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The 1923 Yeovil by-election was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Yeovil on 30 October 1923.
Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Unionist MP, Lt-Col. Hon. Aubrey Herbert on 26 September 1923. He had been MP here since winning the 1911 South Somerset by-election.
Election history
Before Herbert won South Somerset in 1911, the seat had been Liberal since it was created in 1885. At the 1918 general election, he easily won Yeovil in a three cornered contest, thanks to the Coalition coupon. At that election, the Labour candidate, William Kelly finished second, well ahead of the Liberal. The Liberals did not run a candidate at the following General Election, at which Herbert easily defeated Kelly.
The result at the last General election was
Candidates
48-year-old Maj. George Davies was chosen by the Yeovil Unionists to defend the seat. He was born in Honolulu in Hawaii. He was educated at Uppingham School and then at King's College, Cambridge. During the First World War, he served in The Gloucestershire Regiment.
The Yeovil Constituency Labour Party once again selected 49-year-old William Kelly. He was contesting Yeovil for the third time. He was a Manchester educated Engineer and Trade Union Officer.
The Yeovil Liberal Association selected as candidate, 44-year-old Lt-Col. Charles Waley Cohen. He was a Barrister who served in the Army from 1915 to 1921. He was Mentioned in dispatches, awarded the CMG and the Légion d’honneur.
Campaign
Polling Day was set for 30 October 1923, thirty four days after the death of Herbert.
Result
On a turnout well up on the last General Election, Davies comfortably held the seat for the Unionists. The strong Liberal poll was the feature of the result. The Liberal intervention had marginally damaged the Unionists more than Labour.
Aftermath
Davies held the seat at the following General Election, and went on to hold the seat until retirement in 1945. Kelly had one last attempt at Yeovil but finished a poor third. He then sought election elsewhere and was returned at Rochdale in 1924. The Liberal improvement at the by-election continued as they established themselves as the main challenger to the Unionists locally. Cohen fought the seat a further two occasions without success, before contesting Portsmouth Central in 1929.
The result at the following General election;
References
See also
List of United Kingdom by-elections
United Kingdom by-election records
Yeovil by-election
Yeovil
Yeovil by-election
Yeovil by-election
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Somerset constituencies
20th century in Somerset |
Nor Nork () is one of the 12 districts of Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. It is located at the eastern part of the city. It is bordered by the districts of Nork-Marash, Kentron and Kanaker-Zeytun from the west, Avan from the north and Erebuni from the south. Kotayk Province forms the eastern border of the district.
The district is unofficially divided into smaller neighborhoods including the 9 blocks of Nor Nork and the Bagrevand neighborhood. As of the 2011 census, the population of the district is 126,065.
Streets and landmarks
Main streets
Davit Bek street
Gai avenue
Tevosyan street
Gyurjyan street
Minski street
Vilnyus street
Landmarks
Saint Sarkis Church (built in 1999)
Holy Mother of God Church (built in 2014)
Fridtjof Nansen Park
Tatul Krpeyan Park
Vaspurakan Park
Suren Nazaryan Garden
Tigranes the Great Park
Yerevan Zoo
Yerevan Water World
Vazgen Sargsyan Military Institute
Ministry of Defence of Armenia
Gallery
References
Populated places in Yerevan
Districts of Yerevan |
Mdumiseni Ntuli (born March 1979) is a South African politician who represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature from May 2016 to July 2018. He left the legislature to serve as Provincial Secretary of the ANC's KwaZulu-Natal branch, an office he held between 2018 and 2022.
A former member of the ANC Youth League, Ntuli has been a member of the Provincial Executive Committee of the KwaZulu-Natal ANC since 2015 and is the committee's former spokesman. He also spent a decade working for the ANC as an administrator and organiser at its national headquarters at Luthuli House.
Early life and career
Mdumiseni Ntuli was born in March 1979. His family is from rural KwaXimba outside Cato Ridge in KwaZulu-Natal. The area is a longstanding stronghold of the African National Congress (ANC), Ntuli's political party, and his family has been described as influential in ANC politics in the area: both his uncle, Bheki, and his brother, Thembo, are ANC politicians in KwaZulu-Natal. Thembo was regional secretary of the ANC Youth League in eThekwini and in April 2022 was elected deputy chairperson of the ANC's eThekwini region, running on a slate aligned to Zandile Gumede.
Mdumiseni was educated at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, where he became active in student politics. In 2004, while in the third year of his Bachelor of Laws degree, he was president of the student representative council on the university's Pietermaritzburg campus. He holds a Master's in political studies from the university. Around 2008, he left KwaZulu-Natal for Johannesburg, where he worked at the ANC's headquarters, Luthuli House, for a decade. For the first year, he was a national administrator for the ANC; he later became an administrator for the ANC Youth League and then a national organiser for the ANC.
Simultaneously, Ntuli, like his brother, was a member of the ANC Youth League. In 2014, he stood as a candidate for election as provincial chairperson of the KwaZulu-Natal Youth League; his candidacy was endorsed by the leadership of the league's largest region, eThekwini. Later that year, he announced his candidacy for election as secretary of the national Youth League, a more senior position; he ran on a slate aligned to league presidential candidate Pule Mabe. However, neither the provincial league nor the national league went ahead with their leadership elections in 2014; by the time they were held in 2015, Ntuli had turned 36 and was too old to be eligible for Youth League membership. By that time, there were rumours that he was allied with Sihle Zikalala, then the provincial secretary of the ANC in KwaZulu-Natal, and that Zikalala hoped to promote Ntuli to a more senior position in the party or in the KwaZulu-Natal legislature.
Provincial politics
ANC provincial executive: 2015–2017
Ntuli was elected to the Provincial Executive Committee (PEC) of the ANC in KwaZulu-Natal at its seventh elective conference in 2015. He also became the PEC's spokesperson. In May 2016, he was additionally elected as a Member of the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature, filling a casual vacancy.
However, he and the other members of the PEC, including Zikalala as chairperson, lost their party positions prematurely in late 2017 when the high court found that electoral irregularities had taken place at the 2015 conference. The PEC was suspended and the running of the provincial party was entrusted to a provincial task team appointed by the ANC National Executive Committee in January 2018; Ntuli was appointed as one of its sixteen members.
ANC provincial secretary: 2018–2022
Election
Ntuli was elected provincial secretary of the ANC in KwaZulu-Natal in July 2018 when, after delays caused by legal challenges, the province held its eighth elective conference to elect a new leadership. Although Ntuli's name was mentioned for the highly contested secretary position, he was not formally nominated in advance and was nominated from the floor of the conference by the ANC Youth League. He won in a vote against Super Zuma, who had been elected to the position in 2015, by a margin of over 200 votes among about 1,700 delegates. He was carried to the podium on the shoulders of supporters when the result was announced. Super Zuma had reportedly been the preferred candidate of controversial former national President Jacob Zuma, who is also from KwaZulu-Natal and whom he had fiercely supported; the Daily Maverick therefore described Ntuli's election as a serious blow to former President Zuma.
At that time, the Daily Maverick said that Ntuli "appears to be very much in the middle of the road between the two main groups [pro-Zuma and anti-Zuma], rather than a diehard supporter of either". The night before the conference opened at Durban University of Technology, Ntuli had addressed a so-called "cadre's forum" with remarks that suggested support for the ANC renewal agenda of incumbent President Cyril Ramaphosa, warning that some people within the ANC would resist the party's renewal. His speech was interpreted as "a veiled attack" on former President Zuma and his supporters in the province, Zandile Gumede and Willies Mchunu.
Ntuli's election was understood to be the result of his inclusion on an informal slate known as the "unity" or "zebra" slate, which had been negotiated between the pro-Zuma and pro-Ramaphosa factions to ensure adequate representation for both. The Mail & Guardian said that Ntuli had become "an obvious choice" for the slot, partly because he was viewed as acceptable by both factions and partly because of the organisational skill he had displayed as a member of the provincial task team. An opposing slate, the so-called "status quo" slate, lobbied for the re-election of the entire disbanded leadership as elected in 2015. Sources told City Press that Ntuli had also been invited, and had declined, to serve as deputy chairperson on the status quo slate, an arrangement that would have allowed Super Zuma to gain the secretary post unopposed. His candidacy received strong support from the province's ANC Youth League, a leading supporter of the unity slate, which had nominated him as part of its campaign for a "generational mix" in the new provincial leadership – Ntuli was still in his 30s at the time. In his opening address to the conference, national ANC secretary-general Ace Magashule had urged young leaders to be patient and allow themselves to be "guided" and "nurtured", which Ntuli's supporters interpreted as directed at Ntuli and described as an attempt to "decampaign" him.
Stance on Zuma trial
Ntuli served as provincial secretary for a single term between 2018 and 2022, working alongside Zikalala, who was re-elected unopposed as provincial chairperson at the 2018 conference. Throughout his term, one of the KwaZulu-Natal ANC's overriding preoccupations was the ongoing legal challenges faced by former President Zuma, who was charged with corruption and later with contempt of court. The fairly pro-Zuma PEC led by Ntuli resolved that Zuma should participate in the ANC's campaign in KwaZulu-Natal ahead of the 2019 general election; defending the decision, Ntuli said that Zuma "remains a darling of many people in this country, not just in KZN". The PEC also resolved that ANC members should rally outside the courthouse to support Zuma during his trial, though Ntuli told the media that such support did not carry "anti-president" (that is, anti-Ramaphosa) implications.
In May 2021, at the beginning of Zuma's corruption trial, Ntuli accompanied Zikalala to the Pietermaritzburg High Court, where Zikalala assured a crowd of supporters gathered outside that in the provincial ANC "we stand with President Zuma, even today". However, both men were heckled by Zuma's supporters. Zikalala told the Sunday Times that he was conducting an investigation into the identities of the hecklers. He believed that they were not from KwaZulu-Natal and had been "bused in from somewhere outside KwaZulu-Natal to come and boo the KZN leadership... they came in somebody's carrier bags". He suggested that they had been sent from Mpumalanga or the Free State to "create an impression that the leadership of the province is losing the support of its own members" and to destabilise the province.
Zuma's arrest in July 2021 was followed by an episode of civil unrest in KwaZulu-Natal which further divided the party. Ntuli publicly challenged Ramaphosa's characterisation of the unrest as a "failed insurrection", warning that he might be "over-exaggerating". Nonetheless, some perceived Ntuli as an ally of Ramaphosa, and both he and Sikalala (who formerly was unequivocal in his support for Zuma) were viewed as having shifted away from Zuma and towards Ramaphosa. For example, the eThekwini branch apparently believed that they were not willing to challenge the national ANC on its so-called step-aside policy, although Ntuli had in the past expressed misgivings about how the policy was implemented. Zikalala's position was worse than Ntuli's, because he had run for the chairmanship in 2018 on an openly pro-Zuma platform. By August, Ntuli had reportedly been approached to challenge Zikalala for the chairmanship.
Dispute with Buthelezi
In May 2021, Ntuli got into a public spat with Mangosuthu Buthelezi, a Zulu prince and the former president of the opposition Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). When Buthelezi claimed that the ANC-led government intended to withdraw the police protection provided to the new Zulu King Misuzulu Zulu, Ntuli accused Buthelezi of lying to score political points; in subsequent exchanges, he said that Buthelezi used his affiliation with the Zulu royal family to "create an impression in society that there is no distinction between the IFP and the Zulu kingdom" and to gain political support on the basis of tribalism.
Succession
At the KwaZulu-Natal ANC's ninth provincial elective conference in July 2022, Ntuli stood unsuccessfully for a second term as provincial secretary. He ran against Bheki Mtolo, who was then the mayor of Kokstad and who ran on the so-called Taliban slate, which was pro-Zuma and which also successfully installed Siboniso Duma as provincial chairperson, ousting Zikalala. A source later told the Daily Maverick that the faction backing the Taliban had first approached Ntuli to run against Zikalala as chairperson. Ntuli said the same in November, explaining that he had denied the offer for principled reasons, because "there was no valid reason to remove Zikalala". Instead, Ntuli was widely perceived to have run on – and even to have co-led – the same slate as Zikalala. Zikalala's slate was understood to support the re-election of Cyril Ramaphosa as national ANC president and was known as the Ankole slate, after the cattle breed for which Ramaphosa had a penchant. Thus when the conference began on 22 July, pro-Zuma delegates heckled Ntuli and Zikalala. However, in November, Ntuli denied that he had been associated with the Ankoles, saying that he challenged Ramaphosa both publicly and privately on various issues.
At the conference, Ntuli lost the election, winning 894 votes to Mtolo's 699. He was nonetheless re-elected to the PEC for another term.
National politics
ANC secretary-general bid: 2022
In 2022, ahead of the ANC's 55th National Conference in December, Ntuli launched a campaign to be elected secretary-general of the national ANC, one of the party's so-called Top Six positions. His campaign platform includes proposals to have both the party's secretary-general and its treasurer-general sit in the cabinet of the national government; he would achieve this by appointing a second secretary-general and making the treasurer-general a part-time position.
In October, Ramaphosa's presidential campaign appeared to endorse a slate of Top Six candidates which excluded Ntuli. Ramaphosa was perceived to have "dumped" Ntuli for Fikile Mbalula, and Ntuli's campaigners told Africa Report that they felt "snubbed". However, Ntuli said that it was an advantage not to be aligned to any slate, because he would run on personal merit and would not be "beholden to any faction". In November, he said that he would work under any ANC president and would not comment on his preferred candidate. His candidacy received few endorsements not only on the national but also on the provincial and regional levels: none of the nine PECs announced support for him. His own PEC in KwaZulu-Natal endorsed Phumulo Masualle, the former Premier of the Eastern Cape, for secretary general; he described its stance as "baffling". Eyewitness News reported that he was at odds with the rest of the PEC partly because he had declined to run against Zikalala in July. Only two of eleven regions in KwaZulu-Natal supported his bid, and he was not endorsed by the national leadership of the ANC Youth League.
However, when the ANC's Electoral Committee announced its consolidated nominations list on 22 November, Ntuli was the frontrunner for the secretary-general position, having earned the most nominations of any candidate, including from 241 branches in KwaZulu-Natal. Eyewitness News suggested that Ntuli was secretly supported – in particular in acquiring media connections – by allies of Gauteng's Paul Mashatile. Ntuli denied this.
Reference list
1979 births
African National Congress politicians
Politicians from KwaZulu-Natal
University of KwaZulu-Natal alumni
Living people |
The Chartreuse Dior dress of Nicole Kidman refers to the Chinoiserie chartreuse Dior dress worn by Australian actress Nicole Kidman to the 69th Academy Awards on March 24, 1997. The dress was designed by John Galliano.
W magazine stated that the dress was "a landmark moment for both designer and wearer: Galliano had just been appointed creative director of Dior the previous fall, and Kidman's Oscars appearance signaled his arrival as a potent new force on the red carpet".
The Daily Telegraph included the dress on their list of "the most memorable Oscars red carpet dresses of all time" and said the dress "changed the course of red carpet fashion". The Smithsonian Institution called it one of the most influential Oscar dresses of all time.
Melissa Rivers, who covered the Oscars for E! that year, called it "the first true couture dress on the red carpet". Joan Rivers, also covering the event, said the colour of the dress was ugly and mimed retching noises. W magazine called the dress a "flawless, devastating silk gown in iridescent chartreuse that immediately appalled Joan Rivers and upstaged Tom Cruise." Women's Wear Daily executive Bridget Foley told Vanity Fair that Joan Rivers' comment changed the red carpet, "I mark that observation as a turning point. A sad turning point away from anything remotely fashion-y and interesting toward the melting pot of mundane we see today on the red carpet."
Writing in 2003 for Vogue, Sally Singer described the dress as "the first time anybody had worn haute couture to the Oscars with real conviction." Kidman told her that the dress was still her favorite red carpet piece.
See also
List of individual dresses
References
1990s fashion
1997 clothing
Outfits worn at the Academy Awards ceremonies
Nicole Kidman
Dior
Green dresses |
Squitieri is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Arnold Squitieri (1936–2022), American criminal
Pasquale Squitieri (1938–2017), Italian film director and screenwriter
Tom Squitieri (born 1953), American journalist, public speaker, and public relations specialist
Italian-language surnames |
The Atlantic Coastal Cooperative Statistics Program (ACCSP) is a cooperative state-federal program of U.S. states and the District of Columbia. ACCSP was established to be the principal source of fisheries-dependent information on the Atlantic Coast of the United States.
Initial planning for an Atlantic coast fisheries-dependent program began in 1994 to address deficiencies in the data available for fisheries management along the Atlantic coast. The ACCSP was established in 1995 through a Memorandum of Understanding signed by the 23 state and federal agencies responsible for marine fisheries management on the Atlantic coast.
The federal partners are the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), National Marine Fisheries Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The state partners are the Maine Department of Marine Resources, New Hampshire Fish and Game Department, Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Rhode Island Division of Fish and Wildlife, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, Delaware Department of Natural Resources, Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, District of Columbia Fisheries and Wildlife, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Virginia Marine Resources Commission, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, and Georgia Department of Natural Resources. Other partners include the New England Fishery Management Council, Potomac River Fisheries Commission, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, and Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council.
The Program is separated into three divisions: a staff dedicated to handling the ACCSP standards, administrative aspects and outreach requirements of the program; a data team that seeks to identify, transform and audit datasets and answer data queries regarding fisheries' activities; and a software team that designs and builds the data collection systems for the program manages on behalf of its partners, and internal systems that support Program activities.
External links
Official website
Fisheries agencies
Natural resources agencies in the United States
United States Fish and Wildlife Service |
Stefan Hübner (born 13 June 1975 in Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a volleyball player from Germany, who played for the Men's National Team in the 1990s and the 2000s. He earned a total number of 226 caps for the national squad. He has been married to volleyball player Angelina Grün since 2012. The couple has two sons, Jakob (born 2014) and Benjamin (born 2017).
References
1975 births
Living people
German volleyball coaches
German men's volleyball players
Sportspeople from Bielefeld
Volleyball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic volleyball players for Germany
German men's beach volleyball players
German expatriate volleyball players
German expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate volleyball players in Italy
Middle blockers |
Unieście (German: Nest) is a coastal village in the administrative district of Gmina Mielno, within Koszalin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Koszalin and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
Before 1637 the area was part of Duchy of Pomerania. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
Unieście has a population of 1,000. Together with Mielno, which it adjoins to the west, it serves as a popular seaside resort. The two villages lie on a spit between the Baltic Sea and Jamno lake.
References
Villages in Koszalin County |
The Battle of Reims (12–13 March 1814) was fought at Reims, France between an Imperial French army commanded by Emperor Napoleon and a combined Russian-Prussian corps led by General Emmanuel de Saint-Priest. On the first day, Saint-Priest's Russians and General Friedrich Wilhelm von Jagow's Prussians easily captured Reims from its French National Guard garrison, capturing or killing more than half of its defenders. On the second day, an overconfident Saint-Priest carelessly deployed his forces west of the city, not grasping that Napoleon was approaching with 20,000 troops. Too late, Saint-Priest realized who he was fighting and tried to organize a retreat. In the battle that followed, the French army struck with crushing force and the Allies were routed with serious losses. During the fighting, Saint-Priest was struck by a howitzer shell and died two weeks later.
Background
On 9–10 March 1814, a 100,000-strong Allied army led by Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher defeated Emperor Napoleon's 39,000-man Imperial French army in the Battle of Laon. The French lost 4,000 killed and wounded plus 2,500 men, 45 guns and 130 caissons captured. The Allies admitted only 744 casualties. Another source stated that the Allies sustained 4,000 casualties while inflicting 7,500 on the French. Early on the second day, Blücher was so ill with an eye infection that he temporarily handed over command to his chief of staff August Neidhardt von Gneisenau. Though Blücher had issued orders to attack the French that day, the new commander cancelled them. Consequently, Napoleon was able to disengage his battered army and withdraw almost unmolested to Soissons. Without Blücher's guiding hand, the Allied corps commanders began to clash with one another. Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg tried to resign his corps command and was only persuaded to remain by Blücher.
At dawn on 11 March, Napoleon's army began its retreat to Soissons where it formed for battle at 3:00 pm. Only 1,500 Russians mounted a pursuit and they were easily kept at bay by the French rearguard. The right wing of Marshal Auguste de Marmont, whose corps had been routed at Laon, retreated to Fismes. On 11–12 March Napoleon organized a defense at Soissons and issued orders for his eastern garrisons to break out and harass the Allied supply lines going back to the Rhine River.
Not only did the French army suffer heavy casualties at Laon, it also lost between 5,400 and 8,000 men at the Battle of Craonne on 7 March. Napoleon assigned Marshal Édouard Mortier to command 8,000–9,000 infantry in the divisions of Joseph Boyer de Rébeval, Henri François Marie Charpentier, Charles-Joseph Christiani, Philibert Jean-Baptiste Curial, Claude Marie Meunier, Paul-Jean-Baptiste Poret de Morvan and 4,000 cavalry in the divisions of Nicolas-François Roussel d'Hurbal and Louis Michel Pac, and a march regiment. One battalion of the Legion of the Vistula, 600 Polish lancers, three cavalry march regiments, two companies of coast guard gunners, two sapper companies and 1,000 conscripts arrived as reinforcements from Paris. A new cavalry unit called the Converged Squadrons Division was formed and assigned to Sigismond Frédéric de Berckheim.
Napoleon disbanded the two Young Guard corps of Marshals Michel Ney and Claude Perrin Victor and Poret de Morvan's provisional division. Extra officers and non-coms were sent to Paris to recruit while the survivors were consolidated into the divisions of Curial and Charpentier. After reorganization, Mortier's 10,609-strong corps consisted of Christiani's 2,034 men, Curial's 2,796 men, Charpentier's 2,755 men, 2,062 cavalrymen and 962 gunners. The remainder of the army was formed into Marmont's 7,200 soldiers, Louis Friant's 3,600 Old Guards, Boyer de Rébeval's 3,000 men, the 2,400 sabers of the I Cavalry Corps, Berckheim's 1,700 horsemen and Horace Sebastiani's 4,400 guard cavalrymen.
Allies capture Reims
Saint-Priest, a French émigré, led the Russian 8th Infantry Corps, which was made up of the 11th and 17th Infantry Divisions. Each division consisted of four line infantry and two jäger regiments. At the beginning of 1814, the corps numbered 11,900 soldiers and formed part of Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron's 43,000-strong army corps. On 31 December 1813, the 8th Corps executed a successful assault crossing of the Rhine River near Koblenz. After this operation the corps advanced to Dinant on the Meuse River. On 15 February, Saint-Priest's corps was ordered to take over the Siege of Mainz. By early March, Saint-Priest had moved west to occupy Châlons-sur-Marne and Vitry-le-François. Fresh from the blockade of Erfurt, Jagow brought his Prussian brigade to join Saint-Priest.
In 1814, Reims had a population of 30,000 and was one of the most important cities of France. The city was surrounded by a wall and the Vesle River flowed through the city from southeast to northwest. The Soissons suburb was on an island to the southwest, opposite the city. Reims was north of Châlons-sur-Marne and east of Soissons. Napoleon was aware that Reims was in grave danger but he could only spare the Honor Guards cavalry division under Jean-Marie Defrance to watch the crossings of the Aisne River. The city's garrison was commanded by Jean Corbineau and was made up of 4,000 National Guards, a handful of line infantry and eight artillery pieces. Another authority asserted that the French garrison numbered only 1,256 infantry and 150 cavalry. These included details from the 15th, 43rd, 50th, 66th and 138th Line Infantry, 1st and 3rd Gardes d'Honneur, 2nd Eclaireurs and Guard artillery.
Saint-Priest's force included the 8-battalion 11th Division led by Ivan Stepanovich Gurgalov, four battalions from the 17th Division under Igor Maximovich Pillar, two dragoon regiments commanded by Georgi Emmanuel, the 3-regiment 1st Horse Chasseur Division directed by Ivan Davidovich Pandschulishev and at least 12 guns. Attached to the force was Jagow's Prussian brigade which had three battalions each of the 1st Pommeranian (919 men) and 5th Kurmärk (810 men) Landwehr Regiments, one battalion each of the 3rd Pommeranian (380 men) and 2nd Neumark (263 men) Landwehr Regiments, elements of the 7th Kurmärk (77 sabers) and 1st West Prussian (41 sabers) Landwehr Cavalry Regiments, a battery with eight 6-pound cannons and a battery with six 7-pound howitzers. There were 7,800 Russians and 5,600 Prussians, including two 4-squadron regiments of Landwehr cavalry.
The three attacking columns assembled at Cormontreuil at 3:00 am on 12 March 1814. Emmanuel's column consisted of the Kiev Dragoons, Riazan Infantry Regiment and 33rd Jägers plus two Prussian battalions, two cannons and two howitzers. Pillar's column included the rest of the Russian infantry, 50 horsemen, two Prussian battalions and two howitzers. Jagow's column had six Prussian battalions 150 cavalry and 10 artillery pieces. Jagow's column assaulted Reims between the Épernay and Soissons roads, from the southwest. Covered by the fire of two 12-pound cannons, the Prussians broke into the city at the Paris gate. Pillar's column moved from the southeast along the north bank of the Vesle. The column under Emmanuel attacked from the northeast down the Rethel road, while the Kiev Dragoons and the Chernigov Horse Chasseurs stormed from the northwest down the Laon road. The attack was a complete surprise.
Emmanuel slowly pushed a Young Guard cadre back to the Place des Arcades. Meanwhile, Pillar's troops forced their way into the city by the Châlons gate and followed the edge of the city wall to get behind the French defenders. The Young Guards tried to fight their way through Pillar's men but were soon forced to surrender. A body of defenders tried to get away north to Berry-au-Bac but they were intercepted by Russian cavalry and over 200 survivors were captured. Some French defenders retreated to the northwest along the north bank of the Vesle. Though pursued by Allied horsemen, they escaped when Defrance's six squadrons of honor guards and hussars arrived in time to cover their withdrawal. Altogether, 2,500 French infantry and 11 guns fell into Allied hands in the city. A second source stated that 100 men of the 1,356-man garrison were killed and most of the remainder captured, including General Jean-Laurent Lacoste-Duvivier.
Emmanuel deployed the Kiev Dragoons at La Neuvillette north of Reims. They clashed inconclusively with Defrance's cavalry for the remainder of the day. Saint-Priest was anxious to quickly establish contact with Blücher's army via Berry-au-Bac. The rest of the day was spent rounding up French soldiers trapped in the city. Saint-Priest's Russians camped inside Reims while Jagow's Prussians bivouacked in the villages on the west side of the city. Scouts were sent as far west as Fismes but patrolling was not aggressive. The Russian commander was aware of the Allied victory at Laon and did not expect any trouble. When he heard that Reims had fallen, Gneisenau asserted that the French were not capable of quickly retaking the city.
Battle
Approach march
When Napoleon heard that Saint-Priest captured Reims he realized that he might score a cheap victory over the Allies. A success at Reims would cut the link between the army Blücher to the north and Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg's Allied army to the south. The war was going badly for Napoleon. Marshal Jacques MacDonald was falling back before Schwarzenberg, Eugène de Beauharnais was in a tight spot in Italy, Marshal Pierre Augereau was losing territory in the south. The political situation also appeared dire. The Allies were negotiating the Treaty of Chaumont in order to more closely bind their alliance against the French emperor and the French people were tired of the war. Napoleon needed a quick victory to restore his reputation. The emperor wrote, "My intention being to attack Saint-Priest near Reims tomorrow, to defeat him and reoccupy the town".
Napoleon left Mortier with 8,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry to hold Soissons. Augustin Daniel Belliard led Mortier's cavalry which included a brigade from Berckheim's division. Mortier was instructed to defend the Aisne on either side of Soissons but not to allow himself to be drawn into a general battle. Napoleon ordered Marmont with the VI Corps and the I Cavalry Corps to march from Fismes toward Reims starting on the morning of 13 March. They would be followed by all the Guard Cavalry, Friant's division, Pierre François Xavier Boyer's brigade and the Legion of the Vistula battalion. The stage was set for the French soldiers to do some epic marching. Friant began his march from Soissons at 2:00 am and arrived before Reims at 4:00 pm, while Marmont set out from Fismes at 6:00 am. Ney's infantry started from Soissons around 8:00 pm and got to Reims before 4:00 pm. Napoleon set out from Soissons with the Guard cavalry service squadrons.
Étienne Tardif de Pommeroux de Bordesoulle's I Cavalry Corps led Marmont's advance. After obtaining local guides, the column left the main road at Jonchery-sur-Vesle and followed a route through Sapicourt to Rosnay. At Rosnay, they surprised several squadrons of Prussian cavalry which fled in a panic. One battalion of the 3rd Pommeranian Landwehr Regiment was at Rosny while a second battalion was at Muizon on the Vesle. The 5th Kurmärk Landwehr had one battalion at Gueux and a second one at Thillois. The battalion in Rosnay fell back fighting to Gueux and finally to Ormes. While defending themselves in the Ormes cemetery, the Prussians were overwhelmed by Pierre Pelleport's infantry brigade; many surrendered while others were cut down by the 10th Hussars and the 1st Gardes d'Honneur from Cyrille Simon Picquet's cavalry brigade. While he was inspecting a camp at Gueux, Jagow was surprised by French cavalry and galloped away on an unsaddled horse. Caught unaware as they cooked supper, many of the Prussians at Muizon and Thillois left their shoes and coats behind in their flight.
Saint-Priest deployed his Allied troops on the west side of Reims in a double line supported by 24 field guns. His right flank rested on the Vesle River, his center on the Tinqueux heights and his left flank at the La Muire ravine. The 1st Pommeranian Landwehr and 12 guns were posted near Bezannes on the left. One battalion of the Neumark Landwehr was at Cormontreuil while a second battalion guarded the bridge at Sillery to the southeast of Reims. The Prussian cavalry deployed on the far left while Russian cavalry held the far right flank. Saint-Priest established an artillery battery on the Sainte-Geneviève plateau which was supported by the Riazan Infantry, the 1st and 33rd Jagers and the Kharkov and Kiev Dragoons. This force was placed under the direction of Adam Ivanovich Bistrom. Saint-Priest was still convinced that the French activity was a simple reconnaissance.
Assault
Bordesoulle's horsemen began pressing back Bistrom's troops. In the early afternoon, Napoleon reached the battlefield. Since the infantry under Ney and Friant had not yet arrived, the French emperor instructed Bordesoulle and Defrance to withdraw a little and ordered the cannons to cease fire. The lack of serious action satisfied Saint-Priest that he had nothing to worry about. The Russian commander gave no orders to move the corps wagon train which was parked in Reims. He believed his defenses were manned in sufficient strength. By 4:00 pm Ney and Friant were on hand. With evening only two hours away, Napoleon ordered an immediate attack.
Defrance's cavalry and Étienne Pierre Sylvestre Ricard's infantry division led the assault. The Guard cavalry divisions of Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans and Pierre David de Colbert-Chabanais, under the direction of Sebastiani, advanced on Ricard's flanks. Farther south, Bordesoulle's divisions moved toward Bezannes with Christophe Antoine Merlin's division leading. Bordesoulle's thrust was designed to prevent the Prussians from retreating to the southeast via Sillery. The French artillery took position at Croix-Saint-Pierre to the north of the Soissons road while Friant and Pierre Boyer were held in reserve. Ricard's division crossed the La Muire ravine and forced its way onto the Sainte-Geneviève heights, splitting the center of the Allied line and forcing the Russians back toward Reims.
The violence of the assault convinced Saint-Priest that he was facing Napoleon himself. He hastily ordered his second line to retreat through Reims in the direction of Laon. The Russian commander directed his wagon train to go south to Châlons and asked Bistrom to cover the withdrawal. The retrograde movement of the Prussians through the Reims suburb became confused and Jagow was unable to unsnarl it. When Saint-Priest and his staff rode to a place between the Soissons road and Tinqueux village, they drew fire from the French artillery on the Croix-Saint-Pierre heights. Saint-Priest was hit in the shoulder by a howitzer shell and thrown senseless from his horse. A second source stated that the projectile was a solid shot. The next ranking officer, Pandschulishev was injured earlier in the day. Unable to mount a horse, he stayed behind in Reims. After witnessing Saint-Priest being struck down, Emmanuel should have assumed command of the troops. Instead, he "lost his head" and rode back into Reims to ask Pandschulishev what he ought to do. The Allied command structure went to pieces.
The Allied withdrawal soon degenerated into a scramble to safety as cannons were left behind and some foot soldiers jettisoned equipment in order to get away more rapidly. Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur led the 3rd Gardes d'Honneur, some cuirassiers and the 14th Young Guard Battery in a charge that forced some Russian dragoons into the Vesle. However, the Riazan Regiment, bearing the unconscious body of Saint-Priest, maintained its discipline. Pandschulishev ordered six battalions to hold the city walls. Caught between Russians manning the Reims defenses and the withdrawing Riazan Regiment, Ségur's horsemen were trapped and shot down by the score. Next, Ricard's infantry tried to storm the Soissons gate but were driven back by intense musketry. Marmont ordered a battalion into the houses near the walls and instructed the soldiers to pick off the defenders.
Skirmishing went on until 11:00 pm when artillery was wheeled into position to fire on the gate. Though a number of gunners were shot down by the Russian defenders, 16 cannons of the Guard artillery blew open the gate in a furious barrage. Cuirassiers charged into Reims and soon cleared the streets of the Allies. Napoleon and his staff entered Reims at midnight. Another source stated that Napoleon's entrance was an hour later and added that the townspeople turned out to welcome him. Meanwhile, utilizing a bridging train, Exelmans' division and some Polish horsemen crossed the Vesle and headed for the road to Berry-au-Bac. They waded into the retreating column of Jagow and Emmanuel, turning it into a fleeing mob. When Jagow arrived at Berry-au-Bac early on 14 March he reported having only two intact battalions.
Results
Napoleon claimed in his battle report that the gunner who fatally wounded Saint-Priest was the same one who killed Jean Victor Marie Moreau at the Battle of Dresden. Historian Digby Smith wrote that French casualties in the recapture of Reims were about 900. The Russians lost 1,400 men and 12 guns, while the Prussians suffered casualties of 1,300 men and 10 guns. George Nafziger stated that the French suffered 700–800 casualties including a badly-wounded Ségur. Nafziger listed Allied losses as 700–800 dead, 1,500–1,600 wounded and 2,500–3,500 captured, along with 11–14 guns and 100 caissons or wagons. The Prussians admitted losses of 1,300 infantry, 85 cavalry, six howitzers and four cannons. David G. Chandler asserted that the French inflicted 6,000 casualties on the Allies while sustaining losses of 700. While the French army brought 20,000 to 25,000 troops onto the battlefield, no more than 10,000 were actually employed against the 14,500 Allies.
Napoleon spent three days at Reims following his victory. With Blücher still recovering from sickness, Gneisenau did not trouble the French during that time. The French emperor sent Ney to seize Châlons-sur-Marne, which was done without opposition. Ney was joined by Jan Willem Janssens who gathered 3,000 men from the Ardennes garrisons. Meanwhile, Schwarzenberg's army advanced perilously close to Paris. Napoleon's problem was to lure the Allied army away from Paris. He decided to leave Marmont and Mortier with 21,000 soldiers to watch Blücher and move south toward Arcis-sur-Aube to threaten Schwarzenberg's supply line. The Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube was fought on 20–21 March 1814.
Napoleon had achieved a remarkable but ultimately hollow victory with troops whose morale had suffered due to the heavy casualties at Craonne and the defeat at Laon. According to the historian F.W.O. Maycock, success at Reims was, "surely one of the greatest triumphs of [Napoleon's] remarkable career, and speaks volumes for his powers as a leader of men". Napoleon once again interposed between the forces of Blücher and Schwarzenberg, putting him in position to move on the latter's line of communications.
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
External links
NapoleonGames
Live d'Or
War and Champagne
Battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition
Battles of the Napoleonic Wars
Battles involving France
Battles involving Prussia
Battles involving Russia
Conflicts in 1814
March 1814 events
1814 in France
Reims 1814 |
Madhu Karn Shah also known as Madhu Singh was a Nagvanshi king in the 16th century. His capital was at Khukhragarh.
He was known as Madhu Singh to Mughal. In 1585, during his reign Akbar's general Shahbaz Khan Kamboh invaded Khukhra. He was compelled to go to the Mughal court and secured his freedom by successful demonstration of his physical strength and submissiveness towards Mughal rule. In 1591, he participated in the Mughal expedition against Qutlugh Khan Lohani of Odisha. Sangram Singh of Kharagpur, Puran Mal of Gidhaur, Rupnarain Sisodiah and others joined Raja Man Singh. Yousuf Shah Chak, the ex-ruler of Kashmir, along with Madhu Singh and others, led a force into Odisha by way of Jharkhand. They defeated the Afghans, and some of the rebels like Nasib Khan and Jamal Khan, sons of Qatlu and Jalal Khan Khaskhel were captured and handed over to the Akbar.
References
History of India
1599 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Nagpuria people |
Herbert Philip Coats (September 1, 1872 in Fulton, Oswego County, New York – December 9, 1932 in Mount Vernon, Westchester County, New York) was an American lawyer and politician from New York and Puerto Rico.
Life
He was the son of William H. Coats and Emma (Guernsey) Coats. He attended the public schools, and graduated from Albany Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1894, and practiced in Saranac Lake, Franklin County, New York.
Coats was a member of the New York State Senate (34th D.) from 1910 to 1914, sitting in the 133rd, 134th, 135th, 136th and 137th New York State Legislature.
He was appointed as Attorney General of Puerto Rico in 1923, and remained in office until May 1925. Afterwards he practiced law in New York City, and was a partner in the law firm of Tomlinson, Herrick, Hoppin & Coats.
He died on December 9, 1932, at his home at 220 Central Parkway in Mount Vernon, New York.
Sources
Official New York from Cleveland to Hughes by Charles Elliott Fitch (Hurd Publishing Co., New York and Buffalo, 1911, Vol. IV; pg. 367)
New York Red Book (1913, pg. 88)
COATS GETS DELEGATES in NYT on May 1, 1910
HERBERT P. COATS; Former Attorney General of Puerto Rico Dies in NYT on December 10, 1932 (subscription required)
1872 births
1932 deaths
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
People from Fulton, Oswego County, New York
Secretaries of Justice of Puerto Rico
People from Saranac Lake, New York
Politicians from Mount Vernon, New York
Republican Party (Puerto Rico) politicians |
Frédéric Laurent Page (born 28 December 1978) is a Swiss former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.
Career
Page had been a member of FC Aarau youth team and made his debut in the 1996–97 season. Over the next six years, he became a regular at Brugglifeld, making a total of 145 appearances and scoring six goals. Page signed an improved two-year contract in summer 2002, but one year later he left for Germany. He spent the next four years playing in the 2. Bundesliga, first at Union Berlin, followed by two seasons at SpVgg Greuther Fürth and finally a season at SpVgg Unterhaching.
In the summer of 2007, he was re-signed by FC Aarau, on a contract until 30 June 2009. After his time at Aarau, Page spent two years with Neuchâtel Xamax before signing with FC Lausanne-Sport on 8 July 2011. He left Lausanne after one season, rejoining former club Neuchâtel Xamax. He retired at the end of the 2012–13 season.
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
People from Kulm District
Men's association football central defenders
Swiss men's footballers
FC Aarau players
1. FC Union Berlin players
SpVgg Greuther Fürth players
SpVgg Unterhaching players
Neuchâtel Xamax FCS players
FC Lausanne-Sport players
Swiss Super League players
2. Bundesliga players
Swiss expatriate men's footballers
Swiss expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Footballers from Aargau |
```c++
// generator.hpp
//
// file licence_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
#ifndef BOOST_LEXER_GENERATOR_HPP
#define BOOST_LEXER_GENERATOR_HPP
#include "char_traits.hpp"
// memcmp()
#include <cstring>
#include "partition/charset.hpp"
#include "partition/equivset.hpp"
#include <memory>
#include <limits>
#include "parser/tree/node.hpp"
#include "parser/parser.hpp"
#include "containers/ptr_list.hpp"
#include <boost/move/unique_ptr.hpp>
#include "rules.hpp"
#include "state_machine.hpp"
namespace boost
{
namespace lexer
{
template<typename CharT, typename Traits = char_traits<CharT> >
class basic_generator
{
public:
typedef typename detail::internals::size_t_vector size_t_vector;
typedef basic_rules<CharT> rules;
static void build (const rules &rules_,
basic_state_machine<CharT> &state_machine_)
{
std::size_t index_ = 0;
std::size_t size_ = rules_.statemap ().size ();
node_ptr_vector node_ptr_vector_;
detail::internals &internals_ = const_cast<detail::internals &>
(state_machine_.data ());
bool seen_BOL_assertion_ = false;
bool seen_EOL_assertion_ = false;
state_machine_.clear ();
for (; index_ < size_; ++index_)
{
internals_._lookup->push_back (static_cast<size_t_vector *>(0));
internals_._lookup->back () = new size_t_vector;
internals_._dfa_alphabet.push_back (0);
internals_._dfa->push_back (static_cast<size_t_vector *>(0));
internals_._dfa->back () = new size_t_vector;
}
for (index_ = 0, size_ = internals_._lookup->size ();
index_ < size_; ++index_)
{
internals_._lookup[index_]->resize (sizeof (CharT) == 1 ?
num_chars : num_wchar_ts, dead_state_index);
if (!rules_.regexes ()[index_].empty ())
{
// vector mapping token indexes to partitioned token index sets
index_set_vector set_mapping_;
// syntax tree
detail::node *root_ = build_tree (rules_, index_,
node_ptr_vector_, internals_, set_mapping_);
build_dfa (root_, set_mapping_,
internals_._dfa_alphabet[index_],
*internals_._dfa[index_]);
if (internals_._seen_BOL_assertion)
{
seen_BOL_assertion_ = true;
}
if (internals_._seen_EOL_assertion)
{
seen_EOL_assertion_ = true;
}
internals_._seen_BOL_assertion = false;
internals_._seen_EOL_assertion = false;
}
}
internals_._seen_BOL_assertion = seen_BOL_assertion_;
internals_._seen_EOL_assertion = seen_EOL_assertion_;
}
static void minimise (basic_state_machine<CharT> &state_machine_)
{
detail::internals &internals_ = const_cast<detail::internals &>
(state_machine_.data ());
const std::size_t machines_ = internals_._dfa->size ();
for (std::size_t i_ = 0; i_ < machines_; ++i_)
{
const std::size_t dfa_alphabet_ = internals_._dfa_alphabet[i_];
size_t_vector *dfa_ = internals_._dfa[i_];
if (dfa_alphabet_ != 0)
{
std::size_t size_ = 0;
do
{
size_ = dfa_->size ();
minimise_dfa (dfa_alphabet_, *dfa_, size_);
} while (dfa_->size () != size_);
}
}
}
protected:
typedef detail::basic_charset<CharT> charset;
typedef detail::ptr_list<charset> charset_list;
typedef boost::movelib::unique_ptr<charset> charset_ptr;
typedef detail::equivset equivset;
typedef detail::ptr_list<equivset> equivset_list;
typedef boost::movelib::unique_ptr<equivset> equivset_ptr;
typedef typename charset::index_set index_set;
typedef std::vector<index_set> index_set_vector;
typedef detail::basic_parser<CharT> parser;
typedef typename parser::node_ptr_vector node_ptr_vector;
typedef std::set<const detail::node *> node_set;
typedef detail::ptr_vector<node_set> node_set_vector;
typedef std::vector<const detail::node *> node_vector;
typedef detail::ptr_vector<node_vector> node_vector_vector;
typedef typename parser::string string;
typedef std::pair<string, string> string_pair;
typedef typename parser::tokeniser::string_token string_token;
typedef std::deque<string_pair> macro_deque;
typedef std::pair<string, const detail::node *> macro_pair;
typedef typename parser::macro_map::iterator macro_iter;
typedef std::pair<macro_iter, bool> macro_iter_pair;
typedef typename parser::tokeniser::token_map token_map;
static detail::node *build_tree (const rules &rules_,
const std::size_t state_, node_ptr_vector &node_ptr_vector_,
detail::internals &internals_, index_set_vector &set_mapping_)
{
size_t_vector *lookup_ = internals_._lookup[state_];
const typename rules::string_deque_deque ®exes_ =
rules_.regexes ();
const typename rules::id_vector_deque &ids_ = rules_.ids ();
const typename rules::id_vector_deque &unique_ids_ =
rules_.unique_ids ();
const typename rules::id_vector_deque &states_ = rules_.states ();
typename rules::string_deque::const_iterator regex_iter_ =
regexes_[state_].begin ();
typename rules::string_deque::const_iterator regex_iter_end_ =
regexes_[state_].end ();
typename rules::id_vector::const_iterator ids_iter_ =
ids_[state_].begin ();
typename rules::id_vector::const_iterator unique_ids_iter_ =
unique_ids_[state_].begin ();
typename rules::id_vector::const_iterator states_iter_ =
states_[state_].begin ();
const typename rules::string ®ex_ = *regex_iter_;
// map of regex charset tokens (strings) to index
token_map token_map_;
const typename rules::string_pair_deque ¯odeque_ =
rules_.macrodeque ();
typename parser::macro_map macromap_;
typename detail::node::node_vector tree_vector_;
build_macros (token_map_, macrodeque_, macromap_,
rules_.flags (), rules_.locale (), node_ptr_vector_,
internals_._seen_BOL_assertion, internals_._seen_EOL_assertion);
detail::node *root_ = parser::parse (regex_.c_str (),
regex_.c_str () + regex_.size (), *ids_iter_, *unique_ids_iter_,
*states_iter_, rules_.flags (), rules_.locale (), node_ptr_vector_,
macromap_, token_map_, internals_._seen_BOL_assertion,
internals_._seen_EOL_assertion);
++regex_iter_;
++ids_iter_;
++unique_ids_iter_;
++states_iter_;
tree_vector_.push_back (root_);
// build syntax trees
while (regex_iter_ != regex_iter_end_)
{
// re-declare var, otherwise we perform an assignment..!
const typename rules::string ®ex2_ = *regex_iter_;
root_ = parser::parse (regex2_.c_str (),
regex2_.c_str () + regex2_.size (), *ids_iter_,
*unique_ids_iter_, *states_iter_, rules_.flags (),
rules_.locale (), node_ptr_vector_, macromap_, token_map_,
internals_._seen_BOL_assertion,
internals_._seen_EOL_assertion);
tree_vector_.push_back (root_);
++regex_iter_;
++ids_iter_;
++unique_ids_iter_;
++states_iter_;
}
if (internals_._seen_BOL_assertion)
{
// Fixup BOLs
typename detail::node::node_vector::iterator iter_ =
tree_vector_.begin ();
typename detail::node::node_vector::iterator end_ =
tree_vector_.end ();
for (; iter_ != end_; ++iter_)
{
fixup_bol (*iter_, node_ptr_vector_);
}
}
// join trees
{
typename detail::node::node_vector::iterator iter_ =
tree_vector_.begin ();
typename detail::node::node_vector::iterator end_ =
tree_vector_.end ();
if (iter_ != end_)
{
root_ = *iter_;
++iter_;
}
for (; iter_ != end_; ++iter_)
{
node_ptr_vector_->push_back (static_cast<detail::selection_node *>(0));
node_ptr_vector_->back () = new detail::selection_node
(root_, *iter_);
root_ = node_ptr_vector_->back ();
}
}
// partitioned token list
charset_list token_list_;
set_mapping_.resize (token_map_.size ());
partition_tokens (token_map_, token_list_);
typename charset_list::list::const_iterator iter_ =
token_list_->begin ();
typename charset_list::list::const_iterator end_ =
token_list_->end ();
std::size_t index_ = 0;
for (; iter_ != end_; ++iter_, ++index_)
{
const charset *cs_ = *iter_;
typename charset::index_set::const_iterator set_iter_ =
cs_->_index_set.begin ();
typename charset::index_set::const_iterator set_end_ =
cs_->_index_set.end ();
fill_lookup (cs_->_token, lookup_, index_);
for (; set_iter_ != set_end_; ++set_iter_)
{
set_mapping_[*set_iter_].insert (index_);
}
}
internals_._dfa_alphabet[state_] = token_list_->size () + dfa_offset;
return root_;
}
static void build_macros (token_map &token_map_,
const macro_deque ¯odeque_,
typename parser::macro_map ¯omap_, const regex_flags flags_,
const std::locale &locale_, node_ptr_vector &node_ptr_vector_,
bool &seen_BOL_assertion_, bool &seen_EOL_assertion_)
{
for (typename macro_deque::const_iterator iter_ =
macrodeque_.begin (), end_ = macrodeque_.end ();
iter_ != end_; ++iter_)
{
const typename rules::string &name_ = iter_->first;
const typename rules::string ®ex_ = iter_->second;
detail::node *node_ = parser::parse (regex_.c_str (),
regex_.c_str () + regex_.size (), 0, 0, 0, flags_,
locale_, node_ptr_vector_, macromap_, token_map_,
seen_BOL_assertion_, seen_EOL_assertion_);
macro_iter_pair map_iter_ = macromap_.
insert (macro_pair (name_, static_cast<const detail::node *>
(0)));
map_iter_.first->second = node_;
}
}
static void build_dfa (detail::node *root_,
const index_set_vector &set_mapping_, const std::size_t dfa_alphabet_,
size_t_vector &dfa_)
{
typename detail::node::node_vector *followpos_ =
&root_->firstpos ();
node_set_vector seen_sets_;
node_vector_vector seen_vectors_;
size_t_vector hash_vector_;
// 'jam' state
dfa_.resize (dfa_alphabet_, 0);
closure (followpos_, seen_sets_, seen_vectors_,
hash_vector_, dfa_alphabet_, dfa_);
std::size_t *ptr_ = 0;
for (std::size_t index_ = 0; index_ < seen_vectors_->size (); ++index_)
{
equivset_list equiv_list_;
build_equiv_list (seen_vectors_[index_], set_mapping_, equiv_list_);
for (typename equivset_list::list::const_iterator iter_ =
equiv_list_->begin (), end_ = equiv_list_->end ();
iter_ != end_; ++iter_)
{
equivset *equivset_ = *iter_;
const std::size_t transition_ = closure
(&equivset_->_followpos, seen_sets_, seen_vectors_,
hash_vector_, dfa_alphabet_, dfa_);
if (transition_ != npos)
{
ptr_ = &dfa_.front () + ((index_ + 1) * dfa_alphabet_);
// Prune abstemious transitions from end states.
if (*ptr_ && !equivset_->_greedy) continue;
for (typename detail::equivset::index_vector::const_iterator
equiv_iter_ = equivset_->_index_vector.begin (),
equiv_end_ = equivset_->_index_vector.end ();
equiv_iter_ != equiv_end_; ++equiv_iter_)
{
const std::size_t equiv_index_ = *equiv_iter_;
if (equiv_index_ == bol_token)
{
if (ptr_[eol_index] == 0)
{
ptr_[bol_index] = transition_;
}
}
else if (equiv_index_ == eol_token)
{
if (ptr_[bol_index] == 0)
{
ptr_[eol_index] = transition_;
}
}
else
{
ptr_[equiv_index_ + dfa_offset] = transition_;
}
}
}
}
}
}
static std::size_t closure (typename detail::node::node_vector *followpos_,
node_set_vector &seen_sets_, node_vector_vector &seen_vectors_,
size_t_vector &hash_vector_, const std::size_t size_,
size_t_vector &dfa_)
{
bool end_state_ = false;
std::size_t id_ = 0;
std::size_t unique_id_ = npos;
std::size_t state_ = 0;
std::size_t hash_ = 0;
if (followpos_->empty ()) return npos;
std::size_t index_ = 0;
boost::movelib::unique_ptr<node_set> set_ptr_ (new node_set);
boost::movelib::unique_ptr<node_vector> vector_ptr_ (new node_vector);
for (typename detail::node::node_vector::const_iterator iter_ =
followpos_->begin (), end_ = followpos_->end ();
iter_ != end_; ++iter_)
{
closure_ex (*iter_, end_state_, id_, unique_id_, state_,
set_ptr_.get (), vector_ptr_.get (), hash_);
}
bool found_ = false;
typename size_t_vector::const_iterator hash_iter_ =
hash_vector_.begin ();
typename size_t_vector::const_iterator hash_end_ =
hash_vector_.end ();
typename node_set_vector::vector::const_iterator set_iter_ =
seen_sets_->begin ();
for (; hash_iter_ != hash_end_; ++hash_iter_, ++set_iter_)
{
found_ = *hash_iter_ == hash_ && *(*set_iter_) == *set_ptr_;
++index_;
if (found_) break;
}
if (!found_)
{
seen_sets_->push_back (static_cast<node_set *>(0));
seen_sets_->back () = set_ptr_.release ();
seen_vectors_->push_back (static_cast<node_vector *>(0));
seen_vectors_->back () = vector_ptr_.release ();
hash_vector_.push_back (hash_);
// State 0 is the jam state...
index_ = seen_sets_->size ();
const std::size_t old_size_ = dfa_.size ();
dfa_.resize (old_size_ + size_, 0);
if (end_state_)
{
dfa_[old_size_] |= end_state;
dfa_[old_size_ + id_index] = id_;
dfa_[old_size_ + unique_id_index] = unique_id_;
dfa_[old_size_ + state_index] = state_;
}
}
return index_;
}
static void closure_ex (detail::node *node_, bool &end_state_,
std::size_t &id_, std::size_t &unique_id_, std::size_t &state_,
node_set *set_ptr_, node_vector *vector_ptr_, std::size_t &hash_)
{
const bool temp_end_state_ = node_->end_state ();
if (temp_end_state_)
{
if (!end_state_)
{
end_state_ = true;
id_ = node_->id ();
unique_id_ = node_->unique_id ();
state_ = node_->lexer_state ();
}
}
if (set_ptr_->insert (node_).second)
{
vector_ptr_->push_back (node_);
hash_ += reinterpret_cast<std::size_t> (node_);
}
}
static void partition_tokens (const token_map &map_,
charset_list &lhs_)
{
charset_list rhs_;
fill_rhs_list (map_, rhs_);
if (!rhs_->empty ())
{
typename charset_list::list::iterator iter_;
typename charset_list::list::iterator end_;
charset_ptr overlap_ (new charset);
lhs_->push_back (static_cast<charset *>(0));
lhs_->back () = rhs_->front ();
rhs_->pop_front ();
while (!rhs_->empty ())
{
charset_ptr r_ (rhs_->front ());
rhs_->pop_front ();
iter_ = lhs_->begin ();
end_ = lhs_->end ();
while (!r_->empty () && iter_ != end_)
{
typename charset_list::list::iterator l_iter_ = iter_;
(*l_iter_)->intersect (*r_.get (), *overlap_.get ());
if (overlap_->empty ())
{
++iter_;
}
else if ((*l_iter_)->empty ())
{
delete *l_iter_;
*l_iter_ = overlap_.release ();
overlap_.reset (new charset);
++iter_;
}
else if (r_->empty ())
{
overlap_.swap (r_);
overlap_.reset (new charset);
break;
}
else
{
iter_ = lhs_->insert (++iter_,
static_cast<charset *>(0));
*iter_ = overlap_.release ();
overlap_.reset(new charset);
++iter_;
end_ = lhs_->end ();
}
}
if (!r_->empty ())
{
lhs_->push_back (static_cast<charset *>(0));
lhs_->back () = r_.release ();
}
}
}
}
static void fill_rhs_list (const token_map &map_,
charset_list &list_)
{
typename parser::tokeniser::token_map::const_iterator iter_ =
map_.begin ();
typename parser::tokeniser::token_map::const_iterator end_ =
map_.end ();
for (; iter_ != end_; ++iter_)
{
list_->push_back (static_cast<charset *>(0));
list_->back () = new charset (iter_->first, iter_->second);
}
}
static void fill_lookup (const string_token &token_,
size_t_vector *lookup_, const std::size_t index_)
{
const CharT *curr_ = token_._charset.c_str ();
const CharT *chars_end_ = curr_ + token_._charset.size ();
std::size_t *ptr_ = &lookup_->front ();
const std::size_t max_ = sizeof (CharT) == 1 ?
num_chars : num_wchar_ts;
if (token_._negated)
{
// $$$ FIXME JDG July 2014 $$$
// this code is problematic on platforms where wchar_t is signed
// with min generating negative numbers. This crashes with BAD_ACCESS
// because of the vector index below:
// ptr_[static_cast<typename Traits::index_type>(curr_char_)]
CharT curr_char_ = 0; // (std::numeric_limits<CharT>::min)();
std::size_t i_ = 0;
while (curr_ < chars_end_)
{
while (*curr_ > curr_char_)
{
ptr_[static_cast<typename Traits::index_type>
(curr_char_)] = index_ + dfa_offset;
++curr_char_;
++i_;
}
++curr_char_;
++curr_;
++i_;
}
for (; i_ < max_; ++i_)
{
ptr_[static_cast<typename Traits::index_type>(curr_char_)] =
index_ + dfa_offset;
++curr_char_;
}
}
else
{
while (curr_ < chars_end_)
{
ptr_[static_cast<typename Traits::index_type>(*curr_)] =
index_ + dfa_offset;
++curr_;
}
}
}
static void build_equiv_list (const node_vector *vector_,
const index_set_vector &set_mapping_, equivset_list &lhs_)
{
equivset_list rhs_;
fill_rhs_list (vector_, set_mapping_, rhs_);
if (!rhs_->empty ())
{
typename equivset_list::list::iterator iter_;
typename equivset_list::list::iterator end_;
equivset_ptr overlap_ (new equivset);
lhs_->push_back (static_cast<equivset *>(0));
lhs_->back () = rhs_->front ();
rhs_->pop_front ();
while (!rhs_->empty ())
{
equivset_ptr r_ (rhs_->front ());
rhs_->pop_front ();
iter_ = lhs_->begin ();
end_ = lhs_->end ();
while (!r_->empty () && iter_ != end_)
{
typename equivset_list::list::iterator l_iter_ = iter_;
(*l_iter_)->intersect (*r_.get (), *overlap_.get ());
if (overlap_->empty ())
{
++iter_;
}
else if ((*l_iter_)->empty ())
{
delete *l_iter_;
*l_iter_ = overlap_.release ();
overlap_.reset (new equivset);
++iter_;
}
else if (r_->empty ())
{
overlap_.swap (r_);
overlap_.reset (new equivset);
break;
}
else
{
iter_ = lhs_->insert (++iter_,
static_cast<equivset *>(0));
*iter_ = overlap_.release ();
overlap_.reset (new equivset);
++iter_;
end_ = lhs_->end ();
}
}
if (!r_->empty ())
{
lhs_->push_back (static_cast<equivset *>(0));
lhs_->back () = r_.release ();
}
}
}
}
static void fill_rhs_list (const node_vector *vector_,
const index_set_vector &set_mapping_, equivset_list &list_)
{
typename node_vector::const_iterator iter_ =
vector_->begin ();
typename node_vector::const_iterator end_ =
vector_->end ();
for (; iter_ != end_; ++iter_)
{
const detail::node *node_ = *iter_;
if (!node_->end_state ())
{
const std::size_t token_ = node_->token ();
if (token_ != null_token)
{
list_->push_back (static_cast<equivset *>(0));
if (token_ == bol_token || token_ == eol_token)
{
std::set<std::size_t> index_set_;
index_set_.insert (token_);
list_->back () = new equivset (index_set_,
node_->greedy (), token_, node_->followpos ());
}
else
{
list_->back () = new equivset (set_mapping_[token_],
node_->greedy (), token_, node_->followpos ());
}
}
}
}
}
static void fixup_bol (detail::node * &root_,
node_ptr_vector &node_ptr_vector_)
{
typename detail::node::node_vector *first_ = &root_->firstpos ();
bool found_ = false;
typename detail::node::node_vector::const_iterator iter_ =
first_->begin ();
typename detail::node::node_vector::const_iterator end_ =
first_->end ();
for (; iter_ != end_; ++iter_)
{
const detail::node *node_ = *iter_;
found_ = !node_->end_state () && node_->token () == bol_token;
if (found_) break;
}
if (!found_)
{
node_ptr_vector_->push_back (static_cast<detail::leaf_node *>(0));
node_ptr_vector_->back () = new detail::leaf_node
(bol_token, true);
detail::node *lhs_ = node_ptr_vector_->back ();
node_ptr_vector_->push_back (static_cast<detail::leaf_node *>(0));
node_ptr_vector_->back () = new detail::leaf_node
(null_token, true);
detail::node *rhs_ = node_ptr_vector_->back ();
node_ptr_vector_->push_back
(static_cast<detail::selection_node *>(0));
node_ptr_vector_->back () =
new detail::selection_node (lhs_, rhs_);
lhs_ = node_ptr_vector_->back ();
node_ptr_vector_->push_back
(static_cast<detail::sequence_node *>(0));
node_ptr_vector_->back () =
new detail::sequence_node (lhs_, root_);
root_ = node_ptr_vector_->back ();
}
}
static void minimise_dfa (const std::size_t dfa_alphabet_,
size_t_vector &dfa_, std::size_t size_)
{
const std::size_t *first_ = &dfa_.front ();
const std::size_t *second_ = 0;
const std::size_t *end_ = first_ + size_;
std::size_t index_ = 1;
std::size_t new_index_ = 1;
std::size_t curr_index_ = 0;
index_set index_set_;
size_t_vector lookup_;
std::size_t *lookup_ptr_ = 0;
lookup_.resize (size_ / dfa_alphabet_, null_token);
lookup_ptr_ = &lookup_.front ();
*lookup_ptr_ = 0;
// Only one 'jam' state, so skip it.
first_ += dfa_alphabet_;
for (; first_ < end_; first_ += dfa_alphabet_, ++index_)
{
for (second_ = first_ + dfa_alphabet_, curr_index_ = index_ + 1;
second_ < end_; second_ += dfa_alphabet_, ++curr_index_)
{
if (index_set_.find (curr_index_) != index_set_.end ())
{
continue;
}
// Some systems have memcmp in namespace std.
using namespace std;
if (memcmp (first_, second_, sizeof (std::size_t) *
dfa_alphabet_) == 0)
{
index_set_.insert (curr_index_);
lookup_ptr_[curr_index_] = new_index_;
}
}
if (lookup_ptr_[index_] == null_token)
{
lookup_ptr_[index_] = new_index_;
++new_index_;
}
}
if (!index_set_.empty ())
{
const std::size_t *front_ = &dfa_.front ();
size_t_vector new_dfa_ (front_, front_ + dfa_alphabet_);
typename index_set::iterator set_end_ =
index_set_.end ();
const std::size_t *ptr_ = front_ + dfa_alphabet_;
std::size_t *new_ptr_ = 0;
new_dfa_.resize (size_ - index_set_.size () * dfa_alphabet_, 0);
new_ptr_ = &new_dfa_.front () + dfa_alphabet_;
size_ /= dfa_alphabet_;
for (index_ = 1; index_ < size_; ++index_)
{
if (index_set_.find (index_) != set_end_)
{
ptr_ += dfa_alphabet_;
continue;
}
new_ptr_[end_state_index] = ptr_[end_state_index];
new_ptr_[id_index] = ptr_[id_index];
new_ptr_[unique_id_index] = ptr_[unique_id_index];
new_ptr_[state_index] = ptr_[state_index];
new_ptr_[bol_index] = lookup_ptr_[ptr_[bol_index]];
new_ptr_[eol_index] = lookup_ptr_[ptr_[eol_index]];
new_ptr_ += dfa_offset;
ptr_ += dfa_offset;
for (std::size_t i_ = dfa_offset; i_ < dfa_alphabet_; ++i_)
{
*new_ptr_++ = lookup_ptr_[*ptr_++];
}
}
dfa_.swap (new_dfa_);
}
}
};
typedef basic_generator<char> generator;
typedef basic_generator<wchar_t> wgenerator;
}
}
#endif
``` |
Herbulotiana bernardiiella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Pierre Viette in 1954. It is found in Madagascar.
References
Moths described in 1954
Herbulotiana
Taxa named by Pierre Viette |
Deuterocopus melanota is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It was described by Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher in 1910 and it is found in Malaysia and Sri Lanka.
References
Moths described in 1910
Deuterocopinae |
Foulgo is a village in the Salogo Department of Ganzourgou Province in central Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 843.
References
Populated places in the Plateau-Central Region
Ganzourgou Province |
The Posadas–Encarnación International Train is a commuter rail international service operated between Posadas in Argentina and Encarnación in Paraguay, running on the Urquiza Railway standard gauge tracks. The service was opened in January 2014.
Overview
Trains are run by private company Casimiro Zbikoski S.A. under an operation agreement with State-owned Operadora Ferroviaria Sociedad del Estado (SOFSE). The train crosses the San Roque González de Santa Cruz Bridge which joins the two countries together and has an average journey time of 10 minutes with a 30-minute frequency.
The current rolling stock consists of two-carriage diesel-hydraulic railcars originally called "Wadloper", built between 1981 and 1983 by German company Duewag for the Dutch railway company Nederlandse Spoorwegen, and have a capacity to carry 250 people. Those railcars had been previously used in the binational service Tren de los Pueblos Libres that joined Argentina and Uruguay, having been active only for one year.
With passenger numbers increasing rapidly after the opening of the service, the Argentine Ministry of the Interior and Transport stated in March 2015 that it may have to evaluate adding more rolling stock and extending the length of the platforms.
In August 2015, the service was suspended for an unspecified period of time, with no reasons given from both, the concessionaire –Casimiro Zbikoski– and Trenes Argentinos. At the time of the service being suspended, the train had carried 250,000 people within the year. On the other hand, the Government of Paraguay stated that they had no objections to anything related to the service, blaming the Argentine authorities for the suspension of the train. Other versions affirmed that the service could be reestablished the second week in September. On 7 September, service resumed as normal, though the three-week interruption had not been explained.
See also
General Urquiza Railway
Rail transport in Argentina
Rail transport in Paraguay
References
External links
Railway services introduced in 2014
Railway lines in Argentina
Rail transport in Paraguay
International named passenger trains
International railway lines
Posadas, Misiones
Transport in Misiones Province |
Collinsville Township is located in Madison County, Illinois, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 36,265 and it contained 16,407 housing units.
History
Collinsville Township takes its name from the city of Collinsville.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 97.57%) is land and (or 2.43%) is water.
Demographics
References
External links
City-data.com
Illinois State Archives
Townships in Madison County, Illinois
Townships in Illinois |
The National Coalition for Romania (, CNR) is a big tent grand coalition in Romania, which includes the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the National Liberal Party (PNL). In addition, this grand coalition supports the incumbent Romanian President Klaus Iohannis as well. The CNR also included the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ) until its withdrawal from the coalition in June 2023.
History
After the political crisis in autumn 2021, PNL, PSD, and the UDMR/RMDSZ reached an agreement to rule the country together through a solid grand coalition for the next 7 years. Thus, it has been agreed that the prime minister and several other important ministries should be changed every 1 year and a half. Consequently, the first prime minister to be appointed was national liberal Nicolae Ciucă. His cabinet was sworn in on 25 November.
On 23 November 2021, Marcel Ciolacu (PSD) was elected president of the Chamber of Deputies. Also the same day, Anca Dragu (USR) was dismissed as Senate chairman, being replaced by the former Prime Minister Florin Cîțu (PNL). In early 2022, the coalition's activity was praised by President Iohannis, stating that "the Romanian political class has shown democratic maturity".
The coalition, up until the swearing in of Ciucă's cabinet, was initially referred to as the Coalition for Resilience, Development and Prosperity (, CRDP).
On June 12, 2023, according to the protocol of the CNR, Nicolae Ciucă resigned. The next day, president Klaus Iohannis designated Marcel Ciolacu to be the next prime-minister. Ciucă became the President of the Romanian Senate on June 13, 2023. UDMR also withdrew from the coalition, after the National Liberals decided to take the Minister of Development, Public Works and Administration, which was held by UDMR in the Ciucă Cabinet. On June 15, 2023, the Parliament of Romania voted the Ciolacu Cabinet. Iohannis praised the PSD-PNL coalition again, saying that this new model implemented in Romanian politics - the government rotation - „has worked very well so far”. He also declared that „the fact that today we are here to formalize the rotation of the prime ministers shows a new level of seriousness of the coalition”.
During Ciucă's premiership, the freedom of the press in Romania declined, according to World Press Freedom Index (from 75.09 in 2021 to 69.04 in 2023).
Ideology
Although they have opposing ideologies, both PSD and PNL claim to have formed a reformist alliance. The parties in the coalition have been said to take an overall statist and conservative approach, the main common idea of the two being economic patriotism.
Criticism
While former PSD and PNL rivals claim to have made the alliance in the interest of the people, there was heavy criticism of both parties because they promised not to form an alliance with each other. President Klaus Iohannis, who is rumored to be the coalition's architect, was sharply criticized, because between 2018 and 2020 he had repeatedly criticized the PSD, then brought the PSD back to government. At one point, PNL president Florin Cîțu claimed that "Our [PNL's] former [coalition] partners [the USR] shook hands with the PSD, [and] they didn't want to shake hands with us [the PNL] anymore".
Critics also called the coalition the second monstrous coalition, or USL 2.0, as well as kleptocratic, authoritarian, illiberal and corrupt. Ludovic Orban, former PNL president and Prime Minister, has seen the coalition as a "danger for Romanian democracy".
Under Ciucă's premiership, Romania experienced democratic backsliding, with The Economist ranking it last in the European Union (EU) in the world terms of democracy, even behind Viktor Orbán's Hungary.
Electoral history
It is still unknown whether or not the coalition would also participate together in the upcoming elections.
Legislative elections
See also
Social Liberal Union (USL): a similar political alliance active between 2011 and 2014
Force of the Right (FD): the most recent major PNL splinter founded by former PNL president and former Prime Minister Ludovic Orban in late 2021
Notes
References
2021 establishments in Romania
Authoritarianism
National Liberal Party (Romania)
Political corruption
Political parties established in 2021
Political party alliances in Romania
Social Democratic Party (Romania)
Conservative parties in Romania |
Little but Tough () is a 1989 Hungarian drama film directed by Ferenc Grunwalsky. The film was selected as the Hungarian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 63rd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.
Cast
Sándor Gáspár as Bogár Pál
Ágnes Csere as Zsuzsa
János Bán as Béla
Péter Blaskó as Nyomozó
Zoltán Mucsi as Juszuf
István Mészáros as Törpe
See also
List of submissions to the 63rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Hungarian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
1989 films
1989 drama films
Hungarian drama films
1980s Hungarian-language films |
Walter Chetwynd (died 31 May 1638) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1584 and 1614.
Life
Chetwynd was the son of John Chetwynd of Ingestre, near Stafford and his second wife Margery Middlemore, daughter of Robert Middlemore of Edgbaston, Warwickshire. He was educated at Barnard's Inn and at Gray's Inn in 1582. He succeeded his half-brother Sir William Chetwynd to the Ingestre estate in 1612.
In 1584, he was elected Member of Parliament for Newcastle-under-Lyme. He was re-elected MP for Newcastle in 1586. From about 1592 he was J.P. for Shropshire and by 1596 he was JP for Staffordshire. He was commissioner for musters for Staffordshire in 1601. In 1604 he was knighted and was elected MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme again. He was High Sheriff of Staffordshire for 1607–08.
In 1613 he rebuilt Ingestre Hall. From 1613 to 1614 he was Mayor of Newcastle-under-Lyme. In 1614 he was elected MP for Staffordshire.
Chetwynd married firstly Mary Mullins, daughter of John Mullins, Archdeacon of London and had two sons and a daughter. He married secondly Catherine Unton, widow of Edward Unton of Wadley, Berkshire and daughter of Sir George Hastings. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Walter.
References
Year of birth missing
1638 deaths
Members of the Parliament of England for Newcastle-under-Lyme
Members of Gray's Inn
Mayors of places in Staffordshire
English MPs 1584–1585
English MPs 1586–1587
English MPs 1604–1611
English MPs 1614
High Sheriffs of Staffordshire |
Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax (), also known as AFC Ajax, Ajax Amsterdam, or simply Ajax, is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam, that plays in the , the top tier in Dutch football. Historically, Ajax (named after the legendary Greek hero) is the most successful club in the Netherlands, with 36 and 20 KNVB Cups. It has continuously played in the , since the league's inception in 1956 and, along with and , it is one of the country's "big three" clubs that have dominated that competition.
Ajax was one of the most successful clubs in the world in the 20th century. According to the International Federation of Football History & Statistics, Ajax was the seventh-most successful European club of the 20th century and The World's Club Team of the Year in 1992. According to German magazine Kicker, Ajax was the second-most successful European club of the 20th century. The club is one of five teams that have earned the right to keep the European Cup and to wear a multiple-winner badge. In 1972, they completed the continental treble by winning the , KNVB Cup, and the European Cup. They also won the first (albeit unofficial) European Super Cup against Rangers in January 1973. Ajax's most recent international trophies are the 1995 Intercontinental Cup, 1995 UEFA Super Cup and the 1995 Champions League, where they defeated Milan in the final; they lost the 1996 Champions League final on penalties to Juventus. In 1995, Ajax was crowned as World Team of the Year by World Soccer magazine.
Ajax is also one of four teams to win the continental treble and the Intercontinental Cup or Club World Cup in the same season/calendar year; this was achieved in the 1971–72 season. Ajax is one of five clubs to have won all three major UEFA club competitions. They have also won the Intercontinental Cup twice, the 1991–92 UEFA Cup, as well as the Karl Rappan Cup, a predecessor of the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1962. Ajax plays at the Johan Cruyff Arena, which opened as the Amsterdam ArenA in 1996 and was renamed in 2018. They previously played at and the Amsterdam Olympic Stadium (for international matches). Throughout their history, Ajax have cultivated a reputation for scouting, spotting and developing young talent, and have remained focused on developing a youth system.
History
Ajax was founded in Amsterdam on 18 March 1900. The club achieved promotion to the highest level of Dutch football in 1911 and had its first major success in 1917, winning the KNVB Beker, the Netherlands' national cup. The following season, Ajax became national champion for the first time. The club defended its title in 1918–19, becoming the only team to achieve an unbeaten season in the Netherlands Football League Championship.
Throughout the 1920s, Ajax was a strong regional power, winning the Eerste Klasse West division in 1921, 1927 and 1928, but could not maintain its success at the national level. This changed in the 1930s, with the club winning five national championships (1931, 1932, 1934, 1937, 1939), making it the most successful Dutch team of the decade. Ajax won its second KNVB Cup in 1942–43, and an eighth Dutch title in 1946–47, the last season the club was managed by Englishman Jack Reynolds, who, up to this point, had overseen all of its national championship successes as well as its 1917 KNVB Cup win.
In 1956, the first season of the Netherlands' new professional league, the , was played with Ajax participating as a founding member. The Amsterdam club became the first national champions under the new format and made its debut in the European Champion Clubs' Cup the following year, losing to Hungarian champions 6–2 on aggregate at the quarter-final stage. The team was again champions in 1960 and won a third KNVB Cup in 1961.
In 1965, Rinus Michels, who had played for the club between 1946 and 1958, was appointed manager of Ajax, implementing his philosophy of Total Football which was to become synonymous with both Ajax and the Netherlands national team. A year earlier, Johan Cruyff, who would go on to become widely regarded as the greatest Dutch footballer of all-time, made his debut. Between them, Michels and Cruyff led Ajax through the most successful period in its history, winning seven titles, four KNVB Cups and three European Cups.
Ajax won the Dutch championship in 1966, 1967 and 1968, and reached the 1969 European Cup final, losing to Milan. During the 1966–67 season, Ajax scored a record 122 goals in an season and also won the KNVB Cup to achieve its first league and cup double. In 1969–70, Ajax won a fourth Dutch league championship and second league and cup double in five seasons, winning 27 out of 34 league matches and scoring 100 goals.
The 1970–71 season saw Ajax retain the KNVB Cup and reach the 1971 European Cup final, where they defeated 2–0 with goals from Dick van Dijk and Arie Haan to become continental champions for the first time, with Cruyff being named European Footballer of the Year. After this success, Michels departed to become manager of Barcelona and was replaced by the Romanian Ștefan Kovács. In Kovács' first season, Ajax completed a treble of the European Cup, the and a third consecutive KNVB Cup. The following season, the team beat Argentine to win the 1972 Intercontinental Cup and retained their and European Cup titles, becoming the first club to win three consecutive European Cups since Real Madrid in the 1950s.
In 1973, Michels' Barcelona broke the world transfer record to bring Cruyff to Catalonia. Kovács also departed to become manager of the France national team, signalling the end of this period of international success.
In 1976–77, Ajax won its first domestic championship in four seasons and recorded a double of the and KNVB Cup two years later.
The early 1980s saw the return of Cruyff to the club, as well as the emergence of young players Marco van Basten and Frank Rijkaard. The team won back-to-back titles in 1982 and 1983, with all three playing a significant role in the latter. After Cruyff's sale to rivals in 1983, van Basten became Ajax's key player, top scoring in the for four seasons between 1983–84 and 1986–87.
In 1985, Cruyff returned to Ajax as manager and the team ended his first season in charge with 120 goals from 34 matches. However, Ajax still finished as runner-up to PSV by eight points. The following season, Ajax again lost out on the title to PSV, but won the European Cup Winners' Cup, its first continental trophy in 14 years. After this, Cruyff left the club to become manager of Barcelona and Rijkaard and van Basten were sold to Sporting CP and Milan respectively. Despite these losses, Ajax reached a second consecutive Cup Winners' Cup final in 1988, where they lost to Belgian club .
The 1988–89 season saw Dennis Bergkamp, a young forward who had first appeared under Cruyff in 1986, establish himself as a regular goalscorer for Ajax. Bergkamp helped Ajax to the title and was the top scorer in the division in 1990–91, 1991–92 and 1992–93. Under the management of Louis van Gaal, Ajax won the UEFA Cup in 1992 to become the second club, after , to have won all three major European club competitions.
After the sale of Bergkamp to in 1993, van Gaal re-signed the experienced Rijkaard to complement his young Ajax team featuring academy graduates Frank and Ronald de Boer, Edwin van der Sar, Clarence Seedorf, Edgar Davids, Michael Reiziger and Winston Bogarde, as well as mercurial foreign talents Finidi George, Nwankwo Kanu and Jari Litmanen, and veteran captain Danny Blind. The team regained the Dutch championship in 1993–94, and won it again in 1994–95 and 1995–96 to become the first Ajax side to win three back-to-back championships since 1968. The height of van Gaal's success came in 1994–95, where Ajax became the first, and to date only, team to complete an entire season unbeaten. The team also won its first European Cup since its 1970s era, defeating Milan in the 1995 UEFA Champions League final 1–0, with the winning goal scored by 18-year-old Patrick Kluivert. Ajax again reached the final one year later, and was defeated on penalties by .
Ajax's return as a European force was short-lived, as van Gaal and several members of the squad soon departed to some of the continent's biggest clubs. The 2000s was a lean decade for the club, with only two championships won. However, Ajax's academy continued to produce star players such as Wesley Sneijder and Rafael van der Vaart.
In 2010, Frank de Boer was appointed manager of Ajax and led the club to its first league title in seven years, and record 30th title overall, in the 2010–11 season. This was followed by back-to-back wins in 2011–12 and 2012–13 to match his three consecutive titles as a player in the 1990s. In 2013–14, Ajax was again champions, winning four consecutive league titles for the first time in club history. After finishing as runner-up to PSV in both 2014–15 and 2015–16, de Boer resigned as Ajax head coach in May 2016.
Peter Bosz took over the club and led them to the 2017 UEFA Europa League final, their first European final in 21 years. They lost to Manchester United with a lineup that was the youngest ever in a European final, averaging an age of 22 years and 282 days. For the third consecutive season, they finished runner-up in the , this time to .
The 2018–19 season for Ajax involved a remarkable run in the UEFA Champions League. Due to their runner-up finish in the 2017–18 Eredivisie, Ajax entered the tournament in the second qualifying round. After successive victories against Sturm Graz, and , they qualified for the group stage. Ajax was drawn in a group with German champions Bayern Munich, Portuguese side Benfica and Greek champions AEK Athens. Ajax finished runner-up in this group, qualifying for the knockout stages, where it was drawn against three-time defending champions Real Madrid. After losing 1–2 in the first leg, they defeated Real Madrid 4–1 in the away match, stunning the defending champions in their own stadium, the Santiago Bernabéu, with an aggregate score of 5–3. Dušan Tadić was awarded a perfect score of 10 by following the match.
Thus, Ajax progressed to the quarter-finals and was drawn with Italian champions . In the first leg in the Johan Cruyff Arena, they drew 1–1. In the second leg at the Juventus Stadium, Ajax came from behind to win 2–1 and 3–2 on aggregate. Matthijs de Ligt scored the winning goal for Ajax to help the team advance to its first Champions League semi-final since 1997. There, they would face English side Tottenham Hotspur.
In the first leg of the semi-final, Ajax beat Tottenham 1–0 away from home. In the second leg, Ajax scored twice in the first half to generate a 3–0 lead on aggregate. However, in the second half, Lucas Moura scored three times, including in the 6th minute of added time, resulting in Ajax losing via the away goals rule.
Ajax was in first place on goal difference when the was declared void, preventing them being Dutch champions for the 35th time, but still qualified for the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League.
UEFA ranking
Academies (Youth/Coaching)
The club is also particularly famous for its renowned youth programme that has produced many Dutch talents over the years – Johan Cruyff, Edwin van der Sar, Gerald Vanenburg, Frank Rijkaard, Dennis Bergkamp, Rafael van der Vaart, Patrick Kluivert, Marco van Basten, Wesley Sneijder, Maarten Stekelenburg, Nigel de Jong, Frenkie de Jong, and Matthijs de Ligt have come through the ranks and are just some of the talents who have played for Ajax. Ajax also regularly supplies the Dutch national youth teams with local talent.
Due to mutual agreements with foreign clubs, the youth academy has also signed foreign players as teenagers before making first team debuts, such as Belgian defensive trio Jan Vertonghen, Toby Alderweireld and Thomas Vermaelen along with winger Tom De Mul, all of whom are full internationals, as well as Dutch international Vurnon Anita and Javier Martina, representing Curaçao.
Ajax has also expanded its talent searching programme to South Africa with Ajax Cape Town. Ajax Cape Town was set up with the help of Rob Moore. Ajax has also had a satellite club in the United States under the name Ajax America, until it filed for bankruptcy. There are some youth players from Ajax Cape Town that have been drafted into the squad, such as South African internationals Steven Pienaar and Thulani Serero and Cameroonian international Eyong Enoh.
In 1995, the year Ajax won the UEFA Champions League, the Netherlands national team was almost entirely composed of Ajax players, with van der Sar in goal; players such as Michael Reiziger, Frank de Boer and Danny Blind in defence; Ronald de Boer, Edgar Davids and Clarence Seedorf in midfield; and Patrick Kluivert and Marc Overmars in attack.
In 2011, Ajax opened its first youth academies outside the Netherlands when the club partnered up with George Kazianis and All Star Consultancy in Greece to open the Ajax Hellas Youth Academy. The offices are based in Nea Smyrni, Attica, with the main training facility located on the island of Corfu, hosting a total of 15 football youth academies throughout Greece and Cyprus. Eddie van Schaik heads the organization as coach and consultant, introducing the Ajax football philosophy at the various Greek football training camps.
In 2016, Ajax launched the ACA (Ajax Coaching Academy) with the intention of sharing knowledge, and setting up a variety of camps and clinics for both players and coaches.
Stadiums
Ajax's first stadium was built in 1911 out of wood and was called Het Houten Stadion (English: The Wooden Stadium). Ajax later played in the Olympic Stadium built for the 1928 Summer Olympics hosted in Amsterdam. This stadium, designed by Jan Wils, is known in Dutch as . In 1934, Ajax moved to De Meer Stadion in east Amsterdam, close to the location of Het Houten Stadion. It was designed by architect and Ajax-member Daan Roodenburgh, who had also designed the club's first stadium. It could accommodate 29,500 spectators and Ajax continued to play there until 1996. For big European and national fixtures, the club would often play at the Olympic Stadium, which could accommodate about twice the number of spectators.
In 1996, Ajax moved to a new home ground in the southeast of the city known as the Amsterdam Arena, since 2018 known as the Johan Cruyff Arena. This stadium was built by the Amsterdam city authority at a cost of $134 million. The stadium is capable of holding 55,865 spectators. The Arena has a retractable roof and set a trend for other modern stadiums built in Europe in the following years. In the Netherlands, the Arena earned a reputation for a terrible grass pitch caused by the removable roof that, even when open, takes away too much sunlight and fresh air. During the 2008–09 season, ground staff introduced an artificial lighting system that finally reduced this problem considerably.
The much-loved De Meer Stadion was torn down and the land was sold to the city council. A residential neighbourhood now occupies the area. The only thing left of the old stadium are the letters "AJAX", which nowadays is in place on the façade of the youth training grounds De Toekomst, near the Johan Cruyff Arena.
Crest and colours
Crest
In 1900, when the club was founded, the emblem of Ajax was just a picture of an Ajax player. The crest was slightly altered following the club's promotion to the top division in 1911 to match the club's new outfits. In 1928, the club logo was introduced with the head of the Greek hero Ajax. The logo was once again changed in 1990 into an abstract version of the previous one. The new logo still sports the portrait of Ajax, but drawn with just 11 lines, symbolizing the 11 players of a football team.
Colours
Ajax originally played in an all-black uniform with a red sash tied around the players' waists, but that uniform was soon replaced by a red/white striped shirt and black shorts. Red, black and white are the three colours of the flag of Amsterdam. Under manager Jack Kirwan, however, the club earned promotion to the top flight of Dutch football for the first time in 1911 (then the Eerste Klasse or 'First Class', later named the ), Ajax was forced to change its colours because Sparta Rotterdam already had exactly the same outfit. Special kits for away fixtures did not exist at the time and according to football association regulations the newcomers had to change their colours if two teams in the same league had identical uniforms. Ajax opted for white shorts and white shirt with a broad, vertical red stripe over chest and back, which still is Ajax's outfit.
Financial
AFC Ajax N.V.
AFC Ajax is the only Dutch club with an initial public offering (IPO). The club is registered as a Naamloze vennootschap (N.V.) listed on the stock exchange Euronext Amsterdam, since 17 May 1998. With a launch price of ƒ25,- (Guilders) the club managed to a bring its total revenue up to €54 million (converted) in its first year on the market. After short-lived success, however, the rate dropped, at one point as low as €3.50. Criticism was brought forth that the legal grid for a naamloze vennootschap would not be suitable for a Football club, and that the sports related ambitions would suffer from the new commercial interests of the now listed Ajax. Shares of the company in the year 2008 were valued at approximately €5.90 per share.
In 2008, a Commission under guidance of honorary member Uri Coronel concluded that the IPO was of no value to the club, and that measures should be taken to exit the stock exchange by purchasing back all public shares. Ajax remain on the stock exchange.
Sponsorship
Ajax's shirts have been sponsored by TDK from 1982 to 1991, and by ABN AMRO from 1991 to 2008. AEGON then replaced ABN AMRO as the new head sponsor for a period of seven years. On 1 April 2007, Ajax wore a different sponsor for the match against Heracles Almelo, Florius. Florius is a banking programme launched by ABN AMRO who wanted it to be the shirt sponsor for one match.
The shirts have been manufactured by Le Coq Sportif (1973–1977), Puma (1977–1979), Cor du Buy (1979-1980), Le Coq Sportif (1980–1984), Kappa (1985–1989) and Umbro (1989–2000) in the past, and by Adidas since 2000 (until at least 2025).
At the conclusion of the 2013–14 season, Ajax won the Football shirt of the Year award for its black and rose colored away shirt by Adidas. The annual award was presented by Subside Sports, which had previously given the award to Internazionale, Juventus and the Belgium national team. It was Ajax's first time winning the award.
On 7 November 2014, it was announced that Ajax had agreed to a four-and-a-half-year contract worth €8 million annually with Dutch cable operating company Ziggo as the new shirt sponsor for the club. Having extended its contract with AEGON for half a season until December, the club featured Fonds Gehandicaptensport, a charitable fund for handicapped sports on its away shirts for a six-month period before transitioning to Ziggo in 2015.
Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
Kit deals
Other teams
Reserves team
Jong Ajax (formerly more commonly known as Ajax 2) is the reserve team of AFC Ajax. The team is composed mostly of professional footballers, who are often recent graduates from the highest youth level (Ajax A1) serving their first professional contract as a reserve, or players who are otherwise unable to play in the first team.
Since 1992, Jong Ajax competed in the Beloften Eredivisie, competing against other reserve teams such as Jong PSV, Jong FC Groningen or Jong AZ. They have won the Beloften title a record eight times, as well as the KNVB Reserve Cup three times, making them the most successful reserve squad in the Netherlands. By winning the Beloften Eredivisie title, Jong Ajax was able to qualify for the actual KNVB Cup, even advancing to the semi-finals on three occasions. Its best result in the Dutch Cup was under manager Jan Olde Riekerink in 2001–02, when a semi-final loss to Utrecht in a Penalty shoot-out after extra time, which saw Utrecht advance, and thus preventing an Ajax–Jong Ajax Dutch Cup final.
The 2013–14 season marked the Jupiler League debut of the Ajax reserves' squad, Jong Ajax. Previously playing in the Beloften Eredivisie (a separate league for reserve teams, not included in the Dutch professional or amateur league structure), players were allowed to move around freely between the reserve team and the first team during the season. This is no longer the case as Jong Ajax now registers and fields a separate squad from that of Ajax first team for the Eerste Divisie, the second tier of professional football in the Netherlands. Its home matches are played at Sportpark De Toekomst, except for the occasional match in the Johan Cruyff Arena. Now regarded a semi-professional team in its own respect, the only period in which players are able to move between squads are during the transfer windows, unless the player has made less than 15 appearances for the first team, then he is still eligible to appear in both first team and second team matches during the season. Furthermore, the team is not eligible for promotion to the or to participate in the KNVB Cup. Jong Ajax was joined in the Eerste Divisie by Jong Twente and Jong PSV, reserve teams who have also moved from the Beloften to the Eerste Divisie, in place of VV Katwijk, SC Veendam and AGOVV Apeldoorn, increasing the total number of teams in the Jupiler League from 18 to 20.
Ajax reserve squad Jong Ajax left the Beloften Eredivisie in 2013, having held a 21-year tenure in the reserves league, having also won the league title a record eight times (1994, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009).
Women's team
AFC Ajax Vrouwen (English: AFC Ajax Women) is the women's team of AFC Ajax, competing in the women's eredivisie, the highest level of women's football in the Netherlands. Founded on 18 May 2012, the women's team saw Ajax attracting many of the Netherlands top talents, with International players such as Anouk Hoogendijk, Daphne Koster and Petra Hogewoning joining the Amsterdam club in its maiden season in women's professional football. The team won its first piece of silverware when they defeated PSV/FC Eindhoven 2–1 in the final of the KNVB Women's Cup.
Amateur team
AFC Ajax Amateurs, better known as Ajax Zaterdag, is a Dutch amateur football club founded 18 March 1900. It is the amateur team of the professional club AFC Ajax, playing its home matches at the Sportpark De Toekomst training grounds to a capacity of 5,000. The team was promoted from the Eerste Klasse to the Hoofdklasse ahead of the 2011–12 season, the league in which it is currently competing. The team has won the Eerste Klasse title twice, as well as the *KNVB District Cup West I on two occasions as well.
Furthermore, Ajax Zaterdag has also managed to qualify for the KNVB Cup on its own accord on three occasions, namely in 2004, 2005, 2008 and 2021. Even advancing to the second round before bowing out to Vitesse on 24 September 2008.
Other sports
Baseball
Ajax HVA (1922–1972) was the baseball team of AFC Ajax founded in 1922, and competed as founding members of the Honkbal Hoofdklasse, the top flight of professional baseball in the Netherlands. Ajax won the national baseball title a total of four times (1924, 1928, 1942, 1948) before the club opted to no longer field a baseball team, and to focus solely on football in 1972. Ajax spent a total of 50 years at the top flight of Baseball in the Netherlands from 1922 to 1972. The dissolution of Ajax baseball club resulted in the players finding a new sponsor in a mustard manufacturing company called Luycks, while merging with the Diemen Giants to become the Luycks Giants, thus replacing both former clubs.
Esports
In 2016, Ajax launched an esports team, with Koen Weijland as the club's first signing, making its debut on the Global stage of professional gaming. They have since signed the likes of Dani Hagebeuk, Lev Vinken, Joey Calabro and Bob van Uden, the latter spent his first season on loan to the esports team of Japanese club Sagan Tosu.
Affiliated clubs
The following clubs are currently affiliated with AFC Ajax:
Almere City (2005–present)
Barcelona (2007–present)
Cruzeiro (2007–present)
Beijing Guoan (2007–present)
Palmeiras (2010–present)
AS Trenčín (2012–present)
Guangzhou R&F (2017–present)
Sagan Tosu (2018–present)
Sharjah FC (2020–present)
Sydney FC (2018–present)
Sparta Rotterdam (2019–present)
Various HETT-clubs (See main article)
The following clubs were affiliated with AFC Ajax in the past:
Germinal Beerschot (1999–2003)
Ashanti Goldfields (1999–2003)
Ajax Orlando Prospects (2003–2007)
HFC Haarlem (2006–2010)
Volendam (2007–2010)
Ajax Cape Town (1999–2020)
Rivalries
As one of the traditional big three clubs in the Netherlands, Ajax have amassed a number of intense rivalries over the years. Listed below are the most significant of the rivalries involving Ajax.
Rivalry with Feyenoord
Feyenoord from Rotterdam is Ajax's archrival. Every year both clubs play the De Klassieker ("The Classic"), a match between the teams from the two largest cities of the Netherlands. Till the 1973/74-season, Ajax and Feyenoord were the only two clubs in the Netherlands who were able to clinch national titles, as well as achieve continental and even global success. From the 1974/75-season on, PSV (Eindhoven) and AZ (Alkmaar) too, competed with Ajax and Feyenoord. A meeting between the two clubs became the measure for who was truly the best club in the Netherlands. The Klassieker is the most famous of all the rivalries in the Netherlands and the matches are always sold out. The fixture is seen in the public eye as "the graceful and elegant football of Ajax, against the indomitable fighting spirit of Feyenoord"; the confidence of the capital city versus the blue collar mentality of Rotterdam. Matches are known for their tension and violence, both on and off the pitch. Over the years, several violent incidents have taken place involving rival supporters, leading to the current prohibition of away supporters in both stadiums. The lowest point was reached on 23 March 1997, when supporters of both clubs met on a field near Beverwijk, where Ajax-supporter Carlo Picornie was fatally injured, the incident is commonly referred to as the "Battle of Beverwijk".
Rivalry with PSV
PSV is also a rival of Ajax, but in terms of tension and rivalry, these matches are not as loaded as the duels with Feyenoord. The rivalry has existed for some time with PSV and stems from various causes, such as the different interpretations of whether current national and international successes of both clubs correlates and the supposed opposition between the Randstad and the province. The matches between these two teams is commonly referred to as "De Topper" ("The Topper"), and involves the two most trophy-laden sides in Dutch football and is essentially a clash of two competing schools of thought in Dutch football. Historically, PSV compete with a workmanlike ethic, preferring a more robust 4–3–1–2 or 4–2–3–1, typically shunning the frivolous 4–3–3 approach favoured in Amsterdam. While Rinus Michels and Johan Cruyff helped to innovate Total Football in the sixties and seventies, a different philosophy was honed in Eindhoven by Kees Rijvers and Guus Hiddink in the late 1970s and '80s. This in turn has created one of the more philosophical rivalries in football, an ideological battleground, which is gradually becoming as heated and intense as the matches Ajax and Feyenoord partake in.
Rivalries with other clubs
Aside from Feyenoord and PSV, Ajax have several other rivalries, although in most cases the sentiment is mostly felt by the opposition and is more directed towards Ajax, with one of them being Utrecht. Although the rivalry is more felt on the Utrecht side then with Ajax, matchups between the two sides are often quite intense. Both teams have fanatic supporters, and clashes off the pitch are more often the rule than the exception. The same goes for ADO Den Haag, with both supporter groups often getting in conflicts, when ADO-Hooligans set fire to the supporters home of Ajax, and Ajax hooligans subsequently broke into the Supporters home of ADO tensions between the two clubs rose. In 2006, supporters from both clubs were banned from attending away matches for five years due to frequent violent outbreaks and clashes.
Further teams who share a rivalry with Ajax include Twente, Vitesse Arnhem, Groningen and AZ, although the latter is often regarded by Ajax supporters as the club's "little brother". With AZ being from nearby Alkmaar and therefore situated in the same province as Ajax, match-ups between the two sides are commonly known as the "De Noord-Hollandse Derby" ("North Holland Derby") and are often very competitive, intense and loaded fixtures.
Past rivalries include local Amsterdam derbies between Ajax and clubs such as Blauw-Wit, DWS and De Volewijckers (which later merged to become FC Amsterdam in 1972). However, the tension between the local sides lessened as the division of the clubs through playing in different leagues over time became greater. Years of not competing in the same league resulted in less frequent match-ups, until tensions finally settled between the Amsterdam clubs. The last Amsterdam derby to take place in an official league match was when Ajax defeated FC Amsterdam 5–1 on 19 March 1978.
Supporters
Ajax is known for having fanatic core supporter-groups, of which F-Side and VAK410 are the most famous. The F-Side was founded on 3 October 1976, and is situated right behind the goal in the Johan Cruyff Arena, on the southern end of the stadium in rows 125–129. Its name is derived from the group's former location on the F-side of the old De Meer Stadion. The F-side supporters are responsible for a big part of the atmosphere in the stadium, and are also known for rioting during and after matches. If in any match Ajax should win the coin toss, the second half of the match Ajax always play towards the south-end of the stadium. VAK410 (English: Row 410) was founded in 2001 and is situated in the Zuidhoek (South corner) of the stadium on the upper ring in rows 424–425. The group was originally situated on the North-West side of the stadium in row 410, from where it derives its name, until relocating to their current place in the stands in 2008. Members of VAK410 are known to perform various stunts, which include massive banners, to enhance the atmosphere in the stadium. Neither F-Side or VAK410 have seats in their sections of the stadium, and both groups stand for the duration of the match.
Through the official Football Top 20 of Dutch sports research group SPORT+MARKT, it was revealed in 2010 that Ajax had approximately 7.1 million supporters throughout Europe. This is significantly more than rivals Feyenoord and PSV (each 1.6 and 1.3 million, respectively), which puts Ajax as the club with the 15th-most supporters across Europe. The study also revealed that approximately 39% of the Netherlands were Ajax supporters. Not only does Ajax have many supporters, but several fans attend their matches in European competition, with an average attendance of 48,677 spectators for every international match Ajax played, putting the team at 12th place in Europe for highest attendance, ahead of high-profile clubs such as Milan and Chelsea. It is noteworthy that not all stadiums share the capacity of the Johan Cruyff Arena.
Supporters clubs
The Supporters Club Ajax () is officially the largest supporters club in the Netherlands with 94,000 members. Founded on 7 May 1992, the supporters club organize big monthly events throughout the Netherlands, and particularly around the official Ajax Open Training Day, which attracts thousands of supporters each year. Furthermore, the supporters group is responsible for the Ajax Life website, as well as the fanzine which is issued 20 times a year.
In 2006, the AFCA Supportersclub was introduced as the club's second official supporters' association, through the merger of the Onafhankelijke Fanclub Ajax (OFA) and the Ajax Supporters Delegatie (ASD). The AFCA Supportersclub has a reported 42,000 members, as well as a former member on the Board of Administration of Ajax, in Ronald Pieloor.
The third official supporters club is the Ajax Business Associates (ABA). Founded in 1991 the ABA is the Business club of Ajax. Members occupy the skyboxes in the Stadium and can make use of the clubs' amenities and luxury suites including the ABA club and lounge. The ABA is also responsible for hosting the annual Ajax Business Golf Trophy, an amateur golf tournament where several active and former Ajax players, as well as prominent people and members of the ABA, participate.
Average attendance
This graph displays the average attendance for home matches of Ajax from 1988 to 2018, whereby the difference in capacity of the De Meer Stadion and the Johan Cruyff Arena (est. 1996) is clearly visible.
Mascot
Lucky Lynx, is the official team mascot. (2000–present)
Jewish connection
Historically, Ajax was popularly seen as having "Jewish roots". While it had fewer Jewish players than WV-HEDW, Ajax has had a Jewish image since the 1930s when the home stadium was located next to a Jewish neighbourhood of Amsterdam-Oost and opponents saw many supporters walking through the Nieuwmarkt/Waterloopleinbuurt (de Jodenhoek—the "Jews' corner") to get to the stadium. The city of Amsterdam was historically referred to as a Mokum city, Mokum (מקום) being the Yiddish word for "place" or "safe haven", and as anti-Semitic chants and name calling developed and intensified at the old De Meer Stadion from frustrated supporters of opposing clubs, Ajax fans (few of whom are actually Jewish) responded by embracing Ajax's "Jewish" identity: calling themselves "super Jews", chanting "Jews, Jews" ("Joden, Joden") at games, and adopting Jewish symbols such as the Star of David and the Israeli flag.
This Jewish imagery eventually became a central part of Ajax fans' culture. At one point, ringtones of "Hava Nagila", a Hebrew folk song, could be downloaded from the club's official website. Beginning in the 1980s, fans of Ajax's rivals escalated their anti-Semitic rhetoric, chanting slogans like "Hamas, Hamas/Jews to the gas" ("Hamas, hamas, joden aan het gas"), hissing to imitate the flow of gas, giving Nazi salutes, and other things. The eventual result was that many genuinely Jewish Ajax fans stopped going to games.
In the 2000s, the club began trying to persuade fans to drop its Jewish image. In 2013, a documentary titled Superjews was released by NTR and Viewpoint Productions which premiered at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam (IDFA). The film was directed by Nirit Peled, an Israeli living in Amsterdam, and an independent film maker who offers a very personal view into the game, the lore of Ajax and its relation to Judaism from both the supporters as well as from a Jewish perspective.
Players
Current squad
Players out on loan
Retired numbers
14 – Johan Cruyff (Forward, 1964–73, 1981–83). Number retired on 25 April 2007 at Cruyff's 60th birthday celebration match.
Notes:
Youth/reserves squad
For the reserve squad of Ajax see: Jong Ajax.
Notable former players
Board and staff
Current board
Executive Board
Chairman: Frank Eijken
Board members: 3 – ( Wendy Nagel, Marc Stuut, Sander Mallie)
Board of Directors
Chief executive officer: Jan van Halst (interim)
Chief financial officer: Susan Lenderink
Chief commercial officer: Menno Geelen
Chief sports officer: Maurits Hendriks
Director of football: Vacant
Supervisory Board
Chairman: Pier Eringa
Board members: 4 – ( Annette Mosman, Jan van Halst, Cees van Oevelen, Georgette Schlick)
Current staff
Coaching staff
Head coach: John van 't Schip (interim)
Assistant coaches: Hedwiges Maduro Said Bakkati
First-team coach: Richard Witschge
Goalkeeping coach: Anton Scheutjens
Performance coach: Alessandro Schoenmaker
Medical staff
Team doctor: Bas Peijs
Team doctor: Don de Winter
Physiotherapist: Ralph van der Horst
Physiotherapist: Pim van Dord
Physiotherapist: Frank van Deursen
Fitness coach / Recovery trainer: Björn Rekelhof
Accompanying staff
Team manager: Jan Siemerink
Players supervisor: Herman Pinkster
Loan coach: Michel Kreek
Press officer: Miel Brinkhuis
List of Ajax chairmen
Floris Stempel (1900–08)
Chris Holst (1908–10)
Han Dade (1910–12)
Chris Holst (1912–13)
Willem Egeman (1913–25)
Frans Schoevaart (1925–32)
Marius Koolhaas (1932–56)
Wim Volkers (1956–58)
Jan Melchers (1958–64)
Jaap van Praag (1964–78)
Ton Harmsen (1978–88)
Michael van Praag (1989–2003)
John Jaakke (2003–08)
Uri Coronel (2008–11)
Hennie Henrichs (2011–20)
Frank Eijken (2020–present)
List of Ajax coaches
Jack Kirwan (1910–15)
Jack Reynolds (1915–25)
Harold Rose (1925–26)
Stanley Castle (1926–28)
Jack Reynolds (1928–40)
Vilmos Halpern (1940–41)
Wim Volkers (1941–42)
Dolf van Kol (1942–45)
Jack Reynolds (1945–47)
Robert Smith (1947–48)
Walter Crook (1948–50)
Robert Thomson (1950–52)
Karel Kaufman (1952–53)
Walter Crook (1953–54)
Karl Humenberger (1954–59)
Vic Buckingham (1959–61)
Keith Spurgeon (1961–62)
Joseph Gruber (1962–63)
Jack Rowley (1963–64)
Vic Buckingham (1964–65)
Rinus Michels (1965–71)
Ștefan Kovács (1971–73)
George Knobel (1973–74)
Bobby Haarms (1974, interim)
Hans Kraay (1974–75)
Jan van Daal (1975, interim)
Rinus Michels (1975–76)
Tomislav Ivić (1976–78)
Cor Brom (1978–79)
Leo Beenhakker (1979–81)
Aad de Mos (1981, interim)
Kurt Linder (1981–82)
Aad de Mos (1982–85)
Antoine Kohn, Tonny Bruins Slot and Cor van der Hart (1985, interim)
Johan Cruyff (1985–88)
Kurt Linder (1988)
Antoine Kohn, Bobby Haarms and Barry Hulshoff (1988–89, interim)
Leo Beenhakker (1989–91)
Louis van Gaal (1991–97)
Morten Olsen (1997–99)
Jan Wouters (1999–2000)
Hans Westerhof (2000, interim)
Co Adriaanse (2000–01)
Ronald Koeman (2001–05)
Ruud Krol (2005, interim)
Danny Blind (2005–06)
Henk ten Cate (2006–07)
Adrie Koster (2007–08, interim)
Marco van Basten (2008–09)
John van 't Schip (2009, interim)
Martin Jol (2009–10)
Frank de Boer (2010–16)
Peter Bosz (2016–17)
Marcel Keizer (2017)
Erik ten Hag (2017–2022)
Alfred Schreuder (2022–2023)
John Heitinga (2023)
Maurice Steijn (2023)
Hedwiges Maduro (2023, interim)
John van 't Schip (2023–2024, interim)
Honours
Official trophies (recognized by UEFA and FIFA)
National
Netherlands Football League Championship / Eredivisie (36; record):
1917–18, 1918–19, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1933–34, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1946–47, 1956–57, 1959–60, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1989–90, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22
KNVB Cup (20; record):
1916–17, 1942–43, 1960–61, 1966–67, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1978–79, 1982–83, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1992–93, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2009–10, 2018–19, 2020–21
Johan Cruyff Shield (9):
1993, 1994, 1995, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2013, 2019
European
European Cup / UEFA Champions League (4; Dutch record):
1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1994–95
European Cup Winners' Cup (1; Dutch record):
1986–87
UEFA Cup (1):
1991–92
Super Competition / UEFA Super Cup (2; Dutch record):
1973, 1995 Ajax also won in 1972, however UEFA only sanctioned the UEFA Super Cup for the first time in 1973 so the 1972 edition was an unofficial one. Played against Rangers, winners of the 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, it actually went ahead as 'a celebration of the Centenary of Rangers F.C.' (see below) because Rangers was serving a one-year ban at the time, imposed by UEFA for the misbehaviour of its fans. That victory meant Ajax had won every tournament (5 in total) they entered that year, a feat Celtic achieved in 1967 (with 6 trophies), Barcelona in 2009 (6 trophies), and Bayern in 2020 (also 6 trophies).
Worldwide
Intercontinental Cup (2; Dutch record):
1972, 1995
Other trophies
Ajax have won numerous friendly tournaments, unsanctioned by UEFA or FIFA, including the Amsterdam Tournament, Bruges Matins Trophy, Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu, Eusébio Cup, Ted Bates Trophy, Jalkapalloturnaus and Chippie Polar Cup. (For a complete list, see the list of AFC Ajax honours)
Club Awards
World Soccer World Team of the Year : 1
1995
France Football European Team of the Year : 4
1969, 1971, 1972, 1973
Dutch Sports Team of the Year : 5
1968, 1969, 1972, 1987, 1995
Sports Team of the Year : 1
1990
Dick van Rijn Trophy : 1
1995
Amsterdam Sportsteam of the year: 3
2011, 2013, 2014
ING Fair Play Award : 2
2013, 2014
Fair Play Cup : 1
1995
FIFA Club of the Century : shared 5th place
20th Century
kicker Sportmagazin Club of the Century: 2nd place
20th Century
Best Dutch club after 50 years of professional football : 1
2004
Football shirt of the Year : Ajax away shirt by adidas
2013–14
The Four-Four-Two Greatest Club Side Ever : Ajax (1965–1973)
2013
VVCS Best Pitch of the Year : 1
2012
Honorary club members
Ajax have a total of 45 honorary club members, from people who have been invested within the club's administrative engagements, to committed players who have excelled in the athletic department. Of those 45 members 40 have since died. Five members still remain, having been reduced from eight members after Piet Keizer renounced his membership, seven after the passing of Johan Cruyff and six after the passing of Uri Coronel.
Hennie Henrichs
Arie van Os
Michael van Praag
Rob Been
Sjaak Swart
The remaining 40 honorary members who have since died:
Floris Stempel
Han Dade
Chris Holst
L.W. van Fliet
K.W.F. van der Lee
Henk Alofs
Frans Schoevaart
Jan Grootmeijer
J. Oudheusden
Willem Egeman
Jan Schoevaart
Marius Koolhaas
Jordanus Roodenburgh
Theo Brokmann
F.H.W. de Bruijn
Jan de Boer
Frans Couton
A.L. Desmit
Wim Anderiesen
Wim Volkers
Jan Elzenga
Roef Vunderink
Kick Geudeker
G. de Jongh
Jack Reynolds
Ferry Dukker
Arie de Wit
W.F.C. Bruijnesteijn
Jan Westrik
Jaap van Praag
Henk Hordijk
M.J.W. Middendorp
Rinus Michels
Henk Timman
Jan Potharst
Bobby Haarms
André Kraan
Willem Schoevaart
Johan Cruyff
Uri Coronel
Results
Domestic results
Below is a table with Ajax's domestic results since the introduction of the in 1956.
Continental results
Team records
Most match appearances: 463 – Sjaak Swart
Most goals scored: 273 – Piet van Reenen
Most goals scored in a season: 41 – Henk Groot
First Ajax player to receive an International cap: Gerard Fortgens for the Netherlands in 1911
First Ajax player to score a goal for the national team: Theo Brokmann for the Netherlands in 1919
Club van 100
The Club van 100 is the official list of Football players who have appeared in one hundred or more official matches for AFC Ajax. The club currently has a total of over 150 members. The record for league appearances is held by Mr. Ajax himself Sjaak Swart, who appeared in 463 league matches for Ajax. There is a beneficiary team called Lucky Ajax, which was initiated by Sjaak Swart. Lucky Ajax participate in at least one match a year, usually in the name of charity, and commonly at football ceremonies to bid farewell to retiring players. One of the prerequisites for playing on Lucky Ajax, which is invitational only, is that you are a member of the Club van 100, having made at least 100 official match appearances for Ajax in the first team of the club.
Lucky Ajax
Lucky Ajax is a beneficiary team that was initiated by Sjaak Swart in the seventies, competing in at least one match a year, usually in the name of charity and/or to bid farewell to retiring former Ajax players. The team is made up of various members of the Club van 100 of Ajax who will come out of retirement for this match to face the Ajax squad that is current of that year. Past participants have included Barry Hulshoff, Sonny Silooy, Simon Tahamata, Ronald Koeman, Tscheu La Ling, Gerrie Mühren, John van 't Schip, Brian Roy, Stanley Menzo, Peter van Vossen and Fred Grim. The name Lucky Ajax is derived from the famous "Lucky Ajax" nickname from how people used to refer to the club when Ajax would either win a match by chance, by a decision of a referee, or by coincidence such as was said to be the case during the infamous Mistwedstrijd ("Fog Match").
Number 14 shirt
As of the 2007–08 season, no player could wear the number 14 shirt at Ajax after the club decided to retire the shirt out of respect for Johan Cruyff, "the legendary number fourteen". Cruyff himself laughed off the tribute, saying the club had to let its best player play with number 14. Spanish midfielder Roger was the last player to wear the number. Marvin Zeegelaar wore the shirt number In preparation for the 2011–12 season in one preseason match, while Aras Özbiliz wore the number 14 shirt in one pre-season match ahead of the 2011–12 season as well. The club stated that this was, in fact, not done in error.
Below is a list of all players to wear the number 14 shirt since Johan Cruyff's departure.
Former captains
Team tournaments
Amsterdam Tournament
Established in 1975 as the Amsterdam 700 Tournament to celebrate 700 years of history in the city. The tournament was hosted annually each summer by Ajax until 1992, when the last edition of the original tournament was played. It returned in 1999 with the backing of the International Event Partnership (IEP). Four teams participated in the competition, played in a league format since 1986. Since its return, the tournament used an unusual point scoring system. As with most league competitions, three points were awarded for a win, one for a draw, and none for a loss. An additional point, however, was awarded for each goal scored. The system was designed to reward teams that adopted a more attacking style of play. Each entrant played two matches, with the winner being the club that finished at the top of the table. The original competition was held at Het Olympisch Stadion where Ajax played the bigget games until 1996. The Amsterdam Arena (now Johan Cruyff Arena) played host to the event since its return until the last edition was played in 2009. Ajax is the most successful team of the tournament, having won it a record ten times, while Benfica from Portugal was the last team to win the tournament, in 2009.
Copa Amsterdam
Established in 2005, the Copa Amsterdam is an international friendly football tournament for Under-19 youth teams, that is organized by Ajax and the Amsterdam city council, which takes place at the Olympic Stadium as part of the annual Amsterdam Sports Weekend, a citywide sponsored initiative to promote 'sports and recreation' within the city of Amsterdam. Each Summer the city of Amsterdam and Ajax invite U-19 teams from various top clubs from around the World to participate in the tournament. Seven teams are invited and play in the competition every year. Over the years, clubs such as Barcelona, Juventus, Chelsea and Real Madrid have had their senior youth teams participate in the tournament. Cruzeiro from Brazil is the most successful club in the history of the tournament, having won it three times in total.
Future Cup
Established in 2010, the AEGON Future Cup is an international friendly tournament for Under-17 youth teams, which is organized by AFC Ajax and their main sponsor, the insurance company AEGON. The tournament is held each year at the Johan Cruyff Arena and at the Sportpark De Toekomst, the team's training ground, which also inspired the name of the competition, since De Toekomst in Dutch means The Future. Every year during the Easter weekend, six U-17 teams are invited to participate in the competition, while the seventh place for the contesters is reserved for the winners of the "Craques Mongeral AEGON Future Cup" in Brazil, the sister competition of the tournament in South America. Youth teams from top clubs such as Manchester United, Bayern Munich, Milan and many more have participated in the competition over the years. Ajax is the most successful club of the tournament, having won the trophy a total of five times.
See also
List of football clubs in the Netherlands
Bibliography
David Endt, De godenzonen van Ajax, Rap, Amsterdam, 1993,
Jan Baltus Kok, Naar Ajax. Mobiliteitspatronen van bezoekers bij vier thuiswedstrijden van Ajax, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1992,
Simon Kuper, Ajax, The Dutch, The War. Football in Europe during the Second World War, Orion Books, London (Translation of: Ajax, de Joden en Nederland ("Ajax, the Jews, The Netherlands)", 2003,
Evert Vermeer, 95 jaar Ajax. 1900–1995, Luitingh-Sijthoff, Amsterdam, 1996,
External links
AFC Ajax at weltfussballarchiv
AFC Ajax at soccerway
References
Football clubs in Amsterdam
Football clubs in the Netherlands
1900 establishments in the Netherlands
Association football clubs established in 1900
G-14 clubs
Aj
Aj
Aj
Aj
A |
Golubovka () is a rural locality () in Rusanovsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population:
Geography
The village is located on the Usozha River (a left tributary of the Svapa in the basin of the Seym), 101 km from the Russia–Ukraine border, 46 km north-west of Kursk, 1.5 km west of the district center – the town Fatezh, 1 km from the selsoviet center – Basovka.
Climate
Golubovka has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).
Transport
Golubovka is located 0.5 km from the federal route Crimea Highway as part of the European route E105, 1.5 km from the road of regional importance (Fatezh – Dmitriyev), 1 km from the road of intermunicipal significance (M2 "Crimea Highway" – Chibisovka), 32.5 km from the nearest railway halt 29 km (railway line Arbuzovo – Luzhki-Orlovskiye).
The rural locality is situated 48 km from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 166 km from Belgorod International Airport and 235 km from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
References
Notes
Sources
Rural localities in Fatezhsky District |
This is a family tree of the main line of descent of Confucius ().
Family tree
List of prominent descendants of Confucius not in the main line
The title of Duke of Song and "Duke Who Continues and Honours the Yin" (殷紹嘉公) were bestowed upon Kong An (孔安 (東漢) by the Eastern Han dynasty because he was part of the Shang dynasty's legacy. This branch of the Confucius family is a separate branch from the line that held the title of Marquis of Fengsheng village and later Duke Yansheng.
Kong Anguo 11th generation descendant, son of Kong Zhong ()
Kong Jie 孔捷, Kong Xi 孔喜, Kong Guang 孔光, sons of Kong Ba 孔霸, younger brothers of Kong Fu 孔福. 14th generation descendants.
Kong Zhou (Eastern Han) 20th generation descendant
Kong Rong 20th generation descendant
The Southern Branch of the Confucius family at Quzhou. During the Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, one in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000. The Hanlin Academy rank of Wujing boshi 五經博士 was awarded to the southern branch at Quzhou by a Ming Emperor while the northern branch at Qufu held the title Duke Yansheng.
Kong Ruogu 孔若古 Kong Chuan () 47th generation Claimed to be the ancestor of the Southern branch after Kong Zhu died by Northern branch member Kong Guanghuang. The leader of the southern branch is 孔祥楷 Kong Xiangkai.
Kong Daofu 孔道輔 45th generation, Grand Master of Remonstrance of the Right under Emperor Renzong of Song
Kong Zonghan 孔宗翰 46th generation, Song dynasty official
Kong Zongyuan 孔宗願 46th generation
Kong Ruozhuo 孔若拙 47th generation
Kong Yu 孔瑀, 49th generation
Kong Zongshou 孔宗壽 46th generation
Kong Jian 孔僉
Kong Shuxuan 孔淑玄
Kong Yingda 32nd generation descendant, son of Kong An (孔安) 31st generation, son of Kong Shuo (孔碩) 30st generation, son of Kong Linggui (孔靈龜 29th generation, descendant of Kong Yang 孔扬 22nd generation, son of Kong Yu 孔郁 21st generation, 7th generation descendant of Kong Fu 孔福) (The Kong An here was a 31st generation descendant who lived during the Northern Qi and was not the same as the Kong An (孔安) shown on the tree who was a 17th generation descendant who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty)
Kong Xiuyuan 孔休源 32nd generation
Kong Zongfan 孔宗笵 33rd generation
Kong Yuntong 孔雲童 33rd generation
Kong Keren 孔克仁 55th generation descendant.
Kong Gongxun 孔公恂 58th generation
Kong Wenji 孔聞籍 62nd generation
Kong Zhenkan 孔貞堪, 63rd generation, Magistrate of Qufu, surrendered to Li Zicheng.
Kong Shangze 孔尚則 64th generation.
Kong Shangren 64th generation descendant
Kong Xianglin (K'ung Hsiang-lin)孔祥霖 75th generation descendant
H. H. Kung (Kong Xiangxi) 75th generation descendant, son of Kong Fanci ()
His children were Kong Lingyi (Kung Ling-i) 孔令儀, Kong Lingkan (Kung Ling-k'an) 孔令侃, Kong Lingjun (Kung Ling-chun) 孔令俊, and Kong Lingjie (Kung Ling-chie) 孔令傑. One of H. H. Kung's sons, Kong Lingjie 孔令傑 married Debra Paget who gave birth to Gregory Kung ().
Kong Xianglin 孔祥林, philosopher, Deputy Dean of the Research Institute of Confucianism, Director of the Qufu Committee for the Preservation of Cultural Relics.
Kong Fanqi () 74th generation descendant, mother of Li Fengshan (李鳳山) and grandmother of Ann Li (李怜宜)
Kong Zhaoshou 71st generation descendant
Kong Zhaowei 孔昭巍 71st generation descendant
Kong Deyong, 77th generation descendant
Kong Xiangxian, Chinese Muslim, 75th generation descendant
Kong Dejun () Chinese Muslim Islamic scholar, 77th generation descendant
Kong Lingjun 孔令儁, 76th generation descendant
曲阜孔氏 (곡부 공씨 in Korean; Gokbu Gong clan in English): During the Yuan dynasty, Gong So (孔紹/공소, 1304-1381), who claimed to be one of the Duke Yansheng Kong Huan's 孔浣 sons, moved from China to Goryeo era Korea, wedding a Korean woman (Jo Jin-gyeong's [曹晉慶] daughter) during Toghon Temür's rule. Gong So's descendants have established numerous cadet branches to the modern era.
Generation name
Along with the descendants of the other Four Sages (Confucius, Mencius, Zengzi, and Yan Hui), the descendants of Confucius still determine part of their children's given names using this generation poem given to them by the Ming dynasty Jianwen Emperor and extended by later emperors:
希言公彥承，宏聞貞尚衍；
興毓傳繼廣，昭憲慶繁祥；
令德維垂佑，欽紹念顯揚；
建道敦安定，懋修肇彝常；
裕文煥景瑞，永錫世緒昌。
See also
Duke Yansheng (the title of these descendants since the Song dynasty)
Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee
孔子世家 Well known individual descendants of Confucius listed by generation
孔子世家大宗世系 Family tree tracing descent from the Yellow Emperor down to the Dukes of Yansheng
孔子世家南宗北宗世系图 Family tree showing the split between the Northern and Southern branches of Confucius descendants.
孔子世家总世系图 (中兴祖前)
孔子世家谱 History of the Confucius Family Tree compilation
孔子世家四支和五位的世系圖 Cadet branches which break off at Kong Renyu 孔仁玉.
孔子世家五凝世系图 Cadet branches from the five sons of Kong Zhaohuan 孔昭煥
孔子世家十二府世系图 The 12 cadet branches descended from Kong Xingxie 孔兴燮
Gokbu Gong clan Branch of Confucius descendants in Korea established by Kong Shao who moved from China to Korea and married a Korean woman.
Bibliography
Records of the Grand Historian: Annals of the Shang Dynasty 《史记·殷本纪》
Wang Guowei, Guantang Jilin 王国维《观堂集林》
Records of the Grand Historian: House of Song Weizi《史记·宋微子世家》
Records of the Grand Historian: House of Kongzi《史记·孔子世家》
Chunqiu Zuozhuan zhengyi 《春秋左传正义·昭公七年》
Book of Han: Annals of Emperor Cheng 《汉书·成帝纪》
Book of Han: Table of nobles from families of the imperial consorts《汉书·外戚恩泽表》
Book of Han: Biographies of Kuang, Zhang, Kong and Ma《汉书·匡张孔马传》
Book of the Later Han: Biographies of Confucians 《后汉书·儒林传上·孔僖传》
Annotation of Book of the Later Han: Biographies of Confucians 《后汉书注·儒林传上·孔僖传》
New Book of Tang: Table of genealogy of Chancellors V 《新唐书·宰相世系表五》
History of Song: Biographies of Confucians I 《宋史·儒林一·孔宜传》
History of Song: Rites 22《宋史•志第七十二》
History of Jin: Biography of Kong Fan 《金史·孔璠传》
History of Yuan: Biography of Kong Sihui 《元史·孔思晦传》
History of Ming: Biographies of Confucians III 《明史·儒林三·孔希学传》
Draft History of Qing: Biographies of Confucians IV《清史稿·儒林四》
Liancongzi《连从子·叙书》
Genealogy book of House of Kongzi《孔子世家谱》 山东友谊出版社
Family Sayings of Confucius 《孔子家語》
References
Further reading
Family trees
Descent from antiquity
People from Qufu
Family tree |
Darren Alexander Foreman (born 14 May 1982), better known as Beardyman, is a British multivocalist, musician and comedian from London known for his beatboxing skills and use of live looping.
Early life
After studying at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys, Barnet, Foreman moved to Brighton in 2001 to study at the University of Sussex. Although he started making noises at the age of three by imitating Michael Winslow from the Police Academy movie series, it was seeing Rahzel perform live that convinced Foreman that beatboxing could sustain a whole show rather than simply provide interludes within the context of a broader presentation. Beardyman's first musical venture was composing a symphony for his school orchestra at the age of ten. At fifteen, an introduction to drum and bass led to his long-standing obsession with music technology. Darren was given the nickname "Beardyman" because a name was quickly needed for a flyer for an early show, and he had a beard at the time.
He is the brother of comedian and YouTuber Jay Foreman, with whom he sometimes collaborates onstage.
Career
Musical style
In 2006 Beardyman battled to become UK Beatbox Champion and retained his title in 2007 making him the first beatboxer in UK history to win two championships in a row. He was on the 2008 judging panel.
Already an accomplished solo beatboxer in the modern tradition, Beardyman was further inspired by MC Xander to use music technology such as the Korg Kaoss Pad 3 to loop and sample his vocals. Through his use of loop pedals and effects tools, he effectively produces whole DJ sets via live production—entire sets where the songs (both covers of well-known hits and his own original material) are constructed, live, from his vocalizations.
His music frequently contains elements of drum and bass, dubstep, breakbeat, trance, techno and other associated forms of electronic dance music. He also incorporates other forms of music into his live sets, including but not limited to reggae and country music, often purely for the purpose of providing a comedic counterpoint to his beatboxing. Virtually all of his music is created using only his mouth and vocal cords to produce sounds, and incorporating music technology such as vocoders and software synthesis to alter the pitch of his voice, or to add various kinds of audio effects such as delays, reverbs or modulation effects. In various YouTube videos various pieces of electronic equipment can be spotted, notably the Korg Kaossilator Pro, the Kaoss Pad 3 (also known as the KP3), a Korg Wavedrum, a microKORG, a Boss GT-8 and a Boss RC-50.
In a departure from his prior live work, Beardyman released his debut album I Done a Album on 21 March 2011.
As of 2012 he has foregone the usage of Kaoss Pads in favour of proprietary software he has been developing, currently known as the Beardytron 5000 MkII. "Over the past 3 years I have worked tirelessly on the system, overseeing its development and testing, improving and configuring it. I had no choice really, as the shows I want to do are simply not possible using any existing off the shelf gear, existing software or even cobbled together patches using freeware. The system is essentially my life's work and will continue to be what I use for all my future endeavours. The Beardytron 5000 mkII is a work in progress and at some point you'll be able to buy some form of looper/production-system based on the innovations developed to make my shows possible."
Beardyman further states: "The system is built from the ground up in C++ and Objective-C by Dave Gamble of DMGAudio and employs 15 instances and counting of a partly bespoke version of Sugarbytes' incredible linear-8-way-morph-engine controlled multi-effect 'Turnado'. Guitar rig is also used along with Rob Papen's delay. The system is controlled using two iPads running bespoke programs using a specially developed high definition, self-reconnecting protocol."
On 29 November 2012 Beardyman posted a live gig performed in October 2012 in Pune, India, which was the first live gig audio revealed online to solely use the Beardytron 5000 MkII. He has stated that the software for the Beardytron 5000 MkII will be available to purchase by the public sometime in 2014.
On 28 February 2013, Beardyman gave a talk at a TED conference, an 11-minute overview and demonstration of the Beardytron 5000 MkII. Before demonstrating the capabilities of the Beardytron 5000, he provides an example of some of the sounds he is capable of making with only his vocal cords, such as crying babies, vinyl record scratching, buzzing flies, overtone singing, various animals, a didgeridoo and beatboxing. He then explains that despite his ability to create sounds, the human voice is still intrinsically limited by its physical and biological characteristics. He describes his invention as a real-time music production machine. He states: "It enables me to, using nothing but my voice, create music in real time as I hear it in my head, unimpeded by any physical restrictions my body might place on me." The video was uploaded to the TED.com website, the TEDTalks YouTube channel and Beardyman's website on 2 August 2013.
Collaborators
His interest in exploring new musical technology is also evident in the innovative Battlejam club nights he hosts with 2007 DMC champion turntablist JFB. Here the live looping technology is augmented with live sampling of the audience to make the hook of instantly composed tracks and even live video sampling and scratching.
He has gigged and recorded with MC Klumzy Tung as part of MC/beatbox duo The Gobfathers. Together, they presented Get Lucky TV's 'The Freestyle Show" in 2005, and also appeared as traffic wardens in a hidden camera show for E4.
In 2008 he collaborated with visual artist mr hopkinson, to produce a video called Monkey Jazz which visually describes the live looping process, which has had over 1 million views on YouTube. Since then they have worked together to produce various multi-camera videos of Beardyman's performances filmed at the Cube Microplex. Beardyman has also appeared on stage for improvised live shows with mr_hopkinson providing visual backdrops from images instantly searched from the internet in response to audience suggestions at Just for Laughs Montreal and Edinburgh Fringe international comedy festivals, sourcing and manipulating images live from the internet in response to audience suggestions.
Beardyman was commissioned in 2010 to produce a promotional video for Dolby Mobile, a surround sound chip for mobile devices. For this, he wrote and performed the YouTube video DOLBYMAN, exhibiting a multitude of genres to showcase the chip's abilities.
Viral videos
Beardyman often incorporates humour into his act. He has impersonated Elvis, dressed as a monkey on stage at Bestival, and once posed as an Austrian climate change lecturer, "Professor Bernhard Steinerhoff", before breaking into his set, with over 2 million views on YouTube. He also features in the Funky Sage ring tones in which he plays a floating head who beatboxes and gives good advice. His video "Kitchen Diaries" which features him combining beatboxing with cooking has been viewed more than 5 million times on YouTube. "Kitchen Diaries" also makes an appearance in South Coast, a Brighton-based documentary about hip hop in the UK.
Vocal abilities
Beardyman is known for his eclectic array of vocal techniques, which include beatboxing, singing, rapping, overtone singing, scat singing, instrument/sound mimicry and voice impressions.
Since 2020 Darren has voiced Love Monster on the show of the same name on CBeebies.
Media appearances
During November 2006 he took part in a series of children's choir charity concerts called Young Voices appearing in Manchester, Birmingham, London and Belfast.
On 10 February 2007 he made an appearance on the second episode of the BBC One show When Will I Be Famous. Despite winning over the studio audience and two of the three judges, he came second in a public vote. On the same day, he was on also on the Channel 4 show Homemade where he was profiled as the weirdest beatboxer around. Beardyman supported Groove Armada on their UK tour in 2007.
In July 2009, he appeared at the Udderbelly during its residency at South Bank in London. This was for an ensemble comedy show called "Beardyman's Complete and Utter Shambles" featuring JFB, MC Klumzy Tung, Beardyman's comedian brother Jay Foreman, visual artist mr_hopkinson, guitarist 'J'm Black, saxophonist Hellanor and comedian Reggie Watts. The show took the technology based entertainment experiments of Battlejam to a more theatrical comedy club setting. A reduced cast version of the show renamed "Beardyman's Unplanned Explosion" went on to appear at the Udderbelly at the Edinburgh Festival in late August 2009, and again at Bristol Old Vic in October 2009.
Beardyman appeared in the BBC Comedy Prom 2011 with Tim Minchin.
Beardyman cites the Lyrebird as a form of inspiration, and hosted a BBC Radio 4 documentary about the bird entitled, "Beardyman and the Mimics".
He regularly appears on the BBC Radio 4 Now Show and was a guest panelist on Series 18, Episode 5 of The Infinite Monkey Cage.
Discography
Studio albums
I Done a Album (2011)
Distractions (2014)
Live albums
Beardyman presents The Dream Team, Live at Electric Brixton (featuring Dizraeli, Bellatrix, LeeN, Rob Lewis and Emre Ramazanoglu) (2016)
Extended plays
Oh!/Smell the Vibe (2012)
Oh!/Smell the Vibe (Remixes) (2012)
Concentrations (2014)
Singles
As lead artist
"Where Does Your Mind Go?" (2011)
"Mountain Side" (2015)
"6AM (Ready to Write)" (2019) (featuring Joe Rogan)
"Shelter me from the rain" (2022) (featuring MC HyperScott)
As featured artist
"Eat, Sleep, Rave, Repeat" (2013) (Fatboy Slim and Riva Starr featuring Beardyman)
"Boom F**king Boom" (2017) (Fatboy Slim featuring Beardyman)
References
External links
George Bull interviews Beardyman for Heso magazine in March 2008
Beardyman video interview at Hydro Connect Festival August 2008
Beardyman interview, June 2008
TED Talk: The polyphonic me (TED2013)
Alumni of the University of Sussex
British beatboxers
English male singers
Jewish English musicians
Musicians from London
1982 births
Living people
People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys
People from Stanmore
Articles containing video clips
21st-century English singers
21st-century British male singers |
Gareth Costa (born 23 November 1964) is a South African rower. He competed in the men's lightweight coxless four event at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
South African male rowers
Olympic rowers for South Africa
Rowers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Rowers from Johannesburg |
Giovanni Dolfin (or Delfino) (Venice, 22 April 1617 - Udine, 20 July 1699) was an Italian Catholic Cardinal, writer and playwright.
Biography
The nephew of Giovanni Delfino seniore, he received a comprehensive cultural education and graduated in utroque iure at the University of Padua. He was at first senator of the Republic of Venice, then, after various ecclesiastical duties he was consecrated titular bishop of Tagaste on 30 November 1656 by Carlo Carafa della Spina, Bishop of Aversa. In 1656 Girolamo Gradenigo wanted him as coadjutor in the Patriarchate of Aquileia. He succeeded him as patriarch two years later. He governed the patriarchate through his brother and nephew, who were his coadjutors with right of succession.
On the request of the Republic of Venice, on 18 July 1667 Pope Alexander VII appointed him Cardinal-Priest of San Salvatore in Lauro and then Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Vito, Modesto e Crescenzia. He was commendatory abbot of Rosazzo from 1668 until his death.
He took part in the conclave of 1667, that of 1669–1670, that of 1676, that of 1689 and finally that of 1691; during the latter he was among the principal papabili, but his election was blocked by the Spaniards who did not see favorably a Venetian on the papal throne.
While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Alvise Sagredo, Patriarch of Venice (1678). He is buried in the tomb of his ancestors in the church of San Michele in Isola.
Works
Delfino's literary activity begun in his university years in Padua. Today he is chiefly remembered for his four plays. He wrote three historical tragedies based on the traditional Counter-Reformation conflict between reason of state and love or personal ethics: Cleopatra, Lucrezia, Creso; and a free adaptation from the Orlando Furioso, Medoro, all printed posthumously. Delfino contributed to the controversy over the propriety of rhyme in tragedy, and himself used less rhyme in his later works.
Although well known and appreciated in intellectually distinguished circles, Delfino chose not to publish his works during his lifetime. The Cleopatra was first printed in Scipione Maffei's collection Teatro italiano. The four tragedies were published in Utrecht in 1730 and re-edited in a much more correct edition by Comino in Padua in 1733 together with an apologetic Dialogo sopra le tragedie, in which he advocated a neoclassical reform of tragedy.
Delfino wrote six Dialogues in verse on philosophical and scientific questions that were published posthumously in Venice in 1740. He left two manuscripts containing ten philosophical and scientific Dialogues in prose. Delfino appears to be very well versed in the New Science, discusses Pierre Gassendi’s and Galileo’s theories, Lucretius' atomism, the philosophy of Franciscus Patricius and Francis Bacon and the scientific and philosophical ideas of Fortunio Liceti and Athanasius Kircher. His vivid writing style was much appreciated by Orazio Rucellai and Carlo Roberto Dati. Only one of his prose Dialogues - dedicated to astronomy - has been published.
He wrote also poems on celebratory, heroic or meditative subjects and ethical and political remarks on Sallust's Bellum Catilinae and Tacitus's Agricola.
Delfino was made a member of the Accademia Galileiana on April 3, 1645, and of the Accademia della Crusca on September 27, 1667. His correspondents included, among others: the poets Ciro di Pers, and Michelangelo Torcigliani, the Emperor Leopold I, the Generalfeldmarschall Raimondo Montecuccoli, the Cardinal Giulio Rospigliosi (famous poet and future Pope Clement IX) and the Jesuit philosopher and Cardinal Francesco Sforza Pallavicino.
List of works
Bibliography
B. CHIURLO, I manoscritti letterari del patriarca Giovanni Delfino, «Archivio veneto», s. 5, XXIV (1939), 121-71;
F. ANSELMO, Giovanni Delfino tra classico e barocco, Messina, 1962.
D. DELLA VALLE, Il neostoicismo in una tragedia barocca italiana. La Cleopatra del cardinal Delfino, in La frattura. Studi sul barocco letterario francese, Ravenna, 1970, 306-17;
M. SARNELLI, «Ed a me piacque sempre / filosofar con libertà...» i sei dialoghi filosofico-scientifici in poesia di Giovanni Delfino, «Philo(:)logica», IV/7 (1995), 66-89 and 8, 96-118;
References
Works cited
External links
17th-century Italian cardinals
17th-century Italian dramatists and playwrights
1617 births
1699 deaths
Republic of Venice clergy
17th-century Venetian people
17th-century Venetian writers |
On the morning of July 24, 1973, in Dallas, Texas, 30-year-old Dallas Police Officer Darrell Lee Cain murdered Santos Rodriguez, a 12-year-old Mexican-American child. Officer Cain and Officer Roy R. Arnold were investigating reports of a burglary at a Fina gas station when they took Santos Rodriguez and his 13-year-old brother David Rodriguez from their home for an impromptu interrogation over the burglary. Cain shot Santos Rodriguez while conducting Russian roulette on the brothers in an attempt to force a confession from them.
Cain was found guilty of murder with malice, and was sentenced to the minimum five years in prison. He was released on September 11, 1979, after serving the minimum two-and-a-half-year sentence.
Parties involved
Santos Rodriguez
Santos Rodriguez was born on November 7, 1960, and was the child of Bessie Garcia and David Rodriguez. He was reported to have been tall. At the time of his death, Santos and his brother lived with an adoptive grandfather, 84-year-old Carlos Minez, at 2921 N. Pearl St. in the Little Mexico neighborhood of Dallas. Their mother, Bessie, was serving a five-year sentence in the Goree women's unit of Huntsville State Prison. She had been convicted for the April 1971 killing of 62-year-old Leonard Brown, her boyfriend. Santos and his brother, David, were placed in the home of Minez, who had helped care for Bessie during her childhood, at their mother's request after her conviction. The three youngest Rodriguez siblings, Ruben, Robert, and Juanita, were placed in foster homes.
Santos was a student at William B. Travis Elementary School at 3001 McKinney Ave. Santos and his brother, David, had previous run-ins with the law over shoplifting and truancy, and Santos was described by his teachers as naive and easily influenced, deep thinking, gentle and a fan of classical music. Teachers would also report to The Dallas Morning News that they "kept feeling all along that something was going to happen to those boys". Supervisors at the Pike Park Community Center where Santos played described him as someone who was willing to volunteer to help clean the park and community center. Santos played soccer at Pike Park, and friends described how he played as a starter and could kick a soccer ball halfway down a field. His mother reported that he enjoyed listening to the band Santana, and loved eating enchiladas and hotdogs.
David Rodriguez
David Rodriguez was Santos' older brother. He was also a student at William B. Travis Elementary at the time of Santos' death. David was in the police car with his brother when Santos was shot, and witnessed his death. David currently lives in Dallas, Texas.
Darrell L. Cain
Darrell Lee Cain, 30, was a five-year veteran of the Dallas Police Department, when he committed the murder of Santos. He was born in Benkelman, Nebraska, on March 31, 1943. He died on March 17, 2019. He was married in 1964, and had one son at the time of the murder. He served in the Army from 1962 to 1965, and was honorably discharged with the rank of Spec 4.
Cain had been previously involved in the controversial death of 18-year-old Michael Morehead (also spelled Michael Moorhead) on April 20, 1970. At around 3:10 a.m. Cain and another officer, Jeffery L. Kirksey, were investigating a silent burglar alarm that had been set off at the Empire Bar & Grill at 3307 Munger Ave. They found Morehead and a relative burgling the restaurant. Morehead and his 26-year-old relative fled the scene, but Morehead was shot three times as he fled, leading to his death. In total, Cain had fired five shots and Kirksey fired eight. Morehead's grandmother produced recorded statements from witnesses claiming that Morehead had been shot while he was on the ground, and that he had begged the officers not to shoot him. While witnesses to the shooting later changed their statements following questioning by the FBI, investigations of the shooting revealed that the officers had shot into the grassy field where Morehead lay. No charges were ever brought against Cain or Kirksey, but they were moved to another patrol area in part due to public pressure and protests. Michael Morehead was the son of George Morehead and Carrie Young. He lived at 2123 Johnson Place, and was buried in Glen Oak Memorial Cemetery in Dallas. Later that year, Cain shot and wounded a man in a Dallas city park.
Roy R. Arnold
Roy Arnold, 23, was a three-year veteran of the Dallas Police Department at the time of Santos' death. His father was police sergeant Horace "Hap" Arnold. Arnold was not charged in the Santos Rodriguez murder case. On August 3, 1973, he was dismissed from the Dallas Police force for failure to file a full report of the night of the shooting. A resident of the neighborhood where the murder occurred reported to the Dallas Police on August 2, 1973, that they had heard a gunshot from the area before the shooting of Santos. Further investigation revealed that Cain and Arnold had witnessed two youths breaking and entering the Fina gas station and that Arnold had fired one shot towards the suspects in an attempt to warn them from fleeing. The suspects escaped, and Arnold failed to report firing a warning shot. Questions arose during the murder investigation regarding whether or not Arnold had enough time to intervene in the Russian roulette interrogation held by Cain, or whether Arnold could have acted to prevent Santos' death.
Background
Santos Rodriguez lived in the Little Mexico neighborhood, a historically Mexican-American neighborhood that was built in part due to immigration patterns and segregation practices in Dallas. By the 1950s, Mexican-American and students of Hispanic and Latino origin could attend one of four segregated elementary schools: William B. Travis, Cumberland Hills, Benito Juarez, and City Park. Crozier Tech High School served as the segregated high school for the Mexican-American communities of Dallas. By 1970, Mexican Americans made up around 8% of the city's population, or around 40,000 people. While early Mexican-American organizations tried to assimilate into Anglo Dallas society, Mexican-American students still faced segregated schools that lacked resources compared to Anglo schools, as well as structural racism. The first Mexican-American City Council member, Anita Martinez, was elected in 1969, and at the time of the murder Pedro Aguirre served on the City Council. This time period was also marked by the rise of the Chicano movement, which had begun its development in the mid 1960s with the grape strikes of California and developed into a national Civil Rights movement.
Murder
Police records noted a burglary call on Tuesday, July 24, 1973, at 2:10 am at a Fina gas station located at 2301 Cedar Springs in Dallas. There are conflicting reports on how and when Cain and Arnold arrived at the scene of the burglary. An article from the Dallas Times Herald stated that Cain and Arnold reported to the Fina gas station after receiving information from police dispatch that there was a robbery in progress, and that the suspect(s) had fled by the time police arrived. In contrast, Arnold was dismissed from the Police force in August 1973 for failing to report firing a warning shot at a suspect fleeing the gas station, indicating that the officers arrived at the robbery and witnessed the suspects as they fled or that Arnold fired upon a civilian in the area. According to The Dallas Morning News, Arnold reported that he believed the suspects were David and Santos Rodriguez. Cain and Arnold went to the home where the Rodriguez brothers were living and took them into custody at around 2:30 am. There was no warrant issued, but the officers claimed they had received permission from their guardian, Carlos Minez. Minez reportedly spoke rudimentary English, and there is no record that either officer spoke Spanish.
David and Santos were handcuffed and put into Arnold's police car without being given time to change their clothes or put on shoes, and were taken to the gas station for an impromptu interrogation. The vehicle was parked in a vacant lot behind the gas station with Arnold in the driver's seat, Cain in the seat behind Arnold, Santos in the passenger seat, and David seated behind him. Arnold questioned the boys about the burglary, but neither would confess to committing the crime. Much of the questioning was towards Santos. Cain later testified that after the boys denied criminal involvement he told Arnold that he would make the boys talk, and Cain took his .357 Magnum revolver and removed the bullets in a way that the removed bullets would make a noise as they hit together. Cain claimed he visually checked the cylinder and did not see any bullets left in his gun. Cain took his gun and aimed it at Santos, warning the boy to tell him the truth about the burglary. Santos refused to confess, and Cain pulled the trigger, clicking an empty chamber. Cain again threatened to shoot Santos if he did not confess, and according to later testimony by Cain, Santos' last words were "I am telling the truth." Cain pulled the trigger again at Santos, and this time the gun fired. The bullet struck below Santos' left ear, penetrating his brain and causing his death instantly. Cain and Arnold quickly exited the car, leaving David, who was still handcuffed and unable to exit the vehicle, alone with Santos' body. David told his brother “You are going to be all right” as blood began to seep onto David's feet. David would be left in the vehicle with his brother for around 10 minutes, still handcuffed.
Dallas Police Officer Jerry Foster was also at the scene at the time of Santos' killing. Foster was on patrol when he responded to a police broadcast reporting the burglary at the gas station. He investigated the scene and found that a desk drawer was open in the station, a rear window was broken out, and a cigarette machine had been pried open. Foster witnessed the arrival of Cain, Arnold, and the Rodriguez brothers in Arnold's car. Foster reported that he yelled out to Arnold that he had received information that a third individual was suspected in the burglary. Foster approached Arnold's car and laid his arm on the car door when he heard the shooting of Santos. Foster saw Santos' head slump over and saw blood coming from Santos' head. Foster heard Cain scream before Cain quickly exited the vehicle and stated: "My God, My God, What have I done, I didn't mean to do it." Arnold also left the vehicle and vomited. Moments after Cain exited the vehicle, Foster took Cain's gun from him. Five live rounds and one empty cartridge were in the gun. Officer David Rowe, who was also on patrol that morning, responded to a radio call about a boy being accidentally shot. Rowe arrived at the scene minutes after hearing the radio call, and saw that both Rodriguez brothers were still handcuffed and in the police car, with Santos in the front seat "all bloody". Officer Rowe would later attend Santos' funeral. Santos' pulse was checked and an ambulance was called. Santos was pronounced dead on arrival at Parkland Hospital.
Aftermath and responses
Carlos Minez, Santos' and David's foster grandfather, was notified by Dallas Police of Santos' death by being asked to identify a body. Within hours of the shooting, Cain was suspended from the police force. Dallas Police Chief Frank Dyson filed charges of murder with malice against Cain the same morning of the shooting. A bond of $5,000.00 was set by Municipal Court Judge Frances Goodwin for Cain, and Cain was released Tuesday afternoon after his attorney Phil Burleson posted his bond. Chief Dyson expressed his disappointment at the bond price, and Judge Goodwin later refused to comment on her bond setting when pressed by the Mexican-American community. By July 26, two days after the shooting, the investigation of the Cedar Springs burglary proved that neither of the brother's fingerprints matched any at the scene of the crime. On Tuesday activist Rene Martinez helped organize a community meeting at Pike Park in order to coordinate a protest for Saturday, July 28. Speakers at the Pike Park meeting and attendees, who included leaders such as Pancho Medrano, spoke out against both the shooting and the low bail set for Cain.
On Wednesday, July 25, a funeral announcement was listed for Santos in The Dallas Morning News. The announcement listed his surviving relatives and details of his funeral: the service would be held on Thursday, July 26, at 2:00 pm at the First Mexican Baptist Church, and would be officiated by Rev. Rudy Sanchez. Bessie Rodriguez arrived in Dallas on Wednesday on a three-day reprieve from her prison sentence to attend her son's funeral. On Wednesday night she attended a memorial service at Temple Emanu-El Methodist Church. District Attorney Henry Wade announced that same Wednesday that murder charges against Cain would be taken to the Dallas County grand jury once the Dallas Police completed their investigation. Wade met with Minez and Rev. Sanchez and explained the procedure and legal steps in a murder case to the men, and in turn Wade felt that the community wanted him and his top assistant Doug Mulder to handle the case as they had previously handled the kidnapping case of Amanda M. Dealey, the daughter-in-law of Dallas Morning News president Joe M. Dealey.
Over 600 people attended Santos' funeral on Thursday. Attendees included Civil Rights leaders Rene Martinez and Al Lipscomb, who criticized the absence of Dallas Police Chief Frank Dyson. In his defense, Dyson claimed that he was told by Rev. Sanchez that police officers should not be in attendance, and contemporary accounts note that fellow officers expressed anger over the shooting of Santos. Santos lay in a silver casket. Rev. Rudy Sanchez led the service and noted that Minez had been a founder of the First Mexican-American Baptist Church, and that Santos and David had converted to Christianity a few months before Santos' death. Rev. Sanchez called for forgiveness and justice, and for the community to do more for children like the Rodriguez brothers. Six pallbearers, friends of Santos, carried Santos' casket to a hearse outside of the church. Around 200 mourners followed the funeral procession to Oakland Cemetery, where a short burial service was held. Santos' headstone lists his name, dates of birth and death, and the words "From his mother".
Upon the recommendation of District Attorney Wade, Justice of the Peace Tom Naylor raised Cain's bond to $50,000.00 on Thursday, July 27, and issued a warrant for Cain's arrest. Judge Naylor reported to The Dallas Morning News that he felt the higher bond was more appropriate. On that same day District Attorney Wade and his assistant Doug Mulder presented murder charges against Cain to the grand jury. Several members of the Dallas Police Department were in the grand jury room during the proceedings, including Roy Arnold, the director of the Dallas Police internal affairs division R. O. Dixon, and Lt. T. L. Baker of the crimes against persons division. At this time DPD internal affairs was continuing their investigation of Arnold. Wade met with David and Bessie Rodriguez and two other women on the day of the grand jury hearing, and while he made no official commentary on that meeting, Wade did assure news outlets that affidavits had been presented to the grand jury. Cain surrendered himself at the Dallas County jail that same evening, at around 7:30 pm. During this time a City Council committee temporarily removed the bond-setting powers of municipal court judges in felony cases that involve city employees as a response to the original $5,000.00 bond set for Cain. The three member committee was headed by Mayor Pro Tem George Allen, and had been advised by City Attorney Alex Bickley that a bond was not a punishment for a defendant but rather was a means of ensuring their appearance in court. Nevertheless, the committee saw the low bond as concerning and too low for the seriousness of the case, with the exception of committee member City Councilman Russell Smith.
Rev. Rudy Sanchez established a committee of Mexican-American leaders in response to the shooting, and the committee created a list of demands regarding Santos' killing and community concerns regarding mistreatment of minority groups by Dallas police. The committee had a closed meeting with Chief Dyson at the Dallas Public Library on July 26, and afterwards made their demands before a panel of city councilmen and city officials. Their demands included an investigation into why Cain was given a low bond, how and why Dallas Police gave confidential juvenile files to the media, and investigation into every stage of Santos' and David's arrest. Councilman Pedro Aguirre called for more information about Arnold's actions during the shooting, and Councilman Garry Weber assured the Mexican-American community that they had the full support of the City Council. A meeting between the Mexican-American committee and city officials was set for Saturday, July 28, at 9:00 am by city manager George Schrader.
On Friday, July 27, Cain was indicted by the grand jury and charged that he "did voluntarily and with malice aforethought kill" Santos. The case was set to appear before District Judge Ed Gossett. By the time of the indictment, the Mercantile National Bank established a Santos Rodriguez fund in order to pay for funeral expenses and future expenses of the Rodriguez siblings, and representatives from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Brown Berets held a joint meeting demanding that Arnold also be charged in the shooting.
Attending the Saturday meeting with Chief Dyson and City Manager Schrader were Rev. Rudy Sanchez, Rene Martinez of the Tri-Ethnic committee, Dallas attorney Florentino Ramirez, West Dallas worker Pete Martinez, and members of the Brown Berets, representing the Mexican-American community. City Council members Pedro Aguirre, Garry Weber, Russell Smith, and Adlene Harrison represented the City of Dallas at the meeting. Chief Dyson acknowledged that there were Dallas Police officers who exhibited racial bias when performing their duties, biases he termed "dual standards", and promised to do whatever possible to eliminate them. He did not respond to questions regarding the case against Cain, citing concerns over jeopardizing future criminal proceedings against Cain. Dyson claimed that new policies were being enacted to address racial biases in police officers, including giving psychological tests to determine the attitudes of officers accused of racial discrimination. He also noted that while it was up to the officer's discretion to handcuff suspects, it was not within protocol to take suspects to the scene of a crime. He also reaffirmed that the police records of the Rodriguez brothers should not have been given out to the press. Schrader told the committee that "what occurred on that morning was wrong in every sense."
March
A march, held on July 28 and called the "March of Justice for Santos Rodriguez", was led by community leaders and organizations, including Rev. Sanchez, Councilman Pete Aguirre, Rene Martinez, Florentino Ramirez, State Representative Sam Hudson, and members of the Brown Berets. Marchers were predominantly of Mexican-American and African-American descent. The organization of the march, according to City Councilman George Allen, had the full backing of the city. The march began at Kennedy Plaza at around 12:00 pm, and led through Main Street to Dallas City Hall which was then located at 106 S. Harwood St. Speeches were made at the steps of City Hall calling for community unity and action, and at around 12:50 pm the march led back to Kennedy Plaza. Prayers were held at the plaza and the original organized march was dispersed.
Afterwards, groups broke off from the march and latecomers joined the groups as they headed back towards City Hall. The crowd became agitated, and stores such as Neiman-Marcus, Titche's, Zales, Woolf Brothers, Jas. K. Wilson, Everts Jewelers, and H. L. Green's reported damages to storefronts and looting. At City Hall, leaders of the original march such as Councilman Aguirre and Representative Hudson got on top of a Dallas Police car and used the speaker system in an attempt to get the crowd under control. Dallas Police vehicles were damaged by the crowd, and a motorcycle was burned. Police officers experienced some physical attacks, with five officers injured, but there were no serious injuries. Officers in gas masks and armed with clubs confronted the crowd, and the crowd dispersed as some of its members damaged nearby stores. Leaders of the march later expressed dismay over the chaotic situation, but applauded the purpose of the march and its original organization. The Monday after the march, the Mexican-American committee led by Rev. Sanchez met with the city council to discuss the case and methods of confronting the treatment of minority groups by police. A special committee composed of eleven members was formed by the Greater Dallas Community Relations Committee in order to continue investigation and questioning of the events and circumstances surrounding Santos' shooting. The Rodriguez family later issued a statement regarding the march: The Rodriguez family would only ask that when the people of Dallas hear the name Santos Rodriguez they think not of the unwanted violence that became associated with his name Saturday; but they think of the real Santos Rodriguez, a gentle and well-liked 12-year-old boy who had his life tragically taken from him.
Trial
On Thursday, October 11, 1973, a hearing was held in the Criminal Court No. 5 for a venue change for Cain's trial. District Attorney Mulder and Cain's attorney Phil Burleson asked for the trial to be moved outside of Dallas County out of concerns that it would be difficult to hold a fair trial in Dallas and surrounding counties due to the publicity of the shooting. Judge Ed Gossett considered moving the case to either Wichita Falls or Austin. Mulder objected to Wichita Falls due to the recent disbarment of the city's District Attorney, and Burleson objected to Travis County due to Austin receiving Dallas news stations and newspapers. Judge Gossett ultimately moved the trial to the 147th District Court of Austin, with the hearing set for November 12, 1973. Judge Gossett stayed on as presiding judge in the case in Austin. He also set a lower bond of $20,000.00 for Cain, which Cain paid on Friday, October 12, and was released. Until that point Cain was still in jail for the shooting. When asked about why he gave Cain a lower bond, Gossett responded that the bond was not a punishment, but rather served to ensure that a prisoner would appear in court. Attorneys for Cain filed 26 pre-trial motions, and included a motion for quashing Cain's indictment due to insufficient evidence, claims that the evidence presented to the grand jury was hearsay, quashing the indictment due to vagueness, requests for criminal records of the victims, recordings of police radio transmissions, requests for statements to police, and other motions typical for a trial. By November 2, Judge Gossett denied the motions to quash the indictments against Cain. At a seminar for trial techniques for defense attorneys held in Fort Worth, Burleson announced that the defense for Cain planned on taking the position that the shooting was accidental, and that Burleson would place Cain on the witness stand to give his view of the event.
Cain was represented by Phil Burleson and Michael P. Gibson. The State of Texas was represented by DA Henry Wade, W. T. Westmoreland, Jr., Assistant DAs Doug Mulder and Jon Sparling, DA Robert O. Smith, Assistant DA Herman C. Gotcher, State's Attorney Jim D. Vollers, and State's Attorney David S. McAngus.
A jury was chosen for the trial on Monday, November 12. The jury was composed of seven men and five women, and did not have any jurors who were Mexican-American or African-American. During the questioning portion of jury selection, Sparling explained that Texas law recognized two types of murder: murder with malice and murder without malice, and that malice could be formed moments before a murder is committed. In response, Burleson claimed that the events before the shooting would prove that the shooting was an accident. Motion hearings were also held that Monday. Burleson had presented a motion for continuance in choosing jurors, citing concerns over potential jurors becoming influenced by a small contingent of protesters outside of the courthouse, but Judge Gossett denied the motion. Judge Gossett ruled that the criminal histories and reputations of Santos, David, and Bessie Rodriguez were inadmissible in court and that witness descriptions of the shooting were admissible. In response to demonstrators who had gathered at the courthouse (numbering between two and ten), Travis County Sheriff Raymond Frank assigned fifteen to twenty deputies around the courtroom.
On Tuesday, November 13, the prosecution brought five witnesses to the stand: David Rodriguez, patrolman Jerry W. Foster, ballistics expert Allan Jones, Officer Fred M. Jenkins, and Associate Medical Examiner Vincent DiMaio. David was the first witness to give his testimony of the day of the murder. At the beginning of his testimony, David detailed how he and Santos spent the evening of July 23 playing football. David claimed that he arrived home and went to bed around 10:00 pm, hearing Santos arrive around 15 minutes afterwards. David fell asleep and awoke to Officers Cain and Arnold taking the boys from their bed and putting them under arrest. David and Santos were handcuffed, and David sat in the back seat next to Cain while Santos was placed in the front seat with Arnold. Prior to the shooting, David saw another police car with two officers arriving at the scene. David and Santos were interrogated, and Santos claimed that they were innocent. David saw Cain pull out his gun, hold it in his lap, open and twirl the cylinder before closing it, and point the gun at Santos. The first time Cain pulled the trigger it made a clicking sound. According to David, Cain told Santos that the gun had a bullet in it this time, and that Santos had better tell Arnold the truth. Santos again claimed his innocence, and the second time Cain pulled the trigger Santos was shot and killed. After Santos was shot, David said he watched Cain out of fear that Cain would shoot him next, and that he did not see Cain touch the cylinder of the gun before Cain left the car. On cross examination, Burleson asked if Cain had emptied the bullets from his gun, and David responded that Cain did not. David previously had stated that officers left him in the car with Santos' body for around 10 minutes.
Patrolman Jerry Foster was the second witness. Foster corroborated David's statement about two other officers arriving at the scene before the shooting: Foster stated that he and his partner Thomas McKee were the officers David saw that morning. Foster also stated that he was at the driver's door of the car where David and Santos were sitting when he heard a gunshot and saw the front of the vehicle light up. He then stated that he saw Santos' head fall back, and saw bleeding coming from the left side of Santos' head. He went over to the side of the car where Santos was to try to help him, and saw Cain getting out of the car. Foster went to Cain and took Cain's pistol from him, and did not see Cain touch the cylinder of the gun after leaving the vehicle. When Foster unloaded Cain's gun, he saw five live rounds and one hull in the cylinder. Foster also saw Arnold leave the vehicle and vomit. On cross examination, Foster elaborated that, after leaving the vehicle, Cain repeatedly said "My God, what have I done. I didn't mean to do it...Jerry [Foster], I didn't mean to do it." In Foster's opinion, Cain seemed to be in shock.
The third witness was ballistics expert Allan Jones. Jones testified that Santos had been shot from a distance of about six inches. Jones had examined the bullets and saw that none of them had been struck by a firing pin. According to Jones, the .357 Magnum pistol was designed to fire only when the trigger was fully pulled back, but could be made to make a clicking noise using two different methods. The fourth witness was Officer Fred M. Jenkins, who investigated the scene of the burglary and took several hand and finger prints from the machine that had been broken into. The prints were compared by four different officers to the prints of Santos, David, and a cousin of theirs who had also become a suspect, and nothing was found to associate David or Santos to the scene of the crime. The fifth and final witness was Dr. Vincent DiMaio, who conducted Santos' autopsy. Dr. DiMaio confirmed that Santos was killed by a gunshot wound to his head and brain, and that he had removed the bullet from Santos and given it to Jones, who examined the bullet and confirmed that it came from Cain's gun. After the testimonies of the five witnesses, the state rested its case.
On Wednesday, November 14, Darrell Cain gave his testimony in his own defense. Cain claimed that he and Arnold found the Rodriguez brothers in their bed, and that they looked sweaty. Arnold told Cain that the brothers were the ones he saw running from the gas station. Cain and Arnold put the boys in handcuffs behind their backs and took them to a parking lot behind the burglarized gas station. Cain recalled that he and Arnold met officers Foster and McKee and that Arnold claimed there may have been a third burglar. According to Cain, when Arnold asked Santos if the boys had another brother, Santos affirmed that they did but that he did not know where his other brother was. Cain told Arnold that he would "make him [Santos] tell the truth", and took his pistol between his legs, emptied it, and visually checked that there were no bullets in the gun before closing the gun's chamber. Cain then pointed the gun at Santos and pulled the trigger, making a clicking sound. He warned Santos to tell the truth, and that there was a bullet in the gun. The second time Cain pulled the trigger, a shot fired, killing Santos. Cain described how he grabbed the bullets from his lap, jumped from the car, and put the bullets back into the gun while he was out of the vehicle. Cain said he was in shock and hysterical, and that he cried over what had happened. Mulder cross-examined Cain and asked if it was within normal police procedure to interrogate a young boy using a gun. Cain responded that it was not. Mulder asked Cain what made him set himself up as a judge of truth, and Cain responded that he did not know. Mulder had Cain reenact the incident in front of the jury. In response to Cain's previous claims that he had pressed his gun's ejector rod to empty it of bullets, Mulder demonstrated that the bullets would fall out of the gun if it were merely tilted. Mulder loaded and unloaded the gun by turning the cylinder upside down several times. Mulder questioned Cain about his claim that he reloaded the pistol, stating that Foster claimed he did not see Cain reload his gun outside of the car. Cain responded that he did indeed reload his gun, but that in the confusion nobody saw him. Mulder asked Cain what Santos' last words were, and Cain responded that they were "I am telling the truth."
Roy Arnold was called as a witness to the defense. Arnold claimed that the Rodriguez brothers were the boys he saw fleeing the gas station, and that while he did not witness Cain removing the bullets from his gun, he did hear noises that could have been bullets falling from a chamber, but that he did not truly know. He also claimed that he saw the hammer of the gun fall the first time Cain made the pistol make a clicking noise, but did not see if Cain pulled the trigger during the first round. During cross examination, Arnold claimed that he saw Santos fleeing the gas station and was wearing dark pants and a T-shirt. Arnold admitted that Santos was wearing light green pants when he was killed, and when Arnold was asked by Mulder how he reconciled the fact that Santos was dressed differently than Arnold claimed, Arnold admitted that he could not. The final defense witness was Travis County Deputy Sheriff Tommy Tucker. Tucker demonstrated how, if the ejector rod was used to empty the gun, two bullets could be caught in the chamber. Mulder responded, "Where did they find you?" and again demonstrated that the bullets would freely fall out of the chamber if the gun was tilted up.
One testimony was disallowed from the trial. Dallas Psychiatrist Dr. John Holbrook testified to the judge without the presence of the jury that he had given Cain a truth serum, sodium amytal, two days after the shooting while Cain was given a lie detector test by trained polygrapher Ray Jones. According to Holbrook, Cain testified under the influence of this drug that he believed the gun was empty when he pointed it at Santos. Holbrook qualified his testimony by stating that the "truth serum" influenced Cain to tell the truth as Cain knew it to be. Judge Gossett stated that prior appellate court decisions barred the use of lie detector tests as court evidence, and that testimony given while under the influence of "truth serums" fell under the same category. Gossett also barred the media from reporting on the use of a "truth serum" during the time the case was before a jury.
Final arguments were held on Thursday, November 15. DA Jon Sparling opened the final arguments, and described Arnold and Cain as "storm troopers" who broke into the Rodriguez home and arrested them without a warrant. Sparling stated that the evidence was overwhelming: Cain was guilty of murder. Sparling told the jury that the state's position was that Cain shot Santos deliberately and intentionally. He also reminded the jury that the law did not require the state to give a motivation for the shooting. The bulk of Sparling's argument was focused on Cain's claim that he believed he emptied the gun. Sparling reminded the jury that David testified that he saw Cain spin the cylinder, not open it, and that Foster did not witness Cain reload his gun as Cain claimed. Sparling claimed that Cain was lying to the jury. Burleson spoke in defense of the client, telling the jury that their job was to ascertain the truth, not all become emotionally involved as the prosecution wanted. Burleson claimed the killing was out of poor judgement and stupidity, and that no man would have intentionally killed a child in front of three witnesses. Mulder closed the final arguments. He compared the arrests of the boys to Nazi Germany, and that while Burleson argued that it was a mistake of fact on the part of Cain in that he thought he unloaded his gun, Mulder argued that proper care of a reasonable man had to be exercised for there to be a mistake of fact. It was against the law for Cain to have pointed his gun at Santos, argued Mulder. He stated: "And I will tell you, the only thing worse than killing a handcuffed child, a 12-year-old child who is handcuffed in a squad car, who had been involved in a burglary from a Fina station, the only thing worse than that...The only thing worse than killing a child who is handcuffed, who is involved in a burglary, is killing a child who was handcuffed who was totally blameless, and totally innocent." After five and a half hours of deliberation, the jury found Cain guilty of murder or negligent homicide. Whether he was found guilty of murder with malice or guilty of murder without malice was decided during the punishment phase of the trial, which was scheduled for Friday, November 16. Final arguments were opened by Assistant DA Herman Gotcher, who argued for the prosecution's recommended murder with malice sentence. Gotcher argued that, as a police officer, Cain had to be held to a higher degree of responsibility for his actions than a layperson. The defense did not argue directly against a murder with malice sentence, and instead focused the crux of their argument on the need for leniency, probation rather than a prison sentence, due to Cain's time serving as a police officer. Gibson urged the jury to remember that Cain served on the police force for five and a half years and risked his life serving the citizens of Dallas, and that he deserved to rebuild what Gibson described as a shattered and torn life. Burleson argued that Cain would be subject to abuse in prison due to his service as a police officer, and that a prison sentence could be a death sentence for Cain. Sparling closed the arguments by calling for equality under the law, undermining the defense's request for leniency due to Cain's service. Sparling stated: Now, what would you have us do, really? I mean, what are we to do, are we to look at the defendant over here and focus on him and his look of designed innocence and blind ourselves to the corpse of the boy he killed? If so, who is to answer for the death of Santos Rodriguez? Who? Are we to hear his cries and close our ears to the sobbing, mourning tears of those people that mourn Santos Rodriguez? If so, who is to answer for the death of Santos Rodriguez? Are we to do what Phil Burleson says, are we to wring our hands and shrug our shoulders and nod our heads, say oh, it's a pity, but let's give him probation. If so, then who is to answer for the death of Santos Rodriguez? You? Me? The community at large? I refuse.After five and a half hours of deliberation, the same time it took to determine guilt, Cain was sentenced to five years in prison for murder with malice. A formal sentencing date was not set on the same day.
Cain was freed on bond pending an appeal of his case. By 1975, he remained suspended from the Dallas Police force and worked outside of Dallas County. His attorney, Phil Burleson, argued that Cain deserved a new trial. By October 1975, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals still had not received the necessary files for appealing the case. The appeal hearing would determine whether Cain would be able to have a new trial or if he would be required to carry out his five-year sentence. Cain's defense attorneys planned to argue that Judge Gossett should have allowed Cain's "truth serum" test to be brought as testimony and that the prosecution's emotionally-charged attacks damaged Cain's case. In the spring of 1975, Burleson reported that court reporters and clerks were completing the records of the original trial and that the defense intended to request to Judge Gossett that the original trial be set aside. DA Henry Wade planned to oppose the plea. At this time Cain was working in Fort Worth and planned on appealing to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals if the request for a new trial was denied.
On Wednesday, November 17, 1976, lawyers representing Cain asked for the Court of Criminal Appeals to order a new trial. On Wednesday, March 9, 1977, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that Cain had received a fair trial and upheld the five-year sentence he was given. Cain continued to remain free on bond pending an appeal to the court. The case was eventually taken to the United States Supreme Court, and on Monday, October 3, 1977, the court refused to accept the case for review and upheld the murder conviction and five-year sentence. A brief prepared by Cain's defense claimed that the jury did not have sufficient freedom in their ruling, which eased the prosecution's ability to gain a murder conviction. The Texas Attorney General responded to this brief with his own, stating that the jury had been instructed that Cain was only to be found guilty if there was proof beyond a reasonable doubt that Cain voluntarily shot Santos, and to acquit Cain if Cain had acted under the mistaken assumption that the gun was unloaded and that Cain's mistake was due to lack of proper care.
Cain ultimately served two and a half years of his five-year sentence. He served his time at the Texas Department of Corrections facility in Huntsville, Texas. He was classified as a state-approved trusty, which gave him privileged earning status, allowing him to meet his minimum discharge date on September 11, 1979. He had also earned the maximum amount of "good time", earning 30 days of credit for every 30 days he served. Cain had worked as a clerk in the diagnostic unit of the prison, and was described by director of the Texas Department of Corrections W. J. Estelle as a model prisoner. Cain was released on September 11, 1979, at 9:30 am, and was given a $200 check from the state of Texas as routine for Texas prisoners. Burleson stated that Cain had no interest in returning to work as a police officer, which Cain would have been unable to do as a convicted felon. Burleson stated that Cain sought to put his past behind him, and intended to move to a small town outside of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Cain later worked as an insurance claim adjuster and became married in 1980. He died in 2019 at age 75, and his official obituary did not mention his career as a police officer.
Legacy
In March 1978, the National Congress of Hispanic American Citizens (El Congreso) and the Mexican-American Legal Defense Educational Fund (MALDEF) urged then-President Jimmy Carter to investigate the treatment of Hispanics by law enforcement officers, citing several cases of police brutality including the shooting of Santos. At a League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) convention held in Laredo, Texas, on May 21, 1978, delegates passed a strongly worded resolution demanding that the US Department of Justice prosecute Darrell Cain for killing Santos. On June 23, President Carter met privately with a group of Mexican-American Democrats in the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Houston, Texas to discuss the possibility of pursuing civil rights charges against Cain. Mexican Americans, including four state legislators and members of Hispanic organizations, were in attendance. State Representative Ben Reyes showed color photographs of Santos' body, which garnered an emotional reaction from President Carter, leaving him visibly upset. On June 26, Carter stated that he had asked Attorney General Griffin Bell if civil rights charges should be filed. Previously it had been reported that Assistant Attorney General Drew S. Days had recommended against filing civil rights charges, but Carter refuted the report, claiming that no decision or recommendation had been made. Carter's administration had until July 24 to open up an investigation before the closing of the five-year statute of limitations.
The Dallas city council was urged to join in the efforts of seeking a federal investigation into the shooting. Dallas Brown Berets, a delegation of Mexican-American citizens, and representatives from local Methodist churches met with the city council on June 28. Juan Perez, a member of the Dallas Brown Berets, held up a picture of Santos' body during the meeting. A resolution asking for a federal probe, police sensitivity training, and a statewide commission to review police brutality cases was presented to the council by Edwin Sylvest, theology professor at Southern Methodist University (SMU) and a member of the Rio Grande Methodist Conference. The resolution was adopted by the Casa View Methodist Church and Emanuel Methodist Church. Councilwoman Juanita Craft moved to adopt the resolution before she was convinced by Mayor Robert Folsom to table the proposal for three weeks. Folsom called the killing of Santos a tragic event, but was hesitant to adopt a resolution not written by the city council. Councilman Don Hicks compared the killing of Santos to the recent murder of his mother-in-law, lamenting that the killer would likely receive a short sentence and that her rights had been taken from her by her killer. Councilman Bill Nicol compared the Brown Berets to storm troopers attempting to intimidate the council, noting his belief that it was wrong to dredge up a past incident and that he did not believe the resolution backers represented the Mexican-American community at large. Nicol would later withdraw his comparison of the Brown Berets to storm troopers but continued to state that he did not believe Dallas should dwell on the tragedies and shortcomings of the past.
On July 14, Justice Department spokesman Terry Adamson announced that the Justice Department would not be pursuing charges against Cain. Adamson cited legal problems which arose due to the length of time that had passed between Cain's trial and the Justice Department's decision to bring charges in civil rights cases. Cain's case would have been tried retroactively, which could bring up issues of due process, and Attorney General Griffin Bell believed the issues that would arise from trying Cain led to questions of fairness and wisdom. This decision to not pursue charges also applied to Roy Arnold. Adamson stated that the decision was one of the hardest announcements he had to make due to Santos' age and the senselessness of his death.
Ruben Bonilla, Texas state director of LULAC, called the decision unjustifiable and irresponsible, predicting that Carter would lose the election primaries if challenged by Jerry Brown or Ted Kennedy due to being incapable of securing the Chicano vote. Bonilla also saw Carter's attempts at securing rights for Russian dissidents while ignoring Mexican-American rights in Texas as hypocritical. Bonilla cited how a New York grand jury indicted a policeman over a 1973 shooting as proof that there was a precedent for retroactive applications of due process. School board member Robert Medrano believed that the decision would cause community heartache and create political repercussions. San Antonio attorney Ruben Sandoval, who had petitioned for the Justice Department to prosecute Cain, was saddened by the news and described the relationship between the Carter administration and Mexican-American communities as a bitter divorce. Bessie Rodriguez later revealed that she sent a letter to President Carter on July 18 expressing her feelings of hurt and betrayal. In her letter, Bessie revealed that she felt Carter had led the Mexican-American community to believe that charges would be filed during his state visit. She questioned whether, if Carter's daughter Amy were killed, her killer would receive such a light sentence; she also pointed out that if Santos had killed a policeman his punishment would not have been as light as Cain's. On July 20, Carter called Reyes regarding the decision to not pursue charges against Cain. Reyes reported that Carter personally apologized for the Justice Department decision and understood that he had made a commitment to pursue charges that he was unable to keep. Carter told Reyes that he did not request that the department pursue or not pursue charges, but that he was embarrassed by the decision. Hours after the call, Carter stated that he did not have the inclination or authority to ask the Justice Department to reverse its decision. The office of Vice President Walter Mondale later called Reyes in order to attempt to arrange a meeting between Mexican-American leaders and Deputy Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti.
On July 17, a rally was held at Reverchon Park in memory of Santos. Members of the Committee for Justice, Perfecto Delgado and Olga Sepulveda, had organized it in the name of the committee, which was seen as an issue by self-proclaimed chairman Joe Landin, who denied the committee's involvement with the rally. The committee had been registered with the Texas Secretary under Landin's name, but Delgado insisted that the committee did not have a chairman and that Landin was not a member. Around 650 people attended the rally. A satirical play was held and around half a dozen speeches were made. One of the speakers was Adolph Canales, a member of the Mexican-American assembly, who said in his speech that the rally was proof that the community was not going to sit back anymore. Pancho Medrano spoke on behalf of the United Auto Workers, and later said that he hoped his grandchildren would have better lives thanks to the efforts of the community. Afterwards, at about 8:30 pm, around 300 people marched from the park to the site of Santos' shooting and back. Despite Dallas police maintaining a low profile at the park and Brown Berets breaking up groups they worried might cause trouble, there were a few incidents at the park after the march: a false stabbing was reported and bottles were thrown at police officers, allegedly by non-marchers, leading to a 15-minute confrontation between around 100 people and police at the entrance of the park. Three arrests were made. Attendees of the march cited their wish to protect children from future police brutality and saw the rally and march as a starting point for community unity and proof that the community was still angry over the murder. One attendee, John Velas, stated that he used to play basketball with Santos, that other kids would not forget him and that they would make sure Dallas did not forget him.
The Dallas Brown Berets led the coordination of a protest march in memory of Santos on July 22. The march was to assemble at 12:00 pm at Kennedy Plaza, proceed to old Dallas City Hall at 106 S. Harwood, and conclude around 3:30 pm at the new Dallas City Hall at 1500 Marilla St. Although as many as 1,000 marchers were expected, 300 marchers ultimately participated. The Brown Berets met with the Dallas Police Department to express their hopes and plans for a peaceful march, and the 50 riot-equipped tactical police assigned to the march kept out of sight of the marchers. Around 50 Brown Berets walked beside the marchers, and around 40 members of the Community of Churches were in attendance as neutral observers. Bessie Rodriguez was also in attendance but left in tears after speaking to reporters, stating that her attorney told her the case for trying Cain was hopeless, and that while she appreciated the marchers' support, she lamented the size of the march. The majority of the marchers were Mexican Americans; organizations in attendance included the Multi-Racial Committee for Justice, the American GI Forum, the Hispanic Organization of Women, and the National Organization for Women. Marchers chanted slogans such as "We want Justice", "Viva Santos", "Down with Carter, down with Bell", and "Viva la Raza".
Awareness and memorials for Santos continued over the years. A park in Seattle, Washington is named after Santos. The Santos Rodriguez Memorial Park is located on 16th Ave S. and S. Lander St., and is the front yard of El Centro de la Raza, a non-profit organization. From July 24 to 26, 2013, a graveside ritual at Oakland Cemetery, a panel discussion at the Latino Cultural Center, and a community rally at Pike Park were held in honor of Santos. From July 2013 to August 2013, the Latino Cultural Center presented the exhibit Justicia: the Struggle for Mexican-American Civil Rights in Dallas, Texas, 1920–2012 in conjunction with the Dallas Mexican-American Historical League (DMAHL). The focus of the exhibit was the shooting of Santos. Then-president of DMAHL Albert Valtierra said the shooting of Santos galvanized the community and marked the beginning of the civil rights fight for Mexican Americans in Dallas. Interviews presented at the exhibit are now located at the Dallas History and Archives division of the Dallas Public Library.
On September 21, 2013, Mayor Mike Rawlings issued an apology for Santos' death on behalf of the Dallas city council and the Dallas police department. Teatro Dallas produced a play called Santos, a Wandering Soul based on the murder. The play ran in 2013.
In 2015, SMU established the Santos Rodriguez Memorial Endowed Scholarship for students studying Human Rights.
On October 18, 2018, the Dallas Park Board renamed the Pike Park Recreation Center to the Santos Rodriguez Center. Park board member Jesse Moreno, who was appointed by Dallas City Council member Adam Medrano, led the renaming move. As of July 2018, the center was in need of extensive repairs.
The Santos Vive Project was established by Human Rights Dallas to create a memorial to honor Santos, establish a fund to financially assist his surviving relatives, and produce a documentary about his murder. On July 24, 2018, the Santos Vive documentary premiered at the Texas Theatre in Oak Cliff. The SMU Embrey Human Rights Program featured the story of Santos in their Human Rights Map Project.
, the most recent annual memorial held for Santos was in July 2020. The event involved speakers reading and reflecting on the names of individuals killed by police, including Michael Morehead (killed by Cain in 1970), Tamir Rice and George Floyd. Dallas police chief Ulysha Reneé Hall made a surprise appearance at the 2020 memorial; she did not speak at the podium but approached Santos' mother to say that the Dallas Police Department was committed to "being a different police department." One activist speaking at the memorial addressed Chief Hall in the crowd, telling her, "I’m calling you out. You came to this memorial and we are glad you are here, but we need your help."
On February 09, 2022, a sculpture dedicated to the life and memory of 12-year-old Santos Rodriguez was installed at Pike Park in Dallas. Created by artist Seth Vandable, the six-foot-tall bronze statue depicts a smiling boy with his arms turned toward the sky. The City of Dallas purchased the statue. Santos' mother was in attendance at the unveiling ceremony.
See also
Murder of Botham Jean
Mexicans in Dallas–Fort Worth
References
Sources
External links
Civil Rights in Black and Brown: Oral History Project
Santos Rodriguez: The March of Justice — 1973
1960 births
1973 deaths
1973 in Texas
Deaths by firearm in Texas
Deaths by person in Texas
Hispanic and Latino American-related controversies
History of Dallas
Incidents of violence against boys
Latino people shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States
Mexican-American history
Mexican-American culture in Texas
Child murder in the United States
People from Dallas
People murdered by law enforcement officers in the United States
People murdered in Texas
Police brutality in the United States
Police misconduct in the United States
Race and crime in the United States
Murders by law enforcement officers in the United States
Violence against men in the United States |
Galt () is a sum (district) of Khövsgöl aimag (Khövsgöl Province). The area is about 3,600 km². In 2000, the district had 5328 inhabitants. The center, officially named Ider (), is located 168 km south of the city of Mörön and 837 kilometers from the capital city, Ulaanbaatar (Ulan Bator).
History
The Galt sum was founded, under the name Ider and as part of Arkhangai aimag, in 1931. In 1933, it had about 2,500 inhabitants in 687 households, and about 72,000 heads of livestock. In 1942, it became part of Khövsgöl aimag, in 1956 it was joined to Chandmani sum, in 1959 it was reestablished under the name Galt. In 1963, the Zürkh sum became part of Galt. Between 1956 and around 1990, Galt was the seat of the Ideriin Undraa negdel.
Economy
In 2004, there were roughly 183,000 heads of livestock, among them 83,000 sheep, 78,000 goats, 10,000 cattle and yaks, 11,000 horses, and 64 camels.
Interesting Places
About 25 km south of the sum center is a warm spring known as Salbartyn Rashaan.
Literature
M.Nyamaa, Khövsgöl aimgiin lavlakh toli, Ulaanbaatar 2001, p. 45f
References
Districts of Khövsgöl Province |
The Thaumasia Planum of Mars lies south of Melas Chasmata and Coprates Chasmata. It is in the Coprates quadrangle. Its center is located at 21.66 S and 294.78 E. It was named after a classical albedo feature. The name was approved in 2006.
Some forms on its surface are evidence of a flow of lava or water the Melas Chasma. Many wrinkle ridges and grabens are visible. One set of grabens, called Nia Fossae, seem to follow the curve of Melas Chasmata which lies just to the north.
Some researchers have discovered dikes in this region. For the study, Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) daytime infrared images, THEMIS nighttime infrared images, CTX images, and HiRISE images were used. These dikes contain magnesium-rich olivine which indicates a primitive magma composition. Dikes occur when magma follows cracks and faults under the ground. Sometimes erosion reveals them. The presence of pit craters, narrow grabens, linear troughs, and ovoid troughs are also evidence of dikes. These dikes that lie close to and parallel to Valles Marineris, the great canyon system, are evidence that extensional stress aided the formation of Valles Marineris. They may be part of a system of dikes that came from the same magma source that fed the whole area. That source may have been a “plume” of molted rock that rose from the Martian mantle.
So, the following events happened to produce the current landscape in Thaumasia Planum.
1. The mass of the volcanoes of Tharsis caused stress that resulted in fractures.
2. Basalt lava flows covered the region. The flows may have come from a system of dikes.
3. Wrinkle ridges formed as a result of regional compression.
4. The final stage was the covering the area with volcanic ash and dust. Wind moved the surface material around.
References
See also
List of plains on Mars
Geology of Mars
Coprates quadrangle
Plains on Mars |
Cornelius Ary Renan (1857–1900) was a French Symbolist painter and anti-clerical social activist.
Career
Renan was the son of the Breton scholar Ernest Renan, who pioneered modern secular study of the life of Jesus. His mother was the daughter of painter Hendrik Scheffer and the niece of painter Ary Scheffer, after whom he was named. Renan followed his grandfather and great-uncle into a career as an artist, becoming associated with the Symbolist movement. He studied with Elie Delaunay and Pierre Puvis de Chavannes (a one time student of his grandfather). He also became a close friend of Gustave Moreau.
Ary Renan travelled widely, to Asia and Algeria, while having a physical disability. He also spent a lot of time in Brittany. He exhibited work from 1880. His works are influenced by his travels and by Symbolist poetry.
The Musée de la Vie Romantique in Paris holds a significant number of his works. His Symbolist masterwork The Diver – The Coral Fisherman dating to 1882, was purchased by the Columbus Museum of Art in Ohio in 2014.
Political activity
Renan followed his father as a leader of the secularist movement in Brittany. He co-founded the organisation Bretons de Paris, along with Armand Dayot. It evolved into the Ligue des bleus de Bretagne which grew in Brittany from dissatisfaction with the conservative and clerical bias of the existing Breton Regionalist Union, founded a few months earlier. However, Renan died shortly after its foundation.
References
1857 births
1900 deaths
Painters from Paris
19th-century French painters
French male painters
French Symbolist painters
Bleus de Bretagne members
Artists with disabilities
19th-century French male artists
Anti-clericals |
Brigus South is a local service district and designated place in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador on the Avalon Peninsula.
History
An ancient fishing settlement situated between Witless Bay and Cape Broyle in a small cove. The earliest record (1636) on a map naming it Abra de Brigas, which translates as the harbour or harbour of turmoil and tides. The name stems from the French word brega of South west France because both Brigus and Brigus South are located in areas of French interest which contain other French names.
In the 1960s the name was changed to Hillsdale to distinguish it from Brigus, Conception Bay. Locals refused to acknowledge the new name and it was officially changed back 6 or 7 years later.
As the names and dates of various early maps suggest, Brigus South was known by French and Portuguese mariners in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first census of Brigus, then called Bercekus was taken in 1677, listing Richard Koane, John Kent and Nicholas Koane as residents. These families lodged in 3 separate dwellings, had 6 servants lodging with them as well as 43 fishing servants who were employed in the settlement. Bercekus had five stages, seven boats, 4 store houses and the largest number of horses (4) of any settlement from Renooze (Renews) to St. John's and constituted fully one third of all the horses in Newfoundland at the time.
It has been conjectured that the earliest settlers of the Community came to Brigus via the earlier settlements of Ferryland and Cape Broyle (1628–1630) and that there was a permanent settlement in 1700. In 1697 the Abbe Baudior listed 15 soldiers and 3 inhabitants (Richard Coome, John Kent and Nicholas Coome) and in 1705 the Community had 6 families. A cemetery was established and the first person buried there is a child of Jacob Doyle in 1798.
A ship called the Hammer, by locals, but officially named The John and Maria, went ashore in Timber Cove in 1857 with the loss of 18 men. All are buried in Brigus Cemetery. The Population reached an all-time high in 1894 with 140 residents.
A prominent man from Brigus, Thomas Battcock sat in the Newfoundland House of Assembly, from 1870 to 1873 having been elected as part of Charles Fox Bennett's anti-confederation government.
The first School was established in Brigus in 1848 but closed in 1884 due to the state of the building. The salary for the teacher was used to improve the quality of the lodgings. In 1885, the school reopened in a house rented by the School Board, it was purchased in 1859. A Miss Doyle was the teacher at that time. In 1870, a Miss Grace, tutor for the Cashin family of Cape Broyle taught school there. She was retired in 1904 due to her advancing years and given a pension. Mary Battcock taught from 1911 -1916 when Margaret Gregory took over to teach the sixteen students of all grades. The last teacher was Mrs. Annie Hayes 1937 -1967 when the school closed and the children were bussed to school in Cape Broyle.
A Chapel was erected in the Community under the direction of Father Michael Kennedy (date unknown).
Geography
Brigus South is in Newfoundland within Subdivision U of Division No. 1.
Demographics
As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Brigus South recorded a population of 83 living in 35 of its 72 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 86. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Economy
The economy was based on small boat inshore fishery and reported a catch of 480 quintals of fish that year. On a census report dated 1697 it was reported that the settlement had "No sheep, garden or pasture lands" making it likely that it was first used as a fishing station between 1675 and 1677. The first dwellings were built on the East side of the harbour which could not be seen from the ocean. It was a good hideaway from the French and Spanish men of war and Pirate ships.
Government
Brigus South is a local service district (LSD) that is governed by a committee responsible for the provision of certain services to the community. The chair of the LSD committee is Noreen Power.
See also
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
List of designated places in Newfoundland and Labrador
List of local service districts in Newfoundland and Labrador
References
Populated coastal places in Canada
Designated places in Newfoundland and Labrador
Local service districts in Newfoundland and Labrador |
Nemesis is the second album by American groove metal band Grip Inc.
Track listing
Personnel
Waldemar Sorychta – guitars, keyboards
Gus Chambers – vocals
Jason VieBrooks – bass
Dave Lombardo – drums, percussion
References
1997 albums
Grip Inc. albums
SPV/Steamhammer albums
Albums produced by Waldemar Sorychta |
Larry Darnell Flowers (born April 19, 1958) is a former professional American football player who played safety for five seasons for the New York Giants and the New York Jets.
1958 births
Living people
Players of American football from Temple, Texas
American football safeties
Texas Tech Red Raiders football players
New York Giants players
New York Jets players |
4082 Swann, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter.
The asteroid was discovered on 27 September 1984, by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory in California, United States, and later named for American geologist Gordon Swann.
Orbit and classification
Swann orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,349 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as at the Finnish Turku Observatory in 1947, Swanns observation arc was extended by 37 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar.
Physical characteristics
The C-type asteroid is classified as a Ch-subtype in the SMASS taxonomy.
Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Swann measures 9.5 and 11.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.029 and 0.101, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link, however, assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a much smaller diameter of 5.85 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 13.46.
Rotation period
In July 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Swann was obtained from photometric observations by Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory in the Czech Republic. It gave a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.67 magnitude (). A second lightcurve obtained by Jean-Gabriel Bosch in September 2006, gave a period of hours and an amplitude of 0.35 magnitude ().
Naming
This minor planet was named after American geologist Gordon A. Swann (born 1931). He served as the principal investigator of the "Apollo Lunar Geologic Experiment" conducted at the lunar landing sites of Apollo 14 and Apollo 15. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 12 December 1989 ().
Notes
References
External links
Gordon Swann, Astrogeology Science Center, USGS
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
004082
Discoveries by Carolyn S. Shoemaker
Named minor planets
004082
19840927 |
```toml
name = "project"
version = "0.1.0"
[dependencies]
# These are Gleam deps
gleam_stdlib = "~> 0.18"
gleam_erlang = "~> 0.5"
# This is a rebar3 dep that uses files in ./priv
certifi = "~> 2.8"
# This is a rebar3 dep that uses files in ./ebin
cowboy = "~> 2.9"
# This is a mix dep that uses files in ./priv
countries = "~> 1.6"
# This is both a mix and a rebar3 dep!
# We want to default to using rebar3 as that is the build tool that is more
# likely to be installed.
ssl_verify_fun = "~> 1.1"
# This is a rebar3 dep that calls make to compile C into a .so file that is
# loaded at runtime from ./priv
# TODO: replace this with a package with a nif that compiles super fast. Perhaps
# just a hello world.
bcrypt = "~> 1.1"
# This is a rebar3 dep where the application name (hpack, used by the BEAM)
# doesn't match the package name (hpack_erl, used by Hex).
hpack_erl = "~> 0.1"
gleam_javascript = "~> 0.7"
[dev-dependencies]
gleeunit = "~> 1.0"
``` |
Mulgrew Miller was an American jazz pianist. His appearances on record date from at least 1980 to 2012, the year before his death. They include more than 15 albums under his own name.
Discography
These lists exclude compilations.
As leader/co-leader
Main sources:
As sideman
An asterisk (*) indicates that it is year of release, not recording.
Main sources:
References
Jazz discographies
Discographies of American artists |
Capusa is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
There are six species.
Species
Capusa chionopleura Turner, 1926
Capusa cuculloides (R. Felder, 1874)
Capusa graodes Turner, 1919
Capusa leptoneura (Turner, 1926)
Capusa senilis Walker, 1857
Capusa stenophara Turner, 1919
References
External links
Capusa at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
Nacophorini |
A Very Backstreet Christmas is the tenth (ninth in the United States) studio album and the first Christmas album by the Backstreet Boys. Initially slated for release in 2021, it was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and was released on October 14, 2022. It entered the Billboard Top Holiday Albums chart at number 1, and debuted at number 17 on the Billboard 200 chart. A related television special, "A Very Backstreet Holiday," was pulled from airing and streaming debuts after sexual assault allegations against Nick Carter, who has since filed a defamation lawsuit.
Background
On April 8, 2019, the Backstreet Boys announced they would release a Christmas album. On an appearance on Watch What Happens Live! in February 2020, the Backstreet Boys reaffirmed that it was coming out, saying that they were negotiating with their record label. However, due to COVID-19, they could not begin production, and the album was delayed until 2021.
With their DNA World Tour postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Backstreet Boys started working on their first Christmas album in March 2021, and began recording on May 5, 2021. On July 12, they officially announced their return to Las Vegas for a holiday residency scheduled for November and December 2021. On August 11, Kevin Richardson announced they had finished recording vocals for a "top secret project," believed to be the Christmas album. On August 14, band member Nick Carter revealed that they had finished recording the album and had done a photo shoot for the album cover. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the album failed to meet the production deadline, forcing them to reschedule the album to release in late 2022. The band also canceled their 2021 holiday residency in Las Vegas. The Backstreet Boys took inspiration from many artists while working on the album, such as Michael Bublé and Mariah Carey, with one of the original songs, "Happy Days," being inspired by former *NSYNC member Justin Timberlake's "Can't Stop The Feeling."
A special edition of the album with two exclusive tracks, "Feliz Navidad" and "It's Christmas Time Again," was released exclusively at Target. In the winter of 2022, the group has planned numerous events to promote the album, such as appearances at the iHeartRadio Jingle Balls, and plans to host J.C. Penney's Holiday Spectacular on December 1, where the music video for the second single off the album will be released.
Singles
The cover song from the album, "Last Christmas," was released on September 6 and is set to be accompanied by an official video release on November 1. It peaked at number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. Songwriter Gary Baker announced in an interview that one of the songs he wrote for the album "Christmas in New York" would be the next second single with a brand new music video premiere in claymation.
Songs Charted
Due to the success of the holiday album, the singles "Last Christmas," hit number 1 on the Billboard AC charts, and "Christmas in New York," reached number 19 while the originals written by the band have made it to charts, with Together on number 50.
Track listing
Charts
Release history
References
2022 Christmas albums
Backstreet Boys albums
RCA Records Christmas albums
Pop Christmas albums
Albums postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
"Harrison Bergeron" is a satirical dystopian science-fiction short story by American writer Kurt Vonnegut, first published in October 1961. Originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, the story was republished in the author's Welcome to the Monkey House collection in 1968.
Plot
In the year 2081, the 211th, 212th, and 213th amendments to the Constitution dictate that all Americans are fully equal and not allowed to be smarter, better-looking, or more physically able than anyone else. The Handicapper General's agents enforce the equality laws, forcing citizens to wear "handicaps": masks for those who are too beautiful, earpiece radios for the intelligent that broadcast loud noises meant to disrupt thoughts, and heavy weights for the strong or athletic.
One April, 14-year-old Harrison Bergeron, an intelligent, athletic, and good-looking teenager, is taken away from his parents, George and Hazel, by the government. They are barely aware of the tragedy, as Hazel has "average" intelligence (contextually meaning stupidity), and George wears a handicap radio to regulate his intelligence.
George and Hazel watch a televised ballet performance and comment on the dancers, who are weighed down to counteract their gracefulness and masked to hide their attractiveness. George's thoughts are continually interrupted by the different noises emitted by his handicap radio, which piques Hazel's curiosity and imagination regarding handicaps. Noticing his exhaustion, Hazel urges George to lie down and rest his "handicap bag", of weights locked around his neck. She suggests taking a few of the weights out of the bag, but George resists, aware of the illegality of such an action.
On television, a news reporter struggles to read the bulletin and hands it to the ballerina wearing the most grotesque mask and heaviest weights. She begins reading in her unacceptably natural, beautiful voice, then apologizes before switching to a more unpleasant one. Harrison's escape from prison is announced, and a full-body photograph of him is shown, indicating that he is tall and burdened by of handicaps.
George recognizes his son for a moment, before having the thought eliminated by his radio. Harrison himself then storms the television studio in an attempt to overthrow the government. He declares himself Emperor and rips off both his own handicaps and those of a ballerina, whom he chooses as his Empress. He orders the musicians to play, promising them nobility if they do their best. Unhappy with their initial attempt, Harrison takes control for a short while, and the music improves. After listening and being moved by the music, Harrison and his Empress dance while flying to the ceiling, then pause in mid-air to kiss.
Diana Moon Glampers, the Handicapper General, enters the studio and kills Harrison and the Empress with two shotgun blasts. She threatens the musicians at gunpoint to put on their handicaps again, but the television goes dark. George, unaware of the televised incident, returns from the kitchen and asks Hazel why she was crying, to which she replies that something sad happened on television that she cannot remember. He comforts her and they return to their average lives.
Characters
Harrison Bergeron is the fourteen-year-old son of George Bergeron and Hazel Bergeron, who is tall, a genius, and an extraordinarily handsome, athletic, strong, and brave person. He wants to live as an unimpeded human being and does not want to obey the laws of the government, which has taken on the responsibility of creating equality for the whole American society. He has been jailed by the Handicapper General's office for planning to overthrow the government. To eliminate any "unfair advantages", the Handicapper General forces him to wear the most extreme handicaps reflecting his extraordinary attributes: huge earphones and spectacles intended to make him half blind and give him tremendous headaches, disfiguring makeup in the form of blackened teeth and a red rubber nose to mask his extraordinary looks, and so many weights to compensate his prodigious strength that they make him look more like a junk yard than a man. When he escapes from jail, the government describes him as "a genius and an athlete" and tells people that he should be regarded as extremely dangerous. When Harrison enters the television studio, he is convinced that he can overthrow the government and declares "I am the Emperor! ... Do you hear? I am the Emperor! Everybody must do what I say at once!" In addition to this talent and egotism, he also possesses artistic and romantic characteristics. He sings and dances with his Empress, defying gravity while doing so. Despite Harrison's superior physical prowess and intellectual faculties, he is stopped when the Handicapper General, Diana Moon Glampers, shoots him and his Empress down with a shotgun.
George Bergeron is Harrison's father and Hazel's husband. A very smart and sensitive character, he is handicapped artificially by the government. Like his son, he has to wear mental handicap earphones in his ears to keep him from thinking intensely and analytically. Because he is stronger than average, he has to wear weights around his neck. When his wife Hazel suggests that he could take these weights off for a while to relax, he rejects the idea. He wants to obey the laws and is unwilling to risk punishment for a little comfort. He believes that the situation in 2081 is better than it had been back in the days when fierce competition reigned in society. He has much respect for the rules and represents the common passive citizen who does not critique a government that manipulates individuals. Obeying the rules, he is even incapable of recognizing the tragic situation when his son has been shot to death – a harsh critique of passiveness towards authority.
Hazel Bergeron is Harrison's mother and George's wife. Hazel has what is described as perfectly average intelligence, which means that she cannot think deeply about anything. However, she is a well-intentioned character, a loving wife and mother, who tries to comfort her husband by suggesting he removes his handicap weights. She cries when she sees what happens to her son but due to her impaired faculties quickly forgets the subject of her sorrow. In the end all her kindness counts for nothing as her stupidity outruns her good intentions. Hazel bears a resemblance to the Handicapper General, Diana Moon Glampers.
The Ballerina, a beautiful dancer who was burdened with an especially ugly mask and excessive weights ("as big as those worn by two-hundred-pound men"), as she is the fairest, most beautiful and most graceful of the dancers. She reads an announcement card after the stammering announcer is unable to. It is likely, but not stated, that she is the same dancer who Harrison Bergeron takes as his Empress, who is later shot by Diana Moon Glampers for not wearing her handicaps, and dancing with Harrison Bergeron.
Diana Moon Glampers, despite appearing in person for only four sentences, represents the oppressive government and enforces its handicapping policies. It is mentioned early on that Hazel resembles Diana, and Hazel mentions improvements she would make to Diana's handicap regulations. She appears ruthless when she kills Harrison and his Empress without warning, and threatens the musicians with a similar fate before the broadcast is interrupted, leaving their future ambiguous. Diana's first and middle names are possibly a reference to Diana, the Roman huntress, virgin goddess of the moon. Vonnegut re-used the name for a character in God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater.
Style
In this story, Vonnegut's writing style is influenced by his early work as a journalist. His sentences are short and easily understood so as to be largely accessible. A dystopian setting enhances his social and political critique by imagining a future world founded on absolute equality through handicaps assigned to various above-average people to counter their natural advantages. A similar subject can be found in L. P. Hartley's dystopian novel Facial Justice from the previous year of 1960.
Vonnegut also punctuates his dystopia with humor. Even the most horrifying scenes are underlined by jokes or absurdity. When the news announcer is supposed to read a news bulletin he has to hand it to a nearby ballerina because of his speech impediment, and the ballerina then alters her voice to a "grackle squawk" because it would be "unfair" to use her natural voice, described as a "warm, luminous, timeless melody". This absurdity highlights the madness of the world of "Harrison Bergeron".
Parallels with The Sirens of Titan
A dystopian society similar to that of "Harrison Bergeron" appears in Vonnegut's 1959 novel The Sirens of Titan. When the Space Wanderer returns to Earth he finds a society in which handicaps are used to make all people equal, eradicating the supposedly ruinous effects of blind luck on human society. The narrator claims that now "the weakest and the meekest were bound to admit, at last, that the race of life was fair".
The strong are burdened with "handicaps" (consisting of "bags of lead shot" hung from various parts of the body) and the beautiful hide their advantageous appearance through "frumpish clothes, bad posture, chewing gum and a ghoulish use of cosmetics". Unlike in "Harrison Bergeron", however, the citizens in The Sirens of Titan choose to wear these handicaps voluntarily as an act of faith towards the Church of God the Utterly Indifferent, although it is suggested that not to do so would invite social condemnation. There are no handicaps for above-average intelligence mentioned in The Sirens of Titan. The society of "Harrison Bergeron" addresses differences in intellectual and cognitive ability and their entailing advantages.
Adaptations
The story has been adapted for the screen at least four times.
PBS adapted several stories, including "Harrison Bergeron", in Between Time and Timbuktu (1972), with Avind Haerum in the title role.
In 1995, Showtime produced a full-length made-for-television adaptation entitled Harrison Bergeron, starring Sean Astin as the title character and Christopher Plummer as John Klaxon. The adaptation diverged from the plot considerably, featuring Harrison being recruited by the National Administration Center, a secret cabal of geniuses within the government who ensure that the handicapped America functions. Working for the television division, Harrison becomes dissatisfied with the status quo and attempts to start another American revolution by taking over the nation's television broadcasting. He broadcasts old unhandicapped movies and music, while encouraging people to remove the brain-handicapping "bands" on their heads.
In 2006, a short film also entitled Harrison Bergeron was released.
In 2009, another short film called 2081 was based on the original story and starred Armie Hammer as Harrison Bergeron. Joe Crowe, managing editor of the online magazine Revolution Science Fiction, described the movie as "stirring and dramatic" and said it "gets right to the point, and nails the adaptation in about 25 minutes."
Cultural references
In 2005, the story was quoted by attorneys in a brief before the Kansas Supreme Court. Vonnegut was quoted as saying that while he did not mind the story being used in the suit, he disagreed with the lawyers' interpretation of it. U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia quoted the story in PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin. A 2013 academic paper criticizing the new hyperandrogenism policies of the International Association of Athletics Federations and the International Olympic Committee was entitled "The Harrison Bergeron Olympics" and several non-academics had similar criticisms.
See also
Crab mentality
Dumbing down
Law of Jante
Procrustes
Tall poppy syndrome
The Starlit Corridor
References
Further reading
Klinkowitz, Jerome (1998): Vonnegut in Fact. The public spokesman of personal fiction. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press
Leeds, Marc (1995): The Vonnegut Encyclopedia. An Authorized Compendium. Westport, London: Greenwood Press
Leeds, Marc; Reed, Peter J. (1996): The Vonnegut Chronicles. Interviews and Essays. Westport, London: Greenwood Press
Petterson, Bo (1994): The World according to Kurt Vonnegut. Moral Paradox and Narrative Form. Åbo: Åbo University.
External links
Full text of Harrison Bergeron at The Internet Archive
Kurt Vonnegut, Harrison Bergeron, and an Introduction to Deviance and Social Control A teaching-related essay by Kenneth Mentor
Vonnegut's "Harrison Bergeron" wins Hall of Fame.
1961 short stories
Bergeron, Harrison
Dystopian literature
Egalitarianism
Fiction set in 2081
Satirical works
Science fiction short stories
Short stories adapted into films
Short stories by Kurt Vonnegut
Short stories set in the United States
Social engineering (political science)
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction |
Bazlur Rahman (3 August 1941 – 26 February 2008) was a Bangladeshi writer and journalist. He was awarded Independence Day Award in journalism by the Government of Bangladesh in 2012 posthumously.
Early life
Rahman was born on 3 August 1941 in Charniamatpur, Phulpur Upazila, Mymensingh District, East Bengal, British Raj. He graduated from Ganabardi School in 1956 and from Anandamohan College 1958. He completed his B.A. in 1961 from Barisal Brajamohan College and completed his M.A. in economics from the University of Dhaka in 1962.
Career
In 1961, Rahman joined The Daily Sangbad as an assistant editor. He then joined as the assistant editor of The Daily Ittefaq. He was involved with the National Awami Party and East Pakistan Communist Party. He founding editor of the Ekota, a weekly, which was closely linked to the communist party. In 1971 he fought in the Bangladesh Liberation war and was the editor the Muktijuddha. From 1973 to 1975, he was the general secretary of Bangladesh Afro-Asia Solidarity Council and the acting Editor of The Daily Sangbad.
Rahman was a founding member of the Bangabandhu Parishad in 1980. He served as the senior vice-president and acting president of Bangladesh National Press Club. He was a founding member of Bangladesh-Soviet Friendship Society and served as its president from 1982 to 1990. In 1984 he was the President of International Federation of Journalists's Bangladesh Chapter. He was a director of Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha and Bangladesh Press Council. From 1998 to 1999, he was the chairman of Khelaghar, a children's welfare organization. He was the editor of the Khelaghar page of The Daily Sangbad. In 2010, he wrote Bangladesher Arthonitir Halchal: 1974–1987, a book about the economy of Bangladesh from 1974 to 1987. His book focused on poverty in Bangladesh.
Personal life
Rahman was married to Matia Chowdhury, a politician of Bangladesh Awami League, member of parliament and former government minister.
Death
Rahman died on 26 February 2008 in Ibrahim Cardiac Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh from a heart attack. He was buried in the Mirpur Martyred Intellectuals' Graveyard with a guard of honor for his role in the Bangladesh Liberation war.
References
1941 births
2008 deaths
People from Mymensingh District
University of Dhaka alumni
Bangladeshi journalists
Burials at Mirpur Martyred Intellectual Graveyard
Recipients of the Independence Day Award
20th-century journalists |
"So mote it be" is a ritual phrase used by the Freemasons, in Rosicrucianism, and more recently by Neopagans, meaning "so may it be", "so it is required", or "so must it be", and may be said after the person giving the prayer says 'Amen'. The phrase appears in the Halliwell or Regius Manuscript, the earliest known document relating to a society of Masons in England, dating from the first half of the 15th century. "Amen! amen! so mot hyt be! Say we so all per charyté".
The phrase has been taken up by neopagans and they use it in a similar way in their ceremonies and rituals.
References
Modern pagan beliefs and practices
Phrases
15th-century neologisms |
Andreas Gregor (born 27 April 1955) is a retired German rowing coxswain who had his best achievements in the coxed fours. In this event he won a gold medal at the 1980 Olympics as well as three world titles in 1977, 1978 and 1982. He won another world title in 1983, in coxed pairs. For his Olympic achievement Gregor was awarded the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1980.
References
External links
1955 births
Living people
Rowers from Dresden
People from Bezirk Dresden
East German male rowers
Coxswains (rowing)
Olympic rowers for East Germany
Rowers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for East Germany
Olympic medalists in rowing
World Rowing Championships medalists for East Germany
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver |
```objective-c
/*
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
* THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER(S) OR AUTHOR(S) BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
* OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
* ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
* OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*
* Authors: Christian Knig
*/
#ifndef __AMDGPU_RES_CURSOR_H__
#define __AMDGPU_RES_CURSOR_H__
#include <drm/drm_mm.h>
#include <drm/ttm/ttm_resource.h>
#include <drm/ttm/ttm_range_manager.h>
#include "amdgpu_vram_mgr.h"
/* state back for walking over vram_mgr and gtt_mgr allocations */
struct amdgpu_res_cursor {
uint64_t start;
uint64_t size;
uint64_t remaining;
void *node;
uint32_t mem_type;
};
/**
* amdgpu_res_first - initialize a amdgpu_res_cursor
*
* @res: TTM resource object to walk
* @start: Start of the range
* @size: Size of the range
* @cur: cursor object to initialize
*
* Start walking over the range of allocations between @start and @size.
*/
static inline void amdgpu_res_first(struct ttm_resource *res,
uint64_t start, uint64_t size,
struct amdgpu_res_cursor *cur)
{
struct drm_buddy_block *block;
struct list_head *head, *next;
struct drm_mm_node *node;
if (!res)
goto fallback;
BUG_ON(start + size > res->size);
cur->mem_type = res->mem_type;
switch (cur->mem_type) {
case TTM_PL_VRAM:
head = &to_amdgpu_vram_mgr_resource(res)->blocks;
block = list_first_entry_or_null(head,
struct drm_buddy_block,
link);
if (!block)
goto fallback;
while (start >= amdgpu_vram_mgr_block_size(block)) {
start -= amdgpu_vram_mgr_block_size(block);
next = block->link.next;
if (next != head)
block = list_entry(next, struct drm_buddy_block, link);
}
cur->start = amdgpu_vram_mgr_block_start(block) + start;
cur->size = min(amdgpu_vram_mgr_block_size(block) - start, size);
cur->remaining = size;
cur->node = block;
break;
case TTM_PL_TT:
case AMDGPU_PL_DOORBELL:
node = to_ttm_range_mgr_node(res)->mm_nodes;
while (start >= node->size << PAGE_SHIFT)
start -= node++->size << PAGE_SHIFT;
cur->start = (node->start << PAGE_SHIFT) + start;
cur->size = min((node->size << PAGE_SHIFT) - start, size);
cur->remaining = size;
cur->node = node;
break;
default:
goto fallback;
}
return;
fallback:
cur->start = start;
cur->size = size;
cur->remaining = size;
cur->node = NULL;
WARN_ON(res && start + size > res->size);
return;
}
/**
* amdgpu_res_next - advance the cursor
*
* @cur: the cursor to advance
* @size: number of bytes to move forward
*
* Move the cursor @size bytes forwrad, walking to the next node if necessary.
*/
static inline void amdgpu_res_next(struct amdgpu_res_cursor *cur, uint64_t size)
{
struct drm_buddy_block *block;
struct drm_mm_node *node;
struct list_head *next;
BUG_ON(size > cur->remaining);
cur->remaining -= size;
if (!cur->remaining)
return;
cur->size -= size;
if (cur->size) {
cur->start += size;
return;
}
switch (cur->mem_type) {
case TTM_PL_VRAM:
block = cur->node;
next = block->link.next;
block = list_entry(next, struct drm_buddy_block, link);
cur->node = block;
cur->start = amdgpu_vram_mgr_block_start(block);
cur->size = min(amdgpu_vram_mgr_block_size(block), cur->remaining);
break;
case TTM_PL_TT:
case AMDGPU_PL_DOORBELL:
node = cur->node;
cur->node = ++node;
cur->start = node->start << PAGE_SHIFT;
cur->size = min(node->size << PAGE_SHIFT, cur->remaining);
break;
default:
return;
}
}
#endif
``` |
```python
import onnx
from onnx import helper, TensorProto
INPUT_1 = helper.make_tensor_value_info('input1', TensorProto.INT8, [1])
OUTPUT = helper.make_tensor_value_info('output', TensorProto.FLOAT, [1])
nodes = [
helper.make_node(
'Cast',
['input1'],
['output'],
to=TensorProto.FLOAT
),
]
graph_def = helper.make_graph(
nodes,
'cast',
[INPUT_1],
[OUTPUT],
)
model_def = helper.make_model(graph_def, producer_name='cast_int8_float.py', opset_imports=[onnx.OperatorSetIdProto(version=12)])
onnx.save(model_def, 'cast_int8_float.onnx')
``` |
Giorgio Parisi (born 4 August 1948) is an Italian theoretical physicist, whose research has focused on quantum field theory, statistical mechanics and complex systems. His best known contributions are the QCD evolution equations for parton densities, obtained with Guido Altarelli, known as the Altarelli–Parisi or DGLAP equations, the exact solution of the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model of spin glasses, the Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation describing dynamic scaling of growing interfaces, and the study of whirling flocks of birds. He was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Syukuro Manabe for groundbreaking contributions to theory of complex systems, in particular "for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales".
Career
Giorgio Parisi received his degree from the University of Rome La Sapienza in 1970 under the supervision of Nicola Cabibbo. He was a researcher at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (1971–1981) and a visiting scientist at the Columbia University (1973–1974), Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (1976–1977), and École Normale Supérieure (1977–1978). From 1981 until 1992 he was a full professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Rome Tor Vergata and he is now professor of Quantum Theories at the Sapienza University of Rome. He is a member of the Simons Collaboration "Cracking the Glass Problem".
From 2018 until 2021 he was the president of the Accademia dei Lincei and in 2023 he was elected Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences.
Research
Parisi's research interests are broad and cover statistical physics, field theory, dynamical systems, mathematical physics and condensed matter physics, where he is particularly known for his work on spin glasses and related statistical mechanics models originating in optimization theory and biology. In particular, he made significant contributions in terms of systematic applications of the replica method to disordered systems, even though the replica method itself was originally discovered in 1971 by Sir Sam Edwards.
He has also contributed to the field of elementary particle physics, in particular to quantum chromodynamics and string theory. Together with Guido Altarelli, he introduced the so-called Dokshitzer–Gribov–Lipatov–Altarelli–Parisi equations. In the field of fluid dynamics he is known for having introduced, together with Uriel Frisch, multifractal models to describe the phenomenon of intermittency in turbulent flows. He is also known for the Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation modelling stochastic aggregation. From the point of view of complex systems, he worked on the collective motion of animals (such as swarms and flocks). He also introduced, together with other Italian physicists, the concept of stochastic resonance in the study of climate change.
Honors and awards
Giorgio Parisi is a foreign member of the French Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the United States National Academy of Sciences.
Feltrinelli Prize, 1986.
Boltzmann Medal, 1992.
"The Boltzmann Medal for 1992 is awarded to Giorgio Parisi for his fundamental contributions to statistical physics, and particularly for his solution of the mean field theory of spin glasses."
Dirac Medal of the ICTP, 1999.
"Giorgio Parisi is distinguished for his original and deep contributions to many areas of physics ranging from the study of scaling violations in deep inelastic processes (Altarelli–Parisi equations), the proposal of the superconductor's flux confinement model as a mechanism for quark confinement, the use of supersymmetry in statistical classical systems, the introduction of multifractals in turbulence, the stochastic differential equation for growth models for random aggregation (the Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation) and his groundbreaking analysis of the replica method that has permitted an important breakthrough in our understanding of glassy systems and has proved to be instrumental in the whole subject of Disordered Systems."
Enrico Fermi Prize, 2002.
"For his contributions to field theory and statistical mechanics, and in particular for his fundamental results concerning the statistical properties of disordered systems."
Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, 2005.
"For fundamental theoretical discoveries in broad areas of elementary particle physics, quantum field theory, and statistical mechanics; especially for work on spin glasses and disordered systems."
Nonino Prize “An Italian Master of our Time”, 2005.
"World-famous theoretic physicist, Giorgio Parisi is an investigator of the unpredictable, this means of all that happens in the real world and of its probable laws. A pioneer of complexity, his research of rules and balances inside chaotic systems hypothesizing mathematical instruments, may take to great discoveries in all the fields of human knowledge, from immunology to cosmology. His is a research of the next “Ariadne’s thread” of the labyrinth of our existence."
Microsoft Award, 2007.
"He has made outstanding contributions to elementary particle physics, quantum field theory and statistical mechanics, in particular to the theory of phase transitions and replica symmetry breaking for spin glasses. His approach of using computers to corroborate the conclusions of analytical proofs and to actively motivate further research has been of fundamental importance in his field."
Lagrange Prize, 2009. Awarded to scientists who have contributed most to the development of the science of complexity in various areas of knowledge.
Max Planck Medal, 2011.
“For his significant contributions in theoretical elementary particle physics and quantum field theory and statistical physics, especially of systems with frozen disorder, especially spin glasses."
Nature Awards for Mentoring in Science – Italy, 2013 Lifetime achievement award. The Prize is awarded annually to a different country by the scientific journal "Nature".
High Energy and Particle Physics Prize – EPS HEPP Prize, 2015.
“For developing a probabilistic field theory framework for the dynamics of quarks and gluons, enabling a quantitative understanding of high-energy collisions involving hadrons”.
Lars Onsager Prize, 2016.
“For groundbreaking work applying spin glass ideas to ensembles of computational problems, yielding both new classes of efficient algorithms and new perspectives on phase transitions in their structure and complexity”.
Pomeranchuk Prize, 2018.
“For outstanding results in quantum field theory, statistical mechanics and particle theory”.
Honorary Doctorate in Science, the University of Extremadura (2019).
Wolf Prize, 2021.
“For ground-breaking discoveries in disordered systems, particle physics and statistical physics. The Wolf Prize in Physics is awarded to Giorgio Parisi for being one of the most creative and influential theoretical physicists in recent decades. His work has a large impact on diverse branches of physical sciences, spanning the areas of particle physics, critical phenomena, disordered systems as well as optimization theory and mathematical physics.”.
Inserted in Clarivate Citation Laureates, 2021.
"For ground-breaking discoveries in quantum-chromodynamics and in the study of complex disordered systems.".
Nobel Prize in Physics, 2021.
“For the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales.”.
Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI, 2021
Activism
Since 2016, Giorgio Parisi has been leading the movement "Salviamo la Ricerca Italiana" to put pressure on the Italian and European governments to start funding basic research above the subsistence level.
Selected publications
See also
Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity
Cavity method
Euclidean random matrix
Parisi–Sourlas stochastic quantization procedure
p-adic quantum mechanics
Renormalon
Self-consistency principle in high energy physics
Stochastic quantization
References
External links
Giorgio Parisi home page
Giorgio Parisi google scholar page
1948 births
20th-century Italian physicists
21st-century Italian physicists
Columbia University faculty
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Italian Nobel laureates
Living people
Mathematical physicists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Nobel laureates in Physics
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome
Scientists from Rome
Theoretical physicists
Academic staff of the University of Rome Tor Vergata
Winners of the Max Planck Medal
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Statistical physicists |
MTV Studios may refer to:
MTV Studios, the former name of the broadcast studios of ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks located in One Astor Plaza.
MTV Entertainment Studios, formerly known as MTV Studios, the production division of MTV |
This is a list of diplomatic missions in Sierra Leone. At present, the capital city of Freetown hosts 17 embassies/high commissions.
Embassies/High Commissions in Freetown
Other missions in Freetown
(Delegation)
Non-resident embassies/high commissions
Resident in Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Resident in Abuja, Nigeria
Resident in Accra, Ghana
Resident in Conakry, Guinea
Resident in Dakar, Senegal
Resident elsewhere
(London)
(London)
(Monrovia)
(Tripoli)
(Addis Ababa)
(London)
(Valletta)
(Rabat)
(London)
(London)
(Stockholm)
Countries that has no official relations with Sierra Leone
References
Freetown Diplomatic List
Foreign relations of Sierra Leone
Diplomatic missions
Sierra Leone |
Kalná nad Hronom () is a village and municipality in the Levice District in the Nitra Region of Slovakia.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1209.
Geography
The village lies at an altitude of 162 metres and covers an area of 34.134 km2.
Ethnicity
Kalná nad Hronom has a population of about 2,048 people. The village is approximately 77% Slovak, 17% Magyar and 6% Czech.
Government
The village has its own birth registry and police force.
Facilities
The village has a public library a gym and football pitch an.
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Nitra, Slovakia"
Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1726-1896 (parish A)
Reformated church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1790-1898 (parish A)
See also
List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
References
External links
Surnames of living people in Kalna nad Hronom
Villages and municipalities in Levice District |
Bakayoko is a surname of Ivorian origin, and may refer to:
Amadou Bakayoko (born 1996), Sierra Leonean professional footballer
Gaousso Bakayoko (born 1991), Ivorian footballer
Hamed Bakayoko (1965–2021), Ivorian politician
Ibrahima Bakayoko (born 1976), Ivorian footballer
Johan Bakayoko (born 2003), Belgian footballer
Ramata Ly-Bakayoko (born 1955), Ivorian academic and government official
Tiémoué Bakayoko (born 1994), French footballer
Youssouf Bakayoko (born 1943), Minister for Foreign Affairs of Côte d'Ivoire |
The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working. Women are generally found to be paid less than men. There are two distinct numbers regarding the pay gap: non-adjusted versus adjusted pay gap. The latter typically takes into account differences in hours worked, occupations chosen, education and job experience. In the United States, for example, the non-adjusted average woman's annual salary is 79–83% of the average man's salary, compared to 95–99% for the adjusted average salary.
The reasons for the gap link to legal, social and economic factors. These include having children (motherhood penalty vs. fatherhood bonus), parental leave, gender discrimination and gender norms. Additionally, the consequences of the gender pay gap surpass individual grievances, leading to reduced economic output, lower pensions for women, and fewer learning opportunities.
The gender pay gap can be a problem from a public policy perspective in developing countries because it reduces economic output and means that women are more likely to be dependent upon welfare payments, especially in old age.
Historical perspective
In the United States, women's pay has increased relative to men since the 1960s. According to US census data, women's median earnings in 1963 were 56% of men's. In 2016, women's median earnings had increased to 79% of men's. Analysis from the Institute for Women’s Policy Research published in 2017 predicted that average pay would reach parity in 2059.
According to a 2021 study on historical gender wage ratios, women in Southern Europe earned approximately half that of unskilled men between 1300 and 1800. In Northern and Western Europe, the ratio was far higher but it declined over the period 1500–1800.
A 2005 meta-analysis by Doris Weichselbaumer and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer of more than 260 published pay gap studies for over 60 countries found that, from the 1960s to the 1990s, raw (aka non-adjusted) wage differentials worldwide have fallen substantially from around 65% to 30%. The bulk of this decline, was due to better labor market endowments of women (i.e. better education, training, and work attachment).
Another meta-analysis of 41 empirical studies on the wage gap performed in 1998 found a similar time trend in estimated pay gaps, a decrease of roughly 1% per year.
A 2011 study by the British CMI concluded that if pay growth continues for female executives at current rates, the gap between the earnings of female and male executives would not be closed until 2109.
Calculation
The non-adjusted gender pay gap or gender wage gap is typically the median or mean average difference between the remuneration for all working men and women in the sample chosen. It is usually represented as either a percentage or a ratio of the "difference between average gross hourly [or annual] earnings of male and female employees as % of male gross earnings".
Some countries use only the full-time working population for the calculation of national gender gaps. Others are based on a sample from the entire working population of a country (including part-time workers), in which case the full-time equivalent (FTE) is used to obtain the remuneration for an equal amount of paid hours worked.
Non-governmental organizations apply the calculation to various samples. Some share how the calculation was performed and on which data set. The gender pay gap can, for example, be measured by ethnicity, by city, by job, or within a single organization.
Adjusting for different causes
Comparing salary "within, rather than across" data sets helps to focus on a specific factor, by controlling for other factors. For example, to eliminate the role of horizontal and vertical segregation in the gender pay gap, salary can be compared by gender within a specific job function. To eliminate transnational differences in the job market, measurements can focus on a single geographic area instead.
Causes
The non-adjusted gender pay gap is not itself a measure of discrimination. Rather, it combines differences in the average pay of women and men to serve as a barometer of comparison. Differences in pay are caused by occupational segregation (with more men in higher paid industries and women in lower paid industries), vertical segregation (fewer women in senior, and hence better paying positions), ineffective equal pay legislation, women's overall paid working hours, and barriers to entry into the labor market (such as education level and single parenting rate).
Some variables that help explain the non-adjusted gender pay gap include economic activity, working time, and job tenure. Gender-specific factors, including gender differences in qualifications and discrimination, overall wage structure, and the differences in remuneration across industry sectors all influence the gender pay gap.
Industry sector
Occupational segregation or horizontal segregation refers to disparity in pay associated with occupational earnings.
A 2022 research study, conducted by Folbre et al., illustrates how the concentration of women in care occupations contributes significantly to the gender pay gap. Their findings show that, while both women and men are affected by the care services wage penalties, women in these occupations face greater tribulations considering they are more likely to be employed in care services. In Jacobs (1995), Boyd et al. refer to the horizontal division of labor as "high-tech" (predominantly men) versus "high-touch" (predominantly women) with high tech being more financially rewarding. Men are more likely to be in relatively high-paying, dangerous industries such as mining, construction, or manufacturing and to be represented by a union. Women, in contrast, are more likely to be in clerical jobs and to work in the service industry.
A study of the US labor force in the 1990s suggested that gender differences in occupation, industry and union status explain an estimated 53% of the wage gap. A 2017 study in the American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics found that the growing importance of the services sector has played a role in reducing the gender gap in pay and hours. In 1998, adjusting for both differences in human capital and in industry, occupation, and unionism increases the size of American women's average earnings from 80% of American men's to 91%.
A 2017 study by the US National Science Foundation's annual census revealed pay gaps in different areas of science: there is a much larger proportion of men in higher-paying fields such as mathematics and computer science, the two highest-paying scientific fields. Men accounted for about 75% of doctoral degrees in those fields (a proportion that has barely changed since 2007), and expected to earn $113,000 compared with $99,000 for women. In the social sciences the difference between men and women with PhD's was significantly smaller, with men earning ~$66,000, compared with $62,000 for women. However, in some fields women earn more: women in chemistry earn ~$85,000, about $5,000 more than their male colleagues.
A Morningstar analysis of senior executive pay data revealed that senior executive women earned 84.6 cents for every dollar earned by male executives in 2019. Women also remained outnumbered in the C-Suite 7 to 1.
Racial and gendered discrimination
Women experience the gender pay gap differently than one another, as do their wages. Women will earn more or less than another woman because of their race and/or ethnicity. According to the Joint Economic Committee, women of color are at a greater disadvantage than white women because they are more likely to hold jobs that "offer fewer hours and more likely to work part time involuntarily." However, "women of every racial and ethnic group earn less than men of the same group." It is also important to note that women of a certain race are more similar in numbers than across races. For example, a Black woman earns around 90% of what a Black man does, yet a Black woman only makes 68% of what a white man does.
A 2015 meta-analysis of studies of experimental simulations of employment found that "men were preferred for male-dominated jobs (i.e., gender-role congruity bias), whereas no strong preference for either gender was found for female-dominated or integrated jobs". However, a meta-analysis of real-life correspondence experiments found that "men applying for strongly female-stereotyped jobs need to make between twice to three times as many applications as do women to receive a positive response for these jobs" and "women applying to male-dominated jobs face lower levels of discrimination in comparison to men applying to female-dominated jobs."
A 2018 systematic review of almost all correspondence experiments since 2005 found that most studies found that the evidence for gender discrimination "is very mixed", and that the amount of gender discrimination varies by occupation, though two studies found "a significant penalty for
being pregnant or being a mother".
A 2018 audit study found that high-achieving men are called back more frequently by employers than equally high-achieving women (at a rate of nearly 2-to-1).
In a 2016 interview, Harvard Economist Claudia Goldin argued that overt discrimination by employers was no longer a significant cause of the gender pay gap, and that the cause is instead more subtle cultural expectations which are a legacy of historical discrimination. According to Goldin, these expectations cause women, on average, to prioritize temporal flexibility, take different risks, and avoid situations of expected discrimination. She advocated educational reforms to address the remaining gender pay gap rather than mandates on business, arguing that the latter is simply too difficult to implement given the demands of the current business environment.
A series of four studies from 2019 found that "even if these careers do not pay less, people assume that men will be less interested in any career that is majority female" and that this has "the potential to create a self-fulfilling prophecy in that people are also less interested in promoting pay raises in female-dominated caregiving careers ... yet if more men were to enter these occupations, the salaries in these fields might also rise".
A 2021 study in Sweden on affirmative action found that "even though people’s attitudes tend to be quite negative when women are favored, they are even more negative when preferential treatment based on gender is offered to men".
Parenthood and the Motherhood Penalty
Studies have shown that an increasing share of the gender pay gap over time is due to children. The phenomenon of lower wages due to childbearing has been termed the motherhood penalty. In short, the motherhood penalty depicts the greater disadvantage mothers face as far as earning less wages than a childless woman. According to a study conducted by the Joint Economic Committee, in 2014 mothers were shown to earn 3% less than childless women and 15% less than childless men. Although it is true that the gender pay gap has narrowed, this phenomenon is essentially only significant for childless men and women. Further, studies have shown that the motherhood penalty has been unwavering, rather than declining like the gender pay gap.
The contribution of the motherhood penalty to the disparity in earnings between genders differs between countries; in Southern Europe, mothers earn more than childless women, in Nordic companies, mothers earn slightly less, in Continental Europe and Anglo-Saxon European countries, the difference is larger, and in Eastern Europe, a large part of the pay gap is due to motherhood.
Traditionally, mothers leave the workforce temporarily to take care of their children. The length of parental leave of mothers affect the gender pay, shorter parental leave may lead women to leave the workplace, longer parental leaves can result in reduced wages of mothers, moderate leaves allow mothers to balance career and motherhood. The availability of childcare can reduces the motherhood penalty as well as increasing workplace participation by mothers.
Women tend to take lower paying jobs because they are more likely to have more flexible timings compared to higher-paying jobs. Since women are more likely to work fewer hours than men, they have less experience, which will cause women to be behind in the work force. Mothers are more likely to work part-time.
A 2019 study conducted in Germany found that women with children are discriminated against in the job market, whereas men with children are not. In contrast, a 2020 study in the Netherlands found little evidence for discrimination against women in hiring based on their parental status.
Another explanation of such gender pay gap is the distribution of housework. Couples who raise a child tend to designate the mother to do the larger share of housework and take on the main responsibility of childcare, and as a result, women tend to have less time available for wage-earning. This reinforces the pay gap between males and females in the labor market, and now people are trapped in this self-reinforcing cycle.
Maternity leave in the United States
The United States maternity leave policy states that employees who have worked the necessary allotted hours are allowed a total of 12 weeks away from work, unpaid. However, these benefits are only regulated to employers who have more than 50 employees. Smaller businesses or companies with less than 50 people are not required to provide leave for new mothers. While the 12 weeks are intended to be used after a mother gives birth or newly adopts, the time can also be used up if there are complications with the pregnancy that require them to miss work. The 12 week unpaid policy in the U.S. is being expanded upon in a few states across the country. For example, New Jersey is now offering new mothers and their families the option to enroll in programs that allow them compensation while away from their job. Now, mothers have a way secure income despite not working.
The National Bureau of Economic Research has found that in Denmark most of the wage-gap gender inequality was because of children. The researchers found that the arrival of children creates a long run earnings gap of around 20 percent for women, while men remain unaffected. The researchers also found that the amount of child-related gender inequality has increased significantly over time, from approximately 40 percent in 1980, to 80 percent in 2013.
The introduction of a child to some American families results in 43% of new mothers in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) to face major career changes, varying from abandoning the workforce entirely to exchanging their careers in STEM for part-time work, or a career in another field. While this is true for new mothers, some studies show that both new mothers and fathers report being affected by “flexibility stigma” in the workplace. Flexibility stigma can be defined as the consequences imposed on workers for attempting to balance the responsibilities of their careers and families. It has also been found that career-people of the STEM field with young children face more "work-family" conflict, as the demands of the rigorous STEM field and those of their young children overlap.
Gender norms
Another social factor, which is related to the aforementioned one, is the socialization of individuals to adopt specific gender roles. Job choices influenced by socialization are often slotted in to "demand-side" decisions in frameworks of wage discrimination, rather than a result of extant labor market discrimination influencing job choice. Men that are in non-traditional job roles or jobs that are primarily seen as a women-focused jobs, such as nursing, have high enough job satisfaction that motivates the men to continue in these job fields despite criticism they may receive.
According to a 1998 study, in the eyes of some employees, women in middle management are perceived to lack the courage, leadership, and drive that male managers appear to have, despite female middle managers achieving results on par with their male counterparts in terms of successful projects and achieving results for their employing companies. These perceptions, along with the factors previously described in the article, contribute to the difficulty of women to ascend to the executive ranks when compared to men in similar positions.
Societal ideas of gender roles stem somewhat from media influences. Media portrays ideals of gender-specific roles off of which gender stereotypes are built. These stereotypes then translate to what types of work men and women can or should do. In this way, gender plays a mediating role in work discrimination, and women find themselves in positions that do not allow for the same advancements as males.
Some research suggests that women are more likely to volunteer for tasks that are less likely to help earn promotions, and that they are more likely to be asked to volunteer and more likely to say yes to such requests.
Technology and automation
Automation is expected to affect male and female employment differently, as the overall labor market is heavily gendered. A paper published in 2019 by the International Monetary Fund predicted that women are significantly more likely to be displaced by automation than male workers. The researchers found that female workers performed more routine tasks in their jobs than men, which are vulnerable to automation. They estimated that “26 million female jobs in 30 countries (28 OECD member countries, Cyprus, and Singapore) are at a high risk of being displaced by technology (i.e., facing higher than 70 percent likelihood of being automated)” over the next two decades.
Overwork
Claudia Goldin found that the gender pay gap is largely caused by women having children, and that other causes for the pay gap include discrimination and "greedy work". "Greedy work" has been defined as jobs which pay a large premium for overwork (significantly more than 40 hours per week) and round-the-clock availability (eg. managerial, finance, law, and consulting jobs.). Women who work in those jobs get paid the same as men, though very few women (and fewer mothers) choose overwork jobs, often because it is incompatible with child raising. Golden's research suggests that the best solution for overwork is that employees need to start demanding more predictabiliy and flexibility, and companies need to realize that more work can be shared and that highly skilled employees are more interchangeable than employers are accustomed to believing.
Consequences
The gender pay gap can be a problem from a public policy perspective because it reduces economic output and means that women are more likely to be dependent upon welfare payments, especially in old age.
For economic activity
A 2009 report for the Australian Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs argued that in addition to fairness and equity there are also strong economic imperatives for addressing the gender wage gap. The researchers estimated that a decrease in the gender wage gap from 17% to 16% would increase GDP per capita by approximately $260, mostly from an increase in the hours females would work. Ignoring opposing factors as hours females work increase, eliminating the whole gender wage gap from 17% could be worth around $93 billion or 8.5% of GDP. The researchers estimated the causes of the wage gap as follows, lack of work experience was 7%, lack of formal training was 5%, occupational segregation was 25%, working at smaller firms was 3%, and being female represented the remaining 60%.
An October 2012 study by the American Association of University Women found that over the course of 47 years, an American woman with a college degree will make about $1.2 million less than a man with the same education. Therefore, closing the pay gap by raising women's wages would have a stimulus effect that would grow the United States economy by at least 3% to 4%.
Using data from 2019, the Institute for Women’s Policy Research reported in May 2021 that if women in the American labor force received pay comparable with their male counterparts, poverty for women in the labor force would be reduced by over 40 percent on average. High poverty rates among working single mothers would fall from 27.7 percent to 16.7 percent. Moreover, they found that equal pay for women in the labor force would increase their annual earnings from $41,402 to $48,326—an increase of 541 billion dollars in overall wage income in the United States economy—equivalent to 2.8 percent of the GDP in 2019.
For women's pensions
Considering women make less than men overall, they are also less likely to be eligible to participate in pension plans. This is because pensions plans are generally calculated based on one's salary per year. Further, this would require women to be employed in jobs that offer retirement plans, which they are less likely to be a part of than men. The European Commission argues that the pay gap has significant effects on pensions. Since women's lifetime earnings are on average 17.5% (as of 2008) lower than men's, they have lower pensions. As a result, elderly women are more likely to face poverty: 22% of women aged 65 and over are at risk of poverty compared to 16% of men.
For education and debt
Analysis conducted by the World Bank and available in the 2019 World Development Report on The Changing Nature of Work connects earnings with skill accumulation, suggesting that women also accumulate less human capital (skills and knowledge) at work and through their careers. The report shows that the payoffs to work experience is lower for women across the world as compared to men. For example, in Venezuela, for each additional year of work, men's wages increase on average by 2.2 percent, compared to only 1.5 percent for women. In Denmark, by contrast, the payoffs to an additional year of work experience are the same for both men and women, at 5 percent on average. To address these differences, the report argues that governments could seek to remove limitations on the type or nature of work available to women and eliminate rules that limit women's property rights. Parental leave, nursing breaks, and the possibility for flexible or part-time schedules are also identified as potential factors limiting women's learning in the workplace.
For domestic violence
Economists predict that partners with higher wages have greater bargaining power within their household dynamics. The gender pay gap thus may put women at a disadvantage to their male partners. Moreover, research has found that the fewer resources women have available to them, the less likely they are to leave an abusive relationship. Other economic models have expanded upon this idea, demonstrating that when pursuing divorce is too costly, the threat of domestic violence may act as a potential method to shift bargaining advantages within a household. Researchers have further established an explicit relation between domestic violence and labor market conditions, finding that the decline in the wage gap from 1990 to 2003 explained a nine percent decrease in domestic violence rates. The estimated costs of domestic violence due to medical care and declines in productivity may be as much as $9.3 billion. Women tend to be affected by this more than men, and in addition, exposure to domestic abuse has negative implications not only for adults, but also for children in proximity to the abuse. At least 50 percent of the variability in lifetime earnings can be attributed to early childhood experience, and adults from households with documented abuse and neglect have lower levels of education, as well as economic earnings and assets.
Economic theories
In 2023 economist Claudia Goldin won the Nobel Economics Prize for her work on understanding the gender pay gap. She found that the gender pay gap is largely caused by women having children, and that other causes for the pay gap include discrimination and "greedy work" (jobs which pay a large premium for working significantly more than 40 hours per week and round-the-clock availability.)
Neoclassical models
In certain neoclassical models, discrimination by employers can be inefficient; excluding or limiting employment of a specific group will raise the wages of groups not facing discrimination. Other firms could then gain a competitive advantage by hiring more workers from the group facing discrimination. As a result, in the long run discrimination would not occur. However, this view depends on strong assumptions about the labor market and the production functions of the firms attempting to discriminate. Firms which discriminate on the basis of real or perceived customer or employee preferences would also not necessarily see discrimination disappear in the long run even under stylized models.
Monopsony explanation
In monopsony theory, which describes situations where there is only one buyer (in this case, a "buyer" for labor), wage discrimination can be explained by variations in labor mobility constraints between workers. Ransom and Oaxaca (2005) show that women appear to be less pay sensitive than men, and therefore employers take advantage of this and discriminate in their pay for women workers.
Policy measures
Anti-discrimination legislation
According to the 2008 edition of the Employment Outlook report by the OECD, almost all OECD countries have established laws to combat discrimination on grounds of gender. Examples of this are the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Legal prohibition of discriminatory behavior, however, can only be effective if it is enforced. The OECD points out that:
herein lies a major problem: in all OECD countries, enforcement essentially relies on the victims' willingness to assert their claims. But many people are not even aware of their legal rights regarding discrimination in the workplace. And even if they are, proving a discrimination claim is intrinsically difficult for the claimant and legal action in courts is a costly process, whose benefits down the road are often small and uncertain. All this discourages victims from lodging complaints.
Moreover, although many OECD countries have put in place specialized anti-discrimination agencies, only in a few of them are these agencies effectively empowered, in the absence of individual complaints, to investigate companies, take actions against employers suspected of operating discriminatory practices, and sanction them when they find evidence of discrimination.
In 2003, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that women in the United States, on average, earned 80% of what men earned in 2000 and workplace discrimination may be one contributing factor. In light of these findings, GAO examined the enforcement of anti-discrimination laws in the private and public sectors. In a 2008 report, GAO focused on the enforcement and outreach efforts of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the Department of Labor (Labor). GAO found that EEOC does not fully monitor gender pay enforcement efforts and that Labor does not monitor enforcement trends and performance outcomes regarding gender pay or other specific areas of discrimination. GAO came to the conclusion that "federal agencies should better monitor their performance in enforcing anti-discrimination laws."
In 2016, the EEOC proposed a rule to submit more information on employee wages by gender to better monitor and combat gender discrimination. In 2018, Iceland enacted legislation to reduce the country's pay gap.
Awareness campaigns
Civil society groups organize awareness campaigns that include activities such as Equal Pay Day or the equal pay for equal work movement to increase the public attention received by the gender pay gap. For the same reason, various groups publish regular reports on the current state of gender pay differences. An example is the Global Gender Gap Report.
Job flexibility
The growth of the "gig" economy generates worker flexibility that, some have speculated, will favor women. However, the analysis of earnings among more than one million Uber drivers in the United States surprisingly showed that the gender pay gap between drivers is about 7% in favor of men. Uber's algorithm does not distinguish the gender of its workers, but men get more income because they choose better when and in which areas to work, and cancel and accept trips in a more lucrative way. Finally, men drive 2.2% faster than women, which also allows them to increase their income per unit of time. The study concludes the "gig" economy can perpetuate the gender pay gap even in the absence of discrimination.
In 2020, researchers from Stanford University used data from more than one million Uber drivers to show that, despite female drivers earning 7% less than male drivers, this difference was "entirely attributed to three factors: experience on the platform (...), preferences and constraints over where to work (...), and preferences for driving speed"; they noted that their results " suggest that there is no reason to expect the "gig" economy to close gender differences. Even in the absence of discrimination and in flexible labor markets, women's relatively high opportunity cost of non-paid-work time and gender-based differences in preferences and constraints can sustain a gender pay gap."
By country
This is a plot of non-adjusted pay gaps (median earnings of full-time employees) according to the OECD.
Moreover, the World Economic Forum provides data from 2015 that evaluates the gender pay gap in 145 countries. Their evaluations take into account economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment scores.
Australia
In Australia, the Workplace Gender and Equality Agency (WGEA), an Australian Government statutory agency, publishes data from non-public sector Australian organizations. There is a pay gap across all industries. The gender pay gap is calculated on the average weekly ordinary time earnings for full-time employees published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The gender pay gap excludes part-time earnings, casual earnings, and increased hourly rates for overtime.
Australia has a persistent gender pay gap. Between 1990 and 2020, the gender pay gap remained within a range of between 13 and 19%. In November 2020, the Australian gender pay gap was 13.4%.
Ian Watson of Macquarie University examined the gender pay gap among full-time managers in Australia over the period 2001–2008, and found that between 65 and 90% of this earnings differential could not be explained by a large range of demographic and labor market variables. In fact, a "major part of the earnings gap is simply due to women managers being female". Watson also notes that despite the "characteristics of male and female managers being remarkably similar, their earnings are very different, suggesting that discrimination plays an important role in this outcome". A 2009 report to the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs also found that "simply being a woman is the major contributing factor to the gap in Australia, accounting for 60 per cent of the difference between women's and men's earnings, a finding which reflects other Australian research in this area". The second most important factor in explaining the pay gap was industrial segregation. A report by the World Bank also found that women in Australia who worked part-time jobs and were married came from households which had a gendered distribution of labor, possessed high job satisfaction, and hence were not motivated to increase their working hours.
Brazil
The Global Gender Gap Report ranks Brazil at 95 out of 144 countries on pay equality for like jobs. Brazil has a score of 0.684, which is a little below 2017's global index. In 2017, Brazil was one of the 6 countries that fully closed their gaps on both the Health and Survival and Educational Attainment sub-indexes. However, Brazil saw a setback in the progress towards gender parity this year, with its overall gender gap standing at its widest point since 2011. This is due to an exponential growth of Brazil's Political Empowerment gender gap, which measures the ratio of females in the parliament and at a ministerial level, that is too large to be counterbalanced by a range of modest improvements across the country's Economic Participation and Opportunity sub-index.
According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, or IBGE, women in Brazil study more, work more and earn less than men. On average, combining paid work, household chores and caring for people, women work three hours a week more than men. In fact, the average women will work 54.4 hours a week, and the average man will only work 51.4 hours per week. Despite that, even with a higher educational level, women earn, on average, less than men do. Although the difference between men's and women's earnings has declined in recent years, in 2016 women still received the equivalent of 76.5% of men's earnings. One of the factors that may explain this difference is that only 37.8% of management positions in 2016 were held by women. According to IBGE, occupational segregation and the wage discrimination of women in the labor market also have an important role in the wage difference between men and women. According to data from the Continuous National Household Sample Survey, done by IBGE on the fourth quarter of 2017, 24.3% of the 40.2 million Brazilian workers had completed college, but this proportion was of 14.6% among employed men. As reported by the same survey, women who work earn 24.4% less, on average, than men. It also cited that 6.0% of working men were employers, while the proportion of women employers was only 3.3%. The survey also pointed out that 92.3% of domestic workers, a job culturally known as "feminine" and that pays low wages, are women. While high paying occupations like civil construction employed 13% of the employed men and only 0.5% of the employed women. Other reason that might explain the gender wage gap in Brazil are the very strict labor regulations that increase informal hiring. In Brazil, under law, female workers may opt to take 6 months of maternity leave that must be fully paid by the employer. Many researches are concerned with this regulations. They question if these regulations may actually force workers into informal jobs, where they will have no rights at all. In fact, women who work on informal jobs earn only 50% of the average women in formal jobs. Between men the difference is less radical: men working on informal jobs earn 60% of the average men in formal jobs.
Canada
A study of wages among Canadian supply chain managers found that women make an average of $14,296 a year less than men. Similarly, a study in the healthcare sector found that women health managers earn 12% less than men at the middle-level and 20% less at the senior level, after adjusting statistically for age, education and other characteristics. The research further suggests that as skilled professionals move up the management pipeline, they are less likely to be female. Women in Canada are also more likely to be found in low-wage work compared to men. There remains the question of why such a trend seems to resonate throughout the developed world. One identified societal factor that has been identified is the influx of women of colour and immigrants into the workforce. These groups both tend to be subject to lower paying jobs from a statistical perspective. Each province and territory in Canada has a quasi-constitutional human rights code which prohibits discrimination based on sex. Several also have laws specifically prohibiting public sector and private sector employers from paying men and women differing amounts for substantially similar work. Verbatim, the Alberta Human Rights Act states in regards to equal pay, "Where employees of both sexes perform the same or substantially similar work for an employer in an establishment the employer shall pay the employees at the same rate of pay." However, pay equity policies do not adequately address gender bias and the tendency for women to be clustered into jobs and sectors that pay less than men despite similarity in skills, qualifications, working conditions and levels of responsibility.
China
Using the gaps between men and women in economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment, The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 ranks China's gender gap at 110 out of 145 countries. As an upper middle income country, as classified by the World Bank, China is the "third-least improved country in the world" on the gender gap. The health and survival sub-index is the lowest within the countries listed; this sub-index takes into account the gender differences of life expectancy and sex ratio at birth (the ratio of male to female children to depict the preferences of sons in accordance with China's One Child Policy). In particular, Jayoung Yoon, a researcher, claims the women's employment rate is decreasing. However, several of the contributing factors might be expected to increase women's participation. Yoon's contributing factors include: the traditional gender roles; the lack of childcare services provided by the state; the obstacle of child rearing; and the highly educated, unmarried women termed "leftover women" by the state. The term "leftover women" produces anxieties for women to rush marriage, delaying employment. In alignment with the traditional gender roles, the "Women Return to the Home" movement by the government encouraged women to leave their jobs to alleviate the men's unemployment rate.
Dominican Republic
Dominican women, who are 52.2% of the labor force, earns an average of 20,479 Dominican pesos, 2.6% more than Dominican men's average income of 19,961 pesos. The Global Gender Gap ranking, found by compiling economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment scores, in 2009 it was 67th out of 134 countries representing 90% of the globe, and its ranking has dropped to 86th out of 145 countries in 2015. More women are in ministerial offices, improving the political empowerment score, but women are not receiving equal pay for similar jobs, preserving the low economic participation and opportunity scores.
European Union
At EU level, the gender pay gap is defined as the relative difference in the average gross hourly earnings of women and men within the economy as a whole. Eurostat found a persisting gender pay gap of 17.5% on average in the 27 EU Member States in 2008. There were considerable differences between the Member States, with the non-adjusted pay gap ranging from less than 10% in Italy, Slovenia, Malta, Romania, Belgium, Portugal, and Poland to more than 20% in Slovakia, the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Germany, United Kingdom, and Greece and more than 25% in Estonia and Austria. However, taking into account the hours worked in Finland, men there only earned 0.4% more in net income than women.
A recent survey of international employment law firms showed that gender pay gap reporting is not a common policy internationally. Despite such laws on a national level being few and far between, there are calls for regulation on an EU level. A recent (as of December 2015) resolution of the European Parliament urged the Commission to table legislation closing the pay gap. A proposal that is substantively the same as the UK plan was passed by 344 votes to 156 in the European Parliament.
The European Commission has stated that the undervaluation of female work is one of the main contributors to the persisting gender pay gap. They add that explanations of the pay gap goes beyond discrimination, and that other factors contributes in upholding the gap: factors such as work-life balance, the issue of women in leadership and the glass ceiling, and sectoral segregation, which has to do with the overrepresentation of women in low-paying sectors.
Finland
On average, between 1995 and 2005, women in Finland earned 28.4% less in non-adjusted salaries than men. Taking into account the high progressive tax rate in Finland, the net income difference was 22.7%. Adjusted for the amount of hours worked (and not including unpaid national military service hours), these wage differences are reduced to approximately 5.7% (non taxed) and 0.4% (tax-adjusted).
The difference in the amount of hours worked is largely attributed to social factors; for example, women in Finland spend considerably more time on domestic work instead. Other considerable factors are increased pay rates for overtime and evening/night-time work, of which men in Finland, on average, work more. When comparing people with the same job title, women in public sector positions earn approximately 99% of their male counterparts, while those in the private sector only earn 95%. Public sector positions are generally more rigidly defined, allowing for less negotiation in individual wages and overtime/evening/night-time work.
As of 2018 Finland is ranked fourth and has fully closed gender gap on Educational Attainment and have closed more than 82% of its overall gender gap.
Germany
Women earn 22–23% less than men, according to the Federal Statistical Office of Germany. The revised gender pay gap was 6–8% in the years 2006–2013. The Cologne Institute for Economic Research adjusted the wage gap to less than 2%. They reduced the gender pay gap from 25% to 11% by taking in account the work hours, education and the period of employment. The difference in revenue was reduced furthermore if women had not paused their job for more than 18 months due to motherhood.
The most significant factors associated with the remaining gender pay gap are part-time work, education and occupational segregation (less women in leading positions and in fields like STEM).
In 2017, Germany passed the Transparency in Wage Structures Act, which requires larger employers to publish information about gender pay gaps and gives employees the right to information about their salary in comparison to members of the opposite gender.
Luxembourg
In Luxembourg, the total gender income gap represents 32.5%. The gender pay gap of full-time workers regarding monthly gross wages has narrowed over the past few years. According to the data from OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) the gender pay gap dropped over 10% between 2002 and 2015. The gap is also dependent on the age group. Females between the ages of 25–34 years are getting higher wages than males in this time period. One of the reasons for that is that they have a higher level of education during this age. From the age of 35 years males earn higher salaries than females.
The current extent of gender pay gap refers to different factors such as varying working hours and diverse participation in the labor market. More females (30.4%) than males (4.6%) are working part-time, due to this fact the overall working hours for females are lowered. The labor force participation represents 60.3% for females and 76% for males, because most women will take advantage of the maternity leave. Males participate more often in higher paid jobs, for instance in executive positions (93.7%), what affects the scale of the gender pay gap as well.
There is also a gender gap in vocational degree (12%) and apprentice training (3.4%) in Luxembourg.
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, recent numbers from the CBS (Central Bureau voor statistieken; English: Central Bureau of Statistics) claim that the pay gap is getting smaller. Adjusted for occupation level, education level, experience level, and 17 other variables the difference in earnings in businesses has fallen from 9% (2008) to 7% (2014) and in government from 7% (2008) to 5% (2014). Without adjustments the gap is for businesses 20% (2014) and government 10% (2014). Young women earn more than men up until the age of 30, this is mostly due to a higher level of education. Women in the Netherlands, up until the age of 30, have a higher educational level on average than men; after this age men have on average a higher educational degree. The chance can also be caused by women getting pregnant and start taking part-time jobs so they can care for the children.
India
For the year 2013, the gender pay gap in India was estimated to be 24.81%. Further, while analyzing the level of female participation in the economy, a report slots India as one of the bottom 10 countries on its list. Thus, in addition to unequal pay, there is also unequal representation, because while women constitute almost half the Indian population (about 48% of the total), their representation in the work force amounts to only about one-fourth of the total.
Japan
Jayoung Yoon analyzes Japan's culture of the traditional male breadwinner model, where the husband works outside of the house while the wife is the caretaker. Despite these traditional gender roles for women, Japan's government aims to enhance the economy by improving the labor policies for mothers with Abenomics, an economy revitalization strategy. Yoon believes Abenomics represents a desire to remedy the effects of an aging population rather than a desire to promote gender equality. Evidence for the conclusion is the finding that women are entering the workforce in contingent positions for a secondary income and a company need of part-time workers based on mechanizing, outsourcing and subcontracting. Therefore, Yoon states that women's participation rates do not seem to be influenced by government policies but by companies' necessities. The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 said that Japan's economic participation and opportunity ranking (106th), 145th being the broadest gender gap, dropped from 2014 "due to lower wage equality for similar work and fewer female legislators, senior officials and managers".
Jordan
From a total of 145 states, the World Economic Forum calculates Jordan's gender gap ranking for 2015 as 140th through economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment evaluations. Jordan is the "world's second-least improved country" for the overall gender gap. The ranking dropped from 93rd in 2006. In contradiction to Jordan's provisions within its constitution and being signatory to multiple conventions for improving the gender pay gap, there is no legislation aimed at gender equality in the workforce. According to The Global Gender Gap Report 2015, Jordan had a score of 0.61; 1.00 being equality, on pay equality for like jobs.
Korea
As stated by Jayoung Yoon, South Korea's female employment rate has increased since the 1997 Asian financial crisis as a result of women 25 to 34 years old leaving the workforce later to become pregnant and women 45 to 49 years old returning to the workforce. Mothers are more likely to continue working after child rearing on account of the availability of affordable childcare services provided for mothers previously in the workforce or the difficulty to be rehired after taking time off to raise their children. The World Economic Forum found that, in 2015, South Korea had a score of 0.55, 1.00 being equality, for pay equality for like jobs. From a total of 145 countries, South Korea had a gender gap ranking of 115th (the lower the ranking, the narrower the gender gap). On the other hand, political empowerment dropped to half of the percentage of women in the government in 2014.
In 2018, the gender wage gap in South Korea is of 34.6% and women earned about 65.4% of what men did on average, according to OECD data. With regards to monthly earnings, including part-time jobs, the gender gap can be explained primarily by the fact that women work few hours than men, but occupation and industry segregation also pay an important role.
Korea is considered to have the worst wage gap among the industrialized countries. This gap is often overlooked.
In addition, as many women leave the workplace once married or pregnant, the gender gap in pension entitlements is affected too, which in turn impacts the poverty level.
North Korea, on the other hand, is one of few countries where women earn more than men. The disparity is due to women's greater participation in the shadow economy of North Korea.
New Zealand
Although recent studies have shown that the gender wage gap in New Zealand has diminished in the last two decades, the gap continues to affect many women today. According to StatsNZ, the wage gap was measured to be 9.4 percent in September 2017. Back in 1998, it was measured to be approximately 16.3 percent. There are several different factors that affect New Zealand's wage gap. However, researchers claim that 80 percent of these factors cannot be elucidated, which often causes difficulty in understanding the gap.
In order to calculate the gap, New Zealand makes use of several different methods. The official gap is calculated by Statistics New Zealand. They use the difference between men and women's hourly revenue. On the other hand, the State Services Commission examine the average income of men and women for their calculation. Over the years, the OECD has and continues to track New Zealand's, along with 34 other countries', gender wage gap. In fact, the overall goal of the OECD is to fix the wage gap so that gender no longer plays a significant role in an individual's income. Although it has been a gradual change, New Zealand is one of the countries that has seen notable progress and researchers have predicted that it will continue to do so.
Russia
A wage gap exists in Russia (after 1991, but also before) and statistical analysis shows that most of it cannot be explained by lower qualifications of women compared to men. On the other hand, occupational segregation by gender and labor market discrimination seem to account for a large share of it.
The October Revolution (1917) and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, have shaped the developments in the gender wage gap. These two main turning points in the Russian history frame the analysis of Russia's gender pay gap found in the economic literature. Consequently, the pay gap study can be examined for two periods: the wage gap in Soviet Russia (1917–1991) and the wage gap in the transition and post-transition (after 1991).
Singapore
According to Jayoung Yoon, Singapore's aging population and low fertility rates are resulting in more women joining the labor force in response to the government's desire to improve the economy. The government provides tax relief to mothers in the workforce to encourage them to continue working. Yoon states that "as female employment increases, the gender gap in employment rates...narrows down" in Singapore. The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 ranks Singapore's gender gap at 54th out of 145 states globally based on the economic participation and opportunity, the educational attainment, the health and survival, and the political empowerment sub-indexes (a lower rank means a smaller gender gap). The gender gap narrowed from 2014's ranking of 59. In the Asia and Pacific region, Singapore has evolved the most in the economic participation and opportunity sub-index, yet it is lower than the region's means in educational attainment and political empowerment.
United Kingdom
As of April 2022 the average gender pay gap is 8.3%, although men get paid less than women for part-time work. The gap varies considerably from −4.4% (women employed part-time without overtime out earn men) to 26% (for UK women employed full-time aged 50 – 59). In 2012 the pay gap officially dropped below 10% for full-time workers. The median pay, the point at which half of people earn more and half earn less, is 17.9% less for employed women than for employed men.
The most significant factors associated with the gender pay gap are full-time/part-time work, education, the size of the firm a person is employed in, and occupational segregation (women are under-represented in managerial and high-paying professional occupations). In part-time roles women out-earn men by 4.4% in 2018 (6.5% in 2015, 5.5% in 2014). Women workers qualified to GCSE or A level standard, experienced a smaller pay gap in 2018. (Those qualified to degree level have seen little change). A 2015 study compiled by the Press Association based on data from the Office for National Statistics revealed that women in their 20s were out-earning men in their 20s by an average of £1,111, showing a reversal of trends. However, the same study showed that men in their 30s out-earned women in their 30s by an average of £8,775. The study did not attempt to explain the causes of the gender gap.
In October 2014, the UK Equality Act 2010 was augmented with regulations which require Employment Tribunals to order an employer (except an existing micro-business or a new business) to carry out an equal pay audit where the employer is found to have breached equal pay law. The then prime minister David Cameron announced plans to require large firms to disclose data on the gender pay gap among staff. Since April 2018, employers with over 250 employees are legally required to publish data relating to pay inequalities. Data published includes the pay and bonus figures between men and women, and includes data from April 2017.
A BBC analysis of the figures after the deadline expired showed that more than three-quarters of UK companies pay men more on average than women.
Employment barrister Harini Iyengar advocates more flexible working and greater paternity leave to achieve economic and cultural change.
United States
In the US, women's average annual salary has been estimated as 78% to 82% of that of men's average salary. Beyond overt discrimination, multiple studies explain the gender pay gap in terms of women's higher participation in part-time work and long-term absences from the labor market due to care responsibilities, among other factors.
The extent to which discrimination plays a role in explaining gender wage disparities is somewhat difficult to quantify. A 2010 research review by the majority staff of the United States Congress Joint Economic Committee reported that studies have consistently found unexplained pay differences even after controlling for measurable factors that are assumed to influence earnings – suggestive of unknown/non-measurable contributing factors of which gender discrimination may be one. Other studies have found direct evidence of discrimination – for example, more jobs went to women when the applicant's sex was unknown during the hiring process.
See also
Economic inequality
Feminization of poverty
Gender inequality
Gender pension gap
Glass ceiling
Global Gender Gap Report
Income inequality metrics
International inequality
Lowell Mill Girls
Material feminism
For other wage gaps
Racial wage gap in the United States
Gay wage gap
References
Further reading
External links
Gender pay gap statistics by Eurostat of the European Commission
UK Gender Salary Comparisons for Graduates 6 months after leaving University. (Based on over 650,000 students)
Equal pay for equal work
Feminist economics
Misogyny |
Mara Gaye (September 16, 1920 – July 22, 2005), born Marjorie Helen Ginsberg in Bronx, New York, was a professional showgirl, dancer with the Radio City Music Hall Rockettes (1938–1943), and exotic burlesque striptease dancer of the 1940s through the 1960s. She also performed under the name Marjorie Gaye.
Biography
Marjorie Gaye was cast as a dancer alongside the then-unknown Ann Miller in the 1936 film The Devil on Horseback. She won both the Miss North Dallas and Miss Dallas beauty contests in 1936. In the mid-1930s, she performed at the Little Theatre of Dallas. She traveled with her mother to California in search of a talent agent that wound up not to exist. At that time she was also contemplating forming a tap-dancing duo with Miller until her father made her return home. She studied professional dance in Los Angeles.
In April 1936, she was chosen to participate in the "Discoveries of 1936" show at the Wilshire-Ebell Theatre by the Assistance League of Southern California located in Hollywood, California.
In 1937 she performed at the Casa Manana 4,000-seat theatrical restaurant in Texas as part of the Fort Worth Centennial Frontier Fiesta exhibition produced by Billy Rose. Fan dancer Sally Rand was the main attraction of the show. Gaye continued to perform in the Casa Manana show when it moved and opened in New York City.
In 1943 and 1944, she was a dancer in the Broadway and traveling show Mexican Hayride. Other shows she performed in include Yankee, Riviera, and My Dear Public with Nanette Fabray. During 1944 she danced with the Sande Dancers in musical shorts called the Soundies such as "Home Again Polka" with Lawrence Welk. In 1945–46, she became the captain (lead dancer) at the Clover Club in Miami, working for Boots McKenna. Other jobs included that of hat check and cigarette girl.
In the 1950s-60s, during her exotic striptease dance career, she performed at Minsky's, Theaters of the I. Hirst Circuit (Wheel) such as the Troc in Philadelphia, the Hudson Theater, Empire Theater, also Club Samoa on 52nd Street Broadway NYC, the Willows in Rochester, NY, on stage in Detroit, Michigan, as well as numerous private functions such as the Outdoor Knitwear Association Convention at the Waldorf Astoria in NY.
While on the Izzy Hirst Circuit she was a new strip feature with a different undress-and-dress routine.
k
At the Holiday Theater, Broadway, New York City, on the marquee "On Stage Michael Rose Capers PARIS SPICE, in person Mara Gaye. Her many shows were met with reviews such as "An Instant Hit" Boston Record,
Mara was once the birthday surprise for Baseball Hall of Fame shortstop Phil Rizzuto. Numerous display ads for her act appeared in the NY Daily News, NY Daily Mirror, NJ newspapers, as well as mentions in the NY Burlesque Bits and gossip columns.
On stage she performed with Peaches at the Empire, Lili St. Cyr at Minsky's, Lotus DuBois, Flash O'Farrell, Georgia Sothern and many others. Her friends included Ann Corio, Comic Lou Ascol and his wife stripped talker Petti Dayne who named their child after Gaye.
In 1954 at Minsky's in Newark, Mara Gaye and Lili St. Cyr had a feud over who would be the first to introduce the black eye patch to burlesque.
In the 1960s, she and Tana Louise started an exotic bizarre costumes mail-order catalog company called Tana and Mara. Tana was the wife of Lenny Burtman, who published Exotique Magazine.
Photographs of Gaye can be found in many of the early pin-up magazines and publications of the 1950s and 1960s, including Bold, Calvacade of Burlesque, Cherchez la Femme, Dazzle, Frolic, Gala, Hollywood Confidential, Night and Day, Play, Playgirl, Pose, Tab, Tom Boy, Uncensored, and Vue. The magazine photos do not always credit her by name.
Mara Gaye's vanity and a few personal items are on view in the ongoing spotlight section of the Museum of Sex in New York City.
References
External links
American burlesque performers
American stage actresses
Actresses from New York City
1920 births
2005 deaths
American female erotic dancers
American erotic dancers
20th-century American dancers
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American women |
International School of New Media (short ISNM) in Lübeck, Germany was an international, affiliated private institute at the University of Lübeck. It was closed end of 2011.
ISNM was established in 2001 by founding director Hubertus von Amelunxen for the purpose of providing a course that combines the technological, scientific, social, economical, and cultural aspects and implications of New Media.
At the ISNM, students work and study with peers with diverse cultural and educational backgrounds. For instance, architects, computer scientists, artists, and sociologists can work together on a project as a team.
Until 2008, ISNM offered a graduate program conducted entirely in English leading to an award of a M.Sc. in Digital Media degree. The 24-month-long program received international accreditation by ZeVA Hannover. The M.Sc. in Digital Media program provided academic training in interdisciplinary media competence. It connected Media Technology, Computer Science, design and e-commerce with the New Media in the arts, culture and society. The M.Sc. degree qualified students for positions at the intersections of digital media in business, industry, research, education, tourism and international organisations, among others.
The ISNM’s interdisciplinary graduate program in Digital Media aimed at creating decision-makers and managers in every sector and discipline with a more complete understanding of digital media's role in the 21st century’s global world and market. The program followed a concerted strategy to reach this goal by providing a unique combination of technology, business, research, arts, design and culture in the Digital Media sector. Substantial emphasis was placed on the transfer of learning from the university to the work setting and an integration of students’ diverse backgrounds into interdisciplinary project management and intercultural teamwork.
ISNM founders have set the standard for the faculty whose teaching and research is consistently influencing New Media practices. The faculty is a group with honors and research awards on their credits.
References
External links
International School of New Media website
ISNM Research
Educational institutions established in 2001
International schools in Germany
Lübeck
Buildings and structures in Lübeck
Digital media schools
New media
Schools in Schleswig-Holstein
Universities and colleges in Schleswig-Holstein
2001 establishments in Germany |
Darren Mark Cousins (born 24 September 1971) is a former professional English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler who used to play for Essex, Northamptonshire, Surrey and Cambridgeshire. His contract was terminated in 2003 after fracturing his navicular whilst playing for Northamptonshire.
His father Dennis Cousins played List A cricket for Cambridgeshire in one match in 1972.
External links
1971 births
Living people
English cricketers
Essex cricketers
Surrey cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
Cricketers from Cambridge
Cambridgeshire cricketers |
Phototrophic biofilms are microbial communities generally comprising both phototrophic microorganisms, which use light as their energy source, and chemoheterotrophs. Thick laminated multilayered phototrophic biofilms are usually referred to as microbial mats or phototrophic mats (see also biofilm). These organisms, which can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms like bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and microalgae, make up diverse microbial communities that are affixed in a mucous matrix, or film. These biofilms occur on contact surfaces in a range of terrestrial and aquatic environments. The formation of biofilms is a complex process and is dependent upon the availability of light as well as the relationships between the microorganisms. Biofilms serve a variety of roles in aquatic, terrestrial, and extreme environments; these roles include functions which are both beneficial and detrimental to the environment. In addition to these natural roles, phototrophic biofilms have also been adapted for applications such as crop production and protection, bioremediation, and wastewater treatment.
Biofilm formation
Biofilm formation is a complicated process which occurs in four general steps: attachment of cells, formation of the colony, maturation, and cell dispersal. These films can grow in sizes ranging from microns to centimeters in thickness. Most are green and/or brown, but can be more colorful.
Biofilm development is dependent on the generation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by microorganisms. The EPS, which is akin to a gel, is a matrix which provides structure for the biofilm and is essential for growth and functionality. It consists of organic compounds such as polysaccharides, proteins, and glycolipids and may also include inorganic substances like silt and silica. EPS join cells together in the biofilm and transmits light to organisms in the lower zone. Additionally, EPS serves as an adhesive for surface attachment and facilitates digestion of nutrients by extracellular enzymes.
Microbial functions and interactions are also important for maintaining the well-being of the community. In general, phototrophic organisms in the biofilm provide a foundation for the growth of the community as a whole by mediating biofilm processes and conversions. The chemoheterotrophs use the photosynthetic waste products from the phototrophs as their carbon and nitrogen sources, and in turn perform nutrient regeneration for the community. Various groups of organisms are located in distinct layers based on availability of light, the presence of oxygen, and redox gradients produced by the species. Light exposure early in biofilm development has an immense impact on growth and microbial diversity; greater light availability promotes more growth. Phototrophs such as cyanobacteria and green algae occupy the exposed layer of the biofilm while lower layers consist of anaerobic phototrophs and heterotrophs like bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria in the outer portion use light energy to reduce carbon dioxide, providing organic substrates and oxygen. This photosynthetic activity fuels processes and conversions in the total biofilm community, including the heterotrophic fraction. It also produces an oxygen gradient in the mat which inhibits most anaerobic phototrophs and chemotrophs from growing in the upper regions.
Communication between the microorganisms is facilitated by quorum sensing or signal transduction pathways, which are accomplished through the secretion of molecules which diffuse through the biofilm. The identity of these substances varies depending on the type of microorganism from which it was secreted.
While some of the organisms contributing to the formation of the biofilms can be identified, exact composition of the biofilms is difficult to determine because many of the organisms cannot be grown using pure culture methods. Though pure culture methods cannot be used to identify unculturable microorganisms and do not support the study of the complex interactions between photoautotrophs and heterotrophs, the use of metagenomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics has helped characterize these unculturable organisms and has provided some insight into molecular mechanisms, microbial organization, and interactions in biofilms.
Ecology
Phototrophic biofilms can be found on terrestrial and aquatic surfaces and can withstand environmental fluctuations and extreme environments. In aquatic systems, biofilms are prevalent on surfaces of rocks and plants, and in terrestrial environments they can be located in the soil, on rocks, and on buildings. Phototrophic biofilms and microbial mats have been described in extreme environments like thermal springs, hyper saline ponds, desert soil crusts, and in lake ice covers in Antarctica. The 3.4-billion-year fossil record of benthic phototrophic communities, such as microbial mats and stromatolites, indicates that these associations represent the Earth's oldest known ecosystems. It is thought that these early ecosystems played a key role in the build-up of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.
A diverse array of roles is played by these microorganisms across the range of environments in which they can be found. In aquatic environments, these microbes are primary producers, a critical part of the food chain. They perform a key function in exchanging a substantial amount of nutrients and gases between the atmospheric and oceanic reservoirs. Biofilms in terrestrial systems can contribute to improving soil, reducing erosion, promoting growth of vegetation, and revitalizing desert-like land, but they can also accelerate the degradation of solid structures like buildings and monuments.
Applications
There is a growing interest in the application of phototrophic biofilms, for instance in wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands, bioremediation, agriculture, and biohydrogen production. A few are outlined below.
Agriculture
Agrochemicals such as pesticides, fertilizers, and food hormones are widely used to produce greater quality and quantity of food as well as provide crop protection. However, biofertilizers have been developed as a more environmentally cognizant method of assisting in plant development and protection by promoting the growth of microorganisms such as cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria can augment plant growth by colonizing on plant roots to supply carbon and nitrogen, which they can provide to plants through the natural metabolic processes of carbon dioxide and nitrogen fixation. They can also produce substances which induce plant defense against harmful fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Other organisms can also produce secondary metabolites such as phytohormones which increase plants' resistance to pests and disease. Promoting growth of phototrophic biofilms in agricultural settings improves the quality of the soil and water retention, reduces salinity, and protects against erosion.
Bioremediation
Organisms in mats such as cyanobacteria, sulfate reducers, and aerobic heterotrophs can aid in bioremediation of water systems through biodegradation of oils. This is achieved by freeing oxygen, organic compounds, and nitrogen from hydrocarbon pollutants. Biofilm growth can also degrade other pollutants by oxidizing oils, pesticides, and herbicides and reducing heavy metals like copper, lead, and zinc. Aerobic processes to degrade pollutants can be achieved during the day and anaerobic processes are performed at night by biofilms. Additionally, because biofilm response to pollutants during initial exposure suggested acute toxicity, biofilms can be used as sensors for pollution.
Wastewater treatment
Biofilms are used in wastewater treatment facilities and constructed wetlands for processes such as cleaning pesticide and fertilizer-laden water because it is simple to form flocs, or aggregates, using biofilms as compared to other floc materials. There are also many other benefits to using phototrophic biofilms in treating wastewater, particularly in nutrient removal. The organisms can sequester nutrients from the wastewater and use these along with carbon dioxide to build biomass. The biomass can capture nitrogen, which can be extracted and used in fertilizer production. Due to their quick growth, phototrophic biofilms have greater nutrient uptake than other methods of nutrient removal utilizing algal biomass, and they are easier to harvest because they naturally grow on wastewater pond surfaces.
Phototrophic activity of these films can precipitate dissolved phosphates due to an increase in pH; these phosphates are then removed by assimilation. Increase in pH of the wastewater also minimizes the presence of coliform bacteria.
Heavy metal detoxification in wastewater treatment can also be achieved with these microbes primarily through passive mechanisms such as ion exchange, chelation, adsorption, and diffusion, which constitute biosorption. The active mode is known as bioaccumulation. Biosorption-mediated metal detoxification is influenced by factors including light intensity, pH, density of the biofilm, and organism tolerance of heavy metals. Though biosorption is an efficient process and inexpensive, methods to retrieve heavy metals from the biomass after biosorption still need further development.
Using phototrophic biofilms for wastewater treatment is more energy efficient and economical and has the capability of producing byproducts which can be further processed into biofuels. Specifically cyanobacteria are capable of producing biohydrogen, which is an alternative to fossil fuels and may become a viable source of renewable energy.
References
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Environmental microbiology |
Asian Washingtonians are residents of the state of Washington who are of Asian ancestry. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Asian-Americans were 7.7% of the state's population. As per the 2019 it’s 9-10%.
Distribution
Chinese Americans are the largest group at nearly 2% of the state’s population and 1.4% Chinese alone. Japanese, Koreans, Vietnamese, Indians, and Filipinos are plentiful. Seattle is 5% Chinese, and 15% Asian. Nearby Bellevue has a larger Chinese and Asian/Asian Indian population, at least 25%.
Significant Asian Seattle communities include Chinatown-International District, Beacon Hill and Capitol Hill.
See also
Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience
History of Chinese Americans in Seattle
History of the Japanese in Seattle
References
External links
A History Bursting With Telling: Asian Americans in Washington State |
Mary-Louise O'Callaghan is an Australian journalist and author.
She was The Guardian'''s stringer in China from 1983 to 1985. She was then the South Pacific correspondent for Fairfax Media from 1987 to 1995, and then for The Australian from 1995 to 2004. She later worked as the public affairs manager for the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). She was based in the Solomon Islands from 1989, remaining there for 25 years.
In 1997, O'Callaghan won both the Gold Walkley award and a Walkley Award for International Reporting for her coverage of what would become known as the Sandline affair. In February 1997, O'Callaghan broke the story in the Weekend Australian that the Papua New Guinean government had secretly hired foreign mercenaries to fight in the Bougainville Civil War. The subsequent fallout brought down the government of Prime Minister Julius Chan. She subsequently wrote a book on the subject, Enemies Within: Papua New Guinea, Australia, and the Sandline Crisis: The Inside Story, in 1998. She later won a third Walkley Award for Best Radio Feature, along with Philip Adam and Chris Bullock, for an ABC Radio National Late Night Live'' series on the Solomon Islands.
She was the Public Affairs lead at World Vision Australia from 2013 to 2019.
O'Callaghan is married to Solomon Islander politician and trade unionist Joses Tuhanuku. They have four children together.
References
Living people
Australian foreign correspondents
Australian political journalists
Australian women journalists
Walkley Award winners
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people) |
"My Name Is Not Susan" is a song by American singer and actress Whitney Houston, released as the fourth single from her third album, I'm Your Baby Tonight (1990). The song was released on June 24, 1991, by Arista Records. It was produced by L.A. Reid and Babyface, and written by Eric Foster White. The song is an uptempo new jack swing number in which Houston harshly tells off a lover who has mistakenly called her by his ex-girlfriend's name "Susan". She lets him know that if he cannot get over Susan, then their relationship is over. A remix featuring British rapper Monie Love was also released, becoming one of the first times a pop/R&B artist had included a rapper in a remix, following Janet Jackson's "Alright", which remix featured Heavy D the year previous.
Critical reception
In a retrospective review, Matthew Hocter from Albumism noted the "fresh vibe", describing the song as "thumping". Upon the release, J.D. Considine of The Baltimore Sun felt it was "emotionless", adding, "(Whitney) has no trouble navigating a state-of-the-art funk groove (as with the new jack "My Name Is Not Susan"), she's mainly going through the motions; there's absolutely nothing in her performance to suggest that she was even the slightest bit moved by these songs." Larry Flick from Billboard commented, "After several ballads, Houston jacks it up on a percolating jam that features one of her more assertive vocals." Henderson and DeVaney from Cashbox stated, "This high-tech, funky, L.A. & Babyface-produced cut isn't nearly as pop as some of Houston's material."
Entertainment Weekly editor David Browne panned it, writing that "in what could be seen as an audition for her pending movie career, Houston gets to act angry on My Name Is Not Susan, in which she scolds a bedmate for calling out the name of an ex-flame in his sleep." Pan-European magazine Music & Media described it as a "pacey pop/dance track boasting a snappy chorus." Rolling Stones James Hunter noted that Houston "stipulates in no uncertain terms" in this song vocally. Caroline Sullivan from Smash Hits commented, "And not only are her lyrics more adult, the music is the toughest she's come up with yet. Of course, being Whitney, that means it's still fairly sugar-sweet, but this is a most enjoyable record."
Music video
In the song's accompanying music video directed by Lionel C. Martin, Houston is featured playing both herself and a character named "Susan". The video is inspired by several elements in the Alfred Hitchcock film Vertigo, both containing a man involved with an obsessive love for both a glamorous blonde and down-to-earth brunette played by the same actress. Several specific scenes that are parallel include a visit to a park, dining in a restaurant, and the photographer's buying clothes for the girl, having her hair also dyed blonde, and the way she emerges from the bathroom. The boyfriend, who is a photographer may have been suggested by another Hitchcock film, Rear Window. There is also a version of the video with a remix with British rapper Monie Love. Outtakes from the video and alternate footage were reused for the video to the follow-up single "I Belong to You".
Chart performance
"My Name Is Not Susan" debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 67, peaking at number 20. It remained in the Top 40 for six weeks, Houston's shortest showing at the time. It peaked at number eight on the Billboard R&B Singles Chart. "My Name Is Not Susan" was modestly received internationally, where it peaked at number 29 on the UK Singles Chart and a modest number 57 in Germany. In 1998, a remixed version of the song (remixed by Snap! in 1991 as the Logic remix) charted in Germany and reached number 52, five places higher than the original did in 1991.
Live performances
Houston performed the song on her 1991 I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour. Three different performances of the song were taped; in Yokohama, Japan on March 15, 1991; Oakland, California on May 11, 1991; and A Coruña, Spain on September 29, 1991. The Yokohama concert was broadcast on a Japanese TV channel and the show in Oakland was aired during The Simple Truth: A Concert for Kurdish Refugees, a telethon held to aid the Kurds on May 12, 1991. She also performed the song on Welcome Home Heroes, broadcast live on HBO, March 31, 1991. This performance can be found on the video: Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston ― Live in Concert. () At the 19th American Music Awards of 1992, Houston performed the remixed version of the song as a part of "I'm Your Baby Tonight Medley," along with "I'm Your Baby Tonight" and "Who Do You Love." In addition, she performed the song on The Concert for a New South Africa, the first of three concerts was aired live on HBO in November 1994, and on a private gig to celebrate for the wedding of Princess Rashidah, the eldest daughter of the Sultan of Brunei on August 24, 1996.
Track listings and formats
UK, CD maxi-single "My Name Is Not Susan" (Waddell 7") — 4:08
"My Name Is Not Susan" (Breakthrough Mix) — 7:45
"My Name Is Not Susan" (Album Edit) — 4:37
Germany, CD maxi-single (The Remixes) "My Name Is Not Susan" (Waddell Alternate Mix) — 7:40
"My Name Is Not Susan" (L.A. Reid & Babyface Remix) — 5:56
"My Name Is Not Susan" (Waddell Straight Mix) — 6:17
US, CD maxi-single promo "My Name Is Not Susan" (Album Edit) — 4:37
"My Name Is Not Susan" (U.K. Mix) — 4:10
"My Name Is Not Susan" (Power Radio Mix w/ Rap) — 4:39
"My Name Is Not Susan" (Power Radio Mix w/o Rap) — 4:04
UK, Germany, CD maxi-single "My Name Is Not Susan" (Waddell 7") — 4:08
"My Name Is Not Susan" ('70's Flange Mix) — 5:34
"My Name Is Not Susan" (Logic Remix Extended) — 5:39
"My Name Is Not Susan" (Ambiente Mix) — 5:08
US, 12" vinylA1: "My Name Is Not Susan" (Extended Mix) — 5:56
A2: "My Name Is Not Susan" (Dub) — 4:28
B1: "My Name Is Not Susan" (Extended U.K. Mix) — 6:16
B2: "My Name Is Not Susan" (Alternate U.K. Mix) — 7:40
Germany, 12" vinyl maxi-singleA1: "My Name Is Not Susan" (Waddell Straight Mix) — 6:17
A2: "My Name Is Not Susan" (Waddell Alternate Mix) — 7:40
B1: "My Name Is Not Susan" (L.A. Reid & Babyface Remix) — 5:56
B2: "My Name Is Not Susan" (Instrumental Edit) — 5:19
B3: "My Name Is Not Susan" (Dub) — 4:28
UK, 12" vinylA: "My Name Is Not Susan" (The Breakthrough Mix)
B1: "My Name Is Not Susan" (The Upbeat Cut Mix)
B2: "My Name Is Not Susan" (Waddell 7" Mix)
Australia, 12" vinyl maxi-single'
A1: "My Name Is Not Susan" (Logic Remix Extended)
A2: "My Name Is Not Susan" ('70's Flange Mix)
B1: "My Name Is Not Susan" (Album Edit)
B2: "My Name Is Not Susan" (Ambiente Mix)
Notes
"Logic Remix" is named the "Bellydance Mix" on some vinyl releases."Waddell Straight Mix", "Extended U.K. Mix" and "The Upbeat Cut Mix" are the same mix with alternate names."Waddell Alternate Mix" , "Breakthrough Mix" and "Alternate U.K. Mix" are the same mix.
Credits and personnel
Vocal Arrangement: L.A. Reid, Babyface and Whitney Houston
Background Vocals: Whitney Houston
Donald Parks: Keyboard Programming
Kayo: Bass
Rhythm Arrangement: L.A. Reid and Babyface
Additional Production and Remix: John Waddell
Babyface: Keyboards
L.A. Reid: Drums and Percussion
Recording and mixing
Recorded at Elumba Recording, Los Angeles, CA
Mixed at Studio LaCoCo, Atlanta, GA
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
See also
"Whatta Man", a song that includes the lyric "he knows that my name is not Susan"
References
External links
My Name Is Not Susan at Discogs
1991 singles
Whitney Houston songs
New jack swing songs
1990 songs
Arista Records singles
Song recordings produced by Babyface (musician)
Songs written by Eric Foster White |
Kate Elizabeth Pickett (born 1965) is a British epidemiologist and political activist who is Professor of Epidemiology in the Department of Health Sciences at the University of York, and was a National Institute for Health and Care Research Career Scientist from 2007–2012. She co-authored (with Richard G. Wilkinson) The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better and is a co-founder of The Equality Trust. Pickett was awarded a 2013 Silver Rose Award from Solidar for championing equality and the 2014 Charles Cully Memorial Medal by the Irish Cancer Society.
Career
Pickett was a commissioner for the York Fairness Commission and a commissioner for the Living Wage Commission. She serves on the Scientific Council of Inequality Watch and the Scientific Board of Progressive Economy, and is a member of the Human Capital Research Working Group of the Institute for New Economic Thinking. She is on the Steering Committee of the Alliance for Sustainability and Prosperity.
Background
Pickett trained in biological anthropology at Robinson College, Cambridge, nutritional science at Cornell University and epidemiology at the University of California Berkeley, where she received the Warren Winkelstein award for epidemiology. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and a Fellow of the UK Faculty of Public Health.
Research
One programme of research focuses on the social determinants of health, including the influences of such factors as social class, income inequality, neighbourhood context and ethnic density on such varied outcomes as mortality and morbidity, teenage birth, obesity, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and health-related behaviours. A second research agenda focuses on smoking in pregnancy, its causal role in relation to behavioural problems in children and its psychosocial context.
Politics
In August 2015, Pickett endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election.
Honours
Pickett was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2023 New Year Honours for services to societal equality.
Selected bibliography
Books
Adapted as the 2016 documentary film The Divide. Picket and Wilkinson each appear as commentators.
Journal articles
References
External links
International Network for Research on Inequalities in Child Health Research Profile
University of York Academic Profile
1965 births
British women epidemiologists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Academics of the University of York |
"On the Beach" is a song by British singer-songwriter Chris Rea that was released in 1986, as the second single from his eighth studio album, On the Beach. It was written by Rea and produced by Rea and David Richards. "On the Beach" reached 57 in the United Kingdom in 1986, and also charted in France and the Netherlands.
In 1988, Rea re-recorded "On the Beach" for his album New Light Through Old Windows and released it as a single. Produced by Rea and Jon Kelly, it reached No. 12 in the UK and No. 18 in Ireland. In 1989, it reached No. 9 on the US Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.
Background
"On the Beach" was inspired by the Spanish island Formentera off the coast of Ibiza. Speaking to Songfacts, Rea said, "That's where me and my wife became me and my wife. That's what it's about. Yeah, I was 'between the eyes of love.' It's a lovely island if ever you're in Europe."
Critical reception
In a retrospective review of the On the Beach album, Rob Caldwell of AllMusic described the song as the "standout track", adding that the original version was "the most evocative, a little slower and more meditative than [the] others." He recommended the song further by selecting it as an AMG Pick Track. Mike DeGagne, in an AllMusic review of New Light Through Old Windows commented that the song, along with "Let's Dance", "represent a lean toward a more commercial sound."
Track listing
Original release
7-inch single
"On the Beach (Special Remix)" – 4:20
"If Anybody Asks You" – 5:00
7-inch single (alternative release)
"On the Beach" – 5:03
"On the Beach (Special Remix)" – 4:20
2x 7-inch single (UK limited edition release)
"On the Beach (Special Remix)" – 4:20
"If Anybody Asks You" – 5:00
"Chris Rea Live" – 3:37 Live at the Hammersmith Odeon - London 2 May 1986
"Chris Rea Live" – 4:31 Live at the Hammersmith Odeon - London 2 May 1986
7-inch single (US release)
"On the Beach (Edit)" – 3:47
"Se Sequi" – 5:03
7-inch single (US promo)
"On the Beach (Edit)" – 3:47
"On the Beach (Edit)" – 3:47
12-inch single
"On the Beach (Special Extended Remix)" – 6:02
"If Anybody Asks You" – 5:00
"On the Beach (Special Remix)" – 4:20
12-inch single (Italian promo)
"On the Beach (Special Remix)" – 4:20
"If Anybody Asks You" – 5:00
"One Golden Rule" – 4:45
"Midnight Blue" – 6:28
1988 release
7-inch single
"On the Beach Summer '88" – 3:45
"I'm Taking the Day Out" – 3:25
12-inch single
"On the Beach Summer '88" – 6:50
"I'm Taking the Day Out" – 3:25
"It's All Gone (Live in Montreux)" – 8:10
CD single
"On the Beach Summer '88" – 3:44
"I'm Taking the Day Out" – 3:23
"It's All Gone (Live in Montreux)" – 8:11
"September Blue" – 3:06
CD single (US promo)
"On the Beach (Edit)" – 3:47
"On the Beach (LP Version)" – 6:50
Personnel
1986 version
Chris Rea - vocals, instruments, producer
David Richards - producer, mixing on "On the Beach"
David Scavenger - mixing on "If Anybody Asks You"
Ekkeheart Gurlitt - photography
1988 version
Chris Rea - vocals, instruments, producer
Jon Kelly - producer, engineer
Justin Shirley-Smith - assistant engineer
Charts
1986 release
1988 release
York version
In 1999, German dance music group York sampled the guitar riff for their track "O.T.B. (On the Beach)". In June 2000, it debuted and peaked at No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks and sold over 200,000 copies to earn a silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Rea played guitar with York for their performance of the track on Top of the Pops. He also stated on British radio that he had intended to go to Ibiza with York for live promotions but was unable due to a recent heart attack.
Track listings
German maxi-CD single
"O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Vocal Radio Mix) – 3:36
"O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Magic Marc's Radiomix) – 3:41
"O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Milk & Sugar Radio Version) – 3:40
"O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Hitch Hiker & Dumondt Radio Version) – 3:30
"O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Eivissa@night.mix) – 6:36
"O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Milk & Sugar's "Munich Is Burning" Club Mix) – 8:07
"O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Hitch Hiker & Dumondt Club Mix) – 8:10
Italian CD single
"O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Basic Connection Edit) – 3:18
"O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Basic Connection Mix) – 6:40
"O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Hitch Hiker & Dumondt Club Mix) – 8:10
"O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Eivissa@Night.Mix) – 6:33
Belgian 12-inch single
A1. "O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Milk & Sugar Club Mix) – 8:07
A2. "O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (CRW Mix) – 6:52
B1. "O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Original Mix) – 7:13
B2. "O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Hitch Hiker & Dumondt Club Mix) – 8:10
US 12-inch single
A1. "O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (CRW Mix) – 6:40
A2. "O.T.B. (On the Beach)" – 8:07
B1. "O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Eivissa@Night Mix) – 6:36
B2. "O.T.B. (On the Beach)" (Hitch Hiker & Dumondt Club Mix) – 8:10
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
1986 songs
1986 singles
1988 singles
1999 singles
Chris Rea songs
Magnet Records singles
Songs about beaches
Songs written by Chris Rea
Warner Records singles |
is a supernatural anime series produced by OLM. It is a sequel to the 2017 film Yo-kai Watch Shadowside: Oni-ō no Fukkatsu as well as the original Yo-kai Watch anime series, originally based on the games created by Level-5. Yōichi Katō returned to officially direct and write the anime alongside new staff. It aired on all TXN Stations in Japan from April 13, 2018 to March 29, 2019. It was replaced by the 2019 Yo-kai Watch! series in its timeslot.
Just like the movie before it, the series takes a darker and more mature approach to the franchise, focusing on story-driven drama and conflict, unlike the original series' comedic and segmented approach.
Plot
Taking place after the events of the fourth film, the series centers on Tate Adams, Summer's brother who doesn't believe in supernatural phenomena. But as he notices his sister frequently comes back home late, he decides to stalk her, only to find out she is running a Yo-kai detective agency with her friends Bruno and Cole to investigate supernatural phenomena. With their secret revealed to him, Summer decides to let him tag along in her activities as they investigate Yo-kai phenomena and take on evil Yo-kai to maintain the city's peace.
Meanwhile, Shutendoji, the one who had planned the Onimaro invasion, as seen in the fourth film's epilogue, along with his Yo-kai bodyguard Voidera, search for the "princess" in their human disguises while observing the Yo-kai detective agency.
Production
Before the reveal of Shadowside, the original anime saw a decline back in 2017 due to staggeringly low sales of later games in the main series and falling ratings for the first anime. The series was conceived after the production of the film, and was officially revealed in the March 2018 issue of Coro Coro Comic as the film serves as a prequel to the anime and the original anime series following the reported drop of interest to the IP. The anime, like the film that preceded it, follows a much darker route in order to gain interest from older viewers. Alongside the returning characters, two new Yo-kai designs have been revealed. Alongside the new designs, the characters of the film have different voice actors as well. The official promo video was shown in Anime Japan 2018, which details the series's plot.
Cast
ケースケ - 戸松遥
ナツメ - 悠木碧
トウマ - 長谷川芳明
アキノリ - 田村睦心
ウィスパー - 関智一
ジバニャン - 黒田崇矢
ミッチー - 小野坂昌也
Media
Anime
The anime officially premiered on all TXN stations in Japan, including TV Tokyo and TV Osaka on April 13, 2018, replacing the original Yo-kai Watch anime series in its timeslot, with the first and second episode premiering on the same day as a one-hour special. The first opening theme is titled by Hard Birds while the first ending theme is titled by King Cream Soda. The opening and ending themes were changed on October 5, 2018 to by Hard Birds and "Oyasumi Sanka" by King Cream Soda.
Episode List
Video game
Yo-kai Watch 4 was developed and published by Level-5 and it has been released on the Nintendo Switch on 20th June 2019 in Japan.
References
External links
Anime website
2018 anime television series debuts
Animated television series about children
Japanese children's animated comedy television series
Japanese mythology in anime and manga
OLM, Inc.
Supernatural anime and manga
TV Tokyo original programming
Yo-kai Watch |
Sir Ivan John Lawrence (born 24 December 1936) is a former British Conservative Member of Parliament and criminal barrister.
Early life and legal career
Born in Brighton, Lawrence was the only child of parents of Russian-Romanian Jewish descent. Alma Cogan, a successful singer of traditional pop music in the post-war period, was his cousin. Lawrence was educated at the former Brighton, Hove and Sussex Grammar School and is President of the School's Old Boys' Association. He read jurisprudence at Christ Church, Oxford, where he became president of the Oxford University Progressive Jewish Society. From 1955 to 1957, he did National Service in the RAF and served in Malta during the Suez Crisis.
He was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1962; appointed Queen's Counsel in 1981, a Recorder of the Crown Court in 1985, a Bencher of the Inner Temple in 1990; and was knighted in 1992. He has defended in over 90 murder trials, and has appeared in a number of notable criminal trials, for example the Kray twins (gang-land murders), the serial killer Dennis Nilsen, Russell Bishop (Brighton Babes in the Wood murder), the Mountnessing silver bullion robbery, the Brink's-Mat gold bullion money-laundering, and a mass-murder war crimes trial at The Hague. Most recently he has co-chaired the 38th Cambridge International Symposium on Economic Crime at Jesus College.
Political career
Lawrence, having twice unsuccessfully stood for the Peckham constituency in 1966 and 1970, was elected MP for Burton in February 1974. He held the seat until May 1997 when he lost to Labour's Janet Dean.
He was a member of the Conservative Monday Club in 1973 when in the autumn of that year he had contributed an article to Monday News on the subject of "The Problem of State Subsidised Strikers". He is listed as a Club MP in May 1975, in a Club office list as one of their MP members in July 1976, and in a Club members' circular as one of its members standing for re-election to Parliament for Burton in the General Election on 9 June 1983. He was still on the List of Club MPs in 1990. He has also been a member of the Conservative Bow Group for over 50 years and has contributed to many of its publications over that period.
He was Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee from 1992 to 1997 and was Chairman of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (UK Branch) from 1995 to 1997. He was a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 1982 to 1992, and served on a number of other Parliamentary Committees concerned with health, employment, social services and law and order.
He was chairman of the Conservative Friends of Israel and was a member of the executive committee of the 1922 Committee for a number of years. His private member's bill in 1991 instigated the national lottery, and in 1985 he made the longest speech in Parliament that century (on the Water Fluoridation Bill).
Post-parliamentary career
Lawrence is now a member of 5 Pump Court Chambers, a Fellow of the Society for Advanced Legal Studies, was an elected member of the Bar Council (2004–2010) and is Visiting Professor of Law at the University of Buckingham. He was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Laws "Honoris Causa" by the University in March 2013. In April 2015, he became a Visiting-Professor at the BPP University Law School. He is well known as an after-dinner and cruise-line speaker. His memoir, My Life of Crime: cases and causes, was published by Book Guild on 30 September 2010 and reprinted in paperback on 1 February 2012.
He is a Freeman of the City of London, vice-president of the Society of Conservative Lawyers, President of the Spelthorne constituency Conservative Association, a deputy for the Board of Deputies of British Jews for 40 years, and was a trustee of the Holocaust Educational Trust.
Personal life
He married Gloria, whom he had met at the Oxford University Progressive Jewish Society, at the West London Synagogue in April 1966. She died of brain cancer, following terminal lung cancer, on 4 October 2016. They had one daughter, Rachel Lawrence, a criminal barrister for 21 years, an amateur actress, pianist, a former CF Achiever of the Year and who even once appeared on ITV's Blind Date. She died of lung failure caused by cystic fibrosis, aged 45 years on 6 September 2013.
In popular culture
Lawrence was portrayed by Pip Torrens in Des, a 2020 docudrama focusing on Dennis Nilsen.
References
External links
5 Pump Court Chambers
Speeches in the House of Commons
1936 births
Living people
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English Jews
English people of Russian-Jewish descent
English people of Romanian-Jewish descent
English King's Counsel
Jewish British politicians
Knights Bachelor
People educated at Brighton, Hove and Sussex Grammar School
People from Brighton
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
British Eurosceptics |
is a Commodore 64 video game by Ken Coates released in North America in 1984. A port for the Famicom was released in Japan in 1985 with the spelling changed to Dough Boy.
Doughboy is a nickname given to American soldiers during the First World War because they would often rush into battle while wearing white dust on them; this originated in the Mexican–American War of 1848 when they had to march through the deserts of northern Mexico.
Gameplay
The player must rescue a POW from a POW camp.
Players can die by being shot, falling into water (by drowning), being blown up by a land mine, and being run over by a tank. Players are in possession of machine gun and can use dynamite as a way to attack the enemies. A strict time limit of 24 hours (five real-time minutes) is used in order to keep the pace of the game relatively brisk. After each round is completed, time is taken off the clock to make things more difficult.
References
1984 video games
Commodore 64 games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Kemco games
Synapse Software games
Top-down video games
Video games developed in the United States
Multiplayer and single-player video games |
Mark Allan Robinson (born January 20, 1975) was the proponent of the first recall petition in Canadian history that reached the required threshold to remove an elected politician. The recall petition was to force a by-election in the riding that Paul Reitsma represented. While the threshold was met, Reitsma resigned before it was made official.
Mark Robinson was born in Penticton, BC and moved to Nanaimo, BC at a young age. He has been politically active from the age of 18, sitting on various local government committees and boards of directors for non-profit organizations. For over ten years during the 2000s, he taught ESL. Since then, he has worked as a front-line community support worker. He is a single father with three daughters.
In the 1996 British Columbia general election, Robinson ran as a candidate for the Green Party in the Parksville-Qualicum riding. More recently, on October 15, 2022, he was elected as a school trustee for the School District 68 Nanaimo-Ladysmith.
1998 recall election
In the spring of 1998, Paul Reitsma, a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the BC Liberal Party in the Parksville-Qualicum riding, had been caught by Cam Purdy, editor of local Parksville newspaper, Parksville/Qualicum Beach Morning Sun, writing letters to the editor for years praising himself and signing them under fabricated names, such as "Warren Betanko". As a result, the Liberals removed Reitsma from their caucus, but he remained as an independent.
Mark Robinson initiated a recall election to force a by-election in the Parksville-Qualicum riding. He organized 194 registered canvassers and volunteers to go door-to-door collecting signatures. Just over 17,000 signatures from eligible voters were required to be gathered between April 15 to June 15 for the recall campaign to be successful.
On June 15, 1998, Mark Robinson presented the petition to Elections BC with over 25,000 signatures. Signatures were verified by Elections BC between June 15 and June 23. Achieving the required 17,020 verified signatures, an announcement was to be made that the recall petition had enough signatures to call a by-election. Just prior to the announcement on June 23, Reitsma resigned his seat in the British Columbia Legislative Assembly after being tipped off about the overwhelming success of the petition to recall him. Had he not resigned, he would have become the first politician in the British Commonwealth to be recalled.
With the seat vacant, a by-election was called for later that year on December 14. Judith Reid of the BC Liberals won the seat with over 50% of the vote.
See also
History of British Columbia
1996 British Columbia general election
References
Political history of British Columbia
People from Penticton
Living people
1975 births
Green Party of British Columbia politicians |
2 Mics & the Truth is the fifth live album by American rock band Violent Femmes. The album was released on July 7, 2017, by Add It Up Productions and PIAS Recordings. It was recorded at various radio stations and Paste Magazine. It was released on CD, 2-LP and digital download/streaming with differing track listings on each format.
Track listings
The 2-LP release track listing is the same as the digital release, except for omitting the track "Issues".
Personnel
Gordon Gano – lead vocals, guitar, banjo, fiddle
Brian Ritchie – acoustic bass guitar, vocals
John Sparrow – BBQ, cajón, vocals
Blaise Garza – baritone saxophone, cabasa, vocals
Jeff Hamilton - mandolin, guitar, ukulele, vocals
Mike Kasprzak - percussion, vocals
Tony Trischka - Banjo on "Add it Up", "Jesus Walking on the Water", and "Country Death Song"
Dan Nosheny - Tuba on "Gone Daddy Gone" and "You Move Me"
Billy Ficca - cajón on "Run with It"
References
2017 albums
Violent Femmes albums |
USA Football is the governing body of American football in the United States. It is the United States' member of the International Federation of American Football (IFAF), and a recognized sports organization of the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee. It selects and organizes the U.S. men's national team and the U.S. women's nation team in federation-sanctioned international competition.
USA Football is an independent non-profit organization based in Indianapolis, Indiana, whose mission includes designing and delivering premier educational, development, and competitive programs for American football, including tackle and flag football. It partners with leaders in medicine, child advocacy and athletics to support positive football experience for youth, high school and other amateur players.
USA Football was endowed by the National Football League (NFL) and the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) in 2002.
Coach education and certification
Heads Up Football
Created by USA Football in 2012, this education and safety program covers fundamental skills and all-sport-relevant athlete health protocols offered nationally. More than 600,000 coach certifications have been completed through the program since 2012.
"Nine of the 10 largest U.S. public school districts – and 16 of 20 largest – ... enrolled in the USA Football program" in 2018 on either high school and/or middle school levels. For the second consecutive year, more than 3,000 high schools nationwide enrolled in Heads Up Football in 2018.
Heads Up football is supported by the ACSM, AMSSM, NATA, and the Professional Football Athletic Trainers Society. The program’s significant momentum represents cultural and behavioral change. More Heads Up Football details reside here. Its educational components are:
Concussion recognition and response
Heat preparedness and hydration
Sudden cardiac arrest
Proper equipment fitting
Shoulder tackling
Blocking
USA Football’s 2020 Youth Coach Certification, nationally accredited by the United States Center for Coaching Excellence, was updated this year and is no longer referred to as Heads Up Football, but incorporates the aforementioned educational components in addition to some new content and resources.
Grant program
USA Football’s equipment grant program is made possible through the National Football League Foundation. The NFL Foundation is the league’s nonprofit organization representing the 32 NFL clubs. Its mission is to support the health, safety and wellness of athletes, youth football and the communities which support the game.
USA Football’s grant program has delivered the following since 2006:
Awarded more than $15 million in grants to school-based and youth football programs
Benefited more than 500,000 youth and high school football players in all 50 states and Washington, D.C.
Assisted more than 9,500 youth and high school football programs in all 50 states
Youth Tackle Football Practice Guidelines
USA Football’s Youth Tackle Football Practice Guidelines, established in 2015, may be the only youth sports guidelines to have earned the endorsement of the following sports medicine associations:
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM)
National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA)
Combined, these three organizations comprise more than 50,000 members across 90 countries spanning 70 occupations within sports medicine.
USA Football’s guidelines employ the innovation of defining levels of contact and establishes time limits on player-to-player full contact (“thud” and “live” contact). The guidelines define “thud”-level contact as “full contact” and limits it, unlike other practice guidelines on higher levels of the sport. These guidelines also address proper heat acclimatization, which was written with advisement from the Korey Stringer Institute at the University of Connecticut.
Board of directors
In February 2022, Peter W. Chiarelli, a retired U.S. Army general, was named chairman of USA Football. He was preceded by Raymond Odierno, formerly the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, when he succeeded Carl Peterson in 2017.
, USA Football's Board of Directors includes:
General Peter W. Chiarelli (Ret.), Chairman
Carl Allegretti, Arbor Investments
Todd Berry, American Football Coaches Association
Mike Golic, ESPN
Dr. Gerard Gioia, Children's National Hospital
Roger Goodell, National Football League
Sheila Hamp, Detroit Lions
Oliver Luck, Private Investor
Kelly Mehrtens, The Trust powered by the NFL Players Association
Mark Murphy, Green Bay Packers
Dr. Karissa Niehoff, National Federation of State High School Associations
Elizabeth Okey, Wintrust Financial Corporation
Dr. Allen Sills, National Football League
Brad Smithey, Victoria West (Tex.) High School
Pete Ward, Indianapolis Colts
Kevin Warren, Big Ten Conference
Rachel Worsham, Falls Church (Va.) George C. Marshall High School
Ex-officio member
U.S. Football National Team Alumnus
Partners
USA Football is affiliated with the following sponsor-partnerships:
Catapult
Commerce Bank
FlipGive
Gatorade
Gilman Gear
Hospital for Special Surgery
Musco Lighting
Mobile Virtual Player
National Football League
National Football League Foundation
NBC SportsEngine
NYU Langone Health
OES Scoreboards
Peopletrail
Pop Warner Little Scholars
Port-a-Field
Riddell
TackleBar
Transcend Benefits Group
Volt Athletics
International recognition
In May 2017, after a split that created rival groupings of the International Federation of American Football (IFAF), an IFAF grouping based in Paris stripped its recognition of USA Football, citing disputes over anti-doping enforcement, and recognized the United States Federation of American Football (USFAF) as the governing body of American football in the United States. USFAF organized a collegiate team to participate in the 2017 World Games, in which it won a bronze medal. The grouping of the IFAF based in New York continued to recognize USA Football, and organized the 2017 Women's World Championships, which the American team won.
In March 2018, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) determined that the IFAF entity in New York was the proper governing entity and voided all decisions of the IFAF entity in Paris, including their decision to strip USA Football of its recognition. USA Football is currently the internationally recognized governing body for American football in the United States.
See also
List of leagues of American and Canadian football
References
External links
IFAF Americas
Foot
American football in the United States
Youth sport in the United States
Sports organizations established in 2002
2002 establishments in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Indianapolis |
Mesoponera is an Old World genus of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae. It is found in the tropics, from Sub-Saharan Africa to Australia.
Species
Mesoponera ambigua (André, 1890)
Mesoponera australis (Forel, 1900)
Mesoponera caffraria (Smith, 1858)
Mesoponera elisae (Forel, 1891)
Mesoponera escherichi (Forel, 1910)
Mesoponera flavopilosa (Weber, 1942)
Mesoponera ingesta (Wheeler, 1922)
Mesoponera manni (Viehmeyer, 1924)
Mesoponera melanaria (Emery, 1893)
Mesoponera nimba (Bernard, 1953)
Mesoponera novemdentata (Bernard, 1953)
Mesoponera papuana (Viehmeyer, 1914)
Mesoponera picea (Bernard, 1953)
Mesoponera rubra (Smith, 1857)
Mesoponera scolopax (Emery, 1899)
Mesoponera senegalensis (Santschi, 1914)
Mesoponera subiridescens (Wheeler, 1922)
Mesoponera testacea (Bernard, 1953)
Mesoponera villiersi (Bernard, 1953)
Mesoponera weberi (Bernard, 1953)
References
Ponerinae
Ant genera |
```javascript
import { getByTestId, queryAllByTestId, queryAllByText } from '@testing-library/testcafe';
import { injectLS } from './clientScripts';
import { FIXTURE_HARDHAT, FIXTURES_CONST, PAGES } from './fixtures';
import { resetFork, setupLEND } from './hardhat-utils';
import MigrationPage from './migration-page.po';
import { findByTKey } from './translation-utils';
const migrationPage = new MigrationPage();
fixture('Migration')
.clientScripts({ content: injectLS(FIXTURE_HARDHAT) })
.page(PAGES.MIGRATE);
test('can do a LEND migration', async (t) => {
await resetFork();
await setupLEND();
await migrationPage.waitPageLoaded();
await migrationPage.setupMock();
await t.wait(FIXTURES_CONST.TIMEOUT);
const button = await getByTestId('confirm-migrate');
await t.click(button);
const approve = await queryAllByText(findByTKey('APPROVE_AAVE_TOKEN_MIGRATION'))
.with({
timeout: FIXTURES_CONST.HARDHAT_TIMEOUT
})
.nth(1);
await t.expect(approve.exists).ok({ timeout: FIXTURES_CONST.HARDHAT_TIMEOUT });
await t.click(approve);
await t.wait(FIXTURES_CONST.TIMEOUT);
const send = await queryAllByText(findByTKey('CONFIRM_TRANSACTION'))
.with({
timeout: FIXTURES_CONST.HARDHAT_TIMEOUT
})
.nth(1);
await t.expect(send.exists).ok({ timeout: FIXTURES_CONST.HARDHAT_TIMEOUT });
await t.click(send);
await t
.expect(queryAllByTestId('SUCCESS').with({ timeout: FIXTURES_CONST.HARDHAT_TIMEOUT }).count)
.eql(2, { timeout: FIXTURES_CONST.HARDHAT_TIMEOUT });
});
``` |
Sky Dylan-Robbins (born Skyler Dylan-Robbins on January 14, 1989) is an American journalist, documentary producer and media entrepreneur. She is the founder and Executive Director of The Video Consortium, a global nonprofit network that connects journalists and documentary filmmakers around the world. She was a journalist at The New Yorker and a producer at NBC News.
Early life
Born and raised in New York City, Dylan-Robbins is the only child of media personality and education entrepreneur Ellie Dylan and Steven Robbins, a business executive. She attended the Rudolf steiner school on Manhattan’s Upper East Side and went on to receive a Bachelor of Arts in Radio/Television/Film, Italian, and Sociology from Northwestern University, cum laude. She spent her junior year making films in Italy and studying cinema at the University of Bologna.
Career
Dylan-Robbins began her career at Tumblr as its editorial video lead. With journalist Jessica Bennett and media executive Chris Mohney, she covered subcultures, news, and trends among the platform's 475 million blogs for its online magazine, Storyboard, while partnering with media outlets like Time and WNYC.
In 2013, she was hired by The New Yorker’s Nicholas Thompson to produce the magazine's video series and short documentaries. Dylan-Robbins worked at the magazine when video was becoming the focus of media outlets as a tool for growth and developed The New Yorker’s video strategy. During her four years at the magazine, Dylan-Robbins reported on a range of topics from the rise of e-cigarettes and the overuse of c-sections to California's deadly drought and psilocybin’s healing effects on the terminally ill. She helped migrate the magazine onto emerging platforms like Snapchat to reach a younger audience.
In 2017, Dylan-Robbins left the magazine for NBC to help launch a new video initiative under the umbrella of NBC News. She worked across digital, streaming, and broadcast departments, reporting on stories in America, Japan, Italy, and the Balkans. She worked at NBC exactly forty years after her mother, Ellie Dylan, was at the network, which inspired Dylan-Robbins to use old segments from her mother's reportage and feature them to show changing trends across the decades.
While at The New Yorker, Dylan-Robbins founded the Video Consortium, a 501(c)3-registered nonprofit network that supports, develops, and connects the next generation of video journalists and documentary filmmakers with resources, tools, and jobs. The network has chapters around the world. Dylan-Robbins serves as its Executive Director.
Dylan-Robbins is recognized for her media innovation and was chosen by Forbes magazine as a 30 under 30 in the Media category. She has received numerous journalism accolades, including Pictures of the Year International, New York Press Club, the Newswomen's Club of New York, the James Beard Foundation, and the Society of Publication Designers. She won a Webby Award in 2013 for her work with Storyboard.
References
1989 births
Living people
Journalists from New York City
Northwestern University alumni
The New Yorker people
Webby Award winners
NBC News people
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American women journalists |
The San Francisco Shock are an American esports team founded in 2017 that compete in the Overwatch League (OWL). The Shock began playing competitive Overwatch in the 2018 season.
All signed players during all OWL seasons (including the playoffs) are included, even if they did not make an appearance.
All-time roster
References
External links
San Francisco Shock roster
San Francisco Shock
San Francisco |
Ingram Canyon is a valley or canyon where the upper reach of Ingram Creek runs in Stanislaus County, California.
The mouth of Ingram Canyon is located at an elevation of . The head of Ingram Canyon is located at at an elevation of in the Diablo Range. The upper reach of Ingram Creek runs through Ingram Canyon.
The mouth of Ingram Creek is located at at an elevation of where it has its confluence with a slough of the San Joaquin River. The source of Ingram Creek is located at the confluence of Grummett Creek and Cedar Spring Gulch at at an elevation of .
References
Valleys of Stanislaus County, California
Diablo Range
Geography of the San Joaquin Valley |
Ethnocide is the extermination or destruction of cultures.
Reviewing the legal and the academic history of the usage of the terms genocide and ethnocide, Bartolomé Clavero differentiates them by stating that "Genocide kills people while ethnocide kills social cultures through the killing of individual souls". According to Martin Shaw, ethnocide or cultural genocide is a core component of physically violent genocide.
Because concepts such as cultural genocide and ethnocide have been used in different contexts, the anthropology of genocide examines their inclusion and exclusion in law and policies.
Origin of the word
Raphael Lemkin, the linguist and lawyer who coined genocide in 1943 as the union of "the Greek word genos (race, tribe) and the Latin cide (killing)", also suggested ethnocide as an alternative form representing the same concept, using the Greek ethnos (nation) in place of genos. However, the term genocide has received much wider adoption than ethnocide.
Usage
As early as 1933, the lawyer Raphael Lemkin proposed that genocide had a cultural component, a component which he called "cultural genocide." The term has since acquired rhetorical value as a phrase that is used to protest against the destruction of cultural heritage.
Proposed usage
The drafters of the 1948 Genocide Convention considered the use of the term, but dropped it from their consideration. The legal definition of genocide is left unspecific about the exact nature in which genocide is done, only stating that it is destruction with intent to destroy a racial, religious, ethnic or national group as such.
Article 7 of a 1994 draft of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples uses the word "ethnocide" as well as the phrase "cultural genocide" but it does not define what they mean. The complete article reads as follows:
Indigenous peoples have the collective and individual right not to be subjected to ethnocide and cultural genocide, including prevention of and redress for:
(a) Any action which has the aim or effect of depriving them of their integrity as distinct peoples, or of their cultural values or ethnic identities;
(b) Any action which has the aim or effect of dispossessing them of their lands, territories or resources;
(c) Any form of population transfer which has the aim or effect of violating or undermining any of their rights;
(d) Any form of assimilation or integration by other cultures or ways of life imposed on them by legislative, administrative or other measures;
(e) Any form of propaganda directed against them.
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly during its 62nd session at UN Headquarters in New York City on 13 September 2007, but only mentions "genocide", not "cultural genocide", although the article is otherwise unchanged.
Notions of ethnocide
UNESCO
In UNESCO's "Declaration of San Jose":
The Declaration of San Jose commits the United States and the nations of Central America to engage in a more in-depth discussion about a broad range of issues. These issues include: strengthening democracy and regional security, building trade and investment, combating crime, drugs and corruption, promoting dialogue on immigration, and achieving more equitable and sustainable development. In the Declaration of San José, UNESCO also addresses and works to define ethnocide. UNESCO defines the term as follows:
Robert Jaulin
The French ethnologist Robert Jaulin (1928-1996) proposed a redefinition of the concept of ethnocide in 1970, to refer not the means but the ends that define ethnocide. Accordingly, the ethnocide would be the systematic destruction of the thought and the way of life of people different from those who carry out this enterprise of destruction. Whereas the genocide assassinates the people in their body, the ethnocide kills them in their spirit.
Pierre Clastres
In Chapter 4 of The Archeology of Violence by Pierre Clastres
Ethnocide, unlike genocide, is not based on the destruction of the physical person, but rather on the destruction of a person's culture. Ethnocide exterminates ways of thinking, living, and being from various cultures. It aims to destroy cultural differences, especially focused on the idea of "wrong" differences, that are present in a minority group by transforming the group's population into the culture norm of a certain place. This measuring of differences according to one's own culture is called ethnocentrism. The ethnocentric mind is based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of superior and inferior cultures. Therefore, ethnocide hopes to raise inferior cultures to the status of superior cultures by any means necessary.
Barry Sautman
Barry Victor Sautman is a professor with the Division of Social Science at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.The "intent that underlies ethnocide is not the same intent as the intent of cultural genocide, for the same reason that it is not tied to physical or biological destruction of a group. The intent is therefore typically aimed at forced assimilation and not on population decimation. Thus the intent that underlies ethnocide is an intentional act resulting in cultural death"
See also
Cultural genocide
Ethnic cleansing
Forced assimilation
Language death
Linguistic discrimination (includes Linguicide)
Policide
References
External links
Stein, Stuart D, Ethnocide
Ethnocide by Barbara Lukunka in the encyclopedia of mass violence
Genocide
Ethnic conflict |
"First they came ..." () is the poetic form of a 1946 post-war confessional prose by the German Lutheran pastor Martin Niemöller (1892–1984). It is about the silence of German intellectuals and clergy — including, by his own admission, Niemöller himself—following the Nazis' rise to power and subsequent incremental purging of their chosen targets, group after group. Many variations and adaptations in the spirit of the original have been published in the English language. It deals with themes of persecution, guilt, repentance, and personal responsibility.
Text
The best-known versions of the confession in English are the edited versions in poetic form that began circulating by the 1950s. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum quotes the following text as one of the many poetic versions of the speech:
A longer version by the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust, a charity established by the British government, is as follows:
Author
Martin Niemöller was a German Lutheran pastor and theologian born in Lippstadt, Germany, in 1892. Niemöller was an anti-Communist and supported Adolf Hitler's rise to power. But when, after he came to power, Hitler insisted on the supremacy of the state over religion, Niemöller became disillusioned. He became the leader of a group of German clergymen opposed to Hitler. In 1937 he was arrested and eventually confined in Sachsenhausen and Dachau. He was released in 1945 by the Allies. He continued his career in Germany as a cleric and as a leading voice of penance and reconciliation for the German people after World War II.
Origin
Niemöller made confession in his speech for the Confessing Church in Frankfurt on 6 January 1946, of which this is a partial translation:
This speech was translated and published in English in 1947, but was later retracted when it was alleged that Niemöller was an early supporter of the Nazis. The "sick, the so-called incurables" were killed in the euthanasia programme "Aktion T4". Communists, socialists, schools, Jews, the press, and the Church are named in a 1955 version of Niemöller's speech that was cited in an interview with a German professor who quoted Niemöller. A representative in America made a similar speech in 1968, omitting Communists but including industrialists who were only targeted by the Nazis on an individual basis.
Niemöller is quoted as having used many versions of the text during his career, but evidence identified by professor Harold Marcuse at the University of California Santa Barbara indicates that the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum version is inaccurate because Niemöller frequently used the word "communists" and not "socialists." The substitution of "socialists" for "communists" is an effect of anti-communism, and most common in the version that has proliferated in the United States. According to Marcuse, "Niemöller's original argument was premised on naming groups he and his audience would instinctively not care about. The omission of Communists in Washington, and of Jews in Germany, distorts that meaning and should be corrected."
In 1976, Niemöller gave the following answer in response to an interview question asking about the origins of the poem. The Martin-Niemöller-Stiftung ("Martin Niemöller Foundation") considers this the "classical" version of the speech:
Role in Nazi Germany
Like most Protestant pastors, Niemöller was a national conservative, and openly supported the conservative opponents of the Weimar Republic. He thus welcomed Hitler's accession to power in 1933, believing that it would bring a national revival. By the autumn of 1934, Niemöller joined other Lutheran and Protestant churchmen such as Karl Barth and Dietrich Bonhoeffer in founding the Confessional Church, a Protestant group that opposed the Nazification of the German Protestant churches.
Still in 1935, Niemöller made pejorative remarks about Jews of faith while protecting—in his own church—those of Jewish descent who had been baptised but were persecuted by the Nazis due to their racial heritage. In one sermon in 1935, he remarked: "What is the reason for [their] obvious punishment, which has lasted for thousands of years? Dear brethren, the reason is easily given: the Jews brought the Christ of God to the cross!"
In 1936, however, he decidedly opposed the Nazis' "Aryan Paragraph". Niemöller signed the petition of a group of Protestant churchmen which sharply criticized Nazi policies and declared the Aryan Paragraph incompatible with the Christian virtue of charity. The Nazi regime reacted with mass arrests and charges against almost 800 pastors and ecclesiastical lawyers.
Author and Nobel Prize laureate Thomas Mann published Niemöller's sermons in the United States and praised his bravery.
Usage
At the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., the quotation is on display, and the museum website has a discussion of the history of the quotation.
A version of the poem is on display at the Holocaust memorial Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. The poem is also presented at the Virginia Holocaust Museum in Richmond, Virginia, the New England Holocaust Memorial in Boston, Massachusetts, the Florida Holocaust Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida, and the Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center in Skokie, Illinois.
See also
And Then They Came for Me
Boiling frog
Creeping normality
Democratic backsliding
Don't Be a Sucker
Foot-in-the-door technique
The Hangman
An injury to one is an injury to all
Night of the Long Knives
Not My Business
Political apathy
Shifting baseline
Slippery slope
Sorites paradox
Then They Came for Me: A Family's Story of Love, Captivity, and Survival
References
Further reading
Quotation: "If they come for me in the morning, they will come for you in the night."
First published 1942 by Fleming H. Revell Co.
External links
German poems
Poems about the Holocaust
Opposition to antisemitism in Germany
Crowd psychology
Political and cultural purges
1940s neologisms
Quotations from religion
Anti-fascist works
Social privilege
Cognitive inertia
Redirects from opening lines
20th-century German literature |
The enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase () catalyzes the chemical reaction
(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + H+ 4-methylphenol + CO2
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the carboxy-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-(hydroxyphenyl)acetate carboxy-lyase (4-methylphenol-forming). Other names in common use include p-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase, p-Hpd, 4-Hpd, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate carboxy-lyase.
References
EC 4.1.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
The Victorians is a 2009 British documentary series which focuses on Victorian art and culture. The four-part series is written and presented by Jeremy Paxman and debuted on BBC One at 9:00pm on Sunday 15 February 2009.
Episodes
Media
A book written by Paxman was published to accompany the series titled The Victorians: Britain Through the Paintings of the Age. In his introduction, Paxman acknowledged that the Irish writer Neil Hegarty had played a significant role in editing the book and bringing it to completion. Paxman was praised by academics and figures in the publishing industry for acknowledging Hegarty's substantial contribution. In the book, Paxman wrote that all television is a collaborative exercise, "so it is rather silly for this book - which accompanies a television series - to appear with only one name on the cover."
A region 2 DVD two disc set The Victorians was released 15 June 2009.
References
External links
Times article by Jeremy Paxman, 7 February 2009
2009 British television series debuts
2009 British television series endings
BBC television documentaries about history during the 18th and 19th centuries |
Darreh Charm (, also Romanized as Darreh-ye Charm; also known as Dar-i-Charm) is a village in Miyandasht Rural District, in the Central District of Darmian County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 581, in 123 families.
References
Populated places in Darmian County |
Meadow Arts is a contemporary visual arts organisation and registered charity based in Shropshire, in the UK.
Organisation
Meadow Arts has been in operation since 2004. The organisation exhibits new art works in the rural West Midlands where art otherwise would not be seen. Meadow Arts does not operate its own art venue but presents all of its exhibitions in partner venues, working extensively with the National Trust in recent years as part of the Trust New Art programme. The director of Meadow Arts is Anne De Charmant.
Meadow Arts became a National Portfolio Organisation of Arts Council England in Spring 2011. Funding and status was extended in July 2014.
In 2014 the Arts & Heritage organisation published a case study based on Meadow Arts' House of Beasts exhibition at Attingham Park.
References
External links
Meadow Arts website
Arts Council England National Portfolio Organisations - Meadow Arts
Charities based in Shropshire
Arts organizations established in 2004 |
St. Joseph Freinademetz Parish is a Catholic national parish based in Beijing, China, which serves German-speakers who either reside in or are visiting China. It was established during the 1980s and is under the patronage of St. Joseph Freinademetz, S.V.D., a missionary to China in the 19th century.
History of German fellowship in Beijing
During the early 1980s Mass was being celebrated in German by the Jesuit priest, Prof. Franz-Anton Neyer, S.J., who was head of the Department of German Studies at Sophia University in Tokyo during the 1980s and 1990s. He would travel to Beijing for each Mass. In 1987 a German-speaking priest became the resident pastor for the Beijing area and began to offer church services in German regularly. The German ambassador, Hanspeter Hellbeck, and his administration team welcomed all German-speaking Catholics warmly in the embassy. In the following year the parish developed and grew.
Highlights of those early days:
1988 first recorded First Holy Communion service with 8 children.
1988 establishment of a Bible study group.
1990 First Holy Communion was celebrated in St. Michael's church with 10 children.
1992 first recorded baptism and confirmation.
1996 The Right Reverend Dr. Hubert Luthe, Bishop of Essen, Germany, visited Beijing and confirmed 8 young people.
At the end of the 1990s, the original pastor left and the parish was then served by a Father Birtel, and later a Father Rotermann from Manila, the Philippines. In this heard times it was even possible to celebrate a first holy communion and offer church services in Beijing frequently.
In 2001 a Pastoral Council was formed and ecumenical collaboration with the German-speaking Protestant Congregation in Beijing, under the leadership of Pastor Heinke, became stronger and stronger. Both churches set up an ecumenical bible study group, an ecumenical choir and an ecumenical Taizé-fellowship group. Several ecumenical church services during the year and organizing an ecumenical Bible Day became common events in the city.
The pastor also attended the Annual Conference of German-speaking clergy in Asia and organized these for about 10 participants during Spring 2010 in Beijing. Further highlight during the history:
2006 visit of Monsignor Prassel, who announced that the parish would be put under the patronage of the newly canonized Saint Joseph Freinademetz.
2009 visit of Archbishop Dr. Ludwig Schick from Bamberg, Germany, leading a delegation of German bishops. He confirmed 11 young people in the course of his visit.
2009 The Reverend Michael-Heinrich Bauer was assigned to Beijing, serving German-speaking congregations in both Shanghai and Beijing.
2010 Bauer gave 16 children their First Holy Communion and confirmed 7 young people. In the same year 2 people were baptized.
Recent activities of the congregation
The major goals for the founding of the Parish of St. Joseph Freinademetz are both being the religious home for German-speaking Catholics in Beijing and providing a bit of German culture in China. It is a bridgehead and contact point for all foreigners visiting Beijing or living and working in the municipal area.
First of all, the parish offers Mass every second Saturday evening in the German embassy. But also the other catholic sacraments are offend to German-speaking foreigners. Every autumn groups with candidates for first holy communion and confirmation were formed. Baptism, wedding, confession and extreme unction are offered on demand after contact with our father Michael-Heinrich Bauer. Furthermore, the congregation participates at the cultural life in Beijing's German community.
The parish's patron Joseph Freinademetz came to China during the 19th century as a missionary and bore witness for Jesus Christ, in particularly in Shandong Province, dying while nursing victims of an outbreak of typhus. The parish commits to his tradition and peaceful guide and intends to stay together in harmony with other Christian congregations in China, and to follow up ecumenism. Therefore, there are good and strong relations with the German Protestant church in Beijing, with the local Archbishop of Beijing, with several other Catholic congregations of foreigners in Beijing and other Christian congregations in China.
Finally St. Joseph Freinademetz Parish matches the recent religious situation within People's Republic of China.
References
German diaspora in China
Roman Catholic churches in Beijing
National parishes
Christian organizations established in 1987 |
Yagh Kuh (, also Romanized as Yāgh Kūh) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 86, in 25 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County |
Nathan N. Holden (born June 19, 1929) is a Los Angeles County politician who served four years in the California State Senate and 16 years on the Los Angeles City Council.
Biography
Upbringing, education and family
Holden was born in Macon, Georgia, the son of a railroad brakeman in the Central of Georgia yards. He moved with his mother and brothers to a cold-water flat in Elizabeth, New Jersey, when he was 10; he quit high school at age 16, when, although he was underage, he enlisted in the Army, where he became a military policeman. Back home, he earned a high school diploma in night school and later studied design and engineering in the evenings at West Coast University. He worked for Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, then moved to California in 1955 and worked as an aerospace engineer. He has two sons, Chris Holden, a California State Assemblymember, and Reginald Holden, a Los Angeles County Deputy Sheriff.
Description and personality
Holden was an amateur boxer as a teenager, weighing only 167 pounds. At age 59, he was a "tall, gray-haired dignified-looking man in a nicely conservative suit." Holden completed the Los Angeles Marathon in 1990 and 1991, when he was in his sixties.
He had two sides to his personality, Los Angeles Times reporter Bill Boyarsky wrote in 1989 — "The Nice Nate" and "The Mean Nate." On one hand, Holden was "a gentle, considerate, compassionate person much of the time." On the other hand, Boyarsky wrote, Holden is marked by a "hostile toughness . . . when he discusses the way black leaders refused to back him in unsuccessful races and in his election to the council." Fellow councilman John Ferraro said of Holden, "He is gruff and he is rough, but he has a big heart."
Early political career
In California, he became active in Democratic politics; he was a member of the "steering committee for the California Democratic Council's peace delegation" and an officer of the Alta Loma Democratic Club. Holden made his first run for public office in 1968, when he was an unsuccessful candidate in California's 26th congressional district, which at the time included Beverly Hills, part of Culver City, most of Venice and some of Santa Monica and West Los Angeles. He became president of the CDC in 1970 and that year made two more runs for Congress.
State Senate
Holden began his service as a state senator in 1974, but gave up his office after four years to campaign unsuccessfully for the Congressional seat ultimately won by Julian C. Dixon.
City Council
Elections
1987: Holden took a leave from his job as assistant chief deputy to Los Angeles County Supervisor Kenneth Hahn to run against Homer Broome Jr. for the 10th District seat that had been vacated by the resignation of Dave Cunningham. Holden won by a 2–1 margin, even though Broome had been endorsed by Mayor Tom Bradley. Another candidate was Esther M. Lofton, who received fewer than 100 votes.
1989: Holden took on Mayor Bradley directly when he entered the race for mayor. He angered some of his constituents during the campaign when he supported the proposed breakup of the Los Angeles Unified School District. It was noted just before the election that Bradley's campaign fund vastly surpassed Holden's — $1,085,861 to $67,252. Bradley received just over 50% percent of the vote to win in the April primary. !8,000 ballots were damaged and not counted in the overall total.
1991: Lofton, 60, a former schoolteacher "with no political base," challenged Holden again, stating she would not accept campaign contributions. When the votes were counted, Lofton had won an "astounding 28%," the Los Angeles Times remarked editorially, ascribing the large percentage to Holden's "hands-off policy regarding Police Chief Daryl Gates.
1995: Holden was challenged in the April primary by Deputy District Attorney Kevin A. Ross and by Rhodes Scholar and Yale Law School graduate J. Stanley (Stan) Sanders. In the final election against Sanders in June, Holden received 54% of the vote and was elected.
Legislation
1987: Forbidding the sale or manufacture of realistic toy guns. Bill passed.
1990: Requiring buyers of Rolex watches to register the serial number with police to make it difficult for criminals to sell them. Introduced in the wake of a rash of Rolex thefts of about one a day, with some owners killed.
1999: Requiring cable companies to remove sneakers tied together and left dangling from overhead lines. Holden said they were "menacing signals of gang territory and drug sales." Police officials said they were just pranks. Bill passed.
Legacy
The Nate Holden Performing Arts Center at 4718 West Washington Boulevard is named in his honor.
Changed the restrictions that prevented women from acquiring a mortgage without the signature of a man.
Was the author of the legislation that led the State of California ( the first state in the nation) to recognize the Martin Luther King Holiday.
References
Further reading
Beyda v. City of Los Angeles (sexual harassment appeal)
Erin J. Aubry in LA Weekly on the 1999 10th District election
Join California Nate Holden
1929 births
Living people
Democratic Party California state senators
Holden, Nate
Politicians from Macon, Georgia
Politicians from Elizabeth, New Jersey
African-American state legislators in California
United States Army soldiers
African-American city council members in California
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
20th-century African-American politicians
21st-century African-American politicians
Candidates in the 1989 United States elections |
Dnipro is Ukrainian prospective surface-to-air missile of middle range. It was supposed to be mounted on Volodymyr Velykyi-class corvettes.
The designer, Ukroboronservice, also developed the land-platform variant for this missiles.
December 1, 2016 was posted a message about successful launches of cruise missiles Neptune and anti-aircraft missiles Dnipro at a training range in the southern of Ukraine.
Tactical and technical characteristics
The maximum detection range of a target type of a tactical fighter:
at an altitude of 7 km - not less than 150 km;
at an altitude of 0,15 km - not less than 50 km;
at an altitude of 0.02 km - not less than 28 km;
Range of steady escort of tactical fighter - 120 km;
Minimum height of target damage is 0.015 km;
Maximum defeat height of the target is 25 km;
Time of preparation (inclusion) of the complex for combat work - no more than 4 minutes.
Producers
Medium range SAM "Dnipro" is a product of joint venture of Ukrainian defense enterprises:
Iskra SPC (multipurpose radar missile launching station) — Zaporizhia;
SPP Aerotehnics-MLT (the station of combat control) — Kyiv;
Luch Design Bureau (rockets) — Kyiv;
DP LINDRTI (GSN developer) — Lviv;
KrAZ (chassis) — Kremenchuk.
Ukroboronservice (General project management)
See also
Volodymyr Velykyi-class corvette
Neptune (cruise missile)
Hrim (missile system)
Dnepr (rocket)
References
Links
Surface-to-air missiles of Ukraine |
Odechów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Grabów, north-west of Łęczyca, and north-west of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Villages in Łęczyca County |
Three ships of the United States Navy have been named Canopus after the first magnitude star Canopus in the constellation Argo.
was launched in 1919 by the New York Shipbuilding Company as the Santa Leonora.
(ordered as AS-27, but reclassified before keel-laying) was a destroyer tender, but construction was canceled in 1945 prior to launching.
was launched on 12 February 1965.
Sources
United States Navy ship names |
The Battle of Swift Creek or Arrowfield Church was fought on May 9, 1864, between Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. Union forces were only partially successful: they inflicted damage on the local railroad, but further advance was halted.
Description
On May 9, Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler made a thrust toward Petersburg and was met by Bushrod Johnson's Division at Swift Creek. A premature Confederate attack at Arrowfield Church was driven back with heavy losses, but Union forces did not follow up. After skirmishing, Butler seemed content to tear up the railroad tracks and did not press the defenders. In conjunction with the advance to Swift Creek, five Federal gunboats steamed up the Appomattox River to bombard Fort Clifton, while Edward W. Hincks's U.S. Colored Troops infantry division struggled through marshy ground from the land side. The gunboats were quickly driven off, and the infantry attack was abandoned.
References
Sources
National Park Service Battle Summary
CWSAC Report Update
City of Colonial Heights, Virginia
E-History
Bermuda Hundred campaign
Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
Inconclusive battles of the American Civil War
Swift Creek
Conflicts in 1864
1864 in Virginia
Chesterfield County in the American Civil War
May 1864 events |
Coca-Cola Blak (stylized as Coca-Cola BlāK) was a coffee-flavored soft drink introduced by Coca-Cola in 2006 and discontinued in 2008. The mid-calorie drink was introduced first in France and subsequently in other markets, including Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Lithuania.
Coca-Cola Blak launched in the United States on April 3, and in Canada on August 29, 2006 in Toronto, Ontario, at Dundas Square. In August 2007, trade magazine Beverage Digest noted that Coca-Cola would discontinue the drink within the United States.
The French and Canadian versions of Coca-Cola Blak were sweetened with sugar. The U.S. version of Coca-Cola Blak replaced sugar with high fructose corn syrup, aspartame, and acesulfame potassium. Consumer Reports taste-testers found the French version to be less sweet and to contain more coffee flavor.
The American and Canadian versions had a plastic resealable cap on a glass bottle that resembled the classic Coke bottle, where the French/Czech version was a bottle shape formed in aluminum.
In 2010, Coca-Cola FEMSA, the largest Coca-Cola bottler in Latin America, released coffee dispenser machines in Mexico under the brand name Blak.
In 2019, it was reported that Coca-Cola have started to plan an introduction of coffee-related products across 25 markets by the end of the year. The coffee has been planned to combine Coca-Cola with coffee, which will contain less caffeine than a regular cup of coffee but more than a regular can of Coke. This rollout, which started in European markets, culminated in the release of Coca-Cola with Coffee in the US on January 25, 2021.
Nutritional facts
See also
Coffee-flavored Pepsi
Syrup, a 1999 novel featuring a plot revolving around a fictional but similar product
References
External links
Coca-Cola BlāK to make its worldwide debut The Coca-Cola Company, 2005-12-07
Coca-Cola gives out thousands of Coke BlāK samples in Times Square
Coca-Cola cola brands
Products introduced in 2006
Coffee softdrinks
Products and services discontinued in 2008
Discontinued soft drinks |
Pfronstetten is a town in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
References
Reutlingen (district) |
```xml
/* eslint-disable react/no-children-prop */
import clsx from 'clsx';
import React, { MouseEvent, ReactNode } from 'react';
import { DraftJsBlockAlignmentButtonType } from '..';
interface CreateBlockAlignmentButtonProps {
alignment: string;
children: ReactNode;
}
export default function createBlockAlignmentButton({
alignment,
children,
}: CreateBlockAlignmentButtonProps): DraftJsBlockAlignmentButtonType {
return function BlockAlignmentButton(props) {
const activate = (event: MouseEvent): void => {
event.preventDefault();
props.setAlignment({ alignment });
};
const preventBubblingUp = (event: MouseEvent): void => {
event.preventDefault();
};
const isActive = (): boolean => props.alignment === alignment;
const { theme, buttonProps = {} } = props;
const className = isActive()
? clsx(theme.button, theme.active)
: theme.button;
return (
<div className={theme.buttonWrapper} onMouseDown={preventBubblingUp}>
<button
children={children}
{...buttonProps}
className={className}
onClick={activate}
type="button"
role="button"
aria-label={`block align text ${alignment}`}
/>
</div>
);
};
}
``` |
```javascript
const React = require('react');
require('react-native');
const renderer = require('react-test-renderer');
const { Provider } = require('react-redux');
const { Navigation } = require('../../lib/src/index');
describe('redux support', () => {
let MyConnectedComponent;
let store;
beforeEach(() => {
MyConnectedComponent = require('./MyComponent');
store = require('./MyStore');
});
it('renders normally', () => {
const HOC = class extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<Provider store={store.reduxStore}>
<MyConnectedComponent />
</Provider>
);
}
};
Navigation.registerComponent(
'ComponentName',
() => (props) => <HOC {...props} />,
Provider,
store.reduxStore
);
const tree = renderer.create(<HOC />);
expect(tree.toJSON().children).toEqual(['no name']);
});
it('passes props into wrapped components', () => {
const renderCountIncrement = jest.fn();
const HOC = class extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<Provider store={store.reduxStore}>
<MyConnectedComponent {...this.props} />
</Provider>
);
}
};
const CompFromNavigation = Navigation.registerComponent('ComponentName', () => (props) => (
<HOC {...props} />
))();
const tree = renderer.create(
<CompFromNavigation componentId="componentId" renderCountIncrement={renderCountIncrement} />
);
expect(tree.toJSON().children).toEqual(['no name']);
expect(renderCountIncrement).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
});
it('rerenders as a result of an underlying state change (by selector)', () => {
const renderCountIncrement = jest.fn();
const tree = renderer.create(
<Provider store={store.reduxStore}>
<MyConnectedComponent renderCountIncrement={renderCountIncrement} />
</Provider>
);
expect(tree.toJSON().children).toEqual(['no name']);
expect(renderCountIncrement).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
store.reduxStore.dispatch({ type: 'redux.MyStore.setName', name: 'Bob' });
expect(store.selectors.getName(store.reduxStore.getState())).toEqual('Bob');
expect(tree.toJSON().children).toEqual(['Bob']);
expect(renderCountIncrement).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
});
it('rerenders as a result of an underlying state change with a new key', () => {
const renderCountIncrement = jest.fn();
const tree = renderer.create(
<Provider store={store.reduxStore}>
<MyConnectedComponent printAge={true} renderCountIncrement={renderCountIncrement} />
</Provider>
);
expect(tree.toJSON().children).toEqual(null);
expect(renderCountIncrement).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
store.reduxStore.dispatch({ type: 'redux.MyStore.setAge', age: 30 });
expect(store.selectors.getAge(store.reduxStore.getState())).toEqual(30);
expect(tree.toJSON().children).toEqual(['30']);
expect(renderCountIncrement).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
});
});
``` |
Mary J. Hayden (born Mary Jane Bean; 1830 in Athens, Maine) spent her early childhood with her grandparents in the town of Cornville, Maine. In 1845, Hayden emigrated with her parents to the wilds of Wisconsin, where in 1847, she met and married Gay Hayden. In 1850, they emigrated to the Oregon Territory and settled in what is now Vancouver, Washington. In 1851, upon hearing of the Donation Land Claim Act, a year after the act was passed by Congress, they settled on an island situated on the Columbia River between modern-day Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington that would become known as Hayden Island. Gay Hayden proceeded to build a grand home and live on the island for five years with his wife and their twin children. Together and individually, they would both become well-known pioneers of the Pacific Northwest. Hayden was a member of the Oregon Pioneer Association. She died on June 24, 1918, in Seattle, Washington.
Hayden v. Zerbst
On March 10, 1886, Hayden separated from her husband and divided their property in court, from that point on each handling their own real estate and financial affairs. Gay Hayden later sold a portion of his land to Terrence Furey in September 1901, and Furey (prior to the purchase of the lot) was informed that Hayden was the wife of the grantor but that she had no interest in the lot. Furey then resold the land on March 8, 1906, to Reinhold Zerbst, but Hayden did not join in this conveyance. Furey sold and conveyed the lot to Zerbst, who at said time did not know that Gay Hayden was a married man. Gay Hayden had died almost four years previously intestate in Clarke County in May 1902 and his estate was probated in that county.
The Portland and Seattle Railway had Zerbst's land condemned in 1903 and he was subsequently reimbursed $1200 for the land. Hayden had made no claim to this lot until the sale to Zerbst was begun upon which she appealed to the Supreme Court of Washington in 1908 for her half of the proceeds from said land sale and resulted in the case of Hayden v. Zerbst. In the end, the court found in favor of Zerbst as Hayden had not taken any action for 14 years after the sale of the land by her late husband.
References
Oregon pioneers
1918 deaths
1830 births
People from Somerset County, Maine
People from Wisconsin
Lawsuits |
Pedicularia deshayesiana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pediculariidae, one of the families of cowry allies.
References
Landau B. & Fehse D. (2004). The early Pliocene Gastropoda (Mollusca) of Estepona, southern Spain. Part 3: Trivioidea and Cypraeoidea. Palaeontos. 5: 1-34.
External links
Seguenza G. (1865). Description d'un Pedicularia fossile. Journal de Conchyliologie. 13: 58-61, pl. 4
Pediculariinae |
SS W. P. Few was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Alexander S. Clay, a member of the Georgia House of Representatives and United States Senator from Georgia.
Construction
Alexander S. Clay was laid down on 3 May 1944, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2364, by J.A. Jones Construction, Brunswick, Georgia; she was sponsored by Miss Vaida V. Clay, and launched on 30 June 1944.
History
She was allocated to the South Atlantic Steamship Lines Inc., on 15 July 1944. On 22 September 1948, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet in Mobile, Alabama. On 29 August 1969, she was sold, to Southern Scrap Material, Co., Inc., for scrapping. She was removed from the fleet on 26 September 1969.
References
Bibliography
Liberty ships
Ships built in Brunswick, Georgia
1944 ships
Mobile Reserve Fleet |
```css
CSS Specificity
Hide the scrollbar in webkit browser
Determine the opacity of background-colors using the RGBA declaration
Use `:not()` to apply/unapply styles
`:required` and `:optional` pseudo classes
``` |
The Huamanga Cathedral (also known as the Cathedral of Ayacucho) is the main Baroque cathedral in Ayacucho, Peru. It is under the ownership of the Catholic Church and was declared a Historic Cultural Heritage of the Nation of Peru in 1972. It is located in the Plaza de Armas. It is built with pink stone in the center and gray stone in the towers. Its construction began in 1632 and ended in 1672. It is considered one of the most beautiful cathedrals in Peru, especially for its interiors decorated with a Churrigueresque style. It is the main and largest temple in Ayacucho.
Architecture
It has four doors of arches (three in the main facade and one on the north side of the temple.) The central portal of the main facade is flanked by double Corinthian columns resting on pilasters that finish four areas. In the intervals of these columns there are two niches occupied by statues of the apostles St. Peter and St. Paul. The body of the temple has two posterior towers; the south side is made out of stone, while the north side is made out of brick and lime. They have arches, only one in the major sides and two arches on the lateral sides. From what proceeds, it follows that the architectural style of the renaissance baroque facade. It has three naves and chapiters built in hewn stone bearing 16 high vaults and a beautiful domed octagonal triangular base. From this temple, the procession of the Risen Christ beings at dawn on Easter Sunday; concluding Holy Week.
References
External links
Ayacucho República Aristocrática photo gallery
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Peru
Catholic Church in Peru
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1672
Andean Baroque architecture in Peru
Buildings and structures in Ayacucho Region
1672 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Basilica churches in Peru
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Peru |
Greatest Disco Hits: Music for Non-Stop Dancing is an album released by the Salsoul Orchestra in 1978 on Salsoul Records (LP record SA 8508). It is noted for its pioneering use of slip-cueing, known at the time as “disco blending,” a phrase coined by Walter Gibbons.
Reception
Prior to landing on the charts, the album had been reviewed as a “perfect party record” by Billboard magazine. Greatest Disco Hits entered the Billboard 200 album charts on September 9, 1978, and remained there for 13 weeks; it peaked at #97 and was the group's last album to break the top 100.
Track listing
All tracks written by Vincent Montana Jr. except where noted.
"Salsoul: 3001 [Introduction]" (adapted by Montana from Also sprach Zarathustra by Richard Strauss)
"Nice ‘n' Naasty"
"Getaway" (Peter Cor, Beloyd Taylor)
"You're Just the Right Size"
"Chicago Bus Stop (Ooh, I Love It)"
"Tangerine" (Johnny Mercer, Victor Schertzinger)
"Salsoul Hustle"
"Magic Bird of Fire"
"It's Good for the Soul"
"Salsoul Rainbow"
"Don’t Beat Around the Bush"
"Salsoul: 3001" (adapted by Montana from Also sprach Zarathustra by Richard Strauss)
References
1978 albums
Salsoul Orchestra albums |
"The Last Ride" is the fifteenth episode of the fourth season of the American television police sitcom series Brooklyn Nine-Nine and the 83rd overall episode of the series. The episode was written by David Phillips and directed by Linda Mendoza. It aired on Fox in the United States on April 25, 2017.
The show revolves around the fictitious 99th precinct of the New York Police Department in Brooklyn and the officers and detectives that work in the precinct. In the episode, with a few hours left for the precinct's fate in the balance, Jake and Boyle work to investigate a stolen bicycle that turns out to be a part of a large drug case. Meanwhile, Terry tries to solve a case to catch up to Hitchcock's record while Holt gets Amy through 5 years of mentorship.
The episode was seen by an estimated 1.88 million household viewers and gained 0.7/3 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. The episode received very positive reviews from critics, who praised the writing, performances and emotionality of the episode.
Plot
Captain Holt (Andre Braugher) announces to the precinct that the audit has both the 99th and 74th precincts as the most likely to be shut down, with their own being the prime candidate. Unless the precinct is handed in particular cases, their chances are running out.
With the only case left being that of a stolen bicycle, Jake (Andy Samberg) and Boyle (Joe Lo Truglio) go to investigate. Determined to make their last case the "coolest case ever", they equip their dream gear and find that the case is even bigger than expected as someone stole it to handle a package of heroin. Meeting with the dealers, Jake fakes being one of the candidates to deliver it. Competing with another bicyclist, Jake loses the race but Boyle puts a GPS on the bicycle to find the meeting. Using tactical equipment, they watch the meeting and consider arresting everyone to save the precinct. However, they decide this goes against their code and decide to wait for the arrest, even after it goes past the deadline.
Meanwhile, Holt is convinced by Amy (Melissa Fumero) to speed through five years of (strenuously planned) mentorship before the precinct closes. He manages to teach her, although it only manages to cover a part of the whole mentorship. While Gina (Chelsea Peretti) pulls pranks on the precinct for her live audience, Terry (Terry Crews) finds that he needs to solve a case to surpass Hitchcock (Dirk Blocker) for most solved cases. Terry investigates when a man loses a phone but Hitchcock solves it by finding he broke it on purpose. Rosa (Stephanie Beatriz) then shows him that as he helped everyone in the precinct, he already solved the most cases in the history of the 99th. Holt then announces that the precinct is not getting shut down, thanks to Gina's audience calling the Commissioner. Amy is disappointed that all of Holt's remaining teachings have been delivered in a day, but when Holt informs her that it was only the "first volume" of mentorship, she is ecstatic.
Reception
Viewers
In its original American broadcast, "The Last Ride" was seen by an estimated 1.88 million household viewers and gained a 0.7/3 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This was slight decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 1.91 million viewers with a 0.7/3 in the 18-49 demographics. This means that 0.7 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 3 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. With these ratings, Brooklyn Nine-Nine was the third highest rated show on FOX for the night, behind The Mick and Prison Break, seventh on its timeslot and sixteenth for the night, behind Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., 48 Hours: NCIS, a rerun of NCIS, a rerun of Speechless, Imaginary Mary, a rerun of American Housewife, a rerun of The Middle, a rerun of Bull, The Mick, Prison Break, The Flash, two episodes of Great News, Chicago Fire, and The Voice.
Critical reviews
"The Last Ride" received very positive reviews from critics. LaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B+" grade and wrote, "While Brooklyn Nine-Nine has gone through with big (albeit temporary) shifts in the status quo like new captains and witness protection, those changes were easier to accept than the very idea of the Nine-Nine being shut down. The lead-up to finding out which precinct will be closed has relied on more of a suspension of disbelief than is usually acceptable when it comes to Brooklyn Nine-Nine, but like with a lot of the series' arcs, it’s what it does with the finish that truly matters."
Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx wrote, "But while the two previous episodes in this mini-arc had their ups and downs, 'The Last Ride' was a lot of fun because it used this bogus cliffhanger to essentially do a series finale in miniature: an episode where Jake, Charles, Holt, Amy, Gina, and the rest of the group all think this is their last day working together, and act accordingly." Andy Crump of Paste gave the episode a 8.7 and wrote, "But as much as we laugh, we feel the feels more, even if we can guess the shape of the episode's climax without consulting our old high school geometry textbooks. Brooklyn Nine-Nine is a sitcom through and through, but as ever, its emphasis on characters above all else is what makes it stand out."
References
External links
2017 American television episodes
Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 4) episodes |
Jeff Williams (born January 12, 1978) is an American tennis player.
Williams has a career high ATP singles ranking of 337 achieved on August 5, 2002. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 180, achieved on July 31, 2000. Williams has won 2 ITF singles titles.
Futures and Challenger Doubles titles (10)
Sources
Living people
1978 births
American male tennis players
Place of birth missing (living people) |
David Rendall (born 11 October 1948) is an English operatic tenor.
Personal life and education
Although he sang in a skiffle group while in secondary school, Rendall originally had no intention to sing opera professionally. He was "discovered" while working at the BBC, sorting records for Desert Island Discs. A producer for the show heard him singing "Questa o quella" from Rigoletto while working, and suggested he study professionally.
Rendall entered the Royal Academy of Music in 1970, and the Salzburg Mozarteum in 1973. He won a Young Musician of the Year Award from the Greater London Arts Association in 1973 and received a Gulbenkian Fellowship in 1975. In May 1978 he sang the tenor part of Anton Bruckner's Te Deum under the baton of Herbert von Karajan during a performance at Musikverein Hall of Vienna with Vienna Philharmonic.
Performing career
At Covent Garden, Rendall sang the roles of the Italian singer in Der Rosenkavalier, Almaviva in The Barber of Seville, Des Grieux in Manon, Matteo in Arabella, Rodrigo in La donna del lago, Flamand in Capriccio, and the Duke in Rigoletto. After making his Metropolitan Opera debut in 1980 as Ernesto in Don Pasquale, he returned as Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni, subsequently performing Lensky in Eugene Onegin, Matteo in Arabella, Ferrando in Cosi fan Tutte and the title role of Idomeneo.
He also performed with the English National Opera from 1976 to 1992, with the New York City Opera, San Francisco Opera, and many other opera companies in the United States, Great Britain, Ireland, France, Italy, Georgia, Japan, Denmark, and Germany.
Rendall was involved in a peculiar onstage incident in 1998 when he accidentally stabbed baritone Kimm Julian in the death scene of I Pagliacci during a rehearsal with the Florentine Opera. The switchblade-style knife that the Milwaukee opera company used failed to collapse, and the baritone received a cut into his abdomen. Julian recovered and police cleared Rendall of any wrongdoing. He suffered injuries from a collapsing stage set during an April 2005 performance on stage in Copenhagen, and his career was subsequently curtailed. Rendall returned to performance in June 2013.
Rendall is married to the British lyric mezzo-soprano Diana Montague. Their son is the baritone Huw Montague Rendall.
Recordings
Rendall's recordings include Berlioz, Requiem in 1979 conducted by Michael Gielen, Maria Stuarda with Charles Mackerras and the English National Opera in 1982 and La rondine with Lorin Maazel and the London Symphony Orchestra in 1985.
See also
Mozart: Così fan tutte (Alain Lombard recording)
The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538, 2009
References
1948 births
English operatic tenors
Living people
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Mozarteum University Salzburg alumni
20th-century British male opera singers
21st-century British opera singers
21st-century British male opera singers |
Windsor Creek is a locality in northern Alberta, Canada within the County of Grande Prairie No. 1. It is approximately west-southwest of Grande Prairie. It was named for its proximity to the creek of the same name and it had a post office dating to October 1929.
References
Localities in the County of Grande Prairie No. 1 |
```php
<?php
namespace Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts;
interface HowToItemContract
{
public function additionalType($additionalType);
public function alternateName($alternateName);
public function description($description);
public function disambiguatingDescription($disambiguatingDescription);
public function identifier($identifier);
public function image($image);
public function item($item);
public function mainEntityOfPage($mainEntityOfPage);
public function name($name);
public function nextItem($nextItem);
public function position($position);
public function potentialAction($potentialAction);
public function previousItem($previousItem);
public function requiredQuantity($requiredQuantity);
public function sameAs($sameAs);
public function subjectOf($subjectOf);
public function url($url);
}
``` |
Richard Bernstein (born May 5, 1944) is an American journalist, columnist, and author. He wrote the Letter from America column for the International Herald Tribune. He has been a book critic at The New York Times and a foreign correspondent for both Time magazine and The New York Times in Europe and Asia.
Early life and education
Richard Bernstein was born in New York City but grew up on a poultry farm in East Haddam, Connecticut. After graduating from Nathan Hale-Ray High School, he earned a B.A. in history from the University of Connecticut and an M.A. in History and East Asian Languages from Harvard University. In 1971, he moved to Taiwan to study Chinese.
Career
In 1973, Bernstein joined the staff of Time magazine tasked with writing about Asia. In 1979, he opened the magazine's first bureau in the People's Republic of China and served as the first Beijing bureau chief. In 1982, he accepted a position with The New York Times where he served as the United Nations Bureau Chief, Paris Bureau Chief, National Cultural Correspondent, book critic, and Berlin Bureau Chief.
Published works
Bernstein's first book, From the Center of the Earth: The Search for the Truth About China (1982), was named one of the "Notable Books of the Year 1982" by The New York Times and solidified his reputation as a China expert. The Coming Conflict with China (1997) was chosen as one of The New York Times "Notable Books of the Year 1997."
Bibliography
From the Center of the Earth: The Search for the Truth About China (1982)
Fragile Glory: A Portrait of France and the French (1990)
Dictatorship of Virtue: Multiculturalism and the Battle for America's Future (1994)
The Coming Conflict with China (1997), with Ross. H. Munro
Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk Who Crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment (2001)
Out of the Blue: The Story of September 11, 2001, from Jihad to Ground Zero (2002)
The East, the West, and Sex: A History of Erotic Encounters (2009)
A Girl Named Faithful Plum: The Story of a Dancer from China and How She Achieved Her Dream (2012)
China 1945 (2014)
Personal life
Bernstein lives in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. His wife is Zhongmei Li, a Chinese classical dancer who worked with Jia Zhoungli and whom he met at a New York film screening. She attended the Beijing Dance Academy for 7 years (1978-1984) and founded the New York-based Zhongmei Dance Company in 1992.
References
External links
Biography at Random House
Profile at New York Review of Books
Articles at The New York Times
Articles at Time
Interview with Bold Type Magazine
Interview with Charlie Rose
1944 births
Living people
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
International Herald Tribune people
American newspaper reporters and correspondents
American columnists
Jewish American journalists
The New York Times writers
Journalists from New York City
People from East Haddam, Connecticut
Journalists from Connecticut
University of Connecticut alumni
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American Jews
American expatriates in Taiwan |
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