles into the Pacific one of the Douglas DC-6's engines caught fire and the plane nearly crashed, although it managed to make an emergency landing on Wake Island. After Honolulu, Fleming moved on to Los Angeles, where he visited a number of places he had been before, including the Los Angeles Police Intelligence headquarters, where he again met Captain James Hamilton, much as he had done during his research for Diamonds Are Forever.
By the time Fleming got to New York he was fed up with travelling and his biographer, Andrew Lycett notes that "his sour mood transferred to the city and indeed the country he had once loved". The series opened in The Sunday Times on 24 January 1960, with an introduction from Fleming, followed by the article on Hong Kong the following week. The series finished on 28 February 1960 with the article about Chicago and New York.
Roy Thomson, the chairman of The Sunday Times, enjoyed Fleming's articles and suggested a number of other cities, including Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Havana, New Orleans and Montreal. Others, such as The Sunday Times editor Harry Hodson, were less enthusiastic; Hodson considered that "more serious readers have tut-tutted a bit about missing the really important things".
Fleming planned to drive most of his second tour of cities, which concentrated on places he wanted to visit in Europe. For the trip he took his own car, a Ford Thunderbird convertible, crossing the channel and journeying through Ostend, Antwerp and Bremen before arriving at his first destination: Hamburg. He stayed only briefly in the city, praising the sex industry by writing "how very different from the prudish and hypocritical manner in which we so disgracefully mismanage these things in England". Fleming moved on to Berlin, where he was shown round the city by The Sunday Times correspondent Anthony Terry and his wife Rachel. Terry took Fleming into East Berlin and told him many of the details about Operation Stopwatch, the Anglo-American attempt to tunnel into the Soviet-occupied zone to tap into landline communication of the Soviet Army headquarters. In comparison to Hamburg, Fleming thought Berlin was "sinister".
Fleming moved on to Vienna and found the city boring, calling it "clean, tidy, God-fearing", before travelling into Geneva. He met Ingrid Etler, a journalist and old girlfriend, who was resident in the city and who provided him with much of his background material. Fleming then travelled to Les Avants, the villa near Montreux of his close friend Noël Coward, where Coward introduced Fleming to Charlie Chaplin. Fleming had asked Coward to set up the meeting as Chaplin was writing his memoirs and Leonard Russell had asked Fleming to secure the rights for the paper; Fleming was successful in his approach and the memoirs were later serialised in the paper.
Fleming's wife Ann had joined him in Les Avants and the couple then moved on to Naples, where Fleming interviewed Lucky Luciano, finding him "a neat, quiet, grey-haired man with a tired good-looking face." After Naples, the Flemings moved to Monte Carlo, the final stop on Fleming's journey; Despite spending time at the casino, Fleming thought Monte Carlo somewhat seedy.
The second series of articles started on 31 July 1960 with Fleming's trip to Hamburg, and finished with his visit to Monte Carlo. Overall the series was considered popular and successful.
Release and reception
Thrilling Cities was first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape, in November 1963; the book was 223 pages long and cost 30 shillings. The cover was designed by artist Paul Davis and shows "a surreal version of Monte Carlo". For the US market, the book was released in June 1964 through New American Library and cost $4.95.
Fleming's comments on New York were so cutting that when the book was published in the US, the American publishers asked if he could tone down the wording. Fleming refused, but instead wrote the short story "007 in New York" to be included in the US version by way of recompense.
Reviews
The reviews for Thrilling Cities were broadly good. The critic for The Times thought that Fleming's style was "no nonsense over fine writing", and summed up the book as "Fleming's smooth, sophisticated, personally conducted tours", noting that the author "has a knack of enjoying himself". John Raymond, in The Sunday Times, wrote that "Mr Fleming's prose arouses the voyeur that lurks in all but the best of us", and considered that the book remained "supremely readable" throughout. Writing for The Times Literary Supplement, Xan Fielding found the title of the book to be misleading, noting that apart from a very small win at the casinos of Las Vegas, "his personal experience of thrills seems to have been just as limited everywhere else on his itinerary." Fielding considered that the cities Fleming visited had the potential for thrills, and hoped that the material gathered was used in Fleming's literary works with thrills included.
Christopher Wordsworth, writing for The Listener, believed that Thrilling Cities was "a fascinating informative mock-up, disarmingly snob-ridden". Writing for the Daily Express, Peter Grosvenor thought that Fleming—a "tourist extraordinary"—was "never afraid to record a controversial view", citing Fleming's views on the differences between oriental and western women's approaches to men.
The critic for The Financial Times, James Bredin, declared that Thrilling Cities "can—and will, compulsively—be read at a sitting", although he found that overall "it is an unsatisfying report" because of the brevity of the subject. Honor Tracy, providing the critique for The Guardian thought Fleming praiseworthy, as he "writes without any pretension at all", while also managing to be "invariably entertaining and often funny". Overall Tracy considered that Thrilling Cities was "a lively, enjoyable book, written from an unusual point of view and well illustrated." Writing for The Observer, Francis Hope was surprised by Fleming's written style, which he found to be "more flabby verbose than one expects of a thriller writer", although this was redeemed by Fleming having "some interesting conversations with local experts on crime".
The reviewer for the Los Angeles Times, Robert Kirsch, did not enjoy the book and considered Fleming to be "a second-rate reporter, filled with the irritating prejudices and pomposities of a middle-class English traveller." For Kirsch, Fleming's style was a combination of Sax Rohmer and James Fitzpatrick, although he also considered that "Fleming's wit is provincial". Writing the review for The Boston Globe, Marjory Adams thought Thrilling Cities to have "an acid gaiety in its descriptions", which contributed to her overall summary of the book: "it is fun!"
References
Bibliography
External links
1963 non-fiction books
Books by Ian Fleming
Jonathan Cape books
Travelogues |
Bennifer is a name given by the media to the high-profile relationship between American actor and filmmaker Ben Affleck and American entertainer Jennifer Lopez. The pair had a widely publicized 18-month romance from 2002 to 2004, and were engaged to be married. After their breakup, they maintained a friendship. They rekindled their romantic relationship in early 2021 and got married in July 2022. They have starred in two films together, Gigli (2003) and Jersey Girl (2004), and appeared in two music videos together, "Jenny from the Block" (2002) and "Marry Me" (Ballad Version) (2022).
Early stages
Although they had crossed paths several times before (most notably at the 70th Academy Awards and at the premiere of Armageddon, both in 1998), the first major meeting of Affleck and Lopez took place in late 2001 on the set of their film Gigli while Lopez was still married to Cris Judd. It was rumored by the tabloids that the pair had started an affair due to their friendly and flirty ways, but they both denied these claims, stating that they were strictly just friends. After wrapping filming for the movie in March 2002, Affleck had spent a reported $18,000 on a set of half-page advertisements to express the pleasure he had working with Lopez. He had defended his reasoning for doing so, citing that he had been ashamed of his "preconceived notions" of Lopez. Later that April, it was reported that Affleck and Lopez were "cozying up" during the opening of her restaurant Madre's. Lopez and Judd separated that summer and Lopez entered a relationship with Affleck. They were photographed together in July 2002.
Engagement and romance
Lopez and Affleck's relationship garnered the first couple portmanteau name in Hollywood, "Bennifer". Lopez's single "Jenny From The Block", which featured Affleck in the music video, brought on even more attention to the couple, with Lopez describing it as a tabloid frenzy. After three months of dating, Affleck proposed to Lopez at his mother's home in October 2002 with a $1.2m 6.1-carat Harry Winston pink diamond ring. Later that month, Affleck and Lopez began filming their second film together, Jersey Girl. Lopez dedicated her 2002 album This Is Me... Then to Affleck, stating that he was "her life and sole inspiration for every lyric. She included songs such as "Baby I Love U!", "I'm Glad" and "Dear Ben", which were about her romance with Affleck. On July 18, 2003, Lopez and Affleck had their first primetime interview together on Dateline NBC. On August 1, 2003, Lopez and Affleck's box-office bomb film Gigli released, which is considered one of the worst films in history. After this happened, the media started to portray them in a more negative manner. As Jason Bailey in a piece for the Guardian observed: "it's important to frame this ghastly reception within the atmosphere of the moment. Affleck and Lopez met during the film’s production and quickly became an item – such a public one that, by the time it hit theaters a year later, the “Bennifer” backlash had built up quite a head of steam. They were young, impossibly good-looking, fabulously wealthy, and clearly hot for each other, so it seemed like a good time to knock them down a peg." Lopez had described the experience as overwhelming, and she stated that Affleck hated the attention the pair was getting. The following month, the couple postponed their planned September 2003 wedding just days before it was set to take place due to "excessive media attention".
Breakup
The pair continued dating for four months before deciding to separate. The former couple's second movie, Jersey Girl, premiered two months later in March 2004, garnering another box-office bomb for the pair. Affleck and Lopez remained in contact in the years after their breakup and spoke highly of each other in public. Affleck called out "sexist and racist" critics for comments about Lopez, while Lopez cited the constant media attention as one of the main reasons of their breakup. In 2008, Affleck discussed how he felt during his relationship with Lopez, saying that neither of them "anticipated" the degree of attention they would receive, saying: "we fell in love, we were excited and maybe too accessible," but pushed back against the "curious notion" that he should view the relationship as a mistake, and reflected on the prevailing tabloid culture at the time "where it's about one person and everybody focuses on them." Lopez has seconded Affleck's words, saying that the media coverage destroyed their relationship "from the inside out" and that she felt “eviscerated“ by it. In 2014, Lopez expressed that her breakup with Affleck was her "first real heartbreak," and in 2015 she stated she had "no regrets" about their relationship. In early 2021, Affleck praised Lopez for her work ethic, great talent, and success.
Aftermath
Lopez then went on to marry singer Marc Anthony five months after Lopez and Affleck split. Affleck then went on to marry actress Jennifer Garner the following year in 2005. Lopez and Anthony ended their seven-year marriage in 2011, officially divorcing in 2014, while Affleck and Garner officially announced their split in 2015, and their divorce was finalized in 2018.
Rekindled romance
They were photographed together for the first time since their initial romance on May 11, 2021. On May 24, 2021, Lopez and Affleck were spotted at Lopez's rental home in Miami with Affleck wearing the watch Lopez had given him in her 2002 "Jenny From The Block" music video. On June 1, 2021, Affleck and Lopez were photographed holding each other, their first public display of affection in their rekindled romance. On June 14, 2021, photos and videos of Affleck and Lopez kissing were released to the media for the first time in almost two decades, confirming that their romance was back on. Lopez publicly confirmed their rekindled relationship that July, while they were on vacation in France and Italy. On September 10, 2021, the couple had made their red carpet debut for the first time in 18 years for the premiere of Affleck's film The Last Duel during the Venice Film Festival in Italy. Both Affleck and Lopez have spoken of the gift of a second chance with each other since reuniting. For Valentine's Day, Affleck directed and gifted to Lopez, shared through her OntheJLo Email, a remix of her song "On My Way". He also made his second cameo appearance in an official Lopez music video: "Marry Me" (Ballad Version).
Lopez announced on April 8, 2022, that the pair were engaged again, 20 years after the first proposal. The couple married on July 16, 2022, filing their marriage license in Las Vegas. Lopez legally changed her name to Jennifer Affleck and confirmed the marriage the next day. The following month, they held a wedding celebration for family and friends.
See Also
Supercouple
References
Ben Affleck
Jennifer Lopez
Married couples |
Kung Hei Fat Choy is a 1985 Hong Kong comedy film produced, directed by and starring Dean Shek. The film co-stars Alan Tam and George Lam. Released to celebrate the Chinese New Year of 1985, the film's title is based on the greeting wishers give on the new year's first day.
Plot
Money God (Alan Tam) has caused trouble in Heaven and as punishment, he is sent to Earth to do good deeds for mankind. His deific powers have been restricted and can only be restored at a time of great need via a charm kept inside a silk brocade bag containing the words 'Kung Hei Fat Choy'. Money God crashes in Hong Kong, the impact causing a massive hole and several blackouts in the heart of the city. Several policemen and journalists including Ellen (Ann Bridgewater) arrive while Money God emerges in the gathering crowd. Due to his unusual and anachronistic attire, he is mistaken for a mental patient and chased by police. He hides inside a water bottle that is picked up by Ben (Siu Ban Ban), Ellen's nephew. At home, Money God appears before Ben and befriends him by making his toys perform for him. He convinces the child he is a deity but is attacked by Ben's father, Fung (Dean Shek), who believes he is a robber. Money God eventually convinces him he is a god of wealth by summoning a rain cloud and turning a cup into a ball of solid gold (although he turns it into an ordinary ball upon seeing Fung reveal his greed for material wealth). He explains to Fung that true wealth comes from within such as fulfilment from helping others, and decides to help his fast food business from going bankrupt, promising him he will become a rich man in three months if he lets him help. A gracious Fung declares Money God as his adopted father and gives him a makeover to blend in with the crowd. At his restaurant, Money God convinces Fung to smile more and to be considerate of those around as it is through their patronage that he earns a livelihood. Sure enough, Fung becomes altruistic and respectful of his employees and customers, and his business improves.
Fung is then taken to see a loan shark Mo (George Lam) to settle their debt. When he is unable to pay, Mo threatens to remove his fingers and toes if he does not pay him back in ten days. Money God, Ellen, and Ben later see Mo running for office and are disgusted by the sleazy and exploitative nature of his campaign. Money God takes to the stage and makes a counter speech. He receives a standing ovation (and Ellen's affection) while Mo is chased off. In retaliation, Mo and his henchmen go to Fung's apartment and throw him off a balcony. Money God saves him and he meets Mo, who immediately tries to exploit him for immeasurable wealth. Money God tricks Mo into acting like a buffoon at a bank and Mo is thrown into a mental asylum. Humiliated, he swears revenge - by enlisting the help of three Ghost Exterminators, who confront Money God and Fung's family at a toy fair. However, Money God fends them off by animating several military toys. During the commotion, Ben witnesses Mo and his henchmen abduct Ellen. He tells his father who immediately gives chase, resulting in a highway pursuit across Hong Kong. Money God tries to use his powers to get her back, but finds they have receded as unbeknownst to him, his charm had been lost by Ben who mistook the pouch for a candy bag. Ellen fights her abductors, causing their car to crash. Money God finds Mo and, pretending to be the spirit of his father, convinces him to use his money for good. Mo proclaims his epiphany, writing off Fung's debt and vowing to Money God that he will mend his ways before his bewildered henchmen. The group hold a celebration at Mo's headquarters.
Meanwhile, news of Money God's appearance in Hong Kong has caught the attention of NASA. Mistaking his Hanfu dress as evidence of extraterrestrial technology, they send out forces armed with plasma guns to apprehend him for experimentation. Mo is alerted of their presence and the group escape to the rooftop. Money God realizes his charm has been lost and the encroaching militia shoot at him, knocking him off the building. As he falls, his body lights up the characters 'Kung Hei Fat Choy' and he is transformed back into his deific appearance, powers restored. He transforms the plasma shots into gold coins that fall onto the streets, much to the delight of the pedestrians and NASA forces, who cease in their pursuit of him. Money God is then called back to Heaven, having fulfilled his purpose in helping out mankind by helping Fung and rehabilitating Mo. Years later, many of the characters' lives are revealed to have changed for the better: Fung has become a successful restauranter, Mo has been elected mayor, and many members of his loan shark business have become police officers.
Cast
Dean Shek as Fung
Alan Tam as Money God
George Lam as Mo
Siu Ban-ban as Ben
Michael Chan as Man
Ann Bridgewater as Ellen Fung
Yiu Yau-hung as Mo's son
Cho Tat-wah as Superintendent of Police
Fung King-man as Loan Shark Ping / Pimp Lee
Karl Maka as pedestrian grabbing gold (cameo)
Tsui Hark as pedestrian grabbing gold (cameo)
Raymond Wong as pedestrian grabbing gold (cameo)
Yat-boon Chai as Policeman
Fei Pak as Policeman
Foo Wang-tat as Professor Lam
Hui Ying-ying as Auntie Shun
Yu Mo-lin as Bride as mass wedding
Lau Leung-fat as Mental patient doctor
Shing Wan-on as Mo's thug
Shing Fui-On as Mo's thug
Raymond Fung as Doctor
Yeung Yau-cheung as Chuen
Fung Gam-hung as Taxi Driver
Theme song
I Love the World (我愛世界)
Composer: Alvin Kwok
Lyricist: Raymond Wong
Singer: Alan Tam
Box office
The film grossed HK$18,418,994 at the Hong Kong box office during its theatrical run from 15 February to 5 March in 1985.
References
External links
Kung Hei Fat Choi at Hong Kong Cinemagic
1985 films
1980s fantasy comedy films
Hong Kong slapstick comedy films
1980s Cantonese-language films
Films directed by Dean Shek
Films set in Hong Kong
Films shot in Hong Kong
1985 comedy films
1980s Hong Kong films |
Cane River Lake () is a 35 mi (56 km) oxbow lake formed from a portion of the Red River in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. It runs throughout the Natchitoches' historic district to the south and is famous for the numerous plantations, particularly Melrose being located on or near its banks.
The lake was widely publicized between 1966 and 1979 by the nationally known outdoorsman Grits Gresham, host (with Curt Gowdy) of ABC's The American Sportsman and author of numerous books and columns on hunting, fishing, and guns.
The American historian, Henry C. Dethloff, grew up on Cane River and as a youth swam the entire width of the stream underwater.
See also
Cane River National Heritage Area
Cane River Creole National Historical Park
Marathon Rowing Championship
References
External links
Cane River Lake History
Cane River Creole National Park
Lakes of Louisiana
Bodies of water of Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Oxbow lakes of the United States
Cane River National Heritage Area
Natchitoches, Louisiana
Rowing venues in the United States |
Shyam Goenka (born 7 March 1963 in Janakpur) is the founder of Nepal's first broadsheets in the Non-Government sector, christened Kantipur and The Kathmandu Post. He is a champion and an ardent believer in the sanctity of the free press and in democratization in Nepal.
Kantipur
In February 1993, exactly two years after Nepal's constitution was amended to permit a free press, Kantipur and The Kathmandu Post were founded by Shyam Goenka, when he was 27 years old. In fact, he had taken the initiative to start the newspapers, with very limited resources, when just about everybody dismissed his efforts to start a private media house as a bad business move. However, Kantipur defied all naysayers and went on to write a history of its own – perhaps the greatest success story for a corporate in Nepal, post 1990. Within only a few days of their existence, the two newspapers, Kantipur and The Kathmandu Post, went on to garner unmatched readership in the country, becoming the largest circulated and read newspapers in the history of Nepal with an estimated 75 to 80 percent share at the time. This was certainly a feat in itself because nowhere in the world, had a newspaper become the country's leading daily, by acquiring such loyalty from readers in such a short span of time. This was in stark contrast to the fact that two major Indian industrialists of that time, the Ambanis and the Thapars had also promoted two dailies of their own, at the same time and with huge resources and marketing, but failed to achieve much success, proving to an extent that acquiring newspaper readership and loyalty require much more than merely money and advertisement. Even today, the leading daily of India commands nothing more than 10 percent of the readership in the country; again, nowhere closer to the kind of leadership Kantipur enjoys in readership and circulation in Nepal.
Despite its success, Kantipur was not being given any government advertisements, something that was crucial for sustenance of the newspaper. Thus, due to financial crisis and in order to prevent the employees from losing their jobs, Shyam Goenka ended up transferring his shares to Binod Gyawali and Kailash Sirohiya of the Namaste Group, hereby, handing over the reigns of the media house to them and renouncing ownership of Kantipur and The Kathmandu Post therein.
However, with the initiatives of Shyam Goenka and Kantipur, print media in the Nepalese private sector not only succeeded in acquiring credibility—a tag that until 1993, was monopolized by the government-owned Gorkhapatra and the Rising Nepal—but also promoted professionalism in journalism to a great extent attracting talents to join in. The two newspapers, Kantipur and The Kathmandu Post have not only been one of the strongest contributors to the institutionalization of democracy and freedom in Nepal, but encouraged empowerment of the Nepalese milieu at large. In Nepal, today, journalism has become one of the most loved and sought after professions for the young literate milieu.
See also
Kantipur Publications
Kantipur
The Kathmandu Post
Narayan Wagle
References
1963 births
Living people
Nepalese activists
History of Nepal (1951–2008)
People from Janakpur
Nepalese company founders |
Francis Parry F.R.G.S. was a British businessman in China and member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.
Parry was a member of the Birley & Co. He was elected as Trustees for the Year 1865–66, 1866–67, 1867–68 by the Seatholders of the St. John's Cathedral, Hong Kong. He was appointed member of the Legislative Council vice Hugh Bold Gibb's absence on leave in July 1867.
He married Jane, widow of Rev. James Gwynne, Rector of Cork, and daughter of the late Charles Osburn, Fareham, Hampshire.
References
British businesspeople
British expatriates in Hong Kong
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Hong Kong businesspeople
Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing |
Julius Hammer was the father of Armand Hammer and the great-great-grandfather of Armie Hammer. He emigrated from what was then the Russian Empire.
References
Year of birth missing
Place of birth missing
Year of death missing
Place of death missing
Emigrants from the Russian Empire
Nationality missing |
Villa del Priorato di Malta or Magistral Villa, located on the Aventine Hill in Rome, is one of the two institutional seats of the government of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Along with Magistral Palace, the estate is granted extraterritorial status by Italy. It also hosts the Grand Priory of Rome and the embassy of the Sovereign Order of Malta to Italy.
History
The site, on a rise directly overlooking the Tiber and access to the Roman Pons Sublicius, was already a fortified Benedictine monastery in the tenth century. The monastery passed to the Templars and after the destruction of their order, to the Knights Hospitallers, predecessors of the present Order of Malta. Radical rebuilding was undertaken in the 15th through 17th centuries. The villa was granted extraterritoriality in 1869. On the piano nobile is an assemblage of portraits of the Grand Masters of the Order.
Site
The site is reached by Via Santa Sabina, which ends in the small, picturesque Piazza dei Cavalieri di Malta enclosed on two sides by the cypresses of the garden of the Benedictines backing the fantasy screen of obelisks and stele constructed in 1765 to designs by Giovanni Battista Piranesi, one of the very few executed designs by this etcher of Roman views who prided himself on being an architect. Ahead rises the Neo-Romanesque campanile of the Church of San Anselmo (1893-1900) attached to the international Benedictine seminary (Seminario Internazionale Benedettino).
Keyhole
At the northern side of the square the monumental entrance screen is located, also designed by Piranesi under commission from Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico, nephew of Pope Clement XIII. The Villa is arguably best known for a small keyhole (Il Buco Della Serratura) in the arch-headed central portone, through which the copper-green dome of Saint Peter's Basilica, can be viewed at the end of a garden allée framed in clipped cypresses.
The parterre garden links the villa with the Order's Church of Santa Maria del Priorato, an ancient church completely redesigned by Piranesi in 1765, affording perhaps the earliest example in Rome of Neoclassical architecture. Its facade is capped with a low pediment; paired pilasters on either side of the door have fanciful capitals each formed of a tower flanked by seated sphinxes; other elements of the classical vocabulary are also combined in fanciful and personal ways.
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Rome
Buildings and structures of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Rome R. XII Ripa |
Charles de Lasteyrie (1877-1936) was a French banker and politician. He served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1919 to 1924, representing Corrèze, and from 1928 to 1936, representing the Seine department. He served as the French Minister of Finance from 15 January 1922 to 26 March 1924. He died on 28 June 1936.
References
1877 births
1936 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Charles
Republican Federation politicians
French Ministers of Finance
Members of the 12th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 14th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 15th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of Parliament for Corrèze
Members of Parliament for Seine
French bankers
École Nationale des Chartes alumni |
Prichard is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wayne County, West Virginia, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 461. It is located along the Big Sandy River and U.S. Route 52. It is part of the Huntington–Ashland, WV–KY–OH, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which had a population of 287,702 according to the US Census (2010). The community was named after James Pritchard.
Education
Prichard Elementary School opened in 1958, replacing a two-room schoolhouse. It is the lone academic facility in Prichard. Once students reach sixth grade, they attend either Buffalo Middle School, Wayne Middle School, or Fort Gay Middle School. Upon reaching ninth grade, Prichard residents attend either Spring Valley High School, Wayne High School or Tolsia High School.
Economy
With only a limited number of employment opportunities within Prichard, the average work commute for residents was 38.7 minutes.
In September 1999, Senator Jay Rockefeller announced that Okuno International would open a hydraulic cylinder plant in Prichard, offering 50 new jobs and eventually expanding to 100.
Aplicare, a manufacturer of topical antiseptic and personal care products, operated a facility which, according to their website, manufactured “all of our bottled antiseptics, our personal care product line, and several unit dose products including lubricating jelly and antiseptic hand gel. This facility closed in 2018”
In 2003, Allevard opened a coil spring and stabilizer bar plant in Prichard originally employing approximately 90 people. In May 2008, Allevard announced plans to expand employment to approximately 150 people, but in 2009, due to the slumping economy, had to instead reduce its staff to about 40.
In January 2008, construction began on the Heartland Corridor, a train route of the Norfolk Southern Railway that leads from the Virginia coast to Columbus, Ohio. The corridor offers existing lines the ability to carry more cargo by double-stacking boxcars. An intermodal facility was placed in Prichard, to allow for the cars to be easily transferred between rail, highway, waterway, and airway transportation. The $35 million intermodal facility opened in 2015, but with disappointing expectations. The West Virginia Port Authority put the facility up for auction in 2020 after losing a half million dollars a year.
Government
As an unincorporated community, Prichard has no city government. Law enforcement is provided from the county and state levels.
References
Census-designated places in Wayne County, West Virginia
Census-designated places in West Virginia |
NGC 3511 is an intermediate spiral galaxy located in the constellation Crater. It is located at a distance of circa 45 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 3511 is about 70,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on December 21, 1786. It lies two degrees west of Beta Crateris.
NGC 3511 features two very diffuse, thick, and patchy spiral arms that emanate from the bulge, while there are also other spiral arm fragments. Dark dust lanes can be seen across the spiral pattern. The bulge appears elliptical and is weak. The galaxy is seen at a high inclination, estimated to be 70°. In the centre of the galaxy lies a supermassive black hole, whose mass is estimated to be 106.46 ± 0.33 (1.3 - 6.2 million) , based on the pitch angle of the spiral arms. The galaxy had been classified as a type 1 Seyfert galaxy, however it features only narrow emission lines, and has been reclassified as a HII region galaxy. The Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) on the Spitzer Space Telescope has detected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission.
NGC 3511 forms a pair with NGC 3513, which lies 10.5 arcminutes away from NGC 3511. The two galaxies form a small group, known as the NGC 3511 group, which also includes the galaxy ESO 502-024.
See also
NGC 4088 and NGC 2427 - two similar spiral galaxies
Gallery
References
External links
NGC 3511 on SIMBAD
Intermediate spiral galaxies
Crater (constellation)
3511
UGCA objects
33385
Astronomical objects discovered in 1786
Discoveries by William Herschel |
Jasper Grosvenor (1794–1857) was an American financier of the early to mid 19th century. In 1832 he partnered with Thomas Rogers and Morris Ketchum to form the manufacturing firm Rogers, Ketchum and Grosvenor which became the second most popular steam locomotive manufacturing company in North America in the 19th century. He remained a partner in the business until his death in 1857.
Jasper lived in New York City with his wife Matilda, on the same upscale city block as William H. Aspinwall (founder of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company and the Panama Railroad). The Grosvenors were a religious family and were patrons of New York's Church of the Ascension; after Jasper's death, Matilda donated one of the stained glass windows in the church, the Grosvenor Memorial by Frederic Crowninshield which depicts "Angels at the Sepulchre," in Jasper's memory. Matilda Grosvenor survived Jasper to die in 1885.
References
1794 births
1857 deaths
American people in rail transportation
American railway entrepreneurs
19th-century American businesspeople |
Elora Danan is a fictional character from the 1988 fantasy film Willow, and in the 2022 sequel TV series, Willow. She is a Daikini, one of the average-sized races of people in the film (as opposed to the dwarf-sized Nelwyns). She is played by several different infants in the film, and by Ellie Bamber in the TV series.
Casting
Danan in the film was initially played by infant twins Kate and Ruth Greenfield. Although credited for the role, they grew too large for the props that held them on Warwick Davis’ back, so Rebecca Bearman, niece of second assistant director Gerry Toomey, was used throughout most of the film. Kristen Lang played her for scenes shot in Marin County. Babies Isla Brentwood, Laura Hopkirk, and Gina Nelson played her for the parts filmed in New Zealand. In the more dangerous scenes, however, "a thirteen-pound animatronics baby with a remote-controlled moveable head and mouth" was used instead.
Bamber entered into negotiations to play the adult Danan in November 2020.
Characterization
In the film, Danan is identified as being of the fictional Daikini species, likely derived from the Sanskrit word, ḍākinī, a type of female spirit, goddess, or demon in Hinduism and Buddhism. The character is "the powerful child who is prophesized to appear and unite the people".
With respect to the adult character, Bamber stated in an interview that the Willow TV series presents the story of Elora Danan as "a real coming of age story about a woman coming into her power and understanding who she is and what she was kind of born to do". The character is first shown as a kitchen maid, but is also "brave, determined, tenacious", and when the prince with whom she is in love is kidnapped, "she wants to kind of go along and help find him because she believes that she's the person that could really help to find him, but nobody else wants her there". Bamber also noted that she and star Warwick Davis were able to improvise much of their dialogue in the series. She has been raised under the pseudonym, Brunhilde, nicknamed Dove, and is a kitchen maid, in love with royal heir Airk. When Airk is kidnapped, she joins the quest to save him.
With respect to the fourth episode, "The Whispers of Nockmaar", where the character has a vision of the death of her mother, showrunner Jonathan Kasdan points to this as a moment that would galvanize Elora's participation in the quest, saying that "we thought it was critical and really sort of revelatory for Elora to have a moment where she hears from her own mother this faith and belief in her."
Character plot
Film
Fearful of a prophecy that a girl would be born who would bring about her downfall, the evil Queen Bavmorda of Nockmaar imprisoned all pregnant women in her realm. Elora was born in prison and identified as the prophesied one by a birthmark on her arm. Bavmorda wanted to kill her at birth, but her mother convinced a midwife to smuggle her out. Both mother and midwife died to keep her safe.
After her midwife's death, Elora was found by a young Nelwyn farmer named Willow Ufgood, who initially wanted nothing to do with her but later embraced his role as her protector and attempts to take her to Tir Asleen. Bavmorda's efforts to destroy Elora, preventing the prophecy, led to the former's downfall. Afterwards, Willow leaves Elora in the caring arms of Bavmorda's daughter Sorsha, the new queen, and Madmartigan.
Television
Sometime after Bavmorda's defeat, Willow has a falling out with Queen Sorsha after she refuses to allow him to train Elora Danan in the magical arts. Sorsha wants Elora to lead a normal life while Willow regards her as a weapon against the Withered Crone, the leader of the Gales. Elora's true identity is concealed even from herself, and she is raised not knowing that she is the prophesied savior of the land.
By the time she is an adult, Elora's identity is revealed—even to herself—by Willow, now a powerful and wise sorcerer, who recognizes her among the group banded together to rescue the kidnapped prince of the kingdom. During the journey, Willow teaches Elora the magical arts but she has trouble activating her powers. Elora is later kidnapped by soldiers sent to rescue her but corrupted by evil forces, but not before using magic to create a sapling.
The corrupted soldiers intend to deliver Elora to the evil Crone, who plans to banish her from the mortal realm, just like Bavmorda. Elora escapes and meets two woodcutters who are killed by the soldiers, who recapture Elora. Willow and the others intercept them and a second skirmish ensues, with Elora's friends prevailing, though one of them, Graydon, becomes corrupted.
Willow prepares to exorcise the corruption from Graydon at Queen Bavmorda's castle with Elora's help, and Elora experiences visions of her birth and her mother's subsequent execution. The possessed Graydon breaks free and tricks Elora into entering the high tower where he plans to corrupt her, but Willow and the others successfully exorcise Graydon. The Gales arrive and pursue Elora and her friends through the ruins of Bavmorda's castle. They flee into the Wildwood, where they are captured by the Bone Reavers, outlaws who seek freedom from Tir Asleen and other powers. Elora reveals that she stole Chalindria's wand and is able to use it to briefly escape. The Bone Reavers ultimately welcome the travelers and throw a feast, where truth plums cause Elora to learn that Willow defeated Bavmorda with dumb luck.
Trolls capture Kit and Willow and bring them to their underground city as prisoners, and Elora and the others mount a rescue mission and infiltrate the mines disguised as trolls. They reach the base of the troll city only to discover that Elora's spell has liquified the ground. Kit is furious with Elora, thinking that she has prevented her from reuniting with Madmartigan. Kit is sucked into the liquified abyss while Elora tries to use her magic to free her. In the Immemorial City, Airk experiences a vision of Kit drowning and being rescued by Elora.
Meanwhile, Elora and her companions continue their journey across the Shattered Sea. During the journey, Elora continues her training with Willow but struggles to reach her full potential. Kit and Elora also resolve their differences. Reaching the edge of the Shattered Sea, Elora and Kit jump over the edge and find themselves in the Immemorial City where they encounter a changed Airk. Airk claims that Lili, whom Elora and Kit recognize as the Crone, has shown him the truth and will help usher a new age ruled by her master, the Wyrm. In her fair form, the Crone invites Elora and Kit to enter an inner chamber, where she attempts to convince them to submit to the Wyrm. Meanwhile the others have jumped over the edge of the Shattered Sea and confront the Crone in the Immemorial City, freeing Elora and Kit from their trance. Elora and her friends fight the Crone, her minions, and the enchanted Airk. Graydon is seemimgly killed in the battle but Elora manages to use her powers to kill the Crone and free Airk. Elora and her friends depart home, seeking to honor Graydon's memory. Unbeknownst to them, Graydon is still alive as the Wyrm uses Elora's form to sway him into leading his army.
Other media
Elora Danan also appears as the central character in a series of novels called the Chronicles of the Shadow War trilogy, set about fifteen years after the events of the original film. These novels bear no relation to the later TV series and are in their own continuity.
Reception and cultural impact
In the film, the infant Elora Danan has been described as "more of an adorable McGuffin" than a main character. She has been noted in this appearance as being one of a long tradition of characters in fiction and myth prophesized to bring about the destruction of the villain of the story, and whom the villain therefore actively seeks to kill, setting forth the chain of events that in fact leads to the death of the villain.
The lead character in the 2021 TV series, Reservation Dogs, is named Elora Danan Postoak, after the Willow character. The significance of the name surfaces in that show when the character meets people who are familiar with the film, Willow.
See also
Willow (NES video game)
References
External links
Characters created by George Lucas
Fantasy film characters
Adoptee characters in films
Fictional emperors and empresses
Fictional orphans
Fictional princesses
Willow (1988 film)
Film characters introduced in 1988 |
Imperial Schrade Corp. was an American knife manufacturer of hunting knives, pocketknives, utility knives, and bayonets during the 20th and early 21st centuries. The consolidation of five forerunner companies, including its namesakes, the Imperial Knife Company, founded 1916, and the Schrade Cutlery Company, founded in 1904, Imperial Schrade manufactured its products in the United States and Ireland and sold through hardware stores, department stores, and on military bases. The original company's fortunes declined and in 2004 it entered into bankruptcy where all equipment and intellectual property was sold off to reimburse creditors. The name and intellectual property (but not the factory nor equipment) was bought by Taylor Brands and used for marketing purposes.
History
Imperial Knife
The Imperial Knife Company had its roots at the Empire Knife Company in Winsted, Connecticut. In 1916, two men named Felix and Michael Mirando moved from Frosolone Molise in Italy to Providence, Rhode Island to be near its jewelry industry and began making skeletons for “waldemar,” or pocket watch chain knives. With their friend Domenic Fazzano as manager, they established the Imperial Knife Company, which would at one point grow to be the largest knife manufacturer in the United States. The company developed a number of successful innovations in the manufacture of commercial value-priced folding pocket knives.
In 1941, Albert M. Baer purchased the Ulster Knife Company (which was founded in Ellenville, New York, in the 1870s) and merged it with the Imperial Knife Company and designated this new business as the Imperial Knife Associated Companies, to produce knives for the military. Albert's brother, Henry Baer, was the company's first president and the namesake for Schrade's "Uncle Henry" line of knives.
Tang stamps bearing the Imperial name appeared until 1988 when they were discontinued and replaced by the Schrade name.
Schrade
Schrade Cutlery Company had its roots in the New York Press Button Knife Company, formed in 1892 by George Schrade, an inventor from Sheffield, England. Unable to raise sufficient capital to begin knife production, Schrade sold a partial interest in the company to the Walden Knife Company. The company's unusual name arose from its first knife design, a switchblade or automatic-opening pocket knife with an operating button mounted in the knife bolster. First patented by Schrade in 1892, the knife was eventually produced with a unique style of clip point blade. In 1903, Schrade sold all of his interest in the New York Press Button Knife Co. to Walden Knife Company. The following year, Schrade formed the Schrade Cutlery Company in Walden.
In 1906-07, Schrade patented the Safety Pushbutton Knives, an improved series of switchblade knives with side-mounted operating button and a sliding safety switch. Later developed in slightly modified form as the Presto series, the Schrade switchblade would come to dominate the automatic knife market in the United States for the next fifty-five years.
From 1911-1916, George Schrade resided in the knifemaking center of Solingen, Germany, where he ran a small workshop. There Schrade developed a new type of switchblade knife, which he titled the Springer. However, in 1916 the German government seized all of Schrade's assets in Germany to assist its war production. Schrade returned to the United States, though his Springer switchblade would live on; now unprotected by patent, the type was manufactured by several Solingen shops for many years thereafter.
In 1917, Schrade licensed a flylock switchblade design to the Challenge Cutlery Company, which he then joined. Schrade pursued his knifemaking interests at both Challenge and at Schrade, where his brother George now managed one of the company's factories. In the 1920s, Schrade bought the defunct Walden Cutlery Company in order to obtain their stocks of handle material for his knives.
In 1928, the Challenge Cutlery Co. closed after the death of its owner, Charles F. Wiebusch. Schrade formed a new company, the Geo. Schrade Knife Co. in Bridgeport, acquiring knifemaking machinery from the old Challenge Cutlery assets. At the new company Schrade made Presto switchblades as well as Wire Jack jackknives, and other low-end pocket knives. George Schrade died in 1940 (According to; George Schrade died in 1945), and the Geo. Schrade Knife Co. was sold by his sons in 1956 to Boker Knife Co. of Newark, New Jersey, but the company closed operations in 1958 after Congress passed a law banning the sale of switchblades across state lines. Schrade's other company, the Schrade Cutlery Co., was sold in 1946 to the Imperial Knife Associated Companies, becoming the Schrade-Walden Cutlery Co., Inc.
Consolidation
The Baers purchased Schrade Cutlery Company in 1946 from J. Louis Schrade and renamed it the Schrade Walden Cutlery Corporation, a division of the Imperial Knife Associated Companies group. The Schrade-Walden division was moved from Walden, New York, to Ellenville, New York, after a fire consumed the factory in 1958, though the two companies would maintain separate manufacturing facilities. Imperial Knife had positive economic growth up to the late 1970s, but as the conglomerate entered the 1980s, a consolidation took place and the company divested itself of various holdings in order to streamline management.
In 1983, Albert M. Baer took the company private to ward off hostile investors by purchasing all outstanding stock in the company. The company changed names in 1985 to Imperial Schrade Corp. and Walter Gardiner was named President and COO. All U.S. operations were combined under one roof in Ellenville, the vacant Channel Master antenna factory. In the 1990s, the company entered the multi-tool market and the Baers were both inducted into the Blade Magazine Cutlery Hall of Fame.
In July 2004, the year the company celebrated its 100th anniversary, the factory in Ellenville was closed. The Schrade name was purchased by Taylor Brands LLC, who continue to manufacture products under the Schrade brand as well as Old Timer, Uncle Henry, Imperial & Smith & Wesson knives. Production is now in China.
In July 2016, Smith and Wesson Holding Corporation announced that its Battenfeld Technologies division was to purchase Taylor Brands.
Gallery
References
Companies disestablished in 2004
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York (state)
Knife manufacturing companies
Manufacturing companies established in 1904
Manufacturing companies established in 1916 |
Nathan Lee Chasing His Horse (born April 28, 1976), also known as Nathan Chasing Horse and Nathan Chases His Horse, is a Native American actor. Born on the Rosebud Indian Reservation, he has spent most of his adult life in California, and he currently resides in Las Vegas, Nevada. In January 2023, he was arrested on charges relating to multiple sex crimes against Indigenous girls.
Life and career
Chasing Horse portrayed the young Lakota character Smiles A Lot in Kevin Costner's 1990 movie Dances with Wolves. He has appeared in three TNT telefilms with First Nations actor Eric Schweig: The Broken Chain, Into the West, and Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. He has given speaking engagements and workshops on spirituality and developed a following in a variety of locations.
He is the father of the model Quannah Chasinghorse.
Chasing Horse gained a reputation among tribes across the United States and in Canada as a so-called medicine man. He claimed to perform healing ceremonies and, police allege, used his position to abuse young Native American girls.
Legal issues
On July 6, 2015, after attempting to hold a Sun Dance ceremony in the area, Chasing Horse was banned from the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in Montana as a "safety threat" because of charges of "human trafficking, sexual abuse, drug dealing, and intimidation of tribal members".
Chasing Horse was arrested on January 31, 2023 by officers of the North Las Vegas Police Department and Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department. Officers conducted a SWAT team raid on the house that he shared with his five wives, located in North Las Vegas. His arrest was the culmination of a months-long investigation that began after police received a tip in October 2022. According to a 50-page search warrant obtained by AP, Chasing Horse is believed to be the leader of a cult known as The Circle. Police report that they seized firearms, and that Chasing Horse was instructing his followers to “shoot it out” with law enforcement and, that if they failed, to take “suicide pills".
The Las Vegas police, as stated in the search warrant, have found evidence of at least six claims of sexual abuse, with one victim reporting being assaulted at the age of 13. The allegations against Chasing Horse span multiple states, including Montana, South Dakota, and Nevada where he has lived for the past 10 years, and date back to the early 2000s.
Filmography
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
American male film actors
Rosebud Sioux people
Native American male actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
American male child actors
Male actors from South Dakota
People from Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota |
Smith Drug Company is a Spartanburg, South Carolina based drug wholesale company and a division of J M Smith Corporation. The company was founded in 1944 with annual revenue in excess of $2.5 Billion as of 2013.
The company specializes in wholesale pharmaceutical distribution, home medical equipment and other medical products. Although it services long-term care pharmacies and regional hospitals as well, the company has been serving independent pharmacies for over 75 years.
History
In 1925, J.M. Smith Sr., R.Ph., founded Smith Drug Company as an independent pharmacy in Asheville, North Carolina. As the changing economy of the 1940s, rigors of contestant travel and shortages imposed by World War II began to take their toll, J.M. Smith began divesting his retail chain of drug stores and incorporated Smith Drug Company in 1943. The wholesale drug operation began in the attic of the original Smith Drug Store in Spartanburg, South Carolina and now manages three large distribution centers across the southeastern United States.
Facilities
In addition to its national headquarters located in Spartanburg, South Carolina, Smith Drug Company maintains additional distribution centers and offices in Paragould, Arkansas, Valdosta, Georgia, Carey, Ohio and Milton, Vermont.
Key programs and services
HealthWise Pharmacy - Advertising program.
HME - Home Medical Equipment.
Continuing education and trade show
Since 1996, Smith Drug Company's Continuing Education program has grown into a large attraction at the company's annual Trade Show, where it gives manufacturers, vendors and customers a place to meet.
Other divisions
RxMedic Systems
References
External links
Smith Drug Company
J M Smith Corporation
Health care companies based in South Carolina
Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
Companies based in Spartanburg, South Carolina |
The following is a list of Radio Disney Music Award winners and nominees for Best Music Group. There is also a Best Band Category.
Winners and nominees
2000s
2010s
References
Group |
Preseľany () is a municipality in the Topoľčany District of the Nitra Region, Slovakia. In Preseľany is football club, skittles club and bodybuilding club. This municipality on Northern part of Nitra Region is mostly famous od high incidence of cholerics per km2, what's making it one of the world's uniques. Local citizens have already applied for the inclusion of the village in the list of UNESCO cultural heritage precisely because of this exceptional feature of the village.
References
External links
http://en.e-obce.sk/obec/preselany/preselany.html
Official homepage
Villages and municipalities in Topoľčany District |
Kenon () is a fresh water body in the Chita District, Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia. The name of the lake originated in the Evenki language.
The city of Chita is located near the lakeshore and lake Kenon is surrounded by residential areas, railways, highways and agricultural land. There is also a rather narrow city beach zone which is popular in the summer, although there is substantial pollution. Neolithic and Bronze Age archaeological remains were found by the shores of the lake.
Geography
Kenon lake is part of the Ingoda river basin, It is located in the Chita-Ingoda Depression (Читино-Ингодинская впадина), in the western outskirts of Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai. A few small streams flow into the lake. The main ones are the Ivanovka and Kadala rivers, which have their sources in the neighboring Yablonovy Range. The outflow is through a long channel leading to the Ingoda that fills with water only in the wettest years.
The lake is frozen between late October and early May.
Fauna
Among the fish species present in the lake, the main ones are perch, Amur chebak, Amur pike, goldfish, Amur carp and Amur catfish.
See also
List of lakes of Russia
Ivan-Arakhley Lake System, located to the west
References
External links
Кеnоn |
Orchelimum kasumigauraense, is a species of katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. It is found in Japan.
Description
The species was described by Inoue, 2000.
References
External links
kasumigauraense |
Kudu and Camo (Chamo) are a nearly extinct Kainji dialect cluster of Nigeria.
References
East Kainji languages
Languages of Nigeria
Endangered Niger–Congo languages |
Colin Murray "Gem" Archer ( ; born 7 December 1966) is an English guitarist and singer. He is best known as a member of the rock bands Oasis, Beady Eye and Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds, making him, alongside Chris Sharrock, one of the only members of Oasis to have been part of both Liam and Noel Gallagher's post-Oasis projects. He is also known for his work with Heavy Stereo.
Archer joined Oasis as rhythm guitarist in November 1999, and handled lead guitar for acoustic songs as well. He also contributed to the writing of some of the band's songs. Oasis broke up in August 2009, but in November 2009, Liam Gallagher announced he was writing new material with Archer as well as other ex-Oasis members excluding his brother Noel, under the name Beady Eye. After two albums with Beady Eye, 2011's Different Gear, Still Speeding and 2013's BE, the band officially disbanded in October 2014. In 2017, Archer joined Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds as lead guitarist, thus reuniting with former Oasis member Noel Gallagher.
The Edge and The Contenders
Archer began his musical career in a group called The Edge in the early 1980s. They released two singles, "Take a Walk" and "Little Girl Blue". In early 1987, he was part of a band called The Contenders. He then formed Whirlpool in 1991 and signed to Food Records and EMI Publishing. Simon Scott was also involved on a live basis playing keyboards and back-up vocals. After gigging around the UK and recording for 18 months the group folded. This laid the foundations for Heavy Stereo, with Gem taking over the role of singer.
Heavy Stereo
Archer formed Heavy Stereo with bassist Nez and guitarist Pete Downing both previously of Redcar indie band 2 Lost Sons who were subsequently signed with Creation Records. The band's only album, 1996's Déjà Voodoo, did not enjoy much critical or commercial success. However, Heavy Stereo's next release did receive more attention through demos of new material, a critically acclaimed contribution to The Jam tribute album, Fire and Skill: The Songs of the Jam, and opening on a Paul Weller tour.
Oasis
Whilst at home in Durham, having returned to care for his mother, Archer – lying in front of the fire – heard a report on The Big Breakfast that Bonehead had left Oasis after a massive row with Noel Gallagher. He claims "I thought, Shit! They'll split now. I was a real fan, and I'm not just saying that. For me, Oasis had breathed life back into rock 'n' roll." He was unaware that Noel Gallagher – who knew Archer from both their days on the Creation Records label – had rung his home in London where it was Archer's son Joel's birthday party. Once Archer's mother had recovered, Gallagher invited him to Olympic Studios, where Oasis were mixing Standing on the Shoulder of Giants. "We went to the pub and I couldn't stand not knowing if I was a part of the band. After less than half a pint of Guinness I said, 'What does Liam say?' And Noel said, 'It's my f*cking band. I'll have who I want.'" Archer claims the rest of Heavy Stereo were pleased for him to join Oasis.
Since Archer did not perform on the Giants album, he received no royalties and, for the first few performances, was paid a standard session wage, about £85 a gig, as the new Oasis rhythm guitarist. His first official duty was to appear on the "Go Let It Out" video – on which he played lead guitar, as Andy Bell had yet to take over bass, so Noel played bass with Liam on acoustic guitar and vocals. Archer played his first rhythm guitar set at a session for alternative radio in Philadelphia.
Though Archer was officially referred to as Oasis' rhythm guitarist, his role in Oasis was much more than that. In live settings, he and Noel often switched between lead and rhythm guitar and both Noel and Liam Gallagher have praised Archer for his contributions in the studio. Archer also had a role as a songwriter. His first songwriting contribution after joining Oasis was "Hung in a Bad Place", which appeared on Oasis' fifth album Heathen Chemistry. This song was picked up for use in a commercial for Victoria's Secret in the US. His role was expanded on Oasis' sixth studio album, Don't Believe the Truth, which features Archer's "A Bell Will Ring" and "Love Like a Bomb", the latter of which he co-wrote with singer Liam Gallagher. He also contributed the B-sides "Eyeball Tickler" and "The Quiet Ones" – an acoustic song. He also wrote "To Be Where There's Life" on the 2008 album Dig Out Your Soul. Archer has said that he found it quite daunting to submit songs for consideration to the band because of Noel Gallagher's stature as a songwriter, whom he cites as one of his favourite songwriters. Archer, in rare occasions, contributed backing vocals to Oasis songs, such as on "The Meaning of Soul", "Force of Nature", and on the band's cover of The Who's "My Generation", played piano on "Stop Crying Your Heart Out" and harmonica on "Mucky Fingers".
Andy Bell highlighted Archer's significance to Oasis, saying "Oasis has completely evolved. Noel's old mates have left, he's been divorced and really changed his own life around. He still has Liam but his relationship with Liam is different – it's more tempestuous. He needs a less extreme mate and Gem's it. Gem chills Noel out. And that makes Oasis a more stable ship."
Although Noel Gallagher departed Oasis, Archer and he remained friends, and teamed up for a charity concert at the Royal Albert Hall.
Beady Eye
Noel Gallagher quit Oasis in August 2009, following an argument with his brother in Paris. Gallagher placed part of the blame for his decision to leave on Archer, and Andy Bell, for a lack of support saying "the lack of support and understanding from my... band mates has left me with no other option than to get me cape and seek pastures new." Soon afterwards the band announced they had split. However, Archer, Bell, Liam Gallagher and Oasis live drummer Chris Sharrock resolved to work together on a new project under a new name, Beady Eye. While Noel Gallagher maintains a friendship with Archer, as well as Oasis drummer Chris Sharrock, he claims that he has not spoken with his brother Liam or former Oasis bassist Andy Bell.
Archer contributed guitar, bass and backing vocals to Beady Eye's debut album Different Gear, Still Speeding, released on 28 February 2011.
Archer also contributed guitar, keyboards, and backing vocals on Beady Eye's second album BE, released on 10 June 2013.
On 25 October 2014, Liam Gallagher announced, via Twitter, that Beady Eye had disbanded.
Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds
In December 2015, Archer appeared with Noel Gallagher at an acoustic gig in Lincoln on 6 December 2015, followed by an appearance for BBC Radio 2 the following night.
In October 2016, Gem joined Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds for their performance of "Half the World Away" dedicated to Caroline Aherne for Channel 4's Stand Up to Cancer telethon; leading to speculation he had become a permanent member of the band.
In July 2017, it was confirmed that Gem had become a permanent member of Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds.
Other work
Outside of Oasis, Archer has collaborated with a few other artists, most notably Paul Weller. He has contributed acoustic guitar to the song 'One x One' on Weller's 2002 album Illumination and guitars and mellotron to the song 'Echoes Round The Sun on Weller's 2008 album 22 Dreams. He participated in an acoustic tour of the US with Weller when Steve Cradock of Ocean Colour Scene was unavailable, and provided guitar and backing vocals at the 2010 NME Awards when Weller performed a live set having received the 'Godlike Genius Award'.
He also contributed guitar to David Holmes' 1997 album Let's Get Killed.
He also assisted Noel Gallagher in producing the first Proud Mary album, a band signed to Gallagher's Sour Mash record label.
According to album notes, Gem also worked with his good friend and previous Oasis and Beady Eye colleague Andy Bell on his debut solo Album (not under the “Glok” alias) called “The View from Halfway Down”, contributing some drums, bass and guitar tracks, and also providing some of the recording work.
Personal life
On 1 August 2013, Archer was admitted to hospital with serious head trauma and a fractured skull after a freak accident at home, by falling down a flight of stairs. After several scans, to ensure that there was no long-term effects, Beady Eye's V-Festival act was cancelled, so that he could be kept under observation. He was later said to be in a stable condition.
He was married to Lou and is father to Joel and Libby. On 26 November 2022, he married Christine Mary Biller during a ceremony in London, England.
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
English rock guitarists
Oasis (band) members
Beady Eye members
Britpop musicians
Rhythm guitarists
Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds members |
Internet censorship in Morocco was listed as selective in the social, conflict/security, and Internet tools areas and as no evidence in the political area by the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) in August 2009. Freedom House listed Morocco's "Internet Freedom Status" as "Partly Free" in its 2018 Freedom on the Net report.
Current situation
In its Freedom on the Net 2013, Freedom House reports that between May 2012 and April 2013:
Filtering of numerous websites and online tools was lifted as the government introduced liberalizing measures to counter rising discontent heightened by the events of the Arab Spring;
Restrictive press and national security laws applied to online media sites lead to self-censorship.
Several online users were arrested for comments and videos posted to Facebook, YouTube, and blogs.
In 2009 Internet access in Morocco was, for the most part, open and unrestricted. Morocco's Internet filtration regime was relatively light and focused on a few blog sites, a few highly visible anonymizers, and for a brief period in May 2007, the video sharing Web site YouTube. Testing by the OpenNet Initiative revealed that Morocco no longer filters a majority of sites in favor of independence of the Western Sahara, which were previously blocked. The filtration regime is not comprehensive, that is to say, similar content can be found on other Web sites that are not blocked. On the other hand, Morocco has started to prosecute Internet users and bloggers for their online activities and writings.
Causes of censorship
As there have been no judiciary decisions one can only speculate about the reasons sites are blocked. However, some patterns emerge and it seems that the blocked sites are often related to the Polisario movement claiming independence of Western Sahara, to Islamist extremists and fundamentalists, to carrying non-official or subversive information about King Mohammed VI such as parodic videos in YouTube. Morocco also blocked some sites that facilitate circumvention of Internet censorship.
Google Earth, Skype, and YouTube
There have been reports that Google Earth, Skype, and YouTube have been intermittently blocked in Morocco since at least 2006, but they were all found to be accessible in tests conducted in mid-2013. Since, the blocking is not systematic and consistent in time and region, it is difficult to be sure of a particular site's status and Morocco's main ISP denies that they knowingly block these services, citing technical glitches.
When videos judged offensive to the king were posted on YouTube, Maroc Telecom decided to ban the site, without basing its act on a judiciary decision. This led to an immense uproar among the Moroccan blogosphere (also called Blogoma or Blogma) and Moroccan internauts as well as the printed press, as the site was immensely popular. Some days later Maroc Telecom lifted the ban. The public reaction was one of the founding events of the consciousness and the fight against Internet censorship in Morocco.
Targuist Sniper case
An anonymous person calling himself the "Targuist Sniper" from Targuist, a small Berber town in northern Morocco, posted several videos of good quality on YouTube showing Moroccan police officers, one after another, accepting cash bribes from truck drivers and potential smugglers. The videos generated wide debate on the press and discussions on the Internet, but they were never mentioned in the state media. Many were seeing them as a new way of cyberactivism by fighting the widespread corruption in the government institutions.
The videos led to the arrest of nine corrupt policemen and the transfer of others.
Fouad Mourtada case
Fouad Mourtada, a Moroccan engineer, was sentenced by a Casablanca court to three years in prison for creating a fake profile of the king's brother on Facebook. He was convicted on 23 February 2008 of “villainous practices linked to the alleged theft" of Prince Moulay Rachid's identity. Fouad was sentenced to 3 years of jail plus a fine of 10,000 Moroccan Dirhams. On the evening of 18 March 2008, Fouad was released by a royal pardon after spending 43 days in jail.
Lakome
Independent media platform Lakome.com was blocked in Morocco starting from 17 October 2013. The editor of its Arabic version Ali Anouzla, has been held in pre-trial detention since 17 September 2013. The site administrators migrated the French version to another domain—Lakome.info and lako.me—which was briefly accessible on 18 October, but was later blocked. Due to over-blocking, some popular websites using cloud hosting such as Heroku, Pinterest and Instagram were also briefly blocked.The block reportedly impacted only Rabat.
On 19 October French website Reflets.info was also blocked after it reported on the censorship. Later that day Moroccan authorities also blocked the free web proxy hidemyass.com.
On 22 October Reporters without Borders mirrored the censored website on its domain name (Lakome.RSF.org). Additionally it addressed a message to France's Minister of Foreign Affairs Laurent Fabius, asking him to mention the case of Anouzla in his meeting with his Moroccan counterpart.
Censorship During the Arab Spring
2011-2012: First Attempts in Morocco:
One of the main objectives of the Arab Spring in Morocco was democratization, primarily through liberation and privatization of media outlets. During the Arab Spring, protesters used social media to coordinate street riots. Unlike other Middle Eastern countries, Morocco remains a monarchy and has relatively more relaxed laws regarding street protests. The government had frequently allowed protests in order to allow civilians to blow off steam, and thus became more equipped to deal with riots. Rather than trying to censor the internet as other countries did, they used the internet as a tool to watch and anticipate physical revolts, knowing it would be harder to control the revolts without it. Morocco adapted to a changing electronic era by creating and reforming state agencies with rather flexible rules on surveillance. Several commissions formed in late 1990 and early 2000 were altered in order to extend regulations to the online sphere. These commissions include: the National Agency of the Regulation of Telecommunications (ANRT) established in 1998, the High Authority of Audiovisual Com- munication (HACA) established by royal decree in 2002, the National Control Commission for the Protection of Per- sonal Data (CNDP) in 2009, and the DGST. While they appeared to uphold ideals of free media, the internal structure in which one appointed person holds power, translating into power polarized towards the king, provides a gateway for censorship, surveillance, and free speech violations. In the past the government had been exposed for using Eagle, a French Surveillance company to watch individual's internet activity and enable mass monitoring. Anyone who made an effort to expose internet surveillance was arrested. Most arrests were arrested under false pretenses of "adultery" and then published in headlines to ruin the reputation of the individual.
In 2012 a draft bill called the Code Numérique was introduced, which would restrict online rights and yield power to government with vague guidelines. In 2013 Maghreb Digital program's "Maroc Numeric" 2013 strategy was released to reinforce this legislation, but was abandoned soon after due to backlash primarily expressed on social media. According to the EEF, "the strategy of the Moroccan authorities has been to “watch” the internet, and often intimidate and humiliate those who criticize the regime, rather than censor". As opposed to censorship of civilians through social media, the government took several measures to regulate the media coverage of what was happening on the ground by extorting journalists. One of the most prolific events entailed sentencing Rachid Nini, executive producer and founder of Al-Massae, an independent publication, to one year in jail for "compromising national security" in an opinion article.
The judiciary has also targeted several other newspapers. In 2009, Al-Jarida al-Oula, Al-Michaal, Le Journal Hebdomadaire, and Akhbar al-Youm were suppressed by the government. Editor Driss Chahtan was sentenced one year for “intentionally publishing false information”. In 2010 Akhbar al-Youm and Le Journal were targeted and Al-Massae in 2011. Moroccan law stipulates that surveillance can be utilized when the judiciary calls upon it, but does not define when that is necessary or applicable. The government utilizes the judiciary to authorize arrests by manipulating this weak branch: “The judiciary is very weak and heavily influenced by the Ministry of Interior,” Taoufik Bouachrine, editor of the banned daily Akhbar al-Youm told CPJ. “The press freedom situation will keep deteriorating unless the king decides to turn this bleak page,”The Moroccan constitution vows to protect the rights of free expression, but its spectrum is left vague. In several interviews, Moroccan citizens claim that the constitution is not a reality; what is written is not actually adhered to, thereby giving the King more power. It also meant that the constitutional democratization promised by the King in 2011 had a very weak basis. This has allowed for the government to maintain a public facade that they are authorizing protests and free speech, while censoring individual opinions. Furthermore, there are no direct references in the constitution for how censorship should be handled online or virtually. All have the right to express and to disseminate freely and within the sole limits expressly provided by the law, information, ideas and opinions. (Morocco’s Constitution 2011) Civil society leaders found that state security services were noticeably more reluctant to move in on protesters precisely because most of the protesters had mobile phone cameras. It appears that most efforts are made to prevent international recognition of government activity.
Mamfakinch case
Mamfakinch is a media collective established in early February 2011, at the start of the Moroccan Spring. It marked the arrival of the first independent citizen media outlet in the country, which quickly gained notoriety through its coverage of the revolution. Unlike its predecessors such as Talk Morocco, this site was able to garner more attention by publishing in various languages and being the single citizen media outlet, or a voice for the people. The website was exposing to the international community what was happening in Morocco, the one thing the monarchy was attempting to hide the most. On March 10, after the King's speech promising constitutional reform, Mamfakinch posted a critical analysis along with an announcement that it was still protesting because they didn't believe real change can occur from the top. Mamfakinch played an especially important role in the international community by representing real Moroccan civilian's values, particularly while western commentators praised the King's response. The aforementioned government agencies responsible for internet surveillance directed its efforts towards targeting Mamfakinch. On July 13, 2012, at the height of its international recognition, members of Mamfakinch unknowingly granted the government access to their computers via an encrypted email. This enabled access to microphone, webcam, and key board stroke. After Mamfakinch published this story, it garnered even more international attention. The story was covered by US and European media outlets and prompted an investigation of surveillance by the British company Privacy International The company was then sued by the Moroccan government, who simultaneously targeted individual Mamfakinch reporters.
2013-present: Subsequent Attempts to Revolt:
In 2013 Ali Anouzla, editor of Lakome was jailed for reporting extremism. According to the Brookings Institution, many people "have been prosecuted and jailed over the past decade for expressing their views on Internet". A second wave of an uprising occurred in 2016 following Mouhcine Fikri's death, and after witnessing successful revolutions from neighboring countries, the government noticeably increased all forms of suppression; more restrictions were placed on expression via increased security and internet censorship. Censorship spread into television: channels were surveilled and extensive debates on politics were orchestrated or prohibited all together
See also
Media of Morocco
References
External links
A study conducted by the OpenNet initiative about Internet censorship in the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa).
Interview with Moroccan Internet activist Mohamed Drissi Bakhkhat, regarding the Internet filtering situation in Morocco, October 2007.
A Taguist Sniper Video on YouTube.
Inovat - Agence Web Rabat Maroc
Mass media in Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Censorship in Morocco
Internet in Morocco |
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