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Douglas Abbott Macgregor (born January 4, 1947) is a retired U.S. Army colonel and government official, and an author, consultant, and television commentator. He led an early tank battle in the Gulf War and was a top planner in the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. His 1997 book Breaking the Phalanx argued for radical reforms inside the Army. His thinking contributed to the US strategy in its 2003 invasion of Iraq.
After leaving the military in 2004, he became more politically active. In 2020, President Donald Trump proposed Macgregor as ambassador to Germany, but the Senate blocked the nomination. On November 11, 2020, a Pentagon spokesperson announced that Macgregor had been hired to serve as Senior Advisor to the Acting Secretary of Defense, a post he held for less than three months. Trump also appointed him to the board of West Point Academy, his alma mater, but the appointment was terminated by President Joe Biden. Macgregor regularly contributes to Fox News and has appeared on the Russian state-funded channel RT. His commentary has been noted for disparaging Ukraine, immigrants and refugees.
Early life and education
Macgregor was educated at the Wm. Penn Charter School in Philadelphia and at the Virginia Military Institute, and graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point with a BS in general engineering in 1976. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Virginia in international relations in 1987.
Military career
Macgregor was the "squadron operations officer who essentially directed the Battle of 73 Easting" during the Gulf War. Facing an Iraqi Republican Guard opponent, he was part of a contingent of 19 Abrams, 26 Bradley Fighting Vehicles and four M1064 mortar carriers through the sandstorm to the 73 Easting on February 26, 1991, and in a 23-minute battle destroyed almost 70 Iraqi armored vehicles with no U.S. casualties. He was at the front center of the formation with Eagle Troop on the right and Ghost Troop on the left. Macgregor designated Eagle Troop the main attack and positioned himself to its left. Eagle Troop Scouts subsequently followed Macgregor's tank through a minefield during which his crew destroyed two enemy tanks. As Macgregor was firing from the front line, he didn't "request artillery support or report events to superiors until the battle was virtually over, according to one of his superior officers", taking risks which "could have been criticized had the fight turned ugly".
Macgregor was "one of the Army's leading thinkers on innovation", according to journalist Thomas E. Ricks. He "became prominent inside the Army" when his book Breaking the Phalanx was published in 1997, arguing for radical reforms. Breaking the Phalanx was rare in that an active duty military author was challenging the status quo with detailed reform proposals for the reorganization of U.S. Army ground forces. The head of the Army, United States General Dennis Reimer, passed out copies of the book, but its reforms failed to win the support of the general officer corps. It advocated that "the Army restructure itself into modularly organized, highly mobile, self-contained, combined arms teams that look extraordinarily like the Marine Corps' Air Ground Task Forces". His article "Thoughts on Force Design in an Era of Shrinking Defense Budgets" was published in the Israeli Dado Center Journal.
Many of Macgregor's colleagues thought his unconventional thinking may have harmed his chances for promotion. While an Army NTC official called him "the best war fighter the Army has got," colleagues of Macgregor were concerned that "the Army is showing it prefers generals who are good at bureaucratic gamesmanship to ones who can think innovatively on the battlefield," and some saw him as too blunt or arrogant. Despite his top post-Gulf War NTC showing, his Army career was sidelined. The summer of 1997 marked the third time the Army refused to put him in command of a combat brigade, "a virtual death warrant for his Army career, relegating him to staff jobs as a colonel for the remainder of his service".
Macgregor was the top planner for General Wesley Clark, the military commander of NATO, for its 1999 intervention in Yugoslavia.
In the fall of 2001, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, who had read Breaking the Phalanx, insisted that General Tommy Franks and his planning staff meet with Colonel Macgregor on January 16–17, 2002 to discuss a concept for intervention in Iraq involving the use of an armored heavy force of roughly 50,000 troops in a no warning attack straight into Baghdad.
Macgregor left the Army in June 2004.
Post-military career
Macgregor is the vice president of Burke-Macgregor, LLC, a consulting firm based in Reston, Virginia.
In 2012, he challenged general James F. Amos' stance on the United States Marine Corps. Macgregor argued that the military capability and pertinence of the Marines, along with Army's XVIII Airborne Corps, made them both "as relevant as the Army's horse cavalry in the 1930s". In 2014, he stated that U.S. Army is designed to benefit four-star generals, not brigade readiness.
Macgregor has appeared as a regular guest on Fox News, with at least 60 Fox weekday appearances from August 2017 to early 2022, including 48 on Tucker Carlson's show. Carlson regularly praised Macgregor, describing him as "our first choice for foreign policy analysis" and "one of the people we trust to give us real information". According to Media Matters for America, it was this which put Macgregor on the radar of President Donald Trump. In May 2019, on the Carlson show, Macgregor urged Trump to replace senior national security officials, describing them as "part of this bipartisan globalist elite".
When John Bolton was removed from the White House in September 2019, Macgregor was one of five finalists under consideration for selection as President Trump's National Security Advisor.
In 2019, Aviv Kochavi, Chief of the Israeli Defense Force General Staff made MacGregor's 2003 book, Transformation under Fire, required reading for high-ranking officers. On February 17, 2020, Macgregor traveled to Israel to meet with the IDF General Staff and many of its senior officers to discuss General Kohavi's ongoing initiative to transform the IDF for future warfighting missions in the 21st century.
In April 2020, Macgregor was reportedly Trump's second choice candidate to succeed John Rood as undersecretary of defense for policy, a position given instead to fellow Fox contributor Anthony Tata. According to Politico, Defense Secretary Mark Esper expressed reservations about him.
U.S. Ambassador to Germany nomination
On July 27, 2020, the White House announced Donald Trump's intent to nominate Macgregor as U.S. Ambassador to Germany. The nomination was controversial because of Macgregor's past public statements. He had asserted that Muslim immigrants (referred to as "Muslim invaders") come to Europe "with the goal of eventually turning Europe into an Islamic state". He had argued that the German concept of Vergangenheitsbewältigung, used to cope with Germany's Nazi past and its atrocities during World War II, was a "sick mentality". Macgregor had said that martial law should be instituted on the U.S.-Mexico border and argued for the extrajudicial execution of those who cross the border at unofficial ports of entry.
His nomination stalled in the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. On January 3, 2021, his nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate.
Senior Advisor to the Acting Secretary of Defense
On November 11, 2020, a Pentagon spokesperson announced that Macgregor had been hired by President Trump to serve as senior advisor to the new Acting Secretary of Defense Christopher Miller, as part of a sweeping change in senior defence staffing. At the time, Macgregor was an advocate of U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, a Trump policy opposed by the defence establishment. His appointment was welcomed by Senator Rand Paul, who described Macgregor as his friend. The appointment caused controversy due to Macgregor's history of comments against refugees. He held the post until Trump left office in January 2021.
West Point appointment
In December 2020, President Trump appointed Macgregor to a three-year term on the advisory board of the United States Military Academy at West Point, his alma mater. Because of the allegations of xenophobia made against him, the appointment was opposed by West Point's Black alumni organization and board member Tammy Duckworth, among others. His appointment was terminated by President Joe Biden in September 2021.
Views
Iraq War
In 2004, Macgregor stated that he strongly supported the US war in Iraq, and regretted that the US had not enacted regime change in Iraq in 1991. During the beginning of the Iraq War, Macgregor disagreed with those who wanted to slow the advance into Baghdad in order to fight Fedayeen paramilitary forces. In 2006, after seven retired generals criticized then Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld's handling of the war, Macgregor faulted the generals themselves for poor war planning and the resulting complications in Iraq. In 2008, Macgregor stated that he would argue that American military action in Iraq and Afghanistan "has produced very serious and negative consequences for American national-security interests". Macgregor's 2009 book, Warrior's Rage: The Great Tank Battle of 73 Easting, argues that the failure to finish the battle with the Republican Guard in 1991 led to Iraq's second major confrontation with the United States in 2003.
Macgregor says that David Petraeus, Martin Dempsey, and other generals consistently exaggerated or falsified the effectiveness of the Iraqi army because "the generals were simply cultivating their Bush administration sponsors in pursuit of further promotion".
By 2020, his website called the war in Iraq a failure.
"Underclass" and slavery
In a 2013 radio appearance, Macgregor spoke of an "entitled" "underclass" of people that were concentrated in "large urban areas", and the threat he said they posed: "And when the food stamps stop, when the free services end, when the heating bills aren't paid and the heating doesn't come through in many of these large cities—Chicago, Philadelphia, New York, Washington, Baltimore, St. Louis, Detroit, New Orleans, San Francisco, Los Angeles—this underclass that resides in these places, I think could become very violent."
In 2019, he argued for the myth that there were more white, mostly Irish "slaves" than African slaves in America in the late 1700s.
Immigration
A CNN report in 2020 said Macgregor had often used racist comments and had "demonized immigrants and refugees". It quoted Macgregor as alleging that Mexican cartels were "driving millions of Mexicans with no education, no skills and the wrong culture into the United States". It noted that Macgregor had "repeatedly advocated instituting martial law at the US-Mexico border and to 'shoot people' if necessary". Another CNN report said he had described Muslim migrants in Europe as "unwanted invaders", arriving "with the goal of eventually turning Europe into an Islamic state".
In 2019, on the Conservative Commandos radio show, Macgregor alleged that George Soros was financing the transportation of foreigners to the United States, purportedly to destroy American culture; he made similar claims about Soros on Lou Dobbs' Fox show. In April 2021, on Frank Morano's radio show, Macgregor blamed the Democratic Party for non-European immigration purportedly to "outnumber the numbers of Americans of European ancestry". Such comments by Macgregor were described by Maddow Blog, Media Matters for America, and Insider as a version of Great Replacement Theory.
Kosovo War
In 2014, Macgregor went on Russian state-owned RT and criticized U.S. intervention in the Kosovo War in the late 1990s. He described the results of US intervention in Kosovo as to "put, essentially, a Muslim drug mafia in charge of that country".
NATO
In a 2016 presentation to military students, Macgregor said that "old alliances like NATO may vanish", arguing that it is "time to reexamine U.S. investment in 'allies' that are doing too little to secure their own sovereign interests" and that the "Cold War ended 27 years ago".
Israel
Macgregor has made statements in support of Israel having defensible borders, the annexation of the Golan Heights, and the decision to move the U.S. embassy to Jerusalem. On several occasions he has said that U.S. support for Israel is due to the "Israeli lobby" making top officials "very, very rich".
Ukraine and Russia
2014 Russian annexation of Crimea
In 2014, after the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and during a conflict with Ukraine over its eastern parts, Macgregor appeared on Russian state-owned network RT where he called for annexation of Donbas and said residents of the region "are in fact Russians, not Ukrainians, and at the same time, you have Ukrainians in the west and in the north, who are not Russians".
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
After Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Macgregor appeared on three Fox News programs in February and early March to speak in support of Russia's actions. Three days after the war began, he said "The battle in eastern Ukraine is really almost over," and predicted "If [Ukraine] don't surrender in the next 24 hours, I suspect Russia will ultimately annihilate them." Macgregor said he believed Russia should be allowed to seize whatever parts of Ukraine it wanted. In his second appearance, he revised his prediction: "The first five days Russian forces I think frankly were too gentle. They've now corrected that. So, I would say another 10 days this should be completely over... I think the most heroic thing he could do right now is come to terms with reality. Neutralize Ukraine." After one of his appearances, Macgregor's comments were characterized by veteran Fox News Pentagon correspondent Jennifer Griffin as "distorting" and "appeasement" and that he was being an "apologist" for Putin. After Griffin's remarks, Tucker Carlson — who hosted Macgregor on two successive nights — remarked, "Unlike many of the so-called reporters you see on television, he is not acting secretly as a flack for Lloyd Austin at the Pentagon. No, Doug Macgregor is an honest man." Trey Gowdy, another Fox News host who interviewed Macgregor, said his viewpoint was "stunning and disappointing".
Russian state television channels RT and VGTRK broadcast excerpts of Macgregor's second Carlson appearance, which included a characterization of Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy as a "puppet," that Russian forces had been "too gentle" in the early days of the invasion and that Russian president Vladimir Putin was being "demonized" by the United States and NATO. His opinions on Russia and Ukraine have caused controversy, with some including Liz Cheney describing Macgregor as being a member of the "Putin wing of the GOP."
In a fourth appearance in early March, Macgregor said a ceasefire was close as Ukrainian forces had been "grounded to bits. There's no question about that despite what we report on our mainstream media". He also defended Russia's invasion in an interview on The Grayzone, saying Putin had taken great care with civilians and this was delaying his victory.
In July 2022, on Real America's Voice he told Charlie Kirk that: "The war, with the exception of Kharkiv and Odesa, as far as the Russians are concerned is largely over. There is no intention to do anything else because the Russians don’t have a very large army... This nonsense that Putin wants to conquer all of Ukraine was never true. All he ever did in the Minsk agreement was ask that Russian speakers, Russian citizens inside Ukraine be treated equally before the law. That they not be penalized for being Russians."
In September 2022, he again predicted on Carlson's show that “this war may be over soon” and later in the month "the Ukrainian army is bled white, tens of thousands of Ukrainian troops have been killed or wounded, Ukraine is really on the ropes". Liz Cheney tweeted in response: "Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch - Why do you continually put Douglas MacGregor on @FoxNews to spread Putin's propaganda and lies? This is absolutely not in America's interest."
"Cosmopolitans" trope
In an October 2021 speech to the Serbian American Voters Alliance, Macgregor blamed America's problems on what "the Russians used to call certain individuals many, many years ago, rootless cosmopolitans". Commentators noted that "rootless cosmopolitans" was a Soviet antisemitic trope.
Women in combat
Macgregor opposes diversity or affirmative action programmes in the military. He is opposed to women serving in combat. In a 2021 interview, while serving on the West Point board, he said: "What we call diversity—in the extreme. In other words, affirmative action programs for every conceivable category of humanity that the left wants to come up with. Whether it's someone who is a gender neutral or homosexual or whatever else, the left loves to put us into categories and push this. And the people that went along with it and said, 'sure, let's put women into the combat forces. Let's have women everywhere.' Let's do whatever we want to do. We're going to create this brave new world where everyone is the same. There are no differences, nothing matters. So I think that's where we are."
Select bibliography
Breaking the Phalanx: A New Design for Landpower in the 21st Century, Westport (CT): Praeger, 1997, .
Transformation Under Fire: Revolutionizing How America Fights, Westport (CT): Praeger, 2003, .
Warrior's Rage: The Great Tank Battle of 73 Easting, Annapolis (MD): Naval Institute Press, 2009, .
Margin of Victory: Five Battles that Changed the Face of Modern War, Annapolis (MD): Naval Institute Press, 2016, .
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Douglas Macgregor's webpage
Participated in panel discussion, Facing the Future: Writing on War in the 21st Century at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library
Discussion of his book Warrior's Rage: the Great Tank Battle of the 73 Easting at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library
1947 births
American military writers
American people of Scottish descent
Living people
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
Trump administration personnel
United States Army colonels
United States Army personnel of the Gulf War
United States Department of Defense officials
United States Military Academy alumni
Virginia Military Institute alumni
William Penn Charter School alumni |
Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome (PLS), also known as palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis, is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in cathepsin C.
Presentation
PLS is characterized by periodontitis and palmoplantar keratoderma. The severe destruction of periodontium results in loss of most primary teeth by the age of 4 and most permanent teeth by age 14. Hyperkeratosis of palms and soles of feet appear in first few years of life. Destructions of periodontium follows almost immediately after the eruption of last molar tooth. The teeth are involved in roughly the same order in which they erupt.
Cause
Mutations in the cathepsin C gene (CTSC), located at human chromosome 11q14.1-q14.3, are the cause of PLS. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome (chromosome 11 is an autosome), and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder.
Diagnosis
Early diagnosis and treatment is important to allow for prompt treatment to prevent long-term consequences such as tooth loss.
A diagnosis can be made by a urine analysis for low/no activity of the enzyme cathepsin C.
A full patient history and identification of characteristic physical symptoms is another way to identify this syndrome. However, often the symptoms are visually similar to other, milder, conditions, and it is only with the eruption of infant teeth that tissue degeneration or inflammation become apparent, often in conjunction with a sudden abnormality of skin colour. Another physical diagnosis is to identify abnormal accumulation of calcium within the skull.
Genetic testing at the molecular level can look for alterations in the CTSC gene which are known to cause Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome, however this diagnostic service is only available at specialized laboratories.
Treatment
In 2006, retinoids and antibiotics have been used with a successful dental maintenance for one year. In the past, only extraction of all teeth and construction of a complete denture were made.
An alternative to rehabilitation with conventional dental prothesis after total loss of the natural teeth was proposed by Drs. Ahmad Alzahaili and his teacher Jean-François Tulasne (developer of the partial bone graft technique used). This approach entails transplanting bone extracted from the cortical external surface of the parietal bone to the patient's mouth, affording the patient the opportunity to lead a normal life.
Notwithstanding this treatment does not scope the disease itself. Actually, it is the repositioning of bone from calvaria to the maxillary bones, and placement of dental implants in a completely edentulous maxilla when the patient has already lost all teeth. An already developed method to reconstruct maxillae in edentulous elderly people by other dental professionals.
There's still no real treatment to help those with this disease to keep all their natural teeth, though their exfoliation and loss can be delayed.
The maintenance of teeth is done by dental professionals with a procedure called scaling and root planing with the use of systemic antibiotics. The syndrome should be diagnosed as earlier as possible, so the teeth can be kept longer in the mouth, helping the development of the maxillary bones.
Eponym
It is named for M. M. Papillon and Paul Lefèvre.
See also
Porokeratosis plantaris discreta
List of cutaneous conditions
List of dental abnormalities associated with cutaneous conditions
References
External links
Autosomal recessive disorders
Syndromes affecting the skin
Rare syndromes
Genodermatoses
Palmoplantar keratodermas
Congenital defects of phagocyte number, function, or both
Syndromes affecting teeth |
Ama-arḫuš was a Mesopotamian goddess associated with compassion and healing or epithet of goddesses designating them as compassionate.
Name and character
Ama-arḫuš can be translated from Sumerian as "compassionate mother". The variant Nin-ama-arḫuššu, "lady compassionate mother", is also attested. Sporadic addition of the sign NIN to preexisting names of deities as a prefix is a well attested phenomenon in Mesopotamian sources, with other examples including Nin-Aya, Nin-Aruru and Nin-Azimua. An Akkadian phrase analogous to Ama-arḫuš is also known, ummu rēmi or rēmēnītu. Dina Katz notes that the term arḫuš had a broad meaning, referring to emotions such as pity, empathy, and mercy, but that at the same time it occurs primarily in texts involving deities. In addition to its literal meaning, the name Ama-arḫuš was also meant to highlight a connection to healing and midwifery, Since arḫuš also had meaning "uterus", Irene Sibbing-Plantholt argues that it can be interpreted as an indication of "knowledge of the female body". Katz argues that the signs used to render it logographically, GA2✕SAL, respectively "house" and "vulva", might indicate that the meaning "uterus" (or perhaps "placenta") was primary, and using it to designate an emotion was a secondary development.
As an epithet
Ama-arḫuš is attested as an epithet of Ninisina in the hymn Ninisina D from the second millennium BCE, and continued to be used to describe her in the first millennium BCE. In addition to her, Bau and in the first millennium BCE Gula and Ninkarrak as well, could be addressed with the same title. In the so-called Great Star List, an astronomical compendium known from a number of Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian fragments, Ama-arḫuš is one of the "seven Gulas" alongside Bau, Ninšudda, Dukurgal, Gunura, Ninasag and Nin-umma-siga, and she is addressed as "Gula of the temple E-ešbar". In the god list An = Anum, the poorly attested minor deity Enanun is described as the ama-arḫuš of Gula. The word arḫuš itself was used as an epithet or component of epithets of numerous other deities, both male and female, for example Azimua, Ninmah or Nanna, while the galla demons were characterized as lacking it.
Worship
Ama-arḫuš was worshiped in Uruk, where she is attested in texts from the Seleucid period as one of the newly introduced deities, alongside Amasagnudi, Šarrāḫītu and others. She is attested in the theophoric names Arad-Ama-arḫuš (masculine) and Amat-Ama-arḫuš (masculine), which occur n texts from between 211 and 149 BCE; four of the six known individuals bearing each of them belonged to local conservative aristocratic families. The name otherwise does not occur in the Mesopotamian onomasticon. Julia Krul suggests that since Gula is absent from late theophoric names from this city, despite being actively worshiped in it, it is possible that Ama-arḫuš was viewed as her manifestation or synonym, as she is not otherwise attested in Uruk. Identification with Gula is also considered a possibility by Irene Sibbing-Plantholt.
References
Bibliography
External links
A hymn to Ninisina (Ninisina D) in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
Mesopotamian goddesses
Medicine goddesses |
Derek McCormack, BSc, PgDip, MSc (Otago) DipTchg, is Vice-Chancellor of the Auckland University of Technology (AUT), New Zealand. As such he is the executive head of the newest of the eight New Zealand universities.
He began his academic career as a biochemist, in the Otago Polytechnic. He later became the National President of the Association of Staff in Tertiary Education (ASTE). McCormack joined AUT as Associate Director Academic. From there he held a series of administrative posts, as Corporate Services Director, General Manager, and finally Deputy Vice-Chancellor Administration. McCormack succeeded the previous Vice-Chancellor, the Rev'd Dr John Hinchcliff in 2004. In July 2006 his term of office was extended for another five years.
References
Academic staff of the Auckland University of Technology
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Otago alumni
Heads of universities and colleges in New Zealand |
```xml
export { RefField } from './RefField';
``` |
An Operational Evaluation Unit is a type of "reserve" squadron of the Royal Air Force. OEU squadrons are tasked with evaluating an aircraft's weapons, systems and performance. This is to either assist in bringing the aircraft to an operational capability, or to continually assess how to best utilize the aircraft's capability once its in service. An example of such a squadron is No. 17 Squadron of the RAF. The Squadron's role as the F-35B Operation Evaluation Unit is being tasked with introducing the JSF aircraft into service with the Royal Air Force. It is equipped with four F35Bs and currently operates from Edwards Air Force Base in the United States.
Current OEUs
F-35B Lightning Joint Strike Fighter
17(R) Squadron RAF
Typhoon & Tornado Force
41(R) Squadron RAF - Test and Evaluation Squadron
ISTAR Force
56(R) Squadron RAF
Transport Force
206(R) Squadron RAF
Joint Helicopter Command Operational Evaluation Unit
No. 22 Squadron RAF
Previous OEUs
AgustaWestland AW101 Merlin
700 Naval Air Squadron - 2000 to 2008.
Strike Attack OEU - to 2004
F3 OEU - 1987 to 2004
Air Guided Weapons OEU - to 2004
Fast Jet & Weapons Operational Evaluation Unit. -2004 to 2010
See also
Operational conversion unit
Lynx OEU
References
Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
Air force test units and formations |
```java
package com.airbnb.epoxy;
import android.content.Context;
import androidx.annotation.LayoutRes;
import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
import androidx.annotation.PluralsRes;
import androidx.annotation.StringRes;
import java.lang.CharSequence;
import java.lang.Number;
import java.lang.Object;
import java.lang.Override;
import java.lang.String;
/**
* Generated file. Do not modify!
*/
public class TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ extends EpoxyModel<TestNullStringOverloadsView> implements GeneratedModel<TestNullStringOverloadsView>, TestNullStringOverloadsViewModelBuilder {
private OnModelBoundListener<TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_, TestNullStringOverloadsView> onModelBoundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel;
private OnModelUnboundListener<TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_, TestNullStringOverloadsView> onModelUnboundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel;
private OnModelVisibilityStateChangedListener<TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_, TestNullStringOverloadsView> onModelVisibilityStateChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel;
private OnModelVisibilityChangedListener<TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_, TestNullStringOverloadsView> onModelVisibilityChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel;
private StringAttributeData title_StringAttributeData = new StringAttributeData((CharSequence) null);
@Override
public void addTo(EpoxyController controller) {
super.addTo(controller);
addWithDebugValidation(controller);
}
@Override
public void handlePreBind(final EpoxyViewHolder holder, final TestNullStringOverloadsView object,
final int position) {
validateStateHasNotChangedSinceAdded("The model was changed between being added to the controller and being bound.", position);
}
@Override
public void bind(final TestNullStringOverloadsView object) {
super.bind(object);
object.setTitle(title_StringAttributeData.toString(object.getContext()));
}
@Override
public void bind(final TestNullStringOverloadsView object, EpoxyModel previousModel) {
if (!(previousModel instanceof TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_)) {
bind(object);
return;
}
TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ that = (TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_) previousModel;
super.bind(object);
if ((title_StringAttributeData != null ? !title_StringAttributeData.equals(that.title_StringAttributeData) : that.title_StringAttributeData != null)) {
object.setTitle(title_StringAttributeData.toString(object.getContext()));
}
}
@Override
public void handlePostBind(final TestNullStringOverloadsView object, int position) {
if (onModelBoundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel != null) {
onModelBoundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel.onModelBound(this, object, position);
}
validateStateHasNotChangedSinceAdded("The model was changed during the bind call.", position);
}
/**
* Register a listener that will be called when this model is bound to a view.
* <p>
* The listener will contribute to this model's hashCode state per the {@link
* com.airbnb.epoxy.EpoxyAttribute.Option#DoNotHash} rules.
* <p>
* You may clear the listener by setting a null value, or by calling {@link #reset()}
*/
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ onBind(
OnModelBoundListener<TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_, TestNullStringOverloadsView> listener) {
onMutation();
this.onModelBoundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel = listener;
return this;
}
@Override
public void unbind(TestNullStringOverloadsView object) {
super.unbind(object);
if (onModelUnboundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel != null) {
onModelUnboundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel.onModelUnbound(this, object);
}
}
/**
* Register a listener that will be called when this model is unbound from a view.
* <p>
* The listener will contribute to this model's hashCode state per the {@link
* com.airbnb.epoxy.EpoxyAttribute.Option#DoNotHash} rules.
* <p>
* You may clear the listener by setting a null value, or by calling {@link #reset()}
*/
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ onUnbind(
OnModelUnboundListener<TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_, TestNullStringOverloadsView> listener) {
onMutation();
this.onModelUnboundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel = listener;
return this;
}
@Override
public void onVisibilityStateChanged(int visibilityState,
final TestNullStringOverloadsView object) {
if (onModelVisibilityStateChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel != null) {
onModelVisibilityStateChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel.onVisibilityStateChanged(this, object, visibilityState);
}
super.onVisibilityStateChanged(visibilityState, object);
}
/**
* Register a listener that will be called when this model visibility state has changed.
* <p>
* The listener will contribute to this model's hashCode state per the {@link
* com.airbnb.epoxy.EpoxyAttribute.Option#DoNotHash} rules.
*/
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ onVisibilityStateChanged(
OnModelVisibilityStateChangedListener<TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_, TestNullStringOverloadsView> listener) {
onMutation();
this.onModelVisibilityStateChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel = listener;
return this;
}
@Override
public void onVisibilityChanged(float percentVisibleHeight, float percentVisibleWidth,
int visibleHeight, int visibleWidth, final TestNullStringOverloadsView object) {
if (onModelVisibilityChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel != null) {
onModelVisibilityChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel.onVisibilityChanged(this, object, percentVisibleHeight, percentVisibleWidth, visibleHeight, visibleWidth);
}
super.onVisibilityChanged(percentVisibleHeight, percentVisibleWidth, visibleHeight, visibleWidth, object);
}
/**
* Register a listener that will be called when this model visibility has changed.
* <p>
* The listener will contribute to this model's hashCode state per the {@link
* com.airbnb.epoxy.EpoxyAttribute.Option#DoNotHash} rules.
*/
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ onVisibilityChanged(
OnModelVisibilityChangedListener<TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_, TestNullStringOverloadsView> listener) {
onMutation();
this.onModelVisibilityChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel = listener;
return this;
}
@Nullable
public CharSequence getTitle(Context context) {
return title_StringAttributeData.toString(context);
}
/**
* <i>Optional</i>: Default value is (CharSequence) null
*
* @see TestNullStringOverloadsView#setTitle(CharSequence)
*/
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ title(@Nullable CharSequence title) {
onMutation();
title_StringAttributeData.setValue(title);
return this;
}
/**
* If a value of 0 is set then this attribute will revert to its default value.
* <p>
* <i>Optional</i>: Default value is (CharSequence) null
*
* @see TestNullStringOverloadsView#setTitle(CharSequence)
*/
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ title(@StringRes int stringRes) {
onMutation();
title_StringAttributeData.setValue(stringRes);
return this;
}
/**
* If a value of 0 is set then this attribute will revert to its default value.
* <p>
* <i>Optional</i>: Default value is (CharSequence) null
*
* @see TestNullStringOverloadsView#setTitle(CharSequence)
*/
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ title(@StringRes int stringRes, Object... formatArgs) {
onMutation();
title_StringAttributeData.setValue(stringRes, formatArgs);
return this;
}
/**
* If a value of 0 is set then this attribute will revert to its default value.
* <p>
* <i>Optional</i>: Default value is (CharSequence) null
*
* @see TestNullStringOverloadsView#setTitle(CharSequence)
*/
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ titleQuantityRes(@PluralsRes int pluralRes, int quantity,
Object... formatArgs) {
onMutation();
title_StringAttributeData.setValue(pluralRes, quantity, formatArgs);
return this;
}
@Override
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ id(long p0) {
super.id(p0);
return this;
}
@Override
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ id(@Nullable Number... p0) {
super.id(p0);
return this;
}
@Override
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ id(long p0, long p1) {
super.id(p0, p1);
return this;
}
@Override
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ id(@Nullable CharSequence p0) {
super.id(p0);
return this;
}
@Override
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ id(@Nullable CharSequence p0,
@Nullable CharSequence... p1) {
super.id(p0, p1);
return this;
}
@Override
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ id(@Nullable CharSequence p0, long p1) {
super.id(p0, p1);
return this;
}
@Override
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ layout(@LayoutRes int p0) {
super.layout(p0);
return this;
}
@Override
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ spanSizeOverride(
@Nullable EpoxyModel.SpanSizeOverrideCallback p0) {
super.spanSizeOverride(p0);
return this;
}
@Override
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ show() {
super.show();
return this;
}
@Override
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ show(boolean p0) {
super.show(p0);
return this;
}
@Override
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ hide() {
super.hide();
return this;
}
@Override
@LayoutRes
protected int getDefaultLayout() {
return 1;
}
@Override
public TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ reset() {
onModelBoundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel = null;
onModelUnboundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel = null;
onModelVisibilityStateChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel = null;
onModelVisibilityChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel = null;
this.title_StringAttributeData = new StringAttributeData((CharSequence) null);
super.reset();
return this;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this) {
return true;
}
if (!(o instanceof TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_)) {
return false;
}
if (!super.equals(o)) {
return false;
}
TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_ that = (TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_) o;
if (((onModelBoundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel == null) != (that.onModelBoundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel == null))) {
return false;
}
if (((onModelUnboundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel == null) != (that.onModelUnboundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel == null))) {
return false;
}
if (((onModelVisibilityStateChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel == null) != (that.onModelVisibilityStateChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel == null))) {
return false;
}
if (((onModelVisibilityChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel == null) != (that.onModelVisibilityChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel == null))) {
return false;
}
if ((title_StringAttributeData != null ? !title_StringAttributeData.equals(that.title_StringAttributeData) : that.title_StringAttributeData != null)) {
return false;
}
return true;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
int _result = super.hashCode();
_result = 31 * _result + (onModelBoundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel != null ? 1 : 0);
_result = 31 * _result + (onModelUnboundListener_epoxyGeneratedModel != null ? 1 : 0);
_result = 31 * _result + (onModelVisibilityStateChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel != null ? 1 : 0);
_result = 31 * _result + (onModelVisibilityChangedListener_epoxyGeneratedModel != null ? 1 : 0);
_result = 31 * _result + (title_StringAttributeData != null ? title_StringAttributeData.hashCode() : 0);
return _result;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "TestNullStringOverloadsViewModel_{" +
"title_StringAttributeData=" + title_StringAttributeData +
"}" + super.toString();
}
@Override
public int getSpanSize(int totalSpanCount, int position, int itemCount) {
return totalSpanCount;
}
}
``` |
The Joint Public Issues Team (JPIT) represents a joint approach to public policy information, campaigning and advocacy on the part of several Christian denominations in the United Kingdom.
History
It was formed in 2007 by the Baptist Union of Great Britain, Methodist Church of Great Britain and the United Reformed Church. In March 2015 the Church of Scotland became part of the team.
The objectives of the joint approach are to share working resources, combine campaigning voice and demonstrate practical working together by the member churches 'to live out the gospel of Christ in church and society'.
Issues addressed jointly include peacemaking, social justice, climate change, food banks and challenging the UK government to rethink its approach to social security benefit sanctions, supporting the Select Committee for Work and Pensions' call for a full independent review of benefit sanctions policy in their report published in March 2015.
Rachel Lampard MBE, former team leader on secondment from JPIT to the Methodist Church in Britain, served as vice-president of the Methodist Conference during the year 2016/17.
Notes
References
External links
Christian organisations based in the United Kingdom |
William Smith Monroe (; September 13, 1911 – September 9, 1996) was an American mandolinist, singer, and songwriter, who created the bluegrass music genre. Because of this, he is often called the "Father of Bluegrass".
The genre takes its name from his band, the Blue Grass Boys, who named their group for the bluegrass of Monroe's home state of Kentucky. He described the genre as "Scottish bagpipes and ole-time fiddlin'. It's Methodist and Holiness and Baptist. It's blues and jazz, and it has a high lonesome sound."
Early life
Monroe was born on his family's farm near Rosine, Kentucky, the youngest of eight children of James Buchanan "Buck" and Malissa (Vandiver) Monroe. His mother and her brother, James Pendleton "Pen" Vandiver, were both musically talented, and Monroe and his family grew up playing and singing at home.
Bill was of Scottish and English heritage. Because his older brothers Birch and Charlie already played the fiddle and guitar, Bill was resigned to playing the less desirable mandolin. He recalled that his brothers insisted that he remove four of the mandolin's eight strings so he would not play too loudly.
Monroe's mother died when he was ten, and his father died six years later. Eventually, his brothers and sisters moved away, leaving Monroe to bounce between uncles and aunts until finally settling in with his disabled uncle Pendleton Vandiver, whom he often accompanied when Vandiver played the fiddle at dances. This experience inspired one of Monroe's most famous compositions, "Uncle Pen", recorded in 1950, and the 1972 album Bill Monroe's Uncle Pen. On that album, Monroe recorded a number of traditional fiddle tunes he had often heard performed by Vandiver. Vandiver has been credited with giving Monroe "a repertoire of tunes that sank into Bill's aurally trained memory and a sense of rhythm that seeped into his bones."
Also significant in Monroe's musical life was Arnold Shultz, an influential fiddler and guitarist who introduced Monroe to the blues.
Professional career
In 1929, Monroe moved to Indiana to work at an oil refinery with his brothers Birch and Charlie. Together with a friend, Larry Moore, they formed the "Monroe Brothers", to play at local dances and house parties.
Birch and Moore soon left the group, and Bill and Charlie carried on as a duo, eventually winning spots performing live on radio stations, first in Indiana and then, sponsored by Texas Crystals, on several radio broadcasts in Shenandoah, Iowa, Nebraska, South Carolina and North Carolina from 1934 to 1936. RCA Victor signed the Monroe Brothers to a recording contract in 1936. They scored an immediate hit single with the gospel song "What Would You Give in Exchange For Your Soul?" and ultimately recorded 60 tracks for Victor's Bluebird label between 1936 and 1938.
After the Monroe Brothers disbanded in 1938, Bill Monroe formed The Kentuckians in Little Rock, Arkansas, but the group only lasted for three months. Monroe then left Little Rock for Atlanta, Georgia, to form the first edition of the Blue Grass Boys, with singer/guitarist Cleo Davis, fiddler Art Wooten, and bassist Amos Garren.
In October 1939, Monroe successfully auditioned for a regular spot on the Grand Ole Opry, impressing Opry founder George D. Hay with his energetic performance of Jimmie Rodgers's "Mule Skinner Blues". Monroe recorded that song, along with seven others, at his first solo recording session for RCA Victor in 1940; by this time, the Blue Grass Boys consisted of singer/guitarist Clyde Moody, fiddler Tommy Magness, and bassist Bill Wesbrooks.
While the fast tempos and instrumental virtuosity characteristic of bluegrass music are apparent even on these early tracks, Monroe was still experimenting with the sound of his group. He seldom sang lead vocals on his Victor recordings, often preferring to contribute high tenor harmonies as he had in the Monroe Brothers. A 1945 session for Columbia Records featured an accordion, soon dropped from the band. Most importantly, Monroe added banjo player David "Stringbean" Akeman to the Blue Grass Boys in 1942. Akeman played the instrument in a relatively primitive style and was rarely featured in instrumental solos. Monroe's pre-1946 recordings represent a transitional style between the string-band tradition from which he came and the musical innovation to follow.
"Original Bluegrass Band" and Monroe's heyday as a star
Key developments occurred in Monroe's music with the addition of Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs to the Blue Grass Boys in December 1945. Flatt played a solid rhythm guitar style that would help to set the course for bluegrass timing. Scruggs played the banjo with a distinctive three-finger picking style that immediately caused a sensation among Opry audiences. Flatt and Scruggs joined a highly accomplished group that included fiddler Howdy Forrester and bassist Joe Forrester and would soon include fiddler Chubby Wise and bassist Howard Watts, who often performed under the name "Cedric Rainwater".
In retrospect, this line-up of the Blue Grass Boys has been dubbed the "Original Bluegrass Band", as the music finally included all the elements that characterize bluegrass music, including breakneck tempos, sophisticated vocal harmony arrangements, and impressive instrumental proficiency demonstrated in solos or "breaks" on the mandolin, banjo, and fiddle. By this time, Monroe had acquired the 1923 Gibson F5 model "Lloyd Loar" mandolin, which became his trademark instrument for the remainder of his career.
The 28 songs recorded by this version of the Blue Grass Boys for Columbia Records in 1946 and 1947 soon became classics of the genre, including "Toy Heart", "Blue Grass Breakdown", "Molly and Tenbrooks", "Wicked Path of Sin", "My Rose of Old Kentucky", "Little Cabin Home on the Hill", and Monroe's most famous song "Blue Moon of Kentucky", which was recorded by Elvis Presley in 1954, appearing as the B-side of his first single for Sun Records. Monroe gave his blessing to Presley's rock and roll cover of the song, originally a slow ballad in waltz time, and re-recorded it himself with a faster arrangement after Presley's version became a hit. Several gospel-themed numbers are credited to the "Blue Grass Quartet", which featured four-part vocal arrangements accompanied solely by mandolin and guitar – Monroe's usual practice when performing "sacred" songs.
Both Flatt and Scruggs left Monroe's band in early 1948, soon forming their own group, the Foggy Mountain Boys. In 1949, after signing with Decca Records, Monroe entered what has been called the "golden age" of his career with what many consider the classic "high lonesome" version of the Blue Grass Boys, featuring the lead vocals and rhythm guitar of Jimmy Martin, the banjo of Rudy Lyle (replacing Don Reno), and fiddlers such as Merle "Red" Taylor, Charlie Cline, Bobby Hicks, and Vassar Clements.
This band recorded a number of bluegrass classics, including "My Little Georgia Rose", "On and On", "Memories of Mother and Dad", and "Uncle Pen", as well as instrumentals such as "Roanoke", "Big Mon", "Stoney Lonesome", "Get Up John", and the mandolin feature "Raw Hide". Carter Stanley joined the Blue Grass Boys as guitarist for a short time in 1951 during a period when The Stanley Brothers had temporarily disbanded.
On January 16, 1953, Monroe was critically injured in a two-car wreck. He and "Bluegrass Boys" bass player, Bessie Lee Mauldin, were returning home from a fox hunt north of Nashville. On highway 31-W, near White House, their car was struck by a drunken driver. Monroe, who had suffered injuries to his back, left arm and nose, was rushed to General Hospital in Nashville. It took him almost four months to recover and resume touring. In the meantime Charlie Cline and Jimmy Martin kept the band together.
By the late 1950s, however, Monroe's commercial fortunes had begun to slip. The rise of rock-and-roll and the development of the "Nashville sound" in mainstream country music both represented threats to the viability of bluegrass. While still a mainstay on the Grand Ole Opry, Monroe found diminishing success on the singles charts, and struggled to keep his band together in the face of declining demand for live performances.
Folk revival
Monroe's fortunes began to improve during the American folk music revival of the early 1960s. Many college students and other young people were beginning to discover Monroe, associating his style more with traditional folk music than with the country-and-western genre with which it had previously been identified.
The word "bluegrass" first appeared around this time to describe the sound of Monroe and similar artists such as Flatt and Scruggs, the Stanley Brothers, Reno and Smiley, Jim and Jesse, and the Osborne Brothers. While Flatt and Scruggs immediately recognized the potential for a lucrative new audience in cities and on college campuses in the North, Monroe was slower to respond. Under the influence of Ralph Rinzler, a young musician and folklorist from New Jersey who briefly became Monroe's manager in 1963, Monroe gradually expanded his geographic reach beyond the traditional southern country music circuit. Rinzler was also responsible for a lengthy profile and interview in the influential folk music magazine Sing Out! that first publicly referred to Monroe as the "father" of bluegrass. Accordingly, at the first bluegrass festival organized by Carlton Haney at Roanoke, Virginia in 1965, Bill Monroe was the central figure.
In 1964, before the Grateful Dead got together, Jerry Garcia caravanned across the country from California to tag along with Monroe.
The growing national popularity of Monroe's music during the 1960s was also apparent in the increasingly diverse background of musicians recruited into his band. Non-southerners who served as Blue Grass Boys during this period included banjo player Bill Keith and singer/guitarist Peter Rowan from Massachusetts, fiddler Gene Lowinger from New Jersey, banjo player Lamar Grier from Maryland, banjo player Steve Arkin from New York, and singer/guitarist Roland White and fiddler Richard Greene from California.
Later years
Even after the folk revival faded in the mid-1960s, it left a loyal audience for bluegrass music. Bluegrass festivals became common, with fans often traveling long distances to see a number of different acts over several days of performances.
In 1967, Monroe himself founded an annual bluegrass festival at Bean Blossom in southern Indiana, a park he had purchased in 1951, which routinely attracted a crowd of thousands; a double LP from the festival featuring Monroe, Jimmy Martin, Lester Flatt, and Jim and Jesse was released in 1973. The annual Bill Monroe Bean Blossom Bluegrass Festival is now the world's oldest continuously running annual bluegrass festival.
Monroe's compositions during his later period were largely instrumentals, including "Jerusalem Ridge", "Old Dangerfield" (originally spelled Daingerfield after the town in East Texas), and "My Last Days on Earth"; he settled into a new role as a musical patriarch who continued to influence younger generations of musicians. Monroe recorded two albums of duets in the 1980s; the first featured collaborations with country stars such as Emmylou Harris, Waylon Jennings, and The Oak Ridge Boys, while the second paired him with other prominent bluegrass musicians. A 1989 live album celebrated his 50th year on the Grand Ole Opry. Monroe also kept a hectic touring schedule. On April 7, 1990, Monroe performed for Farm Aid IV in Indianapolis, Indiana along with Willie Nelson, John Mellencamp, Neil Young and with many other artists.
Death
Monroe's last performance occurred on March 15, 1996. He ended his touring and playing career in April, following a stroke. Monroe died on September 9, 1996, in Springfield, Tennessee, four days before his 85th birthday.
Legacy and influence
Bill Monroe was made an honorary Kentucky Colonel in 1966. He was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1970, the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1971, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (as an "early influence") in 1997. Jimmie Rodgers, Bob Wills, Hank Williams Sr., and Johnny Cash are the only other performers honored in all three. As the "father of bluegrass", he was also an inaugural inductee into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Honor in 1991. Monroe was a recipient of a 1982 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. That year's fellowships were the first bestowed by the NEA. In 1993, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and he was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1995. His well-known song "Blue Moon of Kentucky" has been covered not only by bluegrass but also rock and country artists, most notably Elvis Presley, Paul McCartney, and Patsy Cline. In 2003, CMT had Bill Monroe ranked No. 16 on CMT 40 Greatest Men of Country Music.
Artists that claimed to be influenced by or to be playing the bluegrass genre were often bullied by Bill Monroe. He always considered himself the father and caretaker of bluegrass. He would often say of new bands that did not perform to his standards, "That ain't no part of nothin'." Even those who question the scope of bluegrass refer to Monroe as a "musical giant" and recognize that "there would be no bluegrass without Bill Monroe."
More than 150 musicians played in the Blue Grass Boys over the nearly 60 years of Monroe's performing career. Monroe tended to recruit promising young musicians who served an apprenticeship with him before becoming accomplished artists in their own right. Some of Monroe's band members who went on to greater prominence include singer/guitarists Clyde Moody, Lester Flatt, Jack Cook, Mac Wiseman, Jimmy Martin, Carter Stanley, Del McCoury, Peter Rowan, Roland White, Roland Dunn and Doug Green; banjo players Earl Scruggs, Bob Black, Butch Robins, Buck Trent, Don Reno, Stringbean, Sonny Osborne, and Bill Keith; and fiddlers Tommy Magness, Chubby Wise, Vassar Clements, Byron Berline, Kenny Baker, Bobby Hicks, Gordon Terry, Randall Franks and Glen Duncan. Monroe also regularly performed with flat-picking guitar virtuoso Doc Watson.
Modern bluegrass singer and mandolin player Ricky Skaggs was influenced by Monroe. Skaggs was only six years old, in 1960, when he first got to perform on stage with Monroe and his band at the high school in Martha, Kentucky. He stated, "I think Bill Monroe's importance to American music is as important as someone like Robert Johnson was to blues, or Louis Armstrong. He was so influential: I think he's probably the only musician that had a whole style of music named after his band."
In 1999, the portion of Indiana State Road 135 running from Morgantown through to Nashville, Indiana was dedicated to Bill Monroe and is known as the Bill Monroe Memorial Highway.
Discography
References
Sources
Ewing, Tom. 2018. Bill Monroe: The Life and Music of the Blue Grass Man. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Klein, Bradley. (2011). "Bill Monroe: Celebrating The Father Of Bluegrass At 100". NPR.
Rumble, John (1998). "Bill Monroe". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 350–2.
Smith, Richard D. (2000). Can't You Hear Me Callin': The Life of Bill Monroe, Father of Bluegrass. Little, Brown and Company. .
Rosenberg, Neil V., and Charles K. Wolfe (2007). The Music of Bill Monroe. University of Illinois Press. .
External links
Country Music Hall of Fame profile
International Bluegrass Music Hall of Honor profile
Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame profile
Recording of "Wayfaring Stranger" from the 1993 Florida Folk Festival (available for public use from the State Archives of Florida)
Bill Monroe: Father of Bluegrass Music (documentary video)
"Bill Monroe in Indiana: From Lake to Brown County, Oil to Bluegrass," Indiana Historical Bureau
Bill Monroe recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
1911 births
1996 deaths
People from Ohio County, Kentucky
Bluegrass musicians from Kentucky
Country musicians from Kentucky
American people of Scottish descent
American country singer-songwriters
Country Music Hall of Fame inductees
Grand Ole Opry members
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
National Heritage Fellowship winners
Peabody Award winners
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
American bluegrass mandolinists
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Kentucky |
Edmund Waller, FRS (3 March 1606 – 21 October 1687) was an English poet and politician who was Member of Parliament for various constituencies between 1624 and 1687, and one of the longest serving members of the English House of Commons.
Son of a wealthy lawyer with extensive estates in Buckinghamshire, Waller first entered Parliament in 1624, although he played little part in the political struggles of the period prior to the First English Civil War in 1642. Unlike his relatives William and Hardress Waller, he was Royalist in sympathy and was accused in 1643 of organising a plot to seize London for Charles I. He allegedly escaped the death penalty by paying a large bribe, while several conspirators were executed, including his brother-in-law Nathaniel Tomkins.
After his sentence was commuted to banishment, he lived in comfortable exile in France and Switzerland until allowed home in 1651 by Oliver Cromwell, a distant relative. He returned to Parliament after The Restoration in 1660 of Charles II; known as a fine and amusing orator, he held a number of minor offices. He largely retired from active politics after the death of his second wife in 1677, and died of edema in October 1687.
Best remembered now for his poem "Song (Go, lovely rose)", Waller's earliest writing dates to the late 1630s, commemorating events that occurred in the 1620s, including a piece on Charles's escape from a shipwreck at Santander in 1625. Written in heroic couplets, it is one of the first examples of a form used by English poets for some two centuries; his verse was admired by John Dryden among others, while he was a close friend of Thomas Hobbes and John Evelyn.
When he died, Waller was considered a major English poet, but his reputation declined over the next century, one view seeing him as a 'fairweather Royalist, an expedient Republican and mercenary bridegroom'. He is now regarded as a minor author, whose primary significance was to develop a form adapted and improved by later poets like Alexander Pope.
Personal details
Edmund Waller was born on 3 March 1606 at Stocks Place, Coleshill, Buckinghamshire, eldest son of Robert Waller (1560–1616) and Anne Hampden (1589–1658). He came from a family of 15, many of whom survived to adulthood, including Elizabeth (1601–?), Anne (1602–1642), Cecilia (1603–?), Robert (1606–1641), Mary (1608–1660), Ursula (1610–1692) and John (1616–1667). Cecilia married Nathaniel Tomkins, executed for his part in the 1643 plot, while Mary married Adrian Scrope, executed in 1660 as a regicide.
In addition, Waller was related to several prominent Parliamentarians; through his mother, he was distantly connected to Oliver Cromwell, while he and John Hampden were grandchildren of Griffith Hampden (1543–1591). On his father's side, he was related to the Parliamentarian generals Sir Hardress and Sir William Waller.
In 1631, he married Anne Banks, orphaned heiress of a wealthy merchant; contracted in defiance of the Privy Council of England, the marriage was eventually approved by Charles I. Anne died in childbirth in 1634, leaving two children, Robert (1633–1652?) and Elizabeth (1634–1683).
In 1644, he re-married, this time to Mary Bracey (died 1677) and they had numerous children; since their eldest son Benjamin was mentally disabled, he was succeeded by Edmund (1652–1700), MP for Amersham from 1689 to 1698. His youngest son Stephen (1676–1708) was one of the Commissioners who negotiated the 1707 Treaty of Union. On his death, his estate was valued at the then considerable sum of £40,000; he left legacies to his children Margaret (1648–1690), who acted as his secretary and Benjamin's guardian, Mary, Elizabeth, Anne, Cicely, Octavia, Dorothy and William.
Career
Waller attended Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, followed by Eton and King's College, Cambridge. He left without a degree, and as was common in this period did a course in law at Lincoln's Inn, graduating in 1622. He was first elected in 1624 as MP for Ilchester, when he was the youngest person in the Commons, then for Chepping Wycombe in 1626. On coming of age in 1627, he inherited an estate worth up to £2,500 a year, making him one of the wealthiest men in Buckinghamshire.
Returned for Amersham in 1628, he made virtually no impact on Parliament before it was dissolved in 1629, when Charles I instituted eleven years of Personal Rule. During this period, he became friends with George Morley, later Bishop of Worcester, who guided his reading and provided advice on writing, while Waller apparently paid his debts. Morley also introduced Waller to Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland; he became a member of the Great Tew Circle, which included Edward Hyde, and was greatly influenced by Falkland's moderation and tolerance.
Nineteenth century biographers dated his earliest work to the 1620s, largely because they commemorate events occurring in that period, but modern scholars suggest they were actually written in the mid to late 1630s in an attempt to build a career at court. As well as Charles himself, many of his works are addressed to members of the extended Percy family, such as the Countess of Carlisle, the Countess of Sunderland and the Earl of Northumberland. Hyde recorded Waller became a poet at the age of thirty, "when other Men give over writing Verses".
When Charles recalled Parliament in April 1640 to approve taxes for the Bishops' Wars, Waller was re-elected for Amersham, then for St Ives in November. Despite general consensus attempts by Charles to govern without Parliament had gone too far, moderates like Hyde and Falkland were also wary of changing the balance too much the other way. John Pym, who headed the Parliamentary opposition to Charles, gave Waller responsibility for the impeachment of Sir Francis Crawley, one of the Ship Money judges, but he confirmed his Royalist sympathies by voting against the execution of Strafford in April 1641, and the removal of bishops from the House of Lords.
Unlike Hyde and Falkland who joined the king when the First English Civil War began in August 1642, Waller remained in London, apparently with Charles' permission, where he continued to support moderates like Denzil Holles who wanted a negotiated peace. In May 1643 a plot was uncovered, allegedly organised by Waller along with his brother-in-law Nathaniel Tomkins, and wealthy merchant Richard Chaloner; what apparently began as a plan to force Parliament into negotiations by withholding taxes turned into an armed conspiracy intended to allow the Royalist army to take control of London.
After Waller was arrested, he made a full confession, implicating a number of his co-conspirators; he escaped the death penalty, allegedly by paying bribes, while Chaloner and Tomkins were executed on 5 July 1643. Many moderates were forced to disavow support for a peace settlement to avoid suspicion of involvement and reaffirm their backing for military action. After spending 18 months in prison without trial, Waller was fined £10,000 and permitted to go into exile in November 1644, accompanied by his new wife Mary; however, the affair caused lasting damage to his reputation.
Waller travelled with John Evelyn in Switzerland and Italy; unlike many Royalists, he lived in some comfort using money sent to him by his mother. Probably with the support of his relations Cromwell and Scrope, the Rump Parliament allowed him to return home in January 1652. He established good relations with Cromwell, writing him a 'Panegyrick' in 1655, and later supporting proposals to make him king; in a poem written after the capture of the Spanish treasure fleet in 1658, he suggested "let the rich ore be forthwith melted down, and the state fixed by making him a crown'.
When Charles II returned to the throne after The Restoration, Waller commemorated the occasion with his 1660 poem To the King, upon his Majesty's Happy Return. Reconciling past support for the Commonwealth with the restored monarchy was a problem faced by many. When asked by the King on this point, Waller is reported to have replied "Poets, Sir, succeeded better at fiction than in truth". His biographer Samuel Johnson wrote (1779) that it showed "a prostituted mind may retain the glitter of wit, but has lost the dignity of virtue". In 1661, he was elected to the Cavalier Parliament as MP for Hastings; he became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1663, although does not appear to have contributed papers himself. He played a prominent role in the impeachment and exile of Clarendon in 1667, and thereafter held a number of positions under the Cabal ministry.
Originally viewed as a supporter of the Court, after 1674 he gained a reputation for independence and was still regarded as one of the best speakers in the Commons. Generally an advocate of religious tolerance, especially for Protestant Nonconformists, he was however convinced of the truth of the Popish Plot in 1678 and withdrew from active politics during the 1679 to 1681 Exclusion Crisis. On the accession of James II, he was elected for Saltash in 1685.
He wrote two poems to the new king, urging reconciliation and national unity, but James suspended Parliament in November after it refused to pass his Declaration of Indulgence. Waller died at his London house in St James's on 21 October 1687, and was buried in the churchyard of St Mary and All Saints Church, Beaconsfield; his tomb is now grade II* listed.
Literary works and assessment
Waller was admired by contemporaries including John Dryden and Gerard Langbaine, although his extravagant praise for members of the court and Royal family was later parodied by Andrew Marvell in "Last Instructions to a Painter". Described by Francis Atterbury as "the Parent of English Verse", by the nineteenth century his work was out of favour. Edmund Gosse, author of his biography in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, wrote: 'Waller's lyrics were at one time admired to excess, but with the exception of "Go, lovely Rose" and one or two others, they have greatly lost their charm'.
By 1995, the protagonist of The Information, a novel by Martin Amis, dismisses him as a 'seat-warmer, air sniffer and mediocrity'. However, H. M. Redmond argued 'immoderate censure of his life' had combined with 'interest-killing appreciation' of his verse to 'prevent a dispassionate assessment'. One suggestion is while his writing is limited, he played an important role in developing a format and style adapted and improved by Alexander Pope among others.
Much of his early poetry was written for the Caroline court, while he was famous for his 'Panegyricks', written in support of Cromwell, then both Charles II and his brother James, as well as other members of the Royal family. His longest and most ambitious work of this type portrayed the inconclusive 1665 Battle of Lowestoft; presenting it as an heroic victory and heaping praise on James, it was widely ridiculed.
He was strongly influenced by Thomas Hobbes, whose Leviathan he admired, and whose De Cive he at one point proposed to translate. His early work was far more successful than later efforts and during his exile an unlicensed collection of his poems was published in 1645. Reprinted in 1664, 1668, 1682, and 1686, they were popular in part because they were easily set to music; two volumes of previously uncollected writings, "The Maid's Tragedy Altered" and "The Second Part of Mr Waller's Poems" were published after his death in 1690. They included Divine Poems, self-published by Waller in 1686; most critics view them as 'indifferent' and showing his decline as a writer.
Notes
References
Sources
Bibliography
|-
1606 births
1687 deaths
17th-century English poets
17th-century male writers
Original Fellows of the Royal Society
People educated at Eton College
People educated at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe
People from Beaconsfield
People from Chiltern District
Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall
English MPs 1624–1625
English MPs 1626
English MPs 1628–1629
English MPs 1640 (April)
English MPs 1640–1648
English MPs 1661–1679
English MPs 1685–1687
English male poets |
José Luis Munuera (born 21 April 1972, in Lorca in the region of Murcia, Spain) is a Spanish comics artist. Along with writer Jean-David Morvan, he was in charge of the classic Spirou et Fantasio series from 2004 to 2008.
Munuera kept close to the spirit of classic Spirou author Franquin's graphical style, while bringing a touch of manga-inspired modernism. Morvan and Munuera have however used background elements and secondary characters from the whole history of the title, and not just from Franquin's period.
Munuera is also the artist on the children's comic series Nävis, a spin-off of Philippe Buchet's science fiction series Wake.
References
José-Luis Munuera at Lambiek's Comiclopedia
External links
Casa Munuera (personal blog)
1972 births
Living people
Spirou et Fantasio
Spanish graphic novelists
People from Lorca, Spain |
Im Gyeong-eop (1594 – 1646) was a Korean general during the Joseon Dynasty. He participated in Korea's war against the Later Jin invasion of Joseon and Qing invasion of Joseon in the 17th century. After Ming forces surrendered to the Qing, Im Gyeong-eop was killed by soldiers hired by Kim Ja-jeom.
Early life
He was born in Chungju (충주; 忠州) during the Imjin Wars. As a descendant of a high minister, in 1618 he and his brother applied for military tests and passed. He rose in ranks until the 1624 rebellion of Yi Gwal in which he was placed under general Jeong Chung-shin. He earned great merit in suppressing Yi Gwal's rebels, which led him to promotion and fame. He again rose in ranks such as associate commander (첨절제사; 僉節制使).
In 1627, the Later Jin invasion of Joseon began, and he was sent to Ganghwa Island to assist in its defense, but by the time he arrived, a treaty had already been signed. In 1630, a Ming general, Liu Xingzhi (劉興治), entered Korea and set up camp between a road between two castles. Im was sent to keep an eye on this general and suppress him if needed.
He was later appointed as Northern Defense General and Yongbyon magistrate and was responsible for the defenses of Beakma Mountain Fortress and Uiju Castle. Several Ming rebels crossed the border, only to be defeated by Im, who then also gained a title from the Ming court. In 1634, he was relieved of command after releasing some prisoners, but regained his position two years later, when the government realized his value.
Second Manchu invasion of Korea
The same year Im returned to his position, the Manchus entered Joseon Korea after constant political pressures failed to suppress the nation. Im tied the Manchu forces down at Beakma Fortress and requested reinforcements from the capital, but Kim Ja-jeom, a minister who desired the crown, corrupted the message and the Manchu forces headed south.
Soon enough, Namhansanseong (in which the king had fled to) was surrounded by Manchu forces and King Injo surrendered. At that time Im moved his forces to the surrounded capital, and even managed to behead one of the Manchu Generals (要槌, nephew of Hong Taiji), but failed to reach the enemy in time before the surrender. Although Im was called to the Manchu Emperor for beheading his nephew, he was freed because of the recognition of his noble efforts to protect his king and country (not to mention the fact that Im was not aware of the surrender at the time). Im lamented that if he had at least 20,000 men instead of the paltry 3,000, he would have headed north to invade Mukden (then-Qing capital) himself, which may have changed the outcome of the war.
After war and deceit
In 1637, the Manchu Qing Empire requested reinforcements from Joseon to defeat Ming forces, and Im was sent as the Naval relief force. However, Im, wanting to repay Joseon's defeat during the Invasion, secretly sent a message to the Ming forces, revealing the Manchu plan and diminishing Ming casualties and worsening Manchu casualties.
In 1640, he was again sent as reinforcements to the Qing but again he used a Buddhist monk as a messenger to the Ming to replay his double-sided plan. This way, the Joseon forces never actually engaged with the Ming in combat, while the Manchus did most of the fighting. The following year he returned to Seoul where suspicious Qing influence made him lose his rank. However, he soon regained another governmental position.
However, in 1642, a Ming general affiliated with Im surrendered to the Manchus, thus revealing Im's relations with Ming forces. The Manchus immediately sent an arrest force in Korea, who seized Im Gyeong Eop and transported him to Beijing. However, in Hwanghae province he managed to escape and entered a Buddhist Shrine, where he disguised himself as a monk, only to escape to the Ming a year later.
Return and death
He then fought alongside the Ming forces with Ming general Ma Tenggao (馬騰高). However, Ma's courage failed and the Ming forces surrendered to the Manchus, and Im once again lost his opportunity. He began plotting to escape, but was turned over to the Manchu forces by his subordinate Han Sa-rip (한사립) and transported to Beijing. But at the time in Joseon, a minister named Shim Gi-won (심기원; 沈器遠) attempted a coup, which led to King Injo requesting the return of Im Gyeong Eop for its suppression.
However, on the way back, Im Gyeong Eop was killed by soldiers paid off by Kim Ja-jeom, who felt the threat to have Im back in the capital.
In popular culture
Portrayed by Baek Il-sub in the 1981 KBS1 TV Series Daemyeong.
See also
History of Korea
First Manchu invasion of Korea
Second Manchu invasion of Korea
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070328022835/http://mtcha.com.ne.kr/koreaman/sosun/man119-imgyungub.htm
17th-century Korean people
People from Chungju
1594 births
1646 deaths
Korean generals
Pyeongtaek Im clan
Muism |
Michael "Mike" Soucy (born September 8, 1971) was born in Boston, MA and grew up in Woonsocket, RI. Soucy joined The Methadones in 2002 and played with them until their official hiatus in 2011. He is currently the drummer for Airstream Futures and formerly of The Bomb and Dan Vapid and the Cheats and has also played live with Noise By Numbers. Soucy plays the same green Ludwig super classic drums that he bought back in 1992. He alternates between a Pearl Ultracast snare and CandC Drum company snares. He also uses Zildjian cymbals and Vic Firth 3A sticks.
On December 18, 2018, Soucy joined band mates Dan Vapid and Simon Lamb on stage at the Black Moon Gallery, in Oak Park, IL playing tambourine.
Partial discography
The Methadones
Career Objective – Thick Records (2003)
Not Economically Viable – Thick Records (2004)
21st Century Power Pop Riot – Red Scare Industries (2006)
This Won't Hurt... – Red Scare Industries (2007)
The Methadones/The Copyrights Split – Transparent Records (2008)
The Methadones – Asian Man Records (2010)
The Bomb
Indecision – No Idea Records (2005)
Speed Is Everything – No Idea Records (2009)
The Challenger – No Idea Records (2011)
Axis of Awesome – No Idea Records (2015)
Dan Vapid and the Cheats
Dan Vapid and the Cheats – Torture Chamber Records (2012)
Two – Torture Chamber Records (2013)
Airstream Futures
Spirale Infernale - Paper and Plastick (2018)
References
1971 births
Living people
American punk rock drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American drummers
The Methadones members
The Bomb (band) members
Dan Vapid and the Cheats members
21st-century American drummers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
Musicians from Boston
People from Woonsocket, Rhode Island |
Opalimosina mirabilis is a species of lesser dung flies (insects in the family Sphaeroceridae).
References
Sphaeroceridae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1902
Taxa named by James Edward Collin |
Pilosella floribunda (synonym Hieracium floribundum, also known as pale hawkweed, smoothish hawkweed, yellow hawkweed, and yellow devil hawkweed) is a species of noxious and herbaceous perennial plant from family Asteraceae that is known in Europe (particularly France) and can also be found in United States and Canada. It was believed that it was a hybrid of Pilosella caespitosa (Hieracium caespitosum and Pilosella lactucella (Hieracium lactucella).
Description
The plant is tall. The flowers bloom from June to July, are clustered, and are wide. The leaves are hairy and spatula shaped.
References
floribunda
Flora of Europe
Flora of Northern America |
The Monday Night Wars or Monday Night War was an era of mainstream televised American professional wrestling, from September 4, 1995 to March 26, 2001, in which the World Wrestling Federation's (WWF, now WWE) Monday Night Raw (later Raw Is War) and World Championship Wrestling's (WCW) Monday Nitro were broadcast opposite each other in a battle for Nielsen ratings each week. It largely overlapped with the Attitude Era, a period in which the WWF used the term "WWF Attitude" to describe its programming from November 9, 1997 to May 6, 2002.
The rating war was part of a larger overall struggle between the two companies, originating in personal animosity between WWF owner Vince McMahon and WCW owner Ted Turner. The rivalry between the companies steadily escalated throughout the 1990s to include the use of cutthroat tactics and the defections of employees between the two companies. Throughout the wars, the WWF and WCW would both adopt different concepts and narrative techniques. Meanwhile, both companies would establish both formal and informal partnerships with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), with ECW performers either appearing on WWF and WCW shows while still under contract, or outright leaving ECW to work for one of the other two promotions.
While WCW was the dominant promotion for much of the mid-1990s, a variety of factors coalesced to turn the tide in the WWF's favor at the end of the decade, including a radical rebranding of their formerly family-friendly product to highly sexualized and violent shows geared towards older teens and adults. WCW ultimately ran into financial difficulties as a result of the amount of money they had promised wrestlers during a hiring binge in the early and middle part of the decade, which had been aimed at acquiring large portions of the WWF's talent roster. Behind the scenes, executives who had longed to see WCW removed from the Turner organization were eventually able to see it come to fruition after Turner Broadcasting's merger with Time Warner and their merger with America Online (AOL). With Turner no longer in control, the corporate executives of the combined AOL Time Warner would sell WCW's assets. Despite efforts to salvage the company, it was ultimately sold to McMahon, ending the Monday Night Wars.
In retrospect, wrestling commentators have come to see the Monday Night Wars as a golden age of professional wrestling, along with the 1940s–1950s and 1980s booms, with the competition between the two companies bringing out their best quality product both in terms of creativity and the performances of their wrestlers.
Overview
The Monday Night Wars largely sprang from a rivalry between WWF owner Vince McMahon and WCW owner Ted Turner, dating back to an incident in the 1980s known as Black Saturday, when McMahon acquired a monopoly on all nationally televised wrestling broadcasts by purchasing a stake in Georgia Championship Wrestling, whose flagship show aired on WTBS, Turner's own network. Turner, displeased with McMahon's handling of programming on his network, pressured McMahon into selling his time slot to Jim Crockett Promotions, another wrestling promotion. As wrestling began to grow in popularity in the early 1990s, the organizations – and, as a result, their programming – became a venue through which the business feud could continue, with each company working to drive the other out of business.
WCW dominated the ratings through much of the mid-1990s, as Ted Turner's financial resources allowed the company to purchase the services of numerous high-profile WWF performers, including Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage. The company also drew casual fans' attention by filming events at popular tourist venues such as Disney's Hollywood Studios, and reached out to Mexican and Japanese wrestling fans through its cruiserweight division, which featured wrestlers from a diverse array of ethnic and racial backgrounds competing in matches featuring styles of wrestling popular in Latin America and Asia. Under the auspices of Eric Bischoff, WCW introduced a new, complex metastory involving the defection of multiple wrestlers to a rival organization called the nWo. WWF owner Vince McMahon's controversial treatment of Bret Hart in an incident known as the Montreal Screwjob immediately precipitated Hart's departure from the WWF to WCW, alienating a large segment of WWF's fanbase at the same time WCW came to employ virtually all of the established wrestling stars then in competition.
Throughout the late 1990s, the WWF began to rise in popularity after it rebranded itself as a more adult-themed, sexualized and violent product, a period in the company's history now referred to as the Attitude Era. The shift in programming helped lead the company to achieve mainstream success similar to the 1980s professional wrestling boom. Concurrently, many WWF performers became crossover successes: during this period The Rock would become very popular and then would embark on a successful acting career, while Mick Foley published a New York Times-bestselling autobiography; Stone Cold Steve Austin quickly became the company's most popular star and the company's flagship performer, and would be featured in mainstream media all over America and made guest appearances on a variety of television shows, from Nash Bridges to Dilbert. The heightened profiles of WWF wrestlers helped to draw the attention of both new and casual wrestling fans to the company's programming.
In the late 1990s, WCW's ratings began to suffer as fans grew tired of the nWo storyline, which many viewers perceived as having been allowed to go on for too long. Fans also responded negatively to several gimmicks intended to reinvigorate interest in WCW, including the introduction of actor David Arquette as the company's new champion. The company was able to briefly reinvigorate itself after the introduction of Bill Goldberg, who was presented as an unbeatable force who won matches within a matter of minutes or even seconds. Goldberg quickly rose to stardom within the organization and became a crossover star similar to the WWF's performers, with appearances in commercials and music videos. However, a controversial backstage decision to end Goldberg's winning streak, followed quickly by an anticlimactic match involving Kevin Nash and Hollywood Hogan – now known as the Fingerpoke of Doom – effectively killed the company's credibility in the eyes of many of its diehard fans, and the company was never able to recreate the initial level of popularity that it had enjoyed in the middle of the decade. Simultaneously, the company experienced financial woes due to the amount of money it had promised wrestlers in their contracts in the early and mid 1990s. The company was ultimately unable to sustain itself while paying wrestlers their contracted salaries, and WCW went up for sale. The wars ended with the sale of WCW's assets by its parent company, AOL Time Warner, to the WWF.
History
Before the War
1980–1987: Cable television
Television had been a significant part of professional wrestling presentation in the United States for decades, but after the 1950s it had been relegated to local stations as the national networks ceased airing it. Many local programmers turned to professional wrestling as a means to fill out their schedules, as it was relatively inexpensive to produce but drew high ratings. This reinforced the then-accepted organization of professional wrestling, which were consisted of a patchwork of territorial promotions aimed at – and broadcast to – local audiences, without a centralized, national promotion, though most territories were members of a common sanctioning body of championship titles, the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA).
As cable television arose in the 1970s, local stations were often retransmitted to new markets as superstations. When Atlanta television station WTCG (later WTBS) became a superstation in the late 1970s, Georgia Championship Wrestling (GCW), an NWA member which aired on the station, reached a national audience.
The company's television show, hosted by Gordon Solie, was recorded in one of WTBS's studios at 1050 Techwood Drive, in downtown Atlanta. Shows were taped before a small live, in-studio audience, as were most professional wrestling television shows of that era. They featured wrestling matches, plus melodramatic monologues and inter-character confrontations, similar to the programming offered by other territories, including the Northeast-based WWF. GCW's show, which aired on Saturday evenings, was complemented by a Sunday evening edition. Jim Barnett, Jack and Gerald Brisco had major stakes in the organization, while Ole Anderson was head booker and was in charge of operations. In 1982, in order to appear less regional in scope, the television show was renamed World Championship Wrestling, a name Barnett had used for promoting shows in Australia in the 1970s.
In 1983, the WWF started its own cable show called WWF All American Wrestling, airing Sunday mornings on the USA Network. Later that year, the WWF debuted a second cable show, also on USA, called Tuesday Night Titans (TNT), a talk show spoof hosted by Vince McMahon (also the WWF owner) and Lord Alfred Hayes.
While still running steadily, Barnett and the Briscos sold their entire stock in GCW (including the television deal) to Vince McMahon, and on July 14, 1984 (otherwise known as "Black Saturday"), the WWF took over the GCW show. With this move, McMahon controlled all nationally televised wrestling in the United States. However, the WWF's show on TBS was a ratings disaster, as GCW fans, disliking the cartoonish characters and storylines of the WWF, simply stopped watching. Two weeks after Black Saturday, TBS debuted the show of a successor promotion to GCW created by holdout shareholders, Championship Wrestling from Georgia, albeit on early Saturday mornings.
Moreover, despite originally promising to produce original programming for the TBS time slot in Atlanta, McMahon chose instead to provide only a clip show for TBS, featuring highlights from other WWF programming as well as matches from house shows at Madison Square Garden, Boston Garden, and other major arenas. This format would eventually be the cornerstone of the WWF Prime Time Wrestling (PTW) program. In May 1985, McMahon sold the TBS time slot to another Southern-based and NWA-affiliated wrestling company, Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), under heavy pressure from station owner Ted Turner, who was unhappy with the declining ratings. This set up a rivalry between McMahon and Turner that would continue for 16 years.
That same year, PTW replaced TNT on USA Network, which expanded to two hours the format of the WWF's WTBS program. The most-remembered Prime Time format featured Bobby Heenan and Gorilla Monsoon introducing taped matches and analyzing them afterward, with Monsoon taking a neutral/babyface position and Heenan unashamedly cheering on the heels. The chemistry between Monsoon and Heenan made this show popular with fans for many years despite the fact it was not considered one of the WWF's "primary" shows for most of its history, and many other wrestling programs attempted to copy this formula, with varying degrees of success.
1987–1993: Scheduling conflicts and Monday Night Raw
During a span of five months between November 1987 and March 1988, a bitter event-scheduling war broke out between Vince McMahon and Jim Crockett, Jr., the owner of JCP. Throughout the 1980s, Crockett had steadily bought out other NWA-affiliated promotions in an attempt to make his organization a national one similar to the WWF. As a result, the term "NWA" became virtually synonymous with JCP. On Thanksgiving night 1987, McMahon's WWF aired Survivor Series on pay-per-view (PPV) against the NWA's Starrcade, which Crockett marketed as the NWA's answer to WrestleMania. However, many cable companies could only offer one live PPV event at a time. The WWF then threatened that any cable company that chose not to carry Survivor Series would not carry any WWF PPV events sixty days before and twenty-one days after the show. Therefore, the WWF PPV was cleared 10–1 over Starrcade, as only three cable companies opted to remain loyal to their contract with Crockett.
After this incident, the PPV industry warned McMahon not to schedule PPV events simultaneously with the NWA again. However, he was still not willing to fully cooperate with Crockett. On January 24, 1988, another scheduling conflict took place between the WWF and NWA: the NWA presented the Bunkhouse Stampede on PPV, while WWF aired the Royal Rumble for free on the USA Network. Later that year, with WWF's WrestleMania IV around the corner, Crockett decided to use McMahon's own tactics against him, developing his own PPV-caliber event and airing it for free on TBS opposite WrestleMania. The result was the Clash of the Champions I. On March 27, 1988 – the same night as WrestleMania IV – the first Clash of the Champions aired. This show made Sting a star after he wrestled NWA World Heavyweight Champion Ric Flair to a 45-minute draw. The NWA repeated the practice again the following year, with a Clash coinciding with WWF's WrestleMania V. Although the main event of the Clash saw NWA World Heavyweight Champion Ricky Steamboat defeat Flair in a best-of-three-falls match that lasted for almost an hour, ratings and attendance for the event fell well below expectations compared to WrestleMania V. Thus, the practice of conflicting major events would cease for six years.
By 1988, Crockett's acquisition spree had severely drained his coffers. As a result, he was forced to sell his company to Turner, through a subsidiary named Universal Wrestling Corporation, who wanted to retain the steady, strong ratings of the JCP wrestling programs. Turner named the company World Championship Wrestling (WCW) after the flagship television show; it remained affiliated with the NWA until 1993.
As 1993 began, Prime Time Wrestling was struggling in the ratings and was canceled by USA. The show that succeeded it, Monday Night Raw, changed how wrestling on cable television would be presented. The WWF decided that it should use its cable time as a showcase for original matches and storylines that would serve as the major build-up to the quarterly pay-per-view broadcasts. The original Raw broke new ground in televised professional wrestling. Traditionally, wrestling shows were taped on sound stages with small audiences or at large arena shows. The Raw formula was very different than that of Prime Time Wrestling: instead of taped matches, with studio voice overs and taped chat, Raw was a show shot to a live audience, with storylines unfolding as they happened. The first episode featured Sean Mooney reporting from the streets of New York City and interviews by Bobby Heenan, Yokozuna defeating Koko B. Ware, The Steiner Brothers defeating The Executioners; WWF Intercontinental Champion Shawn Michaels defeating Max Moon; and The Undertaker defeating Damien Demento. The show also featured an interview with Razor Ramon.
Raw originated from The Grand Ballroom at the Manhattan Center, a New York City theater, and aired live each week. The combination of an intimate venue and live action proved highly successful. However, the weekly live schedule became a financial drain on the WWF, and the company began taping shows; sometimes up to a month's worth of shows were taped at a time.
1993–1994: Eric Bischoff is put in charge of WCW
In the same year as the premiere of Monday Night Raw, WCW promoted former commentator and American Wrestling Association (AWA) announcer/sales associate Eric Bischoff to the position of Executive Vice President. During Bischoff's first year at the top of WCW, bookers Ole Anderson and Dusty Rhodes concocted cartoonish, unbelievable, and poorly built-up storylines that were poorly received by fans, such as "Lost in Cleveland," a storyline in which Cactus Jack developed amnesia and disappeared in Cleveland, Ohio; The White Castle of Fear, a match between Sting and Vader themed around B movies meant to promote SuperBrawl III; and tongue-in-cheek, short beach-party movies used as promotional videos for Beach Blast. Anderson and Rhodes' booking style was generally in line with the lighthearted, morally uncomplicated narrative that had been popular in 1980s wrestling, but which was generally looked upon with growing disdain by younger wrestling fans.
In February 1993, longtime NWA stalwart Ric Flair returned to WCW after an 18-month WWF tenure, but since Flair was constrained by a no-compete clause from his WWF contract, WCW gave him a talk show segment on its television shows called A Flair for the Gold. At Slamboree 1993, WCW reunited the Four Horsemen with Flair, Arn Anderson and Paul Roma. Ole Anderson was part of the group as an advisor, but made only one appearance on A Flair for the Gold. A Flair for Gold would eventually play host to one of the most infamous incidents of 1990s wrestling: On a live Clash of the Champions XXIV building up the Fall Brawl pay-per-view, WCW decided to introduce a "mystery partner" for the babyfaces, a masked man known as The Shockmaster. The Shockmaster was supposed to crash through a fake wall and intimidate the heels. However, he tripped through the wall, fell on live television, and briefly knocked off his helmet. The incident would be talked about for years to come in the burgeoning internet wrestling culture, and, along with WWF's Gobbledy Gooker, "Shockmaster" became wrestling parlance for an exceptionally poorly executed idea.
That same year, WCW began taping matches months in advance for syndicated programming like WCW WorldWide at the Disney/MGM Studios which would become known as the "Disney tapings". The Disney tapings would ultimately prove disastrous to the company's reputation, largely due to WCW's underestimation of growing internet culture: Because the events were recorded weeks, and sometimes months, in advance, fans in attendance had time to disseminate the results not only to wrestling magazines but also across the internet. Seating at the events was also partially contingent upon wearing merchandise promoting different wrestlers, and audience members being made to respond on-cue to particular in-ring events. This was regarded as a major breach of kayfabe at the time and ultimately led to WCW's departure from the NWA in September 1993.
By the end of the year, WCW decided to once again base the promotion around Ric Flair. The decision was largely made out of necessity: The company had intended to place heavy emphasis on Sid Vicious, but he was involved in a legitimate altercation with fellow wrestler Arn Anderson while on tour in England. A heated argument between the men escalated into a physical altercation, which culminated in them stabbing one another with a pair of scissors. Because Sid's attack on Anderson was more violent, and because of Arn Anderson's close relationship with Ole Anderson, the decision was made to fire Sid. Sid's departure resulted in a further problem for the company: As he had been scheduled to defeat Big Van Vader for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship at Starrcade 1993, several weeks worth of Disney Tapings had been filmed with Sid as the champion, with the intention not to air it until the following year. Sid's departure from the company meant that hours worth of footage had suddenly become worthless.
In 1994, Bischoff took a more aggressive stance in his capacity as vice president. He declared open war on the WWF and aggressively recruited high-profile former WWF wrestlers such as Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage, using Turner's funds. Because of their high profiles, Hogan and Savage were able to demand – and get – several concessions not usually allowed to wrestlers at the time. Notably, the men negotiated total creative control over their characters, in addition to multiyear, multimillion-dollar contracts at a time when many top wrestlers were only receiving around $1 million a year. Bischoff's concessions to Hogan and Savage would set a precedent for WCW's hiring process that would prove problematic in later years: As Bischoff began to aggressively pursue rival talent for jobs with WCW, performers—aware of the deals Hogan and Savage had been given—began to demand similar contracts, ultimately causing wrestlers' salaries to soar out of control. Concurrent with Hogan's arrival in WCW, he and Bischoff formed a close, real-life friendship that would afford Hogan a degree of influence over the day-to-day operations of the company.
WCW's first major pay-per-view event since Hogan's hiring, Bash at the Beach, saw Hogan defeat Ric Flair for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. The match was a reworking of a long-teased but never realized feud between the men while they were still working for the WWF: An intended main event match between them at WrestleMania VIII was changed to Hogan vs. Sid and Flair vs Savage, and the rivalry was never realized. Bischoff's attempt to deliver a "dream match" never produced by the WWF paid off, and the PPV drew a disproportionately high buy rate by the company's standards.
1994: Eastern Championship Wrestling goes Extreme
Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) had its origins in 1991 as the Tri-State Wrestling Alliance, owned by Joel Goodhart. In 1992, Goodhart sold his share of the company to his partner, Tod Gordon, who renamed the promotion Eastern Championship Wrestling. When Eastern Championship Wrestling was founded, it was a member of the NWA, and "Hot Stuff" Eddie Gilbert was its head booker. After a falling-out with Gordon, Gilbert was replaced in September 1993 by Paul Heyman (known on television as Paul E. Dangerously), who had just left WCW and was looking for a new challenge. In contrast to professional wrestling of the time, which was marketed more towards families, Eastern Championship Wrestling was geared more toward adults and fans who craved a more athletic and violent wrestling product. Its eventual successor, Extreme Championship Wrestling, aimed its product at males between 18 and 35, breaking a few taboos in professional wrestling such as blading. Heyman saw ECW as the professional wrestling equivalent to the grunge music movement of the early 1990s, and focused on taking the company in a new direction.
In 1994, Jim Crockett Jr.'s non-compete agreement with Turner, to whom he had sold in 1988, expired and he decided to start promoting with the NWA again. Crockett went to Gordon and asked him to hold a tournament for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, in ECW's home city of Philadelphia on August 27, 1994. NWA President Dennis Coralluzzo alleged that Crockett and Gordon were attempting to monopolize the title, and stated Crockett did not have the NWA board's approval, which resulted in Coralluzzo personally overseeing the tournament. Gordon took offense at Coralluzzo for his power plays and began contemplating a plan to secede ECW from the NWA in a controversial and public manner that would attract attention to ECW and insult the NWA organization. Gordon and Heyman planned to have Shane Douglas, who was scheduled to face 2 Cold Scorpio in the tournament finals, throw down the NWA World Heavyweight Championship upon winning it as an act of defiance.
Heyman pitched the plan to Douglas, noting that the only negative would be that NWA traditionalists would just see them as traitors to tradition. Additionally, there was animosity between Douglas and Coralluzzo, who had publicly criticized Douglas and advised NWA-affiliated bookers not to schedule him for shows, as he believed Douglas was a "bad risk" and had the tendency to not appear at shows he was scheduled to wrestle at. Douglas ultimately decided to go through with Gordon and Heyman's plan, inspired by his father's motto of "doing right by the people that do right by you". He threw down the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, stating that he did not want to be champion of a "dead promotion". He then raised the Eastern Championship Wrestling title and declared it to be a world heavyweight championship, calling it the only real world title left in professional wrestling. When recalling this event years later, Paul Heyman stated the following:
With this event, Eastern Championship Wrestling seceded from the NWA and became Extreme Championship Wrestling. The revamped promotion's unorthodox style and controversial storylines made it popular among fans in the 18- to 35-year-old male demographic. It showcased many different styles of professional wrestling, popularizing hardcore wrestling matches as well as lucha libre and Japanese wrestling styles. ECW was promoted as counterculture and a grittier alternative to multimillion-dollar organizations such as the WWF and WCW.
The Monday Night Wars
1995–1996: Debut of Monday Nitro
Monday Nitro premiered on September 4, 1995 as an hour-long weekly show, and Bischoff was instrumental in the launching of the show. During their mid-1995 meeting, Turner asked Bischoff how WCW could compete with the WWF. Bischoff, not expecting Turner to comply, said that the only way would be a prime-time slot on a weekday night, possibly up against the WWF's flagship show Monday Night Raw. Surprisingly for Bischoff, Turner granted him one live hour on TNT every Monday night, which specifically overlapped with Raw. This format expanded to two live hours in May 1996 and later three. Bischoff himself was initially the host; he handled the second hour along with Bobby Heenan and former NFL football player Steve "Mongo" McMichael, with Tony Schiavone and Larry Zbyszko hosting the first. Other co-hosts included Mike Tenay (usually for matches involving cruiserweights or international stars), Scott Hudson, and Mark Madden.
The initial broadcast of Nitro also featured the return of Lex Luger to WCW. Luger had worked for the company from 1987 to 1992, when it was still affiliated with the NWA, before joining the WWF the following year. WCW's coup of obtaining Luger was significant for several reasons. Because Nitro was live at the time, premiering major stars on the show would signal to the fans the amount of excitement the broadcasts would contain. Secondly, Luger had just come off a successful run in the WWF and was one of the company's top stars. In fact, he had been in line to get the WWF World Heavyweight Championship (he had had several previous title matches), and worked a WWF house show the night before. Since nobody but Bischoff and Luger's good friend Sting knew that Luger would return to WCW, the shock value generated by his appearance was great. Thirdly, Luger's defection created speculation among fans as to which other big-name stars would "jump ship". Notably, Luger would be followed by former WWF Women's Champion Alundra Blayze, who appeared with the WWF Women's Championship belt on the December 18, 1995, edition of Nitro and insulted her former employers before throwing the belt in the garbage.
Raw and Nitro traded wins in the "Monday Night Wars" early on, but WWE has conceded that by December 1995 "WCW had the advantage over [the WWF] in the storied Monday Night Wars". Nitro began airing a weekly segment entitled Where the Big Boys Play! composed of stock footage of matches featuring current WWF wrestlers who had started their careers as jobbers in WCW, all of which ended in the WWF wrestler suffering a humiliating loss. Bischoff also began to give away the results of Raw matches on Nitro, as Raw was usually taped a week prior to airing. These moves prompted retaliatory tactics by the WWF; in January 1996, Raw began airing skits before and after commercial breaks entitled Billionaire Ted's Wrasslin' Warroom, depicting parodies of Ted Turner ("Billionaire Ted"), Hulk Hogan ("The Huckster"), "Macho Man" Randy Savage ("The Nacho Man"), and "Mean" Gene Okerlund ("Scheme Gene"). While the material involving Hogan and Savage usually poked fun at their old ages, the skits aimed at Turner were decidedly more inflammatory in nature and contained material that could have been considered slanderous. Although Turner himself reportedly found the sketches amusing, the sketches stopped airing on the USA Network at the request of network president Kay Koplovitz, and were ended permanently in a short presented before WrestleMania XII, which killed off all the characters.
WrestleMania XII also began a brief turning point for the WWF, after which Raw would overtake Nitro for two consecutive months. The event saw the return of 1980s fan favorite "Rowdy" Roddy Piper, who made a face turn to fight Goldust. Another 1980s fan favorite returning that evening was The Ultimate Warrior, who would go on to enjoy a brief revival in popularity. The main event, a heavily promoted ironman match between Shawn Michaels and Bret Hart, lasted for more than an hour.
1996: The Curtain Call Incident
In April 1996, two of the WWF's top performers, Kevin Nash (Diesel) and Scott Hall (Razor Ramon), signed contracts with WCW. Prior to their departure, the men had been part of The Kliq, a tight-knit affiliation of wrestlers in the WWF whose backstage influence allowed them to wield an enormous amount of power over the direction of the company. The group, composed of Nash, Hall, Shawn Michaels, Hunter Hearst Helmsley (later known as Triple H) and Sean Waltman (1-2-3 Kid), often used their influence to advance one another's careers, and in some instances harm or ruin the careers of performers who displeased them. Accounts varied as to the reason for Nash and Hall's departure: Whereas wrestling analysts speculated that their contracts had been allowed to expire in order to break the Kliq's influence within the company, the WWF's official stance was that they could not match WCW's contract offer. On May 19, 1996, in their last WWF match before leaving for WCW, Nash and Hall were involved in a highly publicized incident at Madison Square Garden dubbed "The Curtain Call", in which four members of The Kliq (Nash, Hall, Michaels, Helmsley) broke character in the ring after their match to say goodbye to Nash and Hall (Waltman was in drug rehab and did not appear at the event). Michaels and Hall were playing babyface characters, while Nash and Helmsley were playing heel characters, and the four of them embracing saw an explicit breaking of kayfabe. Though the incident was not televised, it was nonetheless recorded by fans who had smuggled cameras and camcorders into the event, and photos and videos were widely disseminated on the internet. The incident marked one of the first times that pro wrestlers had so flagrantly broken character in front of an audience, and forced both the WWF and WCW to begin acknowledging fans' growing awareness of the backstage happenings of their respective companies. The Curtain Call would go on to influence the narrative course both companies took by encouraging WCW, and later the WWF, to blur the lines of fantasy and reality in wrestling, incorporating wrestlers' real names and details of their lives into their character's stories.
1996–1997: WCW and the New World Order
On the Memorial Day 1996 edition of Nitro, Scott Hall interrupted a match and, apparently out of character, challenged the wrestlers of WCW to a fight against him and unnamed companions. Though Hall was employed by WCW, the storyline took advantage of fans' knowledge of the Curtain Call incident by insinuating that Hall's departure from the WWF had been a ruse and that he was, in fact, staging an "invasion" of WCW on behalf of the WWF.
Two weeks later, a second WWF defector, Kevin Nash (who had wrestled as Diesel), appeared on Nitro. Hall and Nash were dubbed "The Outsiders", and would show up unexpectedly during Nitro broadcasts, usually jumping wrestlers backstage, distracting wrestlers by standing in the entranceways of arenas or walking around in the audience. A week later, they announced the forthcoming appearance of a mysterious third member of their group. At Bash at the Beach, Hall and Nash were scheduled to team with their mystery partner against Lex Luger, Randy Savage, and Sting. At the onset of the match, Hall and Nash came out without a third man, telling Okerlund that he was "in the building", but that they did not need him yet. Shortly into the match, a Stinger Splash resulted in Luger being crushed behind Nash and being taken away on a stretcher, turning the match into The Outsiders vs. Sting and Savage.
Hall and Nash were in control of the match when Hulk Hogan came to the ring. After standing off with them, he attacked Savage, showing himself to be the Outsiders' mysterious third man and thus turning heel. In a post-match interview, Hogan christened his alliance with Hall and Nash as the New World Order (nWo). Hogan's statements, which broke with his earlier face persona, inspired enough vitriol in the audience that they began to pelt the ring with debris: a wayward beer bottle broke Okerlund's nose, and one fan jumped the security railing and attempted to attack Hogan.
The following evening on Nitro, most of WCW's top stars gave faux indignant interviews, expressing their feelings of betrayal and disappointment with Hogan's actions. The ensuing storyline, in which the nWo waged a campaign of anarchy against WCW, blurred the lines between reality and scripted entertainment, a unique presentation that acknowledged fans' growing awareness of backstage wrestling politics and kayfabe. WCW and the nWo continued to grow in popularity, and for the next 84 consecutive weeks Nitro beat Raw in the ratings.
At the outset of the storyline, the WWF filed a lawsuit against WCW, alleging that WCW was illegally representing the nWo as a WWF affiliate and that Hall's persona was too close to his "Razor Ramon" character (itself a parody of Al Pacino's character in Scarface), to which the WWF retained the rights. WCW countered that in June, Hall and Nash had emphatically stated on-camera that they were no longer WWF employees, and that Hall's current persona was, in fact, a reworking of his previous WCW character, The Diamond Studd. The lawsuit dragged on for several years, culminating in the WWF agreeing to drop the suit in exchange for the right to bid on WCW properties should they ever come up for liquidation.
1996–1997: WWF struggles
Raw, and the WWF in general, was considered to be at a creative nadir before Nitro started. Into the early 1990s, the WWF had continued the creative formula that had given the company success in the 1980s: clear-cut face vs. heel storylines, colorful wrestlers with themed gimmicks, and alluring female valets who nonetheless maintained a "PG-13" level of sex appeal. Although the formula had been popular during the MTV-fueled "rock n' Wrestling" era of the 1980s, fans in the 1990s began to gravitate towards more morally ambiguous characters, wrestlers whose personas were more grounded in reality, and metafiction storylines that acknowledged their awareness of backstage politics via the use of the Internet. With the introduction of the nWo, the June 10, 1996, episode of Raw would be the last rating victory for the WWF for nearly two years.
On the November 4, 1996, episode of Raw, the WWF aired a storyline involving Stone Cold Steve Austin and Brian Pillman, two former friends who were feuding with each other. In a series of vignettes broadcast from Pillman's real-life home in Newport, Kentucky, Pillman – supposedly debilitated following an attack by Austin – vowed to protect himself and his wife with the help of a group of friends should Austin appear. At the end of the evening, the final vignette depicted Austin breaking into Pillman's home, prompting Pillman to pull a gun on Austin, and the feed being "interrupted" in the ensuing chaos, with Vince McMahon (serving as a commentator) stating that he had been informed of "a couple explosions". When the feed resumed, Austin was shown being dragged out of Pillman's house as Pillman screamed, "That son of a bitch has got this coming! Let him go! I'm going to kill that son of a bitch! Get out of the fucking way!", with none of the profanity censored.
The angle polarized fans and shocked the USA Network, which was not accustomed to airing a program with the profanity and level of violence presented in the vignettes. Although the WWF (and Pillman himself) were forced to issue apologies to avoid Raw being canceled for breach of contract, the ensuing discussion of the incident in the fan community generated the most attention the WWF had received since the beginning of the Monday Night Wars. This prompted the WWF creative team to begin looking into the idea of more adult-oriented storylines and characters and mimicking WCW's metafiction elements. On February 3, 1997, Monday Night Raw changed to a two-hour format. In an attempt to break the momentum of Nitro, WWF entered into a cross-promotional agreement with ECW. Raw commentator Jerry Lawler insulted and "challenged" ECW on the show's February 17 episode, and in the weeks to come, several ECW wrestlers appeared on Raw in a story arc similar to the nWo storyline playing out in WCW, with the WWF pursuing the "renegade" ECW. On March 10, 1997, Raw was officially renamed Raw Is War in reference to the ongoing rating battle.
1997: The Montreal Screwjob
Throughout the 1990s, Bret Hart had been arguably the most popular wrestler on the WWF roster since winning the WWF Championship from Ric Flair in 1992, and one of the few performers to remain steadfastly loyal to the company through its numerous changes. After losing the title to Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania XII, Hart took a hiatus from the WWF, returning in late 1996 at the Survivor Series soon after signing a 20-year WWF contract. Despite hesitation, Hart agreed to turn heel at WrestleMania 13, becoming an anti-US, pro-Canadian character who would deride the morals of US wrestling fans in increasingly cheering for heel wrestlers, which later expanded into more political anti-US remarks. Though Hart became strongly disliked in the United States, this had no effect on his popularity in Canada or Western Europe where he remained a babyface. Hart's heel turn in the US after WrestleMania 13 while remaining a face in Canada and Western Europe was another example of breaking new ground. From the point of view of Hart and the Canadian/European wrestling fans, it was the US wrestling fans that were the bad guys and whose morals had changed for the worse compared to previous years. Hart's feud against the aggressive, morally ambiguous yet patriotic Stone Cold Steve Austin, would dominate WWF storylines through most of 1997. During the year, as part of Hart's anti-US angle and his feud with Austin, Hart allied with his brother Owen Hart, his brothers-in-law The British Bulldog and Jim "The Anvil" Neidhart, and with close Hart family friend Brian Pillman, to form the new Hart Foundation.
Upon being told by Vince McMahon on September 22, 1997, that the WWF's current financial situation precluded the company from fulfilling his 20-year contract, Hart signed a contract with WCW in October 1997. At the time, Hart was the WWF Champion, and wanted to part ways with the WWF amicably, and had agreed to vacate the title following a farewell speech on the November 10, 1997 broadcast of Raw Is War in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, which would take place one day after the 1997 Survivor Series in Montreal. Although McMahon agreed to the arrangement, he later decided to renege on the deal and have Hart unwittingly lose the title at Survivor Series, to real-life rival Shawn Michaels. The incident, which took place in Hart's home country of Canada, became known as the Montreal Screwjob.
The incident severely demoralized the WWF roster, shaking wrestlers' faith in McMahon and resulting in a near strike the following evening, with Mick Foley (Mankind) actually going on strike for one day. Bret Hart's two brothers-in-law, the British Bulldog and Neidhart left with Hart for WCW, although Neidhart made one more appearance on Raw Is War as a quid pro quo before leaving, where Neidhart was beaten up by D-Generation X. Hart himself (who punched McMahon in the dressing room following the match in Montreal) prevented a mass strike by asking his former co-workers not to risk their careers for his sake. Bret's brother, Owen, also attempted to quit the WWF, citing a knee injury but was unable to get out of his contract. Owen Hart remained with the WWF until his controversial death at Over the Edge on May 23, 1999.
Rick Rude, a wrestler who had been popular amongst both fans and his fellow wrestlers during the 1980s and 1990s, who had recently made a comeback in the WWF and was one of the on-screen founding members of D-Generation X, left the WWF a week after the Montreal Screwjob, and followed Hart to WCW. As Rude was being paid by the WWF on an appearance-by-appearance basis, no extant contract prevented him from leaving the WWF without prior notice. Rude appeared on both the WWF's Raw Is War and WCW's Monday Nitro on November 17, 1997. A mustachioed Rude appeared on Nitro, which was live, and proceeded to criticize Vince McMahon, Shawn Michaels, DX, and the WWF, calling the WWF the "Titanic", thereby calling it a "sinking ship". An hour later on Raw Is War (which had been taped six days earlier), Rude then appeared with the full beard that he had been sporting during his last few weeks in the WWF, making Rude the only performer to appear on both Nitro and Raw on the same evening until the last night of the ratings wars. On top of this, Rude also appeared on ECW's Hardcore TV during that weekend (November 14–16 as the show was syndicated differently depending on the market). Rude made many appearances with ECW during 1997, including during the period when he was in the WWF as a part of DX, as the WWF and ECW often co-operated in terms of talent.
Bret Hart's departure from the WWF would ultimately turn the tide of the "Monday Night Wars." With Hart now on the WCW roster, Nitro boasted the most well-known names in wrestling; WCW had also been highlighting new talent, with up-and-coming stars such as Chris Jericho, Eddie Guerrero, and Rey Mysterio, Jr. forming the company's new cruiserweight division. As many of the cruiserweights incorporated elements of lucha libre into their performances, the division also helped WCW take advantage of the popularity of wrestling amongst Hispanic, Latin American, and Asian fans. As few WWF performers at the time utilized the type of aerial techniques found in lucha libre, the cruiserweight division and the acrobatic performances of its wrestlers helped not only to draw in new viewers to WCW, but also helped the organization reach out to fans who were used to seeing such feats in wrestling performances in their native countries.
WCW's Starrcade pay-per-view in Washington, D.C. drew WCW's highest buyrate to that date, including the highly anticipated main-event of Hollywood Hogan vs. Sting, a match that fans had been waiting to see since Sting first appeared as the leader of an anti-nWo faction a year before. However, the anticlimactic end of the match proved unpopular: Bret Hart made his WCW debut by accusing the referee of corruption, declaring himself the referee, and then awarding the belt to Sting, only for it to be stripped moments later on a technicality. As many fans had waited for a decisive victory of one faction over the other, the convoluted sequence of events was seen as a way to artificially extend the storyline without allowing it to come to an organic conclusion, beginning a sharp decline in the popularity of the nWo angle amongst fans.
1997–1998: Start of the Attitude Era, WWF overtakes WCW
Throughout 1997, Raw Is War began to become more and more controversial, and despite the company not getting any rating victories, the WWF gradually began receiving significantly more acclaim. Storyline elements included racist graffiti targeted at the Nation of Domination (a stable loosely based on the Nation of Islam), drinking beer on camera by Stone Cold Steve Austin, and emphasizing the sexuality of valets Sunny, Sable, and Marlena. These women began appearing on-camera in increasingly revealing clothing and in swimsuit and lingerie-oriented spreads in the WWF's Raw magazine, a lad mag designed as an alternative to the family-friendly WWF Magazine and a competitor to the likewise family-friendly WCW Magazine. Although these elements helped to garner the WWF more attention than it had enjoyed in the wake of the nWo storyline, the injury of Steve Austin at the SummerSlam pay-per-view, which put him out of action for three months, proved to be a severe blow to Raw Is War'''s popularity.
Despite losing to Nitro week after week, Raw Is War rallied in the ratings when it introduced its new "WWF Attitude" concept, in which the family-friendly and clear-cut face vs. heel dynamic of the 1980s to mid 1990s was jettisoned in favor of morally ambiguous wrestlers and adult-oriented, often heavily sexualized storylines. The concept was spearheaded by McMahon along with head WWF writer Vince Russo, who changed the way wrestling television was written and constructed. Russo's booking style was often referred to as "Crash TV". Matches were shortened in favor of story-building backstage vignettes, with an emphasis on shock factor. Like WCW's nWo storyline, the WWF began to blur the line between real life and kayfabe: Vince McMahon, taking advantage of fans' genuine dislike for him following the Montreal Screwjob, recast himself as the evil Mr. McMahon, a corrupt businessman who despised his own fans and valued sycophancy over talent. This presentation both mimicked Nitro's "Anything can happen" atmosphere, and acknowledged the growing phenomenon of "smarks," wrestling fans who used the Internet to gain a wide base of knowledge on the real-life, backstage workings of the industry. In February 1998, media tycoon Barry Diller would also finalize his purchase of the USA Network. Shaun Assael and Mike Mooneyham's book Sex, Lies Headlocks:The Real Story of Vince McMahon and World Wrestling Entertainment stated that "the terrain shifted completely under everyone's feet" following Diller's purchase of the USA Network, which began in October 1997. It was also acknowledged that Diller's purchase of the USA Network gave sympathetic USA Network executive Bonnie Hammer more say regarding the WWF's status at the USA Network and that previous USA Network managing head Kay Koplovitz, who resigned from the network after Diller took over her Chairman and CEO posts on April 9, 1998, was in fact planning to remove WWF programming from the USA Network prior to the purchase. On April 13, 1998, Raw defeated Nitro in the ratings for the first time since 1996.
Stone Cold Steve Austin would start to become extremely popular with the WWF's fanbase during 1997, and would often receive the best fan response of the night; despite playing a heel character, many fans would start to see him as more of an anti-hero. During this time, many wrestlers' personas were retooled, and wrestlers who had been growing in popularity were given pushes, often with dark or morally ambiguous alterations to their characters: The Rock, who had failed as a babyface character named Rocky Maivia—a naive young athlete trying to live up to the athletic legacies of his grandfather and father—was recast as an arrogant jock who spouted catch phrases. Shawn Michaels, Triple H, and Chyna formed D-Generation X (DX), a rule-breaking, frat boy-themed stable of wrestlers who laced their vignettes with sexual innuendo and lewd gestures. Although an injury would cause Michaels to take a four-year hiatus from wrestling, the stable soared in popularity under the leadership of Triple H, who added the New Age Outlaws and Sean Waltman to the group's ranks. Waltman, who was a member of the nWo, had recently left WCW after wrestling there for a year and a half as Syxx (having been fired while recovering from an injury), and returned to the WWF as X-Pac. The Undertaker, then one of the company's longest-serving performers, had his gimmick changed for the first time in his career with the company during the Attitude Era: having performed from 1990 to 1998 as a revenant, his persona was first changed to a pseudo-Satanic cult leader in 1999, then to a "bad ass" biker persona in 2000. One of the few performers to have his gimmick changed to a lighter, sympathetic, more traditional face persona was Mick Foley, who had been wrestling as the psychotic heel Mankind. Over several weeks, Foley engaged in a series of out-of-character shoot interviews documenting his career, the toll it had taken on his body and his marriage, and his youthful ambitions of being a popular wrestler with a hippie persona named Dude Love. The interviews proved immensely successful with fans, and Foley's popularity soared. Foley began alternating characters, variously appearing as Mankind (whose character was tweaked from an insane asylum inmate to essentially Foley in a mask), Dude Love, and his former persona of Cactus Jack, an old western outlaw. The publication of the first of what proved to be a three-volume Foley autobiography, Have a Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks, helped Foley and the company achieve mainstream success outside of wrestling circles as the book rose to #1 on The New York Times Best Seller List.
The night after the highly praised WrestleMania XIV, McMahon began a feud with fan-favorite Stone Cold Steve Austin. The rivalry, which was cast as a battle between blue collar redneck Austin and white collar executive McMahon, became one of the defining storylines of the Attitude Era, as each engaged in ever-escalating acts of sabotage and violence against the other. Austin's popularity would skyrocket even more with the company's fan base during this time. On April 13, 1998, an advertised Austin vs. McMahon main event was enough for Raw Is War to finally beat Nitro in the ratings for the first time in nearly two years. Two weeks later, the WWF taunted WCW's slipping ratings by sending members of DX to Norfolk Scope in Norfolk, Virginia in an attempt to crash a live taping of Nitro. The WWF was taping Raw Is War at the nearby Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, Virginia. Earlier in the day, Triple H and other wrestlers appeared outside the arena in military fatigues, challenging Eric Bischoff to come out and face them. The event was videotaped by a WWF camera crew for inclusion on Raw. Raw Is Wars ratings began to rise steadily, bringing the "Attitude Era" to its highest point.
1998–1999: WCW begins to struggle
Hoping to counter the McMahon/Austin feud, WCW divided the nWo into the Hollywood Hogan-led heel "nWo Hollywood" faction and the Kevin Nash-led face "nWo Wolfpac" faction. Although the Wolfpack proved popular with fans, the overall nWo storyline began to grow stale. As with the culmination of the Sting/Hogan match, fans grew tired of the lack of any kind of resolution, as many matches between the groups simply ended in disqualifications when other members jumped into the ring to interfere, leading to all-out brawls. Ted Turner decided to expand the brand by introducing a second weekly program WCW Thunder, on his TBS channel. The introduction of Thunder troubled Eric Bischoff, who warned Turner that a second weekly program could potentially result in fan burnout, as viewing both programs would require five hours of viewing time a week.
WCW attempted to regain ratings supremacy by marketing ex-NFL player Bill Goldberg as an invincible monster with a record-breaking streak of 173 consecutive wins. Goldberg proved to be very popular with the fans and enjoyed some crossover success in mainstream popular culture. On July 6, 1998, airing from the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia, Nitro defeated Raw Is War in the ratings when Goldberg pinned Hollywood Hogan to win the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. The match drew a 6.91 rating for the quarter-hour, the highest rating recorded in the rating war up to that time and over 5 million viewers. However, the decision to stage the match on live cable television was questioned backstage at WCW: several employees felt that the match should have been the highlight of a pay-per-view, where it could have generated more revenue. Vince McMahon himself questioned the wisdom of the decision, likewise confused why his competitor would fail to make a move that could have so greatly benefitted the company.
On August 10, 1998, WCW regained the lead for six weeks. During this time WCW brought in The Ultimate Warrior, now known as The Warrior, and then later reformed the Four Horsemen for Ric Flair's television return. WCW's final victory in the Monday Night Wars came on October 26, following the previous night's Halloween Havoc pay-per-view. The episode included a repeat airing of the Halloween Havoc WCW World Heavyweight Championship match between Diamond Dallas Page and Goldberg after the original airing exceeded the scheduled 3-hour running time and subscribers lost the feed at 11 p.m. EST.
In the fall of 1998, The Rock's popularity led to a main event lead babyface push, pitting him against Mr. McMahon in the build up to Survivor Series, leading to one of the biggest swerves in WWF history with The Rock turning heel and aligning with Mr. McMahon to form The Corporation upon winning the WWF Championship against Mankind.
Prior to this, the WWF's Austin/McMahon and WCW's Goldberg/nWo storylines would have each company trade victories. The Rock's leap into megastar status and subsequent feud with Mankind would give the WWF the lead, nearly doubling WWF ratings and PPV buys entering 1999.
After winning the World War 3 battle royal in November 1998, with the help of Scott Hall and his stun gun, Kevin Nash ended Goldberg's 173–0 winning streak and won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship at Starrcade the following month.
1999–2001: WCW's decline
As 1999 began, both shows were consistently getting 5.0 or higher Nielsen ratings and over ten million people tuned in to watch Raw Is War and Nitro every week. Wrestling gained newfound popularity, as wrestlers made the mainstream media, appearing on magazine covers like Entertainment Weekly and TV Guide, and appearing in commercials. By November 1998, however, the momentum would be in the WWF's favor for the remainder of the war. On January 4, 1999, Nitro broadcast live once again from the Georgia Dome. In the second of three hours, Eric Bischoff, who had learned of the results of the taped Raw Is War that was set to air that night, ordered commentator Tony Schiavone to make the following statement:
Although the WWF had acknowledged the title change on their website six days previously, ratings indicated that, immediately after Schiavone's comments, 600,000 people switched channels from Nitro on TNT to Raw Is War on USA Network to see Mankind win the WWF Championship with the help of Stone Cold Steve Austin. After Mankind won the title, many fans then switched back to Nitro (which still had five minutes of airtime left), suggesting that WCW had a show that the fans wanted to see and might have emerged the victor that night had they not given away the Raw Is War results. The final ratings for the night were 5.7 for Raw Is War and 5.0 for Nitro. During the year following the incident, many WWF fans brought signs to the shows saying "Mick Foley put my butt in this seat".
This Nitros main event was originally scheduled to be Goldberg vs. Kevin Nash for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship and was going to be their anticipated rematch. Goldberg was arrested during mid-show storyline, however, and accused of "aggravated stalking" by Miss Elizabeth. He was released when Elizabeth could not keep her story straight. Meanwhile, Hollywood Hogan returned to WCW after a hiatus and challenged Nash to a match, which Nash accepted. When the match began, Hogan simply poked Nash in the chest with his finger, after which Nash dramatically dropped to the mat to allow Hogan to win the belt, an event that became known as the "Fingerpoke of Doom". It led to another heel turn for Hogan and the reformation of the nWo. The credibility of the company, which did not present the match that had been advertised, was damaged. Despite the incident, WCW would continue this bait and switch tactic of booking until its demise in 2001. This "match" may have started the permanent ratings slide that was to follow for WCW, as Nitro – according to Nielsen ratings numbers listed by TWNPNews.com- – only got a 5.0 rating three times afterwards. Some dispute whether the Fingerpoke of Doom angle hurt WCW. According to TWNPNews.com, Nitros Nielsen ratings on January 11, the week following the incident, once again reached 5.0. During the January 18 episode, however, ratings would fall slightly to 4.9, but would recover to 5.0 the following week. Its 5.7 Nielsen rating on February 8 (on a night when Raw was pre-empted by the Westminster Dog Show) was the last time it would get such a number.Raw Is War was dominating Nitro to the point where WCW was making "quick fixes" to stem the tide, including hiring rapper Master P, bringing in Megadeth, Chad Brock, and Kiss for concerts, and conducting a contest to find a new member of the Nitro Girls (all of which flopped in the ratings). On September 10, 1999, Bischoff was removed from power. Meanwhile, Raw Is Wars numbers continued to rise; a match between The Undertaker vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin drew a 9.5 rating on June 28, 1999. It currently stands as the highest-rated segment in Raw history.
On October 5, 1999, Vince Russo and Ed Ferrara, the head writers of WWF television programs, signed with WCW, and were immediately replaced in the WWF by Chris Kreski. Russo and Ferrara contend that their reasons for leaving the WWF were a dispute with Vince McMahon over the increased workload that they were facing, with the introduction of the new SmackDown! broadcast, an attempt by WWF to compete with WCW's Thunder broadcast on Thursday nights; they initially became known as "The Powers That Be", unseen management figures. Ferrara even became an on-air parody of Jim Ross, named "Oklahoma", who mocked Ross's Bell's Palsy. However, Russo and Ferrara failed to replicate their success in the WWF.
In December 1999, Bret Hart suffered a career-ending concussion during a match with Goldberg at Starrcade. WCW was entering severe financial and creative lows. Nitros ratings failed to increase, and in January 2000, both Russo and Ferrara were suspended from the company after they considered putting the WCW World title on Tank Abbott. The subsequent promotion of Kevin Sullivan to head booker caused an uproar among WCW's wrestlers. Despite winning the WCW World Heavyweight Championship at Souled Out, Chris Benoit quit in protest, along with Eddie Guerrero, Perry Saturn and Dean Malenko. All four of them entered the WWF as The Radicalz, debuting on Raw Is Wars January 31 episode—15 days after Benoit's title win. Nitro was cut to two hours beginning with the edition of January 3, 2000 (with the first hour running unopposed and the second hour competing against Raw Is War) in an effort to bolster the aggregate ratings score, but the elimination of the third hour did not mean higher ratings for Nitro, which by April averaged around a 2.5 (while Raw Is War drew more than double that amount).
In April 2000, WCW hired the reigning ECW World Heavyweight Champion Mike Awesome, who left ECW over a contract dispute. His appearance on WCW television led to legal threats from ECW owner Paul Heyman. A compromise was reached which resulted in Awesome losing the title at an ECW event to Tazz, who was formerly of ECW and at the time contracted to the WWF. Tazz would later appear on WWF programming with the title. The WWF used this as a symbolic demonstration of superiority over WCW. On April 10, 2000, Bischoff (now a creative consultant) and Russo returned with equal power to work as a team and attempted to reboot WCW by vacating all of the promotion's titles. Bischoff was allowed back with booking powers, but no longer had control of the company finances like he did in his previous reign. The Millionaire's Club, consisting of WCW's veteran stars such as Hogan, Flair and Diamond Dallas Page, were accused of preventing the younger talent from ascending to main event status and feuded with The New Blood, consisting of WCW's younger stars such as Billy Kidman, Booker T and Buff Bagwell. The New Blood/Millionaire's Club rivalry was aborted before the start of the New Blood Rising pay-per-view, which was supposed to showcase the rivalry. WCW became even more desperate, going as far as placing the WCW World Heavyweight Championship upon actor David Arquette, who was making promotional appearances for WCW's feature film Ready to Rumble.
The struggles of WCW since Russo's arrival to the company came to a head on July 9, 2000, at the Bash at the Beach pay-per-view. During the match between Jeff Jarrett and Hollywood Hogan for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship, Jeff Jarrett, by Russo's order, lay down in the ring to let Hogan pin him and win the title. After scolding Russo as being the reason for WCW's problems and pinning Jarrett, Hogan left the arena in disgust. Russo cut a shoot promo proclaiming that the reason WCW was in dire straits was "that goddamn politician Hulk Hogan". During the promo, Russo also reversed the result of the Jarrett–Hogan match and gave the championship back to Jarrett. Additionally, he announced that Jarrett would defend the WCW World Heavyweight Championship against Booker T later that night. Booker T ended up winning the championship over Jarrett. Bash at the Beach 2000 not only exposed the backstage hardships under Russo, but it was also the last event for Hogan as he would never appear in WCW again following the incident.
On the September 25, 2000, edition of WCW Monday Nitro, Russo won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship in a steel cage match. At the end of the match, Russo suffered a concussion after Goldberg speared him through a cage, resulting in a head-on collision with the ringside barriers. On the October 2, 2000, edition of Nitro, Russo relinquished the championship saying that he was "not an athlete nor did I [Russo] ever claim to be". The October 2, 2000, edition of Nitro was also the last appearance for Russo in WCW, though he continued to be employed by the company until its demise.
In 2000, Ted Turner was no longer running the company, which had been purchased by Time Warner in 1996 and America Online (AOL) in 2001. In 2000, WCW lost US$62 million, due to guaranteed contracts of their older performers, plummeting advertising revenues, dropping house show attendance, declining attendance of tapings for Thunder (which moved its tapings to immediately after Nitro beginning on October 9 of that year), controversial booking decisions (like Arquette and Russo winning the WCW World Heavyweight Championship), and expensive stunts to boost the dismal ratings and pay-per-view buyrates. Difficulties also began to arise around Goldberg, who had become the company's flagship performer. He sustained an arm injury during a backstage vignette taping that kept him off television for six months; upon his return, the decision was made to try to shake up the status quo by having him turn heel at The Great American Bash, despite being the most popular wrestler in the company. The change was poorly received by fans.
2001: End of the War, WWF purchases WCW and ECW, the Invasion
In January 2001, Fusient Media Ventures, led by Bischoff, announced that they were going to purchase WCW. The deal was contingent on the Turner networks keeping Nitro on TNT on Monday and Thunder on TBS on Wednesday. When Jamie Kellner took over as CEO of Turner Broadcasting, he announced the cancellation of all WCW programming on the company's networks, believing that wrestling did not fit the demographics of either channel and would not be favorable enough to get the "right" advertisers to buy airtime (even though Thunder was the highest-rated show on TBS at the time). In the book NITRO: The Incredible Rise and Inevitable Collapse of Ted Turner's WCW by Guy Evans, it is said that a key condition in WCW's purchase deal with Fusient Media Ventures was that Fusient wanted control over time slots on TNT and TBS networks, regardless of whether these slots would show WCW programming or not. This influenced Kellner's decision to ultimately cancel WCW programming. WCW's losses were then written-off via purchase accounting; according to Evans: "in the post-merger environment, the new conglomerate was able to 'write down' money losing operations, essentially eliminating those losses because of their irrelevancy moving forward."
With no national television outlet to air the shows, Fusient dropped their offer to purchase the promotion. The WWF, the only company who would not need the television time slots Kellner had canceled, then made their offer. On March 23, 2001, all of WCW's trademarks and archived video library, as well as a select 25 contracts, were sold to Vince McMahon and World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. through its subsidiary WCW Inc. WCW's assets were purchased for just $3 million. Most of the main event-level stars including Flair, Goldberg, Kevin Nash, and Sting were contracted directly to parent company AOL Time Warner instead of WCW, and thus AOL Time Warner was forced to continue to pay many of the wrestlers for years. The actual WCW entity was reverted to Universal Wrestling Corporation solely to deal with both legal and administrative issues.
TNT did allow a final Nitro show to air from Panama City Beach, Florida which had been scheduled for the following Monday on March 26. McMahon opened the last-ever episode of WCW Monday Nitro with a simulcast with WWF Raw Is War, which aired from Cleveland, Ohio, with a self-praising speech. The final WCW World Heavyweight Championship match for the show and the company saw WCW United States Heavyweight Champion Booker T defeat Scott Steiner to win the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. The main event featured Sting defeating Ric Flair with the Scorpion Deathlock as a culmination of their trademark feud, then both men embraced one another at the match's conclusion. This was a direct parallel to the very first Nitro. After the Sting/Flair match, McMahon appeared on Raw Is War to close Nitro and to declare victory over WCW. His son Shane McMahon then appeared on Nitro, declaring that it was actually he who had bought WCW. This initiated the Invasion storyline that would have Shane's character leading the WCW invasion of the WWF, which lasted from March to November 2001 and marked the end of WCW as a brand. The last Nitro drew a 3.0 rating. The final rating tally in 270 head-to-head showdowns was: 154 wins for Monday Night Raw, 112 for Nitro, and four ties.
Three weeks prior to the final Nitro, ECW owner Paul Heyman had begun an announcing contract with the WWF, as ECW had also fallen to financial problems and was forced to declare bankruptcy and close in January 2001. Thus, the WWF became the sole national professional wrestling promotion in the United States. During the Invasion storyline, Heyman's ECW (owned in the storyline by Stephanie McMahon) would align with Shane McMahon's WCW against the WWF, a faction known as the Alliance.
Aftermath and legacy
WCW/ECW revivals and retrospectives
WWF business steadily declined in North America after the end of the war, with a noticeable drop in buyrates and ratings. To compensate for the decrease in domestic revenue, the WWF expanded their business outside of the United States. The Raw Is War logo and its name were retired in September 2001, following the September 11 attacks and sensitivity over the word war, and because the Monday Night Wars were "over." By 2002, the WWF roster had doubled in size due to the abundance of contracted workers. As a result of the increase, WWF was divided into franchises through its two main television programs, Raw and SmackDown!, assigning the now divided roster to either franchise while also designating championships and appointing figureheads to each franchise. This expansion became known as the Brand Extension. The franchises or "brands" act as complementing promotions under the parent company. The institution of concepts like separate rosters, "General Managers" and talent drafts was intended to emulate the rivalry that had ended with WCW.
In May 2002, WWF was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) after a lawsuit with the World Wide Fund for Nature, which operates in the U.S. and Canada under its former international name of "World Wildlife Fund", and also used the WWF initials. Ric Flair, Kevin Nash, and Goldberg eventually signed contracts with WWE only after the conclusion of the Invasion, though it is generally thought that their participation in the storyline would have benefited the promotion.
In the summer of 2003, WWE purchased ECW's assets in court, acquiring the rights to ECW's video library. They used this video library to put together a two-disc DVD titled The Rise and Fall of ECW. The set was released in November 2004. In 2004, an unauthorized DVD called Forever Hardcore was written, directed and produced by former WCW crew member Jeremy Borash in response to The Rise and Fall of ECW. The DVD had stories of wrestlers who were not employed by WWE telling their side of ECW's history. By 2005, WWE began reintroducing ECW through content from the ECW video library and a series of books. With heightened and rejuvenated interest in the ECW franchise, WWE organized ECW One Night Stand in June 2005, an ECW reunion event. With the financial and critical success of the production, WWE produced a second One Night Stand in June 2006 and relaunched the ECW franchise as a WWE brand, complementary to Raw and SmackDown. The brand would continue to operate until 2010 when it was replaced with NXT.
In 2004, WWE produced a DVD called The Monday Night Wars. Two hours in length, the DVD left out a large portion of the "war", breaking off around 1997 before jumping straight to the post-WCW era of WWE. The objectivity of the DVD's content was questioned, as some believed the documentary was simply telling the WWE side of the story. On August 25, 2009, WWE released The Rise and Fall of WCW on DVD. The DVD looks back at the roots of WCW during the days of Georgia Championship Wrestling and Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling, to the glory days of Monday Nitro and the nWo, and to its demise and sale to WWE. With the launch of the WWE Network in 2014, much of WCW's and ECW's video libraries have been made available to subscribers.
In 2014, Sting would make his first appearance in WWE, interrupting the Survivor Series main event. Sting was the last major WCW star to never wrestle for WWE. At WrestleMania 31, Sting would face Triple H in a no disqualification match. The match was interrupted by the stables of WCW's nWo and WWE's DX, leading to a brawl between them and Sting's defeat in his first match in the company. Despite Sting having cut a promo on Raw saying the match would not be about the war between the companies "because that would be ridiculous at this point", the match finish has been interpreted as a desire of McMahon to reiterate his victory in the Monday Night Wars, with Scott Hall commenting, "That's Vince just reminding you who won, even if he's going to make money the other way".
Post-Monday Night Wars competition
As a result of the Monday Night Wars, professional wrestling became a prime-time tradition on Monday nights in America. It also lessened the prevalence of squash matches (where star wrestlers would defeat jobbers) on television, as both companies were compelled to show competitive, pay-per-view quality matches on a weekly basis in an effort to increase ratings. The Monday Night Wars resulted in the creation of millions of new wrestling viewers, and are commonly referred to as professional wrestling's most recent boom period. Stars such as Stone Cold Steve Austin, The Rock, Bill Goldberg and Sting became household names, and some attempted to parlay their newfound fame into other mediums and found success in them, much like Hulk Hogan of the 1980s and early 1990s: notable examples being Mick Foley, who became a New York Times best selling author with the first volume of his autobiography, Have a Nice Day, and Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, who branched out to become one of the highest grossing actors of all time.
WCW's closure left a gap in the market which several companies have attempted to fill. Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH) both emerged in early 2002 and have enjoyed moderate success since that time. At first running weekly pay-per-views, TNA switched to monthly pay-per-views supported by a weekly show on cable television, Impact Wrestling (now known as Impact!). On January 4, 2010, TNA moved Impact! to Monday nights, in direct competition with Raw. In a move referred to by some as "The New Monday Night Wars", TNA began airing Impact! on Monday each week beginning on March 8, 2010. After declining ratings, the show returned to its Thursday timeslot in May 2010. In late 2007, ROH also started airing bi-monthly pay-per-views, and in 2009, ROH began airing a weekly wrestling program on HDNet. However, it was announced in early 2011 that HDNet would drop ROH from its schedule. Since September 2011, ROH airs a weekly syndicated television show on stations owned by Sinclair Broadcasting Group, which was ROH's parent company until All Elite Wrestling owner Tony Khan announced that he had purchased the promotion on March 2, 2022. In June 2015, the weekly show began airing on Destination America as well, though it was dropped and moved to the Sinclair-owned Comet. In 2017, TNA was purchased by Anthem Sports & Entertainment, the owner of their Canadian broadcaster Fight Network and renamed Impact Wrestling after their television series.
In May 2019, All Elite Wrestling (AEW), which had launched the previous January, announced a deal to broadcast a live two-hour weekly television show on TNT. The show, known as AEW Dynamite, premiered on October 2, 2019. In August, WWE announced that it would move NXT to the USA Network beginning with the show's September 18 episode and change the show's format to a live two-hour program which will compete with AEW's live weekly program. NXT's move to the USA Network triggered the start of the Wednesday Night Wars.
Comparison of ratings between Raw and Nitro
See also
History of professional wrestling
History of World Championship Wrestling
History of WWE
Notes
References
References
The Rise and Fall of ECW'' DVD chapter 36 "WWE Co-Promotion"
Mass media rivalries
History of professional wrestling
World Championship Wrestling
WWE Raw
1990s in American television
2000s in American television |
is the third studio album by Håkan Hellström, released in 2005. The title would be translated as "Confessions of a Colic Child". Musically, the album is quite different from earlier Hellström records. The music is more folk oriented and the lyric topics are more mature, for example "Hurricane Gilbert" is about Hellström's long-time friend and guitarist Daniel Gilbert and "Jag har varit i alla städer" deals with success and its backside, in form of people trying to take advantage of Hellström.
Track listing
"" I've been to every city
"" Brännö serenade
"" A midsummer night's dream
"" They will step on you again
"" Only fools rush in
""
"" Gårda mills and dirt
"" Magasingatan street
"" Lullaby for escapees
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2005 albums
Håkan Hellström albums
Swedish-language albums |
The Jacob P. Mesick House is located on Van Wyck Lane in Claverack-Red Mills, New York, United States. It is a wooden house in the Greek Revival architectural style built in the mid-19th century.
It is a strong example of that style in the region that has remained intact since its construction, with its original front facade restored in the early 20th century. Jacob Mesick, its builder and first resident, was a prosperous local farmer who later went into politics. The house has remained in family hands. In 1997 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Building
The Mesick House is on a rise above Van Wyck Lane, at the west end of a parcel with several other buildings on it, none of them contributing to its historic character. Shaw Bridge (now closed), also listed on the Register, is to the south along the street, crossing Claverack Creek a short distance east of NY 23/9H, the main north–south through route through Claverack. The land crosses the creek to an area of cultivated fields in the east.
The house itself is a two-story, five-by-five-bay clapboard-sided frame structure on a stone foundation topped with a hipped roof pierced by four brick chimneys.
The Colonial Revival main entrance, a paneled door also with sidelights and transom, opens into a wide center hall with stair. The walls have their original French print wall covering. On either side the large parlors, and the small rooms behind them, retain all their original finishes as well. An archway connects the front and back rooms on the north.
The outbuildings are located near the main house. South of it is a modern garage. To the east are the other two, a pole barn and barn/apartment. All are of modern construction.
History
The land was originally part of the Van Buren family holdings. It later passed to the van Rensselaers, and from them Jacobus Delamater bought it in 1785. He, in turn, sold it to Mesick in 1831.
Mesick built a prosperous farm on the lot, which led to the house's construction around 1840. It is one of the few Greek Revival buildings in Claverack, showing the adaptation of that style into the local architectural tradition. Its level of decoration, symmetry and massing are strong and distinctive aspects of the Greek Revival style.
Later in his career Mesick served in the state assembly. From him it passed to his son, the grandson. It remains in the family.
During the later 19th century, the original colonnade was replaced with a full-length front porch. In the early 20th century, the original entrance was restored in keeping with the Colonial Revival movement of the era. Later, slight modifications include the archway added on the first floor and the removal of the original oven and firebox pump from the kitchen in the mid-century.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbia County, New York
References
External links
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Greek Revival houses in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1840
Claverack, New York
Houses in Columbia County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, New York |
Canal Nostalgia was a Spanish television channel owned and operated by Televisión Española (TVE), the television division of state-owned public broadcaster Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE). It was available via pay television satellite platforms first and cable platforms later. It was known for broadcasting classic programmes from Televisión Española historical audiovisual archive.
It was launched in 1997 and discontinued in 2005, when it was closed to launch months later TVE 50 Años.
Structure
Each day, 12 hours were scheduled to show programs of all kinds of genres, from 1964 (when TVE started recording its shows) to the 1980s. After the 12 hours concluded, in the night the same schedule was repeated. They only showed their own produced shows, since showing series or movies not belonging to them would require a payment to the copyright owners of them.
History
Canal Nostalgia started as a satellite channel inside TVE Temática, with TVE 24 Horas, Canal Alucine and Cine Paraíso. In 1998, it was brought to Vía Digital, where it stayed until that satellite digital platform was merged with Canal Satélite Digital in 2002, becoming Digital Plus. It was then brought to cable TV through Ono, until it was discontinued in June 2005. Months later, in November 2005, a new channel named TVE 50 Años with similar structure was launched through Digital terrestrial television to celebrate TVE's 50th anniversary. In the last months, from February 2005, it was also available in the United States and Canada via Intelsat Americas 13.
References
Television channels and stations established in 1997
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2005
RTVE defunct channels
Defunct television channels in Spain
Classic television networks |
Francis Snow Hesseltine (December 10, 1833 – February 17, 1916) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism on December 30, 1863, while serving as the lieutenant colonel of the 13th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, at Matagorda Bay, Texas. His Medal of Honor was issued on March 2, 1895.
Early life
Francis Hesseltine was born in Bangor, Maine, in 1833 and educated at Colby College in Waterville. While a student at Colby, he was the first citizen of Waterville to volunteer to serve in the Union Army. The sophomore student was elected captain of a company in the 3rd Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit made up almost entirely of college students. Had the war not intervened, Hesseltine would have graduated from Colby in June 1863.
Civil War service
By February 1862 Hesseltine was a lieutenant colonel in the Thirteenth Maine Regiment. The regiment was sent to Ship Island, Mississippi, where he was given command of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Phillip, which were located 70 miles south of New Orleans, and protected the approaches to the city.
In October 1863 concerns about Mexico possibly entering the war allied with the Confederacy caused the Thirteenth Maine to be shipped to Brownsville, Texas, at the mouth of the Rio Grande River.
Medal of Honor action
In late December 1863 Hesseltine led a detachment of 100 men in a reconnaissance of the Matagorda peninsula, which covered the approach to the harbor of Corpus Christi, Texas. On December 28, a regiment of 1,000 Confederate cavalrymen discovered his reconnaissance detachment and attacked Hesseltine's command.
On the 28th, seven miles from the head of Matagorda peninsula all contact was cut off with the transport ship which could evacuate Hesseltine's force due to heavy surf. The enemy was at his rear and he was, effectively, surrounded.
In Hesseltine's own words, "Soon, by the aid of my glass, I was able to discern the head of a body of cavalry moving down the peninsula … their line stretched steadily towards us … in half an hour their skirmishers were swarming up close to mine, slightly heeding the shall and shrapnel … half our skirmishers faced about and gave them a volley … I knew my men. They were cool; and determined rather than the rebels should meet the first encouragement of this campaign, that they would die there."
As of 3 p.m. on the third day, Hesseltine had located his transport ship, and his unit boarded without loss of lives or equipment. The 100 infantrymen from Maine had inflicted significant casualties on the 1,000 Confederate cavalrymen and sank their gunboat.
Post war
After the war, Hesseltine studied law in Portland, then moved to Savannah, Georgia, and lived there until 1870, when he opened a law practice in Boston with his son. He then moved to Melrose, Massachusetts, residing at 45 West Emerson Street. He became involved in the public life of the growing town.
He became active in political and public endeavors, serving on the building committee for town hall, helping fund the Melrose Improvement Society. The Melrose Improvement Society planted over 3,000 trees and cleared the town common. In 1891, he served on the oversight committee for the building of two new schools (Livermore and Winthrop) and the addition to the high school. In 1892 he was on the committee to study the establishment of public sewerage. In 1895, he served on the committee to study the change from town to city government. He presided at the municipal memorial service for President Grant. He also served on the commission formed to pay pensions (with city funds) to Melrose's Civil War veterans.
Hesseltine was active in Republican party politics and in 1884 was Melrose campaign coordinator for Maine Governor James G. Blaine, in his unsuccessful presidential campaign against Grover Cleveland. He ran for Mayor in 1902 but was defeated.
In 1912, Hesseltine was awarded an honorary doctorate by his alma mater, Colby College.
He is one of eight Medal of Honor recipients to be a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts. He was also a member of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and the Grand Army of the Republic.
He died at the age of 82, on February 17, 1916, and was buried at the Wyoming Cemetery in Melrose.
Medal of Honor citation
See also
13th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Department of the Gulf
Battle of Brownsville
Battle of Mustang Island
Battle of Fort Esperanza
Red River Campaign
Colby College
Notes
Further reading
External links
1833 births
1916 deaths
Military personnel from Bangor, Maine
Burials in Massachusetts
People of Maine in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor |
Vodyanovsky () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Pristenovskoye Rural Settlement, Chernyshkovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 144 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.
Geography
Vodyanovsky is located on 63 km southeast of Chernyshkovsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pristenovsky is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Chernyshkovsky District |
Dirk Kurtenbach (born 2 August 1964) is a German former footballer who played as a forward.
Kurtenbach started his career at 2. Bundesliga side Fortuna Köln in 1983 before signing for Stuttgarter Kickers three years later. He was part of the Stuttgarter Kickers side that reached the 1987 DFB-Pokal Final, scoring their only goal of a 3–1 defeat to Hamburger SV. He was the DFB-Pokal top scorer for the 1986–87 season, having scored 8 goals. He transferred to Waldhof Mannheim of the Bundesliga in summer 1988 before moving to Hertha BSC of the 2. Bundesliga later that year. He returned to Fortuna Köln in summer 1990, where he ended his career.
Career statistics
References
External links
Living people
1964 births
German men's footballers
Footballers from Bochum
Men's association football forwards
SC Fortuna Köln players
Stuttgarter Kickers players
SV Waldhof Mannheim players
Hertha BSC players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
West German men's footballers |
The Grigorovich I-2 was a biplane fighter aircraft of the Soviet Union, the first indigenous fighter to enter service in substantial numbers. Developed from the Grigorovich I-1, it first flew on 4 November 1924, piloted by A.I. Zhukov. The M-5 engine was a Soviet copy of the Liberty L-12.
Production of the redesigned I-2bis was 211 aircraft. Production was performed by Aviation Repair Plant No.3 in Smolensk.
Operators
Soviet Air Forces
Specifications (I-2bis)
See also
External links
D.Grigorovich page at www.aviation.ru
Russian Aviation Museum
Venik's Aviation
I-2 page at airwar.ru
1920s Soviet fighter aircraft
Grigorovich aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924 |
Epicephala bipollenella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in Fujian, China and the Ryukyu Archipelago.
The larvae feed on Glochidion hirsutum and Glochidion zeylanicum.
References
Epicephala
Moths described in 2012 |
Peter Mark Brant Sr. (born March 1, 1947) is an American industrialist and art collector. He is married to model Stephanie Seymour. He was also a magazine publisher until 2018 and a film producer.
Early life and education
Brant was raised in Jamaica Estates, Queens, the son of Lily and Murray Brant. Both parents were Jewish immigrants from Bulgaria. Brant's father co-founded the paper converter (primarily converting paper into newsprint) Brant-Allen Industries with his brother-in-law (father of H. Joseph Allen). He has one sister, Irene Brant Zelinsky. Brant was a childhood friend of future U.S. president Donald Trump. He attended the University of Colorado but did not graduate; rather, he left school to work for his father's company.
Career
Newsprint
Brant went to work at Brant-Allen Industries, a paper conversion company co-founded by his father. In the early 1970s, Brant and a cousin, H. Joseph Allen — the son of Murray Brant's business partner — led the company into the manufacturing side of the business and expanded the company into paper mill (converting pulp into paper) ownership purchasing a mill in Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec and partnering with the Washington Post and Dow Jones to purchase a mill in Ashland, Virginia. In the early 2000s, as paper demand continued to decline, Brant embarked on a buying spree purchasing a second Quebec mill in 2004 for $205 million (from Enron) and a third Quebec mill in 2006 for $135 million. In 2008, he bought out his partner and changed the name of the company to White Birch Paper Company. Also in 2008, he purchased SP Newsprint Co for $305 million, a newsprint manufacturer with operations in Oregon and Georgia. The purchase gave Brant control of 22% of the North American newsprint market, second to AbitibiBowater with 43%. Brant expanded SP Newsprint into paper recycling operating 23 recycling facilities through its SP Recycling unit.
In a court filing around 2007, Brant said the ailing newsprint market and the recession had slashed his net worth to less than $500 million from $1.4 billion that year.
In February 2010, White Birch Paper restructured under Chapter 11 proceedings, due to excessive debt and declining demand for newsprint. The company emerged from bankruptcy in January 2012 and closed its main pulp and paper mill in Quebec City, sending home more than 600 workers. White Birch owns two other mills in Quebec, Canada and one in Ashland, Virginia. In 2012, Brant pledged a portion of his art collection as security to purchase White Birch Paper out of bankruptcy in partnership with Black Diamond Capital Management LLC for $94.5 million in cash and $78 million in debt. Brant remains as CEO of White Birch Paper.
In November 2011, SP Newsprint Co filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy due to excessive debt and declining demand for newsprint. SP Newsprint operates two mills in Dublin, Georgia and Newberg, Oregon and 23 recycling facilities. In September 2012, SP Newsprint was purchased out of bankruptcy by SP Fiber Technologies LLC for an undisclosed amount.
In May 2016, Brant, as Art Media Holdings, merged the magazine Art in America with its principal competitor ARTnews. Artnet reported his company announced that ARTnews would go to a quarterly publication schedule, down from monthly. The latter had run an article asking whether the Brant Foundation was a tax scam or an art investment vehicle.
In May 2017, White Birch Paper announced that it would idle paper making operations at its Bear Island newsprint mill in Ashland, Virginia. The mill produced 240,000 metric tons of newsprint annually.
In 2018, Penske Media Corporation, the parent company of Variety magazine, acquired ARTnews and Art in America from Brant.Brant Publications, Inc.
Brant was the owner and chairman of Brant Publications, Inc., located in New York City, founded in 1984. BPI published three magazines:Interview was founded by artist Andy Warhol and John Wilcock in late 1969. These interviews were usually unedited or edited in the eccentric fashion of Warhol's books and The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: From A to B and Back Again. Brant Publications began publishing Interview shortly after Warhol's death in 1987. The magazine celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2010.
The magazine Antiques is a monthly arts publication that focuses on architecture, interior design, and fine and decorative arts. Regular monthly columns include news on current exhibitions and art-world events, notes on collecting, and book reviews. The magazine was founded in 1922 and underwent a complete redesign in 2009.Modern, was launched in 2009 and is a magazine devoted to design, decorative arts and architecture.Modern Magazine on-line
Film producer
Brant's interest in art also led him into film production. He was a producer of L’Amour in 1973 and Andy Warhol's Bad in 1977. Brant was an executive producer of the award-winning films Basquiat (1996) and Pollock (2000). He was also co-producer of the Peabody- and Emmy-award-winning PBS documentary, Andy Warhol: A Documentary (2006). Brant was also a producer of The Homesman (2014).Variety: "Cannes Film Festival: Early Pics Include Tommy Lee Jones’ ‘The Homesman,’ ‘How to Train Your Dragon 2’" April 16, 2014
Art collection and the Brant Foundation
Brant is one of the world's Top 200 art collectors. He bought his first pieces of art after turning an $8,000 investment into several hundred thousand dollars as a young man. His first purchases according to The New York Times, included "a couple of Warhols and, later, a major Franz Kline.” In 1976, Brant commissioned Andy Warhol to paint his cocker spaniel, Ginger. Warhol made two paintings of Ginger, as well as drawings. Brant is one of the largest collector's of Warhol's art.
Brant is a member of the Advisory Council of the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh. The Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles named Brant to its board of trustees in December 2009.
Brant's collection is on display to the public at the two locations of the Brant Foundation Art Study Center, in Greenwich, Connecticut and the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan. His collection includes numerous works by Warhol, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Jeff Koons, Dan Flavin, Glenn Ligon, and Cady Noland. Brant is one of Basquiat's major collectors. In 2020, he sold his Basquiat painting Boy and Dog in a Johnnypump'' (1982) to Ken Griffin for more than $100 million.
Kentucky Derby and polo
Brant was a member of the partnership who owned Classic winner Swale, who won both the 1984 Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes and was American Champion Three-Year-Old Colt that year. In addition, Brant was responsible for bringing legendary stallion Mr. Prospector to Claiborne Farm in Paris, Kentucky. Mr. Prospector, who began his stud career in Florida in 1975, went on to be one of the most influential sires in the American Stud-Book since the first of his progeny began racing in 1978. Brant was the breeder of 1995 Kentucky Derby winner Thunder Gulch. Thunder Gulch is the son of Gulch out of the mare Line of Thunder, who were both owned and bred by Brant. In addition, Brant is an accomplished polo player and at one time was the highest-rated amateur player in the U.S. Brant is the co-founder of the Greenwich Polo Club, the Saratoga Polo Association, and the Bridgehampton Polo Club.
Personal life
Marriage
His first marriage was to Sandra "Sandy" Simms (born 1955). They met while attending the University of Colorado and divorced in 1995. She later married writer Ingrid Sischy.
On July 14, 1995, Brant married model Stephanie Seymour outside of Paris, with gallery owner Tony Shafrazi serving as best man at the ceremony. In 2009, the couple filed for divorce, but subsequently reconciled in 2010.
Children
Brant had eight biological children with his two wives, and one stepchild. Two of his biological children died within a two year period.
Brant and first wife Sandra Simms have five children together, four surviving as of late 2021. Four of their children have worked for Brant companies:
Christopher as president of White Birch
Ryan (c. 1972) as director of Brant Publications (c. 1972). He also founded Take-Two Interactive at age 21. He was CEO until 2001, and left the company in 2006. He died in March 2019, at the age of 47, due to cardiac arrest caused by aspiration.
Kelly as online director Brant Publications
Allison as director of the Brant Foundation, and manager of her father's art collection
Lindsay (c. 1973), an artist, has not worked for a Brant company
Brant and Stephanie Seymour have two sons and one daughter together, and Brant is stepfather to Seymour's son:
Peter Brant, Jr. (born December 1993)
Harry (1996-2021), who died in January 2021 as a result of a prescription drug addiction.
Lily (born October 27, 2004).
Dylan Andrews is Seymour's son from first marriage to guitarist Tom Andrews.
Tax evasion
In 1990, Brant was investigated for tax evasion resulting from reportedly having his company pay for $1 million in personal expenditures. He pled guilty to charges of failing to keep records and was sentenced to three months in a federal prison and $200,000 in fines.
References
External links
1947 births
Living people
People from Jamaica Estates, Queens
Businesspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut
20th-century American Jews
University of Colorado alumni
American manufacturing businesspeople
Film producers from New York (state)
American racehorse owners and breeders
American polo players
American art collectors
Film producers from Connecticut
21st-century American Jews |
Star Wars: Force Commander is a real-time strategy video game released for the Microsoft Windows platform in 2000. It was co-developed by Ronin Entertainment and LucasArts, and published by LucasArts. Its plot interweaves between Star Wars: A New Hope and Return of the Jedi, taking place in key battles. Peter McConnell created remixed tracks of John Williams's original score with influences from hard rock and techno music.
Reception by critics was mixed. Critics cited poor controls as a primary issue. Reviewers were divided on the quality of the game's visuals, with some calling them dated and others considering them strong. Gameplay was generally considered simpler than other real-time strategy games.
Gameplay
Star Wars: Force Commander is a real-time strategy video game. The player commands forces as though they are the commander rather than an infantry unit. The game utilizes a birds-eye view around a 3D map. The levels are largely plot-focused, with initial levels playing as the Imperial faction against the Rebellion, whilst as the plot progresses and the character defects to the Rebellion, players then fight against the Imperials. Levels are ground assault based, as the game lacks space combat. Outsides of the main story-mode Campaign, scenarios can be re-played under the Scenario option, and players can set up their own battles in the Skirmish mode where up to four sides can compete against one another, though they only have the faction choice of Imperials or the Rebellion.
The game has multiple networked multiplayer options. Up to six players can join together, and Local area network (LAN) and TCP/IP connections are supported. The game was supported by the defunct Microsoft Gaming Zone. LAN gameplay is limited to two players. Multiplayer mode has an instant action mode but no campaign mode. Players can choose any combination of teams or work together to challenge the computer player.
Plot
The game interweaves an original story between the events of Star Wars: A New Hope and Return of the Jedi, sometimes intersecting with known Star Wars events. It is shown from the point of view of a young officer in the Imperial Navy, Brenn Tantor, who begins as a stormtrooper, but soon enough is given his own command. The first task (from the training missions) is to search for an escape pod that landed on Tatooine, and then track the droids that were inside. This is a reference to the opening scenes of Episode IV when C-3PO and R2-D2 escape the Empire via an escape pod which crashes on Tatooine.
The main character is loyal to the Empire for the first half of the game, until his brother, Dellis Tantor, discovers that the Empire killed their father. Dellis is imprisoned by the Empire for revealing this information, though Brenn is initially led to believe that Dellis has been killed. Brenn defects to the Rebel Alliance and proceeds to fight his former commanders. In addition to the Tatooine training missions, the player participates in the Battle of Hoth from the Imperial point of view, and the Battle of Endor as a Rebel. The game ends with the battle to capture the Imperial Palace on Coruscant, and ultimately the liberation of Dellis.
Development
Originally conceived as a 2D strategy game, LucasArts canceled the overall design after its first public viewing at E3 1998. LucasArts instead used an optimized version of a 3D engine supplied by Ronin Entertainment, delaying the game from its original late 1998 or early 1999 release timeframe to an early 2000 release. The company said it took the time to ensure innovation in this competitive genre on no exact deadline. The game was jointly developed by LucasArts and Ronin Entertainment, using Ronin's programmers and engine partnered with LucasArts's project leadership, designers, and artists. The final patch for the game is version 1.1 released in March 2000. The soundtrack consists of hard rock and techno remixes of John Williams original Star Wars scores, done by Peter McConnell. More than 3,500 voice lines were recorded for the game.
Reception
Star Wars: Force Commander received mixed reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Greg Kasavin of GameSpot cited dated graphics, ineffective controls, and flawed gameplay as reason the game "falls short of its ambitious intent". Kasavin conceded the game "has some good ideas. Its campaign has an involving plot and interesting mission objectives", and praised the 3D mission briefings. Mark Hill of PC Zone said that playing from the perspective of the Galactic Empire was a "nice twist, but merely dumping this style of game into the Star Wars universe is not innovative enough." Nick Woods of AllGame said that the game's 3D models were "blocky and not detailed" and added that there are "many other RTS games on the market better than this one". Chris Kramer of NextGen said, "Another in a long string of Star Wars misses, Force Commander is not as bad as Rebellion, but isn't even as good as Myth II or Warzone 2100." Brian Wright of GamePro said, "All in all, Force Commander feels incomplete. While a lot of care has gone into certain parts of the game, much of it seems to have been thrown in without a second thought. Star Wars fans will certainly get a kick out of reliving scenes from the movies, like hunting for the droids on Tatooine, but the game's many flaws prevent Force Commander from bringing the ultimate Star Wars battle experience to your home PC."
The game won the award for "Most Disappointing Game of the Year" at GameSpots Best and Worst of 2000 Awards.
In a feature on the history of Star Wars games, IGNs Rus McLaughlin called Force Commander "a blocky, buggy, undiluted failure". A similar article in GMR Magazine from March 2004 listed Force Commander as the worst Star Wars game. In the book Rogue Leaders: The Story of LucasArts, author Rob Smith said the "dated-looking visuals and clumsy controls turned off strategy gamers". Hollywood.com placed it fifth in a list of worst Star Wars video games. The staff said that Force Commander had "an unwieldy camera and uninspired combat". Rock Paper Shotguns Alec Meer was also highly critical of the game. "I didn't make it past the first few levels. It was miserable."
In PC Gamer'''s article on the history of Star Wars games on PC, author Chris Thursten called the game "ambitious but rough around the edges". Craig Majaski of Gaming Age praised the game's easy learning curve, visuals and music. He praised the 3D presentation and said the models were "excellent", but noted that the camera often was difficult to control. Michael Lafferty of GameZone said that, while enjoyable, Force Commander did not provide as much depth as other real-time strategy games, specifically mentioning the Command & Conquer series. A CNET reviewer said that the game requires genre novices to frequently reference the documentation, but noted that "Star Wars'' fans and intermediate-level gamers who like third-person views" would enjoy the game. Soren Johnson, then a programmer at Maxis, berated the game's "infamously difficult" camera.
Notes
References
External links
via the Wayback Machine
2000 video games
The Empire Strikes Back video games
LucasArts games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Force Commander
Return of the Jedi video games
Ronin Entertainment games
Star Wars (film) video games
Force Commander
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Peter McConnell
Windows games
Windows-only games |
The Trident TR-1 Trigull is a Canadian amphibious aircraft that was developed by Trident Aircraft of Burnaby, British Columbia and later Sidney, British Columbia. The aircraft was intended to be supplied as a complete ready-to-fly certified aircraft. The company encountered financial difficulties and only three prototypes were ever built.
Design and development
The Trigull was designed as an improved and updated Republic RC-3 Seabee. It features a cantilever high-wing, a four to six seat enclosed cabin, retractable tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.
The aircraft is made from aluminum sheet with the forward cabin made from fibreglass. Its span wing employs a NACA 23015 R-4 airfoil, has an area of and flaps. Standard engines available were initially intended to be the Continental Tiara 6-285 and Tiara 6-320 four-stroke powerplants. Later the Lycoming IO-540-M1A5D and turbocharged Lycoming TIO-540-J2BD were used.
The design incorporates some innovative features, including wing tip floats that retract into the wing tips and provide additional wing area and lift, a nose wheel that retracts into the nose to act as a bumper for mooring on water and drooping ailerons.
The Trigull was specifically designed to compete with the Republic RC-3 Seabee, Lake Buccaneer and the SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera.
Trident Aircraft was founded in February 1970 to develop the TR-1. The aircraft first flight was on 5 August 1973, with the second prototype first flying on 2 July 1976. The TR-1 Trigull 285 model's Canadian Transport Canada aircraft certification was completed on 28 October 1976 with US Federal Aviation Administration certification following on 16 December 1976. Series production was to commence in the early 1980s, and orders were received for 43 aircraft, plus 23 options. The project received technical assistance from both Canadair and Grumman Aerospace Corporation. Despite financial assistance from the federal government's Ministry of Industry, Trade and Commerce and the provincial government's British Columbia Development Corporation, the company ran out of capital and ceased operations in 1980.
Although intended for series production, only three prototypes were ever built by Trident. Two were registered and flown, CF-TRI (later C-FTRI) and C-GATE, while the third was an engineering test airframe.
The type certificate has been held by Viking Air of Sidney, British Columbia since 2006. Viking Air also owns the two remaining prototype aircraft. In 2003 Viking Air indicated an interest in producing the Trigull as a turbine-powered amphibian, with a price at that time estimated at US$400,000, but since then no further news has been released.
Variants
TR-1 Trigull 285
Model with the Continental Tiara 6-285 engine and four seats. Type certified in Canada on 28 October 1976 and in the United States on 16 December 1976.
TR-1 Trigull 320
Model with the Continental Tiara 6-320 engine and six seats.
Specifications (Trigull 285)
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Photos of the two Trigull prototypes flown
Amphibious aircraft
1970s Canadian civil utility aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
TR-1
Aircraft first flown in 1973
Flying boats |
Mariaesthela Vilera (born 26 December 1988 in Valle de la Pascua) is a Venezuelan track cyclist. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed in the Women's team sprint for the national team.
She also competed at the 2015 Pan American Games.
Career results
2014
1st Team Sprint, South American Games (with Daniela Larreal)
Pan American Track Championships
2nd Team Sprint (with Daniela Larreal)
3rd 500m Time Trial
2nd Keirin, Sprintermeeting
3rd Sprint, Prova Internacional de Anadia
2016
2nd Sprint, Copa Venezuela
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Venezuelan female cyclists
Venezuelan track cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Venezuela
Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2015 Pan American Games
People from Valle de la Pascua
Sportspeople from Guárico
Pan American Games medalists in cycling
Pan American Games gold medalists for Venezuela
South American Games gold medalists for Venezuela
South American Games medalists in cycling
Competitors at the 2014 South American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
21st-century Venezuelan women |
The 2011 GP2 Series season was the forty-fifth season of the second-tier of Formula One feeder championship and also seventh season under the GP2 Series moniker, the pan-European motor racing series for single specification open wheel GP2 cars. Thirteen teams competed over a nine event series that run from 7 May at Istanbul Park in Turkey to September 11 at Monza in Italy. The series again performed the role of a series for developing emerging young drivers, acting as the principal supporting motor racing series that fills in time between sessions of the nine World Championship Formula One Grands Prix that are held in Europe. The championship was won by reigning GP2 Asia champion Romain Grosjean at the penultimate round of the series. Luca Filippi, Jules Bianchi and Charles Pic were all divided just by two points in their battle for the second, third and fourth places respectively. Christian Vietoris, Davide Valsecchi, Stefano Coletti, Esteban Gutiérrez and Fabio Leimer was the other race winners.
Following a three-year cycle, the previous GP2 chassis was replaced by a brand new car, the GP2/11, built by Italian racing car manufacturer Dallara. The engine configuration remained the same until the end of the 2017 season, with the only modifications being to the exhaust systems. The series changed tyre supplier from Bridgestone to Pirelli for 2011–13. The 2011 season saw the addition of two new teams to the grid, Carlin and Team AirAsia. Meanwhile, DPR was not selected to continue in the series.
On 22 November 2010 it was announced that Renault would no longer badge their Mecachrome GP2 Series engines, instead Mecachrome would run its own engine program from 2011 onwards.
All GP2 Series cars had a reverse gear for the first time in the series.
Teams and drivers
This section lists drivers who competed in the regular season. For the drivers who competed in the non-championship race in Abu Dhabi, see 2011 GP2 Final.
Team changes
David Price Racing left GP2, while Carlin and Team AirAsia joined the series, filling the vacancies left by DPR and Durango (who left ahead of the 2010 season).
Lotus Cars lent its name to ART Grand Prix in a similar arrangement to their sponsorship of Takuma Sato and KV Racing Technology in the IndyCar Series, while Team Lotus is behind the new Team AirAsia outfit. Aside from the name, there is no crossover between Lotus ART and Team Air Asia.
Driver changes
Changed teams
Sam Bird moved to iSport International after competing in his rookie season for ART Grand Prix. He partnered Marcus Ericsson, who moves over from Super Nova Racing.
Johnny Cecotto Jr. switched from Trident Racing to Ocean Racing Technology, having competed for Trident in the first eight meetings of the 2010 season.
Max Chilton moved from Ocean Racing Technology to be part of Carlin's inaugural GP2 pairing.
Rodolfo González returned to Trident Racing after a season with Arden International. González drove for Trident at the German round in 2009.
After driving for DPR for most of his GP2 career to date, Michael Herck moved to Scuderia Coloni.
After driving for Super Nova Racing in his rookie season, Josef Král switched to Arden International.
Fabio Leimer moved from Ocean Racing Technology to Rapax.
Charles Pic switched from Arden International to partner Giedo van der Garde at Barwa Addax.
Luiz Razia moved from team's champions Rapax to debutants Team Air Asia. Davide Valsecchi joined him after a season with iSport International.
Entering/Re-Entering GP2 Series
Formula Renault 3.5 Series champion Mikhail Aleshin has extended his collaboration with Carlin for GP2, making a return to GP2 after contesting two meetings in 2007 with ART Grand Prix.
Stefano Coletti returned to the series with Trident Racing, having competed in two rounds in 2009 for Durango.
Fairuz Fauzy made his comeback to the series with Super Nova Racing, the team that Fauzy competed with in 2006 and also in the 2008 Asia Series.
GP3 Series champion Esteban Gutiérrez moved up to GP2 with Lotus ART, having raced for the team in GP3.
Julián Leal made his debut in the series with Rapax, having finished 20th in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series for International DracoRacing.
After a part season in the Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup, Kevin Mirocha graduated into GP2 with Ocean Racing Technology.
FIA Formula Two Championship runner-up Jolyon Palmer joined Arden International.
Davide Rigon returned to the series with Scuderia Coloni, having driven for Trident Racing in 2009.
Pål Varhaug moved up from the GP3 Series to drive for DAMS.
Leaving GP2
2010 champion Pastor Maldonado will from Rapax to compete in Formula One with Williams alongside Rubens Barrichello.
Jérôme d'Ambrosio left DAMS to compete in Formula One for Virgin Racing alongside former GP2 Champion Timo Glock, having previously driven for the team during Friday practice sessions at selected events in .
Sergio Pérez moved from Barwa Addax to compete in Formula One with Sauber alongside former Asia Series champion Kamui Kobayashi.
Ho-Pin Tung moved to the IndyCar Series as a part-time entry with Dragon Racing, and failed to qualify for the 2011 Indianapolis 500.
Alberto Valerio returned to his native Brazil to compete in the Copa Caixa Stock Car series.
Adrian Zaugg moved to Auto GP, but completed only one event in 2011.
Midseason Changes
A number of midseason changes were also made during the season, to replace other drivers. Scuderia Coloni's Davide Rigon suffered stable fractures of the tibia and fibula in an accident with Julián Leal in Istanbul. He was replaced by Kevin Ceccon in Montmeló and Monaco after Vietoris' accident in Istanbul left him suffering from severe headaches. He continued with his campaign in DTM despite this, and returned to GP2 in time for the Valencia round.
For Monaco, Oliver Turvey made his return to the category, replacing Mikhail Aleshin at Carlin. Turvey was later replaced by Álvaro Parente in Valencia. Aleshin returned at the Hungaroring, as Parente had a prior commitment to compete for McLaren at the Spa 24 Hours.
Prior to the round at the Nürburgring, Kevin Ceccon left Scuderia Coloni to concentrate on Auto GP. He was replaced by fellow Auto GP racer Luca Filippi from Super Nova Racing. Filippi's vacated seat was taken by Adam Carroll, who returned to the series after participating between 2005 and 2008. Ceccon later returned to the team for the non-championship round in Abu Dhabi.
For the round held at Spa-Francorchamps, Brendon Hartley replaced Kevin Mirocha in the Ocean Racing Technology team.
For the round held at Monza, the injured Stefano Coletti was replaced by Stéphane Richelmi.
2011 Schedule
The 2011 calendar was announced on 21 December 2010. The series will consist of nine rounds, one less than in 2010, as the Abu Dhabi round will return to the GP2 Asia Series and will not be replaced. It will support all the European Formula One events.
On 12 July 2011, it was announced that a non-championship round will take place in Abu Dhabi under the name 2011 GP2 Final.
Results
Championship standings
Scoring system
Points are awarded to the top 8 classified finishers in the Feature race, and to the top 6 classified finishers in the Sprint race. The pole-sitter in the feature race will also receive two points, and one point is given to the driver who set the fastest lap inside the top ten in both the feature and sprint races. No extra points are awarded to the pole-sitter in the sprint race.
Feature race points
Sprint race points
Points are awarded to the top 6 classified finishers.
Drivers' Championship
Notes:
† — Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.
Teams' Championship
Notes:
† — Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.
Notes
References
External links
GP2 Series official website
GP2 Series
GP2 Series seasons
GP2 Series |
Chiaureli () is a Georgian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Mikheil Chiaureli (1894–1974), Soviet Georgian film director
Sofiko Chiaureli (1937–2008), Soviet Georgian actress, daughter of Mikheil Chiaureli
Georgian-language surnames |
For the athletics competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics, the following qualification systems were in place.
Qualifying standards
A National Olympic Committee (NOC) may enter up to 3 qualified athletes in each individual event if all athletes meet the A standard during the qualifying period. An NOC may also enter a maximum of 1 qualified if they have met the B standard. An NOC may also enter a maximum of 1 qualified relay team per event. NOCs may enter athletes regardless of mark (1 athlete per gender) if they have no athletes meeting the entry standard. This makes it possible for every nation to have a minimum of one representative of each gender in the sport.
The qualifying time standards may be obtained in various meets during the given period that have the approval of the IAAF. All approved outdoor meets and indoor meets with the exception of 100 m, 200 m and 110 /100 m hurdles races are eligible. The qualifying period was 1 January 2007 to 23 July 2008.
For the relays, the top 16 teams in each division were accepted.
The NOCs are still allowed to select athletes using their own rules, on the condition that all of them have made the qualifying time. For example, the United States selects athletes based on the results of the 2008 United States Olympic Trials event. Sweden only enters athletes deemed good enough to reach at least the eighth position, based on an assessment by the Swedish NOC.
The IAAF Qualifying Standards were as follows:
References
Qualification for the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympics qualificaiton
Qualification |
The Entolomataceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. The family contains eight genera and 2250 species, the majority of which are in Entoloma. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are typically agaricoid (mushrooms with gills), but a minority are cyphelloid. secotioid, or gasteroid. All produce pink basidiospores that are variously angular (polyhedral), ridged, or nodulose. Species are mostly saprotrophic, though a few are parasitic on other fungi. The family occurs worldwide.
Taxonomy
The family Entolomataceae was first introduced in 1972 by the Czech mycologists František Kotlaba and Zdeněk Pouzar to replace the earlier name Rhodophyllaceae. The latter, introduced in 1951 by Rolf Singer, is illegitimate because it is based on the illegitimate genus Rhodophyllus which includes (and is therefore a superfluous synonym of) the earlier and legitimate name Entoloma. The family is well defined by its distinctive spore morphology, formed by a unique type of spore-wall thickening called the "epicorium", and by recent DNA studies.
Genera
Many different internal classifications of the Entolomataceae have been proposed. In 1871, German mycologist Paul Kummer created the genera Eccilia, Leptonia, Nolanea, and Entoloma for species with angular spores, based on perceived differences in the morphology of fruit bodies. These genera were widely used throughout the twentieth century, but DNA studies have now shown them to be polyphyletic (artificial).
The current view is that Entolomataceae with angular spores should either all be classified in the genus Entoloma, which forms a large but monophyletic (natural) group, or split between Entoloma and the smaller, basal group Entocybe. Species with longitudinally ridged spores are classified in Clitopilus. Species with nodulose spores are classified in Rhodocybe or Rhodophana. Species with obscurely nodulose spores (appearing almost smooth under a microscope) are classified in Clitocella or Clitopilopsis.
See list of Entolomataceae genera for a table of the main genera into which the family was formerly divided.
Distribution
The family has a cosmopolitan distribution and species are common in both temperate and tropical climates.
See also
List of Entolomataceae genera
List of Agaricales families
References
External links
Machiel Noordeloos on Entoloma & Rhodocybe
The Entolomataceae Family
Family: Entolomataceae
Entolomataceae |
The 2016 Intrust Super Premiership NSW is the ninth season of the NSW Cup, and the first since its sponsorship by Intrust Super. The winner will compete in the 2016 NRL State Championship, against the winner of the 2016 Queensland Cup.
Teams
*: The season the team joined is in the NSW Cup/Intrust Super Premiership, not any other competition before this.
Ladder
Finals
The finals commenced on 3 September.
NSW Cup Grand Final
NRL State Championship
As premiers of the NSW Cup, the Illawarra Cutters faced Queensland Cup premiers Burleigh Bears in the NRL State Championship match.
Ron Massey Cup
Ladder
Finals
Sydney Shield
Ladder
Finals
References
2016 in Australian rugby league
New South Wales Cup
2016 in New Zealand rugby league |
The Thomas J. Watson Library is the main research library of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and supports the research activities of the museum staff, as well as outside researchers. It is located in the Met's main building, The Met Fifth Avenue.
Description
Located on the first floor of the Met, the Watson Library can be visited without appointment. At the museum, each department also maintains its own internal library, most of which have materials that are requestable online through the Watson Library catalog. The collection is a closed-shelf reference library, and materials are not available for borrowing by the general public, but may be used in a secure reading room; some items may be borrowed by Met staffers.
In addition, the Met hosts the Nolen Library on its ground floor, a collection of 10,000 items in an open-shelf, non-circulating collection intended for the general public, including children. The Nolen Library also includes a large collection of children's books, as well as specialized curriculum materials for educators.
The Watson Library's collection contains approximately 900,000 volumes, including monographs and exhibition catalogs; over 11,000 periodical titles; and more than 125,000 auction and sale catalogs. The library also includes a reference collection, a rare book collection, manuscript items, and vertical file collections. The library is accessible to anyone over 18, simply by registering online and providing a valid photo ID. Once a free account is set up, a researcher may issue reserve requests online, in advance of an on-site visit, and may also issue requests in person at the library.
The library houses several display cases which are used for temporary exhibits of books and publications from its collections. Exhibits may focus on a single artist, an artistic movement, a publication medium or style, or any other topic of interest. Items which are on exhibit are clearly flagged in the online catalog as temporarily unavailable for use.
The Watson Library is named for Thomas J. Watson, former chairman and CEO of . Its committee is chaired by art historian Olivier Berggruen.
Digital collections
The Digital Collections seeks to digitize rare and unique materials that have not yet been digitized anywhere else on the web.
Highlights from the Digital Collections include:
Metropolitan Museum of Art publications
Rare books in the Thomas J. Watson Library Collection
Brummer Gallery Records
Costume Institute fashion plates
Manuscripts
References
External links
Watsonline: the catalog of the libraries of The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Digital Collections from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
Thomas J. Watson Library Portal
The Metropolitan Museum of Art website
Libraries in Manhattan
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Research libraries in the United States |
Marguerite de Sassenage (; 1424–1470) was a French noblewoman. She was a mistress to Louis XI of France before his accession as king. She had three daughters with Louis XI, who were all acknowledged by him.
References
Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln, Band 3.2, Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 1983, Tafel 305.
1424 deaths
1470 deaths
15th-century French people
Mistresses of French royalty |
Shaun David Hutchinson (born May 1, 1978) is an American author of young adult texts. His novels often "combine speculative elements with LGBT characters and themes."
Personal life
Hutchinson was born May 1, 1978, in West Palm Beach, Florida, and grew up in Jupiter, Florida. He has three brothers and one half-sister. In his memoir, Brave Face, Hutchinson explains that, throughout his adolescence, "he struggled to understand his sexuality, his depression, and the suicide attempt that led to a search for self-acceptance." He has ADHD and now identifies as queer.
Hutchinson graduated from Jupiter High School, then studied medieval and renaissance literature at Florida Atlantic University, though he dropped out to work in information technology.
Hutchinson presently lives in Seattle, Washington.
Career
Most of Hutchinson's novels include elements of speculative fiction. In an interview with The Horn Book, Hutchinson explained why he chooses this genre, saying it "gives [him] the space to explore human emotions in a richer way than [he] could do in straightforward contemporary fiction" because the genre "is frequently about looking toward the future, and though the future often seems bleak, ... it's also filled with hope and wonder — a necessary counterbalance to the realities of life."
Selected texts
We Are the Ants (2016)
We Are the Ants was published January 19, 2016, by Simon Pulse with a 24-page companion story, "What We Pretend to Be", published on the publisher's website, Riveted, later that year.
The book was generally well received by critics, including starred reviews from Booklist, Kirkus Reviews, School Library Journal, Publishers Weekly, and Shelf Awareness. Kirkus called the book "[b]itterly funny, with a ray of hope amid bleakness". Shelf Awareness echoed the sentiment, calling the novel "bracingly smart and unusual". As if explaining the book's unusualness, School Library Journal compared the storyline and writing style to Nick Burd's The Vast Fields of Ordinary and Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five. Booklist further explained, "Hutchinson's excellent novel of ideas invites readers to wonder about their place in a world that often seems uncaring and meaningless. The novel is never didactic; on the contrary, it is unfailingly dramatic and crackling with characters who become real upon the page".
The Lambda Literary Foundation and Voice of Youth Advocates (VOYA) also praised the book for its thematic contents. VOYA said the novel tells "a very complex story about serious subjects". Lambda Literary expanded on the idea, saying it "is a book about more than love and loss; it's about struggling to find motivation and not taking the people in your life for granted". Both complimented Hutchinson's writing. Lambda Literary called the book "a beautiful, masterfully told story by someone who is at the top of his craft", and VOYA noted, "The voices of each character are strong and unique".
In 2017, We Are the Ants was included in the American Library Association's Rainbow List top 10 and was selected as one of the best 63 novels for young adults published in the previous twelve months. Time included the novel on their continuously updating "100 Best YA Books of All Time" list.
In 2022, We Are the Ants was listed among 52 books banned by the Alpine School District following the implementation of Utah law H.B. 374, "Sensitive Materials In Schools", 42% of which "feature LBGTQ+ characters and or themes". Many of the books were removed because they were considered to contain pornographic material according to the new law, which defines porn using the following criteria:
"The average person" would find that the material, on the whole, "appeals to prurient interest in sex"
The material "is patently offensive in the description or depiction of nudity, sexual conduct, sexual excitement, sadomasochistic abuse, or excretion"
The material, on the whole, "does not have serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value".
At the Edge of the Universe (2017)
At the Edge of the Universe was published February 7, 2017, by Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers.
The book was generally well received by critics, including starred reviews from Kirkus Reviews, Publishers Weekly, and Shelf Awareness. Kirkus called the book "[a]n earthy, existential coming-of-age gem," while Booklist called it "wrenching and thought provoking." Commenting on the book's plot and structure, Shelf Awareness said it is "delightfully constructed," and School Library Journal said it is "smartly written." Publishers Weekly highlighted how "Hutchinson uses a science fiction overlay to explore important topics."
At the Edge of the Universe is an American Library Association Rainbow List selection (2018), and the Chicago Public Library included it on their "Best Teen Fiction of 2017" list.
Awards and honors
Below is an incomplete list of awards and honors Hutchinson's books have received.
Eight of Hutchinson's books are Junior Library Guild selections: We Are the Ants (2016), At the Edge of the Universe (2017), The Apocalypse of Elena Mendoza (2018), Brave Face (2019), The Past and Other Things That Should Stay Buried (2019), The State of Us (2020), A Complicated Love Story Set in Space (2021), and Before We Disappear (2022).
The Chicago Public Library has included two of Hutchinson's books on their year-end lists of the best books for teens: The Apocalypse of Elena Mendoza (2018), Brave Face (2019).
In 2017, Time magazine added We Are the Ants to their continuously updating "100 Best YA Books of All Time" list.
Publications
Anthologies
Violent Ends (2015)
Feral Youth (2017)
Nonfiction
Brave Face: A Memoir (2019)
Novels
The Deathday Letter (2010)
FML (2013)
The Five Stages of Andrew Brawley (2015)
We Are the Ants (2016)
At the Edge of the Universe (2017)
The Apocalypse of Elena Mendoza (2018)
The Past and Other Things That Should Stay Buried (2019)
The State of Us (2020)
A (Complicated) Love Story Set In Space (2021)
Before We Disappear (2021)
Howl (2022)
Short stories
"Better" in Grim, edited by Christine Johnson (2014)
"Please Remain Calm" in Been There, Done That, edited by Mike Winchell (2016)
"The Inferno and the Butterfly" in All Out, edited by Saundra Mitchell (2018)
"What We Pretend to Be," a We Are the Ants online exclusive from RivetedLit.com (2016)
"Defying Definition" in (Don't) Call Me Crazy, edited by Kelly Jensen (2018)
"Love is a Battlefield" in Battle of the Bands, edited by Eric Smith and Lauren Gibaldi (2021)
"Spite and Malice" in Game On: 15 Stories of Wins, Losses, and Everything in Between, edited by Laura Silverman (2022)
References
External links
Official website
Living people
American LGBT writers
1978 births
American science fiction writers
American writers with disabilities
LGBT people from Florida
Writers from Florida
People from West Palm Beach, Florida
People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
21st-century American writers |
The 2017 Atlantic Coast Conference women's soccer season was the 29th season of women's varsity soccer in the conference.
The Notre Dame Fighting Irish and Clemson Tigers the defending regular season champions. The Florida State Seminoles are the defending ACC tournament Champions.
Changes from 2016
There were no coaching changes from 2016 to 2017.
Teams
Stadiums and locations
1. Georgia Tech does not sponsor women's soccer
Personnel
Pre-season
Pre-season poll
The ACC women's soccer pre-season poll was determined by a vote of all 14 ACC women's soccer head coaches. The poll was voted on as teams began their pre-season training during the first week of August. The coaches also voted on a pre-season all-ACC team.
Pre-season coaches poll
Florida State – 186 points (8 First-Place Votes)
North Carolina – 172 (2)
Duke – 170 (1)
Virginia – 160 (2)
Notre Dame – 145 (1)
Clemson – 120
NC State – 104
Virginia Tech – 91
Wake Forest – 72
Boston College – 71
Miami – 65
Louisville – 63
Syracuse – 33
Pittsburgh – 18
Pre-Season All-ACC Team
Hermann Trophy Watchlist
The ACC had 4 women named to the Hermann Trophy watchlist prior to the season.
Deyna Castellanos – Florida State
Natalia Kuikka – Florida State
Cassie Miller – Florida State
Bridgette Andrzejewski – North Carolina
Regular season
Rankings
United Soccer
Top Drawer Soccer
Statistics
Overall season statistics can be found on the ACC's website.
Players of the Week
Postseason
ACC tournament
NCAA tournament
The ACC had a total of 8 teams selected to the NCAA tournament. This was the second most number of teams from any conference in the tournament, behind the SEC (9). All teams were selected to host a first round match, and two teams were selected as number one seeds.
Awards and honors
United Soccer Coaches All-Americans
Six total players from the ACC were named to the United Soccer Coaches All-America teams. Two players were named to each the first, second and third team.
First Team
Imani Dorsey, Duke
Quinn, Duke
Second Team
Deyna Castellanos, Florida State
Alessia Russo, North Carolina
Third Team
Schuyler DeBree, Duke
Sandra Yu, Notre Dame
ACC Awards
Draft picks
The ACC had 12 total players selected in the 2018 NWSL College Draft. There were 3 players selected in the first round, 1 player selected in the second round, 5 players selected in the third round, and 3 players selected in the fourth round. Duke lead the way with 6 players selected, Wake Forest and North Carolina had 2 players selected each, and Virginia and Notre Dame each had 1 player selected.
Notes
References
2017 NCAA Division I women's soccer season |
```scala
package chipyard.harness
import chisel3._
import scala.collection.mutable.{ArrayBuffer, LinkedHashMap}
import freechips.rocketchip.diplomacy.{LazyModule}
import org.chipsalliance.cde.config.{Field, Parameters, Config}
import freechips.rocketchip.util.{ResetCatchAndSync, DontTouch}
import freechips.rocketchip.prci.{ClockBundle, ClockBundleParameters, ClockSinkParameters, ClockParameters}
import chipyard.stage.phases.TargetDirKey
import chipyard.harness.{ApplyHarnessBinders, HarnessBinders}
import chipyard.iobinders.HasChipyardPorts
import chipyard.clocking.{SimplePllConfiguration, ClockDividerN}
import chipyard.{ChipTop}
// -------------------------------
// Chipyard Test Harness
// -------------------------------
case object MultiChipNChips extends Field[Option[Int]](None) // None means ignore MultiChipParams
case class MultiChipParameters(chipId: Int) extends Field[Parameters]
case object BuildTop extends Field[Parameters => LazyModule]((p: Parameters) => new ChipTop()(p))
case object HarnessClockInstantiatorKey extends Field[() => HarnessClockInstantiator]()
case object HarnessBinderClockFrequencyKey extends Field[Double](100.0) // MHz
case object MultiChipIdx extends Field[Int](0)
case object DontTouchChipTopPorts extends Field[Boolean](true)
class WithMultiChip(id: Int, p: Parameters) extends Config((site, here, up) => {
case MultiChipParameters(`id`) => p
case MultiChipNChips => Some(up(MultiChipNChips).getOrElse(0) max (id + 1))
})
class WithHomogeneousMultiChip(n: Int, p: Parameters, idStart: Int = 0) extends Config((site, here, up) => {
case MultiChipParameters(id) => if (id >= idStart && id < idStart + n) p else up(MultiChipParameters(id))
case MultiChipNChips => Some(up(MultiChipNChips).getOrElse(0) max (idStart + n))
})
class WithHarnessBinderClockFreqMHz(freqMHz: Double) extends Config((site, here, up) => {
case HarnessBinderClockFrequencyKey => freqMHz
})
class WithDontTouchChipTopPorts(b: Boolean = true) extends Config((site, here, up) => {
case DontTouchChipTopPorts => b
})
// A TestHarness mixing this in will
// - use the HarnessClockInstantiator clock provide
trait HasHarnessInstantiators {
implicit val p: Parameters
// clock/reset of the chiptop reference clock (can be different than the implicit harness clock/reset)
private val harnessBinderClockFreq: Double = p(HarnessBinderClockFrequencyKey)
def getHarnessBinderClockFreqHz: Double = harnessBinderClockFreq * 1000000
def getHarnessBinderClockFreqMHz: Double = harnessBinderClockFreq
// buildtopClock takes the refClockFreq, and drives the harnessbinders
val harnessBinderClock = Wire(Clock())
val harnessBinderReset = Wire(Reset())
// classes which inherit this trait should provide the below definitions
def referenceClockFreqMHz: Double
def referenceClock: Clock
def referenceReset: Reset
def success: Bool
// This can be accessed to get new clocks from the harness
val harnessClockInstantiator = p(HarnessClockInstantiatorKey)()
val supportsMultiChip: Boolean = false
val chipParameters = p(MultiChipNChips) match {
case Some(n) => (0 until n).map { i => p(MultiChipParameters(i)).alterPartial {
case TargetDirKey => p(TargetDirKey) // hacky fix
case MultiChipIdx => i
}}
case None => Seq(p)
}
// This shold be called last to build the ChipTops
def instantiateChipTops(): Seq[LazyModule] = {
require(p(MultiChipNChips).isEmpty || supportsMultiChip,
s"Selected Harness does not support multi-chip")
val lazyDuts = chipParameters.zipWithIndex.map { case (q,i) =>
LazyModule(q(BuildTop)(q)).suggestName(s"chiptop$i")
}
val duts = lazyDuts.map(l => Module(l.module))
withClockAndReset (harnessBinderClock, harnessBinderReset) {
lazyDuts.zipWithIndex.foreach {
case (d: HasChipyardPorts, i: Int) => {
ApplyHarnessBinders(this, d.ports, i)(chipParameters(i))
}
case _ =>
}
ApplyMultiHarnessBinders(this, lazyDuts)
}
if (p(DontTouchChipTopPorts)) {
duts.map(_ match {
case d: DontTouch => d.dontTouchPorts()
case _ =>
})
}
val harnessBinderClk = harnessClockInstantiator.requestClockMHz("harnessbinder_clock", getHarnessBinderClockFreqMHz)
println(s"Harness binder clock is $harnessBinderClockFreq")
harnessBinderClock := harnessBinderClk
harnessBinderReset := ResetCatchAndSync(harnessBinderClk, referenceReset.asBool)
harnessClockInstantiator.instantiateHarnessClocks(referenceClock, referenceClockFreqMHz)
lazyDuts
}
}
``` |
Zabol Airport is an airport north-east of Zabol, Iran.
Airlines and destinations
Bus routes
Melli Coach (Zaranj)
References
Airports in Iran
Transportation in Sistan and Baluchestan Province
Buildings and structures in Sistan and Baluchestan Province |
Olga Sõtnik (born 2 December 1980 in Tallinn) is an Estonian civil servant and politician. She has been member of XI and XII Riigikogu.
She is a member of Estonian Centre Party.
References
1980 births
Living people
Estonian Centre Party politicians
Members of the Riigikogu, 2007–2011
Members of the Riigikogu, 2011–2015
Women members of the Riigikogu
Estonian civil servants
Estonian women civil servants
Tallinn University of Technology alumni
Politicians from Tallinn
21st-century Estonian women politicians |
VPS/VM (Virtual Processing System/Virtual Machine) was an operating system that ran on IBM System/370 – IBM 3090 computers at Boston University in general use from 1977 to around 1990, and in limited use until at least 1993. During the 1980s, VPS/VM was the main operating system of Boston University and often ran up to 250 users at a time when rival VM/CMS computing systems could only run 120 or so users.
Each user ran in a Virtual Machine under VM, an IBM hypervisor operating system. VM provided the virtual IBM 370 machine which the VPS operating system ran under. The VM code was modified to allow all the VPS virtual machines to share pages of storage with read and write access. VPS utilized a shared nucleus, as well as pages used to facilitate passing data from one VPS virtual machine to another. This organization is very similar to that of MVS; substituting Address Spaces for Virtual Machines.
Origins
According to Craig Estey, who worked at the Boston University Academic Computing Center between 1974 and 1977:
Description
An IBM-based operating system, and quite like some DOS/VSE time sharing options, VPS/VM provided the user an IBM 3270 full screen terminal (a green screen) and a user interface that was like VM/CMS. Each user had an 11 megabyte virtual machine (with a strange 3 megabyte memory gap in the middle) and, from 1984 onwards, could run several programs at a time.
The operating system was sparsely documented but was written first by Charles Brown, a BU doctoral student, and John H. Porter, a physics PHD, who later became the head of the VPS project (and eventually Boston University's vice president for information systems and technology). Marian Moore wrote much of the later VM code necessary to run the VPS system.
Josie Bondoc wrote some of the later VPS additions, like UNIX piping.
Many MVS/VM programs ran on VPS/VM, such as XEDIT, and compilers for Pascal, PL/1, C and Cobol. These MVS/VM programs ran under an OS simulation program that simulated the OS/VM supervisor calls (SVCs). Margorie Orr supervised the OS simulation program development and maintenance. Some of the programmers who wrote parts of the OS simulation package, or maintained it were Margorie Orr, Timothy Greiser, Daniel Levbre, John Coldwell Lotz, and Paul Cheffers.
Michael Krugman wrote some of the early main utilities such as IFMSG, the JCL language for VPS, and also MAIL, the early email program. SENDMAIL, written by Francis Costanzo, implemented email, under the BITNET system.
Some pre SQL databases installed on VPS were FOCUS and NOMAD2.
Michael Gettes wrote an early and quick HELP system.
The file system was not hierarchical and originally each file had to have a unique 8 character filename. This eventually grew onerous and each user was given their own private directory.
Tapes and IBM disk files were supported as well as native VPS text files.
There was a very simple shell and no patterns were supported except for the PAW computer program, written by Paul Cheffers.
The graphics department, under Glenn Bresnahan, essentially, ported over most of the UNIX utilities in the mid 1980s.
William Marshall did much of the early system documentation, as well as providing PL/1 support. Joe Dempty was the User Services director. Diana Robanske was a statistics consultant and ran student assistance services from 1980-1985. John Houlihan was also a User Services statistics consultant.
VPS/VM was a working pre-GUI IBM operating system, and could often run more users than other IBM TSO-based systems. When most University-based systems only provided editors and compilers, VPS provided these services to a 10,000 BU university community for over 10 years.
VPS/VM policy was for the operating system and main utilities to be written in IBM 370 assembler language. This decision restricted the development of the system and it ultimately could not compete with the UNIX-based systems which eventually replaced it. However, VPS eventually modeled many of the features of then-current operating systems around the world and was a keen trainer for many companies that needed IBM370 assembler programmers in the 1980s.
See also
Time-sharing system evolution
References
Paul Cheffers, the article's original author, worked on the VPS/VM operating system from 1981 to 1985.
Time-sharing operating systems
Boston University
IBM mainframe operating systems |
Eucosma striatiradix is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China (Jilin), Korea, Japan and Russia.
References
Moths described in 1964
Eucosmini |
We Will Follow: A Tribute to U2 is a U2 tribute album recorded by various artists in May 1998. It was first released on July 13, 1999, and was re-released in 2006.
Track listing
We Will Follow covers material from nine U2 albums: Boy, October, War, The Unforgettable Fire, The Joshua Tree, Rattle and Hum, Achtung Baby, Zooropa, and Pop.
References
U2 tribute albums
1999 compilation albums |
F. Bam Morrison is an American fraudster who fooled the town of Wetumka, Oklahoma, into sponsoring a non-existent circus. Some authorities name him as J. Bam Morrison.
Morrison arrived at Wetumka in 1950 claiming to be an advance public-relations man for the Bohn's United Circus, which was supposedly coming to town in three weeks, on (July 24). He promised great opportunities in the form of tourism and the local purchase of circus supplies.
Morrison sold advertising space on the circus grounds, promising that the circus would buy its supplies exclusively from the advertisers. The merchants of the town stocked their storage spaces in expectation of increased sales. Morrison collected all money in cash and, after two weeks, he left.
No circus arrived on July 24. Residents of Wetumka decided to spend the day in celebration anyway and started the tradition of the annual Sucker Day with a parade and street fair. Sucker Day has been celebrated every year since, with the exception of 2003.
References
Museum of Hoaxes about the Sucker Day and Morrison
Time article from 1950 about the first Sucker Day
American fraudsters
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
People from Wetumka, Oklahoma |
Bernita Sims was the mayor of High Point, North Carolina. She was elected November 6, 2012 with 33% of the vote. Sims, a Democrat, was the city's first African American mayor. On November 18, 2013, Sims was indicted by a Guilford County grand jury for allegedly writing a worthless $7,000 check. She resigned on September 10, 2014, after pleading guilty to a felony worthless check charge.
Criminal charges and resignation
On November 18, 2013, Sims was indicted by a Guilford County grand jury for allegedly writing a worthless $7,000 check as part of an estate settlement. The bill of indictment said Sims "unlawfully, willfully, and feloniously did draw, make, utter or issue and deliver to [Annie Ponce]" a check from a First Bank account in High Point that Sims "knew at the time ... did not have sufficient funds on deposit with the bank with which to pay the check." On November 19, 2013, Sims turned herself in at the High Point magistrate's office. She was later released by the magistrate on a $10,000 unsecured bond.
On September 10, 2014, Mayor Bernita Sims pleaded guilty to a felony worthless check charge and resigned as mayor. She was sentenced to a four to 14-month suspended sentence and five years probation and was fined $500. According to her attorney, Sims had already made a $7,000 restitution payment. Mayor Pro Tem Jim Davis assumed Sims's duties as mayor for the remainder of her term. On November 4, 2014, Bill Bencini was elected as her successor.
References
External links
2012 Campaign website
People from High Point, North Carolina
Living people
North Carolina Democrats
African-American people in North Carolina politics
Women mayors of places in North Carolina
North Carolina politicians convicted of crimes
University of the District of Columbia alumni
University of North Carolina at Wilmington alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
African-American mayors in North Carolina
African-American women mayors |
Racing Victoria Limited, as the governing principal racing authority, has responsibilities to develop, encourage, promote and manage the conduct of Thoroughbred horse racing in the State of Victoria, Australia. It assumed this responsibility, from the Victoria Racing Club, on 19 December 2001.
It was established with the support of Country Racing Victoria, Melbourne Racing Club, Moonee Valley Racing Club, Victoria Racing Club, other racing industry bodies, and the Victorian State Government.
Racing Victoria represents the Victorian Thoroughbred industry in dealings with bodies such as the Australian Racing Board, and is responsible for the marketing of Victorian Thoroughbred racing.
The constitutional objectives of Racing Victoria include:
Ensuring that race meetings are managed and conducted to the highest integrity.
Management of revenues, costs, assets and liabilities to optimise economic benefits for Victoria.
Meeting its social obligations by encouraging responsible wagering and gaming.
Exercising its powers to ensure public confidence and independence from any improper external influence.
References
External links
RVL website
CRV website
Horse racing organisations in Australia
Sports governing bodies in Victoria (state) |
Marlon Joseph Coleman (born March 23, 1972) is an American politician, civil servant, and Baptist minister from Louisiana who has served as the 50th mayor of Muskogee, Oklahoma, since July 6, 2020. A member of the Republican Party, Coleman is the first African American to be elected Mayor of Muskogee. Prior to becoming mayor, he served as a city councilor for Muskogee's fourth ward between 2014 and 2020.
Early life and education
Marlon Joseph Coleman was born in New Orleans when his mother was 17 and grew up in the 9th Ward of New Orleans. He was raised by a single mother, until she married his stepfather when he was four. His step father was physically abusive and Coleman and his two siblings would frequently stay with their grandparents. In his youth, Coleman would drag race in New Orleans, but he cites the death of his grandfather as motivating him to turn his life around.
He attended the Andersonville Theological Seminary, obtaining in Doctor of Theology, and later the University of Phoenix obtaining a Master's in Business Administration.
Early career
Coleman spent 22 years working for the Federal Government, with both the United States Department of Agriculture and the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.
Coleman first started preaching while living in New Orleans at the Pleasant Valley Church.
Move to Muskogee
Coleman moved to Muskogee, Oklahoma in 2010. He became the full-time pastor of Antioch Church in Muskogee in 2011. Coleman was the president of the Neighbors Building Neighborhoods of Muskogee, Oklahoma from 2017 to 2018. In 2019, Coleman was recognized as an associate dean during the 2019 National Baptist Congress.
Muskogee politics
City Council
Coleman announced his candidacy for the Muskogee City Council fourth ward in November 2013. He faced Dean Swan and Claressa Vealy-Dyer in the general election to succeed retiring city councilor Kenny Payne. Marlon Coleman won the election for the fourth ward with 87% percent of the vote. He served as a city councilor for the fourth ward for six years.
Mayor of Muskogee
Campaigns
Coleman started his campaign for mayor in late in 2019, facing off against six opponents, including then incumbent mayor Janey Cagle-Boydston. During the 2020 mayoral elections, Coleman drew criticism for refusing to release information regarding financial contributions to his campaign. He received 39% of the vote on election day, which forced a runoff with the runner up. Coleman won the runoff election against Wayne Divelbiss, receiving 59% of the vote, making Coleman the first African-American mayor elected in Muskogee.
Prior to his mayoral re-election campaign, Coleman registered as a member of the Republican Party. Coleman was reelected as mayor during the 2021-2022 elections receiving 85% of the vote, the largest such victory in the city's history.
On July 21, 2023 Marlon Coleman told the Muskogee Phoenix he does not plan on seeking third term as Mayor of Muskogee. Coleman announced he would be starting as a teacher for Hilldale Public Schools. Coleman's Mayoral term expires in April 2024.
Tenure as Mayor of Muskogee
Coleman was sworn in as Muskogee's 50th mayor on July 6, 2020, at the Muskogee Civic Center. He made several promises during his inauguration, including to improve Muskogee's image, repair the city's infrastructure, and create better partnerships between the city's public school districts.
Healthcare
In January 2020, the Muskogee Medical Healthcare Authority (MMHA) sued the Saint Francis Health system for failure to make payments under the 30-year lease agreement signed with the MMHA. In March 2022, a settlement between the City of Muskogee, MMHA and the Saint Francis Health system was reached. Saint Francis agreed to make a capital investment of $150 million dollars into Saint Francis Hospital Muskogee. The addition will increase the size of the Saint Francis Hospital by 125 news beds and will hold a new Chapel. The Office of the Mayor and the Muskogee City Council appoint members to the MMHA governing board, on which Deputy Mayor Derrick Reed serves.
Public safety
The City of Muskogee has faced several high-profile mass shootings and crimes during Mayor Coleman's tenure.
The 2021 Muskogee shooting left six dead and one injured. During a news conference following the incident Marlon Coleman described it as "the worst tragedy Muskogee has ever seen". He would go on to sign a proclamation making March the "Community Care for First Responders Month" in honor of the first responders who responded to the shooting.
In 2022, the Tulsa Police Department notified the Muskogee Police Department that the preparator of the 2022 Tulsa hospital shooting had a bomb rigged at his home in Muskogee. However police did not find any explosive devices on the property. Coleman would later call upon the United States Congress to pass legislation to reduce gun violence during a public speech.
In 2023, The in-laws and brother-in law of famous NASCAR driver Jimmie Johnson were slain in a triple Murder-Suicide.
In 2023, Coleman announced his intention to pass a bond measure to fund a new City Hall and Police Station.
Housing
In August 2022, Coleman announced that the city had secured a deal with Shaz Investment Group LLC to build 40 new market-rate houses in Muskogee.
In February 2023, Mayor Coleman and the Port of Muskogee announced a new $10,000 stipend program to help move three new families to the city with the possibility of funding for up to twenty new families.
Veterans Affairs
On March 14, 2022 officials from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs(VA) sent a report to the Veterans Affairs Asset and Infrastructure Review Commission (AIR Commission) recommending the closing of the Jack C Montgomery Veterans Medical Center in Muskogee, Oklahoma. The reported recommend that the VA Hospital were to close and patients to be transferred to a new VA facility in Tulsa. Muskogee Mayor Marlon Coleman lobbied heavily against the closure of the facility.
On June 22, 2022, the United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs announced that the VA Medical Center in Muskogee will remain open.
2022 Ethics Complaint
During the 2021-2022 Mayoral Election, Coleman was subject to a ethics complaint from City Councilor Traci McGee. The complaint alleged that Coleman violated Oklahoma Ethics Commission rules on two separate promotional flyer campaigns. Following a investigation, City Attorney Roy Tucker stated that one of the flyers may have violated Oklahoma Ethics Commission rules. Following the investigation, the City Council decided to not move forward with any formal actions against Mayor Coleman.
City Charter Reform
During the 2020 Mayoral run-off election, City Councilor Tracey Cole formed a ballot initiative to repeal the 1971 Muskogee City Charter and switch the City Government structure to a statutory Mayor–council government Coleman (at this time a mayoral candidate) cautioned voters against the proposal citing his concerns regarding the city's ward voting system and the addition of a pay scale for elected officials. Later in the election cycle, Coleman claimed that the ballot initiative was ultimately too divisive and would distract voters from progress. The ballot initiative failed to pass, with 70% of voters opposing the ballot question.
Electoral history
See also
John Tyler Hammons
Muskogee County, Oklahoma
References
External links
Official mayorial biography
1972 births
21st-century African-American politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century Baptist ministers from the United States
Academics from Oklahoma
African-American Baptist ministers
African-American mayors in Oklahoma
Baptists from Louisiana
Baptists from Oklahoma
Black conservatism in the United States
Living people
Oklahoma city council members
Oklahoma Republicans
Politicians from Muskogee, Oklahoma
Politicians from New Orleans
University of Phoenix alumni |
Chen Weiming (, born c. 1970)
is a Chinese-born New Zealand artist and sculptor. Chen was commissioned by the New Zealand government to create a 3-meter bronze statue of Edmund Hillary in 1991. In 2008, he created a 6.4 meters high replica of the Goddess of Democracy that stood in the Chinese University of Hong Kong until 23 December 2021.
In June 2021 and June 2022, Chen unveiled a pair of 30-foot-high sculptures at Yermo's open-air High Desert art center called Liberty Sculpture Park.
Chen created a large-scale relief representation of the Tiananmen massacre in 2009, on the 20th anniversary of the massacre. The Tiananmen massacre relief and the Goddess of Democracy replica were both displayed in Hong Kong during protests in 2010.
Chen was born in Hangzhou, China, and emigrated to New Zealand in 1988. He holds a New Zealand passport as well as permanent residence in the United States, and lives in both countries.
In 2011, Chen traveled to Syria to fight alongside Free Syrian Army rebels fighting in the Syrian uprising.
See also
Goddess of Democracy (Hong Kong)
References
External links
Living people
Chinese emigrants to New Zealand
1950s births
20th-century New Zealand sculptors
20th-century New Zealand male artists
21st-century New Zealand sculptors
21st-century New Zealand male artists |
These are the official results of the Women's javelin throw event (old design) at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, Greece, held at Olympic Stadium "Spiros Louis" on 8 and 9 September 1982. All results were made with a rough surfaced javelin (old design).
Medalists
Abbreviations
All results shown are in metres
Results
Final
9 September
Qualification
8 September
Participation
According to an unofficial count, 20 athletes from 13 countries participated in the event.
(1)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
See also
1980 Women's Olympic Javelin Throw (Moscow)
1983 Women's World Championships Javelin Throw (Helsinki)
1984 Women's Olympic Javelin Throw (Los Angeles)
1987 Women's World Championships Javelin Throw (Rome)
1988 Women's Olympic Javelin Throw (Seoul)
References
Results
todor66
Javelin throw
Javelin throw at the European Athletics Championships
1982 in women's athletics |
is a Japanese character designer, manga artist, and one of the founding members of the Gainax anime studio.
Career
When Gainax was originally founded as Daicon Film, Sadamoto served as animator on the second animated project, the Daicon IV opening animation. His first assignment as a character designer for Gainax was the film Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise, released in 1987, he continued to design characters for Gainax with the series Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water, Neon Genesis Evangelion, FLCL, and Diebuster. The official manga adaptation of Evangelion, published between 1994 and 2013, was fully written and illustrated by Sadamoto. He also collaborated with director Mamoru Hosoda to provide character designs for the films The Girl Who Leapt Through Time, Summer Wars, and Wolf Children.
According to Yasuo Otsuka, who guided Sadamoto as a newcomer, there are only three people whom he regarded as more skillful than himself that he has met during his career. One of them is Yoshiyuki Sadamoto. The other two are Sadao Tsukioka who became a visual creator, and award-winning director Hayao Miyazaki. When Otsuka met the three men, he seems to have felt that he was taking off his hat to them at once. However, he thinks that only Miyazaki completely mastered a genuinely superior animation technique at present. He guesses, "A too excellent person might despair in the group work".
In a 2013 interview with Japanese Entertainment website Nihongogo, it was revealed that Sadamoto is a stickler for details and wouldn't feel comfortable illustrating anything too unfamiliar to him. "In general, I don’t want to draw something that I have to study further in order to draw. For example, I could not draw a medical manga because it’s impossible for me to make a lie about medicine. Also things like Soccer and Baseball. I am unfamiliar with these worlds so it would be too difficult to show the actual plays." When asked about dream collaborations he revealed an interest in working with Robert Westall and Philip K. Dick but apologized "These are all deceased people, sorry."
Criticism
On August 9, 2019, Sadamoto criticized on Twitter a statue featured in the “After ‘Freedom of Expression’?” historical art exhibition at the Aichi Prefecture Museum of Art, Statue of Peace (2011), by Kim Seo-kyung and Kim Eun-sang memorializing comfort women, girls who worked in wartime brothels in World War II for the Japanese military. The statue was first installed by its creators in front of the Japanese embassy in Seoul as a form of political protest. He also criticized a movie in the exhibition that showed a picture of the Emperor of Japan being burned and then stomped underfoot, he referred to it as "indistinguishable from a certain country's style of propaganda". Sadamoto said "I wanted it to be an art event with academic contemporary art at its core...Remove the crazy [propaganda]-affirming media and the exhibition could still be redeemed." he follows "I'm not going to completely reject the act of turning propaganda into art, but honestly speaking, it did not speak to me at all on an artistic level." His comments have been criticized by some Koreans and English speakers who replied to his tweet with displeasure of his views. According to Gainax co-founder Toshio Okada, Sadamoto's feelings towards Koreans were already a factor of animosity during the production of Nadia, during which he blamed outsourced Korean animators for oscillations of quality during the series' "Island Arc" and would go on angry tirades disparaging their work, leaving the studio on his motorcycle. Anno believed this was part of miscommunication in the production process, and Okada attributed it to cultural differences.
Works
Artbooks
Sadamoto Yoshiyuki Art Book ALPHA (Published April 1, 1993)
Sadamoto Yoshiyuki Art Book DER MOND [Limited Edition] (Published September 30, 1999)
Sadamoto Yoshiyuki Art Book DER MOND [Popular Edition] (Published January 31, 2000)
Sadamoto Yoshiyuki Art Book CARMINE [Limited Edition] (Published March 26, 2009)
Sadamoto Yoshiyuki Art Book CARMINE [Regular Edition] (Published August 26, 2010)
Yoshiyuki Sadamoto CD-ROM art collection (GAINAX sale in 1993)
References
Yuki, Masahiro. "The Official Art of .hack//Roots". (May 2007) Newtype USA. pp. 101–107.
External links
, translated in Animerica in Vol. 6, issue No. 8
in Der Mond
in Anime News Network
in a Twilight contest
Sadamoto interview, on eva.onegeek.org, firstly published on Animerica, vol. 6, n.8; eva.onegeek.org. (archived 4 November 2009)
Interview on Der Mond, on eva.onegeek.org.
Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan
Japanese animators
Anime character designers
Gainax
1962 births
Living people
Manga artists from Yamaguchi Prefecture
Tokyo Zokei University alumni |
Apostolic World Christian Fellowship (AWCF) is an alliance of Oneness Pentecostal organizations that include 181 organizations, 20,200 ministers, and 5.2 million members worldwide. It was founded in 1971 by Worthy G. Rowe, a pastor in South Bend, Indiana, out of a desire for unity among the smaller Oneness Pentecostal organizations. Excluded from other pan-Pentecostal organizations such as the Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches of North America and the Pentecostal World Fellowship, Oneness organizations utilize the AWCF to assess numerical growth and initiate joint-evangelistic efforts. In May 1991. W.G. Rowe was succeeded by Bishop Samuel L. Smith as the General Chairman of the AWCF.
References
Oneness Pentecostal denominations |
Carlo Garbieri was an Italian painter of the early Baroque period. He is the son and scholar of Lorenzo Garbieri, painted historical subjects in the style of his father. In the church of San Giovanni in Monte, at Bologna, is a picture by him of the Death of St Mary of Egypt; and in the church of San Paolo is a canvas depicting Glory of St Paul.
References
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Bologna |
SS R.J. Reynolds was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after R. J. Reynolds, founder of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.
Construction
R.J. Reynolds was laid down on 19 August 1944, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2377, by J.A. Jones Construction, Brunswick, Georgia; she was sponsored by Mrs. Richard J.E. Reynolds Jr., and launched on 30 September 1944.
History
She was allocated to Black Diamond Steamship Co., on 12 October 1944. On 11 January 1947, she laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet in Wilmington, North Carolina. On 13 December 1957, she was sold for $88,636, to Boston Metals Scrap Company, for scrapping. She was removed from the fleet on 8 February 1958.
References
Bibliography
Liberty ships
Ships built in Brunswick, Georgia
1944 ships
Wilmington Reserve Fleet |
Detective Narada is a 1992 Telugu-language comedy film directed by Vamsy. It stars Mohan Babu and Mohini, with music composed by Ilaiyaraaja.
Plot
Narada is a private detective who is hired to solve the mystery behind Nirosha's pregnancy.
Cast
Mohan Babu as Narada
Mohini as Sharada
Nirosha
Jaggayya
Mallikarjuna Rao as Jantar Mantar
Sakshi Ranga Rao
Rallapalli
Prasad Babu
Krishna Bhagavan
Jayalalita
Sivaji Raja
Y. Vijaya
Sandhya Rani
Kaikala Satyanarayana
Soundtrack
Music is released on LEO Audio Company.
References
External links
1992 films
1990s Telugu-language films
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Indian comedy-drama films
Films directed by Vamsy
1992 comedy-drama films |
High Forest may refer to:
High Forest (Forgotten Realms), a fictional region in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting
High forest, an ecological and woodland management term for woodland with a range of tree sizes from saplings to ancient trees
High Forest Township, Olmsted County, Minnesota |
The St. Mary's Monastery (), also known as the Monastery of Dormition of Theotokos Mary (), (), is a medieval Byzantine church in Zvërnec Island inside the Narta Lagoon northwest of the city of Vlorë of Southern Albania.
See also
Culture of Albania
Architecture of Albania
Byzantine churches in Albania
References
13th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
14th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
Cultural Monuments of Albania
Churches in Vlorë County
Tourist attractions in Vlorë County
Byzantine church buildings in Albania
Eastern Orthodox church buildings in Albania |
Paul Collins Broun Sr. (March 1, 1916 – February 14, 2005) was an American politician and businessman who served as a member of the Georgia State Senate for the 46th district from 1963 to 2001. He was a member of the Democratic Party.
Early life and education
Broun was born in Shellman, Georgia. In 1930, Broun moved with his family to Athens, Georgia. Broun graduated from Athens High School in 1933. He received his bachelor's degree in agricultural engineering from University of Georgia in 1937. During World War II, Broun served in the United States Army and was commissioned a lieutenant colonel.
Career
Broun owned a car dealership and tire business in Athens, Georgia. Broun served in the Georgia Senate from 1963 to 2001 as a Democrat.
Personal life
Broun died in Athens, Georgia. His son, Paul Broun, served in the United States House of Representatives.
Notes
1916 births
2005 deaths
Politicians from Athens, Georgia
People from Shellman, Georgia
Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
University of Georgia alumni
Democratic Party Georgia (U.S. state) state senators
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army colonels
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American businesspeople |
Buelowiteuthis is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods.
See also
Belemnite
List of belemnites
References
Belemnites |
Danil Haustov (born 13 December 1980) is an Estonian former swimmer, who specialized in sprint freestyle events. He set an Estonian record of 1:27.06, as a relay swimmer, in the 4×50 m freestyle at the 2008 European Short Course Swimming Championships in Rijeka, Croatia. Haustov is also a member of Kohtla-Järve Water Sport Club in Tallinn, and is coached and trained by Aleksandr Abel.
Haustov made his first Estonian team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. He qualified for two swimming events by attaining B-standard entry times of 23.08 (50 m freestyle) and 50.42 (100 m freestyle). In the 100 m freestyle, Haustov raced to sixth place on the fifth heat and thirty-fifth overall by 0.35 of a second behind Finland's Matti Rajakylä in a time of 51.02. In his second event, 50 m freestyle, Haustov set his personal best of 23.52 seconds, but rounded out the sixth heat to last place and forty-ninth overall by 0.02 of a second behind Chinese Taipei's Wang Shao-an.
At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Haustov qualified for the second time in the 100 m freestyle by clearing a FINA B-cut of 50.37 from the 2008 European Aquatics Championships in Eindhoven, Netherlands. He challenged seven other swimmers on the fourth heat, including Kenya's Jason Dunford and Papua New Guinea's Ryan Pini, both of whom later reached the butterfly final. Haustov rounded out the field to last place by 0.18 of a second behind Romania's Norbert Trandafir in 50.92 seconds, just a tenth of a second off his time set in Athens. Haustov failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed fifty-first out of 64 swimmers in the prelims.
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Estonian male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Estonia
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers from Moscow
Sportspeople from Kohtla-Järve
Estonian people of Russian descent
21st-century Estonian people |
This is a list of Japanese football J1 League transfers in the winter transfer window 2018–19 by club.
J1 League
Kawasaki Frontale
In:
Out:
Sanfrecce Hiroshima
In:
Out:
Kashima Antlers
In:
Out:
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo
In:
Out:
Urawa Red Diamonds
In:
Out:
FC Tokyo
In:
Out:
Cerezo Osaka
In:
Out:
Shimizu S-Pulse
In:
Out:
Gamba Osaka
In:
Out:
Vissel Kobe
In:
Out:
Vegalta Sendai
In:
Out:
Yokohama F. Marinos
In:
Out:
Shonan Bellmare
In:
Out:
Sagan Tosu
In:
Out:
Nagoya Grampus
In:
Out:
Jubilo Iwata
In:
Out:
Matsumoto Yamaga
In:
Out:
Oita Trinita
In:
Out:
References
2018-19
Transfers
Japan |
The Phocaea family ( ; adj. Phocaean; ) is a collisional family of asteroids located between 2.25 and 2.5 AU in the inner region of the asteroid belt. Phocaea asteroids are of stony S-type composition and have orbits with eccentricities greater than 0.1 and inclinations between 18 and 32°. The family has an estimated age of 2.2 billion years and derives its name from its most massive member, 25 Phocaea which is about 75 km in diameter. Several Phocaean asteroids are also Mars-crossers.
Phocaea family region
The Phocaea family region contains other collisional families such as the recently identified carbonaceous, Tamara family, named after its potentially largest member 326 Tamara. The family has an estimated age of 264 million years. Several clumps around 290 Bruna (Bruna family), 1192 Prisma and 6246 Komurotoru, as well as , and have also been detected.
Members
References
Asteroid groups and families |
Meg Goetz was the first woman to be appointed as a Reading clerk of the United States House of Representatives, a face familiar to viewers of C-SPAN, the network which covers House proceedings.
A graduate of Chestnut Hill College in Philadelphia, she has degrees in political science and economics. She was appointed Democratic reading clerk by Speaker Tip O'Neill in 1982 and served until 1998 when she retired from the House. The reading clerks prepare the official version of all House-passed legislation and maintain all official papers on behalf of the House of Representatives relative to legislation. They report to the House membership all bills, motions, amendments, and all official communications. They also serve as House liaisons to the U.S. Senate, formally transmit all official actions taken by the House, and prepare the official records of all changes to legislation made on the floor. During the vote for Speaker at the beginning of each Congress, or when the electronic voting system fails, the reading clerk calls the roll of House membership. Ms. Goetz is currently the Vice President for Advocacy for the American Indian Higher Education Consortium, an advocacy group in Washington, D.C. She was replaced as House reading clerk for the Democrats by Mary Kevin Niland who was appointed by then Minority Leader Richard Gephardt.
External links
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Reading Clerks of the United States House of Representatives
Chestnut Hill College alumni |
Henriette Therese Ishimwe (born 14 October 2003) is a Rwandan cricketing all-rounder who plays for the women's national cricket team as a right-arm medium pace bowler and right handed batter.
Domestic career
At the domestic level, Ishimwe plays for the Indatwa Hampshire Cricket Club.
International career
2019
On 26 June 2019, Ishimwe made her Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) debuts for Rwanda against Nigeria at the National Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria, in the first match of a bilateral tour of Nigeria. The match was also both teams' first ever WT20I. Ishemwe played in all five matches of the series, including the fourth match, in which Rwanda racked up its first WT20I victory, by five wickets.
Rwanda's and Ishimwe's next WT20Is were during the ICC Women's Qualifier Africa in Harare, Zimbabwe, in May 2019. In Rwanda's first match of that tournament, against Nigeria, Ishimwe top scored with 27 in 21 balls; she was awarded player of the match, which her team won by 37 runs. Three days later, against Mozambique, she again top scored for her team, with 48 in 40 balls; Rwanda won that match by just one wicket with only three balls remaining, and Ishimwe was player of the match for the second time in a row. In Rwanda's fourth match, against Tanzania, she top scored for her team yet again, with 21 runs in 17 balls, and took 2/20, but Tanzania won the match by 38 runs.
In June 2019, Ishimwe took the field for Rwanda in the annual Kwibuka Women's T20 Tournament, in Kigali, Rwanda. Her best performance in that tournament was during Rwanda's match against Tanzania, in which she took 2/25 and was involved in running out two Tanzanian batters, but again Tanzania won the match, this time by 14 runs. In September 2019, Ishimwe played in a bilateral tour of Rwanda by Nigeria. Her best performance in that series was 44 from 45 balls in the fourth match, but although that was the top score for the match, Nigeria emerged as the winner, by just one run.
2021–present
Following a lengthy hiatus during the COVID-19 pandemic, Rwanda and Ishimwe resumed their participation in international cricket in June 2021, when Rwanda again hosted the Kwibuka Women's T20 Tournament. On 9 June 2021, in the team's match against Nigeria, Ishimwe starred with 24 in 23 balls and 2/5, and again was presented with the player of the match award. Rwanda won the match by 6 runs. The following day, against Kenya, Ishimwe achieved her best bowling figures of the tournament, with 3/22, but Kenya won the match, by 25 runs. Rwanda finished the tournament in third place, and Ishimwe was named in the team of the tournament.
The second and final tournament contested by Rwanda in 2021 was the ICC Women's T20 World Cup Africa Qualifier, held in Gaborone, Botswana. Ishimwe's best bowling performance in that tournament was on 12 September 2021, in a match against Eswatini in which her figures were 3/2. Rwanda won that match by 185 runs. Two days later, against Botswana, Ishimwe took 2/11, top scored for her team with 19 runs, and was awarded player of the match, which Rwanda won by three wickets. Rwanda finished the tournament in third place in Group A.
In March/April 2022, Rwanda and Ishimwe contested their first tournament for that year, the 2022 Nigeria Invitational Women's T20I Tournament, held in Lagos. Ishimwe's best performance in the tournament was in Rwanda's match against Gambia, in which she top scored with 23*. Rwanda won that match by 10 wickets, and finished second in the tournament.
Meanwhile, in February 2022, Ishimwe was recruited to play in the privately run 2022 FairBreak Invitational T20 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. She was allocated to the Barmy Army team. In Barmy Army's first match, against Spirit on 5 May 2022, she caused a sensation, by bowling Spirit captain and recent World Cup winner Nicola Carey with her first ball of the tournament, and, later, by participating in a "wily run-out" of Thai player Nattaya Boochatham. The following day, against Falcons, she deflected a caught and bowled chance from another World Cup winner, Danni Wyatt, into another run-out, of the non-striker, Sri Lanka captain Chamari Athapaththu, who had scored an unbeaten century in Falcons' first match.
See also
List of Rwanda women Twenty20 International cricketers
References
External links
Living people
2003 births
Rwanda women Twenty20 International cricketers
Rwandan women cricketers |
J.W. McMillan may refer to:
James W. McMillan (1825-1903), American soldier
J.W. McMillan (brick manufacturer) (1850-1925), Scottish-American businessman |
The Dominion was a Canadian transcontinental passenger train operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway. It first began as a summer service between Toronto, Ontario, and Vancouver, British Columbia, operating in 1931 and 1932. Effective June 23, 1933, it replaced the Imperial Limited as the CPR's main transcontinental service and included a Montreal, Quebec – Sudbury, Ontario section.
It remained CPR's flagship train until the introduction of the stainless steel dome streamliner The Canadian on April 24, 1955. In 1960 the train was reconfigured as a "transcontinental local" service on the same route as the Canadian to provide services on shorter trips. The Dominion had previously carried a large amount of mail and express parcels, which afterward was carried on fast freights as well as on The Canadian. This reduced The Dominion to a typical consist of four coaches and a baggage car. The service was eliminated officially on April 24, 1966, but continued on as the Expo Limited (serving the Montreal World's Fair) for much of 1967.
References
Named passenger trains of Canada
Named passenger trains of Ontario
Railway services introduced in 1931
Canadian Pacific Railway passenger trains
Railway services discontinued in 1966
1931 establishments in Canada
1966 disestablishments in Canada |
Marsh Field is a baseball field in Muskegon, Michigan, United States. The field has been home to many professional teams in the past, and is now used as part of developmental baseball leagues. Some notable teams to call Marsh Field home include the Muskegon Clippers, a now defunct farm team of the New York Yankees, the Muskegon Belles, an All-American Girls Professional Baseball League team for the 1953 season, the Muskegon Lassies, an AAGPBL team that played at Marsh Field from 1946–1950, and the Outwin Zephyrs, a Negro league baseball team.
Currently, Marsh Field is used by the Muskegon Clippers (no relation to the previous farm team), a wooden bat college level team, the Muskegon City League, the Muskegon Big Reds baseball team, and is used as part of the Extra Innings Muskegon Fall Baseball league.
Frank Barnes, a major league catcher, played two seasons of minor league baseball at Marsh Field. He later played in Major League Baseball for the Yankees and the St. Louis Cardinals. He and Elston Howard were the first ever African-American players signed by the Yankees. Howard played one season at Marsh Field.
References
External links
Playmarshfield.com
Baseball venues in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Muskegon, Michigan
Minor league baseball venues
Negro league baseball venues
1916 establishments in Michigan
Sports venues completed in 1916
Sports in Muskegon, Michigan |
Breakfast with Hector was a breakfast radio programme on RTÉ 2fm in Ireland, presented by Hector Ó hEochagáin from 4 October 2010. It was broadcast at 7:00–9:00 am each weekday from Galway. It was confirmed on 18 December 2013 that Ó hEochagáin would be leaving the show and returning to TV work. The last show was broadcast on Friday, 20 December 2013. The last show ended with I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For by U2.
Show format
The show was two hours long, with news and sport reports read half-hourly between 7:00 and 9:00. A typical half-hour segment contained fifteen to twenty minutes of chat, discussing Ó hEochagáin's life, music, popular culture, or listeners' issues. There were regular celebrity guest interviews, with occasional live music performances. The show relied on a number of on-air contributions from background staff, with members of the production team, news and sports readers, and studio guests contributing throughout the show. Whereas most 2FM breakfast shows have been broadcast from Dublin, Breakfast with Hector was based in Galway.
A special Breakfast With Hector night was held at Dublin's Olympia Theatre on 9 March 2012, dubbed an "Elvis Extravaganza" by RTÉ.
Team members
Hector Ó hEochagáin Host of the show.
Emma Counihan Regular newsreader.
Louise Herity Regular sports newsreader, now a regular presenter on 98fm.
Aoife Carragher AA Roadwatch team leader.
Dan "the Gun" O'Neill AA Roadwatch announcer.
Alan "Feathers" Swan The show's producer who frequently interrupts Ó hEochagáin from the background. Alan now produces the Nicky Byrne Show on 2fm.
Ronan Casey Presenter of the weekly segment, "Medium Sized Town, Fairly Big Story". A book of the same name by Ronan was published in October 2014 by Gill & Macmillan. Ronan is currently part of the Ireland AM team.
Features
How's the Country this Morning? Listeners ring or text the programme with their stories or problems. Ó hEochagáin accepts telephone calls on air to discuss quirky or off-beat topics such as weird tattoos, how shillelaghs are made and driving incidents.
Medium Sized Town, Fairly Big Story A weekly segment in which Ronan Casey reports some of the more unusual or funny stories from local newspapers in Ireland.
Evelyn's Word of the Day A daily segment, usually airing after the 8:30 news headlines, in which newsreader Evelyn McClafferty introduces her word of the day. On Wednesday's Focal na Seachtaine offers listeners a word in the Irish language.
The Birth Notices A weekly segment, usually airing on Thursdays, where Ó hEochagáin reads out good wishes to new-born babies and their parents.
Class Act A daily quiz in which two contestants answer general knowledge questions. Winners return each day until they are eliminated.
Where am I? An occasional quiz in which Ó hEochagáin tries to discover the Irish provenance of callers by asking them a maximum of ten questions.
Everything you wanted to know about the weekend, but didn't really delve into... A weekly segment in which Bernard O'Shea (now the host of the 2FM breakfast show himself) reports on some of the bigger news stories from the weekend.
My Automobile Association Listeners rang and texted the programme with their road traffic tips.
What Class of Vehicle is She? A phone-in quiz in which Ó hEochagáin played a short audio clip of a car or tractor starting up. Listeners tried to guess what the vehicle was.
What Class of a Dog is She? A variation on the "What Class of a Vehicle is She?" segment. A phone-in quiz in which Ó hEochagáin played a short audio clip of a dog barking. Listeners tried to guess the dog's breed.
References
External links
Irish breakfast radio shows
RTÉ 2fm programmes
2010 radio programme debuts
2013 radio programme endings
Mass media in County Galway |
Matthew James Thistlethwaite (born 6 September 1972) is an Australian politician. He has been an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives since 2013, representing the electorate of Kingsford Smith. He was formerly a member of the Australian Senate from 2011 to 2013. Since 1 June 2022, Thistlethwaite has served as Assistant Minister for Defence, Veterans' Affairs and the Republic in the ministry of Anthony Albanese.
He previously served as Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs and Parliamentary Secretary for Multicultural Affairs in the Gillard government from March to July 2013, and as Parliamentary Secretary for Infrastructure and Transport in the Rudd government from July to September 2013. Before joining Parliament, he was the general secretary of the New South Wales branch of the Australian Labor Party.
Early life
Thistlethwaite was born in Sydney on 6 September 1972. He grew up in the suburb of Maroubra. He graduated from the University of New South Wales with a Bachelor of Economics, and also holds diplomas in law and legal practice from the University of Technology Sydney. He was the first member of his family to attend university.
Career
In 1995, Thistlethwaite began working at the Australian Workers Union as an industrial officer. In 2001 he was elected as a state vice-president of the union. He joined the ALP at the age of 22 and was president of NSW Young Labor from 1997 to 1998.
In 2004, Thistlethwaite was elected deputy assistant secretary of Unions NSW. In this role he represented workers in public sector enterprise agreement negotiations and in the NSW Industrial Relations Commission. He was a co-ordinator of the Your Rights at Work campaign in New South Wales against the Howard Government's WorkChoices laws. Thistlethwaite is a former director of the State Transit Authority of NSW and the NSW Manufacturing Council. He was a member of the Racing Industry Participants Advisory Council, and an executive member of the NSW Jockeys Association. He was elected general secretary of NSW Labor from 2008 to 2010. During his time as NSW ALP secretary Thistlethwaite backed Frank Sartor's unsuccessful candidacy to replace premier Nathan Rees and Rees was instead replaced by Kristina Keneally.
Before entering Parliament, Thistlethwaite worked as a senior consultant with law firm Mallesons Stephen Jaques.
Political career
Thistlethwaite sought to become the endorsed Labor candidate for the House of Representatives seat of Kingsford Smith in Sydney's eastern suburbs, for the 2004 election. However, Peter Garrett was chosen by the then Labor leader Mark Latham.
He was endorsed for a seat in the Senate, representing New South Wales, at the 2010 election. He was successful, and his term began on 1 July 2011. On 18 July 2011 he gave his first speech in the Senate. Soon after his term began, Thistlethwaite was appointed to serve on five Parliamentary Committees. In August 2012, Thistlethwaite became Chair of the Senate Select Committee on Electricity Prices.
Following the announcement by Peter Garrett that he would not recontest the seat of Kingsford Smith at the next federal election, Thistlethwaite announced on 2 July 2013 that he would again seek Labor preselection; and gained endorsement on 20 July 2013, defeating Tony Bowen, the mayor of Randwick and son of former Kingsford Smith MP Lionel Bowen.
Thistlethwaite was elected as the member for Kingsford-Smith at the election held on 7 September 2013. Thistlethwaite was one of three people to have moved from the Senate to the House of Representatives at this election (the others were his ALP colleague David Feeney in Batman and former Nationals Senate leader Barnaby Joyce in New England).
In 2017 the Australian Labor Party announced a national vote on the republic during the first term of a future Labor government, and appointed Matt Thistlethwaite as the first 'Shadow Assistant Minister for an Australian Head of State'.
Thistlethwaite is a senior figure in the Labor Right faction and stands as the current convenor of the NSW branch. In 2020, he was elected to replace Joel Fitzgibbon as the convenor within the ALP. The Australian reported that "by becoming the NSW factional boss, Thistlethwaite de facto takes the title of national Right convener".
In 2022 he was appointed Assistant Minister for Defence, Assistant Minister for Veterans' Affairs, and Assistant Minister for the Republic in the Albanese ministry.
Personal life
Thistlethwaite served as the president of the Maroubra Surf Life Saving Club for four years.
References
External links
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1972 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Right politicians
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Kingsford Smith
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Politicians from Sydney
Australian solicitors
Australian trade unionists
21st-century Australian politicians
Australian Labor Party officials
Australian republicans
People from the Eastern Suburbs (Sydney) |
The Royal Saint Lawrence Yacht Club is a yacht club located in Dorval, Quebec, Canada on the shore of Lake St. Louis.
History
Created in 1888 by a group of men from the Amateur Athletic Association, the club quickly grew.
In 1892, John Rawson Gardiner designed the St. Lawrence Yacht Club. Between 1892-1924, the Royal St. Lawrence Yacht Club planned, developed the site, built the wharf, dredged, and erected breakwaters in Lake St. Louis, Dorval, Quebec.
Mrs W.B. Converse's 'The St. Lawrence Yacht Club Waltz' (1893) was dedicated to the Royal St Lawrence Yacht Club.
William Ramsey Spence's 'Royal St. Lawrence Yacht Club : waltzes for the piano' (no date) was "Dedicated to the Commodore and officers of the Royal St. Lawrence Yacht Club Montreal."
In 1894, Her Majesty Queen Victoria granted the Club the title "Royal". It received permission from the British Admiralty to use the Blue Ensign.
In 1894, William McLea Walbank designed a new stable, coach house and Ice House for Royal St. Lawrence Yacht Club.
In 1895, Edward Maxwell designed the Royal St. Lawrence Yacht Club clubhouse
In 1940-41, the Royal Canadian Navy Reserves scheme for training yacht club members developed the first central registry system.
In 1954 the Duke of Edinburgh extended his royal patronage to the club.
In 1988, as part of the club's centennial celebrations, E. George Hanson wrote 'The Royal St. Lawrence Yacht Club, 1888-1988'.
References
External links
Royal St. Lawrence Yacht Club - Official Website
RSLYC on Marinas.Com
RSLYC slideshow on Flickr
Royal St. Lawrence Yacht Club on YouTube
Royal Patronage — Canadian Organizations, Government of Canada
Royal yacht clubs
Yacht clubs in Canada
Sports clubs in Quebec
Organizations based in Canada with royal patronage
Dorval
1888 establishments in Quebec |
The INTERSALT Study was a 1988 international observational study which investigated the link between dietary salt, as measured by urinary excretion, and blood pressure. The study was based on a sample of 10,079 men and women aged 20–59 sampled from 52 populations around the world. The authors of the study attempted to provide a widespread international investigation of the correlation between dietary salt intake and blood pressure in a systematic and standardized way with regards for relevant confounding variables, beyond just age and sex.
Results
The study claimed to have found a significant causal relationship between dietary salt intake and blood pressure.
Reception and Criticism
The results were disputed by the Salt Institute (the salt producers' trade organisation), who demanded that the results be handed over for re-analysis. A re-analysis was published in 1996 and the results were the same. The results have since been confirmed by the TOHP I and TOHP II studies.
In 1997 the journalist Gary Taubes, published an article in Science, which was heavily critical of the statistical analysis published by Intersalt. He criticized the failure to account for population heterogeneity in establishing the weak association between salt intake and blood pressure and the assumptions made when deploying regression dilution bias. He also cited the TOHP II study as showing only "negligible benefit of salt reduction".
In 2001, the statisticians David A. Freedman and Diana Pettiti published an article showing that the positive correlation between blood pressure and salt consumption observed in the InterSalt study was entirely driven by four outlying data points of the 52 total data points. These four communities had much lower salt consumption than the average community, as well as much lower blood pressure. When these four points were excluded, the correlation was in fact negative, contradicting the original interpretation of the data by the researchers. Freedman and Pettiti raised questions about why the researchers had failed to apply even basic robustness checks, and criticised the overly simplistic view presented by medical researchers and policymakers of the role of salt in blood pressure outcomes.
References
Clinical trials |
Maladera formosae, commonly known as the Asiatic garden beetle, is a species of beetle in the family Scarabaeidae native to Japan and China. It was introduced to North America in the 1920s, where it is considered a crop and deciduous leaf (tree leaf) eating pest.
Adults are active in the summer, and can be seen feeding on plant leaves at night or found around porch lights. Adults range in length from 8-11 mm and possess a cinnamon-brown color. Larvae are approximately ¾" (19mm) long and feed on the roots of various plants.
References
Bugguide.net. Species Maladera formosae - Asiatic Garden Beetle
Melolonthinae
Insects of China
Insects of Japan
Invasive agricultural pests |
David Howard Burcher (born 26 October 1950) is a former Wales international rugby union player. He was capped four times for Wales in 1977 and that same year he toured New Zealand with the British & Irish Lions, playing in one international. Burcher played club rugby for Newport RFC.
Notes
1950 births
Living people
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Wales
Newport RFC players
Cardiff RFC players
Barbarian F.C. players
Newport HSOB RFC players
Rugby union players from Newport, Wales
Alumni of the University of Exeter
Rugby union centres
People educated at Newport High School |
Three Cases of Murder is a 1955 British horror omnibus film comprising three stories: "The Picture," "You Killed Elizabeth," and "Lord Mountdrago." Eamonn Andrews introduces each. Alan Badel appears in all three.
Cast
Main cast
Orson Welles as Lord Mountdrago ("Lord Mountdrago" segment)
John Gregson as Edgar Curtain ("You Killed Elizabeth" segment)
Elizabeth Sellars as Elizabeth ("You Killed Elizabeth" segment)
Emrys Jones as George Wheeler ("You Killed Elizabeth" segment)
Alan Badel as Owen (segment "Lord Mountdrago") / Mr. X (segment "In the Picture") / Harry (segment "You Killed Elizabeth")
André Morell as Dr. Audlin ("Lord Mountdrago" segment)
Hugh Pryse as Jarvis ("In the Picture" segment)
Leueen MacGrath as Woman in the House ("In the Picture" segment)
Eddie Byrne as Snyder ("In the Picture" segment)
Helen Cherry as Lady Mountdrago ("Lord Mountdrago" segment)
Eamonn Andrews, Introductions
Supporting cast
Peter Burton as Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs (segment "Lord Mountdrago")
Philip Dale as Sgt. Mallot (segment "You Killed Elizabeth")
Christina Forrest as Susan (segment "You Killed Elizabeth")
Evelyn Hall as Lady Connemara (segment "Lord Mountdrago")
Ann Hanslip as The Girl (segment "In the Picture")
David Horne as Sir James (segment "Lord Mountdrago")
John Humphry as Private Secretary (segment "Lord Mountdrago")
Maurice Kaufmann as Pemberton (segment "You Killed Elizabeth")
Jack Lambert as Inspector Acheson ("You Killed Elizabeth" segment)
Zena Marshall as Beautiful Blonde (segment "Lord Mountdrago")
John Salew as Rooke ("In the Picture" segment)
Harry Welchman as Connoisseur (segment "In the Picture")
Colette Wilde as Jane (segment "You Killed Elizabeth")
Arthur Wontner as Leader of the House (segment "Lord Mountdrago")
Uncredited/cameo cast
Patrick Macnee as Guard Subaltern
Marc Sheldon as Man in Background
Production
The first and third stories deal with the supernatural. In the first, "In the Picture", a museum worker enters one of the pictures in a gallery. In the second, "You Killed Elizabeth", two friends fall in love with the same woman. In the third, "Lord Mountdrago", a dramatization of a short story by W. Somerset Maugham from his collection The Mixture as Before, a politician seeks revenge on a political opponent by entering his dreams.
Wendy Toye directed "In the Picture"; David Eady, "You Killed Elizabeth"; and George More O'Ferrall, "Lord Mountdrago."
Orson Welles received top billing, but he appears only in "Lord Mountdrago". According to Patrick Macnee, who had a supporting role, Welles began making suggestions to director George More O'Ferrall throughout the first day of filming, and by the third day he had taken over the direction of the entire segment.
Reception
The presence of Orson Welles in the cast meant the film was released in the US before the UK. The film was turned down for exhibition in the UK by both the Rank and Associated British chains. They claimed that the film was mediocre and that Welles was not a big enough box office draw to compensate for this.
References
External links
1955 films
1950s British films
1950s crime films
1950s English-language films
British anthology films
British black-and-white films
British crime films
British mystery films
Films directed by David Eady
Films directed by George More O'Ferrall
Films directed by Wendy Toye
Films produced by Ian Dalrymple
Films with screenplays by Ian Dalrymple |
Arucak is a village in the Suluova District, Amasya Province, Turkey. Its population is 182 (2021).
References
Villages in Suluova District |
Evelio Droz Ramos (born 10 May 1937) in San Juan, Puerto Rico is a Puerto Rican former basketball player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1964 Summer Olympics.
References
1937 births
Living people
Puerto Rican men's basketball players
1959 FIBA World Championship players
1963 FIBA World Championship players
Olympic basketball players for Puerto Rico
Basketball players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1959 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 1963 Pan American Games
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
Pan American Games silver medalists for Puerto Rico
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Puerto Rico
Medalists at the 1963 Pan American Games
20th-century Puerto Rican people |
Panama Pacific Line was a subsidiary of International Mercantile Marine (IMM) established to carry passengers and freight between the US East and West Coasts via the Panama Canal.
Although IMM had begun preparations for this intercoastal service as far back as 1911, service began in May 1915 with the former Red Star Line (another IMM subsidiary line) ships and . When landslides in September 1915 closed the canal for an extended time, Kroonland and Finland were reassigned to the IMM's American Line. The outbreak of World War I and its strain on international shipping caused the intercoastal service to be suspended.
In 1923 Kroonland and Finland were returned to the reinstated intercoastal route along with the American Line passenger steamer . Manchurias sister ship supplanted Kroonland on the route in 1925.
Three ships with steam turbo generators and turbo-electric transmission — , Virginia and Pennsylvania — came into service in 1928–29, replacing all the other ships on the intercoastal service. These three newest ships included a drive-on service for passengers' automobiles, which allowed passengers to disembark with their cars at ports of call, such as Havana, a stop added in the early 1930s.
In 1936 California, docked at San Pedro, California, was the setting for the SS California strike, which contributed to the demise of the International Seamen's Union and the creation of the National Maritime Union.
In June 1937 the United States Congress withdrew all maritime mail subsidies, which by then included a total of $450,000 per year to Panama Pacific for its three liners. At the beginning of March 1938 the Panama Canal tolls were revised, increasing Panama Pacific's costs by $37,000 per year. As a result of these cost increases and continuing labor difficulties, Panama Pacific ended its New York – California service and took all three liners out of service. California was the last to leave service, joining Pennsylvania and Virginia in New York at the beginning of May 1938. The United States Maritime Commission took over the three liners and transferred them to Moore-McCormack Lines to start a New York — River Plate service under Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy.
Ships of the Panama Pacific Line
SS Pennsylvania
SS Virginia
References
Bibliography
Defunct shipping companies of the United States |
Teufel Audio (referred to as Teufel) is a German manufacturer of audio products such as loudspeakers, headphones, hi-fi and home cinema systems.
History
Teufel was founded in Berlin in 1979 by Peter Tschimmel. In the initial phase, the company produced and sold loudspeaker kits consisting of ready-made crossovers, drivers and cabinet components. The first products were loudspeaker sets. In 1990, Teufel changed its distribution model, from specialist and retail outlets to direct sales via catalogue.
In 2006 private equity firm Riverside acquired Teufel from founder Peter Tschimmel. A year later, in 2010, private equity firm HgCapital acquired the company from Riverside. At the same time, Teufel integrated the Berlin-based start-up Raumfeld, which had been developing and selling multi-room streaming speakers since 2008. In summer 2018, French private equity company Naxicap took over the company. Since March 2020, Sascha Mallah has led the company as sole Managing Director.
References
External links
Official website
Loudspeaker manufacturers
Audio equipment manufacturers of Germany
Manufacturing companies based in Berlin |
```javascript
import { DeleteJobCommand, GlueClient } from "@aws-sdk/client-glue";
/** snippet-start:[javascript.v3.glue.actions.DeleteJob] */
const deleteJob = (jobName) => {
const client = new GlueClient({});
const command = new DeleteJobCommand({
JobName: jobName,
});
return client.send(command);
};
/** snippet-end:[javascript.v3.glue.actions.DeleteJob] */
export { deleteJob };
``` |
Magnoli is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Albert Magnoli (born 1954), American film director, screenwriter, and editor
Demétrio Magnoli (born 1958), Brazilian sociologist, writer, and journalist
Surnames of Italian origin |
Body powder is the generic name for alternatives to talcum powder. It is usually made from a combination of tapioca flour, rice flour, cornstarch, kaolin, arrowroot powder, and/or orrisroot powder, but also other powders may be used. In addition, water absorbing and water binding agents may be added such as polyacrylamide.
References
Cosmetics
Powders |
The North American Indigenous Games is a multi-sport event involving indigenous North American athletes staged intermittently since 1990. The Games are governed by the North American Indigenous Games Council, a 26-member council of representatives from 13 provinces and territories in Canada and 13 regions in the United States.
History
The dream to hold a games for the indigenous peoples of North America began in the 1970s.
In 1971, the Native Summer Games held in Enoch, Alberta, Canada drew 3,000 participants competing in 13 sports and many cultural events.
In 1973, the Western Canada Native Winter Games were held on the Blood Reserve in Kainai, Alberta, Canada.
In 1975, a meeting of the National Indian Athletic Association was held in Reno, Nevada, where it was decided to organize games for indigenous peoples. John Fletcher, a Peigan from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and Willie Littlechild, a Cree of the Ermineskin Tribe at Hobbema, Alberta, Canada, attended; John Fletcher is credited for his support in the decision to have the games, as presented by Mr. Littlechild, based on the above success.
In 1977, the dream to host large-scale indigenous games took another step forward in Sweden at the Annual Assembly of the World Council of Indigenous Peoples. Willie Littlechild presented the motion to host international indigenous games. It was unanimously passed. A Brazilian elder was so moved, he presented Willie Littlechild with a war arrow representing peace in his tribe. Advising it be pointed to the ground, this arrow would direct anything evil toward the underground. It is now part of the sacred ceremonial run.
The vision: to improve the quality of life for indigenous peoples by supporting self-determined sports and cultural activities which encourage equal access to participation in the social / cultural / spiritual fabric of the community in which they reside and which respects Indigenous distinctiveness.
"The vision of the NAIG, from the very beginning, along with my brothers, Willie Littlechild of Ermineskin First Nation at Hobbema, and Big John Fletcher of Peigan in Southern Alberta, was one of our interest and concern about what was happening among the young people in all of our communities. . . We took it upon ourselves to try and find something constructive for the young people to look forward to. And, what it was eventually, was that we would put together a plan for a Games through which the young Aboriginal people could come together to excel in their athletic field of endeavour and to come together to do other things: to make new friendships, to renew old ones, and so on..." (Charles Wood, 1990 Chairperson)
The dream became a reality in 1990.
The first North American Indigenous Games (or "NAIG") were held in 1990 in Edmonton, Alberta, followed by Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, in 1993, Blaine, Minnesota, in 1995, Victoria, British Columbia, in 1997, Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 2002, Denver, Colorado, in 2006 and Cowichan, British Columbia, in 2008. The 2011 games were to be held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, but about a year before the games were to be held, Milwaukee withdrew its host application due to the lack of financial backers. Other arrangements, however, were made and games were indeed held in Milwaukee, in July 2011 on a smaller scale (dubbed United States Indigenous Games). The 2014 games took place in Regina, Saskatchewan followed by the 2017 games in Toronto, Ontario.
Approximately 10,000 athletes from the United States and Canada took part in the 2006 games (the largest to date), with more than 1,000 tribes represented. In addition to sporting events, the games included a parade and a variety of cultural performances. The opening ceremonies were held at Invesco Field at Mile High and the closing ceremonies were held at Skyline Park.
Approximately 5,000 athletes from the United States and Canada took part in the 2014 games, in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, (July 20–27, 2014) with more than 756 tribes represented. In addition to sporting events, the games included a large cultural village at The First Nations University of Canada and a variety of cultural performances throughout the host city. The opening ceremonies were held at Mosaic Stadium at Taylor Field and the closing ceremonies were held at The First Nations University of Canada campus. Of note was a large and violent storm that went through the cultural village on July 24, nearly destroying everything except for the tipis; an army of over 300 volunteers worked through the night to clean it up in time for the following days activities.
Editions
Sports
Gold, silver, and bronze medals were awarded in sixteen sports:
Archery
Badminton
Basketball
Baseball
Boxing
Canoeing
Golf
Lacrosse
Rifle shooting
Soccer
Softball
Swimming
Tae Kwon Do
Track and field and cross-country running
Volleyball
Wrestling
Total medals
Culture
The North American Indigenous Games Council, host societies and other partners realize the potential of a strong cultural program that would not only be for the benefit of the participants but also to the wider host community.
A cultural program at any NAIG shall be consistent with the founding principles:
To promote indigenous cultural activities and exhibitions
To promote local indigenous history and culture
To ensure traditional ceremonies that are utilized by the Host Territory are provided for NAIG participants
To ensure that traditional foods are for sale throughout the village
To ensure that indigenous people are showcased to sell, demonstrate and promote their crafts and artwork.
To ensure that indigenous people showcase knowledge and information pertaining to aboriginal youth programs.
To ensure that an Elders Program is designed to promote cultural and historical sharing through storytelling, ceremonies and interchange
To showcase a cultural gala of performers from all participating units at the opening of the Cultural Village
The cultural program shall be generally available and appealing to the general public in the host community and jurisdiction and all participants and visitors of the NAIG
Notes
References
See also
World Indigenous Games
Indigenous Peoples' Games
External links
North American Indigenous Games Council Official Website
North American Indigenous Games 2014 Official Website
North American Indigenous Games 2017 Official Website
Staff writers. "2006 Indigenous Games wrap up in Denver," Indian Country Today, 2006-07-14. Retrieved on 2006-07-28.
Indigenous peoples of North America
Multi-sport events in North America
Sports festivals in North America
Native American festivals
Indigenous sports and games of the Americas
First Nations sportspeople
Recurring sporting events established in 1990 |
Jacqueline Fehr (born 1 June 1963) is a Swiss politician of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland. She represents the Canton of Zürich in the Swiss National Council.
Professional career
Born in Wallisellen, Jacqueline Fehr grew up in Elgg and Winterthur. After obtaining her matura, she trained as a schoolteacher and taught in Zürich schools from 1988 to 1994. She took up, but did not complete, studies in psychology, business and political science.
She worked as an official in the department of schools and sport of the city of Winterthur from 1994 to 1996. In 1997, she took up work as a private consultant, coach and professional trainer. From 1992 to 1996, she was president of the federation of Zürich trade unions.
Political career
A member of the Social Democratic party since 1986, Jacqueline Fehr served in the municipal parliament of Winterthur from 1990 to 1992 and in the Grand Council of Zürich from 1991 to 1998. She became a member of the National Council in 1998 and was reelected in 1999, 2003 and 2007.
In the National Council, she serves on the committees for Social Security and Health, Transports and Telecommunications, and has previously served on the committees for Science, Education, Culture and Security. A ranking of the SonntagsZeitung listed her as the Swiss federal parliament's most influential member in 2009.
On 26 August 2010, she announced her candidacy to succeed Moritz Leuenberger in the 2010 Swiss Federal Council election.
Fehr is vice president of her party and was also, from 1997 to 2001, co-president of the Swiss Social Democrat Women. She presides over the Swiss Foundation for the Protection of Children and of the bicycle advocacy organization Pro Velo Suisse.
Private life
Jacqueline Fehr was married to Maurice Pedergnana and has two children born in 1994 and 1996.
Publications
Luxus Kind? Vorschläge für eine neue Familienpolitik, Orell Füssli Verlag, Zürich, 2003,
Schule mit Zukunft. Pladoyer für ein modernes Bildungssystem, Orell Füssli Verlag, Zürich, 2009, }
References
External links
Website of Jacqueline Fehr
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
1963 births
Living people
Women members of the National Council (Switzerland)
People from Bülach District
Social Democratic Party of Switzerland politicians
20th-century Swiss women politicians
21st-century Swiss women politicians
20th-century Swiss politicians
21st-century Swiss politicians |
The 2018 United States Mixed Doubles Curling Championship was held from January 17-21 at the Eau Claire Curling Club in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. Sarah Anderson and Korey Dropkin won the tournament, earning the right to represent the United States at the 2018 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship in Östersund, Sweden.
Teams
The following 22 teams competed in the event:
Round robin
Standings
Game results
Tiebreaker (Pool C)
Saturday, January 20, 12:00 noon
Tiebreaker (Pool D)
Saturday, January 20, 12:00 noon
Saturday, January 20, 4:00 pm
Playoffs
Bracket
Quarterfinals
Saturday, January 20, 8:00pm
Semifinals
Sunday, January 21, 10:00am
Finals
Sunday, January 21, 2:00pm
References
United States Mixed Doubles
United States National Curling Championships
Curling Mixed Doubles Championship
Curling in Wisconsin
United States |
The Best of Ken Mellons is an album, released in 2001, by American country music artist Ken Mellons. Despite its title, it is not a compilation album, but rather a studio album composed of nine new tracks and a dance mix of his 1994 hit "Jukebox Junkie". Prior to this album, Mellons had released a non-charting single in "Mr. DJ" for Curb, and after the release of this album, Mellons left the label.
Track listing
"Jukebox Junkie (Dance Mix)" (Ken Mellons, Jerry Cupit, Janice Honeycutt) – 4:40
"Shame on Me" (Mellons, Buddy Brock) – 3:07
"Home Team" (Mellons, Cupit, Lee Thomas Miller) – 3:54
"Farmer's Daughter" (Mellons, Cupit) – 2:29
"Ladies Night" (Mellons, Cupit, Randy Roberts) – 3:51
"Can You Feel It" (Mellons, Cupit, Jobe Memarie) – 3:21
"Down to a Crawl" (Mellons, Cupit, David Brewer, Faye Brewer) – 3:24
"Bundle of Nerves" (Mellons, Cupit, Miller) – 2:55
"Was It Good for You" (Mellons, Cupit) – 3:11
"Cool as You" (Larry Boone, Billy Lawson) – 2:58
Ken Mellons albums
2001 greatest hits albums
Curb Records compilation albums |
Plestiodon liui is a species of lizard which is endemic to China.
References
liui
Reptiles of China
Endemic fauna of China
Reptiles described in 1989
Taxa named by Tsutomu Hikida
Taxa named by Zhao Ermi |
Alec MacKaye (born January 1, 1966) is an American singer and musician best known as a member of the DC hardcore bands Untouchables and the Faith. In the mid-1990s Alec joined the band the Warmers as a vocalist and guitarist. He has also been a member of Ignition and Hammered Hulls. Mondo James Dean, an anthology of poetry and short-fiction edited by Richard Peabody and Lucinda Ebersole, was dedicated to MacKaye.
Personal life
MacKaye is the younger brother of Minor Threat & Fugazi singer and guitarist Ian MacKaye. His sister in law, Amy Farina was a member of The Warmers with Alec years prior to marrying his brother. He is shown on the cover of Minor Threat's self-titled EP, Minor Threat, and later the Complete Discography. He is also featured on the cover of the Teen Idles' Minor Disturbance EP.
Filmography
Alec was interviewed in the documentary film Salad Days.
References
External links
The Faith interview
1996 interview with Alec MacKaye
2010 Interview with Alec MacKaye on Dissonance Radio CPR Washington, DC
1966 births
Living people
Singers from Washington, D.C.
American punk rock singers
American punk rock guitarists
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Guitarists from Washington, D.C.
20th-century American guitarists
The Faith (American band) members
20th-century American male musicians
The Warmers members
Untouchables (punk band) members |
ICAF may refer to:
Industrial College of the Armed Forces, a U.S. military educational institution
International Capoeira Angola Foundation, a capoeira angola group located in Brazil.
International Child Art Foundation, an international organization on children arts.
International Committee on Aeronautical Fatigue and Structural Integrity, a professional association that was formed in 1951.
Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force, was the air force of the Royalist "Badoglio government" in southern Italy during the last years of World War II.
The International Commission on the Anthropology of Food and Nutrition, a commission of the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES). |
The Tampella 100 PSTK (from Finnish , '100 millimetre anti-tank gun'; Tampella project name ) is a Finnish towed 100 mm anti-tank gun, designed in the 1980s by Tampella. It was designed for commonality with the D-10T tank gun, in use by the Finnish Defence Forces in the T-54 and T-55 tanks, as well as the 100 56 TK coastal artillery piece. However, due to multitude of reasons it never went into serial production.
Development
In 1986 chief of the Infantry Office of the Finnish Defence Command, Lt. Col. Paavo Kuronen, brought out the question of a range gap in anti-tank weaponry, between contemporary man-portable anti-tank weaponry and anti-tank missiles, ie. 400 and 1000 metres, as well as the multitude of armed vehicles and their rising performance against infantry on the contemporary battlefield. In addition, the FDF Defence Command was worrying of the lack of suitable anti-tank weaponry at the aforementioned ranges to match the increasingly more common explosive reactive armour and layered composite armour. At the time, Finland was also in the process of scrapping its stock of obsolete 75 PstK 40 anti-tank guns (German 7.5 cm Pak 40). The existing 95 S 58-61 recoilless rifle was theoretically suitable, but its backblast was a remarkable downside, and the old ammunition types didn't offer much to defeat the reactive and composite armour. To this dilemma, the Infantry Office proposed a new anti-tank gun firing modern armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) ammunition, a system which could be manufactured entirely in Finland (as opposed to the American and Soviet anti-tank missile systems currently in use by FDF).
The FDF Defence Command Infantry Office created a draft of specifications and presented them to Tampella in spring 1986. The new anti-tank gun was to use the barrel and breech block (complete barrel assembly) of the Soviet D-10T (which was in use by FDF in the existing T-54, T-55 and 100 56 TK systems), with a new carriage, cradle (including recoil system) and traverse unit. Thanks to this, it could use the new Mecar APFSDS which was introduced to the T-55 in the FDF T-55M project. It was to have an auxiliary power unit (APU) for assisted movement, a shield to protect from small arms fire and both day and image intensifier based night sights. Its combat weight was to be under 3 tonnes, traverse 60° (±30° from centreline) and elevation -10° to +20°, according to the initial specifications.
After initial calculations by Tampella, FDF Defence Command ordered Tampella to design the gun in May 1987. Tampella ordered the design of the carriage from Sisu Defence, while Tampella concentrated on the design of the gun itself. After the design was ready in November 1987, a prototype gun was ordered by FDF in February 1988, and the final specifications were given. The prototype was delivered in August 1989 after some issues, and field trials were held from January to June 1990 in the Lapland Jaeger Battalion at Sodankylä and to the end of 1990 in the Armoured Brigade at Hämeenlinna.
The trials proved many serious issues: the APU was underpowered for the gun, steering the carriage was difficult and the towing bar of the carriage proved to be too weak, as it fractured repeatedly in use, and the muzzle brake broke due to the pieces of the sabot hitting it. The bore axis was also considered to be too low. The trials were also hindered by lack of spares for the single prototype gun and trivial technical issues such as oil leaks. However, the performance of the gun was considered excellent and the gun was stable in firing position.
The serial production of the gun was intended to be started in 1991, but unsurprisingly, due to the technical issues and a new assessment on the viability of towed anti-tank guns, in July 1991 the FDF Chief of Training Lt. Gen. Matti Kopra officially terminated the project.
The prototype gun was stored in Armoured Brigade, and has been displayed sporadically to the public.
Parts of the recoil mechanism were used in the Patria AMOS and NEMO mortar systems, as Tampella Defence was first merged to FDF Vammaskoski factory after its bankruptcy and subsequently to Patria.
Technical details
Mass under
Length (transport) (combat)
Height
Width
Ground clearance
Driving speed
Towing speed
Crew 1+7
Rate of fire 6 rpm
Shield to protect from small arms fire
NIFE RS-420 telescopic day sight
Image intensifier night sight
Gun
Barrel from D-10T:
Calibre
Barrel assembly length L/56
Barrel length L/54
Rifled bore length
Bore axis height (combat, 0° elevation)
Breech semi-automatic horizontal sliding block
Elevation -10° to +20°
Traverse ±30° from centreline
Hydro-pneumatic recoil system
Ammunition
JVA 3908 (Mecar M-1000 APFSDS-T)
Round weight
Muzzle velocity
Effective firing range
JVA 3900 (UBR-412D APCBC-T)
Round weight
Muzzle velocity
UOF-412 HE
Round weight
Muzzle velocity
Carriage
APU engine Rotax 635
Two-stroke petrol engine
Power output at 5,300 rpm
Torque at 4,700 rpm
Traction wheels 14.5x20
Double Rexroth hydraulic pumps for power transmission
Valmet Black Bear 1600/800 wheel hub motors
Drum brakes
Trail wheel 6.5x16
Hydraulic suspension
Operators
Former operators
– 1 prototype in trials in 1990, withdrawn at the end of the year.
See also
D-10 tank gun
BS-3 100 mm AT/field gun
100 mm vz. 53 AT/field gun
2A19/2A29 100 mm AT gun
2A45 Sprut 125 mm AT gun
References
External links
Presentation of the Tampella anti-tank guns – includes photos of the 100 PSTK.
Artillery of Finland
Anti-tank guns of the Cold War
100 mm artillery |
Celia Amorós Puente (born 1 January 1944 in Valencia) is a Spanish philosopher, essayist and supporter of feminist theory. She is a key figure in the so-called equality feminism and focused an important part of her research in the building of relations between Enlightenment and feminism. Her book Hacia una crítica de la razón patriarcal constitutes a new outlook on the gender perspective (gender studies) of philosophy, revealing the biases of androcentrism and claims a critical review on behalf of women.
She is a professor and member of the Department of Philosophy and Moral and Political Philosophy at the National University of Distance Education, known in Spanish as UNED. Her main research interests are the processes of Enlightenment and its implications for feminism and women in Islam, Human rights and women's rights in the context of multiculturalism. In 2006 she became the first woman to win the National Essay Prize.
Biography
Amorós graduated with a degree in Philosophy from the University of Valencia in 1969 and received the Extraordinary Degree Award in 1970. The title of her thesis was: El concepto de razón dialéctica en Jean Paul Sartre (The Concept of Dialectical Reason of Jean Paul Sartre). She also completed her doctorate at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Valencia. The title of her doctoral thesis was: Ideología y pensamiento mítico: en torno a Mitologías de Claude Levi-Strauss (Ideology and Mythical Thought: Around Mythologies of Claude Levi-Strauss).
She is an expert in the ethical-political thought of Jean Paul Sartre and the history of existentialism. In relation to this field, included in her work are Sören Kierkegaard o la subjetividad del caballero (1987) and Diáspora y Apocalipsis. Ensayos sobre el Nominalismo de Jean Paul Sartre's Nominalism (2001).
She was a member of the Frente de Liberación de la Mujer (English: Women's Liberation Front) in Madrid until 1980. That same year she received the prize "Maria Espinosa de Ensayo" for the best article published about feminism for her work "Feminism and political parties" in Zona Abierta, Spring 1980.
In 1987 she created the Feminism and Enlightenment Seminar taught at the Faculty of Philosophy at the Complutense University of Madrid until 1994.
On 14 November 1990, she became director of the Institute for Feminist Research (Instituto de Investigación Feminista) after a first foundational phase managed by María Carmen García Nieto. She led the institute until 1993, in this year Amorós began her stay at Harvard University.
In 1991 she founded the History of Feminist Theory course at the Feminist Research Institute that she directed until 2005 and was replaced by the philosopher Ana de Miguel. The courses taught by Amorós were "Feminism and Multiculturalism," "Feminism and the Enlightenment," "Freudo-Marxism Feminism of Shulamith Firestone," and "The Ontology of the Present of Donna Haraway."
In 2006 she received the National Essay Prize for her work "La gran diferencia y sus pequeñas consecuencias.... para la lucha de las mujeres" (2004), becoming the first woman to receive this award. Worth 15,000 euros, the prize honours the thoughts and reflections of a Spanish author for his or her work in any of the official state languages published in the year previous to the verdict.
A member and professor of the UNED's Department of Philosophy and Moral and Political Philosophy, she is distinguished for her work and research on feminism and multiculturalism. Amorós considers that traces of the Enlightenment can be found in many different cultures, particularly in Islamic culture and searches for a meeting point in the construction of equality between women from different cultural backgrounds.
Awards and distinctions
1980 Maria Espinosa Essay Award for the best article published on issues of feminism: "Feminismo y partidos políticos", published in Zona Abierta, Spring 1980.
2006 National Essay Prize.
2011 Medal "Promotion of Equality Values" granted by the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality.
2016 Clara Campoamor Award granted by the municipal government of Madrid (2016) for her contributions to the advancement of equality between men and women.
Main work
Books
Ideología y pensamiento mítico (Ideology and mythical thought) 1973
Hacia una crítica de la razón patriarcal (Towards a critique of patriarchal reason), Barcelona, Anthropos, 1985, 1991
Sören Kierkegaard o la subjetividad del caballero (Sören Kierkegaard or subjectivity Knight), Barcelona, Anthropos, 1987
Espacio de los iguales, espacio de las idénticas. Notas sobre poder y principio de individuación (The same space, the same space. Notes on power and principle of individualization), in Arbor, no. 503-504
Tiempo de feminismo. Sobre feminismo, proyecto ilustrado y posmodernidad (Time of feminism. About Feminism, Enlightenment project and postmodernity). Madrid, Chair, Col. Feminism, 1997.
El feminismo: senda no transitada de la Ilustración (Feminism: untraveled path of the Enlightenment in lsegoría.) Revista de Filosofía Moral y Política, no. 1, 1990, Institute of Philosophy, CSIC, p. 139
Sartre. Introducción y Antología de textos (Sartre. Introduction and Anthology of texts.) Editorial Anthropos.
Patriarcalismo y razón ilustrada, en Razón y Fe (Patriarchy and enlightened reason in Reason and Faith), nos. 113–114, July–August 1991
Los escritos póstumos de Sartre (I) y (II) (Posthumous writings of Sartre (I) and (II)), Journal of Philosophy, 3 ~ era, vol. III and IV, Madrid Complutense University
El nuevo aspecto de la polis (The new aspect of the polis), in La balsa de la Medusa, nos. 5.
Feminismo y Etica (Feminism and Ethics), C. Amoros (ed.), Isegoría monograph. Revista de Filosofía Moral y Política, nos. 5, 1992.
Feminismo, Ilustración y misoginia romántica (Feminism, Enlightenment and romantic misogyny) in Birulés and others, Filosofía y género, Identidades femeninas Pamplona, Pamiela, 1992
Feminismo: igualdad y diferencia (Feminism: equality and difference), PUEG Books Collection, UNAM, Mexico, 1994
10 palabras clave sobre Mujer (10 keywords on women), Estella (Navarra), Verbo Divino, 1995
Tiempo de feminismo. Sobre feminismo, proyecto ilustrado y posmodernidad (The time of feminism. About Feminism, Enlightenment project and postmodernity). Madrid, Chair, Col. Feminism, 1997.
Feminismo y Filosofía (Feminism and Philosophy), Amoros, C., (ed.) et alt. Madrid, Edit. Overview
Diáspora y Apocalipsis. Estudios sobre el nominalismo de J.P.Sartre (Diaspora and Revelation. Studies nominalismo of Jean – Paul Sartre), Valencia, Eds. Alfons the Magnanimous, (2001). Pending publication.
Mujer, participación y cultura política (Woman, participation and political culture) 1990 Buenos Aires, Editions of the Flower. Reissued with the title of Feminismo; igualdad y diferencia (Feminism; equality and difference), Mexico, PUEG Books, UNAM, 1994. 1fst Edition
La gran diferencia y sus pequeñas consecuencias... Para la emancipación de las mujeres (The big difference and its small consequences ... For the emancipation of women), Madrid, Chair, Collection Feminisms, 2004.
Teoría feminista. De la Ilustración a la globalización (Feminist theory. From Enlightenment to globalization) Celia Amorós and Ana de Miguel (eds.) (3 vols.), Madrid, eds. Minerva. 2005
Vetas de ilustración: Reflexiones sobre feminismo e islam (Streaks of Enlightenment: Reflections on Feminism and Islam) Madrid, Editorial Chair 2009
Editions of books
Entering and editing the special issue Ética y Feminismo ( Ethics and Feminism). Isegoría. Revista del Instituto de Filosofía del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, No. 6, Madrid, 15 nov. June 1992
Translations
Godelier, M., Horizons, trajets, Marxistes in Anthropologie (Paris, Maspero, 1973) with the title of Economía, Fetichismo y Religión, Madrid, Siglo XXI Eds., 1974.
Galton y Schamble, Problemas de la Filosofía Contemporánea, Madrid, Grijalbo, 1978.
Some articles among those included in J.Vidal Beneyto ed., Análisis estructural del relato, Madrid, ed. National, 1982.
Revision of the translation of John Valmar, Being and Nothingness, of Jean-Paul Sartre, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1984.
Translation of Jean – Paul Sartre, Critique de la Raison Dialectique commissioned by Alianza Editorial. Not yet published.
Publications about the author
Un pensamiento intempestivo: la razón emancipatoria ilustrada en la filosofía de Celia Amorós (Untimely thought: emancipatory enlightened reason in the philosophy of Celia Amoros), 1999, by Alicia Puleo. Magazine Isegoría 21. (Online).
Filosofía y feminismo en Celia Amorós (2006) (Philosophy and Feminism of Celia Amoros). By Luisa Posada Kubissa. In Labrys, Feminist Studies. (Online).
Pensar con Celia Amorós (2010) (Think with Celia Amoros). Editorial Fundamentos 2010. Tribute book edited by philosophers Marian López Cao and Luisa Posada Kubissa, of the Feminist Research Institute (Universidad Complutense de Madrid), with the collaboration of other feminist thinkers Amelia Valcárcel, Alicia Puleo and María Luisa Femenías.
References
Spanish women philosophers
Living people
1944 births
20th-century Spanish philosophers
20th-century Spanish women |
Hossein Khalatbari Mokarram (; 4 October 1949 – 21 March 1985) was an Iranian fighter pilot who served in the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force during Iran–Iraq War. He had flown both D- and E-models of McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II.
He has been described as a "legendary" and "distinguished patriotic" pilot who was a "respected commander". Khalatbari is praised for his anti-surface warfare and scrambling skills, and held the record of the most scramble flights in the Iranian Air Force until his death.
Khalatbari was awarded a Fath Medal of Honor and gained 17 months of superiority for his performance. He was posthumously laterally promoted from Major to Major General.
Early life and education
Khalatbari was born to a wealthy farmer family in Baslkuh, Ramsar. His maternal grandfather was Seyfollah Khan Hayati, a Mirza Kuchak Khan's companion in the Jungle Movement of Gilan, whom he was very proud of since his childhood. After studying his elementary education in Chalakrud, he moved to Tehran and gained a high school diploma. Khalatbari served his conscription in the 92nd Armored Division of Ground Forces of Imperial Iran Army with the rank of 3rd Sergeant. He became seriously interested in military aviation and decided to become a fighter pilot and joined the Imperial Iranian Air Force as an aviation student. From 1972 to 1974, he was trained as an F-4 Phantom pilot at the US Air Force's Sheppard Air Force Base in Texas.
Iran–Iraq War
Hours after Iraqi Invasion of Iran began, he became involved in the war. In the Operation Kaman 99, he was the leader of an 8-aircraft squadron tasked to attack Baghdad.
Khalatbari was Iran's military delegate in the International Court of Justice case United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran. His mission was set to last for two months, however he returned to Iran after 15 days, stating "I cannot spend night and day in Switzerland, when the enemy's fighters do not leave my countrymen in peace."
After his return, together with pilots like Abbas Doran and Alireza Yasini, he played a key role in Operation Morvarid and virtually destroyed the Iraqi Navy in October and November 1981 mostly with AGM-65 Maverick missiles. During the war, he destroyed a total number of 23 warships, including minesweepers, frigates and Osa missile boats. Khalatbari was a well-trained certified Maverick shooter and top scorer and hence became known as "Hossein the Maverick" (). Also, for sinking several Iraqi Osa missile boats he was nicknamed "The Osa Hunter" () and "The Osa Killer" ().
In the H-3 airstrike, Khalatbari was among the top pilots and his maneuvers were decisive in damaging the Iraqi facility.
50 Iraqi high-ranking officers, including two generals were killed in his airstrike operations. Bombing the Amarah bridge, harbor of Umm Qasr and Kirkuk refinery are among his other notable operations.
Shot down
On March 21, 1985 (corresponding to Persian New Year's Eve, Nowruz of the year 1364 in the Iranian calendar), Khalatbari flew from Hamedan Air Base together with his co-pilot Issa Mohammadzadeh-Arousmahalle to confront three Iraqi aircraft with the code-name Solomon 31. While over Iran's Kurdistan Province, he was able to shoot down one of two MiG-23s with a missile. His aircraft then was hit with a R-40 missile shot from a MiG-25PD, flown by Mohommed Rayyan – a flying ace and the most successful Iraqi fighter pilot. Mohammadzadeh-Arousmahalle was able to save himself by ejecting, but Khalatbari could not.
In popular culture
Sky Swallowed the Sea (): The book is memoirs of Khalatbari collected by Rahim Makhdomi. Nashr-e-Shahed published this book in 1999.
The 41st Squire (), book published by Avida publications.
References
1985 deaths
1949 births
Mazandarani people
Iranian military aviators
Islamic Republic of Iran Army personnel of the Iran–Iraq War
Iranian military personnel killed in the Iran–Iraq War
Iran–Iraq War pilots
Aviators killed by being shot down
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force personnel
Recipients of the Order of Fath
Imperial Iranian Army conscripted personnel
Aviation record holders
People from Ramsar, Mazandaran |
John Hunter Booth (November 27, 1886 – November 23, 1971) was an American playwright. He wrote seven films between 1922 and 1933.
He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States and died in Norwood, Massachusetts.
Works
The Masquerader (play)
External links
1886 births
1971 deaths
American male screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters |
Scottish Backhold is a style of folk wrestling originating in Scotland. The wrestlers grip each other around the Chest and shoulders at the back, with the right hand under the opponent's left arm and left arm over. With the chin resting on the opposite right shoulder and an S-Grip hold. The bout is controlled by a central referee and two judge's all of equal standing. Falls are decided by a majority of three rule, with no conferring. When the referee is sure that both wrestlers have taken a firm grip, he shouts "HOLD" and the bout starts. Should either wrestler break his hold or touch the ground with any part of his body except the soles of their feet, he/ she loses. If both wrestlers hit the ground or mat at the same time a "Dog Fall" is declared and the fall is wrestled again immediately. There is no ground work and the bouts are usually best of five falls.
Since 1985 there has been a Celtic organisation La Fédération Internationale des Luttes Celtiques FILC which combine's the Scottish Backhold, Breton Gouren, and host nations form of wrestling. The Scottish Wrestling Bond publishes the rules of backhold.
There are many clubs around Scotland that coach and practise the sport of backhold wrestling; there are popular clubs in Edinburgh, Carnoustie, Glasgow and Hamilton. There are many Highland games through the summer months which attract athletes from all over the world. As well as FILC member Countries such as Austria, Congo, Leon and the Cannery Islands in Spain, Brittaney in France, Iceland, Ireland, Sardinia in Italy, Sweden, Singapour, Friesland in the Netherlands, Hungary, United States, and England, and many more, are represented.
References
See also
Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling
Dirk dance
Historical fencing in Scotland
Irish wrestling
Folk wrestling styles
Wrestling in Scotland
Sport in Scotland
Sports originating in Scotland
European martial arts |
```shell
#!/bin/bash
set -xe
arch=$1
source $(dirname "$0")/tc-tests-utils.sh
mkdir -p ${TASKCLUSTER_ARTIFACTS} || true
cp ${DS_ROOT_TASK}/DeepSpeech/ds/tensorflow/bazel*.log ${TASKCLUSTER_ARTIFACTS}/
case $arch in
"--x86_64")
release_folder="Release-iphonesimulator"
artifact_name="deepspeech_ios.framework.x86_64.tar.xz"
;;
"--arm64")
release_folder="Release-iphoneos"
artifact_name="deepspeech_ios.framework.arm64.tar.xz"
;;
esac
${TAR} -cf - \
-C ${DS_ROOT_TASK}/DeepSpeech/ds/native_client/swift/DerivedData/Build/Products/${release_folder}/ deepspeech_ios.framework \
| ${XZ} > "${TASKCLUSTER_ARTIFACTS}/${artifact_name}"
``` |
The British Airlines Stewards and Stewardesses Association (BASSA) is a branch of the British trade union Unite. Until 2020, it exclusively represented Cabin Crew on Eurofleet and Worldwide fleets at London Heathrow airport. However, since the merger of all the fleets into the Heathrow Cabin Crew Team, they've become the largest Cabin Crew Union at Heathrow Airport with 90% of eligible crew.
Originally part of the Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU), set-up after the Cabin Crew 89 breakaway, BASSA is now part of Unite the Union. With an office at Heathrow Airport, it provides year-round 24 hour support, with a secure website service for members and an emergency number for operational issues. Membership has fallen from a high point of over 11,000 in 2009 to 9,000 due to staff leaving British Airways employment as a result of redundancy.
BASSA retains its position as one of the largest branches of any union within the UK. For over a decade Unite directly represented British Airways' fast-growing new entrant Mixed Fleet employees, which limited the scope for increasing BASSA membership at that time, because its constituent Worldwide and Eurofleets were not able to recruit new crew since 2008.
However, this changed from November 2020, when all three fleets at Heathrow merged into a single Heathrow Cabin Crew Team. All crew now are eligible to join BASSA, thus marking the first time new crew could be welcomed into BASSA since the British Airways takeover of BMI.
The current Branch Chair is Marie-Louise Elliott (Weezie), a BA Inflight Manager.
See also
British Airline Pilots' Association
List of trade unions
List of Transport and General Workers' Union amalgamations
References
External links
BASSA website
TomAirBASSA website
Unite the Union
Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
British Airways
Aviation organisations based in the United Kingdom
Flight attendants' trade unions
International Transport Workers' Federation
Transport trade unions in the United Kingdom |
Full Intention is an English house music duo consisting of Michael Gray and Jon Pearn. They are best known as prolific producers and remixers. They have reworked songs for varied artists such as the Sugababes, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey and Frankie Knuckles, among others.
Biography
As the group Hustlers Convention, Jon Pearn and Michael Gray produced their own house tracks and remixed many others, including "Street life" by C. J. Lewis and "Got Myself Together" by the Bucket Heads. Their first release was The Groovers delight EP in 1992 on Stress Records.
They have appeared in the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart three times with their own singles, first under the name Arizona feat. Zeitia with "Slide on the Rhythm", which reached number one in 1993, and with "America (I Love America)" under the Full Intention name, a number one hit from 1996. They are also perhaps most well known for their remix of the 1995 club classic "So In Love" by Duke.
In 1997, they released a song as the act Sex-O-Sonique called "I thought it was you", which went to number one in the 1997 UK dance singles chart on 6 December, pushing The Prodigy "Smack my bitch up" off the top spot.
Although many of their remixes for other artists have been successful club hits, they did not return to the chart as artists until 2002, when "I'll Be Waiting" featuring Shena reached number three. Both members have achieved solo success with Gray releasing singles "The Weekend" and "Borderline" which were club hits, while Pearn has formed a side project Bodyrox.
In 2009, Jon Pearn and Michael Gray released the singles "Once In A Lifetime", "I Will Follow", "Forever" under the label Full Intention Records. In 2010, they released a single entitled "America 2010", remixing their own famous 1996's song. In the late 2010s, the most popular singles of Full Intention were "Keep Pushing" (2016) and "I Miss You" (2017). In 2018, they released a single with Blaze called "Be Yourself".
Full Intention has also released a number of remixes. They released in 2018 a remix of a David Penn song with Lisa Millett entitled "Join Us". They have notably released remixes of classic house tracks like Inner City "Big Fun", Frankie Knuckles "Tears", or Black Riot "A Day In The Life".
Discography
Albums
2006 Connected: 10 Years of Full Intention
2013 Perspective Mini LP
Mixed compilations
2002 Ministry of Sound - Defected Sessions
Singles and EPs
1994: Full Length Disco Mixes
1995: Full Length Disco Mixes 2
1996 "America (I Love America)" (with Nick Clow)
1996 "The Return of Full Intention"
1996 "Uptown Downtown" (with Nick Clow)
1996 "You Are Somebody" (with Nick Clow)
1997 "America (I Love America) '97" (with Nick Clow)
1997 "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" (with Nick Clow)
1997 "Dancin' All Night/In the Streets"
1998 "Everybody Loves the Sunshine" (with Ernestine Pearce and Xavier Barnett)
2001 "Can't Get Over You" (with Kat Blu)
2001 "I'm Satisfied"
2001 "I'll Be Waiting" (with Shena McSween)
2002 "Soul Power" (with Thea Austin)
2002 Blue EP
2002 "I Need a House Party"
2003 "No One"
2003 "Your Day Is Coming" (with Shena McSween)
2003 Red EP
2003 Green EP
2004 Orange EP
2004 "It's Set to Groove"
2004 "It Hurts Me/Once in a Lifetime" (with Xavier Barnett)
2004 Purple EP
2005 "La Musique"
2005 Anniversary EP
2006 "Your Day Is Coming 2006" (with Shena McSween)
2006 "I Believe in You" (with Lee Muddy Baker)
2006 "Soul Power 2006" (with Thea Austin)
2009 "Once in a Lifetime"
2009 "I Will Follow"
2010 "Forever"
2010 "America
2010 Earth Turns Around EP
2011 "Play"
2011 "I'll Be Waiting"
2011 "Signification" (with Haze)
2012 "Jupiter One"
2012 "La Musique
2013 "Octavia"
2013 "Icon"
2013 "Madness"
2013 "Sacrifice"
2013 "Float On"
2013 "Perspective"
2013 "First Time Ever"
2013 "All Right" (feat. Chelonis R. Jones)
2013 "See Basan"
2013 "Get the Money Right"
2013 "I'll Be"
2014 "Everlasting"
2014 "Feel"
2014 "London"
2014 "Do You Feel"
2014 "Let Me Be" (feat. Robert Owens)
2014 "Nobody Knows"
2014 "Meteor Man"
2014 "Walk Away"
2014 "Upside Down"
2014 "I Will Wait for You"
2015 "Mentum"
2015 "So Confused" (feat. Mira J)
2015 "Automatic"
2015 "Cova Santa"
2015 "What's in It"
2015 "Like That"
2015 "Who's Getting Down"
2015 "Don't Care What You Do"
2016 "Just Go Back" (feat. Chelsea Como)
2016 "Keep Pushing"
2016 "Dancin'" (2016 re-edit)
2017 "I Miss You" (Full Intention Remix)
2017 "It's Set to Groove"
2017 "I'll Be Waiting" (feat. Shena)
2018 "Be Yourself" (feat. Blaze)
Selected remixes
1996 Duke - "So In Love With You"
1997 Ultra Nate - "Free"
1997 Black Connection - "Give Me Rhythm"
1998 The Fog - "Been a Long Time"
1998 Eddie Amador - "House Music"
1999 Masters at Work - "To Be in Love (with India)"
1999 Frankie Knuckles - "Tears"
1999 Powerhouse - "What You Need"
1999 Da Mob feat. Jocelyn Brown - "It's All Good"
2000 Jennifer Lopez - "Love Don't Cost a Thing"
2000 AWA Band - "Timba"
2000 Moony - "Dove (I'll Be Loving You)"
2001 Shannon - "Let the Music Play"
2001 Faithless - "Muhammad Ali"
2001 Brandy - "Full Moon"
2001 Jamiroquai - "You Give Me Something"
2001 Dina Vass - "The Love I Have For You"
2002 Milky - "Just the Way You Are"
2002 Mariah Carey - "Through the Rain"
2002 Jamiroquai - "Cosmic Girl"
2002 Deepest Blue - "Shooting Star"
2002 Whitney Houston - "Whatchulookinat"
2002 Una Mas - "I Will Follow"
2003 Junior Jack - "E Samba"
2003 Sugababes - "Hole in the Head"
2003 Lemar - "Dance (With U)"
2003 Christina Milian - "Dip It Low"
2003 Sophie Ellis-Bextor - "I Won't Change You"
2003 Mylène Farmer - "L'âme-stram-gram"
2003 Emma Bunton - "Free Me"
2004 George Michael - "Amazing"
2004 Duran Duran - "Sunrise"
2005 Bob Sinclar feat. Gary Pine - "Love Generation"
2005 Bon Garcon - "Freek U"
2005 Supafly vs. Fishbowl - "Let's Get Down"
2005 Freemasons feat. Amanda Wilson - "Love On My Mind"
2005 Roachford - "River of Love"
2005 Jennifer Lopez - "Get Right"
2009 Supafly Inc - "Catch Me When I'm Falling"
2010 Hurts - "Stay"
2011 Gravitonas - "Religious"
2012 Paloma Faith - "Just Be"
2012 Supafly Feat. Shahin Badar - "Happiness"
2013 The Shapeshifters - "Incredible"
2013 Inner City - "Big Fun"
2014 Ella Henderson - "Glow"
2014 Peppermint Heaven - "Plenty of Time"
2014 Purple Disco Machine - "Need Someone"
2014 DJ Anna Feat Beverley Ely - "Secret"
2015 L. A. Funk Corporation - "Vertigo (Let's Get Down Tonight)"
2015 Michael Canitrot - "Chain Reaction"
2016 Black Riot - "A Day in the Life"
2016 Malachi feat. Moji - "How It Feels"
2017 Alaia & Gallo feat. Kevin Haden - "Go"
2017 J. Majik featuring Kathy Brown - "Love Is Not a Game"
2017 Ralphi Rosario feat. Linda Clifford - "Wanna Give It Up"
2017 Jimmy Read- "Diamond in the Back"
2018 84Bit - "Dreams"
2018 Slam Dunk'd (feat. Chromeo & Al-P) - "No Price"
2018 David Penn ft Lisa Millett - "Join Us"
2018 Joe T. Vannelli Project - "Sweetest Day of May"
2019 Debbie Jacobs - "Don't You Want My Love"
2019 Rockers Revenge feat. Donnie Calvin - "Walking on Sunshine"
2019 Rockers Revenge - "What About the People"
2019 Roisto & PowerDress - "All Yours"
2019 Funkatomic - "It's a House Thing"
2020 Aki Bergen feat. Carmen Sherry – "Into My Soul"
2020 Pet Shop Boys feat. Years & Years - "Dreamland"
2020 Alina K. - "Walking Your Path"
2020 Ron Carroll & Alex Kosoglaz - "Don't You Worry"
2020 Birdee, Nick Reach Up, Barbara Tucker - "Free Yourself"
See also
List of number-one dance hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart
References
Remixers
English house music duos
Male musical duos
DJs from London
DJ duos
Electronic dance music duos
Musical groups from London
AM PM Records artists
Atlantic Records artists
FFRR Records artists
Virgin Records artists |
Siegmund Freiherr von Schleinitz (23 July 1890 – 30 November 1968) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.
Schleinitz surrendered to the Red Army in the course of the Soviet 1945 East Pomeranian Offensive. Convicted as a war criminal in the Soviet Union, he was held until 1955.
Awards
German Cross in Gold (26 December 1941)
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 14 August 1943 as Generalleutnant and commander of 9th Infantry Division
References
Citations
Bibliography
1890 births
1968 deaths
Lieutenant generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
Barons of Germany
German Army personnel of World War I
Prussian Army personnel
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Military personnel from Berlin
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union
Reichswehr personnel
Military personnel from the Province of Brandenburg
German Army generals of World War II |
I²S (Inter-IC Sound, pronounced "eye-squared-ess"), is an electrical serial bus interface standard used for connecting digital audio devices together. It is used to communicate PCM audio data between integrated circuits in an electronic device. The I²S bus separates clock and serial data signals, resulting in simpler receivers than those required for asynchronous communications systems that need to recover the clock from the data stream. Alternatively I²S is spelled I2S (pronounced eye-two-ess) or IIS (pronounced eye-eye-ess). Despite the similar name, I²S is unrelated to the bidirectional I²C (IIC) bus.
History
This standard was introduced in 1986 by Philips Semiconductor (now NXP Semiconductors) and was first revised June 5, 1996. The standard was last revised on February 17, 2022 and updated terms master and slave to controller and target.
Details
The I²S protocol outlines one specific type of PCM digital audio communication with defined parameters outlined in the Philips specification.
The bus consists of at least three lines:
Bit clock line
Officially "continuous serial clock (SCK)". Typically written "bit clock (BCLK)".
Word clock line
Officially "word select (WS)". Typically called "left-right clock (LRCLK)" or "frame sync (FS)".
0 = Left channel, 1 = Right channel
At least one multiplexed data line
Officially "serial data (SD)", but can be called SDATA, SDIN, SDOUT, DACDAT, ADCDAT, etc.
It may also include the following lines:
Master clock (typically 256 x LRCLK)
This is not part of the I2S standard, but is commonly included for synchronizing the internal operation of the analog/digital converters.
A multiplexed data line for upload
The bit clock pulses once for each discrete bit of data on the data lines. The bit clock frequency is the product of the sample rate, the number of bits per channel and the number of channels. So, for example, CD Audio with a sample frequency of 44.1 kHz, with 16 bits of precision and two channels (stereo) has a bit clock frequency of:
44.1 kHz × 16 × 2 = 1.4112 MHz
The word select clock lets the device know whether channel 0 or channel 1 is currently being sent, because I²S allows two channels to be sent on the same data line. It is a 50% duty-cycle signal that has the same frequency as the sample frequency. For stereo material, the I²S specification states that left audio is transmitted on the low cycle of the word select clock and the right channel is transmitted on the high cycle. It is typically synchronized to the falling edge of the serial clock, as the data is latched on the rising edge. The word select clock changes one bit clock period before the MSB is transmitted. This enables, for example, the receiver to store the previous word and clear the input for the next.
Data is signed, encoded as two's complement with the MSB (most significant bit) first. This allows the number of bits per frame to be arbitrary, with no negotiation required between transmitter and receiver.
As an audio interconnect
In audio equipment, I²S is sometimes used as an external link between a CD player or digital audio streaming device and an external digital-to-analog converter, as opposed to a purely internal connection within one player box. This may form an alternative to the commonly used AES/EBU, Toslink or S/PDIF standards.
The I²S connection was not intended to be used via cables, and most integrated circuits will not have the correct impedance for coaxial cables. As the impedance adaptation error associated with the different line lengths can cause differences in propagation delay between the clock line and data line, this can result in synchronization problems between the SCK, WS and data signals, mainly at high sampling frequencies and bitrates. As the I²S bus doesn't have any error detection mechanism, this can cause significant decoding errors.
There is no standard interconnecting cable for this application. Some manufacturers simply provide three BNC connectors, an 8P8C ("RJ45") socket or a DE-9 connector. Others like Audio Alchemy (now defunct) used DIN connectors. PS Audio, Musica Pristina and Wyred4Sound use an HDMI connector. Dutch manufacturer Van Medevoort has implemented Q-link in some of its equipment, which transfers I²S over 4 RCA connectors (data, MCK, LRCK, BCK).
See also
SPI bus
S/PDIF
References
External links
I²S Specification - Philips/NXP
I²S and STM32F4 Slides - Auburn University
Common inter-IC digital interfaces for audio data transfer, PDF
Audio communications protocols
NXP Semiconductors
Serial buses |
Khalzanovo () is a rural locality (a selo) in Pribaykalsky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia. The population was 120 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.
Geography
Khalzanovo is located 4 km northeast of Turuntayevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Turuntayevo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Okinsky District |
```go
//
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package github
import (
"context"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
)
// HookDelivery represents the data that is received from GitHub's Webhook Delivery API
//
// GitHub API docs:
// - path_to_url#list-deliveries-for-a-repository-webhook
// - path_to_url#get-a-delivery-for-a-repository-webhook
type HookDelivery struct {
ID *int64 `json:"id,omitempty"`
GUID *string `json:"guid,omitempty"`
DeliveredAt *Timestamp `json:"delivered_at,omitempty"`
Redelivery *bool `json:"redelivery,omitempty"`
Duration *float64 `json:"duration,omitempty"`
Status *string `json:"status,omitempty"`
StatusCode *int `json:"status_code,omitempty"`
Event *string `json:"event,omitempty"`
Action *string `json:"action,omitempty"`
InstallationID *int64 `json:"installation_id,omitempty"`
RepositoryID *int64 `json:"repository_id,omitempty"`
// Request is populated by GetHookDelivery.
Request *HookRequest `json:"request,omitempty"`
// Response is populated by GetHookDelivery.
Response *HookResponse `json:"response,omitempty"`
}
func (d HookDelivery) String() string {
return Stringify(d)
}
// HookRequest is a part of HookDelivery that contains
// the HTTP headers and the JSON payload of the webhook request.
type HookRequest struct {
Headers map[string]string `json:"headers,omitempty"`
RawPayload *json.RawMessage `json:"payload,omitempty"`
}
func (r HookRequest) String() string {
return Stringify(r)
}
// HookResponse is a part of HookDelivery that contains
// the HTTP headers and the response body served by the webhook endpoint.
type HookResponse struct {
Headers map[string]string `json:"headers,omitempty"`
RawPayload *json.RawMessage `json:"payload,omitempty"`
}
func (r HookResponse) String() string {
return Stringify(r)
}
// ListHookDeliveries lists webhook deliveries for a webhook configured in a repository.
//
// GitHub API docs: path_to_url#list-deliveries-for-a-repository-webhook
//
//meta:operation GET /repos/{owner}/{repo}/hooks/{hook_id}/deliveries
func (s *RepositoriesService) ListHookDeliveries(ctx context.Context, owner, repo string, id int64, opts *ListCursorOptions) ([]*HookDelivery, *Response, error) {
u := fmt.Sprintf("repos/%v/%v/hooks/%v/deliveries", owner, repo, id)
u, err := addOptions(u, opts)
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, err
}
req, err := s.client.NewRequest("GET", u, nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, err
}
deliveries := []*HookDelivery{}
resp, err := s.client.Do(ctx, req, &deliveries)
if err != nil {
return nil, resp, err
}
return deliveries, resp, nil
}
// GetHookDelivery returns a delivery for a webhook configured in a repository.
//
// GitHub API docs: path_to_url#get-a-delivery-for-a-repository-webhook
//
//meta:operation GET /repos/{owner}/{repo}/hooks/{hook_id}/deliveries/{delivery_id}
func (s *RepositoriesService) GetHookDelivery(ctx context.Context, owner, repo string, hookID, deliveryID int64) (*HookDelivery, *Response, error) {
u := fmt.Sprintf("repos/%v/%v/hooks/%v/deliveries/%v", owner, repo, hookID, deliveryID)
req, err := s.client.NewRequest("GET", u, nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, err
}
h := new(HookDelivery)
resp, err := s.client.Do(ctx, req, h)
if err != nil {
return nil, resp, err
}
return h, resp, nil
}
// RedeliverHookDelivery redelivers a delivery for a webhook configured in a repository.
//
// GitHub API docs: path_to_url#redeliver-a-delivery-for-a-repository-webhook
//
//meta:operation POST /repos/{owner}/{repo}/hooks/{hook_id}/deliveries/{delivery_id}/attempts
func (s *RepositoriesService) RedeliverHookDelivery(ctx context.Context, owner, repo string, hookID, deliveryID int64) (*HookDelivery, *Response, error) {
u := fmt.Sprintf("repos/%v/%v/hooks/%v/deliveries/%v/attempts", owner, repo, hookID, deliveryID)
req, err := s.client.NewRequest("POST", u, nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, err
}
h := new(HookDelivery)
resp, err := s.client.Do(ctx, req, h)
if err != nil {
return nil, resp, err
}
return h, resp, nil
}
// ParseRequestPayload parses the request payload. For recognized event types,
// a value of the corresponding struct type will be returned.
func (d *HookDelivery) ParseRequestPayload() (interface{}, error) {
eType, ok := messageToTypeName[d.GetEvent()]
if !ok {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported event type %q", d.GetEvent())
}
e := &Event{Type: &eType, RawPayload: d.Request.RawPayload}
return e.ParsePayload()
}
``` |
Clerget was the name given to a series of early rotary aircraft engine types of the World War I era that were designed by Pierre Clerget. Manufactured in France by Clerget-Blin and in Great Britain by Gwynnes Limited they were used on such aircraft as the Sopwith Camel and Vickers Gunbus.
In the 1920s Pierre Clerget turned his attention to diesel radial engines and finally produced a H-16 engine before he died in 1943.
Rotary engine development (spark ignition)
What distinguished the Clerget rotary engine from its rivals (Gnome and Le Rhône) was that the Clerget had normal intake and exhaust valves unlike the Gnome, and the connecting rod arrangement was much simpler than the Le Rhone. A source of failure among the Clerget engines were the special-purpose piston rings, called obturator rings. These were located below the gudgeon or wrist pin, to block heat transfer from the combustion area to the lower part of the cylinder and overcome their subsequent distortion. These rings were often made from brass and only had a lifespan of a few hours. The Clerget engines were considered reliable but they cost more per unit to produce than their rivals. Unlike other contemporary rotaries in which the ignition system was either switched on or off to provide a rudimentary form of engine speed control, the Clerget featured a throttle.
The Bentley BR1 and Bentley BR2 rotaries were designed as improvements of the Clerget, while sharing some of the earlier engine's distinctive design features.
Design features
The Clerget rotary engines were air-cooled with either seven, nine or eleven cylinders. They were fitted with a double thrust ball race, which enabled them to be used either as a pusher or as a tractor engine.
The engines worked on a four-stroke cycle. The chief points of difference from other rotary engines were:
The pistons were of an aluminium alloy.
The connecting rods had a tubular section.
The inlet and exhaust valves were mechanically operated by means of separate cams, tappets and rocker arms.
The direction of rotation was counter (anti)-clockwise as seen from the propeller-end of the engine. Between any two consecutive firing strokes, the engine turned through 80 degrees. Like many other rotary engines of the period they were made chiefly of steel, for strength and lightness.
Rotary engine types
Clerget 7Y
(1912) , seven-cylinder.
Clerget 7Z
(1911) , seven-cylinder.
Clerget 9A
(1914) , nine-cylinder derivative of 7Z. (designation reused for radial)
Clerget 9B
(1915) , nine-cylinder. (designation reused for radial)
Clerget 9Bf
(1915) , nine-cylinder long stroke version of the Clerget 9B. The most numerous British production engine with 2,350 units being built.
Clerget 9J
(1917) , nine-cylinder. Redesigned with aluminium pistons, tubular connecting rods and revised valve gear.
Clerget 9Z
(1915) , nine-cylinder.
Clerget 11Eb
(1918) , 11-cylinder, single-row engine.
Rotary engines on display
A locally-built Clerget 9B of 1917 is displayed at the Museum of Lincolnshire Life.
A preserved Clerget 9B engine is on public display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum, RNAS Yeovilton.
Operational rotary engines
The Shuttleworth Collection based at Old Warden Aerodrome in the UK, operate an airworthy late production Sopwith Triplane (G-BOCK) fitted with an original 9B as well as an airworthy late production Sopwith Camel (G-BZSC) fitted with an original long-stroke 9Bf. These aircraft can be seen displaying at home air displays through the summer months.
Radial 'X' engines
Clerget 16X
A 420 hp (310 kW) 16-cylinder, four-row X engine.
Diesel radial engines
In the 1920s Pierre Clerget designed static diesel radial engines, the earliest were based on his rotary designs.
Clerget 9A (1929) 100 hp (75 kW) Nine-cylinder, single row radial engine.
Clerget 9B
Clerget 9C Produced under licence by Hispano-Suiza as the Hispano-Suiza 9T
Clerget 14F-01 (1937) 14-cylinder, two-row radial engine, flown in a Potez 25 biplane.
Clerget 14F-02
Clerget 14Fcs
16H engine
Clerget's final engine design was a V-16 designated Clerget 16H and known as the Type Transatlantique. It developed 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) through the use of four Rateau turbochargers.
See also
List of aircraft engines
References
"Air Board" Technical Notes issued by Controller Technical Department for persons holding an official position in His Majesty's Service dated 1918
External links
Image and description of aClerget 9B rotary engine
A Clerget-Blin 9Bf, Gwynnes Ltd, at Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, Australia
Clerget engine details and type listings (French)
Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
1910s aircraft piston engines
Rotary aircraft piston engines
Aircraft radial diesel engines |
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