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Richard Kissi Boateng (born 25 November 1988) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who currently plays as a left-back for Berekum Chelsea.
Club career
Boateng began his youth career with Saint Stars FC, before later transferring to Liberty Professionals FC in 2004, where he began his senior and professional career. In 2008, he was nominated as Defender of the year in Ghana. In July 2010, he moved to the Libyan side Al-Ittihad, and returned to Ghana for Berekum Chelsea in September 2011. On 16 January 2013, Boateng signed for Congolese club TP Mazembe on a five-year deal.
In January 2020, Boateng returned to Berekum Chelsea.
International career
On 16 May 2012, Boateng was called up to the Ghana squad for two, 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Lesotho national football team and Zambia national football team.
Personal life
Boating married in 2014. He and his wife welcomed a son in 2017.
Career statistics
International
Honours
Club
TP Mazembe
DR Congo Championship : 2013, 2013–14, 2015–16
DR Congo Super Cup : 2013, 2014, 2016
CAF Champions League : 2015
Confederation Cup : 2016, 2017, runner up: 2013
CAF Super Cup : 2016
SuperSport United
MTN 8: 2017
References
External links
Player profile
1988 births
Living people
Ghanaian men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Liberty Professionals F.C. players
Al-Ittihad Club (Tripoli) players
Berekum Chelsea F.C. players
TP Mazembe players
SuperSport United F.C. players
Ghana Premier League players
South African Premier Division players
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers
2013 Africa Cup of Nations players
Footballers from Kumasi
Expatriate men's footballers in Libya
Expatriate men's footballers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Libya
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in South Africa
Ghana men's international footballers
Libyan Premier League players |
```xml
import * as core from "./core.js";
test(
"omit update on attribute",
core.test(
__filename,
["d"],
{},
`
comment on column d.tv_shows.title is E'@omit update';
`,
),
);
``` |
```go
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package quotaapi
import (
"testing"
"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
"github.com/google/trillian/quota/etcd/quotapb"
"github.com/google/trillian/quota/etcd/storagepb"
"google.golang.org/genproto/protobuf/field_mask"
"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
)
var (
apiSequencingConfig = "apb.Config{
Name: "quotas/global/write/config",
State: quotapb.Config_ENABLED,
MaxTokens: 100,
ReplenishmentStrategy: "apb.Config_SequencingBased{
SequencingBased: "apb.SequencingBasedStrategy{},
},
}
apiTimeConfig = "apb.Config{
Name: "quotas/users/llama/write/config",
State: quotapb.Config_DISABLED,
MaxTokens: 200,
ReplenishmentStrategy: "apb.Config_TimeBased{
TimeBased: "apb.TimeBasedStrategy{
TokensToReplenish: 10,
ReplenishIntervalSeconds: 30,
},
},
}
storageSequencingConfig = &storagepb.Config{
Name: apiSequencingConfig.Name,
State: storagepb.Config_ENABLED,
MaxTokens: apiSequencingConfig.MaxTokens,
ReplenishmentStrategy: &storagepb.Config_SequencingBased{
SequencingBased: &storagepb.SequencingBasedStrategy{},
},
}
storageTimeConfig = &storagepb.Config{
Name: apiTimeConfig.Name,
State: storagepb.Config_DISABLED,
MaxTokens: apiTimeConfig.MaxTokens,
ReplenishmentStrategy: &storagepb.Config_TimeBased{
TimeBased: &storagepb.TimeBasedStrategy{
TokensToReplenish: apiTimeConfig.GetTimeBased().TokensToReplenish,
ReplenishIntervalSeconds: apiTimeConfig.GetTimeBased().ReplenishIntervalSeconds,
},
},
}
)
func TestValidateMask(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
desc string
mask *field_mask.FieldMask
wantErr bool
}{
{
desc: "commonFields",
mask: commonMask,
},
{
desc: "sequencingBased",
mask: sequencingBasedMask,
},
{
desc: "timeBased",
mask: timeBasedMask,
},
{
desc: "sequencingAndTime",
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{sequencingBasedPath, timeBasedPath}},
wantErr: true,
},
{
desc: "timeAndSequencing",
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{timeBasedPath, sequencingBasedPath}},
wantErr: true,
},
{
desc: "unknownPaths",
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{statePath, "NOT_A_FIELD", maxTokensPath}},
wantErr: true,
},
{
desc: "namePath", // readonly
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{"name"}},
wantErr: true,
},
}
for _, test := range tests {
err := validateMask(test.mask)
if gotErr := err != nil; gotErr != test.wantErr {
t.Errorf("%v: validateMask() returned err = %v, wantErr = %v", test.desc, err, test.wantErr)
}
}
}
func TestApplyMask(t *testing.T) {
// destSequencingConfig must match apiSequencingConfig after the test
// name is manually copied, as it's a readonly field.
destSequencingConfig := proto.Clone(storageTimeConfig).(*storagepb.Config)
destSequencingConfig.Name = apiSequencingConfig.Name
// destTimeConfig must match apiTimeConfig after the test
destTimeConfig := proto.Clone(storageSequencingConfig).(*storagepb.Config)
destTimeConfig.Name = apiTimeConfig.Name
destClearSequencing := proto.Clone(storageSequencingConfig).(*storagepb.Config)
wantClearSequencing := destClearSequencing
wantClearSequencing.ReplenishmentStrategy = nil
destClearTime := proto.Clone(storageTimeConfig).(*storagepb.Config)
wantClearTime := destClearTime
wantClearTime.ReplenishmentStrategy = nil
tests := []struct {
desc string
src *quotapb.Config
dest, want *storagepb.Config
mask *field_mask.FieldMask
}{
{
desc: "applyToBlank",
src: apiTimeConfig,
dest: &storagepb.Config{},
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{statePath, maxTokensPath}},
want: &storagepb.Config{
State: storagepb.Config_DISABLED,
MaxTokens: apiTimeConfig.MaxTokens,
},
},
{
desc: "sequencingBasedOverwrite",
src: apiSequencingConfig,
dest: destSequencingConfig,
mask: sequencingBasedMask,
want: storageSequencingConfig,
},
{
desc: "timeBasedOverwrite",
src: apiTimeConfig,
dest: destTimeConfig,
mask: timeBasedMask,
want: storageTimeConfig,
},
{
desc: "clearSequencingIfNil",
src: "apb.Config{},
dest: destClearSequencing,
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{sequencingBasedPath}},
want: wantClearSequencing,
},
{
desc: "clearTimeIfNil",
src: "apb.Config{},
dest: destClearTime,
mask: &field_mask.FieldMask{Paths: []string{timeBasedPath}},
want: wantClearTime,
},
}
for _, test := range tests {
applyMask(test.src, test.dest, test.mask)
if !proto.Equal(test.dest, test.want) {
t.Errorf("%v: post-applyMask() diff (-got +want):\n%v", test.desc, cmp.Diff(test.dest, test.want))
}
}
}
func TestConvert_APIAndStorage(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
desc string
api *quotapb.Config
storage *storagepb.Config
}{
{
desc: "sequencingBased",
api: apiSequencingConfig,
storage: storageSequencingConfig,
},
{
desc: "timeBased",
api: apiTimeConfig,
storage: storageTimeConfig,
},
{
desc: "zeroed",
api: "apb.Config{},
storage: &storagepb.Config{},
},
}
for _, test := range tests {
if got, want := convertToAPI(test.storage), test.api; !proto.Equal(got, want) {
t.Errorf("%v: post-convertToAPI() diff (-got +want):\n%v", test.desc, cmp.Diff(got, want))
}
if got, want := convertToStorage(test.api), test.storage; !proto.Equal(got, want) {
t.Errorf("%v: post-convertToStorage() diff (-got +want):\n%v", test.desc, cmp.Diff(got, want))
}
}
}
``` |
Yevhen Hryhorovych Udod () (born on May 30, 1973, Krivyi Rih) is a former Chairman of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Council of Dnipropetrovsk region.
Biography
1994-1998 – Mechanic and Equipment Maintenance Assistant at the «Кrivbasruda», in Novokrivorozskiy state Coal Preparation Plant, Public Traded Company «Ingulets Mining Preparation Plant».
1998-2003 – «SMPP» (South Mining Preparation Plant). Initially was hired as Engineer at the Distribution Department. After that, filled a position of the Head of Cooperation with metallurgical plants Department. Later Distribution Department Chief’s Assistant.
2003-2006 – «CMPP» (Central Mining Preparation Plant) Director of Distribution and Marketing. Later – Executive Director.
2006-2009 – Executive Director of «NMPP» (North Mining Preparation Plant). Later Chief Director.
2006 – Deputy of the Dnepropetrovsk Regional Council V convocation. Head of the Committee of Building, Transport, Communication and Improvement of Public Services.
2009—2010 – Sales Director at the Mining Division «Меtinvest».
Since June 2010 – Chairman of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Council V convocation.
From November 2010 - Chairman of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Council VI convocation until he was succeeded by Glib Prygunov.
In December 2021, Udod was suspected of abuse of power and threatening to kill. The court set him bail in the amount of UAH 1.13 million. According to the investigation, Yevhen, as the head of the Dnipro Regional Council, violated the procedure for the sale of municipal property in favor of a private company, which resulted in the regional budget losing UAH 9.7 million.
Honors
2006 – was awarded "Honorary Certificate of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine"
2007 – was honorary entitled as “Merited Industrial worker of Ukraine”
References
1973 births
Living people
Ukrainian politicians
Laureates of the Diploma of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine
Recipients of the Honorary Diploma of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine |
John Terrell Vawter was an American businessman-banker from Franklin, Johnson County, Indiana, United States. He was the half-uncle of a noted architect of the same name, Major John Terrell Vawter.
Vawter donated the Civil War memorial monument, known as the Vawter Memorial (featuring a sculpture by Rudolph Schwarz) in the Johnson County Courthouse square in Franklin, Indiana.
Interested in real estate, he was first the builder on the south shore of Lake Wawasee naming his property Vawter Park Village. He was the first proprietor of Vawter Park Hotel located there. Having lived in Franklin for almost 60 years, Vawter discontinued his business interests (including Vawter Drugs, Franklin Gas Co., and meat packing company Wheat, Vawter & Co.) in Franklin and moved to his land holdings at Vawter Park in 1886.
Vawter Park Village was plotted in 1887 and the hotel followed. A number of vacation cottages were constructed southeast of the hotel by prominent citizens, one of which was Ovid Butler.
He enjoyed sailing his steam yacht, "Giselle", on Wawasee. It was a 70-foot (21 m) screw propeller craft with no sail rigging. In September, he would invite the children of the village for a cruise, providing them with treats of candy.
Children were: John Terrell Vawter, Jr., David, Jesse, John, Smith Vawter.
References
External links
vawterfamily.org
"Franklin" By Jim Hillman, John Murphy, Johnson County Museum of History
1830 births
1916 deaths
People from Franklin, Indiana
People from Vernon, Indiana |
Michael Saul Dell (born February 23, 1965) is an American billionaire businessman, investor and philanthropist. He is the founder, chairman, and CEO of Dell Technologies, one of the world's largest technology infrastructure companies. He is currently the 16th richest person in the world according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, with a net worth of $70 billion as of September 2023.
In 2011, his 243.35 million shares of Dell stock were worth $3.5 billion, giving him 12% ownership of the company. His remaining wealth of roughly $10 billion is invested in other companies and is managed by DFO Management, which incorporates his initials. In January 2013 it was announced that he had bid to take Dell Inc. private for $24.4 billion in the biggest management buyout since the Great Recession. Dell Inc. officially went private in October 2013. The company once again went public in December 2018.
Early life and education
Dell was born in 1965 in Houston to a Jewish family. His parents were Lorraine Charlotte (née Langfan), a stockbroker, and Alexander Dell, an orthodontist. Michael attended Herod Elementary School in Houston. He would go on to attend Memorial High School. In a bid to enter business early, he applied to take a high school equivalency exam at age eight. In his early teens, he invested his earnings from part-time jobs in stocks and precious metals.
Dell purchased his first calculator at age seven and encountered an early teletype terminal in junior high. At age 15, after playing with computers at Radio Shack, he got his first computer, an Apple II, which he promptly disassembled to see how it worked. Dell attended Memorial High School in Houston, selling subscriptions to the Houston Post in the summer. Dell's parents wanted him to be a doctor and in order to please them, he took up pre-med at the University of Texas in 1983. Dell continued learning to target specific populations for newspaper subscriptions rather than just making cold calls. He discovered that people who were most likely to get a subscription were newlyweds and people moving to a new home. After collecting the contact information of this population from public records, he sent direct mail appeals and earned $18,000 in one year. He hired several employees, and after earning a gross profit of nearly $200,000 in his first year of business, Dell dropped out of the University of Texas at age 19.
Business career
While a freshman pre-med student at the University of Texas, Dell started an informal business putting together and selling upgrade kits for personal computers in Room 2713 of the Dobie Center residential building. He then applied for a vendor license to bid on contracts for the State of Texas, winning bids by not having the overhead of a computer store.
In January 1984, Dell believed that the potential cost savings of a manufacturer selling PCs directly had enormous advantages over the conventional indirect retail channel. In January 1984, Dell registered his company as "PC's Limited". Dell’s strategy was to sell directly to customers by manufacturing computers only after they were ordered. Operating out of a condominium, the business sold between $50,000 and $80,000 worth of PC upgrades, kits, and add-on components. In May, Dell incorporated the company as "Dell Computer Corporation" and relocated to a business center in North Austin. The company employed a few people as order takers, a few more to fill the orders, and, as Dell recalled, a manufacturing staff consisting of "three guys with screwdrivers sitting at six-foot tables". The venture's capitalization cost was $1,000.
In 1992, aged 27, he became the youngest CEO of a company ranked in Fortune magazine's list of the top 500 corporations. In 1996, Dell started selling computers over the Web, the same year his company launched its first servers. Dell Inc. soon reported about $1 million in sales per day from dell.com. In the first quarter of 2001, Dell Inc. reached a world market share of 12.8 percent, surpassing Compaq to become the world's largest PC maker. The metric marked the first time the rankings had shifted over the previous seven years. The company's combined shipments of desktops, notebooks and servers grew 34.3 percent worldwide and 30.7 percent in the United States at a time when competitors' sales were shrinking.
In 1998, Dell founded MSD Capital L.P. to manage his family's investments. Investment activities include publicly traded securities, private equity activities, and real estate. The firm employs 80 people and has offices in New York, Santa Monica and London. Dell himself is not involved in day-to-day operations. On March 4, 2004, Dell stepped down as CEO, but stayed as chairman of Dell Inc.'s board, while Kevin Rollins, then president and COO, became president and CEO. On January 31, 2007, Dell returned as CEO at the request of the board, succeeding Rollins.
In 2013, Michael Dell with the help of Silver Lake Partners, Microsoft, and a consortium of lenders took Dell, Inc. private. The deal was reportedly worth $25 billion and faced difficulties during its execution. Notable resistance came from Carl Icahn, but after several months he stepped aside. Michael Dell received a 75% stake in the company.
On October 12, 2015, Dell Inc. announced its intent to acquire the enterprise software and storage company EMC Corporation. At $67 billion, it has been labeled the "highest-valued tech acquisition in history". The acquisition was finalized September 7, 2016.
Penalty
In July 2010 Dell Inc. agreed to pay a $100 million penalty to settle SEC charges of disclosure and accounting fraud in relation to undisclosed payments from Intel Corporation. Michael Dell and former CEO Kevin Rollins agreed to pay $4 million each and former CFO James Schneider agreed to pay $3 million to settle the charges.
Accolades
Accolades for Dell include "Entrepreneur of the Year" (at age 24) from Inc. magazine; "Top CEO in American Business" from Worth magazine; "CEO of the Year" from Financial World, IndustryWeek and Chief Executive magazines. Dell also received the 1998 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement and the 2013 Franklin Institute's Bower Award for Business Leadership.
Affiliations
Dell serves on the Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum, the executive committee of the International Business Council, the U.S. Business Council. He previously served as a member of the U.S. President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
In April 2020, Governor Greg Abbott named Dell to the Strike Force to Open Texas – a group "tasked with finding safe and effective ways to slowly reopen the state" during the COVID-19 pandemic. He also serves as an advisor on the COVID-19 Technology Task Force, a technology industry coalition founded in March 2020 collaborating on solutions to respond to and recover from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Writings
Dell's 1999 book, Direct from Dell: Strategies That Revolutionized an Industry (by HarperBusiness), is an account of his early life, his company's founding, growth and missteps, as well as lessons learned. The book was written in collaboration with Catherine Fredman.
Dell's second book, Play Nice But Win: A CEO's Journey from Founder to Leader (by Portfolio), is a story of inside battles that defined him as a leader. The book was written in collaboration with James Kaplan.
Wealth
Forbes estimated Dell's net worth at $71.5 billion as of October 2023.
In February 2018, it was reported that in 2014, Dell had paid $100.5 million for Manhattan's One57 penthouse, which was then a record for the most expensive home ever sold in the city.
Personal life
Dell married Susan Lieberman on October 28, 1989, in Austin, Texas; the couple reside there with their four children.
Philanthropy
In 1999, Michael and Susan Dell established the Michael & Susan Dell Foundation, which focuses on, among other causes, grants, urban education, childhood health and family economic stability. In 2006, the foundation provided $50 million in grants to three health-related organizations associated with the University of Texas: the Michael & Susan Dell Center for Advancement of Healthy Living, the Dell Pediatric Research Institute to complement the Dell Children's Medical Center, as well as funding for a new computer science building at the University of Texas at Austin campus. In 2013, the foundation provided an additional $50 million commitment to establish the Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin. Since 1999, the MSDF has committed $1.23 billion to non-profits and social enterprises in the United States, India and South Africa. Dell is also behind the founding of the Dell Jewish Community Campus in the Northwest Hills neighborhood of Austin.
By 2011, the foundation had committed more than $650 million to children's issues and community initiatives in the United States, India and South Africa. Today the foundation has over $466 million in assets under management.
In 2002, Dell received an honorary doctorate in Economic Science from the University of Limerick in honor of his investment in Ireland and the local community and for his support for educational initiatives.
In 2012, the Michael and Susan Dell Foundation committed $50 million for medical education. The Dell Medical School began enrolling students in 2016.
In 2014, he donated $1.8 million to the Friends of the Israel Defense Forces.
In 2017, in the wake of Hurricane Harvey, Dell, a Houston native, pledged $36 million to relief efforts.
In May 2017, Dell donated $1 billion to his foundation, which focuses on child poverty; it makes both impact investments and charitable donations.
In 2018, Dell Technologies returned to public markets through a complicated financial restructuring.
In 2020, the Michael and Susan Dell Foundation donated $100 million to support small businesses and others endure the COVID-19 pandemic and help finding treatments for coronavirus.
In 2021, it was announced that the Michael and Susan Dell Foundation donated $38 million to three non-profit organizations that are devoted to housing homeless people in Austin.
In 2023, it was noted that the Michael and Susan Dell Foundation has donated over $2.43 billion so far.
References
Further reading
Koehn, Nancy F. Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell (2001) pp 257–306.
Magretta, Joan. "The power of virtual integration: An interview with Dell Computer's Michael Dell." Harvard Business Review (1998): pp-73+. online
External links
1965 births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American Jews
American billionaires
American business writers
American chief executives of manufacturing companies
American commodities traders
American computer businesspeople
American financiers
American investors
American nonprofit businesspeople
American people of German-Jewish descent
American philanthropists
American political fundraisers
American real estate businesspeople
American stock traders
American technology chief executives
American technology company founders
American technology writers
Businesspeople from Texas
Dell people
Jewish American writers
Memorial High School (Hedwig Village, Texas) alumni
Private equity and venture capital investors
Texas Republicans
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Writers from Texas
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates |
Wrestling Ernest Hemingway is a 1993 American romantic drama film written by Steve Conrad and directed by Randa Haines, starring Richard Harris, Robert Duvall, Sandra Bullock, Shirley MacLaine, and Piper Laurie. The film is about two elderly men in Florida who form a friendship and the romantic relationships they have with the women in their respective lives. Wrestling Ernest Hemingway garnered mixed reviews from critics, praising the performances but criticized the overly melodramatic and sentimental direction of the plot. It was also a box-office bomb, grossing $278,720 against a $20 million budget.
Plot
Frank is a retired Irish seaman. Walter is a retired Cuban barber. They are two lonely old men living in Florida, trapped in the emptiness of their own lives.
When they meet in a park, the flamboyant Frank is finally able to start a conversation with the introverted Walter after several attempts. They begin to spend time together and become friends, sometimes meeting at the snack shop where Walter orders the same food every day and becomes fond of Elaine, a young waitress.
Frank's salty talk and crude behavior in public offend Walter and threaten their friendship. In the meantime, Frank attempts to start a romance with Georgia, a woman he meets at the movies, while dealing with Helen, his landlord who is put off by his manner.
Cast
Robert Duvall as Walter
Richard Harris as Frank
Shirley MacLaine as Helen Cooney
Sandra Bullock as Elaine
Piper Laurie as Georgia
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 59% approval rating based on 22 reviews, with an average score of 5.9/10. The site's consensus states: "Predictable but moving, Wrestling Ernest Hemingway is an understated and melancholic drama that gets plenty of mileage out of an outstanding cast that includes Robert Duvall, Richard Harris, Shirley MacLaine, and Sandra Bullock."
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote: "[T]he movie is essentially about the close observation of behavior. Like some of Hemingway's stories, the real action is all implied. The characters trade small talk, and we sense that larger issues are lurking beneath their cheerfulness." Caryn James of The New York Times gave credit to Harris and Duvall for giving "two intelligent but distant performances" and the actresses for being "appealing" in their "understandably tiny" roles, but felt the film suffers from an overlong runtime, "an easy, sentimental impulse" to its scenes and succumbs to the "scenery chewing and predictability" of its elderly-focused tale, saying "Instead of simply assuming that the old have interesting lives, the film never stops congratulating itself for being daring enough to focus on them. It shows the terrible strain of trying too hard." Louis Black of The Austin Chronicle praised Harris and Duvall's screen chemistry, and the actresses for being "outstanding" in their roles but was critical of the "superficial melodramatic stereotyping" throughout the story, saying "[I]t's another right of passage movie that pinballs off of clichés as though that is a way to achieve meaning. But there are those performances." Ty Burr of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C grade, saying it "feels canned and inert" with Haines' direction and Michael Convertino's score turning the male bonding scenes into "swollen epiphanies" when compared to the "richly funny observations" in Grumpy Old Men, adding that Harris gives "a gutsy performance in a gutless movie."
References
External links
1993 films
1993 romantic drama films
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
1990s buddy drama films
American buddy drama films
American romantic drama films
Films about old age
Films directed by Randa Haines
Films scored by Michael Convertino
Films set in Florida |
Saman Fallah (; born 12 May 2001) is an Iranian football defender who currently plays for Paykan in the Persian Gulf Pro League.
References
Living people
2001 births
People from Sari, Iran
Men's association football defenders
Iranian men's footballers
Paykan F.C. players
Persian Gulf Pro League players
Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games |
SNSD () or Girls' Generation is a South Korean girl group.
SNSD may also refer to:
Alliance of Independent Social Democrats ()
Smackover-Norphlet School District
SNSD (netsukuku), Scattered Name Service Disgregation in the distributed hostname management system ANDNA
See also
SSND
Girls' Generation (disambiguation) |
Kurumpanadam Forane Church in Kerala, India is on a hillock about 6 km east of Changanacherry and 800 metres north of Perumpanachy Junction. This area was a part of Changanacherry Parish in ancient days and later from 1835 to 1837 under the jurisdiction of Thuruthi Parish. The Mooppachanmar (Senior Fathers) who had visited Kurumbanadu to select aspirants for priesthood selected Chorikkavungal Zackarias and Mukkattukunnel Thomas from this area. They requested the Catholics of this area to erect a church. Following their request, 93 Catholic families who had inhabited Kurumbanadu erected the first Catholic Church here on 13 June 1837. It had stood on the north of the present church. As the church was not spacious enough, the construction of a new church was started in 1844. Fr. Philipose Chalackal, a parishioner of Thuruthi, was the vicar of Kurumpanadu. The main role in the construction of the new church was played by Fathers Thomas Mukkattukunnel and Zackarias Chorickavunkal.
Local seminary
There had been a local seminary at Kurumbanadu, erected in 1843 with the permission of the Bishop of Varapuzha. The seminary was administered by European missionaries of the Carmelite Order. Seven seminarians of the first intake of this seminary including Fathers Thomas Mukkattukunnel and Zackarias Chorikavunkal were ordained by the Bishop of Varapuzha in 1852.
The clothing of Puthenparampil Thomachan
Puthenparampil Thomachan from Edathuva, who had founded the Franciscan munnam sabha in Kerala, received the religious habit (sabha vastram) in 1868 at Kurumbanadu church from vicar Palakkunnel Valiachan. This incident is recorded in the church annals as, "Puthenparampil Thomachan vowed that he would wear the habit (sabha vastram) of Anchukaya Prasiskose’s munnam sabha on 26 dhanu 1868 which was the Feast of St. Esthaphanose. With my unworthy hands I enrobed him with the habit of Franciscan munnam sabha on the steps of Mar Antony’s church at Kurumbanadu. It was not the custom of Malayali males to cover the upper part of their body in those days."
St Peter’s English Middle School
St Peter’s English Middle School was established at Kurumpanadu in 1921 under the leadership of Fr. Jacob Kandankaril. Fr. George Mukkattukunnel (Junior), a seminarian, took much effort in the establishment of the school. Archbishop Mar Joseph Powvathil was a former student of this school. This Middle School was upgraded to a High School on 2 June 1952. The first manager of the school was Fr. George Mukkattukunnel. The foundation stone of the High School building was laid by Archbishop Mar Mathew Kavukattu on 29 June 1952. In course of time the High School grew into the present St. Peter’s Higher Secondary School. Higher Secondary classes were started here in 1998. There is an L.P. School named St. Antony’s L.P. School under the management of the church.
Marthomadasasangham
Mar Thomas Kurialassery became the Bishop of Changanacherry Diocese in 1911. He selected a group of young people for the purpose of conducting prayers in remote areas and teaching catechism to the people. They conducted prayers in different places where there were no churches. Thomas Kurialassery also made a by-law for their activities and named them as "Marthommadasasangham". He also arranged a two-day training for "Marthommadasasangham" members at parel minor seminary at Changanacherry. Fr. Dominic Thottassery was the first president of Marthommadasasangham. Thrikidithanam, Mannila, Kurumpanadam and Payipadu were the main functional areas of Marthommadasasangham. Changanacherry Cathedral Church and Kurumpanadam Church were the main centers of Marthommadasasangham at that time.
Marthomadasasangham conducted prayers in Mannilakunnu. Once a year the members of the dasasangham of Changanassery Diocese used to celebrate the thirunnal of Marthoma Sleeha at Mannilakkunnu under the auspices of the Kurumbanadam unit. A cross was erected at Mannulakkunnu in June 1927. Later a shed was erected there and the image of the Holy Family was placed there. The function was led by Fathers Sauriyar and Thomas Kalayamkandathil. The members of the dasasangham of the Kurumpanadam unit began to conduct prayers there every Wednesday.
Holy Family Church Mannila
Holy Family church was established in 1927. The old church was created in 1940. Later in 1995 a new church was created in Mannilakunnu. Fr. Karingada Thomma erected a cross in Mannilakunnu in 1927 with the help of Marthommadasasangham members. Fr. Dominic Thottassery was the president of Marthommadasasangham. Holy Family Church situated nearly 10 km away from Changanacherry. It comes under the Archdiocese of Changanacherry and the forane of Kurumpanadam.
In 1929 the construction work of a convent belonging to the Clarist Order began at Kurumbanadu. It was consecrated on 10 May 1930. St. Joseph’s English Medium School is functioning under the convent.
It was decided to erect the present church in 1956, construction work started in 1961 and it was consecrated in 1967 by Mar Mathew Kavukattu. It was the third renovation of the church at Kurmbanadu. The present church was erected on the site of the second church. The efforts and leadership of Fr. George Mukkattukunnel for the erection of the church were unforgettable. The convenor of the construction work was Chacko Mathew Kollamparampil (Pappachan). Under the tenure of Fr. George Thachangaril, land was acquired for a cemetery and a big cemetery was constructed. The 150th Jubilee of the parish was also celebrated in 1937.
During the tenure of Fr. Kuriakose Parambathu (later Vicar General) Kurumbanadam was raised to a Forane Church. The parish churches in Rajamattom, Mammoodu, Mannilla and Assumption are under Kurumbanadam Forane Church. The parishes of Madappalli, Assumption and Mannilla were carved out of Kurumbanadam parish. Some parishioners of Veroor and Mammoodu had been the parishioners of Kurumbanadam before they were erected as parishes. Freedom fighter Sri. P. J. Sebastian ex-M.L.A. was a member of Kurumbanadam Parish.
The new parish hall situated on the east of the church was erected by the efforts of vicar Fr. Antony Kunnathettu. The foundation stone of the parish hall was laid by Mar Joseph Powathil on 14 December 1990, and it was consecrated in December 1991. For the convenience of parishioners residing in Kannamchira, the church belonging to the Malankara Rite was bought under the initiative of parish priest Fr. George Idathinakathu and made it a part of the parish. Fr. George renovated it and it was made a kurisupalli of Kurumbanadu church. The consecration of this kurissupalli was performed by Mar Joseph Powathil on 1 January 1995. The foundation stone of the present vicarage was laid by Vicar General George Aalanchery on 14 August 1994. It was consecrated by Mar Joseph Powathil on 31 January 1997. The chapel in the cemetery was constructed with the financial assistance from Sri Babychan Chethippuzha. It was decided to consecrate the chapel by Mar Joseph Powathil on 6 January on which Danaha thirunnal is celebrated. A new kodimaram was erected with the financial assistance of Sri Babu Jacob Assariparambil under the leadership of vicar Fr. Mathew Kallukalam and assistant vicars Joseph Mulavana and James Chundakkattil.
there were 1205 Catholic families in this parish; 28 priests and 67 sisters from this parish were serving in different parts of the world.
Churches in Kottayam district
Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings
Eastern Catholic churches in Kerala
Changanassery |
A vasoactive substance is an endogenous agent or pharmaceutical drug that has the effect of either increasing or decreasing blood pressure and/or heart rate through its vasoactivity, that is, vascular activity (effect on blood vessels). By adjusting vascular compliance and vascular resistance, typically through vasodilation and vasoconstriction, it helps the body's homeostatic mechanisms (such as the renin–angiotensin system) to keep hemodynamics under control. For example, angiotensin, bradykinin, histamine, nitric oxide, and vasoactive intestinal peptide are important endogenous vasoactive substances. Vasoactive drug therapy is typically used when a patient has the blood pressure and heart rate monitored constantly. The dosage is typically titrated (adjusted up or down) to achieve a desired effect or range of values as determined by competent clinicians.
Vasoactive drugs are typically administered using a volumetric infusion device (IV pump). This category of drugs require close observation of the patient with near immediate intervention required by the clinicians in charge of the patient's care. Important vasoactive substances are angiotensin-11, endothelin-1, and alpha-adrenergic agonists.
Various vasoactive agents, such as prostanoids, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and endothelin antagonists, are approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The use of vasoactive agents for patients with pulmonary hypertension may cause harm and unnecessary expense to persons with left heart disease or hypoxemic types of lung diseases.
References
Drugs |
The Strange Death of Labour Scotland is a 2012 book about Scottish politics by Gerry Hassan and Eric Shaw.
Synopsis
Hassan and Shaw examine the decline of Scottish Labour, culminating in it losing Scottish Parliament elections in 2007 and 2011 to the Scottish National Party. They analyse the period from the premiership of Margaret Thatcher to its election losses. They ask questions about the nature of Scottish Labour, its prior dominance of Scottish politics, the wider politics of Scotland, and whether the decline of the party is irreversible. Covering both contemporary events and recent history, they draw on extensive research including archival sources and interviews with some of the key participants in Scottish Labour'.
Reception
In The Independent, Owen Jones positively assessed the book and criticised Scottish Labour for allowing itself to be out-flanked on the left by the Scottish National Party, noting 'the party has apparently willingly sacrificed its role as Scotland's standard-bearer of social justice to the SNP' and suggesting Labour should become more radically left. In the New Statesman, Douglas Alexander, then Shadow Foreign Secretary and Member of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom for Paisley and Renfrewshire South, who lost his seat in 2015 to the SNP, wrote that the title of the book was 'outdated', citing the 2012 Scottish local elections as evidence of a Labour recovery. He did however note 'the authors are correct is in recognising the power of stories or myths in shaping our understanding of politics and society, recognising the limits of negativity in securing electoral success and being clear that Scottish Labour needs to change'. In The Herald, Iain Macwhirter wrote, 'the book is sometimes a little ponderously written, but it is comprehensive and authoritative, and the authors are to be congratulated for writing the first major study of the Scottish Labour Party.'
References
2012 non-fiction books
Books about politics of the United Kingdom
Books about Scotland
Books about socialism
Edinburgh University Press books
English-language books
History books about politics
Scottish Labour
2012 in Scotland |
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Branston Booths is a small village in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The village is situated approximately east from the city and county town of Lincoln, and stands at the intersection of the Car Dyke and Branston Delph drain.
Branston Booths is part of Branston and Mere civil parish.
A church mission hall with seating for over 500 was built at Branston Booths in 1931. A Methodist chapel with seating for 110 was built to the south-west of the village at Branston Moor in 1911.
History
Neolithic axes and arrowheads have been found in Branston Booths, as well as Bronze Age socketed axes and round barrows.
Branston Booths and Potterhanworth Booths were both settled by the Romans. At Branston Booths, remains of a Roman villa(s) and tile kiln were found, as well as tracks, pottery, coins and building debris.
References
External links
Villages in Lincolnshire
North Kesteven District |
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture. Boiling points are reported at a pressure of 760 mm Hg unless otherwise stated. Where the mixture separates into layers, values are shown for upper (U) and lower (L) layers.
The data were obtained from Lange's 10th edition and CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th edition unless otherwise noted (see color code table).
A list of 15825 binary and ternary mixtures was collated and published by the American Chemical Society. An azeotrope databank is also available online through the University of Edinburgh.
Binary azeotropes
Ternary azeotropes
Tables of various ternary azeotropes (that is azeotropes consisting of three components). Fraction percentages are given by weight.
‡Saddle azeotrope
‡Saddle azeotrope
References
Chemistry-related lists
Chemical engineering thermodynamics
Science-related lists |
Tim Paumgartner (born 5 March 2005) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays for FC Liefering.
Club career
Tim Paumgartner made his professional debut for FC Liefering on the 15 October 2021, replacing Justin Omoregie during a 2–0 home 2. Liga win against Juniors OÖ.
While playing for Liefering in Austria second tier – as their youngest player that season – Paumgartner was a regular starter for FC Salzburg's under-19, notably for their Youth League campaign, as they topped their group stage.
References
External links
OFB profile
2005 births
Living people
Austrian men's footballers
Austria men's youth international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Salzburg
FC Liefering players
2. Liga (Austria) players |
The Almaty Cup is a tennis tournament held in Almaty, Kazakhstan since 2007. The event was part of the Association of Tennis Professionals Challenger Tour and was played on clay courts until its final edition in 2009, which was on outdoor hard courts. There were two editions in 2007.
Past finals
Singles
Doubles
External links
ITF Search
ATP Challenger Tour
Hard court tennis tournaments
Tennis tournaments in Kazakhstan
Sports competitions in Almaty |
Red Warszawa is a heavy metal band from Copenhagen, Denmark, formed in 1986 by "Lækre" Jens Mondrup and "Heavy" Henning Nymand.
Red Warszawa's lyrics are in the Danish language and mainly concern taboo themes such as alcoholism, child abuse, prostitution, drug abuse and the like, presented in a blackly humorous and satirical fashion. The band's lyrics and image present the group as low-class, uneducated, crass, alcoholic and proud of it. The main recurring theme of the band's lyrics is low-class Danish social misery and its connected vices such as racism, alcoholism, domestic violence, drug abuse and lacking education.
The band had a cameo in the Danish movie In China They Eat Dogs, as a heavy metal band inadvertently getting executed.
History
In 1986 "Lækre" Jens Mondrup and "Heavy" Henning Nymand's teacher played a song by a Polish punk band. They liked it and decided to play it themselves, so they started the band today known as Red Warszawa. Around 1990 Red Warszawa changed their music style to Heavy Metal, but they still claim they their style is Polish punk because they think it sounds much cooler.
Band name
According to the band's website, the name was supposed to mean "Red Warsaw" - red as in the colour red, and Warsaw as in the capital of Poland. But the band members thought that the city was called Warszawa in English - as it is called in both Danish and Polish - so they named their band "Red Warszawa". Red in Danish means save, and because of that, many Danes thought that Red Warszawa was an organisation like Save the Children (Danish: Red Barnet).
Red Warszawa is pronounced as in English red and Danish Warszawa.
Members
Current members
"Lækre" Jens Mondrup - Vocals (1986–1991, 1992–1993, 1995–present)
"Heavy" Henning Nymand - Guitar (1986–present)
Morbus Crohn - Drums (2013'ish–present)
Matthias "MyTightAss" Pedersen - Bass (2006–present)
Former members
Stefan Kjergaard - Guitar (1987-1990)
"Panik" Troels Christensen - Bass (1987-1989)
Robert Smidt - Drums (1987-1988)
Mads Flanding - Horns (1987)
Michael Nielsen - Drums (1988-1989)
Jacob Sundmand - Vocals (1989)
Damien Gregory - Keyboards (1990)
Martin Thordrup - Bass (1990-1993)
Anders Schlandbuch - Drums (1990)
Erik Gert Olsen - Vocals (1994)
Joachim Bøggild - Bass (1994)
Lev Averboukh - Drums (1994)
"Tonser" Henrik Holstrøm - Bass (1995-2002)
Jan Wiegandt - Drums (1995-1996)
Lars Gerrild - Drums (1996-1998)
"Dumme" Daniel Preisler Larsen - Drums (1999-2000)
Morten "Måtten Møbelbanker" Nielsen - Drums (2000-2013)
Lars "Majbritt" Mayland - Bass (2002-2003)
Thomas "Tove Tusindpik" Christensen - Bass (2003-2006)
Timeline
Discography
Hævi Mætal og Hass (1996)
Skal Vi Lege Doktor? (1998)
Tysk Hudindustri (2000)
Omvendt Blå Kors (2002)
Return of the Glidefedt (2004)
De 4 Årstider I Nordvest (2010)
Lade (2020)
References
Musical groups established in 1986
Danish heavy metal musical groups
Danish musical quartets
1986 establishments in Denmark |
The Yellow Claw is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Al Feldstein and artist Joe Maneely, the character first appeared in Yellow Claw #1 (cover-dated October 1956), published by Atlas Comics, the 1950s predecessor of Marvel.
Publication history
The Yellow Claw series chronicled the adventures of a Chinese-American FBI agent, Jimmy Woo, and his battles against a "Yellow Peril" Communist mandarin known only as the Yellow Claw. The title character was a Fu Manchu manqué (indeed, Fu Manchu author Sax Rohmer had written a novel titled The Yellow Claw) whose grandniece, Suwan, was in love with Woo.
While the short-lived espionage series named for him ran for only four issues (October 1956 – April 1957), it featured work by such notables as writer Al Feldstein and artist Joe Maneely (who created the character), Jack Kirby, and John Severin, and introduced characters later integrated into Marvel Comics continuity. Kirby took over as writer-artist with issue #2 – his own pencil art there and in the following issue representing two of the very rare occasions on which he did so. Unusually for a Kirby series, other artists drew the covers: Severin on #2 and 4, and Bill Everett on #3.
The series' influence was felt during the 1960s Silver Age of Comic Books, as writer-artist Jim Steranko brought the Yellow Claw into Marvel Comics continuity, beginning with the "Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D." feature in Strange Tales #160 (September 1967), which introduced a robot version of the character. Woo was reintroduced that same issue, eventually joining the espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. in Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #2 (July 1968). The actual Yellow Claw resurfaced later, in Captain America #164 (August 1973).
Fictional character biography
The Yellow Claw was born over 150 years ago in mainland China. He is both a genius in biochemistry and a brilliant scientist and inventor in many fields, in addition to being an expert in mysticism, alchemy, and the martial arts. The Yellow Claw has formulated elixirs that have prolonged his life span, enabling him to retain his physical vitality. Following his Nick Fury appearances, artists have depicted him with an unusual jaundiced-looking, yellowish skin tone, possibly as a side effect of his life extension elixirs.
The Yellow Claw has dedicated himself to achieving world domination and supplanting Western civilization. He controls a worldwide criminal organization, along with a staff of research scientists and engineers. In 1942, the Yellow Claw encountered Lady Lotus in New York's Chinatown. In the 1950s, aided by his second-in-command, the Nazi war criminal Karl von Horstbaden, alias Fritz Voltzmann, the Claw forged a pact with Communist Chinese leaders including General Sung, whereby the Claw would seek to conquer the West for China. In fact, this was a ruse and he intended to conquer the world for himself. However, the Claw was continually foiled by FBI agent Jimmy Woo and betrayed by his sole living relative, his grandniece Suwan, whom he could not bring himself to kill.
Eventually, the Yellow Claw left the United States, placing the meddlesome Suwan in suspended animation. Decades later, after severing all of his ties with the People's Republic of China, the Claw fused Suwan's spirit with that of the conquest-minded ancient Egyptian Princess Fan-le-tamen. After the Claw was later betrayed by the vengeful Suwan, he transferred the spirit of Fan-le-tamen to himself, which caused Suwan to crumble into dust, and he escaped. The Yellow Claw then took part in the Black Lama's War of the Super-Villains, apparently killing his major rival for world conquest the Mandarin and battling the superhero Iron Man. He then attempted to destroy New York City using a tidal wave, but his effort was thwarted by Nick Fury and the teenage superhero Nova. A later plan to father sons by various genetically superior women, then sterilize mankind and rule the world, was foiled by the superhero team the Avengers. The Yellow Claw again attempted unsuccessfully to destroy New York City. He later named the second Madame Hydra as his new heir.
Robot Yellow Claw
Sometime after the 1950s events, an entity believed to be the Yellow Claw sent troops to invade Liberty Island and activate a powerful device there, but Nick Fury and Captain America foiled his plans. However, this was a robot impostor created by Doctor Doom as part of an elaborate, potentially world-destroying game between Doom and another of his robotic creations, the Prime Mover. The "Suwan" and "Fritz Voltzmann" accompanying this Yellow Claw were also robot impostors.
In a later Strange Tales story, it is unclear if this Yellow Claw is a robot.
Agents of Atlas and death
The Yellow Claw appears as a character in the 2006–2007 Marvel six-issue miniseries Agents of Atlas. He claimed that the title "the Yellow Claw" is actually a mistranslation of the Chinese characters and that his title is actually "the Golden Claw". He revealed his real name to be Plan Chu, Khan of a secret Mongol dynasty, who had chosen Jimmy Woo to be his heir. All his schemes to "conquer the world" had the secondary purpose of giving Woo an Asian menace to fight against and establish his credentials as an American hero. However, the plan did not succeed, as Woo was simply promoted to a bureaucratic desk job. Dispirited, the Claw established the Atlas Foundation. After revealing the truth to Woo – who accepted the role of Khan in order to turn the Atlas Foundation and the secret Mongol dynasty into a force for good – Plan Chu, like all the previous Khans, allowed himself to be eaten by Mr. Lao, a powerful immortal dragon, ensuring that there could not be two Khans.
Powers and abilities
Through manipulation of the forces of magic, the Yellow Claw is able to create certain effects, including reanimating the dead. He also has the ability to psychically influence the sensory perceptions of others, enabling him to cast extremely realistic illusions. As a result of ingesting chemical elixirs, he has extended his life span; the Yellow Claw's extended life-span is dependent on the continued efficacy of his life-prolonging elixirs.
The Yellow Claw is an extraordinary genius with extensive knowledge in various sciences, particularly biochemistry and genetics. He is also proficient in robotics and has considerable knowledge of black magical lore. He is a master of Chinese martial arts and is an expert hand-to-hand combatant.
The Yellow Claw wears body armor and has access to various weapons as needed. He has access to specialized technology, including an id paralyzer that creates slaves subject to his telepathic control and a mind-amplification helmet that harnesses the psychic energies of his mind-slaves as a destructive force. He also has access to gigantic and hideously mutated creatures of his own design, created by biologists in his employ.
Other versions
In an alternate universe in the late 1950s, the Yellow Claw recruited a team of superhuman minions and abducted President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He battled and was defeated by the 1950s "Avengers" team.
Yellow Claw reprints
Some of the stories from the Yellow Claw series have been reprinted in other publications.
Yellow Claw #1
"The Coming of the Yellow Claw" – Reprinted in Giant-Size Master of Kung Fu #1 (September 1974)
"The Yellow Claw Strikes", "Trap for Jimmy Woo" – Reprinted in Giant-Size Master of Kung Fu #2 (December 1974)
Yellow Claw #2
"The Trap" – Reprinted in Marvel Premiere #1 (May 1972; character of Phil Kane revised as Nick Fury) and Giant-Size Master of Kung Fu #3 (March 1975)
"Concentrate on Chaos" – Reprinted in Giant-Size Master of Kung Fu #3 (March 1975)
"The Mystery of Cabin 361", "Temujai the Golden Goliath" – Reprinted in Giant-Size Master of Kung Fu #4 (June 1975)
Yellow Claw #3
"The Microscopic Army" – Reprinted in The Golden Age of Marvel Comics (1997, )
"UFO, the Lighting Man" – Reprinted in Marvel Visionaries: Jack Kirby Vol. 1 (2004, hardcover, )
Yellow Claw #4
"The Living Shadows" – Reprinted in Marvel Visionaries: Jack Kirby Vol. 2 (2006, hardcover, )
Marvel Masterworks: Atlas Era - Black Knight/Yellow Claw reprints Black Knight (1955 Atlas) #1–5 (May 1955-April 1956) and Yellow Claw (1956 Atlas) #1–4 (October 1956–April 1957) (September 2, 2009, hardcover, )
References
External links
Yellow Claw at Marvel.com
The Yellow Claw at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived November 3, 2011
Marvel Directory: Yellow Claw
Yellow Claw at Atlas Tales
1956 comics debuts
Atlas Comics characters
Atlas Comics titles
Characters created by Al Feldstein
Characters created by Joe Maneely
Comics characters introduced in 1956
Fictional characters with death or rebirth abilities
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional Chinese people
Fictional illusionists
Fictional secret agents and spies
Marvel Comics characters who use magic
Marvel Comics male supervillains
Marvel Comics telepaths
Spy comics |
Wiosna may refer to:
Spring (political party) (Polish: Wiosna)
Wiosna, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland
Wiosna, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland |
SM U-17 or U-XVII was a or U-boat of the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ) during World War I. U-17 was laid down in Germany in April 1915 and shipped in sections by rail to Pola in August, where she was assembled. She was delivered to the Austro-Hungarian Navy at the end of September and commissioned in October 1915.
U-17 primarily operated from Cattaro, patrolling off the Italian and Albanian coasts. The submarine had several opportunities to sink merchant ships and warships throughout the war, but could only sink one unidentified sailing vessel in January 1916 and one Italian destroyer in July 1916 as part of an effort to disrupt the Otranto Barrage. At the end of the war, U-17 was undergoing repairs at Pola. She was handed over to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920.
Design and construction
U-17 was a small, coastal submarine that displaced surfaced and submerged. She featured a single shaft, a single Daimler diesel engine for surface running, and a single electric motor for submerged travel. U-17 was capable of up to while surfaced and while submerged at a diving depth of up to . She was designed for a crew of 17 officers and men.
U-17 was equipped with two torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes. In October 1916, U-17s armament was supplemented with a 37 mm/23 (1.5 in) quick-firing (QF) gun. This gun was replaced by a /33 QF gun in November 1917.
U-17 was ordered by the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 1 April 1915 and laid down at AG Weser in Bremen later that month. When completed, the submarine was broken down into sections, loaded onto railcars, and shipped to the Austro-Hungarian Navy's main base at Pola on 30 August. After completing the four-day journey, the sections were riveted together. Though there is no specific mention of how long it took for U-17s sections to be assembled, a sister boat, the German Type UB I submarine UB-3, shipped to Pola from Germany in mid-April 1915, was assembled in about two weeks. U-17 was delivered to the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 30 September.
Operational history
SM U-17 was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 6 October under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Franz Skopinic. The boat patrolled the Italian coast out of Pola for most of the next two months, interrupted by engine repairs in mid November. On 9 December, Skopinic was succeeded as U-17s commanding officer by Linienschiffsleutnant Zdenko Hudecek.
By the end of December, U-17 was operating from Cattaro and patrolling off the Albanian and Montenegrin coasts. Hudecek and U-17 made two unsuccessful attacks on enemy destroyers in January. On 23 February, Hudecek attempted an attack on a cargo ship off Durazzo, but was discovered and depth charged. Two days later the submarine put into Cattaro to replace a broken gyrocompass with a new magnetic compass.
In mid-March, U-17 shifted to patrol off the Italian coast once again and was attacked by air on 15 March off Brindisi. The Italian patrols continued until late May, when U-17 was sent to patrol in the Ionian Sea. Duty in the Straits of Otranto followed in June, as part of the plan to disrupt the Otranto Barrage. On 12 June, the submarine attempted an attack on an Italian ; the torpedo boat survived and repaid U-17 by dropping several depth charges nearby. On 10 July, U-17 torpedoed and sank the Italian destroyer , The Italian ship had been guarding drifters, small fishing vessels with anti-submarine nets stretched between them as part of the Otranto Barrage. Impetuoso was the only ship sunk by U-17. The U-boat continued patrols in the Adriatic throughout the remainder of 1916. U-17 was depth charged by a destroyer off Fano on 14 September. Two days later, a failed attack on a steamer resulted in another depth charging of U-17, this time by an Orfeo-class torpedo boat. In early October, an air attack by two airplanes damaged U-17.
The year 1917 was uneventful for U-17. The submarine resumed patrols off Albania in January. In May, the U-boat had to crash dive near Valona when a bomber appeared overhead and dropped its payload. A foray to Bari in July provided another opportunity to attack a steamer, but the torpedoes missed their mark. On 16 August, U-17, by now under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Hermann Rigele, attempted a torpedo attack on a cargo ship off Saseno. At the end of October, U-17 escaped damage from a torpedo attack by an enemy submarine near Cape Menders, Albania. A month later, the submarine was once again attacked by air, surviving two bombs dropped from a single airplane.
In the first part of June 1918, U-17 patrolled off the coast of Italy, but had returned to Cattaro on 12 June. Two weeks later, the boat set out for Pola to undergo repairs. At the end of the war, the ship's repairs remained unfinished. U-17, at Pola with six other Austro-Hungarian submarines, was ceded to Italy as a war reparation. U-17 was broken up at Pola by the Italians in 1920.
Summary of raiding history
Notes
References
Bibliography
U-10-class submarines
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Ships built in Pola
1915 ships
World War I submarines of Austria-Hungary |
Unset is a village in Rendalen Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located along the river Unsetåa, about northeast of the village of Bergset.
References
Rendalen
Villages in Innlandet |
Sunset View Acres is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada within Parkland County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is located on the south side of Highway 627, east of Highway 60. It is adjacent to the designated place of Birch Hill Park to the south.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sunset View Acres had a population of 98 living in 35 of its 37 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 102. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sunset View Acres had a population of 102 living in 36 of its 37 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 97. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of designated places in Alberta
References
Designated places in Alberta
Localities in Parkland County |
Prasophyllum praecox, commonly known as the early leek orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to South Australia. It has a single tubular leaf and up to ten green to greenish brown and white flowers and is found in the southern parts of the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia.
Description
Prasophyllum praecox is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single dark green, tube-shaped leaf long and wide near its purplish base. Between about four and ten green to greenish brown and white flowers are arranged along a flowering spike long. As with others in the genus, the flowers are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is lance-shaped to narrow egg-shaped, long and about wide. The lateral sepals are linear to lance-shaped, long and about wide and are free each other. The petals are linear in shape, long and wide. The labellum is white, long, wide and turns upwards at about 90° near its middle. The upturned part has wavy edges and there is a broad egg-shaped, yellowish green callus with a dark green centre, in the middle of the labellum. Flowering occurs from late July to September.
Taxonomy and naming
Prasophyllum praecox was first formally described in 2006 by David Jones from a specimen collected near Brentwood and the description was published in Australian Orchid Research. The specific epithet (praecox) is a Latin word meaning "precocious", referring to the early flowering of this orchid.
Distribution and habitat
The early leek orchid usually grows in low heath and occurs in the southern parts of the Yorke Peninsula.
References
External links
praecox
Flora of South Australia
Plants described in 2006
Endemic orchids of Australia |
The 2015 Rose of Tralee was the 56th edition of the annual Irish international festival held on 17–18 August 2015. The competition was televised live on RTÉ television.
Meath Rose Elysha Brennan was announced as the winner by Dáithí Ó Sé on the night of 18 August.
The 22-year-old medical student, studying at the Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin is from Bettystown had been the favourite to win the contest. She is also first Meath Rose to win and the first to represent the county at the Dome in Tralee. It was the first since the inaugural festival in 1959 that the winner was in its debutante year.
RTÉ ratings showed that 760,300 viewers tuned into the show, making it the ninth most watched show on RTÉ so far in 2015. Twitter users sent over 52,000 Rose of Tralee-related tweets over the two days of the show.
References
External links
Official Site
Rose of Tralee
Rose of Tralee
Rose of Tralee |
Odilo Pedro Scherer (; born 21 September 1949) is a Brazilian cardinal of the Catholic Church. Since 2007 he has been the Archbishop of São Paulo, where he was auxiliary bishop from 2001 to 2007. From 1994 to 2001 he worked in Rome at the Congregation for Bishops.
He was made a cardinal in November 2007. In the international media, he was mentioned as a possible contender to succeed Benedict XVI in 2013. He has been Grand-Chancellor of the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP) since 2003.
Biography
Early life and ordination
Scherer is German Brazilian and was born on 21 September 1949 in Cerro Largo, Rio Grande do Sul, to Edwino and Francisca (née Steffens) Scherer. He is a nephew of Alfredo Scherer (1903–96), who was Cardinal Archbishop of Porto Alegre. His father's family emigrated from Tholey, Saarland. His mother was also descended from immigrants from Saarland.
After attending the minor and major seminaries in Curitiba, Scherer studied at the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná and the Pontifical Gregorian University (from where he obtained his Doctorate of Sacred Theology in 1991) in Rome. He was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Armando Círio, OSI, on 7 December 1976.
Professor and curialist
He served as director and professor at the diocesan seminary of Cascavel (1977–1978), the diocesan seminary of Toledo (1979–1982, 1993), and the Centro Interdiocesano de Teologia de Cascavel (1991–1993).
Before doing pastoral work in Toledo from 1985 to 1988, Scherer taught philosophy at the Ciências Humanas Arnaldo Busatto (1980–1985), and theology at the Instituto Teológico Paulo VI (1985). He then taught at the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná until 1994.
From 1994 to 2001, he was an official of the Congregation for Bishops in the Roman Curia, while serving as a Roman pastor and chaplain during his spare time. During those years in Europe Scherer also on various occasions studied the German language at the Goethe-Institut in Staufen im Breisgau.
Bishop and Archbishop
On 28 November 2001, Scherer was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of São Paulo and Titular Bishop of Novi. He received his episcopal consecration on 2 February 2002, from Cardinal Cláudio Hummes, OFM, with Archbishops Armando Círio and Anuar Battisti serving as co-consecrators. He was made Secretary General of the Brazilian Episcopal Conference in 2003. In this way, he also became the Grand-Chancellor of the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP).
Cardinal
Pope Benedict XVI named Scherer as the seventh Archbishop of São Paulo on 21 March 2007. He replaced Cardinal Hummes, who was made Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy. His appointment brought an end to almost four decades of Franciscan leadership of the archdiocese; before Hummes, Paulo Evaristo Arns led the diocese for 28 years. Scherer accompanied Pope Benedict for a great part of his visit to Brazil in May 2007, which was largely held in the former's see of São Paulo, and he delivered a speech during a ceremony to celebrate the Pope's arrival.
On 17 October 2007, the Pope announced that he would make Scherer a Cardinal. Scherer was elevated to the College of Cardinals in the consistory at St. Peter's Basilica on 24 November 2007, becoming Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale.
On 12 June 2008, he was appointed by Benedict as a member of the Congregation for the Clergy. On 5 January 2011, he was appointed among the first members of the newly created Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelisation.
On 30 November 2013, he was named a Member of the Congregation for Catholic Education by Pope Francis.
Coronavirus pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Cardinal Scherer as Archbishop of São Paulo defended that churches remain open, but with a greater number of liturgical celebrations per day, in an attempt to prevent large gatherings. Later, he declared the suspension of celebrations with the people.
Views
General outlook
Scherer is considered to be theologically moderate. He is one of just a handful of cardinals that use modern social media routinely.
Evangelization
According to a 23 July 2010, article by the website of the Catholic Zenit News Agency, Cardinal Scherer thinks there is an "evangelization deficit" around the globe today, which is why Pope Benedict established a new division of the Roman Curia to deal with that issue. Cardinal Scherer was quoted in the article as saying that the Pope "brings all to understand that this [new evangelization] is an objective of his, and that it must be the attitude of the Church worldwide, to respond to the challenges launched by the present 'change of age in the history of humanity.'"
Abortion
Cardinal Scherer asked Brazilians that if the country's Supreme Court legalizes abortion for fetus' with anencephaly, what will be the next group ‘incompatible with life’ to be eliminated?
Liberation theology
He once criticized liberation theology's use of "Marxism as a tool of analysis," but supported its focus on social injustice and poverty (as fully in keeping with established, orthodox Catholic doctrine on these issues).
Secularism in Brazil
Cardinal Scherer has argued that removing crucifixes in public places would not be in the best interests of Brazilian secularism.
Priests and the liturgy
In reference to the popular Brazilian priest Marcelo Rossi, Scherer stated that, "Priests aren't showmen. ...The Mass is not to be transformed into a show".
References
External links
Twitter account of Dom Odilo Scherer 4 March 2013
|-
1949 births
Living people
Brazilian cardinals
Brazilian people of German descent
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Brazil
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
People from Rio Grande do Sul
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Members of the Congregation for the Clergy
Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
Roman Catholic bishops of São Paulo
Roman Catholic archbishops of São Paulo |
The Six Best Cellars is a lost 1920 American silent comedy film directed by Donald Crisp and starring Bryant Washburn and Wanda Hawley. It was produced by Famous Players–Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures.
It was based on the 1919 novel The Six Best Cellars by Holworthy Hall, the pseudonym of Harold Everett Porter. The film was released just after prohibition in the United States went into effect on January 17, 1920.
Plot
As described in a film magazine, Henry Carpenter (Washburn) finds his supply of liquor getting low and the price far too prohibitive once national prohibition goes into effect. At the same time, the social set to which he and his wife Millicent (Hawley) belong find liquor indispensable at dinner. An experiment in home brewing meets little success and the Carpenters are in danger of losing their social position when their set picks up with an ex-saloon keeper, who has a cellar full of choice liquors. Millicent's aunt finds four cases of what appears to be liquor in her cellar and turns it over to Henry to destroy. He immediately invites the set over to a big dinner, announcing that he has an abundance of wine. The guests arrive when he discovers that the cases contain "empties." To save the situation, he denounces liquor and says that he had decided not to serve any. Henry immediately becomes a "dry" hero, is made vestryman at the church and a bank director, and is asked to run for Congress. Then his wife's aunt calls again, reporting that she has found twenty-four full and genuine cases. Henry debates whether to return to his social set with the liquor or remain the dry champion with a chance to go to Washington. The film ends as he faces the audience and asks, "What would you do?"
Cast
Bryant Washburn as Henry Carpenter
Wanda Hawley as Millicent Carpenter
Clarence Burton as Ed Hammond
Elsa Lorimer as Mrs. Hammond
Josephine Crowell as Mrs. Teak
Frederick Vroom as Mr. Teak
Jane Wolfe as Virginia Jasper
Richard Wayne as H. Sturtevant Jordan
Julia Faye as Mrs. Jordan
Howard Gaye as Tommy Blair
Zelma Maja as Mrs. Blair
J. Parker McConnell as Harris (credited as Parker MacConnell)
Ruth Ashby as Mrs. Harris
Allen Connor as McAllister (credited as Allan Connor)
Lorie Larson as Mrs. McAllister
References
External links
1920 films
Alcohol policy
American silent feature films
Lost American comedy films
Paramount Pictures films
Films directed by Donald Crisp
1920 comedy films
Silent American comedy films
American black-and-white films
1920 lost films
1920s American films
1920s English-language films
English-language comedy films |
Ferdinant Rira (born 13 June 1984) is an Albanian retired footballer who played for and captained Albanian Second Division club Domozdova Prrenjas. Outside of football life, Rira is a well-known businessman who works in Përrenjas.
Club career
Rira joined first team of Domozdova at the age of 15. He stated that he first started his career as a goalkeeper and played for four years in that position, and was distinguished for his reflexes. During that time, he performed a "sweeper-keeper" playing style that made the team's coach to change his role to centre-back.
References
External links
Albania Soccer profile
1984 births
Living people
People from Prrenjas
Sportspeople from Elbasan County
Albanian men's footballers
Men's association football central defenders
KF Domozdova players
Kategoria e Dytë players |
Joseph Donald Reid Cabral (June 9, 1923 – July 22, 2006) was a Dominican politician and lawyer. Reid became president during the "triumvirate" from December 28, 1963 to April 25, 1965.
Biography
Donald Reid Cabral was born in Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic. He was the son of William Reid, a Scottish immigrant from Perthshire who worked as a banker in Santo Domingo. His mother, Auristela Cabral Bermúdez, had come from a politically affluent family, and was a descendant of three ex-presidents of the Dominican Republic (Buenaventura Báez, José María Cabral and Marcos Antonio Cabral). Reid Cabral enrolled in the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo where he studied Law.
Reid was married to Clara Tejera Álvarez, who served as first lady during his presidency.
Politics
Donald Reid Cabral first served as an ambassador to the United Nations and Israel. He was part of the Council of State that formed in 1962 and 1963, after the overthrow of the regime of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo.
Reid also chaired the triumvirate which ruled the Dominican Republic following the overthrow of the constitutional government of Juan Bosch (1963–1965), and in that capacity he was the Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of the Armed Forces. In 1965 a pro-Juan Bosch uprising occurred, which would ultimately lead to his overthrow, although the US tried to end it in the Operation Power Pack.
From 1986 to 1988 he acted as the nation's foreign minister. In the last stage of his life was closely linked to the Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), founded by Joaquín Balaguer.
Business
In 1947, Donald Reid Cabral founded, along with Rogelio Pellerano, Reid & Pellerano Co., later Grupo ReidCo, a major automotive distributor in Dominican Republic.
Ancestors
References
1923 births
2006 deaths
Presidents of the Dominican Republic
Báez family
Permanent Representatives of the Dominican Republic to the United Nations
Ambassadors of the Dominican Republic to Israel
Presidents of political parties in the Dominican Republic
Social Christian Reformist Party politicians
People from Santiago de los Caballeros
Dominican Republic people of French descent
Dominican Republic people of Galician descent
Dominican Republic people of Portuguese descent
Dominican Republic people of Scottish descent
Dominican Republic people of Spanish descent
Dominican Republic people of Walloon descent
White Dominicans |
A hypospray is a medical device from the science fiction television series Star Trek. It's similar to a jet injector, a real medical device, with the main difference being that the fictional medical device doesn't penetrate the skin.
The concept of the hypospray was developed when producers of the original Star Trek series discovered that NBC's broadcast standards and practices prohibited the use of hypodermic syringes to inject medications; the needleless hypospray sidestepped this issue. The prop used in the original series appeared to be a modified fuel injector for a large automotive diesel engine, similar to the engines from which jet injectors were derived.
In the Star Trek universe
In the Star Trek universe, the hypospray was developed by the mid-22nd century, as it is featured in Star Trek: Enterprise. Many people, such as Dr. Crusher in Star Trek: The Next Generation, and The Doctor in Star Trek: Voyager and Dr. McCoy in Star Trek: The Original Series are seen using it often.
The device applies medication by spraying it onto the skin, and can used directly or through clothing. The real-life jet injector is usually applied at the top of the arm, but the fictional hypospray is sometimes applied at the neck. It administers medication subcutaneously and intramuscularly.
The hypospray is extremely versatile, as the medicine vials can be quickly swapped out from the bottom of the hypospray. As the hypospray is bloodless, it is not contaminated by use. This allows it to be used on many people until the supply of medicine runs out.
References
External links
Journal articles
Comparison of two steroid preparations used to treat tennis elbow, using the hypospray (1975)
The use of the hypospray in the treatment of minor orthopaedic conditions (1969)
Use of the hypospray jet injector for intra-articular injection (1967)
Star Trek devices |
Phellodendron chinense is a plant species in the genus Phellodendron.
The isocoumarin derivative 3-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-1H-2-benzopyran-1-one can be found in Huáng bǎi (P. chinense), one of the fifty fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine.
See also
Huáng bǎi
Sān miáo wán
References
External links
Zanthoxyloideae
Plants described in 1907 |
Chadipirala Adinarayana Reddy is an Indian politician. He was a Member of Legislative Assembly, representing Jammalamadugu (Assembly constituency) in Andhra Pradesh. He won as MLA from Indian National Congress party in 2004 and 2009. Later he joined YSRCP and won as MLA in 2014. Later he moved from YSRCP to TDP and worked as Minister for Marketing & Warehousing, Animal husbandry, Dairy development, Fisheries and Cooperatives. Presently he joined BJP and has been posted as vice president for BJP in Andhra Pradesh.
Chadipiralla's family has been active in politics since 1990. He has worked as chemistry lecturer in B.A.R. junior college, Parlapadu. He has won as MLA on behalf of Indian National Congress 2 consecutive times from Jammalamadugu [2004-2014] and won as MLA on behalf of YSRCP party from Jammalamadugu [2014-2019].
In 2016, Nara Chandrababu Naidu Garu welcomed him into Telugu Desam Party and has given the responsibility of Kadapa MLC. He has played a key role in TDP's victory. TDP Party president has entrusted him with role of State Cabinet Minister for Marketing & Warehousing, Animal husbandry, Dairy development, Fisheries and Cooperative in 2017.
He has played a major role in TDP towards victory in Nandyal elections 2017.
He has contested as MP candidate from Kadapa parliamentary segment and lost in 2019.
Positions held:
2004-2009 MLA Jammalamadugu
2009-2014 MLA Jammalamadugu
2014-2019 MLA Jammalamadugu
2017-2019 Cabinet Minister for Marketing & Warehousing, Animal husbandry, Dairy development, Fisheries and Cooperative
2020 - Incumbent - Vice President - AP - BJP
References
Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh
1958 births
Living people
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Andhra Pradesh |
Fevers and Mirrors is the third studio album by the Nebraska indie band Bright Eyes, recorded in 1999 and released on May 29, 2000. It was the 32nd release of the Omaha, Nebraska-based record label Saddle Creek Records. The album was released later in 2000 in the United Kingdom as the inaugural release from Wichita Recordings.
The album begins with a recording of a little boy reading Mitchell Is Moving, a book by Marjorie Weinman Sharmat. "An Attempt to Tip the Scales" includes what is ostensibly an interview with the band's frontman, Conor Oberst. However, Oberst has admitted that the interview was something of a joke, intended to poke fun at the dark tone of the album. Conor's voice is impersonated in the interview by Todd Fink of The Faint and Commander Venus. The man interviewing is Matt Silcock, a former member of Lullaby for the Working Class.
The album was reissued alongside a six-track companion EP by Dead Oceans on May 27, 2022.
Critical reception
The music online magazine Pitchfork placed Fevers and Mirrors at number 170 on its list of top 200 albums of the 2000s, despite a low initial score of 5.4/10. In 2012, Pitchforks Ian Cohen gave the reissued version of the album a 9.0 out of 10.
Track listing
Personnel
Conor Oberst – vocals, guitar (1, 4, 6, 8, 10-12), sample (1), organs (2), Rhodes (5), keyboards (5, 12), piano (6, 7), tremolo guitar (9), percussion (11), toy piano (12)
Mike Mogis – electric guitar (4, 9), pedal steel (6, 8), vibraphone (1, 8), tambourine (6, 8), glockenspiel (1), piano (1), Ebow pedal steel (2), electronics (2, 9), tongue drum (3), guiro (3), lap dulcimer (4), hammered dulcimer (5), atmosphere (7), acoustic guitar intro (9), organ (9), mandolin (10), keyboards (10), samples (11), percussion (11)
Todd Baechle – keyboards (3)
Tim Kasher – accordion (1, 4, 6)
Joe Knapp – drums (3, 4, 6, 8, 9), percussion (3), vocals (8)
Jiha Lee – flute (2, 4, 10), vocals (5)
Andy LeMaster – guitar (3), percussion (3, 6, 11), Mellotron (5, 6), bass (2, 5, 10), electric guitar (9), vocals (9-11), keyboards (11)
Matt Maginn – bass (3, 4, 6, 8, 9)
A.J. Mogis – piano (2), Rhodes (9)
Clint Schnase – drums (2, 5, 10)
Charts
References
External links
Saddle Creek Records
2000 albums
Bright Eyes (band) albums
Saddle Creek Records albums
Wichita Recordings albums
Albums produced by Mike Mogis
Chamber pop albums
Britpop albums |
Paron High School was a high school in Paron, an unincorporated area in Saline County, Arkansas. At the time of its closure it was a part of the Bryant School District and it served grades 6-12; the school closed in 2006 and consolidated into Bryant High School.
History
The school was initially in the Paron School District. On July 1, 2004 the Paron School District merged into the Bryant School District. This merger occurred due to a state law which required a school district with fewer than 350 students to merge with another school district.
In the 2005-2006 school year, Paron High had 111 students. The school did not have enough money to keep its budget balanced, and the school did not have enough teachers to offer all of the State of Arkansas's required courses; according to Arkansas law each high school must offer 38 courses. In addition the Bryant school district, which was under a deficit, raised the salaries of all Paron teachers to the level of the district's other teachers, resulting in an extra $10,000 per teacher. The school district determined that, according to its state of finances, it was unable to keep Paron High open, despite receiving extra money from the state government for operating an isolated rural school. While the Arkansas school district closure law initially had a provision that barred the closure of isolated rural schools, in 2005 the provision was deleted, allowing for the closure of Paron High.
The Bryant district decided to close the school effective 2006 and consolidate it into Bryant High School, but parents advocated for keeping the school open. They first lobbied the Arkansas Board of Education, and when that failed they filed a lawsuit against the school district. The Bryant school district successfully closed the school in 2006. Bryant High is about by school bus. Some residents expressed interest in sending their children to public high schools in other school districts that were geographically closer to Paron, although not every parent had the resources to drive their children to other schools and/or to bus stops for other districts' schools.
In 2006 a former janitor from Paron High gave a threat towards the superintendent of Bryant schools. In 2007 he pleaded guilty and received four years of probation. Rodney Bowers of Arkansas Online stated that this "apparently" was because of the closure of the school.
Academics
Paron High had about 40 courses available. Jennifer Barnett Reed and Max Brantley of the Arkansas Times stated that even though there were more courses available at Bryant High School, 160 in total, Paron-area residents thought consolidation was unnecessary because "The prevailing attitude seems to be that Paron students are doing fine" as they could enter state colleges and universities without taking remedial courses and performed at the state average in tests.
Paron-area students who wished to take courses not available at Paron High were eligible to transfer to public high schools in other school districts.
Athletics
Historically basketball was the primary competitive sport at Paron High. The other teams were softball, baseball.
References
External links
- Bryant Public Schools
Schools in Saline County, Arkansas
Public middle schools in Arkansas
Public high schools in Arkansas
Defunct schools in Arkansas
2006 disestablishments in Arkansas
Educational institutions disestablished in 2006 |
The Boston Neck or Roxbury Neck was an isthmus, a narrow strip of land connecting the then-peninsular city of Boston to the mainland city of Roxbury (now a neighborhood of Boston). The surrounding area was gradually filled in as the city of Boston expanded in population (see History of Boston). The land formerly composing the neck is part of the neighborhood now known as the South End.
History
Early history
The Boston Neck was originally about wide at normal high tide. The first wave of settlers built a wooden town gate and earthen wall on the neck in about 1631 to prevent attacks from natives and to keep out unwanted animals and people. The gate was constantly guarded and usually locked during certain times during the evening. No residents could enter or leave during that period. There was a wooden gallows located just outside the town gate. Burglars and pickpockets were commonly executed in those days, in addition to murderers.
In colonial times, the Charles River marshes were north of the neck, and Gallows Bay was on the south side. It was so named because of the nearby executions at the neck. It later became known as South Bay. The main road through the neck was called Orange Street on Capt. John Bonner’s map of 1722.
In 1710, additional fortifications were constructed. There were supposedly two wooden gates, one for carriages and one for foot travelers. In September 1774, General Thomas Gage strengthened the old fortifications of brick, stone and earth with timber and additional earth. Gage ordered a ditch to be dug in front of the fortifications, that would fill with salt water during high tides, effectively cutting Boston off from the mainland. The neck had soft mud on both sides at low tide, making it very difficult to enter Boston on foot except through the town gate.
American Revolution
On the night of April 18, 1775, Patriot leader Doctor Joseph Warren sent Paul Revere and William Dawes on horseback with identical written messages to warn John Hancock and Samuel Adams of the British expedition to capture them and to seize the powder in Concord. Dawes, a 30-year-old Boston tanner, was well known to the British sentries at the town gate on Boston Neck and was able to pass through the checkpoint that evening despite a lockdown. Dawes traveled a southern route by land while Revere took the northern route. Dr. Warren sent both men, reckoning that at least one of them would surely be able to evade the British patrols. Dawes left about 10 P.M. and rode in three hours. He met with Revere shortly before 1 A.M. at the Hancock-Clarke House in Lexington, in the early morning of April 19, 1775, hours before the Battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the American Revolution.
On July 8, 1775, during the Siege of Boston, the Neck was the site of a small engagement between a handful of British regulars and two hundred Colonial volunteers. The Colonials approached to within a few hundred yards of the guardhouse through the marshes on either side of the neck with two artillery pieces, while a small detachment of six men circled behind the guardhouse. On a signal from the forward detachment, the two cannons fired into the house. When the guards ran out, the Colonials fired on them from their positions in the marshes, wounding some and forcing them to retreat toward Boston. The detachment then burned the guardhouse and another structure and captured two muskets and a few other weapons. It is not known whether any of the British soldiers were killed, but no Colonials were killed or wounded.
Later history and filling-in of the neck
The residents started adding fill along the neck in the late 18th century because the low-lying area was prone to erosion. Beginning in the 1830s, the Charles River tidal flats were filled in with train loads of gravel from the Needham area. This created the present Back Bay section of Boston. The remains of the fortifications at the town gate were still visible in 1822. On July 6, 1824, this section of Orange Street where the town gate once stood was renamed Washington Street.
The Washington Street Elevated (the “El”) ran subway trains above Washington Street from 1901 until 1987 when the Orange Line (which inherited the old name of the street) was relocated and the elevated tracks and stations were torn down shortly after the El's April 1987 closure.
The Dover Street station was located at the site of the old town gate at the intersection of Dover and Washington Street. Dover Street was renamed East Berkeley Street sometime after the subway station was demolished. Today, at the intersection of East Berkeley and Washington Streets, nothing of the town gate or the fortifications remains, with the MBTA Silver Line's East Berkeley bus rapid transit station replacing the old Orange Line's Dover elevated station at that location.
See also
Charlestown Neck
Dorchester Neck
Shawmut Peninsula
References
Bibliography
Nancy S. Seasholes, Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston, The MIT Press (September 28, 2003)
James Henry Stark’s Antique Views of Boston (1967 reprint) Burdette & Company, Inc. Boston
David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere's Ride, Oxford University Press, USA
External links
Etching of Boston Neck from The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution by Benson J. Lossing, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851)
Landforms of Boston |
Village Health Organization, most commonly known as VHO, is a non-profit organization licensed as an NGO in Pakistan. The idea was initiated by [ Shaikh]], a Pakistani professional engineer living in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
To date, VHO has set up nearly 50 Clinics in Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and the Sudan. The main objective of the clinics is to provide free diagnosis, treatment and medicines to the people of remote villages where there are absolutely no facilities for Health Care and travel to nearby towns is otherwise necessary to obtain the services of physicians.
External links
VHO website
Medical and health organisations based in Pakistan |
The 2015 Carlton Football Club season was the Carlton Football Club's 152nd season of competition, and 119th as a member of the Australian Football League.
Competing in the 2015 AFL season, it was a very poor season for the club and was disrupted by the sacking after only eight rounds of third-year coach Mick Malthouse. Carlton finished last on the ladder with a record of 4–18.
Club summary
The 2015 AFL season was the 119th season of the VFL/AFL competition since its inception in 1897; and, having competed in every season, it was also the 119th season contested by the Carlton Football Club. Carlton's primary home ground for games was the Melbourne Cricket Ground, with the club hosting six matches at the venue and five at Etihad Stadium – a small change from the previous season, when the club had played six games at Etihad Stadium and five at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Traditional home ground at Princes Park (which was renamed from Visy Park to Ikon Park from the start of the year under a two-year naming rights deal with Ikon Services Australia) continued to serve as the training and administrative base. Carlton continued its alignment with the Northern Blues in the Victorian Football League, allowing Carlton-listed players to play with the Northern Blues when not selected in AFL matches.
Following an online vote of members, the club changed the font of the CFC monogram on the front of its playing guernsey. The new monogram, more traditional in style, featured block-style letters and no gaps at the intersections between letters; it matched the design which had been used between 1927 and 1997, and which had thrice been worn as a heritage guernsey during the 2014 season.
The club's membership for the 2015 season was 47,305, a 0.4% reduction from the 2014 membership of 47,485; it was Carlton's second consecutive reduction in membership, and the club was one of only three clubs to suffer a drop in membership in the 2015 season. The club made a net operating loss of $2,700,000 for the season.
Senior Personnel
Mark LoGiudice continued as club president, a role he has held since June 2014. Mick Malthouse began the season as senior coach, with his coaching panel unchanged from 2014; following Malthouse’s dismissal on 26 May, backline assistant coach John Barker stepped in as caretaker.
Marc Murphy continued into his third season as club captain, as part of a five-man leadership group, a reduction from the seven-man group which led the team in 2014. Bryce Gibbs, Lachlan Henderson and Michael Jamison remained in the group from 2014 – Gibbs and Jamison were named vice-captains – and Sam Rowe was elevated to the group. Leaving the group were Andrew Carrazzo and Kade Simpson, who both stepped down from the group after serving in it for many years, and Brock McLean, who was delisted.
Squad for 2015
Flags represent the state of origin, i.e. the state in which the player played his Under-18s football.
For players: (c) denotes captain, (vc) denotes vice-captain, (dvc) denotes deputy vice-captain, (lg) denotes leadership group.
For coaches: (s) denotes senior coach, (cs) denotes caretaker senior coach, (a) denotes assistant coach, (d) denotes development coach.
Playing list changes
The following summarises all player changes between the conclusion of the 2014 season and the conclusion of the 2015 season.
In
Out
List management
Season summary
Pre-season matches
The club's three scheduled pre-season matches were played as part of the 2015 NAB Challenge series.
Home and away season
Carlton performed very poorly in the early part of the home-and-away season. The club fell to last place after Round 7, won one of its first eight games – against defending wooden spooner in Round 4 – and lost four games by more than ten goals. The turndown in form placed significant pressure on Carlton's off-field organisation. The club had engaged in optimistic preseason marketing, which included Mick Malthouse telling the media that "it’s very, very difficult to see where we’re going to lose a game"; but after only the second round, a 69-point loss against West Coast, Steven Trigg and Mark LoGiudice publicly declared that the club was in a phase of rebuilding. The following weeks were characterised by poor performances and low crowds, which resulted in speculation about Malthouse's coaching future with the club. Early in the season, LoGiudice guaranteed that Malthouse would retain his job until the end of the season, but on May 25, he announced a revised position that Malthouse's tenure would be reviewed during the Round 11 bye week. The following morning, Malthouse gave an interview on SEN 1116 in which he was openly critical of the club's administration: he blamed the club's poor performances in part on the psychological effect of Trigg's and LoGiudice's talk of rebuilding; he said he believed LoGiudice's administration had never intended to retain him as coach even before the season began; and he made allegations that , during Carlton CEO Steven Trigg's tenure there, had illegally signed a contract with Eddie Betts eighteen months before he became an eligible free agent (Betts had transferred from Carlton to Adelaide at the end of 2013 as a restricted free agent, and the AFL dismissed Malthouse's allegations). Consequently, Malthouse was dismissed that afternoon.
Backline assistant coach John Barker was installed as caretaker coach for the remainder of the season. The club's performances improved over the following six weeks, with two wins and two close losses, but the end of the season was little better than the start, and Carlton won only one of its last ten matches, finishing last on percentage. It was Carlton's first last place finish since 2006, and the fourth in the club's VFL/AFL history.
Across the season, Carlton had a record of 3–3 in six matches against other clubs in the bottom six, all of whom won seven or fewer games for the season. Against all other clubs, Carlton's record was 1–15, the sole win coming against 9th-placed .
Ladder
Team awards and records
Match records
Rounds 6–9 – Carlton recorded 13 consecutive losing quarters, starting with the third quarter in Round 6 and ending with the third quarter in Round 9; it set a new record as the longest such streak in the club's history.
Round 7 – 's score of 19.21 (135) and winning margin of 78 points against Carlton both set new records for the highest in GWS's history.
Round 14 – 's score of 9.10 (64) was the lowest winning score by any team against Carlton since Round 19, 2002.
Round 17 – Carlton's 138-point losing margin against was the heaviest defeat in the club's history.
Round 17 – Carlton's score of 4.11 (35) against was its lowest in any match since Round 8, 2006.
Round 22 – For the second time in the season, 's winning margin of 81 points against Carlton set a new record for the highest in GWS's history.
Other
Round 4 – Carlton won the 2015 Simpson-Henderson Trophy with its 40-point win over St Kilda. The trophy is awarded to the team which wins St Kilda's annual Anzac Day home match in Wellington.
Individual awards and records
John Nicholls Medal
The Carlton Football Club Best and Fairest awards night took place on 17 September. The John Nicholls Medal, for the best and fairest player of the club, as well as several other awards, were presented on the night.
John Nicholls Medal
The winner of the John Nicholls Medal was Patrick Cripps, who polled 68 votes to narrowly beat captain Marc Murphy (67 votes) and Zach Tuohy (64 votes). It was Cripps' first John Nicholls Medal in only his second season, having played only three senior games before the start of the season. At age 20 years 6 months, Cripps was the second-youngest winner of the Carlton best and fairest behind only John Nicholls who won aged 20 years 1 month in 1959.
Other awards
The following other awards were presented on John Nicholls Medal night:-
Best First-Year Player – Blaine Boekhorst
Best Clubman – Simon White
Women of Carlton Player Ambassador – Kade Simpson
Spirit of Carlton Award – Ed Curnow
Inner Blue Ruthless Award – Patrick Cripps
Carltonians Achievement Award – Tom Bell
Blues Coterie Most Improved Player – Tom Bell
Hyundai MVP Award (the most valuable player as voted by fans in an online poll) – Patrick Cripps
Leading Goalkickers
Andrejs Everitt was Carlton's leading goalkicker for the season, with 31 goals. It was the first time Everitt had won Carlton's goalkicking.
Other awards
NAB AFL Rising Star
Patrick Cripps was nominated for 2015 NAB AFL Rising Star award after his Round 4 performance against . He was the favourite to win the award, but was ultimately voted to second place.
Honorific teams
Patrick Cripps was named as the centreman in the 2015 22 Under 22 team, made up of players aged 22 or less on Grand Final Day. Sam Docherty was named in the 47-man squad but was not selected for the final team.
Zach Tuohy was named as the small defender in the 2015 AFL Coaches Association All-Australian team, by virtue of polling the most votes of any small defender in the AFL Coaches Association MVP award.
Miscellaneous
Dennis Armfield won the Jim Stynes Community Leadership Award, which was awarded at the Brownlow Medal Count, in recognition of his work with the Odyssey House Drug and Rehabilitation Centre.
Chris Judd won the Madden Medal for his on-field excellence, personal development and community spirit throughout his career.
Round 4 – Marc Murphy won the Crowl-McDonald Medal as best on ground in Carlton's Anzac Day game against . The newly established medal was named for Claude Crowl (St Kilda) and Fen McDonald (Carlton) on the hundredth anniversary of their deaths in the landing at Anzac Cove.
Player and coach records
Round 5 – Mick Malthouse coached his 715th career VFL/AFL game (comprising 132 for , 218 for , 264 for and 50 for Carlton) to pass the long-standing record of 714 games set by Jock McHale () to become the all-time record holder for VFL/AFL games coached.
Northern Blues
The Carlton Football Club had a full affiliation with the Northern Blues during the 2015 season. It was the thirteenth season of the clubs' affiliation, which had been in place since 2003. Carlton senior- and rookie-listed players who were not selected to play in the Carlton team were eligible to play for either the Northern Blues seniors or reserves team in the Victorian Football League. The club's nine home matches were split three ways, with three matches at the VFL club's traditional home ground Preston City Oval, four matches at Carlton's traditional home ground Ikon Park, and two matches played as curtain-raisers to Carlton AFL matches at Etihad Stadium. The Northern Blues finished 14th out of 15 in the VFL with a record of 4–14. Carlton's Brad Walsh won the Laurie Hill Trophy as Northern's best and fairest.
References
Carlton Football Club seasons
Carlton |
The Holdenville City Hall, at 102 Creek St. in Holdenville, Oklahoma, was built in 1910. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.
It is a red brick building with prominent stone quoins and other details, and has some architectural pretension, being perhaps Federal-influenced. It was built by contractor Jack Britton for $8,700. It was extended to the rear in 1951 to include a fire department.
Its NRHP nomination describes:It is architectually [sic] significant because it represents a departure from the typical Victorian Romanesque and Western Commercial styles prevalent in Oklahoma architecture. The attempt to reproduce a more classic style for a public building is the physical evidence of emerging order of a frontier town.
References
National Register of Historic Places in Hughes County, Oklahoma
Federal architecture in Oklahoma
Government buildings completed in 1910 |
David Rothenberg (born 1962) is a professor of philosophy and music at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, with a special interest in animal sounds as music. He is also a composer and jazz musician whose books and recordings reflect a longtime interest in understanding other species such as singing insects by making music with them.
Life and work
Rothenberg graduated from Harvard and took his PhD from Boston University.
Looking back at his high school years in the 1970s, Rothenberg told Claudia Dreifus of The New York Times, "I was influenced by saxophonist Paul Winter's Common Ground album, which had his own compositions with whale and bird sounds mixed in. That got me interested in using music to learn more about the natural world."
As an undergraduate at Harvard, Rothenberg created his own major to combine music with communication. He traveled in Europe after graduation, playing jazz clarinet. Listening to the recorded song of a hermit thrush, he heard structure that reminded him of a Miles Davis solo.
Because of Rothenberg's study of animal song and his experimental interactions with animal music, he is often called an "interspecies musician." According to Andrew Revkin, he "explores the sounds of all manner of living things as both an environmental philosopher and jazz musician."
Rothenberg is a professor of philosophy and music at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, with a special interest in animal sounds as music.
Publications
Books
Rothenberg's book Why Birds Sing: A Journey into the Mystery of Bird Song (Basic Books, 2005) was inspired by an impromptu duet in March 2000 with a laughingthrush at the National Aviary in Pittsburgh. In the wild, male and female laughingthrushes sing complex duets, so "jamming" with a human clarinet player was closely related to the bird's natural behavior. A CD accompanying the book also featured Rothenberg's duet with an Australian lyrebird. The book served as the basis for a 2006 BBC documentary of the same name.
Rothenberg's book Thousand Mile Song (Basic Books, 2008) reflects similar curiosity about whale sounds considered as music. He seeks out both scientific and artistic insights into the phenomenon. Philip Hoare said of the book, "..while Rothenberg's madcap mission to play jazz to the whales seems as crazy as Captain Ahab's demented hunt for the great White Whale, it is sometimes such obsessions that reveal inner truths...I find myself more than a little sympathetic to the author's faintly bonkers but undoubtedly stimulating intent: to push at the barriers between human history and natural history."
His book Survival of the Beautiful: Art, Science and Evolution (Bloomsbury Press, 2011) was described by the journal Nature in this way: "Rothenberg covers topics such as camouflage, abstraction, the profound impact of art on science and much more to explore his theme [that beauty is not random but is intrinsic to life—and that evolution proceeds by sumptuousness, not by utility alone]." Roald Hoffmann said of the book, "David Rothenberg is a brilliantly fun guide on a journey that takes us from bower birds to the neuroesthetics of Semir Zeki. Survival of the Beautiful is just about the best travel literature of the mind out there. With wit by turns gentle and sharp, Rothenberg shows us how art is shaped by animals, and by us." Peter Forbes, writing in The Guardian, calls the book "immensely fertile", bringing together ideas from Charles Darwin, Ernst Haeckel, and D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. Forbes praises Rothenberg's "innocent eye for the telling image", enjoying his treatment of the bowerbirds.
Bug Music, a book about insects and music, was published by St Martins Press in 2013. He began this project at the 2006 International Arts Pestival in London. During the 2011 emergence of Brood XIX periodical cicadas, Rothenberg was the subject of a YouTube video as he played saxophone to accompany the mating calls of Magicicada tredecassini.
Nightingales in Berlin: Searching for the Perfect Sounds, was published by The University of Chicago Press in 2019. The book follows the urban landscape of Berlin—longtime home to nightingale colonies where the birds sing ever louder in order to be heard—and invites the reader to listen in on their remarkable collaboration as birds and instruments riff off of each other's sounds.
Music
Rothenberg has recorded at least 9 albums in his own name, and has performed or recorded music with Peter Gabriel and other jazz musicians. Many of the albums have been on the Terra Nova label.
1992 Nobody Could Explain It (Accurate 4004)
1995: On the Cliffs of the Heart (Newtone 6744) with Marilyn Crispell, Robi Droli; named one of the top ten releases of the year by JAZZIZ Magazine
2005: Why Birds Sing (Terra Nova), released the same year as his book of the same name
2006: Sudden Music (Terra Nova), released with the book of the same title, eleven compositions by Rothenberg, including White Crested Laugh[ing], featured on Why Birds Sing
2008: Whale Music (Terra Nova), released with the book Thousand Mile Song; features Robert Jurgendal and Nils Okland
2009: Whale Music Remixed (Terra Nova), with contributions from Scanner, DJ Spooky, Lukas Ligeti, Mira Calix, Ben Neill, and Robert Rich
2010: One Dark Night I Left My Silent House (ECM Records), with Marilyn Crispell on piano.
2011: Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast (Terra Nova), with pianist Lewis Porter
2011: You Can't Get There From Here (monotype 038), with Scanner
2011: Fifty Bucks and I'll Show You (Berger Platters), by the band Painted Betty: "friends in Cold Spring"
2013: Bug Music (Terra Nova), released with the book of the same name, features cicadas, crickets, katydids, leafhoppers, and water bugs as well as Jürjendal, Hill, and Umru Rothenberg
2014: Cicada Dream Band (Terra Nova), featuring composer and accordionist Pauline Oliveros, overtone singer Timothy Hill (of the Harmonic Choir), and cicadas in New York
2015: Berlin Bülbül (Terra Nova), with Korhan Erel and nightingales in Berlin ("Bülbül" is Turkish for "nightingale")
2016: And Vex the Nightingale (Terra Nova), with accordionist Lucie Vítková and a nightingale in Berlin
2019: Nightingales in Berlin (Terra Nova), with Cymin Samawatie, Korhan Erel, Lembe Lokk, Sanna Salmenkallio, Volker Lankow, Ines Theileis, Wassim Mukdad.
Since 2014, Rothenberg has been an Ambassador of the international non-governmental humanitarian mission the Dolphin Embassy, participating in non-invasive research of the possibilities of free dolphins and whales – playing music for them. In 2017, the Dolphin Embassy released the full-length documentary Intraterrestrial, which received awards from international film festivals. The film's soundtrack features music by Rothenberg.
Rothenberg's music appears in Imogene Drummond's animations Sparky (3', 2009) and Divine Sparks (30', 2012)
In the short drama Whales (14', 2009, directed by Thomas Barnes) there are original whale recordings by Rothenberg.
Reviewing One Dark Night I Left My Silent House, Svenska Dagbladet wrote that Rothenberg and Crispell, "create a moment of beauty," with, "a searching minimalism," and awarded the maximum six stars. The album was well received by other critics.
References
External links
Official website
TerraNovaMusic.net (record label)
NJIT faculty page
Website for Why Birds Sing book
OpEd in NYT about whale song, "Speak Whale to Me" (2007) and "How to Make Music With a Whale" (2014)
(2011), saxophone performance with Brood XIX Magicicada tredecassini cicadas, or (Brood II), PBSNewshour (19 Jun 2013) and , NYTimes (4 Jun 2013).
Living people
American jazz clarinetists
New Jersey Institute of Technology faculty
Harvard College alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
1962 births
21st-century clarinetists
Boston University alumni |
Kalimpong Assembly constituency is an assembly constituency in Kalimpong district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Overview
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 22 Kalimpong Assembly constituency covers Kalimpong municipality, Kalimpong I community development block, Kalimpong II community development block, and Gorubathan community development block.
Kalimpong Assembly constituency is part of No. 4 Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency).
Members of the Legislative Assembly
Election results
2021 Election
In the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Ruden Sada Lepcha of GJM (Binay faction) defeated his nearest rival Suva Pradhan of BJP.
2016 Election
In the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Sarita Rai of GJM defeated her nearest rival Harka Bahadur Chhetri of JAP.
2011 Election
In the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Harka Bahadur Chhetri of GJM defeated his nearest rival Prakash Dahal of GNLF.
References
Assembly constituencies of West Bengal
Kalimpong district |
```python
from dataclasses import dataclass
from enum import Enum
from functools import reduce
from typing import Union
from vyper.exceptions import CompilerPanic, StaticAssertionException
from vyper.utils import OrderedSet
from vyper.venom.analysis.analysis import IRAnalysesCache
from vyper.venom.analysis.cfg import CFGAnalysis
from vyper.venom.analysis.dominators import DominatorTreeAnalysis
from vyper.venom.basicblock import (
IRBasicBlock,
IRInstruction,
IRLabel,
IRLiteral,
IROperand,
IRVariable,
)
from vyper.venom.function import IRFunction
from vyper.venom.passes.base_pass import IRPass
from vyper.venom.passes.sccp.eval import ARITHMETIC_OPS
class LatticeEnum(Enum):
TOP = 1
BOTTOM = 2
@dataclass
class SSAWorkListItem:
inst: IRInstruction
@dataclass
class FlowWorkItem:
start: IRBasicBlock
end: IRBasicBlock
WorkListItem = Union[FlowWorkItem, SSAWorkListItem]
LatticeItem = Union[LatticeEnum, IRLiteral]
Lattice = dict[IRVariable, LatticeItem]
class SCCP(IRPass):
"""
This class implements the Sparse Conditional Constant Propagation
algorithm by Wegman and Zadeck. It is a forward dataflow analysis
that propagates constant values through the IR graph. It is used
to optimize the IR by removing dead code and replacing variables
with their constant values.
"""
fn: IRFunction
dom: DominatorTreeAnalysis
uses: dict[IRVariable, OrderedSet[IRInstruction]]
lattice: Lattice
work_list: list[WorkListItem]
cfg_dirty: bool
cfg_in_exec: dict[IRBasicBlock, OrderedSet[IRBasicBlock]]
def __init__(self, analyses_cache: IRAnalysesCache, function: IRFunction):
super().__init__(analyses_cache, function)
self.lattice = {}
self.work_list: list[WorkListItem] = []
self.cfg_dirty = False
def run_pass(self):
self.fn = self.function
self.dom = self.analyses_cache.request_analysis(DominatorTreeAnalysis)
self._compute_uses()
self._calculate_sccp(self.fn.entry)
self._propagate_constants()
# self._propagate_variables()
self.analyses_cache.invalidate_analysis(CFGAnalysis)
def _calculate_sccp(self, entry: IRBasicBlock):
"""
This method is the main entry point for the SCCP algorithm. It
initializes the work list and the lattice and then iterates over
the work list until it is empty. It then visits each basic block
in the CFG and processes the instructions in the block.
This method does not update the IR, it only updates the lattice
and the work list. The `_propagate_constants()` method is responsible
for updating the IR with the constant values.
"""
self.cfg_in_exec = {bb: OrderedSet() for bb in self.fn.get_basic_blocks()}
dummy = IRBasicBlock(IRLabel("__dummy_start"), self.fn)
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(dummy, entry))
# Initialize the lattice with TOP values for all variables
for v in self.uses.keys():
self.lattice[v] = LatticeEnum.TOP
# Iterate over the work list until it is empty
# Items in the work list can be either FlowWorkItem or SSAWorkListItem
while len(self.work_list) > 0:
work_item = self.work_list.pop()
if isinstance(work_item, FlowWorkItem):
self._handle_flow_work_item(work_item)
elif isinstance(work_item, SSAWorkListItem):
self._handle_SSA_work_item(work_item)
else:
raise CompilerPanic("Invalid work item type")
def _handle_flow_work_item(self, work_item: FlowWorkItem):
"""
This method handles a FlowWorkItem.
"""
start = work_item.start
end = work_item.end
if start in self.cfg_in_exec[end]:
return
self.cfg_in_exec[end].add(start)
for inst in end.instructions:
if inst.opcode == "phi":
self._visit_phi(inst)
else:
# Stop at the first non-phi instruction
# as phis are only valid at the beginning of a block
break
if len(self.cfg_in_exec[end]) == 1:
for inst in end.instructions:
if inst.opcode == "phi":
continue
self._visit_expr(inst)
if len(end.cfg_out) == 1:
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(end, end.cfg_out.first()))
def _handle_SSA_work_item(self, work_item: SSAWorkListItem):
"""
This method handles a SSAWorkListItem.
"""
if work_item.inst.opcode == "phi":
self._visit_phi(work_item.inst)
elif len(self.cfg_in_exec[work_item.inst.parent]) > 0:
self._visit_expr(work_item.inst)
def _lookup_from_lattice(self, op: IROperand) -> LatticeItem:
assert isinstance(op, IRVariable), "Can't get lattice for non-variable"
lat = self.lattice[op]
assert lat is not None, f"Got undefined var {op}"
return lat
def _set_lattice(self, op: IROperand, value: LatticeItem):
assert isinstance(op, IRVariable), "Can't set lattice for non-variable"
self.lattice[op] = value
def _eval_from_lattice(self, op: IROperand) -> IRLiteral | LatticeEnum:
if isinstance(op, IRLiteral):
return op
return self._lookup_from_lattice(op)
def _visit_phi(self, inst: IRInstruction):
assert inst.opcode == "phi", "Can't visit non phi instruction"
in_vars: list[LatticeItem] = []
for bb_label, var in inst.phi_operands:
bb = self.fn.get_basic_block(bb_label.name)
if bb not in self.cfg_in_exec[inst.parent]:
continue
in_vars.append(self._lookup_from_lattice(var))
value = reduce(_meet, in_vars, LatticeEnum.TOP) # type: ignore
if inst.output not in self.lattice:
return
if value != self._lookup_from_lattice(inst.output):
self._set_lattice(inst.output, value)
self._add_ssa_work_items(inst)
def _visit_expr(self, inst: IRInstruction):
opcode = inst.opcode
if opcode in ["store", "alloca"]:
assert inst.output is not None, "Got store/alloca without output"
out = self._eval_from_lattice(inst.operands[0])
self._set_lattice(inst.output, out)
self._add_ssa_work_items(inst)
elif opcode == "jmp":
target = self.fn.get_basic_block(inst.operands[0].value)
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(inst.parent, target))
elif opcode == "jnz":
lat = self._eval_from_lattice(inst.operands[0])
assert lat != LatticeEnum.TOP, f"Got undefined var at jmp at {inst.parent}"
if lat == LatticeEnum.BOTTOM:
for out_bb in inst.parent.cfg_out:
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(inst.parent, out_bb))
else:
if _meet(lat, IRLiteral(0)) == LatticeEnum.BOTTOM:
target = self.fn.get_basic_block(inst.operands[1].name)
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(inst.parent, target))
if _meet(lat, IRLiteral(1)) == LatticeEnum.BOTTOM:
target = self.fn.get_basic_block(inst.operands[2].name)
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(inst.parent, target))
elif opcode == "djmp":
lat = self._eval_from_lattice(inst.operands[0])
assert lat != LatticeEnum.TOP, f"Got undefined var at jmp at {inst.parent}"
if lat == LatticeEnum.BOTTOM:
for op in inst.operands[1:]:
target = self.fn.get_basic_block(op.name)
self.work_list.append(FlowWorkItem(inst.parent, target))
elif isinstance(lat, IRLiteral):
raise CompilerPanic("Unimplemented djmp with literal")
elif opcode in ["param", "calldataload"]:
self.lattice[inst.output] = LatticeEnum.BOTTOM # type: ignore
self._add_ssa_work_items(inst)
elif opcode == "mload":
self.lattice[inst.output] = LatticeEnum.BOTTOM # type: ignore
elif opcode in ARITHMETIC_OPS:
self._eval(inst)
else:
if inst.output is not None:
self._set_lattice(inst.output, LatticeEnum.BOTTOM)
def _eval(self, inst) -> LatticeItem:
"""
This method evaluates an arithmetic operation and returns the result.
At the same time it updates the lattice with the result and adds the
instruction to the SSA work list if the knowledge about the variable
changed.
"""
opcode = inst.opcode
ops = []
for op in inst.operands:
if isinstance(op, IRVariable):
ops.append(self.lattice[op])
elif isinstance(op, IRLabel):
return LatticeEnum.BOTTOM
else:
ops.append(op)
ret = None
if LatticeEnum.BOTTOM in ops:
ret = LatticeEnum.BOTTOM
else:
if opcode in ARITHMETIC_OPS:
fn = ARITHMETIC_OPS[opcode]
ret = IRLiteral(fn(ops)) # type: ignore
elif len(ops) > 0:
ret = ops[0] # type: ignore
else:
raise CompilerPanic("Bad constant evaluation")
old_val = self.lattice.get(inst.output, LatticeEnum.TOP)
if old_val != ret:
self.lattice[inst.output] = ret # type: ignore
self._add_ssa_work_items(inst)
return ret # type: ignore
def _add_ssa_work_items(self, inst: IRInstruction):
for target_inst in self._get_uses(inst.output): # type: ignore
self.work_list.append(SSAWorkListItem(target_inst))
def _compute_uses(self):
"""
This method computes the uses for each variable in the IR.
It iterates over the dominator tree and collects all the
instructions that use each variable.
"""
self.uses = {}
for bb in self.dom.dfs_walk:
for var, insts in bb.get_uses().items():
self._get_uses(var).update(insts)
def _get_uses(self, var: IRVariable):
if var not in self.uses:
self.uses[var] = OrderedSet()
return self.uses[var]
def _propagate_constants(self):
"""
This method iterates over the IR and replaces constant values
with their actual values. It also replaces conditional jumps
with unconditional jumps if the condition is a constant value.
"""
for bb in self.dom.dfs_walk:
for inst in bb.instructions:
self._replace_constants(inst)
def _replace_constants(self, inst: IRInstruction):
"""
This method replaces constant values in the instruction with
their actual values. It also updates the instruction opcode in
case of jumps and asserts as needed.
"""
if inst.opcode == "jnz":
lat = self._eval_from_lattice(inst.operands[0])
if isinstance(lat, IRLiteral):
if lat.value == 0:
target = inst.operands[2]
else:
target = inst.operands[1]
inst.opcode = "jmp"
inst.operands = [target]
self.cfg_dirty = True
elif inst.opcode in ("assert", "assert_unreachable"):
lat = self._eval_from_lattice(inst.operands[0])
if isinstance(lat, IRLiteral):
if lat.value > 0:
inst.opcode = "nop"
else:
raise StaticAssertionException(
f"assertion found to fail at compile time ({inst.error_msg}).",
inst.get_ast_source(),
)
inst.operands = []
elif inst.opcode == "phi":
return
for i, op in enumerate(inst.operands):
if isinstance(op, IRVariable):
lat = self.lattice[op]
if isinstance(lat, IRLiteral):
inst.operands[i] = lat
def _meet(x: LatticeItem, y: LatticeItem) -> LatticeItem:
if x == LatticeEnum.TOP:
return y
if y == LatticeEnum.TOP or x == y:
return x
return LatticeEnum.BOTTOM
``` |
Adolf Hitler's rise to power began in the newly established Weimar Republic in September 1919 when Hitler joined the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (DAP; German Workers' Party). He rose to a place of prominence in the early years of the party. Being one of its most popular speakers, he was made the party leader after he threatened to otherwise leave.
In 1920, the DAP renamed itself to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party, commonly known as the Nazi Party). Hitler chose this name to win over left-wing German workers. Despite the NSDAP being a right-wing party, it had many anti-capitalist and anti-bourgeois elements. Hitler later initiated a purge of these elements and reaffirmed the Nazi Party's pro-business stance. By 1922 Hitler's control over the party was unchallenged. In 1923, Hitler and his supporters attempted a coup in Bavaria. This seminal event was later called the Beer Hall Putsch. Upon its failure, Hitler escaped, only to be subsequently arrested and put on trial. The trial proved to be a blessing in disguise for Hitler, as it garnered him national fame. Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison, but he would only serve eight months. During this time, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, which became the vade mecum of National Socialism. Once released, Hitler switched tactics, opting to instead seize power through legal and democratic means.
Hitler, armed with his newfound celebrity, began furiously campaigning. During the 1920s, Hitler and the Nazis ran on a platform consisting of anti-communism, antisemitism, and ultranationalism. Nazi party leaders vociferously criticized the ruling democratic government and the Treaty of Versailles, while proselytizing their desire to turn Germany into a world power. At this time, most Germans were indifferent to Hitler's rhetoric as the German economy was beginning to recover in large part due to loans from the United States under the Dawes Plan. The German political landscape was dramatically affected by the 1929 Wall Street Crash, which hampered economic aid to Germany. The Great Depression brought the German economy to a halt and further polarized German politics. Hitler and the Nazis began to exploit the crisis and loudly criticized the ruling government. During this tumultuous time, the German Communist Party also began campaigning and called for a revolution. Business leaders, fearful of a communist takeover, began supporting the Nazi Party. Hitler ran for the presidency in 1932 but was defeated by the incumbent Paul von Hindenburg; nonetheless, he achieved a strong showing of second place in both rounds. Following this, in July 1932 the Nazis became the largest party in the Reichstag, albeit short of an absolute majority.
1933 was a pivotal year for Hitler and the Nazi Party. Traditionally, the leader of the party who held the most seats in the Reichstag was appointed Chancellor. However, President von Hindenburg was hesitant to appoint Hitler as chancellor. Following several backroom negotiationswhich included industrialists, Hindenburg's son, the former chancellor Franz von Papen, and HitlerHindenburg acquiesced and on 30 January 1933, he formally appointed Adolf Hitler as Germany's new chancellor. Although he was chancellor, Hitler was not yet an absolute dictator.
The groundwork for the Nazi dictatorship was laid when the Reichstag was set on fire in February. Asserting that the communists were behind the arson, Hitler convinced von Hindenburg to pass the Reichstag Fire Decree, which severely curtailed the liberties and rights of German citizens. Using the decree, Hitler began eliminating his political opponents. In Hitler's eyes the decree was insufficient, and he proposed the Enabling Act of 1933. This law gave the German government the power to override individual rights prescribed by the constitution. Additionally, it also gave the Chancellor (Hitler) emergency powers to pass and enforce laws without parliamentary oversight. The Enabling Act was passed in March and by April, Hitler held de facto dictatorial powers and used them to order the construction of the first Nazi concentration camp at Dachau for communists and other political opponents. Hitler's rise to power was completed in August 1934 when following the death of President von Hindenburg, Hitler merged the chancellory with the presidency and became Führer, the sole leader of Germany.
In retrospect, Hitler's rise to power was aided in part by his willingness to use violence in advancing his political objectives and to recruit party members willing to do the same. Furthermore, Hitler went out of his way to seek financial support from wealthy businessmen, without whose support his assumption of power would have been impossible. Hitler framed their partnership as an essential factor in defeating the rising threat of communism. The party engaged in electoral battles in which Hitler participated as a speaker and organizer. Street battles and violence also erupted between the Communists' Rotfrontkämpferbund and the Nazis' Sturmabteilung (SA).
Once the Nazi dictatorship was firmly established, the Nazis themselves created a mythology surrounding their rise to power. German propaganda described this time period as either the Kampfzeit (the time of struggle) or the Kampfjahre (years of struggle).
Early Germany
Historians have commented on the influence of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's process of "negative integration" as setting a tone of exclusion in early Germany, which had a lasting influence on later German nationalism. Bismarck sought to prevent the religious and political divisions in early Germany by rallying the populace against a common enemy. Initially Bismarck ran a campaign against the Catholic church from 1873 to the late 1870s, referred to as Kulturkampf, questioning whether they were loyal to Berlin or other Catholic states. Instead of uniting German people, it instead resulted in a bolstering of support to the Catholic church, alienating an important religious minority. In 1878, Bismarck then introduced a number of anti-socialist laws that would be in effect from 1878 to 1890 in an attempt to alienate the Social Democratic Party. While some sections of German society were united by this, many industrial workers rallied to the SDP. Historians have expressed that as the German state was still very new at the time, it was therefore impressionable; Bismarck's strategy of confrontation rather than consensus set a tone of either being loyal to the government or an enemy of the state, which directly influenced German nationalist sentiment and the later Nazi movement.
Early steps (1918–1924)
Adolf Hitler became involved with the fledgling German Workers' Party – which he would later transform into the Nazi Party – after the First World War, and set the violent tone of the movement early, by forming the Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary. Catholic Bavaria resented rule from Protestant Berlin, and Hitler at first saw revolution in Bavaria as a means to power. An early attempt at a coup d'état, the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, proved fruitless, however, and Hitler was imprisoned for leading the putsch. He used this time to write Mein Kampf, in which he argued that effeminate Jewish–Christian ethics were enfeebling Europe, and that Germany was in need of an uncompromising strongman to restore itself and build an empire. Learning from the failed coup, he decided on the tactic of pursuing power through legal means rather than seizing control of the government by force against the state and instead proclaimed a strictly legal course.
From Armistice (November 1918) to party membership (September 1919)
In 1914, after being granted permission from King Ludwig III of Bavaria, the 25-year-old Austrian-born Hitler enlisted in a Bavarian regiment of the German Army, although he was not yet a German citizen. For over four years (August 1914 – November 1918), Germany was a major participant in World War I. After fighting on the Western Front ended in November 1918, Hitler was discharged on 19 November from the Pasewalk hospital and returned to Munich, which at the time was in a state of socialist upheaval. Arriving on 21 November, he was assigned to 7th Company of the 1st Replacement Battalion of the 2nd Infantry Regiment. In December he was reassigned to a prisoner-of-war camp in Traunstein as a guard. He remained there until the camp dissolved in January 1919, after which he returned to Munich and spent a couple weeks on guard duty at the city's main train station (Hauptbahnhof) through which soldiers had been traveling.
During this time a number of notable Germans were assassinated, including socialist Kurt Eisner, who was shot dead by a German nationalist on 21 February 1919. His rival Erhard Auer was also wounded in an attack. Other acts of violence were the killings of both Major Paul Ritter von Jahreiß and the conservative MP Heinrich Osel. In this political chaos Berlin sent in the military – called the "White Guards of Capitalism" by the communists. On 3 April 1919, Hitler was elected as the liaison of his military battalion and again on 15 April. During this time, he urged his unit to stay out of the fighting and not to join either side.
The Bavarian Soviet Republic was officially crushed on 6 May, when Lieutenant General Burghard von Oven and his forces declared the city secure. In the aftermath of arrests and executions, Hitler denounced a fellow liaison, Georg Dufter, as a Soviet "radical rabble-rouser". Other testimony he gave to the military board of inquiry allowed them to root out other members of the military that "had been infected with revolutionary fervor." For his anti-communist views he was allowed to avoid discharge when his unit was disbanded in May 1919.
In June 1919, Hitler was moved to the demobilization office of the 2nd Infantry Regiment. Around this time the German military command released an edict that the army's main priority was to "carry out, in conjunction with the police, stricter surveillance of the population ... so that the ignition of any new unrest can be discovered and extinguished." In May 1919, Karl Mayr became commander of the 6th Battalion of the guards' regiment in Munich and from 30 May the head of the "Education and Propaganda Department" of the General Command von Oven and the Group Command No. 4 (Department Ib). In this capacity as head of the intelligence department, Mayr recruited Hitler as an undercover agent in early June 1919. Under Captain Mayr, "national thinking" courses were arranged at the Reichswehrlager Lechfeld near Augsburg, with Hitler attending from 10 to 19 July. During this time Hitler so impressed Mayr that he assigned him to an anti-Bolshevik "educational commando" as 1 of 26 instructors in the summer of 1919.
In July 1919, Hitler was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance commando) of the Reichswehr, both to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP). The DAP had been formed by Anton Drexler, Karl Harrer and others, through amalgamation of other groups, on 5 January 1919 at a small gathering at the restaurant Fuerstenfelder Hof in Munich. While he studied the activities of the DAP, Hitler became impressed with Drexler's antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist ideas.
During the 12 September 1919 meeting, Hitler took umbrage with comments made by an audience member that were directed against Gottfried Feder, the speaker, a crank economist with whom Hitler was acquainted due to a lecture Feder delivered in an army "education" course. The audience member (in Mein Kampf, Hitler disparagingly referred to him as the "professor") asserted that Bavaria should be wholly independent from Germany and should secede from Germany and unite with Austria to form a new South German nation. The volatile Hitler arose and scolded the man, eventually causing him to leave the meeting before its adjournment.
Impressed with Hitler's oratory skills, Drexler encouraged him to join the DAP. On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party. Within a week, Hitler received a postcard stating he had officially been accepted as a member and he should come to a "committee" meeting to discuss it. Hitler attended the "committee" meeting held at the run-down Alte Rosenbad beerhouse. Later Hitler wrote that joining the fledgling party "...was the most decisive resolve of my life. From here there was and could be no turning back. ... I registered as a member of the German Workers' Party and received a provisional membership card with the number 7". Normally, enlisted army personnel were not allowed to join political parties. However, in this case, Hitler had Captain Mayr's permission to join the DAP. Further, Hitler was allowed to stay in the army and receive his weekly pay of 20 gold marks.
From early party membership to the Hofbräuhaus Melée (November 1921)
By early 1920, the DAP had grown to over 101 members, and Hitler received his membership card as member number 555 (the numbers started from 501). Hitler's considerable oratory and propaganda skills were appreciated by the party leadership. With the support of Anton Drexler, Hitler became chief of propaganda for the party in early 1920 and his actions began to transform the party. He organised their biggest meeting yet, of 2,000 people, on 24 February 1920 in the Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München. There Hitler announced the party's 25-point program (see National Socialist Program). He also engineered the name change of the DAP to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party), later known to the rest of the world as the Nazi Party. Hitler designed the party's banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background. He was discharged from the army in March 1920 and began working full-time for the Nazi Party.
In 1920, a small "hall protection" squad was organised around Emil Maurice. The group was first named the "Order troops" (Ordnertruppen). Later in August 1921, Hitler redefined the group, which became known as the "Gymnastic and Sports Division" of the party (Turn- und Sportabteilung). By the autumn of 1921 the group was being called the Sturmabteilung ("Storm Detachment") or SA, and by November 1921 the group was officially known by that name. Also in 1920, Hitler began to lecture in Munich beer halls, particularly the Hofbräuhaus, Sterneckerbräu and Bürgerbräukeller. Only Hitler was able to bring in the crowds for the party speeches and meetings. By this time, the police were already monitoring the speeches, and their own surviving records reveal that Hitler delivered lectures with titles such as Political Phenomenon, Jews and the Treaty of Versailles. At the end of the year, party membership was recorded at 2,000.
In June 1921, while Hitler and Dietrich Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich, its organizational home. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP). Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful: at a general membership meeting, he was granted absolute powers as party chairman, with only one nay vote cast.
On 14 September 1921, Hitler and a substantial number of SA members and other Nazi Party adherents disrupted a meeting of the Bavarian League at the Löwenbräukeller. This federalist organization objected to the centralism of the Weimar Constitution but accepted its social program. The League was led by Otto Ballerstedt, an engineer whom Hitler regarded as "my most dangerous opponent". One Nazi, Hermann Esser, climbed upon a chair and shouted that the Jews were to blame for the misfortunes of Bavaria and the Nazis shouted demands that Ballerstedt yield the floor to Hitler. The Nazis beat up Ballerstedt and shoved him off the stage into the audience. Hitler and Esser were arrested and Hitler commented notoriously to the police commissioner, "It's all right. We got what we wanted. Ballerstedt did not speak".
Less than two months later, 4 November 1921, the Nazi Party held a large public meeting in the Munich Hofbräuhaus. After Hitler had spoken for some time, the meeting erupted into a melée in which a small company of SA defeated the opposition. For his part in these events, Hitler was eventually sentenced in January 1922 to three months' imprisonment for "breach of the peace", but only spent a little over one month at Stadelheim Prison in Munich.
From Beer Hall melée to Beer Hall coup d'état
In 1922 and early 1923, Hitler and the Nazi Party formed two organizations that would grow to have huge significance. The first began as the Jungsturm Adolf Hitler and the Jugendbund der NSDAP; they would later become the Hitler Youth. The other was the Stabswache (Staff Guard), which in May 1923 was renamed the Stoßtrupp-Hitler (Shock Troop-Hitler). This early incarnation of a bodyguard unit for Hitler would later become the Schutzstaffel (SS). Inspired by Benito Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922, Hitler decided that a coup d'état was the proper strategy to seize control of the German government. In May 1923, small elements loyal to Hitler within the Reichswehr helped the SA to illegally procure a barracks and its weaponry, but the order to march never came, possibly because Hitler had been warned by Army General Otto von Lossow that "he would be fired upon" by Reichswehr troops if they attempted a putsch.
A pivotal moment came when Hitler led the Beer Hall Putsch, an attempted coup d'état on 8–9 November 1923. At the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich, Hitler and his deputies announced their plan: Bavarian government officials would be deposed, and Hitler installed at the head of government, with Munich then used as a base camp from which to march on Berlin. Nearly 2,000 Nazi Party members proceeded to the Marienplatz in Munich's city center, where they were met by a police cordon summoned to obstruct them. Sixteen Nazi Party members and four police officers were killed in the ensuing violence. Hitler briefly escaped the city but was arrested on 11 November 1923, and put on trial for high treason, which gained him widespread public attention.
The trial began in February 1924. Hitler endeavored to turn the tables and put democracy and the Weimar Republic on trial as traitors to the German people. Hitler was convicted and on 1 April sentenced to five years' imprisonment at Landsberg Prison. He received friendly treatment from the guards; he had a room with a view of the river, wore a tie, had regular visitors to his chambers, was allowed mail from supporters and was permitted the use of a private secretary. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, after serving just nine months, against the state prosecutor's objections.
Hitler used the time in Landsberg Prison to reconsider his political strategy and dictate the first volume of Mein Kampf (My Struggle; originally entitled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice), principally to his deputy Rudolf Hess. After the Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party was banned in Bavaria, but it participated in 1924's two elections by proxy as the National Socialist Freedom Movement. In the May 1924 German federal election the party gained seats in the Reichstag, with 6.6% (1,918,329) voting for the Movement. In the December 1924 federal election, the National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB) (combination of the Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei (DVFP) and the Nazi Party (NSDAP)) lost 18 seats, only holding on to 14 seats, with 3% (907,242) of the electorate voting for Hitler's party. The Barmat Scandal was often used later in Nazi propaganda, both as an electoral strategy and as an appeal to anti-Semitism.
After some reflection, Hitler had determined that power was to be achieved not through revolution outside of the government, but rather through what he called "the path of legality" within the confines of the democratic system established by Weimar.
Move towards power (1925–1930)
In the May 1928 federal election, the Nazi Party achieved just 12 seats in the Reichstag. The highest provincial gain was again in Bavaria (5.1%), though in three areas the Nazis failed to gain even 1% of the vote. Overall, the party gained 2.6% of the vote (810,100 votes). Partially due to the poor results, Hitler decided that Germans needed to know more about his goals. Despite being discouraged by his publisher, he wrote a second book that was discovered and released posthumously as the Zweites Buch. At this time the SA began a period of deliberate antagonism to the Rotfront by marching into Communist strongholds and starting violent altercations.
At the end of 1928, party membership was recorded at 130,000. In March 1929, Erich Ludendorff represented the Nazi Party in the Presidential elections. He earned 280,000 votes (1.1%) and was the only candidate to poll fewer than a million votes. The battles on the streets grew increasingly violent. After the Rotfront interrupted a speech by Hitler, the SA marched into the streets of Nuremberg and killed two bystanders. In a tit-for-tat action, the SA stormed a Rotfront meeting on 25 August and days later the Berlin headquarters of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) itself. In September, Goebbels led his men into Neukölln, a KPD stronghold, and the two warring parties exchanged pistol and revolver fire. The German referendum of 1929 was important as it gained the Nazi Party recognition and credibility it had never had before. In the late 1920s, seeing the party's lack of breakthrough into the mainstream, Goebbels proposed that instead of focusing all of their propaganda in major cities where there was competition from other political movements, they should instead begin holding rallies in rural areas where they would be more effective.
On the evening of 14 January 1930, at around ten o'clock, Horst Wessel was fatally shot in the face at point-blank range by two members of the KPD in Friedrichshain. The attack occurred after an argument with his landlady, who was a member of the KPD and contacted one of her Rotfront friends, Albert Hochter, who shot Wessel. Wessel had penned a song months before which would become a Nazi anthem as the Horst-Wessel-Lied. Goebbels seized upon the attack (and the weeks Wessel spent on his deathbed) to publicize the song, and the funeral was used as an anti-Communist propaganda opportunity for the Nazis. In May, Goebbels was convicted of "libeling" President Hindenburg and fined 800 marks. The conviction stemmed from a 1929 article by Goebbels in his newspaper Der Angriff. In June, Goebbels was charged with high treason by the prosecutor in Leipzig based on statements Goebbels had made in 1927, but after a four-month investigation it came to naught.
Against this backdrop, Hitler's party gained a significant victory in the Reichstag, obtaining 107 seats (18.3%, 6,409,600 votes) in the September 1930 federal election. The Nazis thereby became the second-largest party in Germany, and as historian Joseph Bendersky notes, they essentially became the "dominant political force on the right".
An unprecedented amount of money was thrown behind the campaign and political success increased the party's momentum as it recorded over 100,000 new members in the next few months following the election. Well over one million pamphlets were produced and distributed; sixty trucks were commandeered for use in Berlin alone. In areas where Nazi campaigning was less rigorous, the total share of the vote was as low as 9%. The Great Depression was also a factor in Hitler's electoral success. Against this legal backdrop, the SA began its first major anti-Jewish action on 13 October 1930, when groups of Nazi brownshirts smashed the windows of Jewish-owned stores at Potsdamer Platz.
Weimar parties fail to halt Nazis
The Wall Street Crash of 1929 heralded worldwide economic disaster. The Nazis and the Communists made great gains at the 1930 federal election. The Nazis and Communists between them secured almost 40% of Reichstag seats, which required the moderate parties to consider negotiations with anti-democrats. "The Communists", wrote historian Alan Bullock, "openly announced that they would prefer to see the Nazis in power rather than lift a finger to save the republic".
The Weimar political parties failed to stop the Nazi rise. Germany's Weimar political system made it difficult for chancellors to govern with a stable parliamentary majority, and successive chancellors instead relied on the president's emergency powers to govern. In 1931 the Nazi Party altered its strategy to engage in perpetual campaigning across the country, even outside of election time. From 1931 to 1933, the Nazis combined terror tactics with conventional campaigning – Hitler criss-crossed the nation by air, while SA troops paraded in the streets, beat up opponents, and broke up their meetings. Systematic statistical analyses demonstrate that voters responded the way they do in most modern elections, which explains why certain identifiable groups turned to the Nazis and others turned away.
A middle-class liberal party strong enough to block the Nazis did not exist – the People's Party and the Democrats suffered severe losses to the Nazis at the polls. The Social Democrats were essentially a conservative trade union party, with ineffectual leadership. The Catholic Centre Party maintained its voting block, but was preoccupied with defending its own particular interests and wrote Bullock: "through 1932–3 ... was so far from recognizing the danger of a Nazi dictatorship that it continued to negotiate with the Nazis". The Communists meanwhile were engaging in violent clashes with Nazis on the streets, but Moscow had directed the Communist Party to prioritise destruction of the Social Democrats, seeing more danger in them as a rival for the loyalty of the working class. Nevertheless, wrote Bullock, the heaviest responsibility lay with the German right wing, who "forsook a true conservatism" and made Hitler their partner in a coalition government.
The Centre Party's Heinrich Brüning was Chancellor from 1930 to 1932. Brüning and Hitler were unable to reach terms of co-operation, but Brüning himself increasingly governed with the support of the President and Army over that of the parliament. The 84-year-old President von Hindenburg, a conservative monarchist, was reluctant to take action to suppress the Nazis, while the ambitious Major-General Kurt von Schleicher, as Minister handling army and navy matters hoped to harness their support. With Schleicher's backing, and Hitler's stated approval, Hindenburg appointed the Catholic monarchist Franz von Papen to replace Brüning as Chancellor in June 1932. Papen had been active in the resurgence of the Harzburg Front. He had fallen out with the Centre Party. He hoped ultimately to outmaneuver Hitler.
At the July 1932 federal election, the Nazis became the largest party in the Reichstag, yet without a majority. Hitler withdrew support for Papen and demanded the Chancellorship. He was refused by Hindenburg. Papen dissolved Parliament, and the Nazi vote declined at the November election. In the aftermath of the election, Papen proposed ruling by decree while drafting a new electoral system, with an upper house. Schleicher convinced Hindenburg to sack Papen, and Schleicher himself became Chancellor, promising to form a workable coalition.
The aggrieved Papen opened negotiations with Hitler, proposing a Nazi-Nationalist Coalition. Having nearly outmaneuvered Hitler, only to be trounced by Schleicher, Papen turned his attentions on defeating Schleicher, and concluded an agreement with Hitler.
Seizure of control (1931–1933)
On 10 March 1931, with street violence between the Rotfront and SA increasing, breaking all previous barriers and expectations, Prussia re-enacted its ban on Brownshirts. Days after the ban, SA-men shot dead two communists in a street fight, which led to a ban being placed on the public speaking of Goebbels, who sidestepped the prohibition by recording speeches and playing them to an audience in his absence.
When Hitler's citizenship became a matter of public discussion in 1924, he had a public declaration printed on 16 October 1924:
Under the threat of criminal deportation home to Austria, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925, and did not acquire German citizenship until almost seven years later; therefore, he was unable to run for public office. Hitler gained German citizenship after being appointed a Free State of Brunswick government official by Dietrich Klagges, after an earlier attempt by Wilhelm Frick to convey citizenship as a Thuringian police official failed.
Ernst Röhm, in charge of the SA, put Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorff, a vehement anti-Semite, in charge of the Berlin SA. The deaths mounted, with many more on the Rotfront side, and by the end of 1931 the SA had suffered 47 deaths and the Rotfront recorded losses of approximately 80 killed. Street fights and beer hall battles resulting in deaths occurred throughout February and April 1932, all against the backdrop of Adolf Hitler's competition in the presidential election which pitted him against the monumentally popular Hindenburg. In the first round on 13 March, Hitler had polled over 11 million votes but was still behind Hindenburg. The second and final round took place on 10 April: Hitler (36.8% 13,418,547) lost to Paul von Hindenburg (53.0% 19,359,983) while the KPD candidate Thälmann gained a meagre percentage of the vote (10.2% 3,706,759). At this time, the Nazi Party had just over 800,000 members.
On 13 April 1932, following the presidential elections, the German government banned the Nazi Party paramilitaries, the SA and the SS, on the basis of the Emergency Decree for the Preservation of State Authority. This action was prompted by details uncovered by the Prussian police that indicated the SA was ready for a takeover of power by force after an election of Hitler. The lifting of the ban and staging of new elections were the price Hitler demanded in exchange for his support of a new cabinet. The law was repealed on 16 June by Franz von Papen, Chancellor of Germany as part of his agreement with Hitler. In the federal election of July 1932, the Nazis won 37.3% of the popular vote (13,745,000 votes), an upswing by 19 percent, becoming the largest party in the Reichstag, with 230 out of 608 seats. Dwarfed by Hitler's electoral gains, the KPD turned away from legal means and increasingly towards violence. One resulting battle in Silesia resulted in the army being dispatched, each shot sending Germany further into a potential civil war. By this time both sides marched into each other's strongholds hoping to spark a rivalry. The attacks continued and reached fever pitch when SA leader Axel Schaffeld was assassinated on 1 August.
As the Nazi Party was now the largest party in the Reichstag, it was entitled to select the President of the Reichstag and were able to elect Göring for the post. Energised by the success, Hitler asked to be made chancellor. Hitler was offered the job of vice-chancellor by Chancellor Papen at the behest of President Hindenburg, but he refused. Hitler saw this offer as placing him in a position of "playing second fiddle" in the government.
In his position of Reichstag president, Göring asked that decisive measures be taken by the government over the spate of murders of Nazi Party members. On 9 August, amendments were made to the Reichstrafgesetzbuch statute on "acts of political violence", increasing the penalty to "lifetime imprisonment, 20 years hard labour[,] or death". Special courts were announced to try such offences. When in power less than half a year later, Hitler would use this legislation against his opponents with devastating effect.
The law was applied almost immediately but did not bring the perpetrators behind the recent massacres to trial as expected. Instead, five SA men who were alleged to have murdered a KPD member in Potempa (Upper Silesia) were tried. Hitler appeared at the trial as a defence witness, but on 22 August the five were convicted and sentenced to death. On appeal, this sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in early September. They served just over four months before Hitler freed all imprisoned Nazis in a 1933 amnesty.
The Nazi Party lost 35 seats in the November 1932 election, but remained the Reichstag's largest party, with 196 seats (33.1%). The Social Democrats (SPD) won 121 seats (20.4%) and the Communists (KPD) won 100 (16.9%).
The Communist International described all moderate left-wing parties as "social fascists" and urged the Communists to devote their energies to the destruction of the moderate left. As a result, the KPD, following orders from Moscow, rejected overtures from the Social Democrats to form a political alliance against the NSDAP.
After Chancellor Papen left office, he secretly told Hitler that he still held considerable sway with President Hindenburg and that he would make Hitler chancellor as long as he, Papen, could be the vice chancellor. Another notable event was the publication of the Industrielleneingabe, a letter signed by 22 important representatives of industry, finance and agriculture, asking Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor. Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after the parliamentary elections of July and November 1932 had not resulted in the formation of a majority governmentdespite the fact that Hitler had been Hindenburg's opponent in the presidential election only 9 months earlier. Hitler headed a short-lived coalition government formed by the NSDAP and the German National People's Party (DNVP).
On 30 January 1933, the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The NSDAP gained three posts: Hitler was named chancellor, Wilhelm Frick Minister of the Interior, and Hermann Göring, Minister Without Portfolio (and Minister of the Interior for Prussia). The SA and SS led torchlit parades throughout Berlin. It is this event that would become termed Hitler's Machtergreifung ("seizure of power"). The term was originally used by some Nazis to suggest a revolutionary process, though Hitler, and others, used the word ("take-over of power"), reflecting that the transfer of power took place within the existing constitutional framework and suggesting that the process was legal.
Papen was to serve as Vice-Chancellor in a majority conservative Cabinet – still falsely believing that he could "tame" Hitler. Initially, Papen did speak out against some Nazi excesses. However, after narrowly escaping death in the Night of the Long Knives in 1934, he no longer dared criticise the regime and was sent off to Vienna as German ambassador.
Both within Germany and abroad, there were initially few fears that Hitler could use his position to establish his later dictatorial single-party regime. Rather, the conservatives that helped to make him chancellor were convinced that they could control Hitler and "tame" the Nazi Party while setting the relevant impulses in the government themselves; foreign ambassadors played down worries by emphasizing that Hitler was "mediocre" if not a bad copy of Mussolini; even SPD politician Kurt Schumacher trivialized Hitler as a Dekorationsstück ("piece of scenery/decoration") of the new government. German newspapers wrote that, without doubt, the Hitler-led government would try to fight its political enemies (the left-wing parties), but that it would be impossible to establish a dictatorship in Germany because there was "a barrier, over which violence cannot proceed" and because of the German nation being proud of "the freedom of speech and thought". Benno Reifenberg of the Frankfurter Zeitung wrote:
Even within the Jewish German community, in spite of Hitler not hiding his ardent antisemitism, the worries appear to have been limited. In a declaration of 30 January, the steering committee of the central Jewish German organization (Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens) wrote that "as a matter of course" the Jewish community faces the new government "with the largest mistrust", but at the same they were convinced that "nobody would dare to touch [their] constitutional rights". The Jewish German newspaper Jüdische Rundschau wrote on 31 Jan:
However, a growing number of keen observers, like Sir Horace Rumbold, British Ambassador in Berlin, began to revise their opinions. On 22 February 1933, he wrote, "Hitler may be no statesman but he is an uncommonly clever and audacious demagogue and fully alive to every popular instinct", and he informed the Foreign Office that he had no doubt that the Nazis had "come to stay". On receiving the dispatch Robert Vansittart, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, concluded that if Hitler eventually gained the upper hand, "then another European war [was] within measurable distance".
With Germans who opposed Nazism failing to unite against it, Hitler soon moved to consolidate absolute power:
Chancellor to dictator
Following the Reichstag fire, the Nazis began to suspend civil liberties and eliminate political opposition. The Communists were excluded from the Reichstag. At the March 1933 elections, again no single party secured a majority. Hitler required the vote of the Centre Party and Conservatives in the Reichstag to obtain the powers he desired. He called on Reichstag members to vote for the Enabling Act on 23 March 1933. Hitler was granted plenary powers "temporarily" by the passage of the Act. The law gave him the freedom to act without parliamentary consent and even without constitutional limitations.
Employing his characteristic mix of negotiation and intimidation, Hitler offered the possibility of friendly co-operation, promising not to threaten the Reichstag, the President, the States or the Churches if granted the emergency powers. With Nazi paramilitary encircling the building, he said: "It is for you, gentlemen of the Reichstag to decide between war and peace". The Centre Party, having obtained promises of non-interference in religion, joined with conservatives in voting for the Act (only the Social Democrats voted against).
The Act allowed Hitler and his Cabinet to rule by emergency decree for four years, though Hindenburg remained President. Hitler immediately set about abolishing the powers of the states and the existence of non-Nazi political parties and organisations. Non-Nazi parties were formally outlawed on 14 July 1933, and the Reichstag abdicated its democratic responsibilities. Hindenburg remained commander-in-chief of the military and retained the power to negotiate foreign treaties.
The Act did not infringe upon the powers of the President, and Hitler would not fully achieve full dictatorial power until after the death of Hindenburg in August 1934. Journalists and diplomats wondered whether Hitler could appoint himself President, who might succeed him as Chancellor, and what the army would do. They did not know that the army supported Hitler after the Night of the Long Knives or expect that he would combine the two positions of President and Chancellor into one office with the "Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich". Only Hitler, as head of state, could dismiss Hitler as head of the government. All soldiers took the Hitler Oath on the day of Hindenburg's death, swearing unconditional obedience to Hitler personally, not to the office or nation. A large majority approved of combining the two roles in the person of Hitler through the 1934 German referendum.
See also
Day of Potsdam
Early timeline of Nazism
Gleichschaltung
Poison Kitchen
Political views of Adolf Hitler
Weimar paramilitary groups
Weimar political parties
References
Informational notes
Citations
Bibliography
– Replication data
Summarized by:
Further reading
Galofré-Vilà, G., Meissner, C., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2021). "Austerity and the Rise of the Nazi Party." The Journal of Economic History.
– Digitized biograms available here
Adolf Hitler
Weimar Republic
Hitler, Adolf
Democratic backsliding |
The big-headed African mole rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus), also known as the giant root-rat, Ethiopian African mole rat, or giant mole rat, is a rodent species in the family Spalacidae.
It is endemic to Ethiopia's Bale Mountains. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, where it can reach densities of up to 2,600 individuals per square kilometre. It is threatened by habitat loss. Where the two species overlap, it is the main prey of the endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis).
Big-headed African mole rats are highly distinctive in their large size, especially that of their heads. They are a mottled golden-brown in color, and are soft-furred.
While the other mole rats not only live but also feed underground, this species mostly forages above ground, by digging a new tunnel to a patch of herbage. It forages for about 20 minutes, until it has exhausted the supply of herbs about its tunnel, after which it blocks the tunnel it has built from the inside. It mostly eats grasses and herbs, with some individuals feeding mostly on roots. It retains its specialisations for digging tunnels because of the constant threat of predators, especially the Ethiopian wolf, which is specialised to a diet of mole rats. Ethiopian wolves catch mole rats by ambushing them after they have constructed a new foraging tunnel, chasing them into their tunnel, and then vigilantly waiting for them to resurface. These mole rats have evolved defenses other than flight, though, being very cautious and having incisors large enough to severely injure potential predators.
References
Tachyoryctes
Endemic fauna of Ethiopia
Mammals of Ethiopia
Bale Mountains
Fauna of the Ethiopian Highlands
Mammals described in 1842
Taxa named by Eduard Rüppell
Endangered animals
Endangered biota of Africa
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Ethiopian montane moorlands |
Susanna Laurila is a Finnish mountain bike orienteering competitor and World Champion. She won an individual gold medal at the 2012 World MTB Orienteering Championships, and a silver medal in 2013.
References
Finnish orienteers
Female orienteers
Finnish female cyclists
Mountain bike orienteers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Finnish mountain bikers |
is a vertically scrolling shooter developed and manufactured by Sega for the Master System in 1986. Set in space, the player flies a spaceship shooting enemies and collecting power-ups to reach the mother ship of an invasion force. It was originally a bundled game that came with the console in Europe.
The game received positive reviews upon release, praising the graphics, weapons and large number of enemies; later retrospective reviews have been more mixed, with critics criticising the generic nature and lack of variety. The game was re-released on the Hang-On / Astro Warrior compilation in North America, and the Astro Warrior / Pit Pot compilation in Europe. In 1996, Tec Toy re-released the game in Brazil as Sapo Xulé: SOS Lagoa Poluída, and based it on a Brazilian 1980s toy. This version was also released in Portugal.
Plot
The Devil Star Imperial Forces have established a base on and invaded the Alpha Kentowry system. The Solar System Allied Forces have entrusted their Warrior, aboard The Astoro Raider, to attack the invasion force and destroy their mother ship.
Gameplay
The game is a top down shooter, taking place through three levels with a boss at the end of each. Astro Warrior'''s three levels have many different kinds of enemies that attack in various patterns. The stages have no obstacles. Power-ups can be collected by shooting targets on the ground. These include ship speed increase, a stronger laser weapon, and two Gradius-style options. Capturing Weapons Supply Ships increases the Astoro Raider's speed and firing ability. The player starts with three lives, and if all are lost, the game is over. If the player dies, all power-ups are lost.
HistoryAstro Warrior was originally a bundled game that came with the Master System in Europe.Astro Warrior was re-released as Sapo Xulé: SOS Lagoa Poluída by Tec Toy in Brazil in 1996. The game was also released in Portugal. Sapo Xulé: SOS Lagoa Poluída is based on a popular Brazilian 1980s toy, and set underwater, with the Astoro Raider replaced with a submarine.
Reception
Upon release in the late 1980s, the game received generally positive reviews from contemporary critics. British magazine Computer and Video Games gave it an 82% score. They praised the "extra weapons and "plenty of baddies" to destroy. They said "this freebie is really neat" and is "well worth the effort to get hold of a copy" if "shoot 'em ups are tops in your" house. German magazine Happy Computer'' gave it a 79% score. They praised the graphics, calling them truly remarkable, and saying the system's colourful sprite varieties are exploited.
In the late 2000s, the game received mixed retrospective reviews from online critics. GameFreaks 365 criticised the game, citing the background, "worthless" bosses, and the game being too generic, but complimented the "nicely done" colourful presentation. IMPLANTgames criticised the lack of variety, the mediocre enemies, but complimented the music.
References
Sources
External links
1986 video games
Master System games
Master System-only games
Sega video games
Shoot 'em ups
Vertically scrolling shooters
Video games set in outer space
Video games developed in Japan |
Manhasset is a hamlet in Nassau County, New York.
Manhasset may also refer to:
Manhasset Bay, a bay of Long Island
Manhasset Secondary School
Manhasset Specialty Company, a manufacturer of music stands
See also
Manhasset negotiations, diplomatic talks between Morocco and the Saharawi liberation movement
Manhasset Stable, a thoroughbred horse-racing stable, now defunct |
Georgia Drummy (born 18 April 2000) is an Irish former tennis player.
She has a career-high singles ranking by the WTA of 795, achieved on 12 August 2019. In her career, she won two singles titles on tournaments of the ITF Women's Circuit.
Drummy has represented Ireland in the Fed Cup, where she has a win–loss record of 3–2.
On the junior tour, she reached a career-high combined ranking of 35, on 15 October 2018.
ITF Circuit finals
Singles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner–up)
Doubles: 3 (3 runner-ups)
ITF Junior finals
Singles (6–3)
Doubles (10–5)
National representation
Drummy made her Fed Cup debut for Ireland in 2016, while the team was competing in the Europe/Africa Zone Group III, when she was only 15 years old.
Fed Cup
Singles (1–1)
Doubles (2–1)
External links
2000 births
Living people
Irish female tennis players
Tennis players from Dublin (city)
Tennis players at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics
Duke Blue Devils women's tennis players |
Maximilian Krah (born January 28, 1977) is a German lawyer and far-right politician. He is serving as member of the European Parliament for Alternative for Germany.
Biography
Krah grew up in Upper Lusatia as the youngest of three children. His mother was a teacher and his father Peter Krah was an engineer, an executive for the local chapter of the Christian Democratic Union and later an advisor to the Ministry for Interior and Sports of Lower Saxony. After high school, Krah studied law at the Technical University of Dresden followed by an MBA at the London Business School and the Columbia Business School in New York. In 2004 he completed state examinations to practice as a lawyer and was called to the bar in 2005. He also ran a law firm in Dresden with two colleagues.
Krah lives in Dresden. He is a practicing Catholic, is widowed and has eight children by three women.
Political career
Krah joined the Junge Union in 1991, the youth wing of the CDU. During his studies he was also active in the Association of Christian Democratic Students. Krah left the CDU in 2016. In that same year, Krah joined Alternative for Germany and was elected deputy chairman of the AfD Saxony in February 2018.
In 2019, Krah was elected as an MEP for the AfD. In the European Parliament he sits as a member of the Identity and Democracy group and is a member of the committees for Relations with the United States, International Trade (INTA) and Deputy Member of the Delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly. He also served as the spokesman for the AfD in the European Parliament until 2022.
Krah ran for the election in June 2022 for mayor of Dresden but lost to incumbent mayor Dirk Hilbert.
In July 2023 he was named as the AFD top candidate in the 2024 European Parliament election.
Financial influence cases
In February 2023, Krah was suspended from the "Identity and Democracy" (ID) parliamentary group, to which the AfD belongs in the EU Parliament, due to allegations of fraud. Krah's office had obtained offers for advertising services from three companies that were strikingly similar - including typos. The tender was stopped. After an anonymous letter to the EU anti-corruption authority OLAF, the office got involved. The investigation was stopped after a while.
Krah is closely linked to the AfD candidate Arno Bausemer. During the election campaign, the media revealed that Bausemer had invented parts of his CV. In the summer, Krah tried to influence Bausemer's ex-girlfriend, the AfD politician Bianca Wolter. He wanted to ensure that Wolter did not comment negatively on Bausemer. He promised her financial benefits for her and her child if Bausemer was elected to the EU Parliament.
References
Living people
MEPs for Germany 2019–2024
Alternative for Germany MEPs
1977 births |
The Moscow Millionaire Fair held in Moscow, Russia is an annual fair for Russian millionaires. The Millionaire Fair was organized in 2002 by Gijrath Media Group B. V., the publishing house which issues magazines for the rich and famous such as Millionaire and Jackie.
The Exhibition in Moscow is organized in co-operation with publishing house Independent Media Sanoma Magazines (newspapers Vedomosti, The Moscow Times, Na rublevke, magazines Harper’s Bazaar, Robb Report, Esquire, Cosmopolitan, FHM and many others).
The Millionaire Fair was founded four years ago in Amsterdam as an event for advertisers and readers of the Miljonair magazine. In September 2005 Independent Media Sanoma Magazines and GMG Events B. V. organized this event for the first time in Russia.
The Fair is open for everyone. The event is usually strict-dress coded and entrance is invitation only. Tickets can be purchased prior to the event.
The attractions this year included a $1 million phone encrusted in diamonds, the choice to buy a house on an island, or the island itself and £25,000 perfumes. Millionaire Fair Moscow 2007 opened on 22 November 2007 at Crocus Expo.
The fair went on hiatus in 2020.
References
External links
Official website
BBC Pictures of Event
Annual fairs
Economy of Moscow
Fairs in Russia |
Where I'm From may refer to:
"Where I'm From" (Jason Michael Carroll song), 2008
"Where I'm From" (Lukas Graham song), 2020
"Where I'm From" (Passion song), 1996
"Where I'm From" (The Reklaws song), 2020
Where I'm From (film), a 2014 National Film Board of Canada documentary by Claude Demers |
is a private university in Kaizuka, Osaka, Japan. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1997, and it was chartered as a university in 2006.
External links
Official website
Educational institutions established in 1997
Private universities and colleges in Japan
Universities and colleges in Osaka Prefecture
1997 establishments in Japan
Kaizuka, Osaka |
Muniakowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Słomniki, within Kraków County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Słomniki and north-east of the regional capital Kraków.
References
Muniakowice |
SpaceDev, a part of the "Space Systems Business" of Sierra Nevada Corporation, is prominent for its spaceflight and microsatellite work. It designed and built components for the hybrid rocket motors for Paul Allen's Tier One suborbital SpaceShipOne space program operated by Scaled Composites. It is also developing micro- and nano-satellites, a small expendable launch vehicle, the SpaceDev Streaker, and has designed a piloted suborbital and orbital spaceship of its own, the SpaceDev Dream Chaser, in collaboration with NASA.
SpaceDev is based near San Diego in Poway, California. Its objective is to make routine commercial spaceflight possible and to help open space for all of humanity.
Previously a publicly traded company (OTCBB:SPDV), on 20 October 2008 SpaceDev officials announced that the company would be acquired by Sierra Nevada Corporation, a privately owned company. The announced acquisition price was 38 million dollars. The role of SpaceDev will be melded into another of Sierra Nevada's subsidiary companies, MicroSat, to create a more complete space technology unit. On December 16, 2008, SpaceDev announced its acquisition by Sierra Nevada Corporation had been completed.
History
SpaceDev was founded in 1997 by Jim Benson, who acquired Integrated Space Systems of Southern California and then acquired a dormant publicly traded Colorado corporation through a reverse acquisition to create the publicly traded SpaceDev. For a while, SpaceDev also owned UK-based Space Innovations Limited. In August 1998 SpaceDev acquired all patents, intellectual property, test results, and documents that had been produced by the out of business American Rocket Company (AMROC).
On August 6, 1998, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission filed an administrative proceeding alleging securities fraud against Spacedev Inc. According to the SEC, Spacedev promotes itself extensively on the Internet. The SEC alleged that the company made false and misleading statements over the Internet and via other media in violation of U.S. securities laws in an attempt to increase its stock value. The SEC was seeking cease and desist orders against Spacedev and its chairman, James W. Benson. A settlement was reached between the SEC, Spacedev and James W. Benson. The settlement states that the SEC was founded in its allegations and SpaceDev cease and desist from committing or causing violations or future violations of Section 17(a) of the Securities Act and Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder; and Mr. Benson cease and desist from committing or causing violations or future violations of Section 17(a) of the Securities Act and Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder.
The company's first big project was to be the Near Earth Asteroid Prospector, or NEAP, a small innovative commercial spacecraft mission that would have rendezvoused with and landed on a Near Earth Asteroid (NEO), conducted scientific experiments, and claimed the asteroid as private property. As it turned out however, the company's first success would come a little closer to home, in the form of CHIPSat , the Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer microsatellite. SpaceDev built and conducted early orbit operations of the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) microsat, the first to use only the Internet for its communications, for University of California at Berkeley under NASA's University Explorer Program (UNEX). This was followed one year later by supplying the rocket motors that propelled SpaceShipOne into the history books by creating the world's first civilian astronauts and helping Paul Allen win the $10 million Ansari X Prize.
On October 26, 2005, SpaceDev announced that the Starsys Research Corporation of Boulder, Colorado, would merge with SpaceDev, which would provide SpaceDev with additional expertise and experience with microsatellite technologies. The acquisition of Starsys on January 31, 2006, put the number of SpaceDev employees over 200, located in three states. The Starsys division is being groomed to become a center of space robotics for SpaceDev. Over 18 years Starsys developed and delivered 2,000 space mechanisms that have flown on over 200 missions, all successfully. SpaceDev has most or all of the moving parts on Mars at this time, had mechanisms on Deep Impact, is supplying the separation system and docking mechanism for the soon to be launched Orbital Express, and has mechanisms on the way to Pluto.
On September 28, 2006, SpaceDev announced that founder and CEO Jim Benson was stepping down to start a new space tourism venture, The Benson Space Company (BSC). BSC was expected to be one of SpaceDev's largest customers, purchasing multiple Dream Chaser spaceships for use in personal spaceflight. However BSC was dissolved following the death of Jim Benson on October 10, 2008, due to a brain tumor.
Dream Chaser
On November 16, 2005, SpaceDev announced its Dream Chaser concept for a four-passenger sub-orbital and a six-passenger orbital vehicle, both based on NASA's HL-20 "Personnel Launch System" or "Space Taxi". SpaceDev's suborbital Dream Chaser will use internal hybrid rocket motors similar to those SpaceDev developed for Paul Allen's SpaceShipOne, while the orbital version will use the internal motors plus larger external hybrid motors. SpaceDev's hybrid rocket technology was pioneered by the American Rocket Company, or AmRoc.
On May 5, 2006, SpaceDev announced it was selected as a finalist in NASA's $500 million Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) demonstration program. SpaceDev has been working with NASA Ames to design a modern version of the NASA HL-20 Personnel Launch System, called the SpaceDev Dream Chaser. However, on August 18, 2006, it was revealed that SpaceDev did not win the contract.
On December 18, 2006, SpaceDev announced that it has been awarded a $330,000 Phase I study contract from Benson Space Company to further the SpaceDev Dream Chaser spaceship program. The study will contribute to the ongoing development of the spaceship and will result in space vehicle and rocket motor designs ready for Phase II vehicle fabrication and testing. The SpaceDev Dream Chaser spaceship is based on NASA's design of the ten passenger orbital HL-20 Personnel Launch System, and will launch vertically and land horizontally in direct sight of viewers.
On April 10, 2007, SpaceDev announced that it had finalized a Memorandum of Understanding with United Launch Alliance on exploring the potential of launching the SpaceDev Dream Chaser spaceship using an Atlas V 431, (having a four-meter diameter fairing, three solid rocket boosters, and a single Centaur engine in the second stage). Destinations could include the International Space Station (ISS) and other commercial orbital destinations as well as for commercial orbital space tourism flights.
On February 1, 2010, NASA announced a $20 million award to Sierra Nevada, to go toward development of the SpaceDev Dream Chaser, which could be ready for launch by 2014 on United Launch Alliance's Atlas V rocket, according to Mark Sirangelo, corporate vice president for Sierra Nevada's space systems division.
On August 3, 2012, NASA announced new agreements with the Sierra Nevada Corporation and two other companies to design and develop the next generation of U.S. human spaceflight capabilities, enabling a launch of astronauts from U.S. soil in the next five years. Advances made by these companies under newly signed Space Act Agreements through the agency's Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap) initiative are intended to ultimately lead to the availability of commercial human spaceflight services for government and commercial customers. As part of this agreement, Sierra Nevada Corporation was awarded $212.5 million, ostensibly to continue development and testing of its Dream Chaser spacecraft.
Trailblazer
SpaceDev manufactured the Trailblazer satellite selected by the Operationally Responsive Space Office for its Jumpstart mission. Trailblazer was a microsatellite developed under a Missile Defense Agency contract. After being launched Trailblazer would have collected image data and communicated with a ground station.
Trailblazer was the primary payload for the third attempted flight of a Falcon 1 launch vehicle. The launch was attempted on August 3, 2008, and ended in failure, with loss of both vehicle and payload.
TrailBlazer was researched, designed, assembled, tested and packed for shipping almost entirely at the Poway SpaceDev location. With a team of about 25 employees working around the clock, the satellite was assembled and ready for launch in just under 4 months, thus meeting their advanced deadline, winning their opportunity for launch and as far as anyone else is able to substantiate, now holds the record for assembly of a launched spacecraft.
Streaker
The Streaker was a family of rockets conceptualized by SpaceDev with the goal of a low-cost, low complexity launch vehicle. Planned to first launch in 2007-8, it has more likely then not been abandoned by the company as little to no information is available.
References
SpaceDev Dream Chaser Feb 21, 2011
External links
SpaceDev web site
Aircraft engine manufacturers of the United States
Private spaceflight companies
Companies established in 1997
Companies based in San Diego County, California |
Jacob Émile Albert Mayrisch (10 October 1862 – 5 March 1928) was a Luxembourgian industrialist and businessman. He served as president of Arbed.
He was married to Aline de Saint-Hubert, who was a famous women's rights campaigner, socialite and philanthropist, and was President of the Luxembourg Red Cross.
He died in a car accident at Châlons-sur-Marne, in France, in 1928.
Life
Émile Mayrisch's father was Edouard Mayrisch, a doctor at court, and his mother was Mathilde Metz, the daughter of Adolf Metz, and niece of Norbert Metz, an industrialist at Eich and Dommeldange, and a government minister. He grew up in Eich, which was in those days the industrial centre of Luxembourg. For his secondary education, he attended the Athénée de Luxembourg and the Institut Rachez in Belgium. From 1881 to 1885 he studied at the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule in Aachen, without graduating, as he did not sit the exams. In those days, however, it was possible in Luxembourg to do engineering work, without having to have a diploma.
In 1885, he went to work in the Dudelange foundry, which had been founded three years previously by his great-uncle Norbert Metz. A year later, he went to Rodange, where he became head of production of the blast furnaces. On 1 February 1891 he went to Dudelange as an engineer-chemist, where he became head of the laboratory two months later. In July 1893 he became general secretary of the board of directors, and on 21 April 1897 was appointed director of the Dudelange foundry.
As such, he modernised and enlarged the foundry, made contracts with German suppliers and brought the foundry into the Stahlwerkverband. He also set new standards regarding the social well-being of his workers: health insurance for the workers, a retirement fund for the employees, paid holiday, an "Economat", where the workers could buy cheap groceries, etc.
In 1894 he married Aline de Saint-Hubert. The couple had two children: Jean (d. 1899) and Andrée (1901–1976).
In 1911, after long negotiations, Émile Mayrisch brought about a merger of the three largest Luxembourgish steelworks: ARBED (Aciéries Réunies de Burbach-Eich-Dudelange) was born, of which he became the technical director. Up until the war, he made ARBED one of the most important members of the Stahlverband.
In the war years of 1914–1918, Mayrisch had ARBED continue production (which also prevented massive unemployment), and thus supplied Germany with vital raw materials for wartime production. For this reason, the Dudelange foundry was bombarded in 1916/1918 by the Allies. Mayrisch also had a military hospital installed in his former villa for German and French soldiers.
Germany violated Luxembourg's neutrality by occupying the country, which was a real shock for not only political concerns, but also to the business world. The country felt shaken in its foundations, referencing to the respect of international treaties to which it owes its existence.
The war puts Mayrisch to the test. He had three main tasks, such as to supply his factories with coal, to find railway carriages, as well as to provide his workers with supplies. He made frequent trips to the Ruhr area and to Berlin, the base of the decision-makers of the Foreign Office and the War Ministry. His good relations with the German employers served Luxembourg well. He ensured the supply of his workers by direct food purchases in Germany without passing the Luxembourg government purchasing office.
This not only portrayed the power and influence of ARBED, but also Mayrisch's ability to act on an international level. It also illustrated his concern for his workers. Economic calculations, political and social considerations, as well as humanitarian feelings formed an inextricable tangle in Mayrisch's mind.
A man of his stature could not fail to think about the future of his society, which was closely linked to the fate of the country. As a Luxembourger, he placed himself between the belligerents. As a responsible and far-sighted man, Mayrisch had to consider all eventualities.
If Germany would have won the war, which during November/December 1914 was still a possibility, Luxembourg would remain in the German sphere and may even be annexed. ARBED, on the contrary, will lose nothing. Mayrisch had the confidence of the German circles, regarding political and business situations.
In 1918, with the ending of the Great War, the Grand Duchy was faced with some issues: the Allies pushed Luxembourg out of the Zollverain. The steel industry risked losing its main market and its direct access to Ruhr coal.
Towards the end of the war, he made contact with the French, and sent Jean Schlumberger, a writer and intelligence officer, a report on German wartime production.
After the war, Luxembourg left the Zollverein, and ARBED had to seek out new export markets. In 1919 Émile Mayrisch founded Terres Rouges together with Schneider-Creusot, against the resistance of ARBED's president, the Belgian Gaston Barbanson. Mayrisch soon became president of the board, and it was he who negotiated an agreement between the German, French, Belgian and Luxembourgish steel industry.
In 1920, the Mayrisch family moved to Colpach-Bas, where they had bought Colpach Castle. In the following years, this became an important meeting point for writers, artists, politicians, and economists of Europe could come together. The Colpach group included André Gide, Walther Rathenau, Jacques Rivière, Paul Claudel, Jean Guéhenno, Annette Kolb, Théo van Rysselberghe, Maria Van Rysselberghe, Karl Jaspers, Bernard Groethuysen, Ernst Robert Curtius and Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi. Mayrisch's goal was to find a rapprochement between Germany and France.
On 30 September 1926, after long negotiations, the Entente Internationale de l’Acier (EIA) was founded in Luxembourg, in which Luxembourg and neighbouring countries set quotas for their steel production. Émile Mayrisch became the president of this cartel.
In 1922 Mayrisch bought most of the shares in the liberal Luxemburger Zeitung, in which he could bring his ideas on German-French understanding to the fore. In addition, he founded the Comité Franco-Allemand d'Information et de Documentation (Deutsch-Französisches Studienkomitee) in 1926. This committee, with offices in Paris and Berlin, made an effort to combat misinformation that the two countries spread about each other.
In 1926, he was honoured by his alma mater, the RWTH in Aachen, and received an honorary doctorate.
He died in 1928 in a car accident, on his way to Paris for a meeting of the EIA.
References
External links
Le maître de forges Émile Mayrisch et son épouse Aline
Luxembourgian businesspeople
Luxembourgian engineers
1862 births
1928 deaths
People from Luxembourg City
Road incident deaths in France
Alumni of the Athénée de Luxembourg
Steel industry of Luxembourg |
Olga Taussky-Todd (August 30, 1906 – October 7, 1995) was an Austrian and later Czech-American mathematician. She published more than 300 research papers on algebraic number theory, integral matrices, and matrices in algebra and analysis.
Early life
Olga Taussky was born into a Jewish family in what is now Olomouc, Czech Republic, on August 30, 1906. Her father, Julius David Taussky, was an industrial chemist and her mother, Ida Pollach, was a housewife. She was the second of three children. Her father preferred that, if his daughters had careers, they be in the arts, but they all went into the sciences. Ilona, three years older than Olga, became a consulting chemist in the glyceride industry, and Hertha, three years younger than Olga, became a pharmacist and later a clinical chemist at Cornell University Medical College in New York City.
At the age of three, her family moved to Vienna and lived there until the middle of World War I. Later Taussky's father accepted a position as director of a vinegar factory at Linz in Upper Austria. At a young age, Taussky displayed a keen interest in mathematics. After her father died during her last year at school, she worked through the summer at her father's vinegar factory and was pressured by her family to study chemistry in order to take over her father's work. Her elder sister, however, qualified in chemistry and took over her father's work. In "Red Vienna" of the day, the Social Democratic Party of Austria encouraged woman to pursue higher education, and Taussky enrolled at the University of Vienna in the fall of 1925 to study mathematics.
Career
Taussky worked first in algebraic number theory, with a doctorate at the University of Vienna supervised by Philipp Furtwängler, a number theorist from Germany. During that time, she attended meetings of the so-called Vienna Circle, the group of philosophers and logicians developing the philosophy of logical positivism. Taussky, like Olga Hahn-Neurath and Rose Rand, was one of the first women to join the group, which included Otto Neurath, Rudolf Carnap, and Kurt Gödel and which was strongly influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Taussky is best known for her work in matrix theory (in particular the computational stability of complex matrices), algebraic number theory, group theory, and numerical analysis.
According to Gian-Carlo Rota, as a young mathematician she was hired by a group of German mathematicians to find and correct the many mathematical errors in the works of David Hilbert, so that they could be collected into a volume to be presented to him on his birthday. There was only one paper, on the continuum hypothesis, that she was unable to repair.
In 1935, she moved to England and became a Fellow at Girton College, Cambridge University, as well as at Bryn Mawr College. Soon after, in 1938, she married the Irish mathematician Jack Todd, a colleague at the University of London.
Later, she started to use matrices to analyze vibrations of airplanes during World War II, at the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom. During this time she wrote several articles that were published by the Ministry of Aircraft Production in London. She later described herself as a torchbearer for matrix theory.
In 1945 the Todds emigrated to the United States and worked for the National Bureau of Standards. In 1957 she and her husband both joined the faculty of California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, California. She also supervised Caltech's first female Ph.D. in Math, Lorraine Foster, as well as Hanna Neumann, Philip J. Hanlon, and Charles Royal Johnson.
Taussky retired from teaching in 1977, but continued her correspondence with other mathematicians regarding her work in matrix theory.
Awards and honors
Taussky received the Ford Prize for an article on sum of squares published in 1970 in American Mathematical Monthly. She went on to receive an honorary doctorate from the University of Vienna and an honorary DSc by the University of Southern California in 1988.
She was a Fellow of the AAAS, a Noether Lecturer and a recipient of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class (1978).
In 1993, the International Linear Algebra Society (ILAS) established a lecture series to honor the contributions to the field of linear algebra made by Taussky-Todd and her husband. In 2021, the Taussky–Todd lecture series was converted to the ILAS Taussky–Todd Prize.
See also
Latimer–MacDuffee theorem
Motzkin–Taussky theorem
Selected publications
Olga Taussky, "How I became a torchbearer for matrix theory," American Mathematical Monthly. v. 95 (1988)
Olga Taussky, "A recurring theorem on determinants," Amer. Math. Monthly. 56 (1949) 673-676.
Olga Taussky, "Generalized commutators of matrices and permutations of factors in a product of three matrices," in Studies in Mathematics and Mechanics presented to Richard von Mises, Academic Press, NY, 1954, p. 67.
Olga Taussky and John Todd, "Infinite powers of matrices," J. London Math. Soc. 17 (1942) 147-151.
Olga Taussky, "Matrices C with Cn → 0," J. Algebra, 1 (1954) 5-10.
Olga Taussky and John Todd, "Matrices with finite period," Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 6 (1939) 128-134.
Olga Taussky, "On a theorem of Latimer and MacDuffee," Can. J. Math. 1 (1949) 300-302.
Olga Taussky, "Sums of squares", American Mathematical Monthly. v. 77, 1970
References
External links
Narrative overview
Noether Booklet
Noether Booklet
1906 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
California Institute of Technology faculty
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
Czechoslovak Jews
Fellows of Girton College, Cambridge
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Jewish American scientists
Scientists from Olomouc
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
Squares in number theory
University of Vienna alumni
Vienna Circle
American women mathematicians
20th-century women mathematicians
Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) |
Massa e Cozzile is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pistoia in the Italian region Tuscany, located about northwest of Florence and about west of Pistoia, in the central part of the Valdinievole. It was the birthplace of composer Bernardo Pasquini.
Massa e Cozzile borders the following municipalities: Buggiano, Marliana, Montecatini-Terme, Pescia.
Twin towns
Judenburg, Austria
References
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Tuscany |
The North Valley Parkway, also named the Gavilan Peak Parkway are two names for a single section of arterial parkway in Phoenix and Anthem, Arizona, generally running parallel to the Interstate 17 (I-17) from Jomax Road to north of New River Road for approximately . In the last three years, the parkway has undergone changes from a series of non-contiguous partially unpaved segments of dead end drives into a major alternative route to the often congested I-17 in the North Valley. The parkway is expected to be fully completed by 2020. The parkway follows the alignments of 23rd, 27th, and 35th Avenues in the Maricopa County street grid.
Route description
The parkway varies from two to five lanes, both divided and undivided, and also includes bicycle lanes.
North Valley section
North Valley Parkway begins at Jomax Road in northern Phoenix as a continuation of 19th Avenue. A six-lane bridge over the Central Arizona Project Canal was completed in December 2011. Heading north as a six-lane divided boulevard, the road temporarily narrows to just two lanes as it approaches Dixileta Drive where it temporarily narrows to two lanes, but widens to four lanes to intersect Sonoran Desert Drive, a surface road that connects to the Bob Stump Memorial Parkway (Loop 303). North of Dove Valley Road, traffic temporarily detours onto 27th Drive due to lack of funding of a bridge over Skunk Creek.. At the Carefree Highway (former SR 74), the parkway resumes its original route as a four lane undivided road providing access to Tramonto Marketplace, a local shopping center. Soon after, the road jogs west and closely parallels the Black Canyon Highway (I-17), providing a connection to the interstate highway via Pioneer Road and exit 225. At this intersection, the road changes names to the Gavilan Peak Parkway.
Gavilan Peak section
Named for the nearby mountain, the Gavilan Peak Parkway continues north in similar character until it becomes divided road once again while entering the unincorporated community of Anthem. The road jogs back east, providing access to many homes in the area, before intersecting Daisy Mountain Drive, which also connects back to I-17. In Anthem, the road serves traffic Boulder Creek High School and Anthem Marketplace. Soon after intersecting Anthem Way, the road narrows to two lanes and becomes Black Canyon Highway, a two-way frontage road flanking I-17. Now in New River, the road intersects New River Road and dead-ends just north of New River Elementary School. The road continues north as Old Stage Road, an unpaved road providing access to some homes and the New River Nature Reserve.
Major intersections
References
Transportation in Maricopa County, Arizona |
Weasel Hill () is a small distinctive elevation in the ice piedmont 5 miles north of Larsen Inlet, Graham Land, between Pyke and Polaris Glaciers. Mapped from surveys by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) (1960–61). Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC). after the M-29 Tracked Cargo Carrier, or "Weasel," manufactured by the Studebaker Corporation.
Hills of Graham Land
Nordenskjöld Coast |
Tuskegee & Its People is a 1905 book edited by American educator Booker T Washington. Its full title is Tuskegee & Its People: Their Ideals and Achievements. It has been printed in various editions and is available for study online via Project Gutenberg.
The book was instrumental in promoting the cause of the Tuskegee Institute, and ensuring its continued support from Northern philanthropy. It discussed the types of vocational training available at the school and described the social benefits of educating Black Americans.
See also
List of books written by Booker T. Washington
Notes
1905 non-fiction books
Books by Booker T. Washington
20th-century history books
Tuskegee University |
Heaton Park Congregational Church is a former church in Prestwich in Greater Manchester. It has been listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England (NHLE) since April 1986.
It was designed by Alfred Waterhouse in the Gothic Revival style and completed in 1881. Built of red brick with stone dressings it has steep slate roofs. The NHLE listing describes the church as a "good and complete example of the work of Waterhouse, economically planned and sensitively detailed". Original staircases, doors and interior fittings intact. Unusually the ground floor is occupied by a school room with the church on the first floor. It is believed to be the only church in the United Kingdom designed in this manner.
The church was converted into a residential building in 2006. 23 one and two bedroom apartments were formed in the main church building, the congregation moved to a purpose built church building nearby that had an additional three apartments. The congregation decided to convert the building due to a dwindling attendance for worship and increasing vandalism that was expensive to repair. The architect Zoran Baros of FuZED Architecture and Design initially approached the church in 2000 and the works were eventually completed in 2006.
References
Alfred Waterhouse buildings
Churches completed in 1881
Congregational churches in England
Gothic Revival church buildings in Greater Manchester
Former churches in Greater Manchester
Grade II listed churches in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury
Prestwich
Residential buildings completed in the 21st century |
Perilampsis is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.
Species
The genus includes the following species.
Perilampsis amazuluana
Perilampsis atra
Perilampsis decellei
Perilampsis diademata
Perilampsis dryades
Perilampsis furcata
Perilampsis miratrix
Perilampsis pulchella
Perilampsis umbrina
Perilampsis woodi
References
Dacinae
Tephritidae genera |
The 53rd World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), also known as Intersection, was held on 24–28 August 1995 at the SEC Centre and the nearby Moat House Hotel in Glasgow, United Kingdom. Evening social events also took place at the Central and Crest Hotels.
The organising committee was co-chaired by Vincent Docherty and Martin Easterbrook.
The convention was the first Worldcon to be held in Scotland and was also the 1995 Eurocon.
Participants
Attendance was 4,173, out of 6,524 paid memberships.
Guests of Honour
Samuel R. Delany (writer)
Gerry Anderson (media)
Les Edwards (artist)
Vin¢ Clarke (fan)
Mike Jittlov (special guest)
Diane Duane and Peter Morwood were Toast Mr & Mrs (toastmasters)
Awards
1995 Hugo Awards
Best Novel: Mirror Dance by Lois McMaster Bujold
Best Novella: "Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge" by Mike Resnick
Best Novelette: "The Martian Child" by David Gerrold
Best Short Story: "None So Blind" by Joe Haldeman
Best Non-Fiction Book: I.Asimov: A Memoir by Isaac Asimov
Best Dramatic Presentation: "All Good Things..." - Star Trek: The Next Generation Written by Ronald D. Moore & Brannon Braga and directed by Winrich Kolbe
Best Professional Editor: Gardner Dozois
Best Professional Artist: Jim Burns
Best Original Art Work: Lady Cottington's Pressed Fairy Book by Brian Froud and Terry Jones
Best Semiprozine: Interzone edited by David Pringle
Best Fanzine: Ansible edited by Dave Langford
Best Fan Writer: David Langford
Best Fan Artist: Teddy Harvia
Other awards
John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer: Jeff Noon
Notes
The British science fiction writer John Brunner died of a stroke on 25 August 1995, while attending the convention.
A Channel 4 magazine programme about the event and Science Fiction in Scotland, ‘Beam Me Up, Scotty!’, was filmed at the convention and presented by Craig Charles.
See also
Hugo Award
Science fiction
Speculative fiction
World Science Fiction Society
Worldcon
References
External links
Homepage of Intersection
World Science Fiction Society
1990s in Glasgow
1995 conferences
1995 in Scotland
History of Glasgow
Science fiction conventions in the United Kingdom
Scottish science fiction
Worldcon |
The 1981 NCAA Men's Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships were contested June 2−6 at the 59th annual NCAA-sanctioned track meet to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate Division I outdoor track and field events in the United States.
This was the final meet before the introduction of women's events at the 1982 championship
This year's meet was contested at Bernie Moore Track Stadium at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. This was the Tigers' second time hosting the event and the first since 1973.
UTEP finished atop the team standings for the fourth consecutive year and, therefore, claimed their fifth national title.
Team result
Note: Top 10 only
(H) = Hosts
References
NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship
NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships
NCAA
NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships |
```java
package DynamicProgramming;
/**
* A DynamicProgramming based solution for Edit Distance problem In Java
* Description of Edit Distance with an Example:
* <p>
* Edit distance is a way of quantifying how dissimilar two strings (e.g., words) are to one another,
* by counting the minimum number of operations required to transform one string into the other. The
* distance operations are the removal, insertion, or substitution of a character in the string.
* <p>
* <p>
* The Distance between "kitten" and "sitting" is 3. A minimal edit script that transforms the former into the latter is:
* <p>
* kitten sitten (substitution of "s" for "k")
* sitten sittin (substitution of "i" for "e")
* sittin sitting (insertion of "g" at the end).
*
* @author SUBHAM SANGHAI
**/
import java.util.Scanner;
public class EditDistance {
public static int minDistance(String word1, String word2) {
int len1 = word1.length();
int len2 = word2.length();
// len1+1, len2+1, because finally return dp[len1][len2]
int[][] dp = new int[len1 + 1][len2 + 1];
/* If second string is empty, the only option is to
insert all characters of first string into second*/
for (int i = 0; i <= len1; i++) {
dp[i][0] = i;
}
/* If first string is empty, the only option is to
insert all characters of second string into first*/
for (int j = 0; j <= len2; j++) {
dp[0][j] = j;
}
//iterate though, and check last char
for (int i = 0; i < len1; i++) {
char c1 = word1.charAt(i);
for (int j = 0; j < len2; j++) {
char c2 = word2.charAt(j);
//if last two chars equal
if (c1 == c2) {
//update dp value for +1 length
dp[i + 1][j + 1] = dp[i][j];
} else {
/* if two characters are different ,
then take the minimum of the various operations(i.e insertion,removal,substitution)*/
int replace = dp[i][j] + 1;
int insert = dp[i][j + 1] + 1;
int delete = dp[i + 1][j] + 1;
int min = replace > insert ? insert : replace;
min = delete > min ? min : delete;
dp[i + 1][j + 1] = min;
}
}
}
/* return the final answer , after traversing through both the strings*/
return dp[len1][len2];
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
String s1, s2;
System.out.println("Enter the First String");
s1 = input.nextLine();
System.out.println("Enter the Second String");
s2 = input.nextLine();
//ans stores the final Edit Distance between the two strings
int ans = minDistance(s1, s2);
System.out.println("The minimum Edit Distance between \"" + s1 + "\" and \"" + s2 + "\" is " + ans);
input.close();
}
}
``` |
is a popular but controversial contemporary Japanese writer who is most famous for her stories that address issues of sexuality, racism, and interracial love and marriage. Her debut and subsequent popular success in the 1990s was a part of Japan's hip-hop and Black culture boom. While she is most known for her stories of complicated and messy romantic love, she also writes on the daily minutiae of life (slice-of-life), child-raising, and bullying.
Biography
Yamada Amy (born Yamada Futaba 山田双葉) was born in Itabashi, Tokyo and moved frequently after the age of 2, due to the nature of her father's job. Over the course of her childhood, she lived in Sapporo City, Kaga City, Ashida City, Kanuma City. This transient lifestyle forced her to confront issues of separation and bullying, issues that many of her protagonists also deal with.
According to her interview with the Japanese magazine Bungei, during middle school she was moved by African-American soul music and began to read any novels she could find written by black people, or featuring black people. She held a job in the Roppongi district of Tokyo, an area rich with foreigners. In high school, she was a member of the Arts, Mountaineering, and Literature Club. Her favorite authors were Boris Vian and Francoise Sagan.
After graduating from high school in 1977, she entered Meiji University's Literature Department, but dropped out before graduating. Yamada had a short stint writing and drawing manga under her real name (Yamada Futaba). Her manga debuted in Manga Erogenica and she was featured as a dōjin (fanfic) and female erotic manga artist. While working part-time, she published Sugar Bar (Shugā Bā 1981), Miss Doll (Misu Dōru 1986), and Yokosuka Freaky (Yokosuka Furīkī 1986).
She began writing novels in 1980. Though her works garnered some attention, even receiving praise from Japanese literary critic , she only achieved widespread recognition in 1985, when Bedtime Eyes won the Bungei Prize and was nominated for the Akutagawa Prize. In writing Bedtime Eyes, Yamada drew upon her experiences with black people and black culture and combined them with the Japanese literary tradition.
In Yamada's second collection of works, Jesse's Spine, Yamada depicts the experiences of a woman who is learning to adjust to life with her lover's child from another relationship. The writing style of this work has been compared to William Saroyan's novel, Papa You're Crazy. Through her depiction of the child's perspective on the world, she was nominated yet again for the Akutagawa Prize (and subsequently again for The Piano Player's Fingers), though she did not receive it.
In 1996, Trash was published in English translation by Kodansha International (translator: Sonya L. Johnson). In May 2006, three of Yamada's novellas (Bedtime Eyes 「ベッドタイム･アイズ」, The Piano Player's Fingers 「指の戯れ」 and Jesse「ジェシーの背骨」) were published in English translation (translators: Yumi Gunji and Marc Jardine) as a single volume by St Martin's Press under the collective title Bedtime Eyes.
Legacy
In her short novels Classroom for the Abandoned Dead, Afterschool Music, and I Can't Study, Yamada tackles the topics of childhood life, bullying, and school life. In an interview with Bungei Shunjū upon winning the Akutagawa Prize, Risa Wataya and Hitomi Kanehara named Yamada's Afterschool Music as one of their major influences, explaining that her works were one of the greatest depictions of modern Japan.
Prizes
1985 Bungei Prize---Bedtime Eyes (Beddotaimu Aizu, ベッドタイムアイズ)
1987 Naoki Prize---Soul Music Lovers Only (Sōru Myūjikku Rabāzu Onrī, ソウル・ミュージック・ラバーズ・オンリー)
1989 Hirabayashi Taiko Bungaku Prize---Classroom for the Abandoned Dead (Fūsō no Kyōshitsu, 風葬の教室 )
1991 Jyoryū Bungaku Prize---Trash (Torasshu, トラッシュ)
1996 Izumi Kyōka Prize for Literature---Animal Logic (Animaru Rojikku, アニマル・ロジック)
2000 Yomiuri Prize---A2Z
2005 Tanizaki Prize---Wonderful Flavor (Fūmizekka, 風味絶佳)
2012 Noma Bungei Prize---Gentleman (Jentoruman, ジェントルマン)
2016 Kawabata Yasunari Bungei Prize---Perishable Teru Teru Bozu (Seishin Teru Teru Bōzu, 生鮮てるてる坊主)
Works in English
Major works
ベッドタイムアイズ (Beddotaimu Aizu) Bedtime Eyes (1985)
ジェシーの背骨 (Jeshī no Sebone) Jesse's Spine (1986)
ソウル・ミュージック・ラバーズ・オンリー (Sōru Myūjikku Rabāzu Onrī) Soul Music Lovers Only (1987)
風葬の教室 (Fūsō no Kyōshitsu) Classroom for the Abandoned Dead (1988)
放課後の音符 (Hōkago no Kii Nooto) Afterschool Music (1989)
トラッシュ (Torasshu) Trash (1991)
僕は勉強ができない (Boku wa Benkyō ga Dekinai) I Can't Study (1993)
120%COOOL (120% COOOL) 120%COOOL (1994)
アニマル・ロジック (Animaru Rojikku) Animal Logic (1996)
4U (1997)
MAGNET (1999)
A2Z (2003)
PAY DAY!!! (2003)
Adapted to film and television
References
External links
Amy Yamada at J'Lit Books from Japan
1959 births
Living people
Japanese women novelists
Naoki Prize winners
Yomiuri Prize winners
Japanese female comics artists
Women manga artists
Manga artists
Hentai creators
Gekiga creators |
Yoshinaga Sakurai (born 6 November 1949) is a Japanese equestrian. He competed in the individual dressage event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
References
1949 births
Living people
Japanese male equestrians
Japanese dressage riders
Olympic equestrians for Japan
Equestrians at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people) |
John Drew Salmon (4 September 1802 – 1859) was an English ornithologist and botanist.
Life
Born on 4 September 1802, Salmon lived from 1825 to 1833 at Stoke Ferry and from 1833 to 1837 at Thetford, Norfolk, then moving to Godalming, Surrey. He later was manager of the Wenham Lake Ice Company, and lived over their office in the Strand, London.
Salmon visited the Netherlands in 1825, the Isle of Wight in 1829, and Orkney in 1831. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society of London in 1852. He died at Stoke Ferry, on 5 August 1859, aged 57. He had begun in 1828 to form a collection of eggs, part of which he left to the Linnean Society. The remaining portion, with his herbarium and natural history diaries from 1825 to 1837 he left to the Norwich Museum.
Works
In 1836 Salmon published A Notice of the Arrival of Twenty-nine migratory Birds in the Neighbourhood of Thetford, Norfolk. Seven papers of his on ornithology and botany appeared between 1832 and 1852 in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, The Zoologist and The Phytologist; one on the flora of the neighbourhood of Godalming was reprinted by Edward Newman in The Letters of Rusticus, 1849. Salmon's manuscript notes on the plants of Surrey were incorporated in the Flora of Surrey, which James Alexander Brewer edited for the Holmesdale Natural History Club in 1863. His six fascicles of plant specimens and hand written manuscript from his flora of the neighbourhood of Godalming are in the Charterhouse School Herbarium maintained at the University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley.
Bibliography
Notes
Attribution
1802 births
1859 deaths
English botanists
English ornithologists
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
People from Stoke Ferry |
```c
/* List a node on a file */
#include "pgenheaders.h"
#include "token.h"
#include "node.h"
/* Forward */
static void list1node(FILE *, node *);
static void listnode(FILE *, node *);
void
PyNode_ListTree(node *n)
{
listnode(stdout, n);
}
static int level, atbol;
static void
listnode(FILE *fp, node *n)
{
level = 0;
atbol = 1;
list1node(fp, n);
}
static void
list1node(FILE *fp, node *n)
{
if (n == 0)
return;
if (ISNONTERMINAL(TYPE(n))) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < NCH(n); i++)
list1node(fp, CHILD(n, i));
}
else if (ISTERMINAL(TYPE(n))) {
switch (TYPE(n)) {
case INDENT:
++level;
break;
case DEDENT:
--level;
break;
default:
if (atbol) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < level; ++i)
fprintf(fp, "\t");
atbol = 0;
}
if (TYPE(n) == NEWLINE) {
if (STR(n) != NULL)
fprintf(fp, "%s", STR(n));
fprintf(fp, "\n");
atbol = 1;
}
else
fprintf(fp, "%s ", STR(n));
break;
}
}
else
fprintf(fp, "? ");
}
``` |
Sir James Hayes (1637–1694) was secretary to Prince Rupert and first Deputy-Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company.
He was born the son of James Hayes in Beckington, Somerset. He was educated at St Paul's School (London) and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1649. He was admitted to Lincoln's Inn in 1649 and called to the Bar in 1656.
In 1659 he was elected MP for Marlborough (Jan-May 1659) and appointed Recorder of Marlborough. In May 1663 he was a founding Fellow of the Royal Society.
He secured the post as Secretary to Prince Rupert at a time when England and France were vying for the natural riches of what is now Canada. Hayes was behind the 1668 expedition whereby two French fur-traders, Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers, were financially supported in an effort to set up a permanent British trading post on the shores of Hudson Bay. Under Hayes guidance this in May 1672 became the Hudson's Bay Company with the sole rights to trade in a huge area of North America. He became their first Deputy Governor under Prince Rupert, who was the first Governor. He was knighted in 1670.
In 1682 he bought Bedgebury Manor in Gouldhurst, Kent from Thomas Culpeper and rebuilt Bedgebury House in a new location within the park.
He died in 1694. He had married in 1664 Rachel, daughter of Anthony Hungerford and widow of Henry Cary, 4th Viscount Falkland. Their daughter Rachel married Lord David Hay, son of the Marquess of Tweeddale.
The Hayes River which flows into Hudson Bay was named after him in 1684.
References
1637 births
1694 deaths
People educated at St Paul's School, London
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Original Fellows of the Royal Society
English MPs 1659
Hudson's Bay Company people |
Dock Sud is a town of Avellaneda Partido in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It forms part of the urban agglomeration of Greater Buenos Aires.
The area is characterized by its predominantly working-class background, with many of its inhabitants pertaining to diverse immigrant communities. Dock Sud is home to the bulk of Argentina's Cape Verdean community.
Sport
The area is home to Club Sportivo Dock Sud a football team playing in the lower leagues of Argentine football. Former Argentina national football team captain Javier Zanetti grew up in Dock Sud.
Neighbourhoods
The oldest and most important neighborhood in Dock Sud is Isla Maciel, which is home to Club Atlético San Telmo. The Nicolás Avellaneda housing complex, started in 1973 by President Héctor Cámpora, is the second most important, and is located on the eastern side of the Buenos Aires-La Plata Freeway. Dock Sud, a predominantly working-class district, has in recent decades been afflicted with some of the nation's highest crime rates.
References
External links
Welcome to Dock Sud
Populated places in Buenos Aires Province
Avellaneda Partido
Cities in Argentina |
Rafa García may refer to:
Rafa García (footballer)
Rafa García (fighter)
Rafa García (basketball)
See also
Rafael García (disambiguation) |
Hinduism is a minority religion in Guadeloupe, followed by some Indo-Guadeloupeans. According to a statistics data, Hinduism is practised by 0.5% of the people in Guadeloupe.
Temples
There are a sizeable number of Hindu Tamil temples that are located in Basse-Terre, and other regions. There is a Hindu temple in dravidian style in Changy in Basse Terre and another one in Gaschet in Grande-Terre
Demographics
Although the Indo-Guadeloupeans constitute about 14% of the Guadeloupe, only some of them are still Hindus. Most of the Indo-Guadelopeans are Catholics, but they also worship Hindu gods. Ernest Moutoussamy, first Indo-Guadelopean member of the French Parliament said in an interview that "Though we are Catholics, we still have images of Hindu gods at home. We celebrate all the Christian festivals but we don’t celebrate Deepavali."
Revival
Revival of Hinduism happened in the last few decades. Many associations for the promotion of Hinduism and Indian culture have appeared during the 90's. The Institut du Monde Indien (Institute for the study of the Indian world) was begun by Jacques Sidambarom, Jean-Claude Petapermal and Roland Gopy to resuscitate Hindu rituals and connect Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago, Reunion, Pondicherry and Paris. Temples were also constructed as a part of it. Hindu religious rituals were also reactivated. Hindu festivals like Diwali and Pongal were also started celebrating.
See also
Hinduism in Martinique
Hinduism in Réunion
Hinduism in France
References
Religion in Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe |
In the Royal Navy, the rank of master of the fleet denoted the sailing master of a fleet flagship, or the senior sailing master in a fleet.
History
Examples include John Bowen (master of the fleet during the Glorious First of June 1794), Ian Hogg, and John H. D. Cunningham. By 1814, the title granted the master extra pay. By 1832, the masters of the fleet were given the equivalent rank and uniform of commanders. By 1843, masters were appointed by commission not warrant. By 1864, the title was changed to "staff captain" and ranked after the regular rank of captain, while masters who had served at least 15 years were given the new rank of "staff commander" and ranked after commander.
During the First World War the title was revived for the Grand Fleet's senior Navigation Officer.
The title has been used outside the Royal Navy, such as in Ultramarines and other science fiction, and for the captain of the Belle of Louisville.
References
Military ranks of the Royal Navy |
Oundle School is a public school (English private boarding and day school) for pupils 11–18 situated in the market town of Oundle in Northamptonshire, England. The school has been governed by the Worshipful Company of Grocers of the City of London since its foundation by Sir William Laxton in 1556. The school's alumni – known as Old Oundelians – include renowned entrepreneurs, scientists, politicians, military figures and sportspeople.
Oundle has eight boys' houses, five girls' houses, two day houses, a junior house and a junior day house. Together these accommodate more than 1100 pupils, generally between the ages of 11 and 18. It is the third-largest boarding school in England after Eton and Millfield.
The current Headmistress is Sarah Kerr-Dineen, who in 2015 became the first woman to lead the school.
The school is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and the Rugby Group.
In the 2023 A-Levels, the school saw 62.9% of its candidates score A*/A.
History
Sir William Laxton, who had been eight times Master of the Worshipful Company of Grocers and was Lord Mayor of London in 1544, died in 1556, and in his will decreed the founding of a school for the local boys of Oundle, which was to be maintained by the Worshipful Company of Grocers. There had been a school on the site since at least 1485, at which Laxton himself was educated, and the school he estsblished was known as Laxton Grammar School.
The size and reputation of Laxton Grammar School rose gradually in the following centuries, and by the mid-nineteenth century many of the school's pupils were being sent to Oundle from around the country to receive their education. In 1876, the decision was made by the Grocers' Company to divide the school into Laxton Grammar School, which was to continue to educate boys from Oundle and its surrounding villages, in accordance with the will of the founder, and Oundle School, which was to be a public school, accepting the sons of gentlemen from further afield as boarders.
The rise of Oundle to prominence can largely be attributed to F. W. Sanderson, who was the school's headmaster from 1892 until his death in 1922. When Sanderson joined Oundle, he found a minor country boarding school; by the time of his death, it had become England's leading school for an education in the sciences and engineering. The success of Sanderson can be attributed to his educational ethos; he believed in teaching pupils what they wanted to learn, and as a result helped to introduce subjects such as the sciences, engineering, and to modern languages to the English public school curriculum.
A major development came about in 1990, when Oundle admitted girls for the first time.
In the year 2000, the decision was made by the school's governing body to re-unite Oundle School and Laxton School as a single educational establishment under the common name Oundle School, with Laxton House becoming the day house of the school.
Present day
Oundle has 835 boarders and 235 day pupils. It is the third largest independent boarding school in England, after Eton in Berkshire and Millfield in Somerset. The various school buildings, some of which date from the 15th century, are scattered around the market town, with the Cloisters acting as the nucleus of the school community.
The Good Schools Guide described the school as a "Popular, well oiled, well heeled co-educational boarding school which is riding high". Pupils obtain strong results at GCSE and A Level. In their 2013 A Levels pupils achieved 89.1% A* to B grades, with over 60% of grades either A* or A. In the year 2016, 28 pupils achieved 10 or more A* results in their GCSE examinations, with 89% of all results awarded being A* or A. Many pupils go on to study at Oxbridge; the overwhelming majority continue to Russell Group universities. In 2019, 48% of pupils scored A*-A for their A-Levels examination, whereas 79% scored A*-A for their GCSEs.
The school promotes the practice of Christian values and maintains links with the Church of England by celebrating the major events of the Christian calendar. All pupils who board are required to attend services in the school chapel three times a week: one midweek lunch time service, Friday hymn practice, and the Sunday service. Pupils of other faiths are free to worship according to their own beliefs but must still attend chapel with the rest of the school.
The school has an extensive programme of voluntary clubs and societies (approaching 50 in number), which range from poetry and debating to croquet and wine tasting. Each academic subject also has its own society which organises evening lectures from guest speakers throughout the year; these can be either directly related to the syllabus or simply to broaden interest in the subject. A new subject, Trivium, gives Third Form pupils timetabled engagement with extension topics for their own sake, using methods of thought drawn from the traditional liberal arts. Quadrivium is also an option for pupils in the Lower Sixth to study, similar to trivium taught in the Third Form. Outside term time pupils are given the opportunity to participate in the countless regular school trips which explore all corners of the globe. These include history trips to major European cities, language exchanges in Europe and Asia, charity work in Africa, AAAS conventions and politics trips in America, natural history expeditions to Antarctica, and many more.
Sport is considered to be an essential part of school life and while there exists a multitude of sports to choose from, the emphasis remains on traditional team sports such as rugby, hockey, cricket, rowing and soccer for boys, and hockey, netball and tennis for girls. Oundle performs particularly strongly in independent school rugby, cricket, and girls' hockey. A large proportion of the school gathers to support the 1st XV rugby team on the Two Acre during the Michaelmas and Christmas quarters. The school's greatest sporting rivalry is with Uppingham School, while other rivalries include Harrow School, Radley College, Stamford School and Rugby School. The school sends regular rugby, cricket and hockey tours to countries all around the world, while the social 'Ramblers' cricket team is known in the school for its tours of the U.K. and the Caribbean. The Oundle Rovers Cricket Club (made up of Old Oundelians) plays in The Cricketer Cup and hosts its own cricket week at the school. The Rovers have won the cup three times and are fourth in the all-time order of merit.
Like sport, music plays a vital role within school life for many pupils, and over 60% of pupils regularly practise a musical instrument while at Oundle. The school offers an extensive range of groups, bands, orchestras and choirs which cater for many musical tastes. Such is the success of music at Oundle that in recent years many pupils have gone on to receive musical or choral scholarships from Oxbridge, while school bands and choirs have gone on to perform concerts across the UK, Europe and Asia. Musical and non-musical pupils are encouraged to get involved in the house shout and part song competitions in the Lent term which are independently judged and contested fiercely. Possibly the greatest success in the practice of music at the school is its rock society, which can count the likes of Bruce Dickinson among its earliest members. 'Roc-Soc' has been running since the 1970s and promotes the independent formation of popular music bands which have their own dedicated concerts towards the end of every term. The experimental/industrial music pioneers Throbbing Gristle played at the school in March 1980.
Oundle School has the largest Combined Cadet Force of any school in the country which plays an important role in both the development of pupils as well as in the community, for example in the annual Remembrance Day service held in St Peter's Church. The CCF offers pupils the opportunity to practise their leadership skills whether on parade at school, on the termly field weekends, or on the annual camps. The school has a strong tradition of serving the community with many pupils opting to provide assistance in the local area, or Community Action as an alternative to CCF. There are a broad range of Community Action options available in the Oundle area which cater not only for the needs of the local community but also for the extra-curricular interests of the pupils. Many pupils choose to undertake the Duke of Edinburgh Award Scheme which provides an ideal combination of the skills they acquire during CCF and Community Action. Every summer since 1982 sixth formers and former pupils have run the Oundle School Mencap holiday, a residential holiday for children with a range of learning disabilities and now a highly respected charity in its own right.
The school has ties with the Laxton Junior School, for primary school pupils, some of whom continue their secondary education as pupils at the senior school. A modern building for Laxton Junior was completed in 2003, which allowed the school to double its intake.
In November 2005 the school was found to have taken part in a cartel of price fixing among public schools. However, Mrs. Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT Director General, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed."
Oundle won the Tatler Public School of the Year Award in 2018.
Facilities
Oundle School's facilities include the following:
Teaching Facilities. There are teaching buildings located throughout the town which house classrooms, studios and science and language laboratories. Many lessons take place in the Cloisters which are located in the heart of the town, and other main teaching buildings include the Adamson Centre, the Gascoigne, the Needham, Old Dryden, the Patrick Centre and SciTec.
Sporting Facilities. The school has numerous sporting facilities which cater for a wide variety of different sports. Among these are four sand-filled astroturf pitches, a six lane synthetic athletics track, a swimming pool and over twenty tennis courts. The Sports Centre houses two fully equipped sports halls, indoor squash and fives facilities, a climbing wall and well equipped gymnasia. All of these have been rebuilt or refurbished in recent years. There are also extensive playing fields and boating facilities on the nearby River Nene, as well as sailing at Rutland Sailing Club.
Various CCF buildings including two shooting ranges. There are a number of Combined Cadet Force (CCF) buildings including the Armoury (the main administrative building and rifle store), and various other smaller buildings used primarily for rifle and first aid training. Situated approximately two miles from Oundle, outside the hamlet of Elmington on the Ashton estate, is Oundle School's full bore outdoor range. At long, the range is one of the few of its size in the country to be owned by a school. Rifles can be fired from firing points at either 100, 200, 300 or . There is another, smaller .22 shooting range situated next to the school armoury which is used for day to day use.
The Great Hall was constructed in 1908, with the North and South Wings added shortly afterwards. The Great Hall is located prominently in the centre of the town adjacent to the Cloisters and School House; it is used for a variety of functions throughout the year including concerts, receptions, lectures, debates and assemblies. The building also houses the offices of the Headmaster and the school admissions department.
The Chapel of Saint Anthony, consecrated in 1923, was built as a memorial to the fallen of the First World War. It contains some of the most important and influential stained glass in the country including the John Piper windows of 1954. The Chapel is where the school community meets. It links past and present, and bears witness, both in itself and in its art and worship, to the abiding values of the Christian Faith. The chapel houses two organs, a classical instrument built in 1984 by Frobenius of Denmark has three manuals and pedals, thirty-five speaking stops and mechanical action. It is situated in the Gallery at the West end. An electronic instrument installed by Copeman Hart in 2000 and situated at the East end of the Chapel provides accompaniment for the Chapel Choir, and leads the whole school singing. It has three manuals and pedals with a West end solo division.
The Yarrow Gallery is the school's private art gallery, donated in 1918 by the shipbuilder Sir Alfred Yarrow in memory of his son, Eric, who was killed at the Second Battle of Ypres. The gallery puts on approximately half a dozen exhibitions every year. The space is adaptable and suitable for activities such as poetry readings, plays and small concerts as well as exhibitions. The purpose of the museum is that it should house a collection of pictures, specimens and models to illustrate "the history, development and beauty of the various branches of knowledge". The genealogical tree of the aeroplane and the Durham miner were charted and exhibits such as the skeleton of the white horse which used to draw the School ambulance to the Sanatorium were featured. The statue by Kathleen Scott entitled Here Am I, Send Me is erroneously held to be modelled on her son Peter Scott.
The Stahl Theatre opened in 1980 and runs from a converted church on West Street; it can seat an audience of over 400. The Stahl Theatre is owned and managed by Oundle School, run by the Drama Department staff, many of whom have a professional theatre background. It houses both the School productions and visiting professional theatre companies.
The Patrick Engineering Centre specialises in design technology, automobile engineering and other manual crafts. The school has had a strong reputation for science and engineering since the days of F. W. Sanderson, and this is reflected in the excellent facilities and equipment located within these buildings. Opened in 1998 after a generous donation from an old boy, the Patrick Centre plays an important role in the academic and extra-curricular activities of many pupils. Year after year Oundelians continue to build cars and other forms of automobile, the parts of which are manufactured almost entirely in the workshops.
The Cripps Library was opened in 1988. It houses approximately 22,000 books encompassing all subjects. The Library is staffed throughout the school day and is open to the whole school for research, information or borrowing for academic work and leisure reading. The library was completely refurbished in 2011, with study spaces named in honour of inspirational former teachers at the school. The Peter Ling Room houses the new display cabinets for the Greek pots, the Dudley Heesom Room has been equipped with computer projection facilities for classes and meetings, the Rare Book Room now houses the rare book collection in sycamore cabinets.
School Archive is located in the old stables at Cobthorne House. It conserves an increasingly wide-ranging collection of photographs, newspaper cuttings, publications and record books relating to the school's history, the most notable being the earliest register of pupils of 1626.
OSCAR Radio. The school houses its own radio station which broadcasts from newly converted studios in the Gascoigne Building. Over 2000 pupils and local children have taken part in OSCAR broadcasts since 1998.
SciTec. The first phase of a new science and technology centre was completed in summer 2007. In September 2007 it was officially opened by the Duke of Gloucester. The project in total cost around £20 million in total. SciTec was the School's millennium project which upon completion was intended to create a distinctive, new centre to combine the Sciences, Art and Design and Technology. The first stage houses the Chemistry and Biology departments. In 2016, the sci-tec building was extended to house the maths department on the ground floor and first floor, including laboratories for students to use to conduct their own experiments for an EPQ. The Patrick Engineering Centre for Design, Engineering and Technology opened in the same year, marking the completion of the project.
Houses
The school has 14 boarding houses in total. There are eight boys' boarding houses (Bramston, Crosby, Fisher [formerly Laxton House], Grafton, Laundimer, School, Sidney and St Anthony), five girls' boarding houses (Dryden, Kirkeby, New House, Sanderson and Wyatt) and one junior house (The Berrystead). Laxton House (formerly Laxton School) and Sadler House cater solely for day pupils and the junior day house, Scott House, caters solely for 1st to 2nd day form pupils.
Oundle's Boarding Houses differ greatly in character, customs, and traditions and there has always been a rivalry between them. House Masters and Mistresses live with their families in private accommodation located within the boarding houses. The House Master/Mistress plays a role in the every day running of the house and is supported by a deputy as well as a head of house and a team of prefects from the sixth form. In addition, each house has a number of house tutors who take care of approximately eight pupils each. Each house also has a resident matron who cares for the unwell and plays an important pastoral and administrative role within the house. Student accommodation varies between houses, most houses contain a mixture of dormitories and bed-sits which are usually allocated according to seniority. Each house has its own library, computer room, recreation room, and dining room as well as living facilities such as kitchens, bathrooms and changing rooms.
The Boarding Houses are divided into two categories, Town and Field. The Town Houses front onto Oundle's central streets and have extensive grounds at the rear. The buildings were converted from a mixture of large private residences and shops and as such tend to possess individual, sometimes even labyrinthine layouts. The Field Houses provide accommodation in grand buildings which were purpose-built (mostly around the time of Sanderson) and are located slightly further from the town among the sports pitches and the school's other recreational facilities.
Boys' houses
Girls' houses
Junior house
Day house
Old Oundelians
Former pupils are known as Old Oundelians and the Old Oundelians Club (known as the OO Club) was founded in 1883.
Former pupils of the school include Professor Maxwell Hutchinson, Past President of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Supreme Court Justices of the United Kingdom David Richards, and David Kitchin, evolutionary biologist and science writer Richard Dawkins, rock musician Bruce Dickinson, England rugby players (and twins) Tom and Ben Curry, architect Christopher Alexander, and feminist campaigner, researcher and writer Caroline Criado-Perez.
Victoria Cross winners
Three Old Oundelians were awarded the Victoria Cross for valour in the presence of the enemy during the First World War:
Alan Jerrard VC
Cecil Leonard Knox VC
Charles Geoffrey Vickers VC
Heads
1876–1883: Henry Reade
1883–1884: Rev. Thomas. C. Fry
1885–1892: Rev. Mungo Travers Park
1892–1922: F. W. Sanderson (1857–1922)
1922–1945: Dr Kenneth Fisher, previously senior science master at Eton
1945–1956: G. H. Stainforth, later head of Wellington College
1956–1968: Richard Knight
1968–1984: Barry Trapnell
1999–2005: Dr Ralph Townsend
2005–2015: Charles Bush, previously head of Eastbourne College
2015– : Sarah Kerr-Dineen, former Warden of Forest School, Walthamstow
Notable masters
John Olver (England Rugby International)
Simon Hodgkinson (England Rugby International)
Daniel Grewcock MBE (England Rugby International)
John Crawley (England Cricket player), teaches History
Kevin Walton GC DSC taught workshop engineering at the school
Terry Cobner (Wales and British Lions rugby union player)
W. G. Grace Jnr (eldest son of W. G. Grace)
Ian Hepburn (190274), botanist, ecologist and author. Master for 39 years; Housemaster of Laxton House; Second Master; retired 1964. The Hepburn Music Competition is named after him.
David Carpanini taught Art at the school.
Douglas Robb (born 1970), a housemaster at the school, later head of Oswestry and Gresham's School
W. Sydney Robinson, history master and biographer.
Richard Howitt, Housemaster and former cricketer.
School song
The official school song is Carmen Undeliense (words by R.F. Patterson, music by Clement M. Spurling, published in 1912 by Novello & Company Ltd of London).
References
Further reading
Raymond Flower, Oundle and the English Public School (Stacey International, 1989, )
Edward Black, "The Avondale Case" (Lulu, Amazon, B&W, March 2014)
External links
Oundle School
Profile at the Good Schools Guide
ISI Inspection Reports
Ofsted Boarding Inspection Reports
Boarding schools in Northamptonshire
Educational institutions established in the 1550s
Private schools in North Northamptonshire
Oundle
People educated at Oundle School
Exempt charities
1556 establishments in England
Schools with a royal charter
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Schools cricket
Church of England private schools in the Diocese of Peterborough |
Riverina Water County Council is a body that provides drinking water to the City of Wagga Wagga, Greater Hume Shire, Lockhart Shire and part of Federation Council which operates under the provisions of the Local Government Act, 1993.
History
Southern Riverina County Council was formed in 1938 to supply reticulated water to towns in the Shires of Lockhart, Kyeamba, Mitchell and Culcairn with the Shires of Urana and Holbrook and the Municipality of Wagga Wagga became part of Southern Riverina County Council in 1945.
1942 to 1995 Southern Riverina County Council was responsible for electricity distribution in the Southern Riverina Area until Great Southern Energy was formed in 1995.
References
Wagga Wagga
Water companies of New South Wales
Lockhart Shire |
In 2021, Niger has been affected by subsequent floods due to heavy rains, causing several deaths and widespread damage nationwide. Niamey is the most affected area. At least 62 people died, 60 were injured and 105,690 individuals have been affected by the floods. Most fatalities were reported in Maradi Region with 18 deaths.
Background
Niger began to experience significant rains in midJune. Flooding was caused by heavy rainfall, which killed many people and destroyed thousands of homes across the country. Flooding was recorded in 413 communities spanning 77 communes in all regions of Niger, according to the Civil Protection. The floods killed at least 62 peoples and wounded 60 more. Some perished as a result of drowning in floodwaters, while others died as a result of falling structures. Flooding was also recorded in the DRC, Gambia, Chad, Nigeria, and Ghana. Floods have affected around 291,000 people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On August 19, flash floods slammed into Bukavu, the capital of South Kivu Province, killing one and leaving two people missing. Flooding has also impacted parts of neighboring North Kivu Province. Windstorms and flash floods have killed 12 persons and impacted 109,000 in Gambia. Flooding has affected 32,000 people in Nigeria's western, northern, and eastern regions, destroying hundreds of houses and crops and killing dozens.
History
2016
In 2016, Floods claimed the lives of at least 38 persons. The desert areas of Tahoua in the west, Agadez in the north, and Maradi in the south were the hardest hit. The floods affected more than 92,000 individuals. More than 92,000 people were affected by the floods. The 2016 floods in Niger were caused by wetland degradation, climate change, and excessive upstream dam outflow. Due to the large number of Nigerian refugees, the international humanitarian aid in Niger was centered on the Diffa area. Doctors Without Borders and UNICEF, on the other hand, joined the local and federal government response to the floods, mainly in the most hit areas of Maradi, Tahoua, Agadez, and Zinder.
In October, the country was also affected by a cholera outbreak in two health districts in the Dosso area.
2017
Major floods struck the country in June. The most hit areas were Tillabéri and Niamey. There were 14 recorded deaths. In the worst-affected areas, three people were killed in Tillabéri, while one person was killed in Niamey.
In mid-July, Heavy rain in the Tahoua region's departments of Tchintabaraden and Abalak caused serious floods, impacting over 20,000 people and inflicting catastrophic damage to crops in the area.
On August 26–27, continuous severe rains caused significant flooding, home devastation, and loss of personal possessions throughout Niger. In Niamey, two persons were killed. Since May, 38 people have perished as a result of the floods.
2018
Flooding in Niger killed 45 lives and impacted an estimated 208,000 people in 2018. According to the National Crisis Task Force on Natural Disaster Floods, 17,389 dwellings and 7,836 hectares of agricultural land have been devastated, and over 30,000 animals have been lost.
In July, torrential rains on July 15 triggered floods throughout the country, resulting in the collapse of at least 100 homes. Similar torrential rains struck Nigeria's neighboring state of Katsina, killing at least 44 people, leaving 20 people missing, and damaging 500 houses in the city of Jibia.
On July 23, at least 13 people were confirmed dead, 13 were injured, and 17,682 people were impacted by flooding around the country. The areas of Agadez and Maradi have been impacted the worst. The floodwaters wrecked 649 homes, affected over 3,000 households, and killed 24,617 animals and devastated 400 hectares of cropland. A cholera outbreak was reported in Maradi the same day. According to the Ministry of Public Health, 247 cases of cholera, including four fatalities, have been reported in the department of Madarounfa in the southern Maradi area. The most impacted regions are Dan Issa, Gabi, Harounawa, Madeini, Maraka, Niger, and N'Yelwa. The cholera outbreak was declared on July 13 following sample analysis conducted in Niamey.
On August 13, The Ministry of Humanitarian Action reported approximately 50,000 homeless persons as a result of the damage or full loss of 3,131 houses. Since the first cholera case was found in the Madarounfa area of the Maradi region in early July, a total of 22 people have died, 26,344 livestock have been killed, and 3,900 hectares of land have been ravaged, and the number of individuals afflicted by cholera has risen. The Ministry of Public Health reported at least 1,107 cholera cases, including 19 fatalities. Sixty-six of the cases were from Maradi, a densely populated town.
On August 28, the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs stated that 36 people were killed in the floods, and 130,000 people had their homes demolished, animals murdered, and land wrecked.
On September 30, the National Crisis Task Force on Natural Disaster Floods stated that 17,389 homes and 7,836 hectares of cultivated land had been destroyed, with over 30,000 animals killed. At least 45 people were killed, and 208,000 were injured.
2019
In 2019, more than 211,000 people were affected and 57 were killed in the floods.
Flooding was caused by heavy rainfall since June, killing at least 57 people and affecting more than 211,000 people. There were a total of 16,375 homes destroyed. Three regions are accountable for 67% of the impacted population (Maradi, Zinder and Agadez). In August, the waters of the Niger basin reached flood stage, increasing the number of victims. Zinder, Maradi, and Agadez are the severely impacted areas. The United Nations reported that more than 16,000 houses have been damaged, displacing tens of thousands of people, and an estimated 123,000 children have been directly affected by the floods. Widespread flooding was also recorded in Nigeria, Mauritania, the Central African Republic, Algeria, and Morocco.
The Niger River reached a dangerous level in August. Since late August, the Niger river near Niamey has been high due to torrential rains in the Niger basin beginning on August 23. On August 27, the river surpassed the Orange Alert level (5.80 metres). The rise in water level has been extremely rapid since then, according to the Niger Basin Authority.
On September 4, it was 6.33 metres, significantly beyond the Red Alert limit of 6.2 metres and much above the average level of 5.5 metres. At the Banankoro (5.5 metres) and Koulikoro (4 metres) stations in Mali, the river is near to or above the Yellow Alert level.
2020
In 2020, flooding caused by heavy rains claimed 73 lives and sparked a humanitarian crisis with 2.2 million people needing assistance.
On July 21, authorities reported that heavy rainfall since June had affected 20,174 people and left nine dead. The most affected regions are Maradi and Tahoua, in the west, with respectively 13,667 and 4,173 people affected. About 2,244 houses have collapsed and 713 ruminants died. Local authorities in Maradi have provided food and non-food items to over 2,000 most vulnerable people in Oli Mamane Doutchi village, Bermo commune.
On August 6, the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs reported 14 people dead, 3,417 houses destroyed and 35,360 people have been affected, had their livestock killed, and their lands devastated.
Heavy rainfall, coupled with rising water levels in the major river basins, has led to severe flooding across the country with a large proportion of land still flooded and widespread damage to agricultural, livestock and fishing equipment as well as crops. Niger's western region has been badly hit after days of torrential rainfall caused the Niger river to burst its banks. The capital city of Niamey was brought to a standstill by the waters. The rainfall and water levels of the Niger river has surpassed previous records.
On August 29, at least 45 people died and 226,000 displaced.
On September 14, the death toll increased to 65. Severe floods caused by torrential rains in Niger have caused deaths and destruction of properties across the country, affecting 432,613 people, and leaving them in need of shelter, water, food and essential items. About 36,155 houses have collapsed and 8,989 hectares of farmland destroyed. The floods have caused the Niger River, dams and dykes to burst and huge volumes of water to engulf people's homes, farms and other buildings without warning.
Timeline
June
In mid-June, heavy rainfall was experienced in the country, resulting in floods, causing widespread damage and casualties.
July
On July 31, the national authorities in Niger reported 35 people dead as a result of flooding and heavy rains in the country since the start of the rainy season. At least 20 people died as a result of houses collapsing, while 15 people drowned in flood waters. Twenty-four people were injured. Fatalities were reported in the regions of Maradi, Agadez and the capital Niamey. Meanwhile, over 2,500 houses and shelters were destroyed, along with schools, mosques and places of work. Over 700 livestock also perished.
August
On August 11, the Directorate of Civil Protection in Niger reported 52 fatalities and more than 50,000 people affected from 5,694 households. Floods and rainfall has damaged 4,137 houses with around 300 completely destroyed. The capital, Niamey, saw heavy rainfall from August 10–11. Five people died in Niamey. Flooding caused damage to roads, infrastructure and buildings. Some districts were left isolated. Around 17 houses collapsed in the Yantala district, where 3 people died, one was missing and 2 people seriously injured.
On August 12, the country's flooding death toll rose to 55 and left 53,000 others displaced. More than 4,800 homes have been damaged by floods or landslips, and nearly 900 cattle have been lost. The worst-hit regions are Maradi in the southeast, Agadez in the desert north and the capital Niamey, where 16 have died.
On August 14, the flood's death toll rose to 64. Thirty-two people had died when their buildings collapsed, and another 32 drowned in flood waters. The floods and landslides had affected close to 70,000 people in total, with more than 5,100 houses destroyed or damaged and 69,515 people affected. Six people died in Niamey.
On August 23, the death toll's number decreased to 62. Over 100,000 people were affected by the floods. Thousands of houses were destroyed. Along with the floods, a cholera outbreak is also affecting the country with at least 1,770 cases, including 68 deaths.
Causes
Heavy rainfall is the main cause of the flooding in Niger since it was the country's rainy season. Rainy season in Niger starts from May until October, but most rains occur from June until August causing widespread flooding.
Wetland degradation is also a cause of the flooding since the ecology of the Niger River has been devastated by various land use changes. There is not enough vegetation to retain water, making floods more likely during the rainy season.
Global climate change, urbanization or increase in development are also one of the causes of flooding, as well as drainage failure, since the drainage systems are approaching capacity, and many towns even lack drainage networks and the dumping of garbage on the streets blocks surface runoff during heavy downpour events, blockage of flood channels, rivers overflowing, release of water from dams, and dikes bursting.
Impact
On August 9, eight people were swept away by the flash floods that struck the city of Agadez. Several homes collapsed and were destroyed by the floods resulting in casualties. In Niamey, a total of 741 homes were destroyed and at least 16 deaths were reported. In Maradi, the most fatalities were reported, where 18 people died and a total of 3,243 homes were destroyed. Meanwhile, at least 2,354 homes were destroyed by the floods in the region of Zinder and a total of 1,040 homes were destroyed in Tahoua Region.
An outbreak of cholera was also reported in several regions of Niger in August, affecting more people living in the country. As of August 23, there were 1,770 cases and 68 deaths reported. Only the regions of Agadez and Diffa were unaffected.
See also
List of deadliest floods
List of floods
References
Natural disasters in Niger
2021 disasters in Niger
2020s floods in Africa
2021 floods
June 2021 events in Africa
July 2021 events in Africa
August 2021 events in Africa |
Lane Tech College Prep High School (often shortened to Lane Tech, full name Albert Grannis Lane Technical College Preparatory High School), is a public 4-year selective enrollment magnet high school located in the Roscoe Village neighborhood on the north side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is a part of the Chicago Public Schools district. Lane is one of the oldest schools in the city and has an enrollment of over four thousand students, making it the largest high school in Chicago. Lane is a selective-enrollment-based school in which students must take a test and pass a certain benchmark in order to be offered admission. Lane is one of eleven selective enrollment schools in Chicago. It is a diverse school with many of its students coming from different ethnicities and economic backgrounds. In 2019, Lane Tech was rated the 3rd best public high school in Illinois and 69th in the nation.
School history
Founding
The school is named after Albert G. Lane, a former principal and superintendent of Chicago Public Schools from 1891 until 1898. It was founded in 1908 and dedicated on Washington's Birthday in 1909, as the Albert Grannis Lane Manual Training High School. This building, designed by Board of Education Architect Dwight H. Perkins, stood at Sedgwick Avenue and Division Street. During the early years of the school's operation, the school was a manual training school for boys, where students could take advantage of a wide array of technical classes. Freshmen were offered carpentry, cabinet making, and wood turning. Sophomores received training in foundry, forge, welding, coremaking, and molding. Juniors could take classes in the machine shop. Seniors were able to take electric shop which was the most advanced shop course.
By the 1930s, Lane had a student population of over 7,000 boys. Since the school's building was not originally planned for such a huge student population, a new site for the school was chosen, and the building was designed by Board of Education architect John C. Christensen. On its dedication day, September 17, 1934, the student body—over 9,000 boys—and faculty gathered at Wrigley Field and from there walked en masse several miles west to the new campus. (In 1983 and 2008, to celebrate the 75th and 100th anniversaries of the school, a march was held from the school to Wrigley Field.) Lane's huge student body necessitated that classes be held in three shifts. That year (1934), the school name was changed to the Albert Grannis Lane Technical High School to reflect the school's expanding curriculum, but was known to all simply as "Lane Tech." In 2004, the school name was changed to Lane Technical College Prep High School to reflect a college preparatory mandate.
Student admission during the Cold War
Lane adopted a closed admission policy in 1958 on the school's 50th anniversary. All remedial classes were eliminated and only top tier students were admitted to the school. This coincided with the beginning of the space race between the United States and the USSR. Lane changed its educational policy to help ensure that the United States would not fall behind the Soviets in science and technology.
Admission of female students
In 1971, changes were made to the admission policy due to a drop in enrollment and lack of technical schools for girls. To solve the issue, Superintendent James Redmond recommended that girls be admitted to Lane Tech. The Chicago Board of Education concurred and girls were admitted as students for the first time. Due to a fear of having a drop in academic achievement, 1,500 male students protested the admission but the decision was not changed.
Campus
Lane Tech is located on a campus at the intersection of Addison Street and Western Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. The campus includes: the main school building, Lane Stadium, Kerry Wood Cubs Field, a turf soccer field, and the parking lot.
Lane Stadium
During the spring 2007 season, Chicago city building inspectors declared Lane Stadium unsafe and condemned the eastern half of the stadium. The age of the stadium and the fact it was built on landfill raised concerns that using the stadium to full capacity would cause a structural collapse. Events affected were the 2007–2014 graduating class ceremonies (moved to the UIC Pavilion located at the University of Illinois at Chicago), the annual Letterman versus Faculty Softball game, the annual Memorial Day assembly, and the 2007, 2008, and 2009 Pep Rally. Lane Stadium reopened September 7, 2007, with a new turf field. The stadium also features a new IHSA regulation track.
Memorial Garden
At the west end of the Memorial Garden is the Ramo I. Zenkich Memorial, consisting of a flag pole and granite monument inscribed with the names of the students from Lane Tech who lost their lives in the Vietnam War. The Memorial Garden was rededicated in 1995. During the school's 90th anniversary celebration in 1998, a commemorative plaque was placed near the "Shooting the Stars" statue. It explains the significance of the Memorial Garden to Lane Tech and its students.
Academics
Honor level courses are offered to qualified students. Advanced Placement (AP) courses are available in English, history, math, science, art, music, computer science, and world languages. Students can also replace their normal physical education classes with a class in Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC). The program sponsors the Proctors Club, Color Guard, Honor Guard, Drill Platoon, Drum & Bugle Corps, and Raiders of Lane. As of 2018, Lane has a 94% graduation rate.
As of 2018, 94% of Lane students take at least one AP class throughout their time at Lane.
Lane offers courses in Aquaponics and is the only Chicago Public School to do so.
Lane Tech has the most graduates who complete PhD's in the nation as of 2018.
Lane Tech has the biggest computer science program in Chicago Public Schools, and is considered one of the best schools in computer science in the United States.
Athletics
Lane offers many sports including, but not limited to baseball, basketball, bowling, cheerleading, cross-country, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track, volleyball, wrestling, women's rugby, and water polo. Lane garners, on average, 7–10 city-championships per year and has won 16 state championships since 1908. Numerous Lane Tech athletes have competed beyond the high school level and achieved success at the college level and beyond.
In 1934 the NFL-champion Chicago Bears held their practices for the Chicago College All-Star Game at Lane Tech.
Notable alumni
Tony Alcantar is an actor and acting teacher.
Leonard Baldy was a pioneering Chicago police officer and helicopter traffic reporter.
Franz Benteler was a classical violinist and leader of the Royal Strings Orchestra.
Edgar Bergen was a ventriloquist, actor, and radio performer, best remembered for creating Charlie McCarthy.
Rod Blagojevich is a former Governor of Illinois (attended for a short time before transferring).
Aimee Boorman is a gymnastics coach who was the head coach of the Final Five at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Boorman was the personal coach of Simone Biles.
Cyron Brown is a former lineman who played in the NFL and AFL.
Buzz Capra is a former Major League Baseball pitcher (1971–77).
Phil Cavarretta was a Major League Baseball player (1934–55). He spent most of his playing career with, and briefly managed the Chicago Cubs.
Ertharin Cousin is executive director of the United Nations World Food Programme.
Len Church was a pitcher for the Chicago Cubs (1966).
Bill Daily was an actor (I Dream of Jeannie, The Bob Newhart Show).
Frank Dasso was a Major League Baseball pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds (1945–46).
Anna Davlantes has been a news anchor at WMAQ-TV and WFLD-TV.
Otto Denning was a Major League Baseball catcher for the Cleveland Indians (1942–43).
DJ Colette (Colette Marino) is a house music singer and DJ.
George J. Efstathiou is an architect at Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (Burj Khalifa, Chicago Symphony Center).
Dan Evans is a former General Manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers and a baseball executive, Class of 1978.
John Felske is a former Major League Baseball player and manager.
Bill Fischer was a lineman for the Chicago Cardinals (1949–53). A member of the College Football Hall of Fame, he won the Outland Trophy in 1948.
Michael Flanagan, class of 1980, is a former congressman.
Neal Gabler is an author and political commentator.
Theaster Gates is an American Social Practice installation artist.
Carl Giammarese is a singer and guitarist who co-founded The Buckinghams.
Earl Gillespie was a sports broadcaster for the Milwaukee Braves and Green Bay Packers
Godfrey is a comedian and actor.
Fred Goetz, mobster implicated in the Saint Valentine's Day massacre.
Ron Gora was a swimmer who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.
Bato Govedarica is a former player for the Syracuse Nationals (1953–54).
Seymour Greenberg was a national champion tennis player.
Dwight D. Guilfoil Jr., manufacturing executive, advocate for disabled workers
Herbert Hans Haupt was a Nazi spy during World War II executed by U.S. Government for his role in Operation Pastorius.
Dennis Hejhal is a mathematician at the University of Minnesota.
Arndt Jorgens was a Norwegian-born catcher (1929–39), playing his entire career for the New York Yankees.
Orville Jorgens was a pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies (1935–37).
John T. Joyce, Illinois businessman and state legislator
John Komlos is a professor of economics at the University of Munich. He helped found the field of anthropometric history.
Frankie Laine was a singer, songwriter and actor. One source notes that Laine's stage name was taken from the school.
Ed Linke was a Major League Baseball pitcher (1933–38).
Justina Machado is an actress (Six Feet Under, One Day at a Time, Jane the Virgin ).
Irv Medlinger was a Major League Baseball pitcher for the St. Louis Browns (1949, 51).
Bus Mertes was a professional football player and college head coach at Bradley, Drake and Kansas State.
Richard W. Mies is a former U.S. Navy admiral who served as head of the United States Strategic Command.
Donna Miller, Cook County commissioner
Kevin Moyers is a writer (Scorn) and independent film actor.
Ken Nordine is a voiceover and recording artist best known for his series of Word Jazz albums.
Louis Trinca-Pasat was a football defensive tackle for the St. Louis Rams of the National Football League (NFL).
Frank Piatek is an artist and professor at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.
Rachel Barton Pine is a violinist (Honorary Alumna)
John Podesta is the former chief of staff to President Bill Clinton.
Fritz Pollard is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was the first African-American to be a head coach in the NFL.
Corey Postiglione is an artist and Professor Emeritus of Columbia College Chicago.
Marty Robinson was an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning voice-over announcer at WTTW.
Richard Schroeppel is a mathematician.
Nadine Barrie Smith was a medical researcher.
Jill Soloway is a 2014 Golden Globe award-winning producer and writer, known for Transparent (2014), Six Feet Under (2001) and Afternoon Delight (2013).
Dave Spector is a television personality in Japan.
Jim Suchecki is a former MLB player (Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Browns, Pittsburgh Pirates).
Genndy Tartakovsky is an Emmy Award-winning animator (Dexter's Laboratory, Samurai Jack, Star Wars: Clone Wars).
Laken Tomlinson is a guard for the New York Jets.
Towkio is a rapper and producer.
Dick Triptow is a former NBL and NBA player (1944–49).
Andy Varga is a former MLB player (Chicago Cubs).
Joe Vodicka was a football player.
Phil Weintraub was a Major League Baseball player (1933–38, 44–45).
Johnny Weissmuller was a five-time Olympic gold medal-winning swimmer who later became an actor, best known for his portrayal of Tarzan in the MGM film series 1932–42.
Warren Winiarski California grape grower, founder and former winemaker of Stag's Leap Wine Cellars
Steve Wilkos is a talk show host (The Steve Wilkos Show) and former bodyguard (Jerry Springer).
Bob Weiland is a former MLB player (Chicago White Sox, Boston Red Sox, Cleveland Indians, St. Louis Browns, St. Louis Cardinals).
Jim Woods is a former MLB player (Chicago Cubs, Philadelphia Phillies).
Earl Zindars was a composer of jazz and classical music.
Adrian Zmed is an actor (TJ Hooker, Dance Fever).
References
Further reading
Kosell, Edward (Loyola University Chicago). "A Historical Study of Vocational Education in the Chicago Public and Technical and Vocational High Schools, 1917–1963" ([ Archive]; PhD thesis). June 1965.
External links
The Champion, the school newspaper
Lane Tech campus view from above
Educational institutions established in 1908
Public high schools in Chicago
Magnet schools in Illinois
1908 establishments in Illinois |
The 2019–20 Detroit Mercy Titans men's basketball team represented the University of Detroit Mercy in the 2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Titans, led by second-year head coach Mike Davis, played their home games at Calihan Hall in Detroit, Michigan as members of the Horizon League. They finished the season 8–23, 6–12 in Horizon League play to finish in ninth place. Due to low APR Scores, the Titans were ineligible for postseason play.
Previous season
The Titans finished the 2018–19 season 11–20 overall, 8–10 in Horizon League play, ending in a 3-way tie for sixth place. As the No. 7 seed in the Horizon League tournament, they lost in the quarterfinals to eventual tournament champion Northern Kentucky.
Departures
Incoming transfers
Roster
Schedule and results
|-
!colspan=9 style=| Regular season
Source
References
Detroit Mercy Titans men's basketball seasons
Detroit Mercy Titans
Detroit Mercy Titans men's basketball
Detroit Mercy Titans men's basketball |
The Khofi Alayee was written by Zayn al-Din Gorgani (1040–1136) also spelled al-Jurjani, after writing the first great Persian medical encyclopedia, the Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi also wrote the Khafi Alayee in the Persian language as a contracted form of the Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi. Khofe alaei becomes easier to read than the original Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi. The Khafi Alayee is a pocket book so that a reader can easily carry it in a journey as manual of emergency medicine. Khoffi Alayee, means Alayee Book, because it was dedicated to Alā ud-Dīn Atsiz, - Alayee, the young prince of Khwarazmian dynasty (died 1156).
Contents
The Khoffi Alayee was originally written in two parts so that physicians could put each part in one of his boots while he was on traveling by horse. Therefore, this book is a prototype of what is today called a pocket book. The first part has two articles: the first containing sixteen chapters and the second seven chapters. The second part has seven articles with 23 chapters. The second part is about etiology of diseases, treatment as well as personal hygiene.
Gorgani in the introduction of this book announced that the contents would be the essential practical emergency topics. Gorgani wrote that medical knowledge can be divided into two parts: theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge.
Practical knowledge further divides into branches but the most fundamental is personal hygiene. Gorgani wrote that another important task of the physician is to predict and identify the disease (prognosis), the diagnosis of the patient's condition and course of the disease and the patient's life expectancy. Gorgani wrote that the theoretical science must be evidence based and helps to distinguish the normalities and abnormalities of the patient. Also, if someone was sick, then the duty of physician is to start the medical procedures for treatment of the patient with the: prescribe directives, regulation of nutrition till proper cure. The scientific part of the book itself.
Linguistic study
As a frequently used scientific Persian medical textbook of its own time, the text also has socio-linguistic peculiarities that are attractive for linguistic researchers. For example, in Khofe Alayee in the case of a patient that has mild fever it states "To release patient from temperature, the home must be cooled down and the patient would be worn a dresses which allows the cold air can reach into his lungs, not reach to his body." The word of the home and the patient both are in passive form, but the cold air is active and can reach into his lungs. From the viewpoints of a linguistic researcher the above-mentioned sentence reflects the writers vision and shows how the patient is objectified. The words of the home and the suitable dresses of the patient is a reflection of the socioeconomic situation of the patient. In fact the correct name of this book is "Khofe alaei" because in Arabic language khof means boot and khofe means related to boot. As mentioned above, physicians and other readers would put the books in their boots while traveling so that the books be near their hands (such as pocket book of our time).
Present day
The Late Professor Dr. Mahmoud Najm Abadi, with the cooperation of Dr. Ali Akbar Velayati, edit this book and added explanations and commentaries to it for publication.
References
Sources
C.A. Storey, Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey. Volume II, Part 2: E.Medicine (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1971), pp 207–211 no. 361.
The article "Djurdjani" by J. Schacht in The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, ed. by H.A.R. Gibbs, B. Lewis, Ch. Pellat, C. Bosworth et al., 11 vols. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960–2002) (2nd ed.), vol. 2, p. 603.
A Research Conducted on the Life and Works of Hakim Sayyid Esmail Jurjani, Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani, Fariborz Moatar. Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, Vol 4, No 7, April 2005.
http://www.elib.hbi.ir/persian/TRADITIONALMEDICINE/JORJANI/JORJANI_KHOFE_ALAEI_EBOOK/JORJANI_KHOFEALAEI1.htm
Medical works of medieval Iran
Medical works of the medieval Islamic world
Persian encyclopedias
Persian literature
Works about the history of medicine
Iranian literature
Iranian books
Encyclopedias of medicine |
Chun Beeho () (Republic of Korea, 1957) is a distinguished professor of Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul in the Republic of Korea since march 2018, after serving as ambassador to Mexico from June 19, 2015, though December 31, 2017. Currently, he is the vice president of the Korean Council on Foreign Relations, of which members are incumbent and retired diplomats and ambassadors.
Education
Dr. Chun Beeho holds a bachelor's degree in political science at the Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul, a master's degree in European Community studies from the Polytechnic University of Madrid (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid) in Spain, and a PhD. in Political Sciences and Sociology of the Complutense University of Madrid (Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Spain. His master's thesis included an Analysis on Trade between the European Community and Newly industrialized Developing Countries in Asia (Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain, 1990), and his Doctoral Thesis was related to an Analysis on the integration of the European Union and its Political and Economic implications with Asia (Complutense University of Madrid, Spain 2001).
He holds a degree of doctor honorary causa in philology science from Sofia University of Bulgaria and a degree of doctor honorary causa from Bulgaria Science Academy.
Currently, he is a distinguished professor of College of Engineering of Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul, together with holding the post of Director of International Cooperation Development Center of the University.
Professional career
Chun's diplomatic career began in 1980 joining the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea after having passed the Diplomatic Service Examination in the same year. Following the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Bulgaria and Mexico, since 2018 he served as Distinguished Professor of Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul.
The brief CV of Dr. Chun Beeho is as follows:
in August 1980 Joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA),
in February 1985 Third Secretary, Korean Embassy in the Republic of Costa Rica,
in November 1992 First Secretary, Korean Embassy in the United Mexican States,
in June 1995 First Secretary, Korean Mission to the European Community in Belgium,
in March 1998 Director for Administrative Management and Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT),
in May 1999 Director, European Trade Division, Bilateral Trade Bureau, MOFAT,
in December 2000 Counsellor, Korean Embassy in the United Mexican States,
in December 2002 Counsellor, Korean Embassy in the French Republic,
in December 2005 Senior Director for Trade Policy Planning and Public Relations, MOFAT,
in April 2007 Director General for Diplomatic Competency Assessment, Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security (IFANS), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT),
in April 2008 Dean of Education and Training, Central Officials Training Institute, Ministry of Public Administration and Security (MOPAS),
in January 2010 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Republic of Bulgaria,
in November 2013 Ambassador for International Relations, Gangwon Province, Korea,
in April 2015 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United Mexican States (until December 2017), and
in March 2018 Distinguished Professor, giving lectures at the College of Engineering and the Graduate School of National Strategy & Director of Center of International Development Cooperation, Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul.
Since 2015, he represented the Diplomatic Mission of the Republic of Korea in the United States of Mexico. Presenting on June 19, 2015 Credentials to the President of the United Mexican States, Enrique Peña Nieto.
His diplomatic legacy in Mexico included the promotion of an FTA between the Republic of Korea and Mexico; the promotion of Foreign Direct Investment of Korean Companies in Mexico and Promotion of National Content in Mexican Exports; the Creation of Academic Industrial Cooperation Centers (ICC) for the technology transfer between State of Mexico, Mexico and the Republic of Korea; Academic, scientific, technological and cultural cooperation between the Republic of Korea and Universities in Mexico; Promotion of the First Direct Flight between South Korea and Mexico, operated by Aeromexico; The naming of Avenue Republic of Korea by the Major of Mérida, Yucatán.
As a South Korean diplomat, he served as visiting speaker in Bulgaria, Costa Rica, Cuba, France, Indonesia, Mexico, South Korea, Spain and Thailand. He has participated as Academic Lecturer in prestigious universities as Mines Paris ("South Korea: France's Strategic Partner in Asia", 2004), the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education Campus Monterrey ("Free Trade Strategy between South Korea and Mexico", 2017), Colmex in Mexico City ("The Foreign Trade Policy of Korea and the Impetus for Free Trade between Korea and Mexico", 2017), the Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul ("Analysis on the Korea's FTA strategy towards Asia", 2007; "Economic Integration in the East Asia Region", 2008), and the University of Sofia in Bulgaria ("Government Policy Review of the Republic of Korea", 2010; "South Korea as Crossroads of Asia", 2012).
Since 2018 he started a professional academic career as Distinguished Professor, Graduate School of National Strategy of Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul, South Korea by giving lectures on Foreign Policy, Globalization and Global Strategy, etc. He was also named as Director of Center of International Development Cooperation of the University in September 2018.
Academic articles, dissertations and books
Analysis on the trade between the European Community and Newly industrialized developing countries in Asia (Master's Thesis, Polytechnic University of Madrid, España 1990).
The Single Market of the European Community and Developing Countries (Dissertation, 1991).
Analysis on the integration of the European Union and its political and economic relations with Asia (PHD Degree Thesis, Complutense University of Madrid, España 2001).
Innovation & The Academy: The Case of South Korea.
A Bulgarian View of the Republic of Korea.
Information Book on the shipbuilding negotiations between the European Union and the Republic of Korea (2000).
Analysis on the external relations of the European Community (Contemporary international politics by Dr. Yoon Keon-shik, 1991).
The Small and Medium enterprise policy of the European Community (1992, KITA).
The integration of the European Community and the trade policy recommendation to the Korean Government (1992, KITA).
The facts of the Korea-US Free Trade Agreement: meaning and expected effect (March 2006).
The status and strategy of Korea's FTA policy toward Asia (East Asia Brief by the Sungkwonkwan University, 2007).
The way to train global sports leaders for strengthening Sports Diplomacy (2008).
"Evolution of Bilateral Relations between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Bulgaria" (Conference paper collection of "Korea as Crossroads of Asia", national conference on Korean studies, University of Sofia, 2012).
Let's prepare for Yeosu EXPO assessment (Maritime Economic Newspaper, March 17, 2007).
Reasons to turn eyes to the East of Balkan region (Hankyung newspaper, February 2010).
Bulgaria waiting for Korea (Munhwa Daily, December 2010).
Bulgaria as new ground for Green industry (Hankooki daily, February 2011).
Han wave on the Balkans (Munhwa Daily, September 2011).
Korea-Bulgaria Policy Forum 2012 (Editor, Embassy of the Republic of Korea, Sofia University, May 30, 2012)
Mexico, FTA Hub where Foreign Direct Investments are rushing (Hankyung, January 16, 2016).
Other diplomatic activities, trade & investment promotion
Agreement on Korea-EU shipbuilding industry, 2003.
Establishing diplomatic competency assessment system for the officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2006-2007.
Establishing competency-based training system for the officials of the Central Government, 2009.
Implementing Korea-Bulgaria Strategic partnership agenda for the 20th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations, 2010.
Launch of 2010 first Korea-Bulgaria Policy Forum, Sofia University.
Establishing of the Korea-Bulgaria IT Cooperation, Center at Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 2010.
Subscription of the Agreement on the mutual recognition of driving licenses between Korea and Bulgaria, 2011.
Launch of "Incubation Academic Project", carried out by the St Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia and Sungkyunkwan University of Korea, 2011.
Initiative and hosting of the 2012 Korea-Bulgaria Policy Forum at the University of Sofia, 2012.
Initiative and carrying out of the first ever Korea – Bulgaria Science & Technology Forum bringing together Bulgarian Academy of Science and Korean Institute for Science & Technology for joint research projects, 2012.
Opening of Permanent Korean Salon in National Cultural Museum of Mexico, October 2015
Subscription of MOU on Korea-Mexico cooperation in electronic government, October 2015
Negotiation & Settlement with the Governor of Nuevo Leon State of Mexico on investment incentive issues for successful Kia Motors investment in Monterrey, September 2016
Opening of Korea 2016 International Fair, UDEM, University of Monterrey, Mexico
Inauguration of direct flight of AEROMEXICO between Mexico and Incheon, South Korea July 2017
Donation of US$1 million for Mexico's restoration from earthquake, September 2017
Opening 2nd International Workshop of Korean Studies, September 2017, College of Mexico
Donation to INAH (National Institute of Anthropology History of Mexico) of copy version of 'JikJi', the oldest book printed by metal letter in the world, December 2017
Nomination of 'Avenida República de Corea' in Merida, Yucatan State, Mexico together with Mayor of Merida City, Don. Mauricio Vila Dosal, December 21, 2017
Academic & professional lectures, conferences and panels
Relations between Korea and Mexico in the 21st Century (June 22, 2001, Autonomous University of Ecatepec, Mexico).
Commercial and investment exchange between Mexico and South Korea (December 10, 2002, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México).
Korea: France's strategic partner in Asia (March 2004, Ecole des Mines, Paris).
Diplomatic Competency Assessment & Performance Management (June 12, 2007, Institute of Foreign Service, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand).
Shortcut to Strengthen Diplomatic Competitiveness: Diplomatic Competency Assessment (July 30, 2007, Conference on Innovative Brands, Korea).
Analysis on Korea's FTA strategy towards Asia (November 27, 2007, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea).
Corporate-Government Cooperation in Korea (July 21, 2008, ENA, Indonesia).
Economic Integration in the East Asia Region (November 11, 2008, East Asia in the 21st Century program of East Asia Academy, Sung Kyun Kwan University, Korea).
Korea's FTA policy towards Asia (November 2008, the program for ASEAN government officials, COTI (Central Officials Training Institute, Korea).
Government Policy Review of the Republic of Korea; economic development (October 11, 2010, Department of Public administration of St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Bulgaria).
Nuclear Power of Korea (June 2011, International Conference on Bulgarian Nuclear Energy by BULATOM, Varna, Bulgaria).
Korea as Crossroads of Asia (National Scientific Conference of the Korean Studies Department of the University of Sofia, 2012).
Korean Nuclear Energy Roadmap (speaker at BULATOM Annual International Nuclear Conference, Varna, 2012).
Korea and Bulgaria on the Road to Comprehensive Partnership (lecture in Veliko Tarnovo University, 2012).
Korea-Mexico Bilateral Relations (November 2016, University of Monterrey, Mexico).
The Bilateral Cooperation between Mexico and the Republic of Korea (November 2016, The Commission of External relations and Asia-Pacific, Senate of Mexico).
Panorama of the Bilateral relations between South Korea and Mexico (November 2017, University of Mar, Mexico).
The Foreign Trade Policy of Korea and the Impetus for Free Trade between Korea and Mexico (Lecture during the Second International Workshop on Korean Studies of El Colegio de México, 2017).
Free Trade Strategy between South Korea and Mexico, Monterrey Tec, Campus Monterrey (2017).
"Meeting the imperative of economic partners diversification" Panelist Speech of 2017 Mexico Business Summit, San Luis Potosí
The Result of Presidential Election of Mexico and the Business Strategy by Korean Enterprises (July 2018, The 100th Latin Forum by Korean Council on Latin America and the Caribbean).
Korea's Associate Membership of Pacific Alliance, International Forum on Korea's Future Associate Membership to the Pacific Alliance, (October 5, 2018, Sungkyunkwan University).
Regional Affairs and cultures of Latin America and the Caribbean (December 2018, National HRD Institute, South Korea).
Contemporary world and Global Perspective (2018, 2019, Seoul National University, South Korea).
Awards
Service Merit Medal, Republic of Korea (December 2007)
Order of Stara Planina 1st Class, Bulgaria (May 2013)
Red Stripes Order of Service Merit, Republic of Korea (June 2018)
Order of Aguila Azteca, Mexico (September 2018)
Doctor honoris causa from the University of Sofia
See also
List of diplomatic missions of South Korea
Politics of South Korea
Korean immigration to Mexico
Culture of South Korea
References
1957 births
Ambassadors of South Korea to Mexico
Sungkyunkwan University alumni
Living people |
Jean Philippe Barros is an American politician. He served as a Democratic member for the 59th district of the Rhode Island House of Representatives.
In 2015, Barros won the election for the 59th district of the Rhode Island House of Representatives. He succeeded J. Patrick O'Neill. Barros assumed his office on January 6, 2015. He decided to run for re-election for the 59th district.
References
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Democratic Party members of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians |
The Embassy of Paraguay in Washington, D.C. is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of Paraguay to the United States. It is located at 2209 Massachusetts Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Embassy Row neighborhood.
The embassy also operates Consulates-General in Los Angeles, Miami, and New York City. The Consulate of Paraguay for the DC Metro area is located at 2 Wisconsin Circle, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 and the contact phone number is (202) 798-7200.
As of July 2021, the Ambassador is José Antonio Dos Santos.
References
External links
Official website
Paraguay
Washington, D.C.
Paraguay–United States relations
Paraguay |
Carlos Sainz Cenamor (born 12 April 1962) is a Spanish rally driver. He won the World Rally Championship drivers' title with Toyota in and , and finished runner-up four times. Constructors' world champions to have benefited from Sainz are Subaru (), Toyota () and Citroën (, and ). In the 2018 season he was one of the official drivers of the Team Peugeot Total. He received the Princess of Asturias Sports Award in 2020. Sainz founded the Acciona | Sainz XE Team to join Extreme E and has competed in the first two seasons alongside Laia Sanz.
Nicknamed El Matador, Sainz previously held the WRC record for most career starts until Finnish co-driver Miikka Anttila broke the record. He was also the first non-Nordic driver to win the 1000 Lakes Rally in Finland. He came close to repeating the feat at the Swedish Rally finishing second four times and third twice. Besides WRC successes, he has won the Dakar Rally (2010, 2018, 2020), the Race of Champions (1997) and the Asia-Pacific Rally Championship (1990). His co-drivers were Antonio Boto, Luís Moya, Marc Martí and Lucas Cruz.
His son, Carlos Sainz Jr., born on 1 September 1994, is also a professional racing driver, currently competing for Scuderia Ferrari in Formula One. He also has an older brother named Antonio Sainz, born on 10 December 1957, who was also a rally driver.
Early life
Sainz was born in Madrid. Before moving into motorsport, he played football and squash. As a teenager, Real Madrid gave him a trial and in squash he was the Spanish champion at the age of 16. He got his first touch of motorsport in Formula Ford while still playing squash and football. Before dedicating himself to motorsport, Sainz studied law up to the second scheduled cycle.
Rallying career
Early career (1980–1988)
Sainz began rallying in 1980. He finished runner-up in the Spanish Rally Championship in 1986, in a Group B Renault 5 Turbo, and won it with a Ford Sierra RS Cosworth in 1987 and 1988.
Ford gave him his first World Rally championship appearances during the 1987 season. He finished seventh in the Tour de Corse and eighth on the RAC Rally. He remained with Ford for the following season, now co-driven by Luis Moya, who remained his regular co-driver for the next fifteen years. He finished fifth twice, in the Tour de Corse and the Rallye Sanremo, and seventh on an icy RAC Rally.
Ford were an increasingly minor player in the World Rally Championship, with the rear-wheel-drive Sierra uncompetitive against the four-wheel-drive cars, and struggled to retain ambitious and talented young drivers such as Sainz and his teammate in 1988, Didier Auriol. Both departed the team for 1989; Auriol to Lancia and Sainz to Toyota Team Europe, the Japanese marque's rallying arm operating in Cologne, Germany.
Toyota (1989–1992)
Despite all previous rallying Toyota Celicas having only ever looked a competitive prospect on highly specialized endurance rallies such as the Safari Rally, the new combination of Toyota and Sainz rapidly rose in competitiveness. In the 1989 season, Sainz started with four retirements but then finished on the podium in three rallies in a row. His teammate, by then two-time world champion Juha Kankkunen, also gave the Celica GT-Four ST165 its debut win at the inaugural Rally Australia. Sainz would almost certainly have won his first World Championship Rally on the final event of the season, the RAC Rally, but for mechanical failure in the final stages, which relegated him to second.
In the 1990 season, Sainz drove his GT-Four to victory at the Acropolis Rally, at the Rally New Zealand, at the 1000 Lakes Rally, as the first non-Nordic driver, and at the RAC Rally, claiming his first world drivers' title, ahead of Lancia's Didier Auriol and Kankkunen, ending the Italian marque's domination of the drivers' world championship since the advent of the Group A era of the sport in 1987.
In , Sainz narrowly failed to defend his title against a resurgent Lancia-mounted Kankkunen, his efforts capped by a dramatic roll of his Celica in Australia which left him in a neckbrace. Both Sainz and Kankkunen took five wins, the first time in the history of the WRC that two drivers had managed such a win tally during one season. Sainz led Kankkunen by one point going into the final round of the season, the RAC Rally, where Kankkunen took his third title by winning ahead of Kenneth Eriksson and Sainz. Kankkunen's and Sainz's point totals, 150 and 143, both broke the record set by Sainz a year earlier (140).
Aboard the new ST185 Toyota Celica in the 1992 season, in a year that would prove the last for the foreseeable future for Lancia, Sainz managed to score memorable victories on the Safari Rally and on his home asphalt round, the Rally Catalunya. The title fight again went down to the wire, and this time in a three-way battle; before the RAC, Sainz led Kankkunen by two points and Auriol, who had taken a record six wins during the season, by three points. Sainz's victory ahead of Ari Vatanen and Kankkunen, combined with Auriol's retirement, confirmed the title in favour of the Spaniard.
A limited number of 440 Celica GT-Four ST185s, carrying his name on a plaque in the vehicle, and with decals on the outside, were sold in the United Kingdom in 1992 in an attempt to capitalise on Sainz's two championship successes with the works team. These were the part of the 5,000 units of ST185 for WRC homologation. It is said that Sainz still keeps a Celica GT-Four given to him by Toyota, which he drives to Real Madrid games at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium.
Lancia (1993)
Despite winning the world title Sainz left Toyota at the end of 1992, mainly because for the 1993 season the team was to be sponsored by Castrol, a rival to Sainz's personal sponsor, Repsol. Sainz therefore moved to the private but Lancia-backed Jolly Club. Lancia had won the manufacturers' championship for the previous six years, but the Delta was an ageing design and technical developments during the season were minor, despite assurances given to Sainz that development would continue. The Delta therefore lost ground to newer cars, and became less and less competitive as 1993 wore on. Sainz's only podium finish was his second place at the Acropolis Rally. He finished second on the San Remo Rally, but he and his teammate were later disqualified for using illegal fuel. He finished eighth in the drivers' championship, which was won by Toyota driver Juha Kankkunen. Lancia withdrew from the sport altogether at the end of the season.
Subaru (1994–1995)
Sainz then chose to drive for the then fledgling Subaru World Rally Team in , where he replaced Ari Vatanen. Sainz's experience, perfectionism and abilities as a development driver played a vital role in developing the then-new Impreza to the point where it could mount a sustained challenge to Toyota and Ford. Indeed, in the hands of Sainz and Colin McRae the Subarus were frequently faster than the Fords during the season. Toyota won the manufacturers' title, but the drivers' championship was only settled on the final round, with Didier Auriol winning ahead of Sainz. In the 1995 season, he won the Monte Carlo Rally, the Rally Portugal and the Rally Catalunya. At this latter event he was trailing his teammate Colin McRae until the team ordered the Scotsman to slow down and allow Sainz to win, which led to a dispute between the drivers. Nevertheless, they were tied for the lead in the drivers' world championship going into the season-ending RAC Rally. McRae won his home event 36 seconds ahead of Sainz, despite losing time with mechanical difficulties that at one stage had put him two minutes behind. Subaru secured their first manufacturers' title with a triple win as the team's second young Briton, Richard Burns, finished third. Sainz was later to join McRae at both Ford and Citroën.
Return to Ford (1996–1997)
Sainz responded by rejoining Ford for the 1996 season. He spent two seasons with the squad, aboard the Ford Escort RS Cosworth and later, the Escort World Rally Car. In 1996, he won the inaugural Rally Indonesia and with five other podium finishes to his name, he took third place in the drivers' world championship, behind Mitsubishi's Tommi Mäkinen and Subaru's McRae. In the 1997 season, he again won the Indonesian round, along with the Acropolis Rally, but again lost the title fight to Mäkinen and McRae. However, he won the Race of Champions at the end of 1997.
Return to Toyota (1998–1999)
Sainz then departed, once again, for Toyota, partnering Didier Auriol and helping to further the Corolla World Rally Car project that had been instituted in 1997, as part of the Cologne recovery from the embarrassment of exclusion from the world championship on the penultimate round of the 1995 season.
Sainz won on his first outing for them, on the 1998 season opener Monte Carlo Rally, and later in the season, added a victory in New Zealand. The seemingly terminal blow to title rival Tommi Mäkinen's chances was his retirement on the first day of the final event of the year, the Rally Great Britain, which gave the initiative to Sainz, who now only had to finish fourth in order to ensure the title. However, just 300 metres from the finish of the last stage, he too was forced to retire from the needed fourth place with a mechanical problem. As a result, both Sainz and Toyota gifted their respective titles to rivals Mäkinen and Mitsubishi Ralliart.
A subdued season followed for Sainz in 1999, although it did at least culminate in a departing manufacturers' title for Toyota, by now fostering alternative interests in Formula One. Sainz took a total of eight podiums, but no wins, and finished fifth in the drivers' standings, behind his third-placed teammate Auriol who had taken his only win of the season at the inaugural China Rally.
Second return to Ford (2000–2002)
This was the precursor of another, three-year stint with Ford, again alongside McRae, beginning with the 2000 season. He won the inaugural edition of the Cyprus round of the world championship, and finished third in the drivers' points standings.
Sainz failed to score a victory on any rally during the 2001 season, but with five podiums and four other point-scoring finishes, he managed to keep himself in the title fight throughout the very closely contested season, eventually finishing sixth in the standings, only eleven points adrift of the champion, Subaru's Richard Burns. Meanwhile, teammate McRae took three wins and led the championship before the season-ending Rally GB, where he crashed out. Ford also lost the manufacturers' title to Peugeot.
In , Sainz inherited the victory of the Rally Argentina, having provisionally finished third, by virtue of the disqualifications of the two leading Peugeots of Marcus Grönholm and Burns. This was his only win of the season, and in a close fight for the second place in the drivers' championship, behind the dominant Grönholm, Sainz finished third, one point ahead of his teammate McRae.
Citroën (2003–2005)
Effectively frozen out along with McRae at Ford, he along with the Scot moved to Citroën for the , during which he scored one win in Turkey – which was the first gravel event win for Citroën Xsara WRC – and finished third in the championship. Sainz continued with the team in season, and scored his final world rally victory at the 2004 Rally Argentina. During the Rally Catalonya 2004, after announcing his retirement, Sainz was considered by drivers, codrivers and directors of the official teams, as the best rally driver of history. In the championship, Sainz finished fourth, after missing out the final rally in Australia, due an accident during pre-event recce.
Despite formally retiring at the end of the 2004 season, with a possible view to moving into the World Touring Car Championship, he was to actually find himself invited back to the WRC fold on the request of Citroën, to replace the faltering Belgian driver François Duval. Although Duval was soon to reclaim his seat, Sainz's two rallies back in the Citroën impressed many, with the now 43-year-old Spaniard posting fourth and third finishing positions respectively.
Later career in rally raid
2006 saw a first participation for Sainz at the wheel of a Volkswagen in that year's Dakar Rally, sharing the cockpit with the two times winner of the Dakar Rally, Andreas Schulz. In 2007, he repeated his attempt with Volkswagen, this time with French Michel Perin, also a former winner of the raid. Following the resignation of Fernando Martin, he even ran, eventually in vain, for the vice-president position at his beloved football club Real Madrid, for which he once trained. In 2007 Sainz won the FIA Cross-Country Rally World Cup with the Volkswagen team. In 2008, he won the Central Europe Rally, which was the relocated and rescheduled Dakar Rally for that year because of a terrorist attack. In January 2009, partnering again with Perin, he led the Dakar Rally until crashing out on the 12th stage. Later in 2009 Sainz won Silk Way Rally with Volkswagen team. At the 2010 Dakar Rally, Sainz changed again co-pilot, teaming with fellow Spaniard Lucas Cruz. Sainz edged out teammate Nasser Al-Attiyah to take his maiden win in the event. In 2010 Sainz also won the Silk Way Rally for the second time.In the 2011 Dakar Rally Sainz finished third.
Sainz entered Dakar Rally 2013 in a brand-new two-wheel-drive buggy. His teammate was former Dakar-winner Nasser Al-Attiyah and the team was supported by Qatar and Red Bull. Sainz won the first stage, but faced later various problems and was finally forced to retire on the sixth stage due to an engine failure. After the retirement Sainz commented that despite the result, "it was worth coming here with this concept ... I hope the experience will be useful for the future even if I'm not sure whether I'll come back”. However, later Sainz announced he would like to be part of Qatar Red Bull Rally Team and return to the Dakar in 2014. Sainz took part in the 2014 Dakar, but was forced to retire after a crash on stage 10.
In March 2014 it was announced that Peugeot Sport would return to Dakar in 2015 and Sainz joined Cyril Despres to race for Peugeot, driving its Peugeot 2008 DKR. In the rally he retired after a crash. In Dakar 2016 Sainz was forced to retire from the lead after the gearbox of his Peugeot broke. In 2017 Sainz also had to retire after rolling his Peugeot during the fourth stage of the rally. In 2018, Sainz took the second Dakar win of his career with Peugeot team.
After Peugeot shut down its rally raid programme, Sainz joined X-Raid to drive a Mini at the 2019 Dakar Rally. He stuck the car in a large hole on stage 3, damaging the suspension, but limped to the end of the stage and finished the event 13th.
Sainz won his third Dakar Rally in 2020, with co-driver Lucas Cruz. The duo registered four stage wins to their name, before finally winning the race with a lead of just 6 minutes and 21 seconds.
Volkswagen's WRC project
As Volkswagen Motorsport announced its WRC entry for 2013, Sainz was announced to be part of the WRC project. Volkswagen's motorsport director Kris Nissen told that he needed "10 seconds" to convince Sainz to remain part of the company's efforts in the new programme. Nissen told that the team would need Sainz for some testing of the new car. In November 2011, Sainz had the honour to drive first kilometres with the new Volkswagen Polo R WRC near Trier, Germany, when the team began testing the new car. In late 2011, Nissen also revealed he would like to see Sainz taking part in some rally with the WRC Polo before he calls time on his career. In early 2012 Sainz drove the Polo WRC in its maiden gravel test in Spain with Sébastien Ogier and in summer he tested the Polo WRC in Finland. In October Sainz re-joined his old co-driver Luis Moya to perform course car duties on the San Marino´s annual Rally Legend event with Volkswagen's new-for-2013 Polo R WRC. In December 2012 Sainz dismissed rumours he would drive a Polo WRC in some of the WRC-rallies in 2013, but stated he was available for testing, if needed.
Sainz returned to competing in 2012, as he entered a historic rally with his old co-driver Luis Moya in Spain. The pair competed in a Porsche 911 rally car and won the rally. The pair made a return to historic rallies in March 2013 by winning Rally de España Histórico with a Porsche 911.
Extreme E
In November 2020, it was announced that Sainz would team up with QEV Technologies to form Acciona | Sainz XE Team to join the all-electric SUV off-road racing series Extreme E in the inaugural season with himself and Laia Sanz as the drivers line-up. The team made its Extreme E debut at the 2021 Desert X-Prix and achieved a podium finish at the Arctic X-Prix. The team finished in sixth in the teams championship.
The team maintained the drivers line-up for the 2022 season and achieved two podiums at the Desert and Copper X-Prixs. The team finished in third in the teams' championship.
The team again maintained the drivers line-up for the 2023 season. However, in January 2023, Sainz suffered multiple spinal fractures after crashing at the Dakar Rally and was replaced by Mattias Ekström for the season. The team started strongly at the Desert X-Prix – in Round 1, the team qualified the fastest, achieved a super sector and finished the race in second place. In Round 2, the team won their first race in Extreme E. The team won its second race in Round 8 at the Island X-Prix II.
Recognitions
Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit, 21 December 1994
Olympic Order 1997 – Awarded by Spanish Olympic Committee
Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit, 30 November 2001
Gold Medal for Sporting Merit 2001 – Awarded by Ayuntamiento de Madrid
Medal of youth and sports and associative engagement 2008 – Awarded by the French Government
In March 2012, Sainz was inducted into the Rally Hall of Fame along with Michèle Mouton.
In May 2020, Carlos Sainz has been crowned The Greatest WRC Driver of all time in a poll of fans and expert journalists.
On 16 June 2020, Princess of Asturias Awards por Sports.
Titles
WRC victories
Complete WRC results
Dakar Rally results
Dakar Rally stage wins
NOTE: Following the 2007 killing of French tourists in Mauritania, the Amaury Sport Organisation moved the 2008 edition to Central Europe, known as the 2008 Central Europe Rally. As the race was legally held under Dakar regulations with Dakar entries, the rally is included as part of the Dakar lineage.
Complete Extreme E results
(key)
References
External links
Official website of Carlos Sainz
1962 births
Living people
World Rally Champions
World Rally Championship drivers
Spanish rally drivers
Sportspeople from Madrid
Dakar Rally drivers
Dakar Rally winning drivers
Spanish male squash players
Extreme E drivers
Audi Sport drivers
Citroën Racing drivers
Toyota Gazoo Racing drivers
Peugeot Sport drivers
Nürburgring 24 Hours drivers
Spanish racing drivers
Volkswagen Motorsport drivers |
Amateur radio international reciprocal operating agreements permit amateur radio operators (hams) from one country to operate a station whilst traveling in another without the need to obtain additional licenses or permits.
When no agreement exists between countries, amateur radio operators are often required to apply for a reciprocal operating permit or a full amateur radio license and call sign from the host country. Some countries may accept a foreign amateur radio licenses as proof of qualification in lieu of examination requirements whereas other host countries may provide unilateral reciprocal operating privileges without the need for additional licensing.
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
CEPT License
Member Nations of the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) all share the same amateur radio reciprocal licensing requirements. Amateurs are permitted to operate from most European countries without the requirement of obtaining additional licensees or permits.
The following countries outside of Europe also participate in CEPT Recommendation T/R 61-01:
Australia
Canada
Israel
Netherlands Antilles
New Zealand
Peru
South Africa
Turkey
United States
US and Canadian citizens visiting a CEPT Country
The United States and Canada currently accept CEPT licenses within areas controlled by the US Federal Communications Commission or Industry Canada respectively.
CEPT member countries accept:
US and Canadian Advanced Class Licenses; and,
US Amateur Extra Class Licenses.
United States licensed stations are required to carry and provide upon request:
A US passport;
A copy of the 2009 FCC CEPT notice; and,
A valid FCC amateur radio license.
In Canada, "the Minister of Industry has delegated Radio Amateurs of Canada (RAC) to issue CEPT permits for Canadian licensed stations."
Canadian licensed stations are required to provide upon request:
A Canadian passport;
A copy of the licensee's CEPT permit; and,
A valid Canadian amateur radio licence.
As of February 4, 2008, CEPT no longer accepts Technician or General Class Licensees for CEPT reciprocal privileges. US General Class licenses are accepted under a separate agreement as CEPT Novice licensees.
CEPT Novice License
In 2009 the Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) revised the 'CEPT Novice Radio Amateur license', a separate agreement, to include novice class reciprocal operating privileges in some CEPT countries under modified conditions. European reciprocal privileges have, at least in part, been restored to US General Class Operators as CEPT Novice Operators.
CITEL agreement
IARP Permit
In 1995 the treaty creating the International Amateur Radio Permit (IARP) was ratified at a meeting of the Organization of American States in Montrouis, Haiti.
The IARP allows amateur radio operation within counties that are signatories to the treaty without the need to obtain a special license or permit, all of the counties that are a part of this treaty are located in the Americas. The Inter‑American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL) agreement allows an IARP to be issued, by a member-society of the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU).
Similar to the CEPT licenses there are distinct classes which bestow different levels of operating privileges base on the operators home licence. Class 1 requires knowledge of Morse code and allows operation of all of the amateur bands where Class 2 operating privileges do not require Morse code proficiency but limit users to bands above 30 MHz.
The United States and Canada
Domestic Licenses
Citizens of the United States or Canada may operate in the other country as a domestically licensed station, as if their license had been issued in said country, without the requirement of obtaining any license or permission from the other government.
An American or Canadian amateur may allow third party use of his station and call sign, carry international third party traffic, serve as a temporary control operator for a repeater station, and identify themselves as a domestic station using the national call sign system, provided:
The Licensee has citizenship and a valid amateur radio license from the country for their residency;
The Licensee appends the local US/Canadian Zone (Region) to the END of their call sign when identifying their station; and,
The Licensee adheres to the operating powers, frequency (band) allocations, and laws pertaining to the country they are currently operating in.
Foreign CEPT and IARP operators visiting the US and Canada
Must have operating privileges in the respective country.
Must identify with the appropriate US or Canadian Country Prefix and Zone (Region) PRIOR to their call sign.
Must observe restrictions concerning the third party use of their equipment.
Must adhere to the operating powers and frequencies of their country's license AND the country they are operating in.
A reciprocal agreement must be present and in good standing between the two countries.
International Waters, Airspace and Extraterrestrial Operation
International Waters and Air Space
Amateur radio operators in international waters or airspace are subject to the reciprocal licensing requirements pertaining to the country under which the vessel is flagged. Permission by the vessel's captain for on-board use of amateur radio equipment is often a legal requirement.
Antarctica
Although Antarctica is considered international by treaty, Amateur radio operators in Antarctica are often subject to the reciprocal licensing requirements pertaining to the country under which the camp is flagged.
Extraterrestrial
Stations operating from space, defined as an altitude above above the height of the average terrain, are subject to the terms and conditions established in conjunction with their amateur license grant.
DX-pedition
A DX-pedition is an expedition to what is considered an exotic place by amateur radio operators, perhaps because of its remoteness or because there are very few radio amateurs active from that place. This could be an island, a country, or even a particular spot on a geographical grid.
The activity was pioneered by one-time ARRL president Robert W. Denniston. Mr. Denniston's 1948 DX-pedition was to the Bahamas and was called "Gon-Waki" ala Thor Heyerdahl's "Kon-Tiki" expedition the previous year. Arguably there were earlier trips where amateur radio was used that might have qualified as DX-peditions. An example is the voyage of the schooner Kaimiloa, which traveled the South Pacific in 1924. While the ship's wealthy owners enjoyed the islands an amateur radio operator kept contact with, and sent QSL cards to, experimenters in the United States.
References
International operation
International operation
International telecommunications
Radio regulations |
NFL is a 1989 football video game, developed by Atlus and published by LJN exclusively for the Nintendo Entertainment System.
Gameplay modes
This game was the first since NFL Football - released in 1979 for the Intellivision - to get an official National Football League license. Intending to loosely represent the 1988-89 season of the National Football League, the game uses the teams and play formations of that particular era while avoiding usage of the players' names, due to a lack of an NFLPA license, which was given to Tecmo's Tecmo Bowl.
The player could play one of four options, either Interconference, AFC and NFC game or the Super Bowl (specifically Super Bowl XXIII). Along with the option to choose a package to play during the game, players can directly control the entire team at once. This game was one of the first NFL video games on a gaming system. The game employs a Top-Down system for the actual gameplay and allows players to assign handicaps to a human opponent that is not as skilled as they are.
Reception
Allgame gave the game a 2.5 out of 5 rating in their overview.
References
1989 video games
Video games developed in Japan
LJN games
Atlus games
National Football League video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
North America-exclusive video games
Professional American football video games set in the United States
Top-down video games
Video games scored by Hirohiko Takayama
Video games set in 1988
Multiplayer and single-player video games |
Bizaki (, also Romanized as Bīzakī and Bīzekī) is a village in Hasan Reza Rural District of the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 1,589 in 415 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,525 people in 460 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 1,768 people in 596 households; it was the largest village in its rural district.
References
Juybar County
Populated places in Mazandaran Province
Populated places in Juybar County |
```smalltalk
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Mesen.GUI.Debugger
{
public class HdPackCopyHelper
{
private byte[] _ppuMemory = new byte[0];
private int[] _absoluteTileIndexes = new int[512];
private byte[] _paletteRam = new byte[0];
public void RefreshData()
{
//Data needed for HD Pack copy
bool isChrRam = InteropEmu.DebugGetMemorySize(DebugMemoryType.ChrRom) == 0;
if(isChrRam) {
_ppuMemory = InteropEmu.DebugGetMemoryState(DebugMemoryType.PpuMemory);
} else {
for(int i = 0; i < 512; i++) {
_absoluteTileIndexes[i] = InteropEmu.DebugGetAbsoluteChrAddress((uint)i * 16) / 16;
}
}
_paletteRam = InteropEmu.DebugGetMemoryState(DebugMemoryType.PaletteMemory);
for(int i = 4; i < 4 * 8; i += 4) {
//Override color 0 in each palette with the background color
_paletteRam[i] = _paletteRam[0];
}
}
public string ToHdPackFormat(int tileAddr, int palette, bool forSprite, bool isAbsoluteAddress)
{
bool isChrRam = InteropEmu.DebugGetMemorySize(DebugMemoryType.ChrRom) == 0;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
if(isAbsoluteAddress) {
if(isChrRam) {
for(int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
sb.Append(InteropEmu.DebugGetMemoryValue(DebugMemoryType.ChrRam, (uint)(tileAddr + i)).ToString("X2"));
}
} else {
sb.Append((tileAddr / 16).ToString());
}
} else {
if(isChrRam) {
for(int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
sb.Append(_ppuMemory[tileAddr + i].ToString("X2"));
}
} else {
sb.Append(_absoluteTileIndexes[tileAddr / 16].ToString("X2"));
}
}
if(forSprite) {
sb.Append(",FF");
for(int i = 1; i < 4; i++) {
sb.Append(_paletteRam[palette * 4 + i].ToString("X2"));
}
} else {
sb.Append(",");
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
sb.Append(_paletteRam[palette * 4 + i].ToString("X2"));
}
}
return sb.ToString();
}
}
}
``` |
There Goes the Bride is a 1980 British comedy film directed by Terry Marcel and starring Tom Smothers, Twiggy, Phil Silvers, Broderick Crawford, Sylvia Syms and Martin Balsam. It is based upon the 1973 play of the same name written by John Chapman and Ray Cooney.
Plot
Adman Timothy Westerby (Smothers) throws his daughter's wedding day into chaos when he repeatedly hallucinates that he is seeing his "dream girl" (Twiggy), and refuses to leave her side.
On the rare occasions Westerby is coherent, the distraught bride (Fuller) has locked herself in her room, further delaying things.
Since Westerby is the only one who can see his "dreamgirl", this creates confusion with his wife (Sims) and father-in-law-to-be (Balsam), the latter of whom is a hot-tempered Texan prone to gun-toting tantrums.
Also, an important client (Backus) is expecting a new ad slogan for an important account starting yesterday, but Westerby is in no condition to deliver it.
The events of the film are dictated to a psychiatrist (Silvers) by a distraught patient (Stark), who was the wedding caterer and bewildered witness.
Cast
Tom Smothers – Timothy Westerby
Twiggy – Polly Perkins
Martin Balsam – Elmer Babcock
Sylvia Syms – Ursula Westerby
Michael Witney – Bill Shorter
Phil Silvers – Psychiatrist
Broderick Crawford – Petrol station attendant
Jim Backus – Mr Perkins
Hermione Baddeley – Daphne Drimond
Graham Stark – Bernardo Rossi
Geoffrey Sumner – Gerald Drimond
Toria Fuller – Judy Westerby
John Terry – Nicholas Babcock
Pedro Gonzalez Gonzalez – Mr Ramirez
Steve Franken – Church organist
References
External links
1980 films
1980 comedy films
Films based on works by Ray Cooney
Films directed by Terry Marcel
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
British comedy films
1980s English-language films
1980s British films |
Zemiropsis pulchrelineata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Babyloniidae.
References
pulchrelineata
Gastropods described in 1973 |
José Espinosa may refer to:
José Luis Espinosa, Mexican boxer
José Roberto Espinosa, Mexican commentator for American football
José Rangel Espinosa, Mexican politician
José Martín Espinosa de los Monteros, Spanish pilot and mathematics professor
José Luis Espinosa Piña, Mexican politician
José Miguel Espinosa, Spanish swimmer
See also
José Espinoza (disambiguation) |
Dr. Evelyn Lim is the founding dean of the Singapore Chapter of the American Guild of Organists. She has been one of the main driving forces behind the renaissance of organ music, both sacred and secular, in Singapore.
She earned her Bachelor's and Master's of Music, summa cum laude, in both Organ and Piano Performance from the University of Houston. Her Doctorate is from the University of Michigan, where she studied with the renowned Dr. Marilyn Mason. She has previously received awards including the American Guild of Organists (Houston) Memorial Prize in Organ Performance, the Power Performing Arts Award (1995) and the Palmer Christian Award.
Besides being the pipe organ master at Singapore's state of the art Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay, she also frequently performs both locally and internationally. She also accompanies the Celebration Chorus (an ecumenical community chorus), of which she is a founding member,
She teaches full-time at the Methodist School of Music and part-time at Singapore Bible College.
References
Singaporean classical organists
University of Houston alumni
University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women organists
21st-century organists
21st-century classical musicians
21st-century Singaporean musicians
21st-century women musicians |
Evelyn Omavowan Oboro (born 1971) is a Nigerian politician and member of the Federal House of Representative. She represented Okpe, Sapele and Uvwie constituency of Delta State in the 7th and 8th National Assembly. She was elected on the platform of the People's Democratic Party (PDP)
Education and career
She received the West Africa School Certificate at Alegbo Secondary School, Effurum in 1988 before she applied to study education in Delta State University where she obtained a Bachlor's degree in 1997. She hold a Master of Public Administration in 2002 and a degree in Law in 2009 from Delta State University.
References
Nigerian politicians
1972 births
Living people |
```python
#!/usr/bin/env python
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
from .base import MATCH_TAB_OPTION, ArgsType, Boss, PayloadGetType, PayloadType, RCOptions, RemoteCommand, ResponseType, Window
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from kitty.cli_stub import FocusTabRCOptions as CLIOptions
class FocusTab(RemoteCommand):
protocol_spec = __doc__ = '''
match/str: The tab to focus
'''
short_desc = 'Focus the specified tab'
desc = 'The active window in the specified tab will be focused.'
options_spec = MATCH_TAB_OPTION + '''
--no-response
type=bool-set
default=false
Don't wait for a response indicating the success of the action. Note that
using this option means that you will not be notified of failures.
'''
def message_to_kitty(self, global_opts: RCOptions, opts: 'CLIOptions', args: ArgsType) -> PayloadType:
return {'match': opts.match, 'no_response': opts.no_response}
def response_from_kitty(self, boss: Boss, window: Optional[Window], payload_get: PayloadGetType) -> ResponseType:
for tab in self.tabs_for_match_payload(boss, window, payload_get):
if tab:
boss.set_active_tab(tab)
break
return None
focus_tab = FocusTab()
``` |
Carbohydrate Polymers is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the entire scope of carbohydrate polymers and the research and exploitation of polysaccharides. The journal is published by Elsevier.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in several databases including:
Science Citation Index
Web of Science
Polymer Contents
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 10.723.
References
External links
Organic chemistry journals
Polymer science journals
Carbohydrate chemistry
Elsevier academic journals |
FC Espanya de Barcelona, was a Spanish Catalan football club based in Barcelona. They enjoyed a golden age during the 1910s and were Catalan champions three times during the decade. They were also Copa del Rey runners-up in 1914. By 1923 the club had changed its name to Gràcia FC and in 1932 it merged with CE Europa.
Founded by three students, Graells, Rossendo and Just, in September 1905, their first game was against an FC Barcelona second team. They were one of several football clubs to emerge with a reference to Spain in their title. Others in Barcelona included Hispania AC and Sociedad Española de Football, both formed in 1900. This latter club later became RCD Espanyol. Elsewhere Real Madrid was formed after a split with Club Español de Madrid and CD Español de Valladolid later merged into Real Valladolid. Other similar named clubs also emerged in Cadiz and Valencia.
Golden Age
FC Espanya made their debut in the Campionat de Catalunya during the 1907–08 season and during the 1910s they challenged the monopoly previously enjoyed by Barcelona and RCD Espanyol. During the 1912–13 season there was a split in the Royal Spanish Football Federation and rival competitions were organised in both the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey. FC Espanya won one version of the Campionat and then qualified for the Copa FEF. After beating Real Vigo Sporting in a preliminary round they then lost 1–0 to the eventual winners Racing de Irún in the semi-final.
1914 was the most successful year in the club's history. They won a reunited Campionat de Catalunya and then reached the 1914 Copa del Rey final where they lost 2–1 to Athletic Bilbao. They also won the Coupe de Pyrenées, a competition featuring the top teams from Languedoc, Le Midi, Aquitaine, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. In 1917 FC Espanya won a third Campionat de Catalunya and received a bye to the 1917 Copa del Rey semi-finals where it took the eventual winners Madrid FC four games to beat them.
Decline in the 1920s
In subsequent years the club went into decline and in 1920 they finished bottom of Category A of the Campionat de Catalunya and only survived relegation after winning a play-off against L’Avenç. However the following year they finished bottom again and this time they lost the play-off to the same club. In 1922 they were Category B champions but subsequently lost a play-off to RCD Espanyol.
Gràcia FC
In 1923 FC Espanya changed their name to Gràcia FC and under this name they were promoted to Category A in 1924. They survived in Category A until 1928 when they found themselves relegated once again. In 1931 Gràcia FC merged with CE Europa and briefly became known as Catalunya FC. However the merger of the two clubs was not a success and during the 1931-32 season Catalunya FC, with three games to go, were unable to complete their fixture list due to financial reasons. As a result, the fifteen games they had played in the Segunda División were annulled and the team were relegated to the Tercera División. The club then reverted to the name CE Europa in 1932.
Honours
Copa del Rey
Runners-Up: 1914: 1
Catalan Champions
Winners: 1912–13, 1913–14, 1916-17: 3
Runners-Up: 1909–10, 1911–12, 1915–16, 1917-18: 4
Pyrenees Cup
Winners: 1914: 1
Championat de Catalunya B
Winners: 1921-22: 1
1 seasons in Segunda División
References
Espanya
Espanya
Espanya
Espanya
Association football clubs disestablished in 1931
1905 establishments in Spain
1931 disestablishments in Spain |
Gorican may refer to:
Goričan, Croatia
Goriçan, a village in Albania |
High-commitment management is a management style that emphasizes personal responsibility, independence, and empowerment of employees across all levels instead of focusing on one higher power; it always intends to keep commitment at a high level by "calling all the shots."
A high-commitment system is uncommon in its job design and cultural structure. These practices emphasize getting the tasks completed, but in a way that their employees may be motivated to do so. According to Harvard Business School Professor Michael Beer, "leaders develop an organizational design, business processes, goals and measures, and capabilities that are aligned with a focused, winning strategy." This kind of environment allows employees to approach tasks with ease, wearing jeans instead of suits and staying home to watch their children get on the bus for school before coming to work. Technology also plays a role in this system. In the past decade or so, technology has broken and transformed barriers to communication, which gives the non-rigid structure of the high-commitment model a potential advantage. That father waiting for the bus can still answer phone calls and check emails for work, so is he working or is he spending time with his daughter? He can do both. As long as the job gets done, this system is casual about how it gets done, relieving employees of constant stress.
Many people believe that a flat organizational structure is one of the biggest contributors to success. Individuals are responsible for their own decision-making, and these decisions, their skills, and their performance contribute to their success. Instead of putting too much weight on the individual, "people are likely to see the locus of control coming from "within" through the adoption of self-created demands and pressures as opposed to external and making them feel subordinate." While these companies allow each employee to be a manager in their own way and try not to distinguish structure by promoting higher levels of employment, it doesn’t mean that they lack these higher powers entirely; under this system, people aren’t relying on general managers, CEOs, or other employees to do their work for them. This personal discipline is what drives the employees to help the company be successful. and eliminates the “Why would I want to help my company become better if I know I’m just going to get yelled at?” mentality.
Another focus of high-commitment practices is their employee relationships. They only hire people who are flexible, determined, and willing to handle challenges. Because this system relies on individual performance, there is a lot of emphasis on hiring the right people for the job. The detailed recruitment process can consist of many interviews with a variety of members of the company, an induction course, and, in some cases, team-building exercises. Once found, the right employees help create a strong bond and high level of trust throughout the entire company.
High commitment Workplaces are successful through their reliance on an individual's responsibility in order to help the team improve. By creating a culture that motivates individuals to want to succeed while sustaining high commitment, "these firms stand out by having achieved long periods of excellence."
History
High-commitment management firms are designed by their founders or transformational chief executives to achieve sustained high levels of commitment from employees. The application of high-commitment management in firms today originated from an alignment of the employees’ and the firm's missions. Sociologistsattribute this congruence as a product of performance and psychological collaboration between the firm and its employees. Since its initial developments, high-commitment management has been driven by self-regulated behavior and performance-driven group dynamics. Contrary to top-down leadership practices, high-commitment management took form as leaders engaged and listened to people, allowing ideas from different levels of the organization to push the firm forward.
Self-directed work teams
In a study of illumination in the workplace of Hawthorne and the Western Electric Company, Elton Mayo, a sociologist from Harvard Business School, concluded that when the organization established experimental work groups, “the individuals became a team and the team gave itself wholeheartedly and spontaneously to cooperation.” Through a natural system of collaboration, the teams are not only responsible for the work but also the management of their group. Mayo's research uncovered that teams under their own direction established a capacity for self-motivated learning and change. This concept of designing the work system with the full participation of the people proved to be a breakthrough for organizations during the 1990s. During that time, employees closest to the product and customer began to have increasing decision making capacities and capabilities.
Interview programs
The Hawthorne Experiments sought to determine a correlation between light levels and productivity. Researchers had divided the employees into teams of six and interviewed the individuals to determine the effect of the lighting. Mayo discovered that the interview program set up by the study inherently gave the employees a sense of higher purpose. Exposure of employee thoughts and concerns to managers appeared to be a fundamental aspect of the relation between managers and employees. Evidently, by having the ability to speak to their managers, the employees at Western Electric exhibited a dramatic improvement in their attitudes towards work. Essential to a highly committed work force, the interview program formally developed and sustained cooperation with management.
Problem-solving teams
The Hawthorne experiment further highlighted that teams working without coercion from above or limitation from below could astonish even their own expectations of themselves. Sociologist Fritz Roethlisberger argued that this informal organization left the team responsible for addressing the myriad of problems that continuously arose. Roethlisberger noted by studying the chemistry of informal groups that human interactions and collaboration have the potential to set when teams have to face problems on their own. Together, the individuals of the team strive to improve the processes of the team by adapting to different demands and learning from each other.
Cross training
Cross-training began to be heavily examined within the scope of modern Japanese management in the automobile industry in the 1970s. Sociologists examined the way in which the Japanese automobile firms cross-trained their employees through a company-wide orientation and training program. As Japanese firms trained their employees in a multitude of aspects of the production process, sociologists discovered that the training brought the employees together and formed a connection in which all the employees were dedicated to the company's mission. These established connections appeared to solicit cooperation among the work force. The Japanese auto plants revealed that flexibility within the production teams allowed employees to work on their own tasks while keeping others efficient.
Difference from other management strategies
High-commitment practices are spin-offs from the natural system of managements. Like other management strategies in the natural system of management, High-commitment practices assume natural theories of motivation rather than the considerably different rational theories of motivation.
Because most management strategies before High Commitment practices assumed rational theories of motivation, high-commitment practices differ from these strategies in three primary aspects.
Employee motivation
In terms of methods of motivating workers, differences between High Commitment Practices and strategies from the rational system of management are extreme. The rational system of management focuses on either punishments or incentives. For example, the earliest form of rational management, direct control, encourages employee productivity by having supervisors oversee the production process and punish workers who are not producing enough outputs. Another form of rational management, bureaucratic control, encourages productivity through career incentives like bonuses and promotions. However, High Commitment Practices, unlike any rational management, aim to stimulate productivity by encouraging employee commitment to the institution. For example, Data General, a corporation which advocates High Commitment Practices, manages to make employees love their tasks and grow attached to the corporation so much that many employees elect to work twelve hours, four more than Data General prescribes. Contrary to rational management, High Commitment Practices attempt to create scenarios in which employees aspire to deliver their best efforts.
Employee control
High Commitment Practices also differ from practices in the rational management system with regards to employee control. The rational system of management discourages job autonomy, believing that such freedom will only lower productivity because employees will elect not to work. For example, in scientific management and Fordism, employees are micro-managed- they are given specific instructions on how to perform certain tasks. However, High Commitment Practices encourage job autonomy, creativity, and innovation, all of which institutions with High Commitment Practices believe will increase job satisfaction and commitment leading to increased outputs. While the rational system of management attempts to micro-manage employees, High Commitment Practices greatly encourage independence.
Influence on corporate structure
With respect to corporate structure, institutions employing rational management and institutions employing high commitment practices also differ. Institutions with rational management tend to have a steep hierarchy with many ranks between floor-workers and executives. For example, institutions employing bureaucratic control often have one entry level at the bottom of the hierarchy, and new recruits slowly work their ways up the seemingly endless ladder. Because these institutions have a steep hierarchy, those near the bottom of the chain are often alienated from higher ups Consequently, relationship between executives and workers are minimal. However, institutions which employ High Commitment Practices have fairly flat hierarchy and intra-firm networking is easy. As a result, most employees readily develop attachment to their on-job peers, bosses, and the institution, increasing their commitment. While the rational system of management maintains distance between executive and lower employees, High Commitment Practices foster good relationship between the two.
Other natural managements
While high-commitment practices are similar to other strategies in the system, particularly in the Human Relations School, in terms of the three aspects previously discussed, their goals are different. Although both attempt to increase job satisfaction and make employees feel valued, High Commitment Practices seeks to make employees feel attached to their institutions, while the Human Relations School simply seeks to make employees aspire to work because of the satisfaction gained from contributing outputs.
Google
With the significant shift in the way firms are motivating their employees in recent years, many companies are beginning to realize that having a “strong corporate culture” is an important ingredient in organizational success. Employee commitment is “replacing traditional controls such as direct supervision and bureaucratic arrangements.” No longer do these high commitment workplaces rely on their CEOs to force the workers to produce, but instead, these workers are self-motivated to bring their best to the company.
One company that follows this high commitment model is Google. A little over a decade ago, Google was an unknown. Today, Google not only refers to the multinational corporation which provides Internet-related products and services, but it has also become a common verb many use every day—“just Google it.” What sets Google apart from many companies, however, is its unique corporate culture. Founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, the two men wanted Google to be a place where people would enjoy work. The company's philosophies, which include principles such as “work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun” and “you can be serious without a suit”, are consistent with its innovative and informal environment.
In terms of organization, Google maintains “a casual and democratic atmosphere, resulting in its distinction as a ‘Flat’ company.” In its earlier years, Google had a fairly informal product-development system. Ideas moved upwards from “Googlers” without any formal review process from senior managers, and teams working on innovative projects were kept small. However, with the continuing expansion of the company, Google now holds weekly, all-hands (‘TGIF’) meetings at which employees ask questions directly to Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and other executives about any number of company issues. This is consistent with the idea that high commitment work systems “typically involve practices that enhance communication across organizational levels.” In addition, employees are encouraged to propose wild, ambitious ideas, and supervisors are assigned small teams to test if these ideas will work. Teams are made up of members with equal authority—“there is no top-down hierarchy”—and nearly everyone at Google carries a generic job title, such as “product manager.”
Google hires those who are “smart and determined,” and it favours “ability over experience.” In an interview on the company's corporate culture and hiring, Eric Schmidt, Google's executive chairman, stressed the importance of evaluating potential hires’ passions and commitments in addition to their technical qualifications. He said that “people are going to do what they’re going to do, and you (company, leader) just assist them.” Google does not believe that its job is to manage the company; instead, it believes that its greatest task is to hire the right people. And once the company has those people, it “will see a building of ‘self-initiative’ behaviour”—one of the important characteristics of people working in high commitment workplaces. As a result, all engineers at Google are allotted 20 percent of their time to work on their own ideas—some of which yield public offerings, such as Google News and Orkut, a social networking website.
Implementation difficulties and disadvantages
While there is substantial evidence that high commitment management practices have many benefits to the efficiency and well-being of the workplace as seen above, there are some disadvantages and difficulties found in the system.
Much of the research presenting strong evidence of success with high commitment management practices may actually be due to confounding variables. An example of this can be seen in research by Burton and O’Reilly who suggested that the benefits seen from high commitment practices may not be due to the practices themselves, but may result from on overarching system architecture or organizational logic. Another possibility they suggested was that good managers themselves pick this form of managing practice and therefore good managers may be a confounding variable. Thus it is possible that the relative success of these practices is in fact a result of reasons other than the practices themselves.
In the process of becoming a workplace with high commitment management practices, the transition can be difficult and in order to gain the full benefits of such practices full implementation is required. All companies must go through a transitioning stage from their previous form of management to high commitment management practices, however not all of the changes can be made at once. This transition can often be difficult for managers to find the right balance between enough and too much worker influence and change the management philosophy along with the practices. Full implementation of high commitment management practices is required in order to receive the full benefits of the system, and therefore during the transition period firms may not experience positive changes right away, which may provide disincentives for continuing the transition. This may explain why very few firms in the US have comprehensive commitment practices.
High-commitment management practices are currently considered a universal approach seen to be effective in all firms, however the best form of management for a firm with a price-sensitive, high-volume commodity market will differ from a firm with a high-quality, low-volume market. This has been seen within the private and public sectors, where only some high-commitment management practices in the private sector have the same benefits in the public sector and the entire program cannot be transported. Managers may also face difficulty when implementing high commitment management practices as they face a tension between a consistent approach using the same practices throughout the entire workforce or adjusting their practices based on specific needs of different groups. As workforces become more diverse, this tension may become more pronounced.
While it has been proven that workers feel positively towards high commitment management practices, it is also admitted that these practices portray workers as a resource or commodity that will be exploited by the organization. Therefore, even though positive effects have been shown, these practices are also seen as another management initiative to try to gain greater control and efficiency from employees. Therefore, these practices are still exploiting the worker. Workers do express excessive pressure and high insecurity when high commitment management practices are implemented. However, even though companies may have high commitment practices, which in itself mean companies will have little employee flexibility, if the nature of the company is such that they embrace change, then it is possible for these to coexist.
Therefore, while there are many benefits proven to exist as a result of high commitment management practices, there are also disadvantages and difficulties incurred by management.
References
Management systems |
The Medford Oregon Temple is the 79th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
The Medford Oregon Temple is located midway between the Oakland California and Portland Oregon temples. As of 2010 it served nine stakes in northern California and Oregon.
History
The Medford Oregon Temple was announced on March 27, 1999.
During the temple's open house nearly 35,000 people toured the building, James E. Faust, Second Counselor in the church's First Presidency, dedicated the Medford Oregon Temple on April 16, 2000.
The Medford Oregon Temple has a total floor area of , two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms and a baptistry. The temple address is 3900 Grant Rd. Central Point Oregon 97502.
See also
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Oregon
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
References
External links
Official Medford Oregon Temple page
Medford Oregon Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
Buildings and structures in Jackson County, Oregon
Central Point, Oregon
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 2000
Temples (LDS Church) in Oregon
Tourist attractions in Jackson County, Oregon
2000 establishments in Oregon
21st-century Latter Day Saint temples in the United States |
Hagerstrom or Hägerström is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Axel Hägerström (1868–1939), Swedish philosopher and jurist
James P. Hagerstrom (1921–1994), American Air Force pilot
See also
Hager
Swedish-language surnames |
Dr. Vijai Shukla (born 23 March 1948) is an Indian-Danish food scientist, researcher and professor in lipidology, and a central figure in the study of essential fatty acids. He is also the president of the International Food Science Center based in Denmark, Fellow of the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) and adjunct professor to the Department of Food Science and Nutrition at University of Minnesota.
Career
Shukla gained his master's degree in Organic Chemistry in 1969 from the University of Allahabad and his Ph.D. in 1973 from the same university. Subsequently, he received a post-doctoral UNESCO award and did work first at the Charles University in Prague and then in 1975 at the Institute of Neurochemistry in Experimental Life Sciences in Copenhagen, and at the Federal Centre for Lipid Research in Münster, Germany.
In 1979 he was appointed R&D manager by then Aarhus Oliefabrik (now AarhusKarlshamn), a leading company in the manufacture of vegetable oils and specialty fats. In 1990 he joined Karlshamn as Research Director, and started his own company in 1991, IFSC, of which he is still President.
Shukla's research includes both the field of physical phenomena and the mechanisms of autoxidation, isolation of lipids, spectral phenomena related to lipids (e.g. pulsed Nuclear magnetic resonance), modern analytical methodology, and involvement of essential fatty acids in health and disease such as multiple sclerosis and Batten Disease where he has made significant scientific contributions.
Shukla has authored close to 120 peer-reviewed papers, reviews and book chapters, and 15 books. He was the Associate Editor for the peer-reviewed journal INFORM from 1989–97 and remains Associate Editor of the Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society and of Lipid Technology.
In 1996 he received the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) Herbert Dutton Award for "significant contributions to analytical methodologies" and was given the prestigious Stephen S. Chang Award in 2002 for "decisive accomplishments in research for the improvement or development of products related to lipids".
Shukla has, apart from his engagement in basic science, also focused continuously on the translation of knowledge gained into industrial applications and commercial enterprise. In 1996 he established a refinery in the Netherlands, and demonstrated that total oxidation can be arrested during processing, and resulting speciality fats of extremely fresh quality can be delivered to customers in the scale of 500-1000 tonnes per shipment. Another achievement is the encapsulation of high amounts of essential PUFA of fish or plant origin combined with natural antioxidant systems to be used as nutritional supplement and as additive in cosmetic formulations. In 2005 he was bestowed by the AOCS with the status of Fellow, awarded to members of the AOCS whose achievements in science entitle them to "exceptionally important recognition", and who have rendered “unusually important service to the society or to their profession".
Prior to his current position as adjunct professor to the Department of Food Science and Nutrition at the University of Minnesota, Dr. Shukla held the position as adjunct professor to the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign for 10 years.
Recently, Shukla has developed a designer oil by the name of Nutridan, containing high amounts of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. The oils used are of vegetable origin, and extracted by physical means. The oil is used both as a health supplement and in cooking, and is novel because of its solvent-free nature, not being derived from fish origin as many similar oils, and being high in natural antioxidants.
Qualitree / Cosmeceuticals
Prof. Vijai Shukla and International Food Science Centre are active members of QualiTree, a research-based tree oil production in West Africa, that aims to reduce proverty by increasing food security and income in Burkina Faso and Mali, through sustainable growth and development of local industrial food production and marketing of oil products from native trees.
Selected articles
Shukla, V. K. S.; Clausen, J.: Linoleate and fatty acids pattern of serum lipids in Multiple Sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand.. 57, 270, 1978.
Shukla, V. K. S.; Srivastava, K. C.: Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and serum lipid pattern: A comparison between Indian immigrants and Danes. Z. Ernarungswissenschaft, 17, 240, 1978.
Shukla, V. K. S.; Spener, F.: High performance liquid chromatography of triglycerides of Flacourtiaceae seed oils containing cyclopentenyl fatty acids (chaulmoogric oils). J. Chromatog. 348, 441, 1985.
Shukla, V. K. S.: Application of high performance liquid chromatography for evaluation of lipid structures. J. Dispersion Science and Technology, 10, 581, 1989.
Shukla, V. K. S.; Perkins, E. G.: The presence of oxidative polymeric materials in encapsulated fish oils. Lipids. Vol. 26, No. 1, 1991.
MSK Syed Rahmatullah, Shukla, V. K. S., Mukherjee, K.D.: Enrichment of ␣-Linolenic Acid from Evening Primrose Oil and Borage Oil via Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis. JAOCS. Vol. 71, no. 6 (June 1994).
"The Role of Dietary Fats and Oils". Fats, Oleochemicals and Surfactants. Challenges in the 21st Century. V.V.S. Mani and A.D. Shitole. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. Ltd. OTAI, 1997.
Shukla, V. K. S.: "Chocolate – The Chemistry of Pleasure". INFORM, Vol. 8, no. 2 (February 1997).
Shukla, V. K. S.; Kragballe, K: Exotic Butters and Cosmetic Lipids. INFORM, Vol. 9, no. 5 (May 1998).
Shukla, V. K. S.; Bhattacharya, K.: Mango Butter in Cosmetic Formulations. Cosmetic & Toiletries, Vol. 117, no. 6 (June 2002)
Shukla, V. K. S.: A designer oil for better health. INFORM, Vol. No. 14 (June 2003).
Shukla, V. K. S.; Bhattacharya, K.: Extending the shelf life of cosmetic products through novel stabilisation of exotic butters and oils, SÖFW-Journal Seifen, Öle, Fette, Wachse, 129, Jahrgang 9- 2003.
Shukla, V. K. S.; Bhattacharya, K.: the Magic of Rosemary. Oils & Fats International, January 2004
Shukla V. K. S.: Designing natural cosmetics through the dynamics of naturally derived lipids. INFORM, Vol. 15, no. 4 (April 2004)
Shukla V. K. S.; Bhattacharya K.: Enhancing the Stability of Natural Oils and Butters with Rosemary Extracts. Cosmetic & Toiletries, Vol. 119, no. 5 (May 2004).
Shukla V. K. S.: The Challenges of Skin Care. INFORM, Vol. 15 no. 5 (May 2004)
Shukla V. K. S.: New Horizons in the Development of Natural Oils and Butters as Cosmetic Ingredients. Cosmetic Science Technology (2005)
Shukla V. K. S.: Innovative Organic Lipids in Filtering the Chemistry in Cosmeceuticals. Cosmetic Science Technology (2009)
Shukla, V. K. S., Le Poole, Hendrik A.C.: Review of Some Unconventional Tree Seed Oils from Africa for Application in Cosmetics, Cosmetic Science Technology (2010)
Shukla, V. K. S.; Nielsen, S.: Novel Introduction of Spice and Fruit Butters and Oils in Cosmetic Applications. Cosmetic Science Technology (2012)
Shukla V. K. S.; Nielsen, S.: Enhancing the Value of Cosmeceuticals Through Internally Stabilised Spice Formulations. Cosmetic Science Technology (2013)
Shukla V. K. S.; Nielsen, S.: Studies in the Evaluation of Unconvenional Oils from Burkina Faso - Part One: Rich in Oleic Acid (C18:1 n-9). Cosmetic Science Technology (2014)
References
1948 births
University of Minnesota faculty
University of Allahabad alumni
Danish scientists
Living people
Food scientists |
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