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Dunamaise Arts Centre () is an arts and cultural centre located in Portlaoise, Ireland, opened in 1999.
History
Maryborough Gaol was built in a Neoclassical style. It is a seven-bay, two-storey building over a concealed basement with a three-bay central breakfront, built of limestone and Portland stone.
It was renovated in the 1990s, and opened in 1999 as Dunamaise Arts Centre, named for the nearby Rock of Dunamase, a medieval fortress.
Facilities
The theatre has 238 seats; it has a proscenium arch and measures wide, deep and high. There is also an exhibition gallery, restaurant and workshop spaces.
References
Theatres in County Laois
Defunct prisons in the Republic of Ireland
Buildings and structures in Portlaoise
1999 establishments in Ireland |
Clearfield County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located in Clearfield, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located directly across from another historic landmark, the Dimeling Hotel. It is a -story brick structure constructed in 1860 in the Second Empire style. An addition was completed in 1884. It features a square brick clock tower with a bell shaped roof.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
List of state and county courthouses in Pennsylvania
References
County courthouses in Pennsylvania
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Second Empire architecture in Pennsylvania
Government buildings completed in 1860
Buildings and structures in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
Clock towers in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania |
Epacris acuminata , commonly known as claspleaf heath, is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae and is endemic to Tasmania. It is a small, spreading shrub with egg-shaped, stem-clasping leaves and tube-shaped flowers with white petals.
Description
Epacris acuminata is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of up to , and has many branches from near the base. The leaves are egg-shaped, concave and stem-clasping, long and wide on a petiole less than long. The tip of the leaves is sharply-pointed and there are five to seven veins showing on the lower surface. The flowers are arranged singly in leaf axils in dense clusters along the branches. The petals are white and joined at the base, forming a tube long with lobes about the same length. The style is long and protrudes from the petal tube with the stamens. Flowering occurs from July to October and the fruit is a capsule about long with the remains of the sepals and bracts attached.
Taxonomy and naming
Epacris acuminata was first formally described in 1868 by George Bentham in Flora Australiensis. The specific epithet (acuminata) means "tapering to a narrow point".
Distribution and habitat
Claspleaf heath grows in low shrubland on mountain peaks, in heathy woodland, forest and along watercourse. It occurs in the south-east, the midlands and the eastern edge of the Central Plateau in Tasmania.
References
acuminata
Ericales of Australia
Flora of Tasmania
Plants described in 1868
Taxa named by George Bentham |
Metopleura is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It only contains the species Metopleura potosi, which is found in Mexico (San Luis Potosi).
The wingspan is 30–36 mm. The forewings are ochreous, longitudinally streaked with lighter whitish ochreous along the vein. From near the base of the costa runs an outwardly oblique blackish fuscous streak across half the wing and at the apical fourth on the dorsal side is found a poorly defined blackish streak, parallel with the termen. There is a series of poorly defined dark marginal dots around the apical and terminal edge. The hindwings are shining, dark fuscous with a light ochreous marginal line on the base of the cilia.
References
Gelechiini
Gelechiidae genera
Monotypic moth genera
Taxa named by August Busck |
Tarpey may refer to:
Tarpey, California
David Tarpey, Irish kickboxer |
The slaty-bellied tesia (Tesia olivea) is a species of warbler in the family Cettiidae.
It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
References
External links
Image at ADW
slaty-bellied tesia
Birds of Eastern Himalaya
Birds of Yunnan
Birds of Myanmar
Birds of Thailand
Birds of Laos
Birds of Vietnam
slaty-bellied tesia
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Shahrokh Shah or Shahrokh Mirza (; 1734–1796), better known by his dynastic title of Shahrokh Shah () was the Afsharid king (shah) of the western part of Khorasan (corresponding to the present-day Khorasan Province) from 1750 to 1796, with a two-month interruption.
A grandson of the Iranian conqueror Nader Shah (), Shahrokh was the son of Reza Qoli Mirza Afshar and his Safavid wife Fatemeh Soltan Begom, who was the sister of Tahmasp II, the penultimate Safavid shah of Iran. Shahrokh's half-Safavid descent made him stand out amongst his Afsharid relatives, and was used to bolster the legitimacy of his grandfather. After the assassination of Nader Shah in 1747, his nephew Ali-qoli Khan (who assumed the regnal name Adel Shah), ascended the throne in Mashhad and had all of Nader Shah's descendants in fortress of Kalat massacred. Shahrokh was spared in case his Safavid lineage would come to use, and was instead kept in the fortress as a prisoner. While Adel Shah was battling his rebellious younger brother Ebrahim Mirza, a party of Turkic, Kurdish, and Arab tribal leaders took advantage of his absence and installed Shahrokh on the throne. Both Adel Shah and Ebrahim were eventually defeated and killed, but Shahrokh was not long afterwards overthrown by a party of dissident tribal leaders, who installed the Safavid pretender Mir Sayyed Mohammad (who assumed the regnal name of Suleiman II) on the throne. Shahrokh was soon blinded at the instigation of Mir Alam Khan Khuzayma and other leading nobles, much against Suleiman II's will.
A group of conspirators led by the Turkic tribal leader Yusuf Ali Khan Jalayir eventually deposed Suleiman II and restored Shahrokh to the throne.
Name
The name of "Shahrokh" (, "king-to-rook") was given to him by his grandfather Nader Shah () in remembrance of the namesake son and heir of the Turco-Mongol ruler Timur (). This was done by Nader Shah to publicly represent himself as a conqueror on the same level as that of Timur.
Birth and lineage
After the coronation of the Safavid prince Tahmasp II as shah of Iran in 1730, Nader Shah married one of the latter's sisters, while his eldest son Reza Qoli Mirza Afshar married another of his sisters, Fatimeh Soltan Begom. In March 1734, Shahrokh was born from the union of Reza Qoli Afshar and Fatimeh Soltan Begom. The news reached the court in Isfahan on the day of Nowruz (Iranian New Year), with Nader Shah subsequently appointing Shahrokh the ruler of the city of Herat. With the birth of the half-Safavid Shahrokh, Nader Shah was able to bolster his legitimacy.
Early life
In 1740, after returning from his Indian campaign, Nader Shah minted coins in the name of Shahrokh in Herat. In 1747, as Nader Shah became increasingly paranoid, he had Shahrokh sent to the fortress of Kalat. Nader Shah was soon murdered afterwards, by mutinous officers, on June 21, 1747. His death led to a power vacuum, which resulted in his vast empire being divided by various sovereigns. The eastern parts of his domain were seized by Uzbek and Afghan sovereigns; a former Uzbek commander of Nader Shah named Muhammad Rahim Khan Manghit, deposed Abu al-Fayz Khan and became the new ruler of Bukhara; Ahmad Khan, the leader of the Abdali tribe and formerly part of the Afghan cadre of Nader Shah's army, fled to the city of Naderabad in Kandahar. There he assumed the title of Durr-i Durran ("Pearl of Pearls") and thus changed the name of his Abdali tribe to "Durrani." Ahmad Khan (now titled Ahmad Shah) then went on conquer what had originally served as the frontier region between the Safavid and Mughal Empire.
In Mashhad, its civil governor and superintendent of the Imam Reza Shrine, Mir Sayyed Mohammad drove the Afghans out of the city, securing it for Nader Shah's nephew Ali-qoli Khan, who may have had a hand in his uncle's murder. The latter had accepted the assassins of Nader Shah into his service, and had received an invitation to Mashhad by Mir Sayyed Mohammad. On 6 July 1747, Ali-qoli Khan ascended the throne and assumed the regnal name of Soltan Ali Adel Shah. Around the same time, he sent a small force to capture Kalat. The fortress was nearly impenetrable. However, the attackers got in by using an abandoned ladder on the edge one of the towers, which demonstrates that they had help from the inside. Adel Shah's men then massacred sixteen descendants of Nader Shah. They killed three sons of Nader Shah, five sons of Reza Qoli Mirza, and eight sons of Nasrollah Mirza. Two sons of Nader Shah, Nasrollah Mirza and Imam Qoli Mirza, successfully escaped together with Shahrokh (who was 14 at the time), but they were soon captured near the city of Marv. While the others were executed, Shahrokh was the only one that was spared, in case his Safavid lineage would come to use. He was instead sent back to Kalat, where he was imprisoned. False news regarding his death soon followed.
Preferring to revel in Mashhad, Adel Shah appointed his younger brother Ebrahim Mirza as the governor of Isfahan and its surroundings. Soon thereafter, Ebrahim declared independence and joined forces with his cousin Amir Aslan Khan Afshar, the governor of Azerbaijan. Adel Shah eventually marched against his brother, but many of his men deserted, and consequently he was defeated (in June 1748) and fled to the town of Tehran. There he was captured and blinded by its governor, Mirza Mohsen Khan, who then gave him over to Mir Sayyed Mohammad. The latter took Adel Shah back to Mashhad, where a group of Turkic, Kurdish, and Arab tribal leaders had taken advantage of his absence and declared Shahrokh the new shah on 1 October. Adel Shah was executed at the request of Shahrokh and the mother of Nasrollah Mirza. Shahrokh's compassionate behaviour and generosity with his treasure helped with the stabilization of Khorasan. This, along with his Safavid ancestry, resulted in him gaining a large following. His political and religious ideology differed from that of his grandfather. Contrary to Nader Shah, Shahrokh represented himself as an ardent champion of Twelver Shi'ism in his coins, seals, and documents.
First reign
They summoned Ebrahim to acknowledge Shahrokh in person, but he declined. Pretending to have rebelled in support of Shahrokh, Ebrahim instead invited him to be crowned in Isfahan. The nobles of Khorasan, however, deciphered his true intentions and requested Ebrahim to appear at Mashhad as a token of goodwill. Seeing no further progress in the negotiations, Ebrahim revealed his real agenda and went to the city of Tabriz in Azerbaijan, where he was crowned shah on 8 December 1748. Following the counsel of the tribal leaders, Shahrokh assigned Musa Khan Afshar Taromi with the task to defeat Ebrahim Shah. A battle soon followed in June or July 1749 in the environs of Semnan, where Ebrahim Shah was forced to withdraw as a result of turmoil amongst his troops. Some of his Afghan and Uzbek troops deserted to Shahrokh, while others fled. Ebrahim Shah fled to the fortress of Qal'a-yi Qalapur, but was soon captured and given to Musa Khan Afshar Taromi, who had him blinded. He was then sent to Mashhad, but died en route.
With both Adel Shah and Ebrahim Shah dead, Shahrokh seemed to had been ridden of all his rivals. Although the Qajar chieftain Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar initially defied him, he eventually capitulated to one of Shahrokh's commanders. However, Shahrokh only served as a figurehead, with the real power in the hands of Kurdish, Arabic, and Turkic tribal leaders. These tribal leaders did not share equal power, with those being side-lined joining the opposition against Shahrokh. These dissidents soon rallied around Mir Sayyed Mohammad, who due to his ancestry posed a serious threat to Shahrokh. Mir Sayyed Mohammad's father was Mirza Dawud, who had occupied high offices under the Safavid shah Sultan Husayn (), and married his sister Shahrbanu Begom, the mother of Mir Sayyed Mohammad.
Accounts differ on the relationship between Shahrokh and Mir Sayyed Mohammad; some portray Shahrokh as a hypocrite, who sought to have Mir Sayyed Mohammad killed, while others portray Mir Sayyed Mohammad as a usurper and a trickster, who was willing to do anything to seize the throne. Shahrokh promised Behbud Khan to make him vakil (regent) in exchange for killing Mir Sayyed Mohammad. Behbud Khan, however, declined, and was as a result arrested the following day in front of the court. As a result of this arrest, the Arab tribal leader Mir Alam Khan Khuzayma, along with sixteen other leaders approached Mir Sayyed Mohammad on 30 December 1749, where they offered him the throne, which the latter accepted. The conspirators later took advantage of the Turkic tribal leader Yusuf Ali Khan Jalayir's (the main supporter of Shahrokh) absence from Mashhad, and imprisoned Shahrokh, while installing Mir Sayyed Mohammad on the throne on 14 January 1750. Mir Sayyed Mohammad adopted the regnal name of Suleiman II as a claimant to the Safavid throne.
Imprisonment
Mir Alam Khan (who had been appointed wakil) and the leading aristocrats soon decided that Shahrokh could not be kept alive. Suleiman II, however, was against this and assigned the previous ishikaqasi bashi (chamberlain) Mohammad Reza Beg as the warden of the Chaharbagh palace where Shahrokh was imprisoned. However, when Suleiman II went out to hunt at Radkan, Mir Alam Khan summoned Mohammad Reza Beg, while Amir Khan Qara'i and Amir Mehrab Khan entered the Chaharbagh without facing any resistance, blinding Shahrokh in the harem. Enraged, Suleiman II dismissed the plotters, only to restore them to their former offices a few days after.
Suleiman II soon started to grow unpopular amongst his subjects; he was in conflict with many tribal leaders due to the deposal of Shahrokh and wealthy landowners were discontent with a decree that exempted the people from taxation for three years. Not much long afterwards, the rivals of Suleiman II, under the leadership of Yusuf Ali Khan Jalayir, took advantage of the funeral of Mir Alam Khan's relative Amir Mehrab Khan, storming the Chaharbagh and blinding Suleiman II, who was imprisoned in Kalat. The leading figure behind this coup was the Jalayir wife of Shahrokh, who had convinced the conspirators that Shahrokh had not been blinded. When the tribal leaders discovered that Shahrokh was indeed blind, they put him on the throne anyway (on 20 March 1750), and made everyone believe that he was not blind and capable of ruling. Mir Alam Khan fled from Mashhad, while the other nobles accepted Shahrokh's rule.
Second reign
The political situation in Khorasan was made unstable by these events. The tribal chiefs effectively rendered Shahrokh a figurehead, as they began to fight amongst themselves. Shortly after the restoration of Shahrokh to the throne, Ahmad Shah Durrani launched an invasion into Khorasan and captured Herat after a siege lasting several months. He then besieged Mashhad before moving on to Nishapur on 10 November. The bitter cold wreaked havoc among his men and the resistance led by the governor Jafar Khan Bayat forced him to abandon the siege in early 1751. With Ahmad Shah Durrani gone, the conflicts among the local chieftains resumed.
In 1751, the beglerbegi of Merv, Ali Naqi Khan Qajar, expelled Yusuf Ali Khan Jalayir from Mashhad. Later an alliance between Mir Alam Khan and Jafar Khan Za'faranlu, the Kurdish chieftain of Chenaran, took Mashhad from Ali Naqi Khan. In the spring of 1752, Mir Alam Khan expelled Jafar Khan Za'faranlu from Mashhad and allied with Yusuf Ali Khan. Four months later, Jafar Khan Za'faranlu regained Mashhad. In the Islamic year 1166 (November 1752 - October 1753), Mir Alam Khan regained Mashhad, imprisoned and blinded Yusuf Ali Khan, Jafar Khan Za'faranlu, and Amir Khan Qara'i. These tribal chieftains turned to Ahmad Shah Durrani for assistance, and on 1 May 1754, Ahmad Shah left the city of Kandahar and marched towards Khorasan, beginning his second campaign. In June-July 1754 Tun was captured, and on 23 July he began to besiege Mashhad. During the siege in the autumn of 1754 Mir Alam Khan was captured and executed by his former victims after the population of Sabzevar handed him over. On 1 December Mashhad surrendered to Ahmad Shah and on 9 May 1755 Shahrokh Shah was officially restored as king.
When the Qajar ruler Agha Mohammad Shah reached Mashhad, Shahrokh, along with a prominent mujtahid named Mirza Mahdi, went to the Qajar encampment. There they were warmly received by Agha Mohammad Shah's nephew Hossein Qoli Khan. Shortly afterwards, Agha Mohammad Shah sent a force of 8,000 soldiers under Suleiman Khan Qajar, followed by Mirza Mahdi, to conquer Mashhad and affirm its citizens of the Shah's generosity. A day later, Agha Mohammad Shah, followed the customary of the famous Iranian shah Abbas I the Great, and entered Mashhad by foot as a pilgrim to the Imam Reza shrine, whilst being teary eyed and kissing the ground. His pilgrimage continued for 23 days, where he seemed to be unaware of the politics of the country.
However, things quite instantly changed after that—Agha Mohammad Shah ordered the digging up of Nader Shah's corpse, and had it sent to Tehran, where it was reburied alongside Karim Khan Zand's corpse. He then forced Shahrokh to give any riches that originally belonged to Nader Shah. Shahrokh vowed that he did not possess any more of Nader Shah's riches. Agha Mohammad Shah, ruthless and revengeful, and with a desire for treasures, disbelieved him, and had him tortured severely to confess the hidden locations of the last gems passed down to him from his grandfather, Nader. Shahrokh initially refused to speak, going through severe torture; however, he eventually confessed the locations of the gems. Shahrokh was sent to Mazandaran with his family, but died at Damghan due to the injuries he suffered from his tortures.
References
Sources
Afsharid monarchs
Iranian blind people
Executed monarchs
1734 births
1796 deaths
Ethnic Afshar people
Blind royalty and nobility |
The Kampala–Jinja Expressway, also known as the Jinja–Kampala Expressway, is a proposed four-lane toll highway in Uganda, linking Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda, with the city of Jinja in the Eastern Region of Uganda.
Location
The expressway will start at Nakawa, a neighborhood in Nakawa Division in the eastern part of Kampala. It is planned to go through Namanve and Mukono in Mukono District, and end at the New Jinja Bridge in Njeru. The entire expressway will be a four-lane, dual carriageway, with limited access.
Overview
The current Kampala-Jinja Highway, (highway A109 on the map), forms part of the Northern Corridor of the Trans-Africa Highway, linking the Indian Ocean port of Mombasa, Kenya with the Atlantic Ocean port of Matadi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The section of A109 between Jinja and Kampala is the busiest and most congested road in Uganda. It is the main import/export route for land-locked Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and eastern DRC. The expressway will pass to the south of the existing Kampala–Jinja Highway and is planned as a toll-road.
In 2010, the Ugandan government engaged the World Bank as transaction adviser. They hired Integrated Transport Planning (ITP), a United Kingdom-based transportation consulting firm, to conduct feasibility studies and road design. A core investor will be identified who will build, own, and operate the toll road for 25 years from the date of commissioning. This public-private-partnership (PPP) arrangement will be used on three other planned expressways, leading in and out of the nation's capital. Trademark East Africa, an affiliate of ITP, will provide oversight support to the Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA) in the management of PPP preparation, procurement, and implementation.
History
Construction was expected to begin in 2015, with commissioning planned for 2020. The expressway will be a toll-road, with vehicles that use it needing fittings with electronic billing devices. The construction contract will be awarded once the core investor in the toll road is identified and approved.
The exact cost of the project has not been finalized. Estimates have varied from UGX:800 billion to a high of UGX:5.5 trillion (US$1.5 billion).
In June 2014, the UNRA selected the International Finance Corporation as lead transaction advisor to assess the potential to develop the expressway on a public private partnership basis. Spea Engineering was hired to assist UNRA select one or more investors to design, build, finance, and operate the expressway. In July 2014 at the Financing Summit for Africa's Infrastructure that took place in Dakar, Senegal, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) identified the expressway as a priority project, one of the six infrastructure projects to be developed before 2020. COMESA allocated US$74 million in funding towards its development.
Recent developments
In June 2016, the government of France, through the French Development Agency (AFD), agreed to lend €180 million (Shs667 billion) to the Ugandan government, towards the construction of this toll expressway. Construction was planned to begin in 2017.
In May 2018, the Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA), advertised for bids from aspiring developers to design, build, finance, operate and later transfer the project back to the government after recovering their investment in the proposed , US$1 billion road project. The African Development Bank has also offered funding for this project.
In September 2018, UNRA revealed that eight firms had bid to be considered in awarding of the contract for the construction of this highway and the connecting Kampala Southern Bypass Highway. The consortia vying for the contract include (1) China Communications Construction Company & China First Highway Engineering Company Limited (2) A consortium of French and Portuguese firms KJ Connect, Vinci Concessions & Mota-Engil (3) A consortium of Austria & Turkish firms, Strabag & IC Ictas (4) Enkula Expressway Consortium from South Africa (5) A consortium of Chang Chyi Enterprise Company Limited (CCECL) & CRCCIG from China (6) Shapoorji Pacconji Group from India (7) Tecnasol Luisa Goncal from Portugal and (8) South Korean and Chinese firms, comprising the CCKS Consortium.
In November 2021, the Ministry of Works and Transport, whittled the potential contractor list down to four consortia. These are (a) KJ Connect Consortium from France and Portugal (b) CCCC–CFHEC Consortium from China (c) STRABAG/ICTAS/EGIS/AIF3/STOA Consortium from Austria, Germany, Poland, Turkey and France and (d) CCKS Consortium from China and South Korea.
Financing
In November 2018, the total project cost of the Kampala-Jinja Expressway and the Kampala Southern Bypass Highway was quoted at US$1.55 billion. The funds will be raised through a public private partnership (PPP) arrangement. The same source reported that the African Development Bank had approved US$229.5 million in sovereign loans to go towards the development of this transportation system.
As of March 2020, the financing of this expressway and the associated Kampala Southern Bypass Highway, are as illustrated in the table below:
*Note: Totals are slightly off due to rounding.
In March 2021, the African Development Bank, represented by Augustine Kpehe Ngafuan, their country representative in Uganda and the government of Uganda, represented by Matia Kasaija, the then Finance Minister, signed loan documents for a loan worth US$229.5 million to support the construction of the Kampala Southern Bypass Highway and the Kampala to Namagunga section of the main expressway. The remaining expressway from Namagunga to Jinja is mainly in rural country and measures approximately . That section will be funded by other means, through a public-private partnership arrangement.
Construction
As of April 2021, construction is expected to commence in 2022 and last five years. The Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA), estimates that approximately 1,500 jobs will be created during the construction phase, while an estimated 250 permanent jobs will be required when the expressway becomes operative.
See also
New Jinja Bridge
References
External links
Kampala-Jinja Expressway PPP Project Phase 1:Environmental and Social Impact Assessment As of August 2018
Japanese and South Korean Companies to Construct 'Iconic' Bridge Across Nile
Uganda Plans US$1 Billion 2015 Road Tender
Roads in Uganda
Jinja District
Buikwe District
Mukono District
Wakiso District
Kampala District |
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Simhadri is a 2014 Indian Kannada-language action drama film directed and written by Shivamani, making his comeback after 4 years since his last film Jhossh released. The film stars Duniya Vijay and Soundarya Jayamala and is produced by R. S. Gowda under the banner Mega Hit films.
The film released on 2 October 2014 to the average response from the critics. Set in a rural background, the film moves around the brother - sister sentiments played by Vijay and Aishwarya respectively and the story unfolds the emotional journey of the siblings amidst troubles brought upon them.
Cast
Duniya Vijay as Simhadri
Soundarya Jayamala
Aishwarya
Jai Jagadish
Ramesh Bhat
Padma Vasanthi
Suchendra Prasad
Kote Prabhakar
Soundtrack
The music for the film is composed by Arjun Janya. The soundtrack consists of 4 songs of which two are written by K. Kalyan and one each written by Yogaraj Bhat and V. Nagendra Prasad.
Track list
References
External links
Duniya Vijay's Simhadri To Start Shooting On Rajinikanth's Birthday
Simhadri shoot almost complete
2014 films
2010s Kannada-language films
2014 action drama films
Films scored by Arjun Janya
Indian action drama films |
Fred Genesee is a Professor of psychology at McGill University. He specializes in second language acquisition and bilingualism research. In particular, his research examines the early stages of the acquisition of two languages in order to better understand this form of language acquisition and ascertain the neurocognitive limits of the child's ability to acquire language. Specific topics Genesee has investigated in his research include language representation (lexical and syntactic) in early stages of bilingual acquisition, transfer in bilingual development, structural and functional characteristics of child bilingual code-mixing, and communication skills in young bilingual children. In addition to this, Genesee has investigated in second language acquisition in school and the modalities for effective acquisition in school contexts.
Publications
Paradis, J. and F. Genesee (1996). Syntactic acquisition in bilingual children: Autonomous or interdependent? SSLA, 18, 1-25.
References
External links
Fred Genesee's Homepage
Faculty Bio
Dr. Fred Genesee, Second Language Acquisition Expert Discusses Bilingualism
CARLA 2004 Immersion Conference--Fred Genesee, Keynote Speaker
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian psychologists
Academic staff of McGill University
Bilingualism and second-language acquisition researchers |
Notonomus depressipennis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Maximilien Chaudoir in 1874.
References
Notonomus
Beetles described in 1874 |
Mary Constance Charteris, Countess of Wemyss and March (née Wyndham; 3 August 1862 – 29 April 1937), styled Lady Elcho from 1883 to 1914, was an English society hostess and an original member of The Souls, an exclusive social and intellectual group.
Early life and ancestry
Mary Constance Wyndham was born on 3 August 1862 in London at her parents' home in Belgrave Square. She was the eldest daughter of Percy Wyndham and Madeline Caroline Frances Eden Campbell. Her paternal grandfather was George Wyndham, 1st Baron Leconfield. Her maternal grandfather was Sir Guy Campbell, 1st Baronet.
She was a great-granddaughter of Irish revolutionary Lord Edward FitzGerald, the son of James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster. Her great-great-grandmother, Emily FitzGerald, Duchess of Leinster, was one of the Lennox sisters and a daughter of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond.
Her brothers were George Wyndham and Guy Wyndham. She had two younger sisters: Madeline, the wife of Charles Adeane, and Pamela, first the wife of Edward Tennant, 1st Baron Glenconner, and later the wife of Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon.
Society life
Wyndham and her siblings and their spouses were members of The Souls, an elite English social group. She and her two sisters were the subjects of John Singer Sargent's 1899 painting The Wyndham Sisters: Lady Elcho, Mrs. Adeane, and Mrs. Tennant. Her life was detailed in the book Those Wild Wyndhams by Claudia Renton.
Marriage and issue
Wyndham and Hugo Charteris, Lord Elcho, who would later inherit the titles of 11th Earl of Wemyss and 7th Earl of March, were married on 9 August 1883. They had seven children:
Hugo Francis Charteris, Lord Elcho (b. 28 Dec 1884, d. 23 Apr 1916), who married Violet Manners.
Guy Lawrence Charteris (b. 23 May 1886, d. 21 Sep 1967)
Lady Cynthia Mary Evelyn Charteris (b. 27 Sep 1887, d. 31 Mar 1960)
Colin Charteris (b. 1 Jun 1889, d. 27 Dec 1892)
Lady Mary Pamela Madeline Sibell Charteris (b. 24 Oct 1895, d. 1991)
Yvo Alan Charteris (b. 6 Oct 1896, d. 17 Oct 1915)
Lady Irene Corona Charteris (b. 31 May 1902, d. 1989)
Wyndham was the paternal grandmother of society hostess Ann Charteris, of Laura Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough and novelist Hugo Charteris.
Death
She died on 29 April 1937.
References
1862 births
1937 deaths
English socialites
Wemyss
People from Belgravia
Mary Constance Wyndham
Mary
Scottish socialites |
Play It Again Sports is a chain store in the United States that buys and sells used and new sporting goods. Started in 1983 by Martha Morris of Minneapolis, it later grew into several stores, and was sold by Morris to the Winmark Corporation in 1988. Franchising began in the same year, growing to over 400 stores in the United States and 43 in Canada. All stores are independently owned and operated.
References
External links
Retail companies established in 1983
1983 establishments in Minnesota
Sporting goods retailers of the United States
Companies based in Minneapolis |
The 2017 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes was a horse race held at Ascot Racecourse on Saturday 29 July 2017. It was the 67th running of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes.
The winner was Enable, a three-year-old bay filly trained at Newmarket by John Gosden, ridden by Frankie Dettori and owned by Khalid Abullah. Enable's victory was the fifth in the race for Dettori and the third for Gosden. Khalid Abullah won the race for the second time, 31 years after Dancing Brave's success in 1986. Enable was the fourth three-year-old filly to win the race following Dahlia, Pawneese and Taghrooda.
The contenders
The race attracted a field of ten runners, seven from England, two from Ireland and one from Argentina. There were no challengers from continental Europe.
In the build-up to the race it seemed likely that the 2016 winner Highland Reel, trained in Ireland by Aidan O'Brien, would start favourite but the complexion of the race changed when John Gosden announced that the leading three-year-old filly Enable, the winner of the Epsom Oaks and Irish Oaks would contest the race. The other Irish contender was Highland Reel's stablemate Idaho who had won the Hardwicke Stakes at Royal Ascot in June. The other international challenger was Sixties Song, a winner of several major races in South America. John Gosden also entered Jack Hobbs the winner of the Irish Derby and the Sheema Classic as well as the Huxley Stakes winner Maverick Wave, who appeared to be the designated pacemaker. The other four runners were Ulysses (winner of the Eclipse Stakes), Benbatl (Hampton Court Stakes), My Dream Boat (Princess of Wales's Stakes) and Desert Encounter (Buckhounds Stakes).
Enable was made the 5/4 favourite ahead of Highland Reel at 9/2, Jack Hobbs on 11/2, Idaho on 8/1 and Ulysses on 9/1.
The race
Maverick Wave went to the front as expected and set a strong pace on the inside whilst most of the field raced further out from the rail. Enable, Jack Hobbs and Highland Reel tracked the leader with Idaho and Benbatl close behind. Shortly after entering the straight, Enable went to the front and accelerated several lengths clear of her rivals. Jack Hobbs dropped away but Idaho stayed on well and Ulysses made progress on the outside to emerge as the filly's closest pursuer. Enable never looked in any danger of defeat and came home four and a half lengths clear of Ulysses with Idaho in third place. Highland Reel took fourth ahead of Benbatl, Desert Encounter, and My Dream Boat. Jack Hobbs and Sixties Song finished tailed-off in ninth and tenth.
Race details
Sponsor: QIPCO
Purse: £1,150,000; First prize: £652,165
Surface: Turf
Going: Good to Soft
Distance: 12 furlongs
Number of runners: 10
Winner's time: 2:36.22
Full result
Abbreviations: nse = nose; nk = neck; shd = head; hd = head
Winner's details
Further details of the winner, Enable
Sex: Filly
Foaled: 12 February 2014
Country: United Kingdom
Sire: Nathaniel
Owner: Khalid Abullah
Breeder: Juddmonte Farms
References
King George
2017
King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
2010s in Berkshire
King George VI |
In ecology, a priority effect refers to the impact that a particular species can have on community development as a result of its prior arrival at a site. There are two basic types of priority effects: inhibitory and facilitative. An inhibitory priority effect occurs when a species that arrives first at a site negatively affects a species that arrives later by reducing the availability of space or resources. In contrast, a facilitative priority effect occurs when a species that arrives first at a site alters abiotic or biotic conditions in ways that positively affect a species that arrives later. Inhibitory priority effects have been documented more frequently than facilitative priority effects. Studies indicate that both abiotic (e.g. resource availability) and biotic (e.g. predation) factors can affect the strength of priority effects. Priority effects are a central and pervasive element of ecological community development that have significant implications for natural systems and ecological restoration efforts.
Theoretical foundation
Community succession theory
Early in the 20th century, Frederic Clements and other plant ecologists suggested that ecological communities develop in a linear, directional manner towards a final, stable end-point: the climax community. Clements indicated that a site's climax community would reflect local climate. He conceptualised the climax community as a "superorganism" that followed a defined developmental sequence.
Early ecological succession theory maintained that the directional shifts from one stage of succession to the next were induced by the plants themselves. In this sense, succession theory implicitly recognised priority effects; the prior arrival of certain species had important impacts on future community composition. At the same time, the climax concept implied that species shifts were predetermined. This implies that a given species would always appear at the same point during the development of the climax community, and have a predictable impact on community development.
This static view of priority effects remained essentially unchanged by the concept of patch dynamics, introduced by Alex Watt in 1947. Watt conceived of plant communities as dynamic "mechanisms" that followed predetermined succession cycles. They viewed succession as a process driven by facilitation, in which each species made local conditions more suitable for another species.
Individualistic approach
In 1926, Henry Gleason presented an alternative hypothesis in which plants were conceptualised as individuals rather than components of a superorganism. This hypothesis suggested that the distribution of various species across the landscape reflected species-specific dispersal limitations and environmental requirements rather than predetermined associations among species. Gleason contested the idea of a predetermined climax community, recognising that different colonising species could produce alternative trajectories of community development. For example, initially identical ponds colonised by different species could develop through succession into very different communities.
The Initial Floristic Composition model was put forward by Frank Egler to describe community development in abandoned agricultural fields. According to this model, the set of species present in a field immediately after abandonment had strong influences on community development and final community composition.
Alternative stable states
In the 1970s, it was suggested that natural communities could be characterised by multiple or alternative stable states. Multiple stable state models suggested that the same environment could support several different combinations of species. Theorists argued that historical context could play a central role in determining which stable state would be present at any given time. Robert May explained, "If there is a unique stable state, historical accidents are unimportant; if there are many alternative locally stable states, historical accidents can be of overriding significance."
Community assembly theory
Assembly theory explains community development processes in the context of multiple stable states: it asks why a particular type of community developed when other stable community types are possible. In contrast to succession theory, assembly theory was developed largely by animal ecologists and explicitly incorporated historical context.
In 1975, Jared Diamond developed quantitative "assembly rules" to predict avian community composition on an archipelago. This approach emphasizes historical contingency and multiple stable states. Although the idea of deterministic community assembly initially drew criticism, the approach continued to gain support. In 1991, Drake used an assembly model to demonstrate that different community types result from different sequences of species invasions. In this model, early invaders have major impacts on the invasion success of species that arrive later. Other modelling studies suggested that priority effects may be especially important when invasion frequency is low enough to allow species to become established before replacement, or when other factors that could drive assembly (e.g., competition, abiotic stress) are relatively unimportant.
In a 1999 review, Belyea and Lancaster described three basic determinants of community assembly: dispersal constraints, environmental constraints, and internal dynamics. They identified priority effects as a manifestation of the interaction between dispersal constraints and internal dynamics.
Empirical evidence
Although early research focused on animals and aquatic systems, more recent studies have begun to examine terrestrial and plant-based priority effects.
Marine
Most of the earliest empirical evidence for priority effects came from studies on aquatic animals. Sutherland (1974) found that final community composition varied depending on the initial order of larval recruitment in a community of small marine organisms (sponges, tunicates, hydroids, and other species). Shulman (1983) found strong priority effects among coral reef fish. The study found that prior establishment by a territorial damselfish reduced establishment rates of other fish. The authors also identified cross-trophic priority effects; prior establishment by a predator fish reduced establishment rates of prey fishes.
In the late 1980s, several studies examined priority effects in marine microcosms. Robinson and Dickerson (1987) found that priority effects were important in some cases, but suggested, "Being the first to invade a habitat does not guarantee success; there must be sufficient time for the early colonist to increase its population size for it to pre-empt further colonisation." Robinson and Edgemon (1988) later developed 54 communities of phytoplankton species by varying invasion order, rate, and timing. They found that although invasion order (priority effects) could explain a small fraction of the resulting variation in community composition, most of the variation was explained by changes in invasion rate and invasion timing. These studies indicate that priority effects may not be the only or the most important historical factor affecting the trajectory of community development.
In a striking example of cross-trophic priority effects, Hart (1992) found that priority effects explain the maintenance of two alternate stable states in stream ecosystems. While a macroalga is dominant in some patches, sessile grazers maintain a "lawn" of small microalgae in others. If the sessile grazers colonise a patch first, they exclude the macroalga, and vice versa.
Amphibian
In two of the most commonly cited empirical studies on priority effects, Alford and Wilbur documented inhibitory and facilitative priority effects among toad larvae in experimental ponds. They found that hatchlings of a toad species (Bufo americanus) exhibited higher growth and survivorship when introduced to a pond before those of a frog species (Rana sphenocephala). The frog larvae, however, did best when introduced after the toad larvae. Thus, prior establishment by the toad species facilitated the frog species, while prior establishment by the frog species inhibited the toad species. Studies on tree frogs have also documented both types of priority effect. Morin (1987) also observed that priority effects became less important in the presence of a predatory salamander. He hypothesised that predation mediated priority effects by reducing competition between frog species. Studies on larval insects and frogs in water-filled tree holes and stumps found that abiotic factors such as space, resource availability, and toxin levels can also be important in mediating priority effects.
Terrestrial
Terrestrial studies on priority effects are rare, with most studies focusing on arthropods or grassland plant species. In a lab experiment, Shorrocks and Bingley (1994) showed that prior arrival increased survivorship for two species of fruit flies; each fly species had inhibitory impacts on the other. A 1996 field study on desert spiders by Ehmann and MacMahon showed that the presence of species from one spider guild reduced establishment of spiders from a different guild. Palmer (2003) demonstrated that priority effects allowed a competitively subordinate ant species to avoid exclusion by a competitively dominant species. If the competitively subordinate ants were able to colonise first, they altered their host tree’s morphology in ways that made it less suitable for other ant species. This study was especially important because it was able to identify a mechanism driving observed priority effects.
A study on two species of introduced grasses in Hawaiian woodlands found that the species with inferior competitive abilities may be able to persist through priority effects. At least three studies have come to similar conclusions about the coexistence of native and exotic grasses in California grassland ecosystems. If given time to establish, native species can successfully inhibit the establishment of exotics. Authors of the various studies attributed the prevalence of exotic grasses in California to the low seed production and relatively poor dispersal ability of native species.
Emerging concepts
Long-term implications: convergence and divergence
Although many studies have documented priority effects, the persistence of these effects over time often remains unclear. Young (2001) indicated that both convergence (in which "communities proceed towards a pre-disturbance state regardless of historical conditions") and divergence (in which historical factors continue to affect the long-term trajectory of community development) are present in nature. Among studies of priority effects, both trends seem to have been observed. Fukami (2005) argued that a community could be both convergent and divergent at different levels of community organisation. The authors studied experimentally-assembled plant communities and found that while the identities of individual species remained unique across different community replicates, species traits generally became more similar.
Trophic ecology
Some studies indicate that priority effects can occur across guilds or trophic levels. Such priority effects could have dramatic impacts on community composition and food web structure. Even intra-guild priority effects could have important consequences at multiple trophic levels if the affected species are associated with unique predator or prey species. Consider, for example, a plant species that is eaten by a host-specific herbivore. Priority effects that influence the ability of the plant species to establish would indirectly affect the establishment success of the associated herbivore. Theoretical models have described cyclical assembly dynamics in which species associated with different suites of predators are able to repeatedly replace one another.
Intra-specific aggregation
In situations where two species are introduced at the same time, spatial aggregation of a species' propagules could cause priority effects by initially reducing interspecific competition. Aggregation during recruitment and establishment could allow inferior competitors to coexist with or even displace competitive dominants over the long-term. Several modelling efforts have begun to examine the implications of spatial priority effects for species coexistence.
Mechanisms and new organisms
A few studies have begun to explore the mechanisms driving observed priority effects. Moreover, although past studies focused on a small subset of species, recent papers indicate that priority effects may be important for a wide range of organisms, including fungi, birds, lizards, and salamanders.
Ecological restoration
Priority effects have important implications for ecological restoration. In many systems, information about priority effects can help practitioners identify cost-effective strategies for improving the survival and persistence of certain species, especially species of inferior competitive ability. For example, in a study on the restoration of native Californian grasses and forbs, Lulow (2004) found that forbs could not establish in plots where bunchgrasses had been previously planted. When bunchgrasses were added to plots where forbs had already been growing for a year, forbs were able to coexist with grasses for at least 3–4 years.
References
Ecology |
A document dump is the act of responding to an adversary's request for information by presenting the adversary with a large quantity of data that is transferred in a manner that indicates unfriendliness, hostility, or a legal conflict between the transmitter and the receiver of the information. The shipment of dumped documents is unsorted, or contains a large quantity of information that is extraneous to the issue under inquiry, or is presented in an untimely manner, or some combination of these three characteristics. The phrase is often used by lawyers, but is in increasing use in the blogosphere. It is often seen as part of the characteristic behavior of an entity that is engaging in an ongoing pattern of activities intended to cover up unethical or criminal conduct.
Examples
As one facet of the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy in 2007, relevant committees of both houses of the United States Congress, controlled by the Democratic Party, requested, and then subpoenaed, backstory information from the United States Department of Justice on how the process that resulted in these dismissals had taken place. The Justice Department was reluctant to respond in a friendly manner to these requests, which they regarded as hostile; the Department responded with significant quantities of unsorted and extraneous information. Many U.S. liberals saw this response as a series of document dumps and communicated amongst themselves accordingly:
A big new bundle of documents just got dumped by the Department of Justice. Here's a link to the documents in PDF form at the House Judiciary Committee website. As per our routine in recent document dumps, if you'd like to help us cull through the mails and reports, use this thread to share your findings with us and other TPMm Readers. Identify the items you find by document dump set number and page number. (Josh Marshall, April 27, 2007).
Document dumps are not restricted to the field of politics. Large organizations of all types have become adept at overwhelming news organizations and other entities requesting information under state and federal freedom of information and open records laws. In a 2011 example, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill responded to an appeals court order to release certain records related to 11 specific athletes with a document dump of thousands of pages of phone records and parking tickets. The court's order was related to a media request under North Carolina open records law related to an ongoing NCAA investigation of the UNC football program.
An underlying principle of information theory is that information must be comprehensible in order to be useful. One universal characteristic of a document dump is that its shippers intend to slow down the process through which their adversaries can make this information comprehensible. In an effort to minimize negative coverage by the news media, document dumps will often take place at times when reporters are not on duty, such as late on a Friday when media members have left for the weekend. The Friday night news dump is a classic technique for politicians to announce a decision or action which they know will be controversial.
The term "document dump" is rarely used in public by the shipper or its workers. Public use of the phrase tends to be confined to the recipients of the information.
References
Evidence law
Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy |
Oliver Duff (28 May 1883 – 2 March 1967) was a New Zealand writer and editor. In 1939 he was founding editor of the New Zealand Listener, a widely read magazine with a national monopoly on publishing radio and television programs.
Biography
Duff was born in Waitahuna Gully, a gold mining town in Otago. He received his tertiary education at Otago and Canterbury Universities. At the age of 18 he volunteered for the South African war and on his return he won a scholarship to study for the Presbyterian ministry from the Synod of Otago and Southland. Influenced by writers such as Emerson and Thoreau he dropped out and became a journalist. He worked on a number of papers including the Sun in Christchurch, The Timaru Herald (as editor), The Press in Christchurch, as editorial assistant (under Michael Cormac Keane) then editor. At The Press he worked with writers such as Ngaio Marsh, M. H. Holcroft and Walter D'Arcy Cresswell. He resigned over his coverage of the Christchurch tramway strike, which the owners thought too sympathetic to the unions.
While he was editor of the North Canterbury Gazette in Rangiora, he contested the electorate in the as an independent candidate.
In 1938, Joe Heenan, under-secretary of internal affairs, appointed him editor for the forthcoming centennial publications. His contribution was New Zealand Now.
On 12 October 1908, at Dunedin, he married Jessie Barclay. They had three sons and a daughter, but divorced in 1937. As Jess Whitworth she published an autobiographical novel, Otago Interval in 1950. Their son Roger Duff (1912–1978) became an ethnologist and director of the Canterbury Museum. Their daughter Alison Duff (1914–2000) was a sculptor. Their son Gowan Duff (Pat), a forestry scientist, was father of novelist Alan Duff.
Oliver Duff remarried in 1946, to Ngaire Asquith Shankland, shortly before his retirement.
References
New Zealand editors
New Zealand magazine editors
1883 births
1967 deaths
People from Otago
New Zealand military personnel of the Second Boer War
New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1935 New Zealand general election
20th-century New Zealand journalists |
Neurotomia is a genus of snout moths described by Pierre Chrétien in 1911.
Species
Neurotomia belutschistanella (Amsel, 1961)
Neurotomia coenulentella (Zeller, 1846)
References
Phycitinae |
A statue of Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc was installed in Fort-de-France, Martinique, until 2020.
References
Monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests
Outdoor sculptures in France
Sculptures of men in Martinique
Statues in France
Vandalized works of art
Statues removed in 2020
Destroyed sculptures |
The Kora Temple is a historic Masonic building at 11 Sabattus Street in Lewiston, Maine. The temple was built in 1908 by the Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. The Shriners are a fraternal organization affiliated with Freemasonry and are known for their charitable works such as the Shriners Hospitals for Children which provide free medical care to children. The Kora Temple serves as a ceremonial space and clubhouse for the Shriners. The temple building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 for its distinctive Moorish-inspired architecture.
Description and history
The Kora Temple is located just northeast of Lewiston's downtown area, on a parcel of land bounded by Blake, Main, and Sabattus Streets. It is a three-story brick building, with a flat roof topped by a pair of onion domes. The main facade is ornate, with groups of pointed arch windows trimmed in terra cotta filigree predominating. The main entrance is set in a bulbous rounded arch, and there is a band of smaller but similarly arched windows on the third floor above. The building cornice consists of vaulted sections interspersed with pointed-arch niches similar in shape to the windows.
The Kora Temple was organized in 1891, and originally met in Masonic lodge facilities on Lisbon Street, before acquiring a wood-frame building at this site. This temple was built in 1908 to a design by architect George M. Coombs, at a cost of $100,000. The building reflects Moorish and Exotic Revival architectural styles. The interior is ornately decorated with floor-to-ceiling murals, gold filigree, and Tiffany chandeliers. The murals, which depict scenes from Arabic and Islamic history and decorate the Temple's dining hall, were painted by Harry Cochrane, a Shriner and accomplished Maine artist. He accomplished this between 1922 and 1927. The paintings were restored in the 1970s.
Gallery
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Androscoggin County, Maine
References
External links
Kora Shrine Official Website
Masonic buildings completed in 1908
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Buildings and structures in Lewiston, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Lewiston, Maine
1908 establishments in Maine
Shriners
Masonic buildings in Maine |
Alexander Gronsky (Александр Гронский, born 1980) is a Russian landscape photographer. His photographs of the Russian landscape have been shown in solo exhibitions, received awards, and were published in the book Pastoral (2013). He is based in Riga, Latvia.
Life and work
Gronsky was born in Tallinn, Estonia. He became an assistant to a commercial photographer at age 17. In 1998, aged 18, he left Estonia. Between 1999 and 2008 he worked as a press photographer for Russian and international media, covering Russia and the former USSR. He joined the Photographer.ru agency in 2003 and in 2006 moved to Russia. He works commercially for advertising agencies, corporations and humanitarian organisations.
Since 2008 Gronsky has been oriented more on personal projects focusing on how geography influences the emotions and behaviour of its inhabitants, particularly those residing in the Russian landscape: Less Than One (2006-2009), a portrait of Russia's outermost regions, areas with a population density of less than one person per square kilometer; Endless Night (2007-2009), Murmansk, the largest city within the Arctic Circle, where the harsh winter is exacerbated by two months of night-time; The Edge (2008-2010), the same outskirts of Moscow as Pastoral only in winter; Mountains and Waters (2011), a study of China in which the mist and cloud that pervade the photos allude to traditional Chinese painting but the subject matter is contemporary: new housing, infrastructure and construction, in diptychs; Pastoral (2008-2012), explores the suburbs between Moscow and the countryside that surrounds it, evoking man's encounter with nature – picnickers eat beside heavy industry, sunbathers lie next to construction sites, and people stroll past piles of urban detritus; and Norilsk (2013).
Gronsky's book Pastoral was published in 2013. As Mikhail Iampolski, professor of Russian and Slavic Studies, writes in the introduction, "The title of the cycle is ironic. A pastoral always depicts a rural idyll, in contrast to the life of city dwellers, to whom it is addressed. In Gronsky’s cycle, the cardinal difference between the rural, the natural and the urban is lifted. This particular pastoral is not about a contrast, but about an indefinite transition." The critic Sean O'Hagan, reviewing Pastoral in The Observer, said "It is essentially, a book about how people use – and abuse – the precious green spaces available to them." Gronsky says he spent two years familiarising himself with all the suburbs of Moscow and a further two years photographing those he considered interesting. Rather than use a large format camera with a tripod as is typical for this style of photography, he kept his equipment to a minimum, using just a portable Mamiya 7 camera. This portability meant he did not look like a photographer, and gave him greater agility whilst composing to react to peoples' movements. Genevieve Fussell, writing in The New Yorker, said the work included "measured compositions and a deft use of color". O'Hagan also said "In photography, the edgeland has also become a prevailing subject in recent years, ... If this is much travelled-territory, Gronsky nevertheless makes it his own." Alexander Strecker, writing in LensCulture, said "Gronsky is a landscape photographer at heart. His skillful use of perspective and talent for composition lead the observer’s eye deeply into the landscape, generating a sense of astonishment for every place portrayed in photo. But simple astonishment deepens into something more complex as we take in the layered images".
Publications
Contact Sheet 166: Alexander Gronsky. Syracuse, NY: Light Work, 2012. .
Pastoral / Moscow Suburbs. Rome: Contrasto, 2013. . Mikhail Iampolski contributes a short essay, "Alexander Gronsky: Givenness without the Given".
Less than One. Tokyo: Tycoon Books, 2014. Edition of 500, . Special edition of 15, .
Norilsk. Taipei: The Velvet Cell, 2015. . Edition of 500.
Mountains and Waters. Taipei: The Velvet Cell, 2016. . Edition of 750 copies.
Alexander Gronsky, Ksenia Babushkina. Schema. Rīga: Orbīta, 2016. . Edition of 700
Exhibitions
Solo exhibitions
2011: Mountains & Waters, Photo Levallois festival, Levallois, France; Polka Galerie, Paris, 2012.
2012: Pastoral, Light Work, Syracuse, NY; The Wapping Project, London, 14 April – 12 June 2015.
Exhibitions with others
2009: Minus Ideology, Art+Art Gallery, Moscow.
2009: InsideOutside, FotoWeekDC Festival, Washington, DC.
2010: Eastside Story, Polka Gallery, Paris.
2011: SI Fest Photography Festival, Savignano sul Rubicone, Italy.
2011: Territories of Desire, Backlight Photo Festival, Tampere Art Museum, Tampere, Finland.
2011: Crossroads: Contemporary Russian Photography, Australian Centre for Photography, Sydney.
Awards
2003: Participant, World Press Photo Joop Swart Masterclass, Amsterdam.
2004: Highly commended, Ian Parry Scholarship, UK.
2008: Finalist, Kandinsky Prize, Moscow.
2009: 1st prize, Linhof Young Photographer Award 09.
2009: Winner, 2009 Aperture Portfolio Prize, Aperture Foundation, for The Edge.
2009: Top 50, Critical Mass, Photo Lucida.
2010: Grand Prix, Silver Camera, Moscow House of Photography, Moscow.
2010: Winner, Foam Paul Huf Award, Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam, for The Edge.
2011: Winner, Levallois – Epson 2011 Photography Prize, for Mountains and Waters. €10000 grant and exhibition in the Photo Levallois festival.
2012: Pastoral, 3rd place, Daily Life, Stories, World Press Photo Awards 2012.
References
External links
Official website archived via archive.org
Gronsky profile at Photographer.ru agency
1980 births
Living people
Russian photographers
Artists from Tallinn
Landscape photographers |
```go
package libvirt
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"log"
"testing"
libvirt "github.com/digitalocean/go-libvirt"
"github.com/hashicorp/terraform-plugin-sdk/v2/helper/acctest"
"github.com/hashicorp/terraform-plugin-sdk/v2/helper/resource"
"github.com/hashicorp/terraform-plugin-sdk/v2/terraform"
)
func TestAccLibvirtCloudInit_CreateCloudInitDiskAndUpdate(t *testing.T) {
var volume libvirt.StorageVol
randomResourceName := acctest.RandStringFromCharSet(10, acctest.CharSetAlpha)
randomPoolName := acctest.RandStringFromCharSet(10, acctest.CharSetAlpha)
randomPoolPath := "/tmp/terraform-provider-libvirt-pool-" + randomPoolName
// this structs are contents values we expect.
expectedContents := Expected{UserData: "#cloud-config", NetworkConfig: "network:", MetaData: "instance-id: bamboo"}
expectedContents2 := Expected{UserData: "#cloud-config2", NetworkConfig: "network2:", MetaData: "instance-id: bamboo2"}
expectedContentsEmpty := Expected{UserData: "#cloud-config2", NetworkConfig: "", MetaData: ""}
randomIsoName := acctest.RandStringFromCharSet(10, acctest.CharSetAlpha) + ".iso"
resource.Test(t, resource.TestCase{
PreCheck: func() { testAccPreCheck(t) },
Providers: testAccProviders,
CheckDestroy: func(s *terraform.State) error {
return nil
},
Steps: []resource.TestStep{
{
Config: fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "libvirt_pool" "%s" {
name = "%s"
type = "dir"
path = "%s"
}
resource "libvirt_cloudinit_disk" "%s" {
name = "%s"
user_data = "#cloud-config"
meta_data = "instance-id: bamboo"
network_config = "network:"
pool = "${libvirt_pool.%s.name}"
}`, randomPoolName, randomPoolName, randomPoolPath, randomResourceName, randomIsoName, randomPoolName),
Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(
"libvirt_cloudinit_disk."+randomResourceName, "name", randomIsoName),
testAccCheckCloudInitVolumeExists("libvirt_cloudinit_disk."+randomResourceName, &volume),
expectedContents.testAccCheckCloudInitDiskFilesContent("libvirt_cloudinit_disk."+randomResourceName),
),
},
{
Config: fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "libvirt_pool" "%s" {
name = "%s"
type = "dir"
path = "%s"
}
resource "libvirt_cloudinit_disk" "%s" {
name = "%s"
user_data = "#cloud-config2"
meta_data = "instance-id: bamboo2"
network_config = "network2:"
pool = "${libvirt_pool.%s.name}"
}`, randomPoolName, randomPoolName, randomPoolPath, randomResourceName, randomIsoName, randomPoolName),
Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(
"libvirt_cloudinit_disk."+randomResourceName, "name", randomIsoName),
testAccCheckCloudInitVolumeExists("libvirt_cloudinit_disk."+randomResourceName, &volume),
expectedContents2.testAccCheckCloudInitDiskFilesContent("libvirt_cloudinit_disk."+randomResourceName),
),
},
{
Config: fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "libvirt_pool" "%s" {
name = "%s"
type = "dir"
path = "%s"
}
resource "libvirt_cloudinit_disk" "%s" {
name = "%s"
user_data = "#cloud-config2"
pool = "${libvirt_pool.%s.name}"
}`, randomPoolName, randomPoolName, randomPoolPath, randomResourceName, randomIsoName, randomPoolName),
Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(
"libvirt_cloudinit_disk."+randomResourceName, "name", randomIsoName),
testAccCheckCloudInitVolumeExists("libvirt_cloudinit_disk."+randomResourceName, &volume),
expectedContentsEmpty.testAccCheckCloudInitDiskFilesContent("libvirt_cloudinit_disk."+randomResourceName),
),
},
// when we apply 2 times with same conf, we should not have a diff. See bug:
// path_to_url
{
Config: fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "libvirt_pool" "%s" {
name = "%s"
type = "dir"
path = "%s"
}
resource "libvirt_cloudinit_disk" "%s" {
name = "%s"
user_data = "#cloud-config4"
pool = "${libvirt_pool.%s.name}"
}`, randomPoolName, randomPoolName, randomPoolPath, randomResourceName, randomIsoName, randomPoolName),
ExpectNonEmptyPlan: true,
PlanOnly: true,
Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(
"libvirt_cloudinit_disk."+randomResourceName, "name", randomIsoName),
testAccCheckCloudInitVolumeExists("libvirt_cloudinit_disk."+randomResourceName, &volume),
expectedContentsEmpty.testAccCheckCloudInitDiskFilesContent("libvirt_cloudinit_disk."+randomResourceName),
),
},
},
})
}
// The destroy function should always handle the case where the resource might already be destroyed
// (manually, for example). If the resource is already destroyed, this should not return an error.
// This allows Terraform users to manually delete resources without breaking Terraform.
// This test should fail without a proper "Exists" implementation.
func TestAccLibvirtCloudInit_ManuallyDestroyed(t *testing.T) {
var volume libvirt.StorageVol
randomResourceName := acctest.RandStringFromCharSet(10, acctest.CharSetAlpha)
randomPoolName := acctest.RandStringFromCharSet(10, acctest.CharSetAlpha)
randomPoolPath := "/tmp/terraform-provider-libvirt-pool-" + randomPoolName
testAccCheckLibvirtCloudInitConfigBasic := fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "libvirt_pool" "%s" {
name = "%s"
type = "dir"
path = "%s"
}
resource "libvirt_cloudinit_disk" "%s" {
name = "%s"
pool = "${libvirt_pool.%s.name}"
user_data = "#cloud-config\nssh_authorized_keys: []\n"
}`, randomPoolName, randomPoolName, randomPoolPath, randomResourceName, randomResourceName, randomPoolName)
resource.Test(t, resource.TestCase{
PreCheck: func() { testAccPreCheck(t) },
Providers: testAccProviders,
CheckDestroy: func(s *terraform.State) error {
return nil
},
Steps: []resource.TestStep{
{
Config: testAccCheckLibvirtCloudInitConfigBasic,
Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
testAccCheckCloudInitVolumeExists("libvirt_cloudinit_disk."+randomResourceName, &volume),
),
},
{
Config: testAccCheckLibvirtCloudInitConfigBasic,
Destroy: true,
PreConfig: func() {
client := testAccProvider.Meta().(*Client)
if volume.Key == "" {
t.Fatalf("Key is blank")
}
if err := volumeDelete(context.Background(), client, volume.Key); err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
},
},
},
})
}
func testAccCheckCloudInitVolumeExists(volumeName string, volume *libvirt.StorageVol) resource.TestCheckFunc {
return func(state *terraform.State) error {
virConn := testAccProvider.Meta().(*Client).libvirt
rs, err := getResourceFromTerraformState(volumeName, state)
if err != nil {
return err
}
cikey, err := getCloudInitVolumeKeyFromTerraformID(rs.Primary.ID)
if err != nil {
return err
}
retrievedVol, err := virConn.StorageVolLookupByKey(cikey)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if retrievedVol.Key == "" {
return fmt.Errorf("UUID is blank")
}
if retrievedVol.Key != cikey {
log.Printf("[DEBUG]: retrievedVol.Key is: %s \ncloudinit key is %s", retrievedVol.Key, cikey)
return fmt.Errorf("Resource ID and cloudinit volume key does not match")
}
*volume = retrievedVol
return nil
}
}
// this is helper method for test expected values.
type Expected struct {
UserData, NetworkConfig, MetaData string
}
func (expected *Expected) testAccCheckCloudInitDiskFilesContent(volumeName string) resource.TestCheckFunc {
return func(state *terraform.State) error {
virConn := testAccProvider.Meta().(*Client).libvirt
rs, err := getResourceFromTerraformState(volumeName, state)
if err != nil {
return err
}
cloudInitDiskDef, err := newCloudInitDefFromRemoteISO(context.Background(), virConn, rs.Primary.ID)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if cloudInitDiskDef.MetaData != expected.MetaData {
return fmt.Errorf("metadata '%s' content differs from expected Metadata %s", cloudInitDiskDef.MetaData, expected.MetaData)
}
if cloudInitDiskDef.UserData != expected.UserData {
return fmt.Errorf("userdata '%s' content differs from expected UserData %s", cloudInitDiskDef.UserData, expected.UserData)
}
if cloudInitDiskDef.NetworkConfig != expected.NetworkConfig {
return fmt.Errorf("networkconfig '%s' content differs from expected NetworkConfigData %s", cloudInitDiskDef.NetworkConfig, expected.NetworkConfig)
}
return nil
}
}
``` |
Kymore is an industrial town and a nagar panchayat in Vijayraghavgarh tehsil in Katni district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Known mainly for its cement works established in 1921 by J. K. Fisher.
The famous Murlidhar temple was established in 1930.
Economy
Limestone mining employs most of the local population. After independence, the cement works were owned by The Associated Cement Companies Limited. As of 2011, 2.2 million tonnes of cement is produced here yearly.
Many old quarries were abandoned due to depletion or inadequate technology and were converted into water reservoirs. As of 2011, limestone comes from nearby Mahegaon mines, which is about 11 km away. India's second-longest conveyor belt was built here to fetch limestone from these mines.
Other industries include bauxite and marble mines and an asbestos sheet manufacturing facility, established in 1934 by the UK's Turner & Newall group of UK, now operated by Everest Industries Ltd.
Geography
Kymore hills run along from north to west of the entire town. Their height ranges from .
Temples and festivals
Dussehra is the biggest annual event. The effigy of Ravana made here ranges in height from , the highest in India. People visit during this time to witness the event. Murlidhar temple is a temple in the center of Kymore.
Demographics
As of 2001 India census, Kymore had a population of 35,300. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kymore had an average literacy rate of 70.3%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy was 78% and female literacy was 61%. 13% of the population is under 6.
Education
Schools include DAV ACC Public School (CBSE Affiliated), Kymore Higher Secondary School Kymore & ACC Higher Secondary School. Shramdham Higher secondary School.
Sports
ACC Gymkhana club offers recreation. An annual district level cricket tournament celebrates the memory of Shri R. K. Sharma, gathering 60-70 teams. The tournament includes other sports such as football, volleyball, badminton, table tennis, kabbaddi, and athletics.
Transport
The nearest railway stations are Jukehi 22 km, Katni 45 km on Itarsi Allahabad rail line and Katni Murwara 45 km on Katni Bina rail line. The airports are in Jabalpur and Khajuraho. Buses from Kymore to Vijayraghavgarh(8 km) to Katni (45 km), Maihar (40 km), Jabalpur (135 km), Rewa (140 km) and Satna (85 km) are available on 5:45 A.M. at morning daily service.
References
Cities and towns in Katni district
Katni |
Jet Set Sports LLC, d/b/a CoSport, is a distributor of consumer hospitality packages and tickets to the Olympic games. It is a privately-held company established in 2000 and owned by Sead Dizdarevic. CoSport has the rights to market and sell consumer hospitality and premium ticket packages, as well as hospitality management services in Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Jordan, Norway, Sweden, the United States, and other EU/EEA countries such as Croatia and Greece. It was the only official authorized Olympic ticket reseller in those countries from the 2006 Winter Olympics to the 2020 Summer Olympics.
CoSport is a part of Jet Set Sports, which was founded in its original form in 1975 and first provided hospitality services to the Olympics in 1984, and is one of the leading providers of VIP and corporate Olympic hospitality packages.
In March 2021, CoSport announced that people who purchased tickets for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics from the company would not be refunded the 20% service fee, with Alan Dizdarevic saying "There's nothing to give back of the 20%, because it's all been spent." The reason given was that the Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games only agreed to refund the face value of the tickets to resellers and would not cover an associated loss of service fees.
References
Ticket sales companies
Companies based in Somerset County, New Jersey
2000 establishments in the United States |
Lauren Stone (born 1987) is a Canadian politician, who was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of Manitoba
to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 2023 Manitoba general election. She represents the district of Midland as a member of the Manitoba Progressive Conservative Party.
Education and career
Stone is a graduate of Queen's University.
Professionally she has worked in the agri-food and manufacturing sectors, managing corporate affairs for Cargill, working for the Manitoba Beef Producers, and managing her own consulting business.
On her election, she spoke in support of bipartisanship with New Democratic Party MLAs.
Personal life
Stone and her husband have two children. They live in La Salle, Manitoba.
References
Living people
Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba MLAs
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians
Women MLAs in Manitoba
Queen's University at Kingston alumni |
Seas of Blood is a single-player roleplaying gamebook written by Andrew Chapman, illustrated by Bob Harvey and originally published in 1985 by Puffin Books. It forms part of Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone's Fighting Fantasy series. It is the 16th in the series in the original Puffin series (). The title was loosely adapted into a text-based video game by company Adventure Soft.
Rules
The story features an additional game mechanic: both the player's character and their ship have attributes for combat, as there is a combination of land and sea-based combat.
Story
The player takes the role of the captain of the pirate vessel Banshee, and within a 50-day period must overcome both land and sea adversaries to reach the isle of Nippur, in possession of more gold than rival Abdul the Butcher.
Other media
The book was loosely adapted into an Adventure Soft text adventure game Seas of Blood for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, and Amstrad CPC.
References
External links
1985 fiction books
Fighting Fantasy gamebooks
Books by Andrew Chapman (writer)
pt:Mares de Sangue |
Moradabad (, also Romanized as Morādābād) is a village in Bakharz Rural District, in the Central District of Bakharz County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 368, in 78 families.
References
Populated places in Bakharz County |
Doilungdêqên District is a district in Lhasa, north-west of the main center of Chengguan, Tibet Autonomous Region. It is largely agricultural or pastoral, but contains the western suburbs of the city of Lhasa. The Duilong River runs southeast through the district to the Lhasa River. A prehistoric site appears to be 3600–3000 years old. The district is home to the Tsurphu Monastery (1189) and the 17th century Nechung monastery.
Topography
Doilungdêgên is said to mean "valley of bliss" in Tibetan. The district is located in south-central Tibet.
It contains the western suburbs of the city of Lhasa, capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region, which begin about from the city center.
It covers an area of 2,704 square kilometers, with 94,969 acres of farmland.
The district borders on the north Tibet grasslands in the northwest. The valley of the Doilung River leads south to the Lhasa River, and is contained by two ridges of the Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains. The Duilong is in length, and has hydroelectrical power generation capacity of 4,000 KW.
In the south the district occupies part of the south bank of the Lhasa River.
There are about sixty rivers and streams in total.
The district has an average elevation of , with a highest elevation of and a lowest point at .
Environment
There are about 120 frost-free days annually.
Annual mean temperature is , with temperatures in January falling below
Annual precipitation is about , with autumn rainfall of .
The district is agriculturally rich and was used by the Tibetan kings as a source of food for Lhasa.
Wildlife includes roe deer, otter, brown bear, leopard, black-necked crane, Chinese caterpillar fungus, Fritillaria and snow lotus.
Military personnel have been involved in efforts to protect and improve the environment, including replanting programs.
Demographics
In 1992 there were 33,581 people in 6,500 households, with 94.28% of the people engaged in farming.
About 90% of the people were ethnic Tibetan, with most people of other ethnicity living in Donggar.
The 2000 census gave a total population of 40,543 people: Donggar 9,359, Naiqiong 7,838, Dechen 5,731 people, Mar 4,458, Gurung 5,664, Yabda 3,664, Liuwu 3,829.
The total population as of the end of 2007 was 45,551 people.
The first drug rehabilitation center in Tibet was being constructed in Duilongdeqing District in 2009.
It would provide physiological rehabilitation, psychological therapy and job training for up to 150 drug addicts.
History
Duilongdeqing County was founded in September 1959, and in February 1960 expanded to include the western suburbs of Lhasa.
The district has been rapidly urbanizing. In January 2015 the former county government was preparing to upgrade Doilungdêqên into Lhasa's second urban district. The county was finally upgraded into a district on 13 October 2015.
Administration divisions
The district has jurisdiction over four subdistricts and three towns, covering thirty-five administrative villages.
The seat of government is in the town of Donggar.
This is just from downtown Lhasa.
Economy
Until the 1980s almost all of the rural residents farmed and raised livestock. After reform and an open policy were adopted, growing numbers began to move into industry, construction, transport, commerce and more skilled occupations.
In the mid-1980s many local factories and processing plants were built at the village level, but most of them failed to survive.
The construction force grew in the 1980s to meet demand for "43 engineering projects" in Lhasa, and construction remained an important source of employment in the late 1990s.
At the same time, inefficient traditional farming and herding practices were replaced by more modern techniques.
The economy is still dominated by agriculture. Vegetable production is an important industry in Donggar.
Other agricultural products include wheat, spring wheat, barley, peas, beans and potatoes. Livestock includes zaks, sheep, goats and poultry.
The main mineral resources are coal, iron, clay, lead and zinc.
Communications
The Qinghai–Tibet Railway runs through the district beside the Qinghai–Tibet Highway (China National Highway 318) from northeast to southwest.
The district is crossed by China National Highway 109 in the south.
47 other roads have a total length of .
Lhasa railway station is in Liuwu township.
The terminus of the Qinghai–Tibet line, it is over above sea level, and is its largest passenger transport station.
It includes a clinic with oxygen treatment facilities. The station uses solar energy for heating.
Landmarks
The best-known landmark is Tsurphu Monastery, built in 1189 and treated as a regional cultural relic reserve.
The monastery was founded by Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama, founder of Karma Kagyu school.
It is the main Kagyu temple.
The Nechung Monastery, former home of the Nechung Oracle, is located in Naiquong township.
Nechung was built by the 5th Dalai Lama (1617–82).
Nechung was almost completely destroyed during the Cultural Revolution but has been largely restored.
There is a huge new statue of Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava) on the second floor.
There are also hot springs that are said to have various curative powers.
A prehistoric site was found in 2007 in a location where sand was being quarried at Chang Village in Yabda Township at above sea level, about west of Lhasa. The site was protected pending formal excavation. A layer about thick contained charcoal, ash, animal bones, pottery and stone tools.
The site appears to be 3600–3000 years old.
See also
Liuwu New Area
References
Sources |
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1988 in Norwegian music.
Events
March
25 – The 15th Vossajazz started in Voss, Norway (March 25 – 27).
May
25 – The 16th Nattjazz started in Bergen, Norway (May 25 – June 8).
June
25 – The 19th Kalvøyafestivalen started at Kalvøya near by Oslo (June 25 – 26).
26 – Leonard Cohen performed a concert at Kalvøya, Bærum (Kalvøyafestivalen).
Albums released
Unknown date
G
Jan Garbarek
Legend Of The Seven Dreams (ECM Records)
S
Thorgeir Stubø
The End Of A Tune (Cadence Jazz Records), with Art Farmer and Doug Raney
Deaths
January
9 – Peter L. Rypdal, fiddler and famous traditional folk music composer (born 1909).
July
1 – Robert Riefling, classical pianist and music teacher (born 1911).
Births
February
5 – Fredrik Luhr Dietrichson, jazz upright bassist.
15 – Ragnhild Hemsing, classical and traditional folk violinist.
26 – Christian Meaas Svendsen, jazz upright bassist and composer.
April
12 – Tone Damli Aaberge, singer.
May
7 – David Aleksander Sjølie, jazz guitarist, Mopti.
9 – Fredrik Rasten, guitarist, improviser, and composer.
July
31 – Andreas Wildhagen, jazz drummer.
August
12 – Chriss Rune Olsen Angvik, rhythm & blues guitarist and vocalist.
17 - Natalie Sandtorv, jazz singer, percussionist, and electronica artist.
Unknown date
Jan Martin Gismervik, jazz drummer.
See also
1988 in Norway
Music of Norway
Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1988
References
Norwegian music
Norwegian
Music
1980s in Norwegian music |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var isFunction = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-function' );
var Buffer = require( '@stdlib/buffer/ctor' );
var version = require( './node_version.js' );
// MAIN //
var bool = isFunction( Buffer.from ) && version >= 5;
// EXPORTS //
module.exports = bool;
``` |
```java
package com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.proxy.tunnel;
/**
* @author chen.zhu
* <p>
* Oct 31, 2018
*/
public interface TunnelEventHandler {
void onEstablished();
void onBackendClose();
void onFrontendClose();
void onClosing();
void onClosed();
}
``` |
Olivet Community Schools is a public school district located in Olivet, Michigan. It comprises three schools and two buildings. Fern Persons Elementary School is located in southern Olivet and consists of about 400 students. Olivet High School and Olivet Middle School are located in a building in northern Olivet and consists of 300 and 500 students respectively.
References
External links
District Website
School districts in Michigan
Education in Eaton County, Michigan |
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Joker Arroyo.jpg
| name = Joker P. Arroyo
| imagesize =
| caption =
| office = Senator of the Philippines
| office2 = Member of thePhilippine House of Representativesfrom Makati
| predecessor2 = District established
| successor2 = Teodoro Locsin Jr.
| constituency2 = 1st district
| term_start3 = June 30, 1992
| term_end3 = June 30, 1998
| predecessor3 = Maria Consuelo Puyat-Reyes
| successor3 = District dissolved
| constituency3 = Lone district
| office4 = 22nd Executive Secretary of the Philippines{{small| (Presidential Executive Assistant -1986)}}
| term_start4 = February 25, 1986
| term_end4 = September 15, 1987
| president4 = Corazon Aquino
| predecessor4 = Juan Tuvera
| successor4 = Catalino Macaraig Jr.
| birth_name = Ceferino Paz Arroyo, Jr.
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Naga, Camarines Sur, Philippine Islands
| death_date =
| death_place = San Francisco, California, U.S.
| nationality = Filipino
| party = Independent (1992–2001, 2002–2007, 2014–2015)
| otherparty = Lakas–CMD (2008–2014)KAMPI (2007–2008)Aksyon Demokratiko (2001–2002)Lakas–NUCD (2001)
| spouse = Odelia Gregorio Felicitas Aquino
| relations =
| children =
| residence = Makati
| alma_mater = Ateneo de Manila University (AA)University of the Philippines Diliman (LL.B)
| profession = Lawyer
| website = Senate Profile
| termstart = June 30, 2001
| termend = June 30, 2013
| office1 = Chair of the Senate Blue Ribbon Committee
| termstart1 = July 23, 2001
| termend1 = June 30, 2007
| termstart2 = June 30, 1998
| termend2 = June 30, 2001
| predecessor1 = Aquilino Pimentel Jr.
| successor1 = Alan Peter Cayetano
| honorific_prefix = The Honorable
}}
Ceferino "Joker" Paz Arroyo Jr. (; January 5, 1927 – October 5, 2015) was a Filipino statesman and key figure in the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution that ousted dictator Ferdinand Marcos. He was a Congressman for Makati from 1992 to 2001 and Senator from 2001 to 2013. Arroyo received various awards and commendations for his significant contributions to the law profession and public service. Among these are the Philippine Bar Association's Most Distinguished Award for Justice as a "man beholden to no one except to his country" and Senate Resolution No. 100 enacted in the 8th Congress citing his invaluable service to the Filipino people. He was also known for being the thriftiest legislator, earning the title of "Scrooge of Congress", as he only had few staff members without bodyguards and did not use his pork barrel funds. In 2018, Arroyo was identified by the Human Rights Victims' Claims Board as a Motu Proprio human rights violations victim of the Martial Law Era.
Early life
Joker Arroyo was born on January 5, 1927, in Naga, Camarines Sur, to Ceferino Barrameda Arroyo, Sr. (1884–1949) and Eusebia Bance Paz (1898–1949). His parents were married on April 23, 1919, in Naga, Camarines Sur. He has seven siblings, including Zeferino "Tong", Jack (a former vice governor of Camarines Sur), and Nonito, from Baao, Camarines Sur. His name "Joker," as well as his siblings', was derived from his father's fondness for card playing.Toms, S. "The Philippine name game", BBC News, January 14, 2006. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
Education
He completed his elementary education at the Naga Central School I in Naga, Camarines Sur and secondary education at the Camarines Sur National High School also in Naga City. He obtained his Associate of Arts in Public Law at the Ateneo de Manila University (pre-law). In 1952, his Bachelor of Laws from the UP College of Law at the University of the Philippines Diliman. He is a member of the Upsilon Sigma Phi fraternity, batch 1948.
Career
As a lawyer
He started his professional career as lawyer in 1953. Most of his clients belonged to the middle class and low income families.
On September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos declared Proclamation 1081, placing the entire Philippines under Martial Law. Arroyo was the very first lawyer to challenge the act before the Supreme Court and questioned its legality under the 1935 Philippine Constitution.
Arroyo and other lawyers joined in questioning other Marcos' acts before the Supreme Court: 1) the ratification of the Marcos-dictated 1973 Constitution; 2) Amendment Six that empowered President Marcos to exercise lawmaking powers alongside the Batasang Pambansa; 3) the power of military tribunals to try civilians. These protestations did not stop Marcos' consolidation of power at the time, but showed that not all leading Filipinos were fully supportive of him.
Arroyo participated in the trials of political detainees such as Senator Benigno Aquino Jr., ABS-CBN Executive Eugenio Lopez, Jr., Cebu politician Sergio Osmeña III, Communist Party of the Philippines founder and University of the Philippines Professor Jose Maria Sison, Senators Jovito Salonga and Eva Kalaw, lawyers Aquilino Pimentel Jr., Renato Tañada, Eduardo Olaguer and many others.
Arroyo actively participated in street demonstrations. He was gassed, injured and hospitalized during protest rallies and incarcerated in a military stockade. He was one of the founders of the civic group Movement for the Advancement of the Brotherhood, Integrity, Nationalism and Independence (MABINI) and the Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG).
When Corazon Aquino decided to challenge Ferdinand Marcos in the 1986 Snap Presidential Election, Arroyo served as counsel for Aquino during the snap election. During the first EDSA Revolution, he served as one Aquino's key advisers.
Political career
As Executive Secretary
Arroyo was appointed as the Presidential Executive Assistant, later reverted as Executive Secretary, and he was one of the first appointees of Corazon Aquino after she was inaugurated in Club Filipino in San Juan. Arroyo served as Aquino's alter ego in her issuance of Executive Orders (formerly Presidential Decrees). These include the creation of the Family Code, the Presidential Commission on Good Government, creation of the 1986 Freedom Constitution, and the removal of local government officials loyal to Marcos and appointment of Officers-In-Charge. One Aquino decision, the release of Communist leader Jose Maria Sison, sparked the September 1987 coup attempt initiated by rebel military leaders. Due to intense pressure from the Philippine Congress in the following months, Aquino accepted Arroyo's resignation.Chua-Eoan, H. "The Philippines The Joker Was Not Laughing", Time p. 2, September 21, 1987. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
Aside from being Executive Secretary, he became chair of the Philippine National Bank and executive director for the Philippines at the Asian Development Bank from 1986 to 1990.
Arroyo has received various awards and commendations for his significant contributions to the law profession and public service. Among these are the Philippine Bar Association's Most Distinguished Award for Justice as a "man beholden to no one except to his country" and a Senate Resolution No. 100 enacted in the 8th Congress commending him for his invaluable services to the Filipino people.
As congressman
Arroyo ran independent for the position of congressman in the lone district of Makati in 1992. He was a popular figure in the House of Representatives with a 100% attendance record for nine years from the time he was elected up to the end of his last term. He was in caucus with the PDP–Laban. He passed several national bills and some local bills like the creation of the City of Makati and the second district of Makati. When the lone district of Makati was divided into two, he ran for the first district in 1998.
In November 2000, he was one of the last congressmen to sign the endorsement for the impeachment of President Joseph Estrada. He was voted the Lead Prosecutor for the impeachment trial in December 2000. He fought for the opening of the second bank envelope and its presentation was a critical evidence for the prosecution of Estrada. The Senate voted down his request and this led to the second EDSA Revolution. His role in the impeachment trial earned him one of preferred choices in the SWS and Pulse Asia survey for a Senate race. The new government, led by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo convinced Congressman Arroyo to run for the Senate. He was named to the People Power Coalition's senatorial slate. Arroyo received a huge number of votes from the electorate.
As Senator
Arroyo chaired the Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, the Senate Justice and Human Rights Committee, and the Senate Public Services Committee during the 13th Congress. He claimed to have never traveled abroad on government money and his Statement of Assets and Liabilities remained almost unchanged from the time he entered public service in 1986. retrieved on February 21, 2007. He was reelected in 2007 under the administration TEAM Unity coalition. He retired from public service on June 30, 2013.
Arroyo had accused Mr. Benigno Aquino, Jr. of consolidating power and behaving like a dictator when, in 2011, the president led a successful effort to impeach Renato Corona, the chief justice of the Supreme Court. Arroyo was one of only a handful of senators who voted to acquit. The Aquino administration called the impeachment and conviction a significant victory in its anticorruption efforts.
Personal life
Joker Arroyo was married twice. His first wife was Gregg Shoes entrepreneur Odelia Gregorio. Their eldest daughter is Ma. Antonia Odelia "Maoi" Gregorio Arroyo, CEO of Hybridigm Consulting, the first biotechnology commercialization firm in the Philippines. Maoi was hailed by Entrepreneur Magazine'' as one of the top 35 entrepreneurs under 35 in the Philippines. His second daughter, Ma. Zef Francisca "Baba" Arroyo, is an entrepreneur, artist, and pastry chef. His second wife was successful lawyer Felicitas S. Aquino, a member of the 1986 Constitutional Commission. Their daughter is Joker's namesake and a champion equestrian, whose career highlights include a team gold medal for the Philippines at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games, among many other medal performances with the Philippine team. The younger Joker graduated from the British School Manila in 2006, and Yale University in 2010.
Although they have the same surname, Joker Arroyo is not related to former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and her husband Jose Miguel Arroyo.
Death
Arroyo died on October 5, 2015, in San Francisco, California, after an unsuccessful heart surgery. He was 88.
References
External links
Senate of the Philippines - Joker Arroyo
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Charkhi Dadri is a city and headquarters of Charkhi Dadri district in the state of Haryana located in southern Haryana, India, about 90 km from the national capital Delhi. The town was made by joining the villages of Charkhi and Dadri after urban development. Charkhi Dadri is on NH 148B between Narnaul to Bathinda and NH 348B between Meerut to Pilani segment passing through the city.
Etymology
"Dadri" is derived from a lake called Dadar which was full of dadur (Sanskrit: frog) from which it took its current name. To distinguish Dadri from other similarly named places in the area, sometimes Dadri's name was appended to the nearby village of Charkhi. After India became independent, in recognition of the contribution of people of Charki village during the first war of independence in 1857 against the British colonial rule and Praja Mandala movement against the oppressive rule of the Jind State, the government officially named the town as Charkhi-Dadri.
When Ramkrishna Dalmia, the founder of Dalmia Group, established a cement factory at Dadri during the rule of Jind State, the town was renamed as "Dalmia Dadri" on request of Sir Ganga Ram Kaul who was then Chief Minister of Jind State, which was renamed to "Charkhi Dadri" when Jind State was merged with Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) in 1948.
History
Early history
The town was founded around the 12th century by Bilhan Singh.
According to the oral tradition, he saw a cow and lion drinking water side by side at dadur lake. Intrigued by the sight, he went to a nearby cottage where a Mahatma named Swami Dayal lived. Bilhan Singh sought Mahatma's blessings and was told that if he made the place his home, his family would be blessed and would rule over it in the future.
Mughal era
During the medieval times, Dadri was also a pargana (district) and riyasat (state). Mughal emperors Akbar and Farrukhsiyar both issued firmans (housed in Red Fort Archaeological Museum and "Rao Harnarian Singh Dhan Collection of Charkhi Dadri" respectively) to grant land to zamindars as "madad-i-mash" (subsistence allowance). In 1780 CE, mughal emperor Shah Alam II bestowed the title of Rao on some Brahmins of the town. Rao Dhan Singh, took part in the revolt of 1857 and fought bravely in the Battle of Narnaul, against British but due to failure of revolt lost their jagirdari included many villages to British.
British colonial era
In 1806, British raj gave Charkhi Dadri to Nawab of Jhajjhar, the ruler of a princely state who stayed in power till 1857. Charkhi Dadri tract had an area of 575sq miles and revenue of Rs 10,3000 annually. In 1857 war, the Nawab of Dadri, Bahadur Jung Khan who had given token allegiance to Emperor ˞BahadurShah Zafar, surrendered to British and tried by military court-martial in Delhi on 27 Nov. 1857. He was removed to Lahore. Dadri was awarded to Raja Sarup Singh of Jind for his services to EIC in the 1857 war. In May 1864, some fifty Sangwan Jat villages revolted against his descendant Raja Raghbir Singh but the rebellion was crushed. Three principal villages which took part in the rebellion, Charkhi, Mankinas and Jhanjhu, were burned down. Notable Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian scholars lived here as evident by the collection of Sanskrit and Persian manuscripts by Rao Uttam Singh, a teacher to the King of Jind State.
1996 mid-air collision
Charkhi Dadri came to media attention when, on 12 November 1996, a Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 struck a Saudia Boeing 747 in the sky above the village, causing both jets to crash into the fields below. The collision resulted in the deaths of all 349 people on board both aircraft. It was the deadliest mid-air collision on record, the deadliest aviation disaster that left no survivors, the deadliest aviation disaster in India, as well as the third-deadliest aviation disaster of all time (Not including 9/11).
Formation of district
Previously in Bhiwani district, Charkhi Dadri became part of the new Charkhi Dadri district in 2016. According hssc 16 Nov 2016
Historic monuments
There are some historic places in the city which include Shyamesar Lake and Dayal Temple to name a few.
Baba Shami Dayal Samadhi and temple: Most ancient monument in the town is the Samadhi of Baba Shami Dayal, who is Jathera (also called Dhok) of Phogat gotra of Jats, holds an annual fair on 8th day of Bhado month of Hindu Vikram Samvat calendar.
Shyamesar lake: In 1687 CE during Aurangzeb rule, Lala Sita Ram built the Shyamesar lake at the cost of Rs. 100,000. Lala was also mentioned as the treasurer of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah (r. 1719-48) in the "1904 Phulkian States Gazetteer".
Charkhi Dadri Fort: In the first half of the 19th century the Nawab of Jhajjar built a fort here which is currently occupied by various government offices. In the second half of 19th century the Jind State built the "Dorothy villa" which is currently being used as the "PWD Rest House".
Dada Ramser Mandir: This picturesque Khatu Shyam temple is situated between Aravali hills (Shyam hills) of Badrai and Nauranga Bass Jattan villages . Lord Khatu Shyam ( Barbarik) said to have visited and stayed here while going to take part in the battle of Mahabharta.
Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Charkhi Dadri had a population of 44,892. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Charkhi Dadri has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%, with male literacy of 76% and female literacy of 62%. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The major part of the ethnographic spectrum of the population is constituted by Jat people who have come from various neighbouring villages. Another major chunk is descendant of Maratha warriors who after the defeat in the Third Battle Of Panipat, decided to settle in the nearby places. Another major community belongs to Bania (caste), Punjabi who live in clusters in the areas of Subhash Chowk, Kath Mandi, Pahwa Chowk and Ladhan Paana, are also found in great numbers. Saini lives in the majority in Saini Pura, Jhajjar Ghati, Bir Bhairvi earlier known as "Gwadiwala Johar founded by late Nathu Ram Saini under the Peepal tree, age of peepal tree is more than 100 years and now alive and Brahmin who lives majorly in the concentrated pockets of the old city called Chotti Bazari and places around Anaj mandi. Nevertheless, the city is a perfect melange with people from other diverse castes and communities as well."
People of many gotras live in Charkhi Dadri, the major ones being Lor, Phogat, Rana, Lamba, Ahlawat, Malik, Saini, Sangwan, Sansanwal, Rajotiya, Mahla, Kalkal, Prajapati, Dhangad and Sheoran.
Economy
Charkhi Dadri is the main market for all nearby villages and has its own food and grain markets and one FCI godown. It has many shopping institutions such as the main market and hira chowk. Various motor vehicle showroom like Bajaj, Chevrolet, Hero, Honda, Mahindra and TVs are present here. It makes Charkhi Dadri a big market for shopping. LOCAL CART APP( the best online shopping platform) head office located in charkhi dadri.
Cement plant
Cement Corporation Of India (CCI) established one of its cement plants in Haryana. The plant was commissioned in 1982 with an installed capacity of 174,000 tonnes per annum. The process used in the plant was a semi-dry one. The plant is sprawled across . It functioned for almost 15 years before production was stopped in 1996 due to various issues. It remains closed.
Politics
Chandrawati, Ganpat Rai - Ex-MLA, Hargain Singh Gochwal, Hukam Singh (master) - late Ex-Chief Minister, Kripa Ram Phogat (late) - head of first labour union of Delhi Transport Corporation, Ram Kishan Gupta (late) - Ex-MP and educationalist, are a few prominent politicians. Wrestler Babita Phogat fought the assembly elections from this seat and lost to an independent candidate in 2019. She is a prominent current politician from this area.
Educational institutions
Late Ram Kishan Gupta, then a former parliamentarian founded the Dadri Education Society. There are several educational institutions, including Murari Lal Rasiwasiya Ayurvedic College (MLRAC), KAIM (Kedarnath Aggarwal Institute of Management), and JVMGRR Institute of Computer Applications, in Charkhi Dadri. There are also Apeejay School, DRK Adarsh Vidya Mandir, RED School, Vaish Girls Senior Secondary School, Geeta Niketan and Geetangli.
Notable people
Geeta Phogat - wrestler
Master Hukam Singh Former CM of Haryana
Babita Kumari Phogat- wrestler
Sharad Saini
Vinesh Phogat- wrestler
Ravi Kumar Punia- Football player
Nitin Sangwan - IAS ( batch 2016 )
References
Cities and towns in Charkhi Dadri district |
Mae Win () is a tambon (subdistrict) of Mae Wang District, in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 10,879 people. The tambon contains 19 villages.
References
Tambon of Chiang Mai province
Populated places in Chiang Mai province |
James Pratt Craig (17 November 1941 – 15 October 1988) was a Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary during The Troubles in Northern Ireland in the latter half of the 20th century, who was a member of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), and a command member of its Inner Council. He also ran a criminal large-scale protection racket from the West Belfast Shankill Road area, where he resided. Described by journalist David McKittrick as "Belfast's foremost paramilitary extortionist", Craig allegedly colluded at times with the enemies of the UDA, Irish Republican groups such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), providing them with information on key loyalists which led to their subsequent murders. Aside from controlling rackets and extorting protection money from a variety of businesses, it was claimed that Craig also participated in paramilitary murders.
He was accused by the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) of setting up the assassinations of some of their key members by IRA hit squads, such as Shankill Butcher members Lenny Murphy, John Bingham, and William "Frenchie" Marchant in the 1980s. Craig was himself killed by the UDA, using their cover name of the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF), for alleged "treason" as it was believed he had passed information to the IRA regarding South Belfast UDA commander John McMichael, who was killed by an IRA booby-trap car bomb in December 1987. Craig was shot dead in The Castle Inn, a pub in Beersbridge Road, East Belfast.
Ulster Defence Association
Beginnings
James Pratt Craig, known as Jim, was born in Belfast in 1941 and grew up in an Ulster Protestant family on the Shankill Road. In the early 1970s, Craig, a former boxer, was sent to the Maze Prison for a criminal offence unrelated to paramilitary activities. While serving his sentence at the Maze he joined the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), and he was asked by the organisation's commander at the time, Charles Harding Smith to take control of the UDA prisoners inside, on account of his reputation as a "hard man".
Criminal activities
After his release in 1976, he set up a large protection racket and became the UDA's chief fundraiser; by 1985 he had managed to blackmail and extort money from a number of construction firms, building sites, as well as pubs, clubs, and shops in Belfast and elsewhere in Northern Ireland, whose intimidated owners paid protection money out of fear of Craig and his associates. It was alleged that the UDA received hundreds of thousands of pounds some of which also found their way inside Craig's pockets as part of his "commission". He was acquitted on a firearm charge and Ulster Freedom Fighters (a cover name for the UDA) membership on 18 March 1982. In 1985, Craig was brought to court after a number of businessmen decided to testify against him, with the condition that their identities remained hidden. The case fell apart when Craig's defence argued that his client's rights were violated by the concealment of the witnesses' identities.
Craig was alleged to have been involved in the double killing of a Catholic man and a Protestant man on the Shankill Road in 1977. The men, both work colleagues, had entered a loyalist club and were later stabbed, shot and put into a car which was set on fire. By this time the West Belfast UDA no longer wanted him in their ranks, as they claimed they could no longer "afford him". Craig, who was ordered to leave the Shankill Road, went on to join forces with John McMichael's South Belfast Brigade. In addition to being the principal fundraiser, Craig also sat on the UDA's Inner Council. Craig usually travelled in the company of his bodyguard Artie Fee, a UDA member from the Shankill Road.
The rival Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) carried out an investigation after it was rumoured Craig had been involved in the death of UVF major William Marchant, who was gunned down by Provisional IRA gunmen from a passing car on the Shankill Road on 28 April 1987. Marchant was the third high-ranking UVF man to be killed by the IRA during the 1980s. Although their inquiries revealed that Craig had quarrelled with Marchant as well as Lenny Murphy and John Bingham prior to their killings, the UVF felt that there was not enough evidence to warrant an attack on such a powerful UDA figure as Craig.
In December 1987, when South Belfast UDA brigadier John McMichael was blown up by an IRA booby-trap car bomb outside his home in Lisburn's Hilden estate, it was believed that Craig had organised his death with the IRA. Allegedly Craig had feared McMichael was about to expose his racketeering business, thus putting an end to his lucrative operation. McMichael had reportedly set up an inquiry and discovered that Craig was spending money on a lavish scale, going on holidays at least twice a year and indulging in a "champagne lifestyle". At the same time it was suggested that Craig had made certain deals with Irish republican paramilitary groups, dividing up the rackets in west Belfast, and he would have been doing the IRA a favour by helping them to eliminate a high-profile loyalist such as McMichael. Craig had established links with republicans during his time in prison, and the profitable deals and exchanges of information between them ensured he would most likely not be a target for IRA assassination.
Craig was named as an extortionist in Central Television's 1987 programme The Cook Report. Craig planned to sue the programme's producers for libel; in January 1988, Jack Kielty (father of future television presenter Patrick Kielty), a building contractor from County Down who had promised to testify as a key witness against Craig, was murdered by the UDA. This killing was attributed to Craig, although it was never proven.
Death
Craig was shot dead by two gunmen from the UDA in "The Castle Inn" (later called "The Bunch of Grapes"), a pub in Beersbridge Road, east Belfast on 15 October 1988, to where he had been lured in the belief that there was to have been a UDA meeting. He was playing pool in the pub at the time of his fatal shooting by the two men, both of whom were wearing boiler suits and ski masks and carrying automatic weapons. Upon spotting Craig they opened fire, spraying the room with gunfire. Craig died instantly; a bystander pensioner was also murdered in the attack, and four other bystanders were wounded by stray bullets. The UDA claimed the killing was carried out due to Craig's "treason" and involvement in John McMichael's murder as they knew he had provided the IRA with information to successfully carry out the assassination. They apologised for the unintentional death of the pensioner. Craig was not given a paramilitary funeral, and none of the UDA's command attended it.
Andy Tyrie, the UDA's former supreme commander, was not convinced of Craig's complicity in McMichael's killing. In an interview with Peter Taylor, he stated that after McMichael's death, the UDA set up an inquiry, but couldn't find any solid proof which linked Craig to McMichael's assassination. Tyrie maintained that the two men had been good friends, and that Craig had given McMichael £20,000 to keep the latter's pub (The Admiral Benbow) from failing. Tyrie suggested that Craig was a suspect because his wife was Catholic. Tyrie insisted that John Hanna, a prison officer in the Maze, had supplied the IRA with information about McMichael through Rosena Brown, a Belfast actress and IRA intelligence operative, with whom Hanna had been infatuated.
McMichael's son, Gary, however, firmly believed Craig to have been the person behind his father's killing. Less than three months after McMichael's death, Tyrie himself narrowly escaped an attempt on his life by car bomb; he subsequently tendered his resignation as commander.
Reputation
According to McKittrick, Craig's "notoriety and range of enemies meant he could have been killed by almost any paramilitary group, loyalist or republican". Described as stocky of build, he wore expensive clothing and jewellery, and enjoyed a lavish lifestyle from the proceeds of his racketeering. Author and journalist Martin Dillon wrote that Craig was not intelligent but was "cunning, boastful and ruthless".
There was also much antipathy between him and UDA brigadier Tommy "Tucker" Lyttle due to Craig having allegedly made Lyttle's daughter pregnant. Lyttle died of natural causes in October 1995.
It was later revealed that Lyttle had worked as an informer for the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)'s Special Branch.
Craig reportedly invited RUC officers to an extravagant wedding reception held for his daughter. Author Sally Belfrage who encountered Craig at an "Eleventh night" party held at the UDA's east Belfast headquarters, summed him up as "the most personally powerful man I had ever met, with an air of animal force that inspired awe at the idea of its ever being let loose. He was also as drunk as I had ever seen anyone in my life who could still more or less negotiate a sentence and a sequence of steps." She claimed Craig had propositioned her; when she rebuffed his advances he took it in his stride, and grabbing a microphone, went on to lead the other revellers in a rendition of "The Sash My Father Wore".
Dillon, in his book about the violent loyalist gang, the Shankill Butchers, recounted how Craig casually killed a man in a UDA club after a fellow UDA member handed him a jammed pistol. Craig, testing the weapon, allegedly pointed it at a man who was playing pool, and shot him in the head, killing him instantly. Craig then gave orders for the man's body to be dumped in an adjacent alley. Dillon believes Craig had had UDA commander William "Bucky" McCullough killed in October 1981 after the latter discovered Craig had been stealing funds from the UDA for his own personal use. The Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) had claimed responsibility for the killing.
Jackie McDonald, who was part of Craig's protection racket, was arrested in 1989. He had taken over McMichael's command of the South Belfast UDA, having been promoted to the rank of brigadier by Andy Tyrie in 1988. In January 1990, he was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment inside the Maze for extortion, blackmail, and intimidation. McDonald was released in 1994. In an interview with Peter Taylor, he made the following statement regarding his former association with Craig:
I would say without a shadow of doubt the worst thing that ever happened to South Belfast, John McMichael and myself especially, was that Jim Craig ever had anything to do with our organisation.
One builder who later assisted the RUC when they set up an anti-racketeering unit, admitted that he had paid out protection money throughout the 1980s to Craig and his henchmen. The amount of money he handed over increased each year.
Dillon suggested that prior to Craig's killing, younger elements within the UDA, who were loyal supporters of McMichael, discovered (by means which Dillon did not divulge) that the RUC's anti-racketeering squad CI3 had videotaped a clandestine meeting between Craig and a member of the IRA's Northern Command, which is what reportedly sealed Craig's fate.
References
1941 births
1988 deaths
Ulster Defence Association members
Paramilitaries from Belfast
Loyalists imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict
People killed by the Ulster Defence Association
Deaths by firearm in Northern Ireland |
```javascript
const {Strategy} = require("passport-discord");
passport.use(
new Strategy(
{
clientID: "id",
clientSecret: "secret",
callbackURL: "callbackURL"
},
(accessToken, refreshToken, profile, cb) => {
authService.findOrCreate({discordId: profile.id}, cb);
}
)
);
``` |
"Silu" (Nepal Bhasa: and Devanagari:सिलु) is a traditional Nepalese song about a couple from Kathmandu who go on a pilgrimage to Silu and get separated.
The ballad in Nepal Bhasa dates from the early 15th century.
Written by an unnamed composer, Silu is a popular seasonal song in Newar society. It is one of the six seasonal songs and is sung during the rainy season (August).
Silu is what the Newars call Gosaikunda, a holy lake located to the north of Kathmandu. Situated at an elevation of 4,380 m in the Himalaya, it is associated with the Hindu deity Lord Shiva. The lake is also held sacred by Buddhists who associate it with the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara.
Synopsis
The epic song is in the form of a dialogue between the husband and wife. When he announces his plan to visit Silu to take part in the ritual bathing festival, she expresses her desire to go with him. He tries to dissuade her by reminding her of the saying that a husband and wife going together is bad luck. But she insists, and he lets her come along.
When they reach Silu, the king sees her and sends soldiers to take her away and forcibly makes her his queen. The depressed husband leaves home and becomes an ascetic.
One day, the queen asks the king to assemble all the ascetics on the palace grounds to give them alms. The sadhus are gathered as per her wish, and when she spots her husband among them, she slips away with him disguised as a nun. The couple are thus reunited.
Pilgrimage
Silu Wanegu, the pilgrimage to Silu to take a holy dip in the lake, is a long-standing tradition in Newar society. The trek is done in August, when a festival is held on the full moon day.
The pilgrimage has also been a subject of art since historical times. Silu, a movie based on the ballad, was released in 1987.
Lyrics
The first few lines of the song appear below.
Nepal Bhasa
हाय हाय प्रभु स्वामि छि गन झायेतेना
छन्त धन्दा छाय मिसा ज्याखं याना चोना
छिव जिव चोना प्रभु सल्हा साहुति मदु
गन झाय तेना प्रभू गन वने तेना
सिलु तिर्थ मोल ल्हुय अति पुण्य लाइ
सिलु तिर्थ वनेयात पासा माला वया
पासा माले मते प्रभु छिव जिव वने
निम्हतेपु सिलु वने अति पुण्य लाइ
छव जिव वनेयात जोसी केने मानि
जोशी केना स्वयां झिपि वायः माली धाल
Translation
(Wife) Oh, husband, where have you been
(Husband) , wife, I went on an errand.
(Wife) We live together but there is no consultation
Where have you been, husband, where did you go?
(Husband) Taking a bath at Silu will bring much merit
I had gone to look for a friend to go to Silu.
(Wife) Don't look for a friend, husband, you and I will go
A couple going to Silu will bring much merit.
(Husband) For us to go, we will have to consult an astrologer
I went to an astrologer and he said we will be separated.
See also
Silu (film)
Gosaikunda
References
Traditional music
Traditional ballads
Nepalese folklore
Nepalese songs
Newar
Epic poems
Hindu pilgrimage sites in Nepal |
Zony Mash is an album of vintage rarities and non-album B-sides by the funk group The Meters. The album consists of 13 tracks of the band's early works with Josie Records from 1968 to 1971. Eight tracks were originally released as singles, and five tracks were released as bonus tracks on re-issue albums.
Reception
In a review in AllMusic, Richie Unterberger wrote, "On both vocal and instrumental numbers, the band offers first-rate tight yet rubbery funk-soul." He noted stylistic influences and similarities to the music of the era and added "it's more the Meters' own funkified brand of New Orleans R&B than anything else." Steve LaBate of Paste magazine had a positive view and said the album captures the band's sound in their heyday.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic.
Primary artist
Ziggy Modeliste – composer, drums, vocals
Art Neville – composer, keyboards, vocals
Leo Nocentelli – composer, guitar, background vocals
George Porter Jr. – composer, bass guitar, background vocals
Production
Allen Toussaint – producer
Marshall Sehorn – producer
Tim Livingston – project manager
Efram Turchick – project manager
Rodney Mills – engineer
Bob Irwin – mastering
Al Quaglieri – mastering
Stephanie Kennedy – project coordinator
Eric Schou – design
Jeff Smith – design
References
2003 compilation albums
The Meters albums
B-side compilation albums |
Originally known as Taborian Temple, the building was constructed in 1916 by the Arkansas chapter of the Knights and Daughters of Tabor when the 9th street area of Little Rock, Arkansas was a major hub of African-American commerce.
During the 1920s and 1930s the building was the home to many black-owned businesses, community center, officers and veterans club, and Arkansas' major stop on the famous Chitlin Circuit. In the 1930s, the Tabors, like many fraternal organizations at the time, lost their assets in the Great Depression. The building changed ownership, segmented, sold, and segmented over and over again through those years. Its 3rd floor opened under the name Dreamland Ballroom during this time. The United States' Officer's Club (USO) purchased the building during the early years of World War II and Taborian Temple became a regular stopping point for black soldiers and war workers being trained across the Arkansas River (North Little Rock) at Camp Robinson. The Temple served as the only service club for African Americans in Little Rock during both World Wars.
By the mid 1950s, the building became known as Taborian Hall and was the home for three nightclubs: the Twin City Club in the basement, the Waiters Club on the building's second floor, and Dreamland, which then became known as Club Morocco, on the top floor. These establishments and Taborian Hall were the linchpin to a vibrant and active community on the 9th Street “Line,” which was the center for black businesses and culture in Little Rock. The Line was also a boundary that separated Little Rock's black and white communities.
Throughout the buildings history a succession of famous performers brought notoriety and fame to Taborian Hall and Dreamland Ballroom. As the city slowly began to integrate in the 1970s and 1980s, the "Line" neighborhood lost its luster and Taborian Hall eventually fell into disrepair.
Dreamland Ballroom
The performance space on the 3rd floor of Taborian Hall became a regular touring stop on the Chitlin' Circuit, a group of venues across the southern and eastern U.S. that were known to be safe and accepting of African American performers, musicians, and comedians. Some of the era's greatest musical stars performed at Dreamland, including notable performers such as Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, B. B. King, Ray Charles, and Sammy Davis Jr. During the Great Depression, Dreamland became known throughout the South, as well as in cities like Chicago and New York, as a magnet for Cotton Club artists. Entertainers such as these found welcoming audiences at Dreamland, which were often composed of whites and blacks.
Architecture
The Taborian Hall is a Classical three-story masonry structure with stone trim accents and a main entrance that is recessed and framed by Ionic columns supporting a segmented-arch pediment. The upper floor bays are articulated by brick pilasters, which rise to a projecting cornice and parapet above.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
Restoration
By 1972, the Line neighborhood in Little Rock began to experience the same urban decay affecting many other downtown areas around the country. Much of Taborian Hall was vacant and black owned businesses in general were bracing for the planned construction of a new interstate through the heart of the Line neighborhood. By 1988, Taborian Hall was on the brink of being razed when the Arkansas Historic Preservation Office stepped in and forbade it. In 1991, Kerry McCoy and Arkansas Flag and Banner purchased the building with plans to use it as their headquarters as well as renovating Dreamland Ballroom to make it a viable performance space again.
In 2009, McCoy and a group of devoted friends and citizens formed a fundraising, education, and preservation board called Friends of Dreamland. The incorporated non-profit's mission is to build community through the music, history, and culture of the Dreamland Ballroom. Plans include constructing an addition on the west side of Taborian Hall that will house a separate entrance and elevator for better accessibility. In March, 2018 the U.S. Department of the Interior and National Park Service awarded a $499,668 African American Civil Rights Grant to the Friends of Dreamland in order to make the historic building more accessible to the public.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Little Rock, Arkansas
References
External links
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Neoclassical architecture in Arkansas
Buildings and structures completed in 1916
Buildings and structures in Little Rock, Arkansas
United Service Organizations buildings |
Nakamura Kanzaburō is a stage name taken on by a series of Kabuki actors of the Nakamura family. Most of these were blood relatives, though some were adopted into the family. Kanzaburō, like other actors' names, is bestowed (or given up) at grand naming ceremonies called shūmei in which a number of actors formally change their names. The bearer of the name was often also the zamoto, the head of the troupe and theatre manager, of the Nakamura-za theatre in Edo (now Tokyo).
Lineage
Nakamura Kanzaburō I (1598 – June 1658) – founder of the Nakamura-za, and among the earliest generation of kabuki actors.
Nakamura Kanzaburō II (1662 – August 1674) – actor, zamoto and son of Kanzaburō I.
Nakamura Kanzaburō III (September 1674 – August 1678) – actor, zamoto and son of Kanzaburō I.
Nakamura Kanzaburō IV (August 1678 – December 1683) – actor, zamoto and son of Nakamura Kankurō I
Nakamura Kanzaburō V (October 1684 – September 1701) – actor, zamoto, and son of Kanzaburō III.
Nakamura Kanzaburō VI (October 1701 – July 1750) – zamoto and son of Kankurō I. Rarely appeared on stage.
Nakamura Kanzaburō VII (August 1750 – February 1775) – zamoto and son of Kankurō I. Rarely appeared on stage.
Nakamura Kanzaburō VIII (September 1775 – November 1777) – actor, zamoto, son of Kanzaburō VI.
Nakamura Kanzaburō IX (January 1778 – 29 July 1785) – actor, zamoto, grandson of Nakamura Shichisaburō II, adopted by Kanzaburō VIII.
Nakamura Kanzaburō X (June 1786 – April 1787) – zamoto, merchant son-in-law of Kanzaburō VIII. Never appeared on stage.
Nakamura Kanzaburō XI (April 1787 – August 1829) – zamoto son-in-law of Kanzaburō VIII. Rarely appeared on stage.
Nakamura Kanzaburō XII (November 1829 – March 1850) – actor and zamoto, son of Kanzaburō XI. Arrested for falsification of documents.
Nakamura Kanzaburō XIII (April 1850 – 1875) – last zamoto of the Nakamura-za. Rarely appeared on stage. Son of Kanzaburō XII.
Nakamura Nakazō III never formally held the name, but is counted as 14th in the lineage. Actor son-in-law of Kanzaburō XII, managed the Nakamura-za briefly from 1875 to its destruction in 1876.
Nakamura Akashi V never formally held the name, but is counted as 15th in the lineage. Actor son of Kanzaburō XIII and zamoto of the Saruwaka-za.
Nakamura Fujiko – likewise never formally held the name, but is counted as 16th in the lineage. Daughter of Akashi V, granddaughter of Kanzaburō XIII.
Nakamura Kanzaburō XVII (b. 1909; held the name January 1950 – April 1988) – Actor son of Nakamura Karoku III. Took part of first kabuki tour in Western Europe, and in the opening ceremony of the National Theater.
Nakamura Kanzaburō XVIII (30 May 1955 – 5 December 2012; held the name March 2005 – December 2012) – Actor son of Kanzaburō XVII. Most recent holder of the name. Appeared also in TV commercials and stage musicals and comedies outside of kabuki. Died from esophageal cancer on 5 December 2012.
Notes
References
Line of Nakamura Kanzaburō at Kabuki21.com
External links
Official Site (Japanese)
Kabuki actors
Zamoto |
Dearborn is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. At the 2020 census, it had a population of 109,976. Dearborn is the seventh-largest city in Michigan.
First settled in the late 18th century by ethnic French farmers in a series of ribbon farms along the Rouge River and the Sauk Trail, the community grew in the 19th century with the establishment of the Detroit Arsenal on the Chicago Road linking Detroit and Chicago. In the 20th century, it developed as a major manufacturing hub for the automotive industry.
Henry Ford was born on a farm and later established an estate in Dearborn, as well as his River Rouge Complex, the largest factory of his Ford empire. He developed mass production of automobiles, and based the world headquarters of the Ford Motor Company here. The city has a campus of the University of Michigan as well as Henry Ford College. The Henry Ford, the United States' largest indoor-outdoor historic museum complex and Metro Detroit's leading tourist attraction, is located here.
Dearborn residents are Americans primarily of European or Middle Eastern ancestry, many descendants of 19th and 20th-century immigrants. The primary European ethnicities, as identified by respondents to the census, are German, Polish, Irish, and Italian. New waves of immigration from the Middle East came in the late 20th century, Muslims and Christians from Lebanon and Palestine, as well as immigrants from Syria, Iraq, and Yemen. Dearborn is home to the largest Muslim population in the United States per capita as well as the largest mosque in North America.
History
Before European encounter, the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by successive indigenous peoples. Historical tribes belonged mostly to the Algonquian-language family, especially the Council of Three Fires, the Potawatomi and related peoples. In contrast, the Huron (Wyandot) were Iroquoian speaking. French colonists had a trading post at Fort Detroit and a settlement developed there in the colonial period. Another developed on the south side of the Detroit River in what is now southwestern Ontario, near a Huron mission village. French and French-Canadian colonists also established farms at Dearborn in this period. France ceded all of its territory east of the Mississippi River in North America to Great Britain in 1763 after losing to the English in the Seven Years' War.
Beginning in 1786, after the United States gained independence in the American Revolutionary War, more European Americans entered this region, settling in Detroit and the Dearborn area. With population growth, Dearborn Township was formed in 1833 and the village of Dearbornville in 1836, each named after patriot Henry Dearborn, a general in the American Revolution who later served as Secretary of War under President Thomas Jefferson. The Town of Dearborn was incorporated in 1893. Through much of the 19th century, the area was largely rural and dependent on agriculture.
Stimulated by industrial development in Detroit and within its own limits, in 1927 Dearborn was established as a city. Its current borders result from a 1928 consolidation vote that merged Dearborn and neighboring Fordson (previously known as Springwells), which feared being absorbed into expanding Detroit.
According to historian James W. Loewen, in his book Sundown Towns (2005), Dearborn discouraged African Americans from settling in the city. In the early 20th century, both whites and African Americans migrated to Detroit for industrial jobs. Over time, some city residents relocated in the suburbs. Many of Dearborn's residents "took pride in the saying, 'The sun never set on a Negro in Dearborn'". According to Orville Hubbard, the segregationist mayor of Dearborn from 1942 to 1978, "as far as he was concerned, it was against the law for a Negro to live in his suburb." Hubbard told the Montgomery Advertiser in the mid-1950s, "Negroes can't get in here. Every time we hear of a Negro moving in, we respond quicker than you do to a fire."
The area between Dearborn and Fordson was undeveloped, and still remains so in part. Once farm land, much of this property was bought by Henry Ford for his estate, Fair Lane, and for the Ford Motor Company World Headquarters. Later developments in this corridor were the Ford airport (later converted to the Dearborn Proving Grounds), and other Ford administrative and development facilities.
More recent additions are The Henry Ford (a reconstructed historic village and museum), the Henry Ford Centennial Library, the super-regional shopping mall Fairlane Town Center, and the Ford Performing Arts Center. The open land is planted with sunflowers and often with Ford's favorite crop of soybeans. The crops are never harvested.
With the growth and achievements of the Arab-American community, they developed and in 2005 opened the Arab American National Museum (AANM), the first museum in the world devoted to Arab-American history and culture. Arab Americans in Dearborn include descendants of Lebanese Christians who immigrated in the early twentieth century to work in the auto industry, as well as more recent Arab immigrants and their descendants from other, primarily Muslim nations.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (0.37%) is water. The city developed on both sides of the Rouge River. An artificial waterfall/low head dam was constructed by Henry Ford on his estate to power its powerhouse. The Upper, Middle, and Lower Branches of the river come together in Dearborn. The river is widened and channeled near the Rouge Plant to allow lake freighter access.
Fordson Island () is an island about three miles (5 km) upriver on the River Rouge from its confluence with the Detroit River. Fordson Island is the only major island in a tributary to the Detroit River. The island was created in 1922 when engineers dug a secondary trench to reroute the River Rouge to increase navigability for shipping purposes; businesses needed it to be navigable by the large lake freighters. The island is privately owned, and public access is prohibited. The island is part of the city of Dearborn, which has no frontage along the Detroit River.
Dearborn is among a small number of municipalities that own property in other cities. It owns the Camp Dearborn in Milford, Michigan, which is located from Dearborn. Dearborn was among an even smaller number of cities that hold property in another state: for a time the city owned the "Dearborn Towers" apartment complex in Clearwater, Florida, but this has been sold. Camp Dearborn is considered part of the city of Dearborn. Revenues generated by camp admissions are incorporated into the city's budget.
Climate
Demographics
Population
As of the 2010 census, the population of Dearborn was 98,153. The racial and ethnic composition was 89.1% White, 4.0% black or African-American, 0.2% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.2% Non-Hispanic of some other race, 4.0% reporting two or more races and 3.4% Hispanic or Latino. 41.7% were of Arab ancestry (categorized as "White" in Census collection data).
In Census 2000, 61.9% spoke only English, while 29.3% spoke Arabic, 1.9% Spanish, and 1.5% Polish at home. There were 36,770 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.0% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families. 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.42.
In the city, 27.8% of the population was under the age of 18, 8.3% was from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $44,560, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $45,114 versus $33,872 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,488. About 12.2% of families and 16.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.4% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 and over.
As of the 2012 estimate, Dearborn's population was thought to have fallen to 96,474, a decrease of 1.7% since 2010. Over the same period, though, SEMCOG, the local statistics agency of Metro Detroit Council of Governments, has estimated the city to have grown to 99,001, or an increase of 1.2% since 2000. SEMCOG's July 2014 estimate listed Dearborn with a population of 102,566.
Ethnic groups
Dearborn has a large community of descendants of ethnic Europeans who arrived as immigrants from the mid-19th into the 20th centuries. Their ancestors generally first settled in Detroit: Irish, German, Italians, and Polish. It is also a center of Maltese American settlement, from the Mediterranean island of Malta. Also attracted to jobs in the auto industry, some were among immigrant Maltese who first settled in Corktown.
The city has a small African-American population, many of whose ancestors came to the area from the rural South during the Great Migration of the early twentieth century.
The city's population includes 40,000 Arab Americans. Per the 2000 census, Arab Americans totaled 29,181 or 29.85% of Dearborn's population; many are descendants of families who have been in the city since the early 20th century. The city has the largest proportion of Arab Americans in the United States. As of 2006 Dearborn has the largest Lebanese American population in the United States.
The first Arab immigrants came in the early-to-mid-20th century to work in the automotive industry and were chiefly Lebanese Christians (Maronites). Other immigrants from the Middle East (Assyrians/Chaldeans/Syriacs) have also immigrated to the area. Since then, Arab immigrants from Yemen, Iraq and the Palestinian territories, most of whom are Muslim, have joined them. Lebanese Americans comprise the largest group of ethnic Arabs. The Arab Muslim community has built the Islamic Center of America, the largest mosque in North America, and the Dearborn Mosque. More Iraqi refugees have come, fleeing the continued war in their country since 2003.
Warren Avenue has become the commercial center of the Arab-American community. The Arab American National Museum is located in Dearborn. The museum was opened in January 2005 to celebrate the Arab American community's history, culture and contributions to the United States.
In the 2019 U.S. Census estimates, the largest ethnic group were Lebanese Americans, and the second largest were Yemeni Americans.
Christian missionaries and politicians
In 2010, Nabeel Qureshi, David Wood, and two other people acting as Christian missionaries, were arrested at the Dearborn International Arab Festival. They had been handing out Christian literature aimed at Muslim believers. The four were prosecuted for breach of the peace. Police ordered them to stop filming the incident, to provide identification, and to move at least five blocks from the border of the fair. After reviewing the video evidence, the jury acquitted the defendants. The four defendants filed a separate civil suit against the city. Dearborn was found to have violated their constitutional rights related to freedom of speech. The city settled the lawsuit and issued a formal apology to the individuals.
Sharron Angle, a Republican senatorial candidate in Nevada, said in an October 2010 political speech that the Arab Americans in Dearborn contributed to a "militant terrorist situation," and that the city government was enforcing Islamic sharia law. Mayor Jack O'Reilly strongly criticized Angle, saying "She took it as face value and maligned the city of Dearborn and I consider that totally irresponsible".
Preacher Terry Jones of Gainesville, Florida, known for burning a Quran, the sacred book of Islam, planned a protest in 2011 outside the Islamic Center of America. Local authorities required him either to post a $45,000 "peace bond" to cover Dearborn's cost if Jones incited violence, or to go to trial. Jones contested that requirement, and he and his co-pastor Wayne Sapp refused to post the bond. They were held briefly in jail, while claiming violation of First Amendment rights. That night Jones was released by the court. The ACLU had filed an amicus brief in support of Jones's protest plans. A week later, on April 29, Jones led a rally at the Dearborn City Hall, in a designated free speech zone. Riot police were called out to control counter protesters. Jones also planned to speak at the annual Arab Festival on June 18, 2011, but his route was blocked by protesters, six of whom were arrested. Police said they did not have enough officers present to maintain safety. Christian missionaries accompanied Jones with their own protest signs.
On November 11, 2011, Wayne County Circuit Court Judge Robert Ziolkowski vacated the "breach of peace" ruling against Jones and Sapp on the grounds that they were denied due process. On April 7, 2012, Jones led another protest in front of the Islamic Center of America, where he spoke about Islam and free speech. The mosque officials had locked it down to prevent damage. The city used thirty police cars to block traffic from the area in an effort to prevent a counter protest.
Economy
Ford Motor Company has its world headquarters in Dearborn. In addition its Dearborn campus contains many research, testing, finance, and some production facilities. Ford Land controls the numerous properties owned by Ford, including sales and leasing to unrelated businesses, such as the Fairlane Town Center shopping mall. DFCU Financial, the largest credit union in Michigan, was created for Ford and related companies' employees.
One of the largest employers in Dearborn is Oakwood Healthcare System (now a part of Beaumont Health) H. Other major employers include auto suppliers like Visteon, education facilities such as Henry Ford College, and museums such as The Henry Ford. Other businesses headquartered in Dearborn include Carhartt (clothing), Eppinger (fishing lures), AAA Michigan (insurance), and the Society of Manufacturing Engineers.
Largest employers
According to the city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are:
Education
Colleges and universities
University of Michigan–Dearborn and Henry Ford College are located in Dearborn on Evergreen Road and are adjacent to each other. Concordia University Dearborn Center, and Central Michigan University both offer classes in Dearborn. Career training schools include Kaplan Career Institute, ITT Tech, and Sanford Brown College.
Primary and secondary schools
Dearborn residents, along with a small portion of Dearborn Heights residents, attend Dearborn Public Schools. The system operates 34 schools including three major high schools: Fordson High School, Dearborn High School and Edsel Ford High School. The public schools serve more than 18,000 students in the fourth-largest district in the state.
Divine Child High School and Elementary School are private schools in Dearborn; the high school is the largest private coed high school in the area. Henry Ford Academy is a charter high school inside Greenfield Village and the Henry Ford Museum. Another charter secondary school is Advanced Technology Academy. Dearborn Schools operated the Clara B. Ford High School inside Vista Maria, a non-profit residential treatment agency for girls in Dearborn Heights. Clara B. Ford High School became a charter school in the 2007–08 school year.
A small portion of the city limits is within the Westwood Community School District. The sections of Dearborn within the district are zoned for industrial and commercial uses.
The Islamic Center of America operates the Muslim American Youth Academy (MAYA), an Islamic elementary and middle school.
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit operates Sacred Heart Elementary School. It previously operated the St. Alphonsus School in Dearborn. In 2003 the archdiocese closed the high school of St. Alphonsus; and in 2005 closed the St. Alphonsus elementary school.
Global Educational Excellence operates multiple charter schools in Dearborn: Riverside Academy Early Childhood Center, Riverside Academy East Campus (K-5), and Riverside Academy West Campus (6–12).
Dearborn Christian School closed in 2014.
Public libraries
Dearborn Public Library includes the Henry Ford Centennial Library, which is the main library; and the Bryant and Esper branches.
Dearborn's first public library opened in 1924 at the building now known as the Bryant Branch. This served as the main library until the Ford library opened in 1969. In 1970 what became known as the Mason building was classified as a branch library. The library was renamed in 1977 after Katharine Wright Bryant, who developed a plan for the library and campaigned for it.
Around April 1963 the Ford Motor Company granted the City of Dearborn $3 million to build a library as a memorial to Henry Ford. Ford Motor Company deeded of vacant land for the public library to the city on July 30, 1963, the centennial or 100th anniversary of Henry Ford's birth. The Ford Foundation later granted the library an additional $500,000 for supplies and equipment. On November 25, 1969, the library was dedicated. Library employees have occupied the building since its opening; originally only the library had offices in the building. In 1979 the library staff gave up the western side's meeting rooms, and the City of Dearborn Health Department occupied those rooms.
The Esper Branch, the smallest branch, is located in what is known as the Arab residential quarter of the city. The library has about 35,000 books, entertainment and educational videocassettes, music CDs, children's music cassettes, audio books, and magazines. Newspapers are also available. It features many Arabic-language books, newspapers, and videocassettes for Arabic-speaking residents. This library was dedicated on October 12, 1953. Originally named the Warren Branch, this structure had replaced the Northeast Branch, which opened in a storefront in 1944. In October 1961 it was named after city councilman Anthony M. Esper.
Post office
During the years 1934 to 1943, during and after the Great Depression, murals were commissioned for federal public buildings in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture, later called the Section of Fine Arts, of the Treasury Department. They often featured representation of local history. In 1938 artist Rainey Bennett painted an oil-on-canvas mural for the federal post offices in Dearborn titled, Ten Eyck's Tavern on Chicago Road.
Sports facilities
Sports facilities include the Dearborn Ice Skating Center and the Dearborn Civic Center.
Transportation
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Dearborn, operating its Wolverine three times daily in each direction between Chicago, Illinois and Pontiac, via Detroit. Baggage cannot be checked at this location; however, up to two suitcases, in addition to any "personal items" such as briefcases, purses, laptop bags, and infant equipment, are allowed on board as carry-ons. There is one rail stop in Dearborn: the John D. Dingell Transit Center. Amtrak operates on the Michigan Department of Transportation Michigan Line. This track runs from Dearborn to Kalamazoo, Michigan. CSX Transportation's Detroit Subdivision, Canadian National Railway/Grand Trunk Western Railroad's Dearborn Subdivision, and Conrail Shared Assets' Junction Yard Running Track also pass through Dearborn. Most of the freight traffic on these rails is related to the automotive industry.
Dearborn is served by buses of both the Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT) and the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) systems.
From 1924 to 1947, Dearborn was the site of Ford Airport. It featured the world's first concrete runway and the first scheduled U.S. passenger service.
SMART Flex
Launched in March 2021, SMART Flex is an on-demand public transit service launched in partnership with TransitTech company Via Transportation as a way to help encourage first-and-last mile connections to existing bus routes as well as trips to universities, grocery stores, local hospitals and other destinations. SMART Flex is available to residents and workers in Dearborn, Troy, the Hall Road corridor between Utica and New Baltimore, Pontiac/Auburn Hills, and Farmington/Farmington Hills to book rides using the SMART Flex app.
Arts and culture
Museums
Arab American National Museum
Automotive Hall of Fame
The Henry Ford (Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village)
Fair Lane Estate
Dearborn Historical Museum
The Stamelos Gallery at the University of Michigan Dearborn Mardigan Library
The Alfred Berkowitz Gallery at the University of Michigan Dearborn Mardigan Library
Parks
Crowley Park and Field
Ford Field Park
Ford Woods Park
Hemlock Park
Levagood Park
Rouge Gateway Park / Trail
Theaters
Ford Community & Performing Arts Center
Ford-Wyoming Drive-In
Notable Architecture
Edward Hotel & Convention Center
Ford Motor Company Research and Engineering Center (under construction)
Ford World Headquarters building
Ford Homes Historic District
Islamic Center of America
Dearborn has several buildings designed by architect Albert Kahn for Henry Ford.
Dearborn Inn
Ford Engineering Laboratory
Ford River Rouge Complex
Government
Dearborn has a mayor-council form of government. As of 2021, the Mayor of the City of Dearborn is Abdullah Hammoud. The City Clerk is George T. Darany. The City Council President is Michael T. Sareini.
Built in 1922, the Dearborn City Hall Complex was in operation until 2014 when government operations moved
to the new Dearborn Administrative Center. The former city hall was redeveloped by Artspace Projects to preserve affordable and sustainable space for artists and arts organizations.
Politics
Dearborn historically firmly voted for the Democratic Party.
In 2016, Bernie Sanders received the most votes in the heavily Muslim and Arab parts of Dearborn in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries.
In 2021 Niraj Warikoo of the Detroit Free Press reported that Yemeni Americans in Dearborn were advocating for more of a role in their city's government.
In the 2022 Michigan elections there was a shift in east Dearborn (heavily Arab and Muslim) towards the Republican Party as LGBTQ+ materials in schools became a political issue. According to Niraj Warikoo of The Detroit News, "Democrats still won the city overall by a comfortable margin".
Media
The metropolitan-area newspapers are The Detroit News and the Detroit Free Press.
The Dearborn & Dearborn Heights Press and Guide publishes local news for Dearborn and the neighboring Dearborn Heights.
The Arab American News is published in Dearborn.
Historical timeline
European exploration and colonization
1603 – French lay claim to unidentified territory in this region, naming it New France.
July 24, 1701 – Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and his soldiers first land at what is now Detroit.
November 29, 1760 – The British take control of the area from France.
1780 – Pierre Dumais clears farm near what is today's Morningside Street in Dearborn's South End.
Early U.S. history
1783 – By terms of the Treaty of Paris ending the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain cedes territory south of the Great Lakes to the United States, although the British retain practical control of the Detroit area and several other settlements until 1797.
1786 – Agreed year of first permanent settler in present-day Dearborn.
1787 – Territory of the US north and west of the Ohio River is officially proclaimed the Northwest Territory.
December 26, 1791 – Detroit environs become part of Kent County, Ontario.
1795 – James Cissne becomes first settler in what is now west Dearborn.
1796 – Wayne County is formed by proclamation of the acting governor of the Northwest Territory. Its original area is , stretching from Cleveland, Ohio, to Chicago, Illinois, and northwest to Canada.
May 7, 1800 – Indiana Territory, created out of part of Northwest Territory, although the eastern half of Michigan including the Dearborn area, was not attached to Indiana Territory until Ohio was admitted as a state in 1803.
January 11, 1805 – Michigan Territory officially created out of a part of the Indiana Territory.
June 11, 1805 – Fire destroys most of Detroit.
November 15, 1815 – Current boundaries of Wayne County drawn, county split into 18 townships.
January 5, 1818 – Springwells Township established by Gov. Lewis Cass.
October 23, 1824 – Bucklin Township created by Gov. Lewis Cass. The area ran from Greenfield to approximately Haggerty and from Van Born to Eight Mile.
1826 – Conrad Ten Eyck builds Ten Eyck Tavern at Michigan Avenue and Rouge River.
1827 – Wayne County's boundaries changed to its current .
April 12, 1827 – Springwells and Bucklin townships formally organized and laid out by gubernatorial act.
October 29, 1829 – Bucklin Township split along what is today Inkster Road into Nankin (west half) and Pekin (east half) townships.
March 21, 1833 – Pekin Township renamed Redford Township.
March 31, 1833 – Greenfield Township created from north and west sections of Springwells Township, including what is now today east Dearborn.
April 1, 1833 – Dearborn Township created from southern half of Redford Township south of Bonaparte Avenue (Joy Road).
1833 – Detroit Arsenal built.
October 23, 1834 – Dearborn Township renamed Bucklin Township.
March 26, 1836 – Bucklin Township renamed Dearborn Township.
January 26, 1837 – Michigan admitted to the Union as the 26th state. Stevens T. Mason is first governor.
1837 – Michigan Central Railroad extended through Springwells Township. Hamlet of Springwells rises along railroad.
April 5, 1838 – Village of Dearbornville incorporates. Village later unincorporated on May 11, 1846.
1849 Detroit annexes Springwells Township east of Brooklyn Street.
April 2, 1850 – Greenfield Township annexes another section of Springwells Township.
February 12, 1857 – Detroit annexes Springwells Township east of Grand Boulevard.
March 25, 1873 – Springwells Township annexes back section of Greenfield Township south of Tireman
May 28, 1875 – Postmaster general changes name of Dearbornville post office to Dearborn post office, hence changing the city's name.
1875 – Detroit Arsenal closed.
1875 – Detroit annexes another section of Springwells Township.
1876 – William A. Nowlin writes The Bark Covered House in honor of country's 100th birthday.
June 20, 1884 – Detroit annexes Springwells Township east of Livernois.
1889 – First telephone installed in Dearborn at St. Joseph's retreat.
Incorporation as village
March 24, 1893 – Village of Dearborn incorporates.
1906 – Detroit annexes another section of Springwells Township.
1916 - Henry, Clara, and Edsel Ford move to Dearborn.
1916 – Detroit annexes more of Springwells Township, forming Dearborn's eastern boundary.
1917 – Rouge "Eagle" Plant opens.
November 1, 1919 – The first house numbering ordinance in Dearborn starts. Residents required to place standard plate number on right side of the main house entrance five feet up.
December 9, 1919 – Springwells Township incorporates as village of Springwells.
October 16, 1922 – Springwells Township annexes small section of Dearborn Township east of present-day Greenfield Road.
December 27, 1923 – Voters approve incorporation of Springwells as a city. It officially became a city April 7, 1924.
September 9, 1924 – Village of Warrendale incorporates.
November 1924 – Ford Airport opens.
April 6, 1925 – Warrendale voters and residents of remaining Greenfield Township approve annexation by Detroit.
May 26, 1925 – Village of Dearborn annexes large portion of Dearborn Township.
December 23, 1925 – Springwells changes name to city of Fordson.
February 15, 1926 – First U.S. airmail delivery made, going from Ford Airport in Dearborn to Cleveland.
September 14, 1926 – Election approves incorporation of village of Inkster. Unincorporated part of Dearborn Township split into two unconnected sections.
October 11, 1926 – Only dirigible to ever moor in Dearborn docks at Ford Airport.
Reincorporation as city
February 14, 1927 – Village of Dearborn residents approve vote to become a city.
June 12, 1928 – Voters in Dearborn, Fordson and part of Dearborn Township vote to consolidate into one city.
January 9, 1929 – Clyde Ford elected as first mayor of Dearborn.
1929 – Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village opens.
July 1, 1931 – Dearborn Inn opens as one of the first airport hotels in world.
March 7, 1932 – Ford Hunger March crosses Dearborn city limits. Four marchers are shot to death by police and Ford service men.
1936 – John Carey becomes mayor of Dearborn.
June 19, 1936 – Montgomery Ward opens in Dearborn.
May 26, 1937 – Harry Bennett's Ford "service" men beat United Auto Workers (UAW) official Richard Frankensteen in the Battle of the Overpass
June 21, 1941 – Ford Motor Company signs its first union contract.
1939 – The Historic Springwells Park Neighborhood is established by Edsel B. Ford to provide company executives and auto workers with upscale housing accommodations.
January 6, 1942 – Orville L. Hubbard takes office as mayor of Dearborn for first time.
April 7, 1947 – Henry Ford dies.
October 20, 1947 – Dearborn City Council approves purchase of land near Milford, Michigan for what would become Camp Dearborn. First section of camp opens following year.
October 21, 1947 – Ford Airport officially closes.
1950 – First Pleasant Hours senior citizen group formed.
1950 – Dearborn Historical Museum formally established.
January 1953 – Oakwood Hospital formally opened and dedicated.
April 22, 1958 – Election held to annex part of South Dearborn Township to Dearborn. Proposal fails.
1959 – University of Michigan (Dearborn Campus) opens.
April 6, 1959 – Election held to annex part of North Dearborn Township to Dearborn. Proposal fails.
1960 – Remaining parts of Dearborn Township incorporated as Dearborn Heights, Michigan.
1962 – St. Joseph's retreat closed and razed
1962 – New Henry Ford Community College campus dedicated.
November 9, 1962 – Ford Rotunda burns down
1967 – Dearborn Towers in Clearwater, Florida opens.
March 2, 1976 – Fairlane Town Center opens.
1978 – John B. O' Reilly, Sr. becomes mayor of Dearborn
November 6, 1981 – Cable Television reaches first home in Dearborn, on Abbot Street.
December 16, 1982 – Orville Hubbard dies.
1986 – Michael Guido becomes mayor of Dearborn.
1993 – Michael Guido is the first mayor to run unopposed.
2006 – Michael Guido dies at the age of 52 during his 6th term, the only mayor to die in office.
2006 – John B. O'Reilly, Jr. is to become temporary Mayor. O'Reilly's father was the mayor who had preceded Mayor Guido.
2007 – John B. O'Reilly, Jr. is elected mayor of Dearborn winning 93.97% of the vote.
2008 – John B. O'Reilly, Sr. dies at the age of 89; he was Mayor of Dearborn (1978–1985) and also served as Chief of Police for 11 years.
Notable people
Myles Amine – Olympic bronze medalist in freestyle wrestling at 2020 Summer Olympics representing San Marino
Frankie Andreu – professional cyclist, rode Tour De France multiple years
Anthony Bass – pitcher for the Miami Marlins
Robert Bierman – author
Dave Brandon – CEO of Toys "R" Us, chairman of Domino's Pizza
David Burtka – chef and actor, married to Neil Patrick Harris
Brian Calley – 63rd Lieutenant Governor of Michigan
Garrett Clayton – actor
Jim Cummins – NHL player
John Dingell – former dean of the U.S. House of Representatives, longest-serving Congressman
Agnes Dobronski – Michigan educator and legislator
Kristen Doute – television personality, best known for Vanderpump Rules
Ronnie Duman – auto racer
Chad Everett – actor, Medical Center, The Last Challenge, Made in Paris, Airplane II: The Sequel
Rima Fakih – Miss Michigan USA 2010, Miss USA 2010.
Henry Ford – iconic automaker, founder of Ford Motor Company
Edsel Ford – Henry Ford's son, second president of Ford Motor and co-namesake of Fordson
Dan Gheesling – winner of Big Brother 10 (U.S.) and runner-up on Big Brother 14 (U.S.)
Russ Gibb – concert promoter and media figure
George Z. Hart – Michigan state senator
Ahmad Harajly – rugby player (USA Rugby)
Orville L. Hubbard – Mayor of Dearborn from 1942 to 1978
Al Iafrate – NHL defenseman
Art James – TV quiz-show host
Dakota Joshua – professional ice hockey player
Ali Kabbani – better known as "Myth", YouTube live streamer and professional gamer
John C. Kornblum – diplomat, former Ambassador to Germany
Mei Lin – chef, winner of Top Chef: Boston
Derek Lowe – Major League Baseball pitcher, 2004 World Series champion with Boston Red Sox
Don Matheson – actor, Land of the Giants
Nancy Milford – author and biographer
Alan Mulally – CEO of Ford Motor Company
Dorothy Naum – baseball player
Johnny Pacar – actor, Flight 29 Down, Make It or Break It, Now You See It...
Eugenia Paul – actress and dancer
George Peppard – film actor, known for Breakfast at Tiffany's, How the West Was Won, and more
Tom Price - United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
Brian Rafalski – NHL defenseman (New Jersey Devils, Detroit Red Wings)
Doug Ross – college ice hockey coach
Soony Saad – soccer player
Robert Saleh – NFL Head Coach of the New York Jets
Scott Sanderson – All-Star Major League Baseball pitcher in 19 Major League seasons for seven teams
Norbert Schemansky – four-time Olympic medalist in weightlifting
Suzanne Sena – host of IFC program Onion News Network and former Fox News anchor
Serena Shim – Lebanese-American journalist
Jim Snyder - Major League Baseball player and manager
Edward Stinson – aviation pioneer
Pat Shurmur – NFL offensive coordinator and former head coach
Gary Wayne – former pitcher for the Minnesota Twins
See also
History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit
References
Further reading
Barrow, Heather B. (2015). Henry Ford's Plan for the American Suburb: Dearborn and Detroit. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press.
Rignall, Karen (graduate student). "Building an Arab-American Community in Dearborn." University of Michigan. Volume 5, Issue 1, Fall 1997.
External links
City of Dearborn
Dearborn Chamber of Commerce
1893 establishments in Michigan
Populated places established in 1893
Arab-American culture in Michigan
Armenian-American culture in Michigan
Assyrian-American culture in Michigan
Cities in Wayne County, Michigan
Iraqi-American history
Islam in Michigan
Lebanese-American culture
Maltese American
Metro Detroit
Palestinian-American culture
Syrian-American culture
Yemeni-American culture
Sundown towns in Michigan |
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was a samurai, doctor, rangaku scholar, author and translator working for Tsuyama Domain during late Edo Period Japan. His given name was Teiichi.
Biography
Mitsukuri Genpo was born in what is now the Nishishinmachi neighborhood of the city of Tsuyama, Okayama. He was the third child of the clan doctor to Tsuyama Domain, Mitsukuri Sadayoshi; however, his father died when Genpo was age 4, and his elder brother died when Genpo was age 12, making him heir to the family estate. After studying Confucianism and astronomy at the han school, he was sent to Kyoto for three years of medical studies in 1816. In 1819, after his return to Tsuyama, he opened a clinic and married the following year. He was granted a stipend of 50 koku by Tsuyama Domain and a staff of ten assistants. In 1823, he was ordered to accompany the daimyo Matsudaira Naritaka to Edo. He then studied western medicine in Edo under Udagawa Genshin (1769–1834). In 1834 he opened a training center in Edo, but fires and failing health led him to turn to translation. In 1839, he became the official translator from Dutch at the Observatory of the Shogunate government. He was asked to assist in negotiations involving Russian admiral Yevfimiy Putyatin's visit to Nagasaki in 1853, and later translated the letter by United States president Millard Fillmore brought to Japan by the Perry Expedition demanding an end to Japan's national isolation policy and opening to foreign trade. The following year he participated in the negotiations with the Americans that led to the signing of the Treaty of Kanagawa.
In 1856, Gempo became an instructor at the newly established Bansho Shirabesho, established by the Tokugawa shogunate. Gempo was a prolific author and translator, writing Japan's first medical magazine "Taisei Meiko", and more than 160 books covering a wide range of fields such as medicine, languages, Western history, military science, and religious studies. In 1862, he became a hatamoto of the shogunate. He died in Edo in 1863 and his grave is now at the Tama Cemetery.
Genpo's birthplace still exists in Nishishinmachi, Tsuyama and is preserved as a museum. It retains the appearance of a merchant house from the Edo period, and was designated as a National Historic Site in 1975.
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Okayama)
References
External links
Tsuyama city home page
Former Genpo Mitsukuri House home page
1799 births
1863 deaths
People of Edo-period Japan
People of Bakumatsu
Samurai
Japanese physicians
Hatamoto
Japanese translators
Rangaku
Tsuyama
Historic Sites of Japan |
Arstanosaurus (meaning "Arstan lizard" after the Arstan well) is a genus of hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Santonian-Campanian-age Upper Cretaceous Bostobe Formation, Kazakhstan. It has had a confusing history, being considered both a hadrosaurid and a ceratopsid, or both at the same time (chimeric).
History
The genus was based on a partial left maxilla (holotype AAIZ 1/1 or IZ AN KSSR 1/1), with the lower end of a left femur (AAIZ 1/2) possibly referable. Both were found at Akkurgan-Boltyk near Qyzylorda and were named and described as Arstanosaurus akkurganensis in 1982. This is not much material for naming a new genus, and it was largely ignored until the mid-1990s, when the hypothesis that it was really a ceratopsid appeared. Shortly thereafter, a new revision appeared that showed that the characteristics listed as unusual for Arstanosaurus were really based on perspective, and that the maxilla was from an animal like Bactrosaurus, albeit indeterminate (a dubious name). The femur was uninformative. It was regarded as an indeterminate hadrosaurid in the most recent review.
Diagnostic hadrosauroid remains from the same area have in 2012 been named as Batyrosaurus.
A hadrosauroid from the Bayan Shireh Formation (informally called "Gadolosaurus") has at times been identified as Arstanosaurus, but is clearly a distinct genus.
Paleobiology
As a hadrosaurid, Arstanosaurus would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating plants with sets of ever-replacing teeth stacked on each other.
See also
Timeline of hadrosaur research
References
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Hadrosaurs
Fossil taxa described in 1982
Ornithischian genera |
Sam Foley (born 1977) is a contemporary New Zealand landscape painter.
His often large, finely detailed paintings portray nature and urban landscapes, combining aspects of hyper-realism and photo-realism.
Life and career
Sam Foley was born in Wellington, New Zealand and in 1998 received his Bachelor of Fine Arts from the Otago School of Art in Dunedin. In 2007 he won a Merit Award (1st equal) at the Parklane Art Awards in Auckland, with his painting Pathway at Night. He was awarded twice (2008 – 2009) the Peoples Choice Award at the Norfolk House Realist Invitational in Dunedin, and twice (2009 – 2010) the Peoples Choice Award at The Wallace Art Awards in Auckland. In 2013 he won The Kaipara Wallace Arts Trust Award, with his painting Tilting at the Beast. The award founder and arts patron Sir James Wallace acquired one of Foley's kinetic paintings entitled Opoho Intersection No.1.
Since 2008 he has visited Europe regularly, spending extensive periods of time in Berlin and attending residencies in Norway and Switzerland. His works can be found in several private and public art collections such as the Dunedin International Airport collection, the Historic Places Trust of New South Wales in Australia, The ASB Bank in Auckland, The Wallace Trust in Auckland, The Central Library and Salmond College in the University of Otago.
Moving Image Paintings
In 2008 Foley embarked on a 10-week research tour in Europe where he visited more than 30 major museums and galleries. Most of the contemporary galleries had a dedicated moving image section which brought up the idea how to incorporate moving image onto his work. At the end of his research tour Foley returned to New Zealand and started experimenting in his studio with video projections onto his paintings. He recorded video footage of the landscapes he was painting and projected those onto the finished painting. The result was a 'moving image painting' which transports the viewer into the painting for a more immersive experience.
Selected exhibitions
2017 - Dowling Street, The Artist's Room, Dunedin, NZ
2016 - LAKE, Artbay Gallery, Queenstown, NZ
2016 - Rennande Vatn (Running Water), S9 Galeri, Oslo, Norway
2015 - Moving Image Paintings, Pataka Art + Museum, Porirua, NZ
2015 - Something About the Water, Galerie 9, Solothurn, Switzerland
2014 - Harbour, The Artist's Room and Dowling St Studios, Dunedin, NZ
2014 - Kontraste, Galerie 9, Solothurn, Switzerland
2013 - Into the Deep, Whitespace, Auckland
2012 - Running Water, Dowling St Studios, Dunedin
2011 - Tiefschwarz, The Artist's Room, Dunedin
Awards
2013 - The Kaipara Wallace Arts Trust Award
2010 - Peoples Choice Award, The Wallace Art Awards, Auckland
2009 - Peoples Choice Award, The Wallace Art Awards, Auckland
2009 - Peoples Choice Award, Norfolk House Realist Invitational, Dunedin
2008 - Peoples Choice Award, Norfolk House Realist Invitational, Dunedin
2007 - Merit Award (1st equal), Parklane Art Awards, Auckland
2006 - Highly commended, Park Lane Art Awards, Auckland
2005 - The Downie Stewart Peoples Choice Award, Cleveland Art Awards, Dunedin
2003 - Peoples Choice Award, Cleveland Art Awards, Dunedin
1998 - Merit Award, Oil on Canvas, Southland Young Contemporaries, Invercargill
Works permanently displayed in collections
Ackerselva Day Study I - 2016 - The Wallace Arts Trust Collection
Ackerselva Day Study II - 2016 - The Wallace Arts Trust Collection
Urban Scrawl II - 2016 - The Wallace Arts Trust Collection
Ackerselva Night Study VI - 2016 - The Wallace Arts Trust Collection
Te Tahi Bay - 2015 - Pataka Art + Museum
Tilting at the Beast - 2012 - The Wallace Arts Trust Collection
Otira Gorge 2011 - The Wallace Arts Trust Collection
Railway Yard, Ashburton - 2010 - Ashburton Art Gallery
Edinburgh Study II - 2010 - The Wallace Arts Trust Collection
Intersection - 2008 - The Wallace Arts Trust Collection
Registry Building - 2004 - University of Otago Art Collection
Divergence, St Kilda Beach - 2002 - University of Otago Art Collection
St Clair from St Kilda - 2002 - University of Otago Art Collection
Fallen Soldiers Memorial, Otago Peninsula - 2002 - University of Otago Art Collection
Old Lime Kiln, Otago Peninsula - 2002 - University of Otago Art Collection
Mapoutahi Pa Site, Dunedin - 2002 - University of Otago Art Collection
Wreck of the Miniwi - 2003 - Historic Places Trust of New South Wales
Flagstaff looking South - 2005 - Dunedin International Airport
On the Surface VII - 2008 - ASB Bank
References
1977 births
Living people
Artists from Wellington City
New Zealand painters |
Dheena Chandra Dhas (born in Madras (now Chennai), India, on 1 August 1956) is an actor, singer, voice over artist and sound engineer. He is the youngest of 4 brothers and the younger brother of the well-known 70s musician Madhukar C. Dhas. He lives in Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India, and does Voice Overs in his home-studio.
Music
His musical career is varied, with over three decades of experience in radio, studio sound mixing, live concert mixing, and performing on stage. He has been a part of a number of notable Indian bands from the 70s to the 90s, notable also for having popular musicians such as A R Rahman, Sivamani, Jojo, Sudhin Prabhakar, and others among their ranks.
Bands
Over the years he has been the lead vocalist in multiple rock bands in India and Abroad.
Magic (Chennai)
Desire (Chennai)
Commandoes (Madras)
Atomic Forest (Bombay) (multiple stints)
Hope (Bombay)
Rage (Chennai)
Culture Lynx (Chennai)
Storm (Chennai)
The 2nd Chapter (Chennai)
The Phantom Revival (Bombay) and
Satin (Dubai)
He was also a childhood friend of Rahman, and played along with Rahman, Sivamani, Jojo etc.
Playback Singing
He has performed playback singing for multiple films over the years, a few among them are Daud, Trinetrudu, Idu Saadhya.
He sang "Zahreela Zahreela Pyar" for the film Daud, composed by A R Rahman, alongside Asha Bhonsle.
Stage Acting
He has also performed for a number of musicals in Madras and elsewhere in India, singing and acting on stage in productions such as Jesus Christ Superstar as Judas, Cats (the musical), Tommy, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, Starlight Express, and Witness.
Acting
His film acting career began when he was offered the role of "Raju" in both the Hindi and Tamil versions of Kamal Haasan's Mumbai Xpress. He also plays the Lungiman in Peter Yesley's short film, Lungiman Takes a Ride.
On television, he has acted in some Tamil soap operas, Kolangal being one of them.
Voice, Voice Acting & Narration
Dheena's signature, a deep voice, has been used many times in the media. In addition to being the narrator in various plays over the years, he has also dubbed for a number of Indian movies, including dubbing for various British characters in the film 1921 by I. V. Sasi, and various ad jingles. He currently provides voice over services from his studio in Kodaikanal.
References
External links
Dheena Chandra Dhas Voice Over Samples
Lungiman Takes a Ride
Credited as Narrator for Tommy
1956 births
Living people
Indian voice actors
Indian male voice actors
Indian male film actors
Indian male playback singers
Male actors from Chennai
Actors from Chennai
Singers from Chennai
Musicians from Chennai
Musicians from Tamil Nadu
Indian male musicians
People from Chennai
Indian Tamil people |
The Open Vehicle Monitoring System allows a user to connect to the CAN bus in a vehicle so that the user can view and monitor several parameters of vehicle operation, such as state of battery charge for an electric vehicle. The system includes hardware (a board that connects to the vehicle), a server, and mobile device software. Early work on this system was done by enthusiasts of the Tesla Roadster ; the system is also being adapted for use with the Nissan LEAF, Chevrolet Volt / Opel Ampera, Renault Twizy, Think City, Tazzari Zero, Mitsubishi i-MiEV and Kyburz and has a Generic OBDII module. OVMS has similarities to Nissan's proprietary CarWings system.
References
External links
Open Vehicles, the main website
Open Vehicle Monitoring System, in Tesla Motors Club Forum
Vehicle telematics
Electric vehicle industry |
Spencer Miller is a professional rugby league footballer who has played as a or in the 2000s and the 2010s. He has played at representative level for Scotland, and at club level for Whitehaven.
International honours
Miller won caps for Scotland while at Whitehaven in 2003 against Ireland and France, in 2004 against Wales and Ireland, and in 2006 against Wales.
References
External links
Rugby League news - June 2004
Widnes win ends faint Cas hopes
Crusaders 22-26 Whitehaven
Championship round-up - week 21
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Rugby league locks
Rugby league second-rows
Scotland national rugby league team players
Whitehaven R.L.F.C. players
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Fentress Architects is an international design firm known for large-scale public architecture such as airports, museums, university buildings, convention centers, laboratories, and high-rise office towers. Some of the buildings for which the firm is best known include Denver International Airport (1995), the modernized Tom Bradley International Terminal at LAX (2013), the National Museum of the Marine Corps near Quantico, Virginia (2005), and the Green Square Complex in Raleigh, North Carolina (2012).
Founded in 1980 by Curtis W. Fentress, FAIA, RIBA, the firm's designs, especially its airports, are often compared to the expressionist architecture of Eero Saarinen. However, architectural curator Donald Albrecht has noted that within Fentress' designs is a "stiff dose of regionalism. " Fentress Architects has studios in Denver, Colorado; Los Angeles; San Jose, California; Washington, D.C.; London; and Shanghai.
In 2010. Curtis Fentress was awarded the highest award for public architecture, the Thomas Jefferson Award, by the American Institute of Architects AIA Awards website. Fentress was also given the Silver Medal in 2010, which is the highest award given to an architect from the AIA Western Mountain Region for the contributions made to the region. In 2012, Fentress was awarded AIA Colorado's Architect of the Year.
Fentress Architects is the designer of the Arraya Tower in Kuwait City. The tower is the tallest in Kuwait and the 53rd tallest in the world
History
Curtis Fentress graduated with honors from North Carolina State University's College of Design, School of Architecture where he received a Bachelor of Architecture degree. Following graduation, he joined the firm of I.M. Pei and Partners in New York City. As a Senior Designer, he was responsible for the master planning of major site development plans. He became a project designer with the New York architectural firm of Kohn Pedersen Fox. During this time, he came to Denver as the Project Designer for the Rocky Mountain Headquarters of Amoco in downtown Denver.
In January 1980, Fentress formed C.W. Fentress and Associates with James Henry Bradburn. After early success, the collapse of the oil and gas industries in Colorado in the early 1980s ushered in a period of difficulty for the firm. Fentress Architects' fortunes rebounded in 1987 when the firm won a design competition for the Colorado Convention Center. The competition pitted Fentress and his partners against several better-financed and more famous opponents, including Phil Anschutz, who had partnered with the firm belonging to Curtis Fentress' former mentor, I.M. Pei. It was only in the 1990s that Fentress Architects rose to international fame by designing the Denver International Airport. The peaked roof of the terminal has become well known to travelers worldwide and ushered in a revolution in more expressionistic airport design. Curator Donald Albrecht credits the design of Denver International Airport with bringing glamor back to the airport typology.
The unveiling of DIA was marked by a dysfunctional "state-of-the-art" baggage delivery system (the vendor at fault has since replaced the system). Subsequently, DIA has been voted the "Best Airport in North America" and the fourth "Favorite American Architecture" completed in the last fifteen years.
In 2001, Fentress designed the Incheon International Airport in Seoul, South Korea, voted "Best Airport Worldwide" four consecutive years by Airport Council International's Airport Quality Survey program. Airport Council "Best Airport in the World" in 2007 by passengers surveyed for the Official Airlines Guide. The firm designs a range of large scale projects (see listing below) from museums and convention centers, to stadiums and commercial office buildings.
Bradburn retired, and in 2007, the firm's name was abbreviated from Fentress Bradburn Architects to Fentress Architects. To date, the firm has won 425 design and innovation awards and has a design portfolio of $27 billion. Each year, more than 330 million people worldwide visit a project designed by Fentress Architects.
Now Boarding
In 2012, a major museum exhibition of Fentress Architects' airport designs entitled Now Boarding: Fentress Airports + the Architecture of Flight was opened at the Denver Art Museum. Curated by Donald Albrecht, architectural curator for the Museum of the City of New York whose previous exhibitions include well-received retrospectives on the work of such architectural notables as Eero Saarinen and Charles and Ray Eames, Now Boarding ran for nearly three months.
A travelling version of the exhibition appeared in Amsterdam in November 2012, and the exhibition's full version will open in at the Museum of Flying in Santa Monica, CA beginning in March 2013.
Awards and honors
World's Best Airports: Fentress-designed Incheon International Airport in Seoul, South Korea was voted "World's Best Airport" by Skytrax's 2009 World Airport Awards, a survey of 8.6 million international travelers.
World's Most Beautiful Airports:
Incheon International Airport
Denver International Airport
Denver's airport features a Teflon-coated tensile fabric roof—the world's largest when the airport opened in 1995.
World's 4th tallest building completed in 2009: Fentress is the designer of the world's 4th tallest building completed in 2009—Arraya Tower in Kuwait City, also the tallest in Kuwait. Arraya is one of 14 high rises in Fentress' design portfolio in the Persian Gulf.
Architectural philosophy
Fentress has developed a design process he calls the "Patient Search". He has said of the process; "I don't begin with a preconceived notion of what the building needs to be – it is not a sculpture. I patiently search, walk the site, study the culture, follow our process until I find a seam somewhere, crack it open and discover the art inside." Asked about his philosophical approach, Fentress once stated, "My philosophy is ultimately...pragmatism".
Rankings
Architectural Record's "Top 150 Architecture Firms" – Fentress Architects ranked #24 among architecture-only firms
Building Design & Construction's "Giants 300," Top Architects – Fentress Architects ranked #18 among architecture-only firms
Engineering News Record's "Top 500 Design Firms" – Fentress Architects ranked #29 among architecture-only firms
Engineering News Record's "Top Airport Design Firms" – Fentress Architects ranked in top 25 firms
In 2003, Colorado Construction ranked Fentress Architects as the Top Architectural Firm in Colorado. Fentress ranked #14 in California Construction's "Top Design Firms" in 2005.
Sustainable design
1993 Architecture and Energy Award for the Natural Resources Building in Olympia, Washington.
About half of the firm's design professionals are LEED accredited.
More than 60% of Fentress' projects under construction or completed in 2009 were LEED certified or pending certification.
2003 LEED Gold 2.0 award for California's Department of Education Headquarters Building, which received Platinum certification in 2006 by the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system. It was featured as a case study in the Fall 2009 issue of High Performing Buildings.
LEED certified projects include, but are not limited to:
Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine—LEED Gold
Green Square Complex—LEED Platinum (expected)
Palazzo Verdi—LEED Gold
San Joaquin County Administration Building—LEED Gold
Santa Fe Community Convention Center—LEED Gold
David E. Skaggs Federal Building (NOAA)
UCI Humanities Gateway — LEED Platinum
California Department of Education Headquarters—LEED Platinum
Projects
Airports
Denver International Airport Main Passenger Terminal, Denver, Colorado, USA
Incheon International Airport Passenger Terminal, Seoul, South Korea
Los Angeles International Airport Master Plan and International Terminal, Los Angeles, California, USA
Raleigh-Durham International Airport Terminal 2 Redevelopment, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport Central Terminal Expansion Seattle, Washington, USA
Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport, Terminal B San Jose, California, USA
Sacramento International Airport, Sacramento, California, USA
Doha International Airport (Tower), Doha, Qatar
Civic
Ralph L. Carr Judicial Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
California Department of Education Headquarters, Sacramento, California, USA
City of Oakland Administration Buildings, Oakland, California, USA
Clark County Government Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
Colorado State Capitol Renovations, Denver, Colorado, USA
Jefferson County Government Center, Golden, Colorado, USA
Regional Transportation Center and Flood Control District Headquarters, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
Sacramento City Hall, Sacramento, California, USA
San Joaquin County Administration Building, Stockton, California, USA
Commercial Office & Mixed-Use
Arraya Class A Office Tower, Kuwait City, Kuwait -- World's 4th tallest building completed in 2009
Baitek, Kuwait City, Kuwait
Dubai Mixed-Use Towers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Kuwait Business Town, Al Sharq, Kuwait
1999 Broadway, Denver, Colorado, USA
421 Broadway, Denver, Colorado, USA
Gulf Canada Resources Limited, Denver, Colorado, USA
JD Edwards & Co Corporate Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
UniSource Energy Tower, Tucson, Arizona, USA
Palazzo Verdi Mixed-Use, Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA
Cultural
Green Square Complex, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Army Visitor & Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania USA
Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Cody, Wyoming, USA
Draper National History Museum and Whitney Gallery, Cody, Wyoming, USA
Museum of Science, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Museum of Western Art, The Navarre, Denver, Colorado, USA
National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum Expansion and Renovation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
National Museum of the Marine Corps, Quantico, Virginia, USA
National Museum of Wildlife Art, Jackson, Wyoming, USA
Laboratory
Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
David E. Skaggs Research Center, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Natural Resources Building, Olympia, Washington, USA
University of Colorado Denver (UCD), Anschutz Medical Campus, Research Complex I, Aurora, Colorado, USA
UCDHSC, Anschutz Medical Campus, Research Complex II, Aurora, Colorado, USA
Public Assembly
Arvada Center Expansion, Arvada, Colorado, USA
Colorado Convention Center and Phase II Expansion, Denver, Colorado, USA
Eccles Conference Center and Peery's Egyptian Theatre, Ogden, Utah, USA
Sports Authority Field at Mile High, Denver, Colorado, USA
Palm Springs Convention Center Expansion, Palm Springs, California, USA
Pasadena Conference Center Expansion, Pasadena, California USA
Santa Fe Conference Center, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
Education
Tennyson Center for Children, Denver, Colorado, USA
Denver Academy High School, Denver, Colorado, USA
Mathematics Building & Gemmill Engineering Library, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, USA
Humanities Gateway, University of California, Irvine; Irvine, California, USA
Hotel & Residential
One Polo Creek, Denver, Colorado, USA
One Wynkoop Plaza, Denver, Colorado, USA
Palmetto Bay Plantation, Roatan, Bay Islands, Honduras
Tritch Building Renovation into Courtyard by Marriott, Denver, Colorado, USA
Watermark Luxury Residences, Denver, Colorado, USA
Further reading
The Master Architect Series III, Fentress Bradburn Selected and Current Works (Australia, The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd., 1998)
Curtis Worth Fentress (Milano, Italy: L'Arca Edizioni spa, 1996)
Fentress Bradburn Architects (Washington, D.C.: Studio Press, 1996)
Gateway to the West (Australia, The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd., 2000)
Millennium, Fentress Bradburn Selected and Current Works, Images Publishing, 2001
Architecture in the Public Interest, Edizioni, 2001
Civic Builders, Wiley-Academy, Great Britain, 2002.
National Museum of the Marine Corps, North Carolina State University College of Design Publication, 2006
10 Airports — Fentress Bradburn Architects, Edizioni Press, 2006.
Portal to the Corps, Images Publishing, 2008
Touchstones of Design [re]defining Public Architecture, Images Publishing, 2010
Public Architecture: The Art Inside, Oro Publishing, 2010
Newspaper/Magazine articles
"Fentress Architects' DIA work opened global doors," Denver Business Journal, December 2007
"Fentress has designs on Denver," Denver Post, July 8, 2006
"Civic Minded Centers," Facility Manager, August/September 2006
"The Seoul Experience: Incheon International Airport," Airport World, summer 2006
"Airport Architecture Taking Flight," International Airport Review, July 2001
"Humanistic Architecture Yields Economic Benefits," Passenger Terminal World, June 2004
"Airport Architecture: a blueprint for success," Passenger Terminal World, May 2004
See also
Curtis W. Fentress
References
Companies based in Denver
Architecture firms based in Colorado
American companies established in 1980
1980 establishments in Colorado |
Randowtal is a municipality in the Uckermark district, in Brandenburg, Germany.
Demography
References
Localities in Uckermark (district) |
Patrick John Ryan (20 April 1950 – 5 March 1985) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Ryan represented Bush, Wairarapa Bush, and Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, on the 1976 tour of South America, playing in five matches but no full internationals.
Ryan was described as "never far from the ball, extremely fit, a grand forward with the ball in hand, a fine cover defender and tackler".
He died of cancer in 1985 and was buried in Taupo Public Cemetery.
His father, Bill, played for Wairarapa Bush between 1948 and 1952.
References
1950 births
1985 deaths
People educated at St. Patrick's College, Silverstream
New Zealand rugby union players
New Zealand international rugby union players
Bush rugby union players
Wairarapa Bush rugby union players
Hawke's Bay rugby union players
Deaths from cancer in New Zealand
Burials at Taupo Public Cemetery
People from Pahiatua
Rugby union players from Manawatū-Whanganui
Rugby union number eights |
Edinburgh West is a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, first contested at the 1885 general election.
Prior to the 2005 general election, the boundaries were the same as the eponymous constituency of the Scottish Parliament, which had been created in 1999.
This commuter belt seat, distinctively in the city, was Unionist/Conservative for over 65 years, from the 1931 general election until the 1997 general election, although the Liberal/SDP Alliance and later the Liberal Democrats repeatedly came close to winning in the 1980s and early 1990s. After 1997, the seat was held by the Liberal Democrats until the 2015 general election. The Member of Parliament (MP) between the 2015 and 2017 general elections was Michelle Thomson, who was elected for the Scottish National Party (SNP) in May 2015. In September 2015, she resigned the party whip and sat as an Independent. Thomson chose not to seek reelection either for the SNP or as an Independent candidate. At the 2017 general election, Christine Jardine of the Liberal Democrats gained the seat with a majority of 2,988 votes.
The seat has been relative to others a marginal seat since 2005, as the winner's majority has not exceeded 8.2% of the vote since the 30% majority won in that year. The seat has changed hands twice electorally since that year and once through resigning the party whip.
Constituency profile
This is an affluent, left-leaning and pro-European seat covering the northwestern portion of Edinburgh. It is mostly suburban, but takes in rural areas within the council area including Kirkliston and South Queensferry. Edinburgh Airport and Murrayfield Stadium are within the seat.
Boundaries
1885–1918: The St. Andrew, St. Stephen, St. Bernard and St. Luke wards of the municipal burgh of Edinburgh.
1918–1950: The Dalry, Gorgie, Haymarket and St. Bernard's wards of the county of the city of Edinburgh.
1950–1955: The Corstorphine, Murrayfield-Cramond, St. Bernard's and Pilton wards of the county of the city of Edinburgh.
1955–1974: The Corstorphine (with the exception of the area added by the Edinburgh Corporation Order Confirmation Act 1954), Murrayfield-Cramond, and Pilton wards of the county of the city of Edinburgh, and part of the St. Bernard's ward.
1974–1983: The Corstorphine and Murrayfield-Cramond wards of the county of the city of Edinburgh, and that part of Pilton ward which is not included in the Edinburgh Leith constituency.
1983–1997: Electoral divisions 11 (Cramond/Parkgrove), 15 (Corstorphine North), 16 (Telford/Blackhall), 19 (Corstorphine South) and 26 (Moat/Stenhouse) in the City of Edinburgh.
1997–2005: Electoral divisions 11 (Queensferry/Kirkliston), 12 (Cramond/Blackhall), 13 (Drylaw/Muirhouse), 16 (Corstorphine North), and 21 (Corstorphine South) in the City of Edinburgh.
The seat was created when the Edinburgh constituency was abolished, in 1885, replaced by four seats: Edinburgh East, Edinburgh Central, Edinburgh South and Edinburgh West. The Central constituency was abolished in 2005. The East constituency was abolished in 1997, but a new Edinburgh East was created in 2005. The South and West constituencies have been in continuous use (with alterations to boundaries) since 1885.
Before the 2005 general election, the seat was one of six covering the City of Edinburgh council area. Five were entirely within the city council area. One, Edinburgh East and Musselburgh, straddled the boundary with the East Lothian council area to take in Musselburgh.
Constituency boundaries were revised for the 2005 election: Edinburgh West was enlarged, to include an area formerly within Edinburgh Central, and became one of five seats covering the city area.
From 1997 to 2007 the seat comprised the following wards: Cramond, Dalmeny and Kirkliston, Davidson's Mains, East Craigs, Gyle, Muirhouse and Drylaw, Murrayfield, North East Corstorphine, Queensferry, South East Corstorphine and Stenhouse.
As of 2007, as a result of the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004, none of the new Edinburgh wards were wholly within the constituency. Almond and Corstorphine/Murrayfield are almost entirely within it except for a small corner of each one. The constituency also includes a majority of Drum Brae/Gyle, a minority of Pentland Hills and small sections of Forth, Inverleith, City Centre and Sighthill/Gorgie.
Members of Parliament
Election results
Elections in the 2010s
Elections in the 2000s
Elections in the 1990s
Elections in the 1980s
Elections in the 1970s
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1950s
Elections in the 1940s
Elections in the 1930s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1900s
Elections in the 1890s
Elections in the 1880s
Caused by Buchanan's resignation to seek re-election as a Liberal candidate.
See also
Politics of Edinburgh
Notes
References
Westminster Parliamentary constituencies in Scotland
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1885
West |
Óscar Pérez Rojas (born 1 February 1973) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Nicknamed "El Conejo" (Spanish for The Rabbit), he is regarded as one of the best goalkeepers in Mexican football history.
With a club career spanning 26 seasons in Mexico's top flight, most notably with Cruz Azul and Pachuca, Pérez won the CONCACAF Champions League on three occasions, as well as two league titles and one domestic cup. He holds the national record for most league appearances, with 740.
Pérez earned 55 caps for the Mexico national team between 1997 and 2010, winning three CONCACAF Gold Cup titles and the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup. He also featured in the 1998, 2002 and 2010 editions of the FIFA World Cup, in the two latter as first choice goalkeeper.
Club career
He was the starting goalkeeper for Cruz Azul since 1997 with the team winning the championship in the 1997 Winter Season. Pérez debuted for the team in 1993, facing Atlas which ended in a 0–0 draw. He quickly became the starting goalkeeper for Cruz Azul and won the 1997 Invierno Final, where Cruz Azul defeated Club León by a score of 2–1.
In 2001, he helped steer Cruz Azul all the way to the final of the Copa Libertadores, a historic run for a Mexican club in the competition. With Pérez in goal, Cruz Azul was able to eliminate teams like Cerro Porteño, River Plate and Rosario Central, before playing Boca Juniors in the two-legged final. In the final, they lost at home, and won in Buenos Aires to take the final to a penalty-shootout but lost 1–3.
In a league game away to Estudiantes Tecos in 2006, Pérez scored by a header in stoppage time to equalise 1–1. In 2007, he was given an award for a record-making 400 appearances at Cruz Azul.
He moved to Tigres UANL, starting 4 games in the Apertura 2008. Pérez's first game with Tigres was on 13 July 2008 in a friendly against his former team, Cruz Azul which ended in a draw 1–1. He was a great addition to Tigres as he maintained the least goal approaches of the Apertura 2008 tournament.
After a year with Tigres, he moved to Chiapas on loan where he played in the 2009–10 season.
For the Apertura 2010, Pérez moved to Club Necaxa. After leaving Club Necaxa Pérez joined with San Luis on loan.
On 16 May 2013, For the Apertura 2013, Pérez was loaned to Pachuca after finishing a spell with San Luis. He was given the number 21.
On 29 May 2016, Pérez won the Liga MX final with Pachuca. This broke his personal 19-year drought as well, making him the oldest champion in the league's history at 43-years-old and three months. After the season, Pachuca extended his loan for another year.
On 29 April 2017, Pérez scored a header on the last minute of a match against Cruz Azul to salvage a 2–2 draw. He became the oldest player to score a goal in the Liga MX.
After winning the 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League with Pachuca, Pérez postponed his retirement until after Pachuca's participation at the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup. Following the tournament, Pérez announced he planned on playing professionally for six more months, effectively postponing his retirement until after the 2017–18 Liga MX season.
On 23 July 2019, Pérez returned to his first club, Cruz Azul. On 27 July, at the age of 46, he announced his retirement from football effective immediately after Cruz Azul's second round match of the Torneo Apertura 2019 against Toluca.
International career
Pérez scored his first and only international goal for the under-23 team in a friendly against South Korea under-23, scoring in injury time when Mexico were losing 1–0.
Pérez was considered to be one of the best goalkeepers in Mexico and took over the spot for starting goalie during the 2002 World Cup Qualifiers, going on to play in the 2002 World Cup as the first-choice goalkeeper. Once Javier Aguirre left the national team, Ricardo La Volpe became coach, and Oswaldo Sánchez took over his spot.
Guillermo Ochoa was expected to be the starting keeper for Mexico at the 2010 World Cup but in a surprise move, Pérez was called up and played as the starting goalkeeper in the tournament. Following Mexico's loss in the Round of 16 to Argentina, Pérez announced his retirement from the national team on 14 July 2010.
Career statistics
International
Honours
Cruz Azul
Primera División: Invierno 1997
Copa México: 1996–97
CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 1996, 1997
Pachuca
Liga MX: Clausura 2016
CONCACAF Champions League: 2016–17
Mexico
FIFA Confederations Cup: 1999
CONCACAF Gold Cup: 1998, 2003, 2009
Individual
Liga MX Best XI: Clausura 2016
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Mexico City
Men's association football goalkeepers
Mexico men's international footballers
1995 Copa América players
1997 FIFA Confederations Cup players
1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
1999 Copa América players
1999 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2001 Copa América players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2004 Copa América players
2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
Liga MX players
Cruz Azul footballers
Tigres UANL footballers
Chiapas F.C. footballers
Club Necaxa footballers
San Luis F.C. players
C.F. Pachuca players
Mexican men's footballers
Cruz Azul non-playing staff
Pan American Games medalists in football
Pan American Games silver medalists for Mexico
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
Footballers at the 1995 Pan American Games
Association football goalkeeping coaches |
Sukhdev Thapar (15 May 1907 – 23 March 1931) was an Indian revolutionary who fought against the British government for the freedom of India. He was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). He was executed along with Shivaram Rajguru and Bhagat Singh on 23 March 1931.
Early life
Sukhdev Thapar was born in Ludhiana, Punjab, British Raj on 15 May 1907 to Ramlal Thapar and Ralli Devi.
He belonged to a Punjabi Khatri family of the Hindu community and he was brought up by his uncle Lala Achintram after the death of his father.
Revolutionary activities
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Sukhdev Thapar was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association and the Naujawan Bharat Sabha. He also initiated revolutionary movements in Punjab and other regions of northern India. He was the chief of the Punjab unit of the HSRA and was instrumental in making decisions.
Sukhdev took part in a number of revolutionary events, including a prison hunger strike in 1929. He is widely known for his assaults in the Lahore Conspiracy Case (1929–1930). He is well known for his role in the assassination of Assistant Superintendent of Police J. P. Saunders on 17 December 1928, by Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru, the assassination carried out in retaliation for the senior leader Lala Lajpat Rai's horrific death.
Lahore Conspiracy Case
Sukhdev was the main suspect in the 1929 Lahore Conspiracy Case, which was officially titled "Crown versus Sukhdev and others." The case's first information report (FIR), submitted in April 1929 by Hamilton Harding, Senior Superintendent of Police, in the court of R.S. Pandit, Special Magistrate, lists Sukhdev as accused number one. It describes him as Swami alias peasant, son of Ram Lal, Thapar Khatri caste. Sukhdev and his companions were detained, found guilty, and given a death sentence following the bombings of the Central Assembly Hall in New Delhi on 8 April 1929.
Thapar, Bhagat Singh, and Shivaram Rajguru were all hanged on 23 March 1931, in Lahore Central Jail. Their remains were surreptitiously burned on the banks of the Sutlej River.
Reactions to the executions
The executions were highly publicised in the news, especially because they occurred on the day of the Indian National Congress's annual convention in Karachi. According to the New York Times:
In an editorial for his daily Janata, B. R. Ambedkar blamed the British government for the killings, despite widespread popular sympathy for the revolutionaries. He believed that the decision to execute the trio was not made in the spirit of justice, but rather out of fear of a backlash from the Conservative Party and a need to please public opinion in England.
Conservatives saw the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, signed just weeks before the execution, as undermining the authority of the British Empire. If the British government or the Viceroy of India had changed the death sentences of the trio convicted of murdering a British police officer in such a situation, it would have given conservatives more ammunition to criticize the already weak British government in Parliament.
Legacy
National Martyrs Memorial is located at Hussainiwala, where Sukhdev, along with Bhagat Singh and Rajguru, were cremated. A Martyrs' Day (Shaheed Diwas) is observed on 23 March in their memory. Tributes and homage are paid at the memorial.
Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies, a constituent college of the University of Delhi, is named in memory of Sukhdev. It was established in August 1987.
Amar Shaheed Sukhdev Thapar Inter-State Bus Terminal is the main bus stand of Ludhiana city, the birthplace of Sukhdev.
See also
Ashfaqulla Khan
Kakori Train Robbery
Naujawan Bharat Sabha
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
References
Further reading
1907 births
1931 deaths
Punjabi Hindus
Punjabi people
Executed Indian revolutionaries
People from Ludhiana
20th-century executions by British India
Executed Indian people
People executed by British India by hanging
People executed for murdering police officers
National College of Arts alumni |
is a 1973 Japanese Anthology television series created by Tsuburaya and Fuji TV to air on the Fuji TV network on Monday Nights for 13 episodes.
Production originally started in 1969, but the series was 'shelved' before production was eventually completed at the end of 1972. It was then aired on Fuji TV in 1973.
Episode list
(1/8/1973)
(1/15/1973)
(1/22/1973)
(1/29/1973)
(2/5/1973)
(2/12/1973)
(2/19/1973)
(2/26/1973)
(3/5/1973)
(3/12/1973)
(3/19/1973)
(3/26/1973)
(4/2/1973)
DVD Releases
In 2007, Victor Entertainment released 6 Volume DVDs of the series, and in 2010, A Boxset that contains all 6 Volumes of the DVD set was released.
See also
Ultra Q
The Twilight Zone
Night Gallery
References
External links
Digital Ultra Series Link
1973 Japanese television series debuts
1973 Japanese television series endings
Tsuburaya Productions
Japanese science fiction television series
Thriller television series
Japanese horror fiction television series
Fuji TV original programming
Japanese anthology television series |
Aylward Manley Blackman, FBA (30 January 1883 – 9 March 1956) was a British Egyptologist, who excavated various sites in Egypt and Nubia, notably Buhen and Meir. Having taught at Worcester College, Oxford, he was Brunner Professor of Egyptology at the University of Liverpool from 1934 to 1948. He was additionally a special lecturer at the University of Manchester, and was involved in or led a number of excavations with the Egypt Exploration Society.
Early life and education
Blackman was born in Dawlish, Devon, the eldest son of Rev. James Henry Blackman and Mary Anne Blackman (née Jacob).
He was educated at home and his interest in archaeology was inspired by his father, a keen amateur archaeologist who created archaeological digs by burying home made 'tablets' for his children to discover. Aylward's oldest sister, Winifred Susan Blackman, (1872–1950), also became an Egyptologist.
He joined St Paul's School at the age of sixteen and gained a scholarship to study at Queen's College, Oxford. At Oxford, Blackman was a pupil of Francis Llewellyn Griffith, and graduated with a First Class degree in Oriental Studies in 1906.
Academic career
After graduation, Blackman worked in Nubia as an assistant on Reisner's Archaeological Survey of Nubia, 1907–1908, and the excavation of Buhen by the University of Pennsylvania. Blackman also carried out a survey of the temples of Nubia, including the temples at
Biga, Dendur, and Derr. He was unable to complete the survey after he suffered a major attack of Typhoid fever at Gerf Hussein, which affected his health for the rest of his life. Due to his research, Blackman was appointed the Oxford Nubian Research Fellow and assisted Griffith in his excavation of Farras.
Blackman was the Laycock Fellow of Egyptology at Worcester College, Oxford, from 1912 to 1934. During this period he became closely associated with the Egypt Exploration Society and was a member of the Society's committee for many years. On behalf of the Society, he directed the excavation of Meir, (1912–1914, 1921, 1949–1950) and the excavation of Sesebi, Sudan, (1936–1937).
From 1934 to 1948, he was the Brunner Professor of Egyptology at the University of Liverpool, and taught in the Liverpool Institute of Archaeology. His research during this period was affected by a serious accident in Germany in 1936 which left him hospitalised and a bombing raid in 1941 which destroyed his home and his work place. Despite the set backs, Blackman was able to introduced important changes to the teaching of Egyptology at Liverpool and lead the conversion of the Institute of Archaeology into a properly constituted school of the University.
Blackman was also a special lecturer in Egyptology at the University of Manchester, (1936–1948), and the tutor of the Crown Prince of Ethiopia, (1937–1939).
After his retirement in 1948, Blackman returned to Meir for one final season and published his research on the site in 1953. He was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1953.
He died in 1956 in Abergele.
Selected works
English translation, from the German Literatur der Aegypter (1923): Adolf Erman, The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians, London, Methuen & Co., 1927. Reprinted by Harper & Row, 1966, as The Ancient Egyptians: A Sourcebook of their Writings.
See also
List of Egyptologists
References
1883 births
1956 deaths
British Egyptologists
People from Dawlish
People educated at St Paul's School, London
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Fellows of Worcester College, Oxford
Academics of the University of Liverpool
Academics of the University of Manchester
Fellows of the British Academy |
```smalltalk
/*****************************************************************************
*
* ReoGrid - .NET
* path_to_url
*
* ReoGrid MIT
*
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
****************************************************************************/
using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace unvell.ReoGrid.Demo.Scripts
{
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
public partial class LoadScriptDocDemo : UserControl
{
public LoadScriptDocDemo()
{
InitializeComponent();
// get first worksheet instance
var sheet = reoGridControl.Worksheets[0];
// load tepmlate from RGF file.
// RGF file is a file format that contains worksheet information,
// such as data, styles, borders, formula and etc, RGF file can
// be saved and loaded by ReoGrid and ReoGridEditor.
//
// path_to_url
//
sheet.LoadRGF("_Templates\\RGF\\change_colors.rgf");
// hide sheet tab control
reoGridControl.SetSettings(WorkbookSettings.View_ShowSheetTabControl, false);
// hide row header and column header
sheet.SetSettings(WorksheetSettings.View_ShowHeaders, false);
// set entire worksheet read-only
sheet.SetSettings(WorksheetSettings.Edit_Readonly, true);
reoScriptEditorControl1.Text = reoGridControl.Script;
}
private void btnRun_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
reoGridControl.RunScript();
}
private void btnStop_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
reoGridControl.Srm.ForceStop();
}
}
}
``` |
CDC42 effector protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC42EP5 gene.
Function
Cell division control protein 42 (CDC42), a small Rho GTPase, regulates the formation of F-actin-containing structures through its interaction with the downstream effector proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Borg (binder of Rho GTPases) family of CDC42 effector proteins. Borg family proteins contain a CRIB (Cdc42/Rac interactive-binding) domain. They bind to CDC42 and regulate its function negatively. The encoded protein may inhibit c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) independently of CDC42 binding. The protein may also play a role in septin organization and inducing pseudopodia formation in fibroblasts [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013].
References |
The Nassau County Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually at Belmont Park in Elmont, Nassau County, New York. A Grade III event, it is open to three-year-old fillies willing to run the distance of seven furlongs on dirt. The race offers a purse $200,000 added.
Inaugurated in 1996, it is named after the county on Long Island in which Belmont Park is located.
On November 28, 2007, this Grade II stakes race was downgraded to a Grade III by the American Graded Stakes Committee.
Previously, Belmont Park hosted the Nassau County Handicap, a race on dirt for horses of either sex, age three and older. This race was last run in 1993.
Records
Speed record:
1:22.04 - Dream Rush (2007)
Most wins by a jockey:
2 - Jorge Chavez (1996, 2008)
2 - José A. Santos (1997, 2003)
2 - Mike E. Smith (1998, 1999)
2 - Javier Castellano (2002, 2009)
Most wins by a trainer:
No trainer has won this race more than once.
Most wins by an owner:
No owner has won this race more than once.
Winners
Nassau County Handicap
Open to horses of either sex, age three and older, it was raced on dirt over a distance of miles (9 furlongs).
In 1992, the four-year-old Strike the Gold, set a new track record of 1:46 3/5 in winning the Nassau County Handicap.
Winners
1993 - West By West
1992 - Strike the Gold
1991 - Festin
1990 - Tricky Creek
1989 - Forever Silver
1988 - Personal Flag
1987 - Lac Ouimet
1986 - Roo Art
1985 - Secret Prince
1984 - Moro
1983 - Winter's Tale
1982 - Princelet
1981 - Fool's Prayer
1980 - Winter's Tale
1979 - Alydar
1978 - Upper Nile
1977 - Forego
1976 - Forego
1975 - Queen City Lad
1974 - Timeless Moment
1973 - Icecapade
1972 - Towzie Tyke
1971 - Proliferation
1970 - Reviewer
1969 - Rixdal
1968 - Primo Richard
1967 - Handsome Boy
1966 - Pluck
1965 - Malicious
1964 - Garwol
1963 - Kelso
1962 - Beau Prince
1961 - Black Thumper
1960 - Polylad
1959 - Endine
1958 - Eddie Schmidt
1957 - Gallant Man
1956 - Admiral Vee
References
Graded stakes races in the United States
Flat horse races for three-year-old fillies
Horse races in New York (state)
Belmont Park
Recurring sporting events established in 1996
1996 establishments in New York (state) |
Jabłonica Ruska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dydnia, within Brzozów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Dydnia, east of Brzozów, and south of the regional capital Rzeszów.
References
Villages in Brzozów County |
The Battle of Bab El Bekkouche during the Algerian War took place on 28 May 1958 in the region of Ouarsenis.
The French army had mobilized nearly 8,000 soldiers. Faced with this situation, the "katiba El karimia" of the Wilaya IV, commanded by Si Ameur Mesbah, had developed a plan to loosen the vise by targeting several military post colonies in Bordj Bounaama, Sidi Abed, Lardjem and Tamalaht, to disperse the French troops.
The French colonial army suffered heavy losses in this battle (600 deaths, including 33 officers and two aircraft destroyed). In the ranks of the National Liberation Army (NLA), 360 were killed. 240 civilians were also killed.
See also
French Algeria
References
Conflicts in 1958
Bab El Bekkouche 1958
Urban warfare
1958 in France
1958 in Algeria |
The Shanghai Bank of China Tower (), is a 53-story tower in the Pudong District, Shanghai, China. It was built for the Bank of China by the Japanese architectural firm Nikken Sekkei.
In popular culture
It was one of the three buildings that were part of the filming of Mission: Impossible III starring Tom Cruise. It is the building where Tom Cruise did a bungee jump.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Shanghai
References
External links
Official website
Branch Details for Shanghai Bank of China Tower
Bank of China
Office buildings completed in 2000
Skyscraper office buildings in Shanghai |
Donell James "D. J." Alexander (born Donell James Welch; September 30, 1991) is a former American football linebacker. He was selected by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fifth round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He played college football for Oregon State.
College career
Alexander was recruited to Oregon State and grayshirted his freshman year to focus on academics. He ended up becoming a three-year starter for the Beavers. He was frequently injured as a junior and underwent a neck surgery after the season. Alexander enjoyed a bounce-back senior year, recording 70 tackles with 12 tackles for loss and four sacks in 2014
Professional career
Kansas City Chiefs
Alexander was selected in the fifth round with the 172nd pick of the 2015 NFL Draft by the Kansas City Chiefs despite not being invited to the NFL combine. A good showing at Oregon State pro day prompted the Chiefs to select him.
As a rookie in 2015, Alexander played all 16 games making 16 tackles and a forced fumble.
Having little expectations at regular snaps, Alexander performed better at special teams. He finished the 2016 year by playing 16 games with one start. He was named to his first Pro Bowl as a special teamer.
Seattle Seahawks
On July 28, 2017, Alexander was traded to the Seattle Seahawks in exchange for Kevin Pierre-Louis.
On September 1, 2018, Alexander was waived by the Seahawks.
Philadelphia Eagles
On September 2, 2018, Alexander was claimed off waivers by the Philadelphia Eagles.
Jacksonville Jaguars
On May 1, 2019, Alexander signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was placed on injured reserve on October 22, 2019 with a foot injury.
Personal life
In 2012, he legally changed his last name from Welch to Alexander, in honor of his stepfather.
References
External links
Oregon State Beavers bio
1991 births
Living people
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football outside linebackers
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Oregon State Beavers football players
People from Palm Desert, California
Philadelphia Eagles players
Players of American football from Riverside County, California
Seattle Seahawks players
Palm Desert High School alumni |
Jason Wingreen (October 9, 1920 – December 25, 2015) was an American actor. He portrayed bartender Harry Snowden on the CBS sitcom All in the Family (1977–1979), a role he reprised on the continuation series Archie Bunker's Place (1979–1983). He was also the original voice of Star Wars character Boba Fett in The Empire Strikes Back (1980).
Early years
Born in 1920 in Brooklyn, New York to a Jewish family, he grew up in Howard Beach, Queens, attended John Adams High School, and graduated from Brooklyn College in 1941. While at Brooklyn College, he participated in the Varsity Dramatic Society. Wingreen originally planned to become a newspaper reporter after writing about high school sports for the Brooklyn Eagle during his high school years.
During World War II, he served with the United States Army Air Force and was stationed in England and Germany. Following his return home, with the aid of the G.I. Bill, he studied acting at New York's New School. He was a co-founder of the Circle in the Square Theatre company in New York's Greenwich Village, and he appeared for the first time on Broadway in two 1954 plays: The Girl on the Via Flaminia and Fragile Fox.
Career
Film
In 1958, Wingreen had the role of Nichols in the 20th Century Fox production The Bravados.
Wingreen lent his voice to the bounty hunter Boba Fett in the 1980 sequel to Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back. English actor Jeremy Bulloch physically portrayed the character. For the DVD release of the film in 2004, Wingreen's lines were re-recorded by New Zealand actor Temuera Morrison. The 2002 film Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones established that Boba Fett was a clone of Jango Fett, who was also played by Morrison.
From the early 1960s Wingreen was a voting member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Stage
Wingreen helped to found the Circle in the Square Theatre in Greenwich Village. On Broadway, he played in The Girl on the Via Flaminia and Fragile Fox, both in 1954.
Television
Wingreen was known for his role as bar owner/bartender Harry Snowden on the television sitcom All in the Family and its continuation series, Archie Bunker's Place.
Prior to this, Wingreen was a regular during the 1960–61 season of The Untouchables, playing Police Captain Dorsett. He performed in "A Stop at Willoughby," "The Midnight Sun," and "The Bard," three episodes of the original Twilight Zone series. He also appeared on the original Star Trek series, making him one of the few people involved with both Star Wars and Star Trek. Wingreen also had a recurring role as Judge Arthur Beaumont in the series Matlock, and has guest-starred in numerous other series, including Mission: Impossible, Outer Limits, Bonanza, The Rockford Files, The Armstrong Circle Theatre, Alcoa Theatre, The Man From U.N.C.L.E., The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, Dr. Kildare, and The Fugitive.
In 1965, Wingreen portrayed Adolf Hitler on Blue Light.
In 1979, Wingreen was a part of the ensemble cast of the TV mini-series Roots: The Next Generations. In 1991, he guest starred on General Hospital as Judge Mattson.
After an appearance on TV's Seinfeld in the 1990s, Wingreen retired from acting. His last credited TV work was on In The Heat Of The Night in 1994.
Personal life
Wingreen married Gloria Scott Backe. Backe, known as "Scotty" died in 1996. They had one son together.
Death
Wingreen died at the age of 95 at his home in Los Angeles, California, on December 25, 2015. Jeremy Bulloch, who physically portrayed Boba Fett, paid tribute saying that "he will be sadly missed by his family, friends and all the Star Wars fans."
He was survived by his son, theoretical physicist, Ned Wingreen, two grandchildren, and his sister, Harriet, a former pianist for the New York Philharmonic.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1920 births
2015 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Brooklyn College alumni
Jewish American male actors
John Adams High School (Queens) alumni
Male actors from New York City
Male actors from Brooklyn
People from Howard Beach, Queens
The New School alumni
21st-century American Jews |
```c++
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// OpenGL Mathematics (glm.g-truc.net)
///
/// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
/// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
/// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
/// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
/// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
/// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
///
/// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
/// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
///
/// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
/// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
/// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
/// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
/// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
/// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
/// THE SOFTWARE.
///
/// @ref gtc_matrix_integer
/// @file glm/gtc/matrix_integer.hpp
/// @date 2011-01-20 / 2011-06-05
/// @author Christophe Riccio
///
/// @see core (dependence)
///
/// @defgroup gtc_matrix_integer GLM_GTC_matrix_integer
/// @ingroup gtc
///
/// Defines a number of matrices with integer types.
/// <glm/gtc/matrix_integer.hpp> need to be included to use these functionalities.
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifndef GLM_GTC_matrix_integer
#define GLM_GTC_matrix_integer GLM_VERSION
// Dependency:
#include "../glm.hpp"
#if(defined(GLM_MESSAGES) && !defined(glm_ext))
# pragma message("GLM: GLM_GTC_matrix_integer extension included")
#endif
namespace glm
{
/// @addtogroup gtc_matrix_integer
/// @{
/// High-precision signed integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x2<highp_int> highp_imat2;
/// High-precision signed integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x3<highp_int> highp_imat3;
/// High-precision signed integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x4<highp_int> highp_imat4;
/// High-precision signed integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x2<highp_int> highp_imat2x2;
/// High-precision signed integer 2x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x3<highp_int> highp_imat2x3;
/// High-precision signed integer 2x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x4<highp_int> highp_imat2x4;
/// High-precision signed integer 3x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x2<highp_int> highp_imat3x2;
/// High-precision signed integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x3<highp_int> highp_imat3x3;
/// High-precision signed integer 3x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x4<highp_int> highp_imat3x4;
/// High-precision signed integer 4x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x2<highp_int> highp_imat4x2;
/// High-precision signed integer 4x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x3<highp_int> highp_imat4x3;
/// High-precision signed integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x4<highp_int> highp_imat4x4;
/// Medium-precision signed integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x2<mediump_int> mediump_imat2;
/// Medium-precision signed integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x3<mediump_int> mediump_imat3;
/// Medium-precision signed integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x4<mediump_int> mediump_imat4;
/// Medium-precision signed integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x2<mediump_int> mediump_imat2x2;
/// Medium-precision signed integer 2x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x3<mediump_int> mediump_imat2x3;
/// Medium-precision signed integer 2x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x4<mediump_int> mediump_imat2x4;
/// Medium-precision signed integer 3x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x2<mediump_int> mediump_imat3x2;
/// Medium-precision signed integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x3<mediump_int> mediump_imat3x3;
/// Medium-precision signed integer 3x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x4<mediump_int> mediump_imat3x4;
/// Medium-precision signed integer 4x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x2<mediump_int> mediump_imat4x2;
/// Medium-precision signed integer 4x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x3<mediump_int> mediump_imat4x3;
/// Medium-precision signed integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x4<mediump_int> mediump_imat4x4;
/// Low-precision signed integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x2<lowp_int> lowp_imat2;
/// Low-precision signed integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x3<lowp_int> lowp_imat3;
/// Low-precision signed integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x4<lowp_int> lowp_imat4;
/// Low-precision signed integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x2<lowp_int> lowp_imat2x2;
/// Low-precision signed integer 2x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x3<lowp_int> lowp_imat2x3;
/// Low-precision signed integer 2x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x4<lowp_int> lowp_imat2x4;
/// Low-precision signed integer 3x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x2<lowp_int> lowp_imat3x2;
/// Low-precision signed integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x3<lowp_int> lowp_imat3x3;
/// Low-precision signed integer 3x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x4<lowp_int> lowp_imat3x4;
/// Low-precision signed integer 4x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x2<lowp_int> lowp_imat4x2;
/// Low-precision signed integer 4x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x3<lowp_int> lowp_imat4x3;
/// Low-precision signed integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x4<lowp_int> lowp_imat4x4;
/// High-precision unsigned integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x2<highp_uint> highp_umat2;
/// High-precision unsigned integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x3<highp_uint> highp_umat3;
/// High-precision unsigned integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x4<highp_uint> highp_umat4;
/// High-precision unsigned integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x2<highp_uint> highp_umat2x2;
/// High-precision unsigned integer 2x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x3<highp_uint> highp_umat2x3;
/// High-precision unsigned integer 2x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x4<highp_uint> highp_umat2x4;
/// High-precision unsigned integer 3x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x2<highp_uint> highp_umat3x2;
/// High-precision unsigned integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x3<highp_uint> highp_umat3x3;
/// High-precision unsigned integer 3x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x4<highp_uint> highp_umat3x4;
/// High-precision unsigned integer 4x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x2<highp_uint> highp_umat4x2;
/// High-precision unsigned integer 4x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x3<highp_uint> highp_umat4x3;
/// High-precision unsigned integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x4<highp_uint> highp_umat4x4;
/// Medium-precision unsigned integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x2<mediump_uint> mediump_umat2;
/// Medium-precision unsigned integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x3<mediump_uint> mediump_umat3;
/// Medium-precision unsigned integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x4<mediump_uint> mediump_umat4;
/// Medium-precision unsigned integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x2<mediump_uint> mediump_umat2x2;
/// Medium-precision unsigned integer 2x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x3<mediump_uint> mediump_umat2x3;
/// Medium-precision unsigned integer 2x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x4<mediump_uint> mediump_umat2x4;
/// Medium-precision unsigned integer 3x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x2<mediump_uint> mediump_umat3x2;
/// Medium-precision unsigned integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x3<mediump_uint> mediump_umat3x3;
/// Medium-precision unsigned integer 3x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x4<mediump_uint> mediump_umat3x4;
/// Medium-precision unsigned integer 4x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x2<mediump_uint> mediump_umat4x2;
/// Medium-precision unsigned integer 4x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x3<mediump_uint> mediump_umat4x3;
/// Medium-precision unsigned integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x4<mediump_uint> mediump_umat4x4;
/// Low-precision unsigned integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x2<lowp_uint> lowp_umat2;
/// Low-precision unsigned integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x3<lowp_uint> lowp_umat3;
/// Low-precision unsigned integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x4<lowp_uint> lowp_umat4;
/// Low-precision unsigned integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x2<lowp_uint> lowp_umat2x2;
/// Low-precision unsigned integer 2x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x3<lowp_uint> lowp_umat2x3;
/// Low-precision unsigned integer 2x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat2x4<lowp_uint> lowp_umat2x4;
/// Low-precision unsigned integer 3x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x2<lowp_uint> lowp_umat3x2;
/// Low-precision unsigned integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x3<lowp_uint> lowp_umat3x3;
/// Low-precision unsigned integer 3x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat3x4<lowp_uint> lowp_umat3x4;
/// Low-precision unsigned integer 4x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x2<lowp_uint> lowp_umat4x2;
/// Low-precision unsigned integer 4x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x3<lowp_uint> lowp_umat4x3;
/// Low-precision unsigned integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef detail::tmat4x4<lowp_uint> lowp_umat4x4;
#if(defined(GLM_PRECISION_HIGHP_INT))
typedef highp_imat2 imat2;
typedef highp_imat3 imat3;
typedef highp_imat4 imat4;
typedef highp_imat2x2 imat2x2;
typedef highp_imat2x3 imat2x3;
typedef highp_imat2x4 imat2x4;
typedef highp_imat3x2 imat3x2;
typedef highp_imat3x3 imat3x3;
typedef highp_imat3x4 imat3x4;
typedef highp_imat4x2 imat4x2;
typedef highp_imat4x3 imat4x3;
typedef highp_imat4x4 imat4x4;
#elif(defined(GLM_PRECISION_LOWP_INT))
typedef lowp_imat2 imat2;
typedef lowp_imat3 imat3;
typedef lowp_imat4 imat4;
typedef lowp_imat2x2 imat2x2;
typedef lowp_imat2x3 imat2x3;
typedef lowp_imat2x4 imat2x4;
typedef lowp_imat3x2 imat3x2;
typedef lowp_imat3x3 imat3x3;
typedef lowp_imat3x4 imat3x4;
typedef lowp_imat4x2 imat4x2;
typedef lowp_imat4x3 imat4x3;
typedef lowp_imat4x4 imat4x4;
#else //if(defined(GLM_PRECISION_MEDIUMP_INT))
/// Signed integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_imat2 imat2;
/// Signed integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_imat3 imat3;
/// Signed integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_imat4 imat4;
/// Signed integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_imat2x2 imat2x2;
/// Signed integer 2x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_imat2x3 imat2x3;
/// Signed integer 2x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_imat2x4 imat2x4;
/// Signed integer 3x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_imat3x2 imat3x2;
/// Signed integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_imat3x3 imat3x3;
/// Signed integer 3x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_imat3x4 imat3x4;
/// Signed integer 4x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_imat4x2 imat4x2;
/// Signed integer 4x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_imat4x3 imat4x3;
/// Signed integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_imat4x4 imat4x4;
#endif//GLM_PRECISION
#if(defined(GLM_PRECISION_HIGHP_UINT))
typedef highp_umat2 umat2;
typedef highp_umat3 umat3;
typedef highp_umat4 umat4;
typedef highp_umat2x2 umat2x2;
typedef highp_umat2x3 umat2x3;
typedef highp_umat2x4 umat2x4;
typedef highp_umat3x2 umat3x2;
typedef highp_umat3x3 umat3x3;
typedef highp_umat3x4 umat3x4;
typedef highp_umat4x2 umat4x2;
typedef highp_umat4x3 umat4x3;
typedef highp_umat4x4 umat4x4;
#elif(defined(GLM_PRECISION_LOWP_UINT))
typedef lowp_umat2 umat2;
typedef lowp_umat3 umat3;
typedef lowp_umat4 umat4;
typedef lowp_umat2x2 umat2x2;
typedef lowp_umat2x3 umat2x3;
typedef lowp_umat2x4 umat2x4;
typedef lowp_umat3x2 umat3x2;
typedef lowp_umat3x3 umat3x3;
typedef lowp_umat3x4 umat3x4;
typedef lowp_umat4x2 umat4x2;
typedef lowp_umat4x3 umat4x3;
typedef lowp_umat4x4 umat4x4;
#else //if(defined(GLM_PRECISION_MEDIUMP_UINT))
/// Unsigned integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_umat2 umat2;
/// Unsigned integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_umat3 umat3;
/// Unsigned integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_umat4 umat4;
/// Unsigned integer 2x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_umat2x2 umat2x2;
/// Unsigned integer 2x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_umat2x3 umat2x3;
/// Unsigned integer 2x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_umat2x4 umat2x4;
/// Unsigned integer 3x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_umat3x2 umat3x2;
/// Unsigned integer 3x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_umat3x3 umat3x3;
/// Unsigned integer 3x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_umat3x4 umat3x4;
/// Unsigned integer 4x2 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_umat4x2 umat4x2;
/// Unsigned integer 4x3 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_umat4x3 umat4x3;
/// Unsigned integer 4x4 matrix.
/// @see gtc_matrix_integer
typedef mediump_umat4x4 umat4x4;
#endif//GLM_PRECISION
/// @}
}//namespace glm
#endif//GLM_GTC_matrix_integer
``` |
Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Hill (c. 1603 – October 1675) was a politician and planter in the English colony of Virginia. He served in the House of Burgesses 1659–1666, representing Isle of Wight County.
Hill was born in England around 1603. By 1635, he was living in Elizabeth City County, Virginia. In 1653 he married Silvestra Bennett, daughter of the Puritan Edward Bennett. He served as a major in the Isle of Wight county militia and was elected to represent the county from 1659 to 1666. He was later promoted to lieutenant colonel. On April 19, 1675 he made out his will and died before October 20, 1675 when his will was probated at the county court.
References
Historical Southern Families, Vol. VI, Bourne of Wells, Somerset, England
1600s births
1675 deaths
House of Burgesses members
People from Isle of Wight County, Virginia
People from Elizabeth City County, Virginia
English emigrants to the United States |
William Naylor is the producer of several music series for the BBC:
Dancing in the Street, about rock and roll (1996)
Walk On By, about pop music (2001)
Lost Highway: The History of American Country, about country music (2003)
Soul Deep, about rhythm and blues (2005)
Seven Ages of Rock, about rock music (2007)
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Sisimiut Museum (Greenlandic: Sisimiut Katersugaasiviat) is a museum in Sisimiut, Greenland. Located in a historical building near the harbour, specialises in Greenlandic trade, industry and shipping, with artifacts based on ten years of archaeological research and excavations of the ancient Saqqaq culture settlements near the town, offering an insight into the culture of the region of 4,000 years ago.
The museum also hosts a collection of tools and domestic items collected during 1902–22, an inventory from the old Church with the original altarpiece dated to approximately 1650, and paintings from the 1790s. The peat house reconstruction of an early 20th-century Greenlandic residence with domestic furniture is part of an outdoor exhibition. The exhibition includes the remains of a kayak from the 18th century and the Poul Madsen collection, a collection of handcraft, art, house items and ethnographic objects compiled over fifty years.
In 1989, Finn Kramer, curator of the museum, discovered the Nipisat Saqqaq culture site and was in charge of its evacuation during the next five years.
References
Museums in Greenland
Sisimiut
History museums in Denmark |
The women's 500 m time trial C1–3 track event in cycling at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place on 1 September at London Velopark.
Results
WR = World Record
References
Women's time trial C1-3
2012 in women's road cycling |
The 2023–24 Premier League International Cup is the eighth season of the Premier League International Cup, a European club football competition organised by the Premier League for under-23 teams.
PSV Eindhoven are the defending champions, after beating Crystal Palace 3–1 in the previous tournament's final.
Format
The competition features twenty-four teams: twelve from English league system and twelve invitees from other European countries. The teams are split into three groups of eight. The group winners, runners-up and two best third-placed teams, will progress into the knockout phase of the tournament.
All matches will be played in England.
Teams
English league system:
Blackburn Rovers
Brighton & Hove Albion
Chelsea
Crystal Palace
Everton
Fulham
Leeds United
Liverpool
Nottingham Forest
Southampton
West Ham United
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Other countries:
Dinamo Zagreb
Sparta Prague
Athletic Bilbao
Valencia
Lyon
Monaco
Nice
Hertha Berlin
Feyenoord
PSV Eindhoven
Benfica
Celtic
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Ranking of third-placed teams
Knockout stages
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
References
2023-24
International Cup
2023–24 in European football
2023–24 in English football |
The judiciary of South Korea () is the judicial branch () of South Korean central government, established by Chapter 5 and 6 of the Constitution of South Korea.
Under the Chapter 5 of constitution, ordinary courts on all cases except matters of Constitutional review, and military courts as extraordinary court on matters of military justice are defined. And these ordinary courts and military courts shall have Supreme Court of Korea as their highest court. Generally, ordinary courts have three-level hierarchy and constituted by independent Judges, fourteen Supreme Court Justices by statute and one Chief Justice of Supreme court among Justices. Yet military courts are organized only in first instance of three-level hierarchy at peacetime, and their final appellate always falls on jurisdiction of the Supreme Court even in wartime.
Under the Chapter 6 of constitution, Constitutional Court of Korea is defined as one and only, highest court on matters of Constitutional review, including Judicial review, Impeachment, Dissolution of unconstitutional political parties, Competence dispute among government agencies and Constitutional complaint. It is constituted by nine Justices by the Constitution and one President of Constitutional court among Justices.
These two chapters describe judiciary of South Korea into two groups by jurisdiction of matters. One is Constitutional Court which is highest court on adjudication of matters mainly on Constitutionality. Another is ordinary courts on matters except jurisdiction of Constitutional Court. These ordinary courts are shall have Supreme Court as their highest court.
Chief Justice of Supreme Court and President of Constitutional court are treated as two equivalent heads of judiciary branch in South Korea by article 15 of Constitutional Court Act. Though, since relationship between Supreme Court and Constitutional Court is not thoroughly defined anywhere in Constitution of South Korea and other related statutes, these two highest court of South Korea have been struggling about jurisdiction against each other for long years.
Institutional traits
Diversified supreme courts
As influenced from European judiciaries such as Austrian judicial system and German judicial system contemporary South Korean judiciary divides its role of highest court into two apex Courts.
Supreme Court of Korea : As highest ordinary court of South Korean , the Supreme Court of Korea has comprehensive final appellate jurisdiction over every cases except jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court of Korea on constitutional matters
Constitutional Court of Korea : As constitutional court of South Korea, the Constitutional Court of Korea has original jurisdiction over major constitutional matters, including Judicial review on constitutionality of statute, review of all Impeachments, decision on Prohibition and Dissolution of political parties, Competence dispute about demarcation of power among central government agencies and local governments, and adjudication of Constitutional complaint
American styled legal education
Before South Korea adopted American law school system () in year 2007, South Korea trained its legal professionals mainly by Judicial Research and Training Institute (JRTI, ). Another route was direct recruitment by South Korean Armed Forces as 'Judge Advocates' (). The trainees at JRTI was selected by an nation-wide exam on jurisprudence called 'Judicial exam' (). These trainees were commonly trained and competed against each other in the JRTI for 2 years, as their career option after graduation was restricted according to graduation records of JRTI. However, after reform of 2007, all of legal professionals in South Korea (except paralegals such as Judicial scrivener) are trained by American styled 3-year law school system.
Ordinary courts
Ordinary courts (), usually called as just 'Courts' (), of South Korea are established by Chapter 5 of Constitution of South Korea. All of ordinary courts are under the jurisdiction of the national judiciary; independent local courts are not permitted. And these ordinary courts are divided into 'Supreme Court' and 'other (lower) courts' under Article 101(2) of the Constitution. In this way, the Constitutional Court of Korea explains that the Constitution itself does not exactly guarantee three level instance system; The article 101(2) of the Constitution means, according to the Constitutional Court, that final appellate jurisdiction of ordinary cases should always be with the Supreme Court of Korea. Thus, enacting some of cases outside of the Constitutional Court's jurisdiction as available of only one chance of appeal or no chance of appeal is constitutionally valid in South Korea unless such case is finally ruled in the Supreme Court.
Statutory ground for hierarchy of ordinary courts, including three-tiered instance system for typical cases, is defined by 'Court Organization Act' of South Korea. Under article 3(1), 28 and 28-4 of the Court Organization Act, hierarchy of ordinary courts in South Korea has three levels; District Courts (plus family court, bankruptcy court, and administrative court, which are specialized courts on matters of family, bankruptcy and administration laws), High Courts (plus patent court which is specialized appellate court on matters of intellectual property, for reviewing ruling or decision made by the 'Intellectual Property Trial And Appeal Board') and Supreme Court. In this way, concept of 'other (lower) courts at specified levels' of article 101(2) of the Constitution is divided into 6 courts, so there are basically 7 different types of courts including the Supreme Court inside hierarchy of ordinary judicial system, as described in article 3(1) of the Act; Supreme Court, High Court, Patent Court, District Court, Family Court, Administrative Court, and Bankruptcy Court. Branch courts and Municipal courts are regarded as part of District Court and Family Court under article 3(2) of the Act.
Supreme Court of Korea
The Supreme Court (), seated in Seocho-gu, Seoul, consists of fourteen Supreme Court Justices, including one Chief Justice. Chief Justice of Supreme Court is appointed by President of South Korea with the consent of the National Assembly, and has authority over administration of all ordinary courts. Other Justices are also appointed by President of South Korea with consent of National Assembly, though candidates for new Justice is recommended by Chief Justice. The Justices and Chief Justice must be at least 45 years old, and shall have at least 20 years of experience practicing law with license of attorney at law. They serve for six-year terms; the Chief Justice cannot be reappointed, but term of the other Justices are renewable under article 105(2) of constitution. However, none of Justices tried to renew his/her term after Sixth Republic since it could harm independence of judiciary by increasing influence of executive President. Justices and Chief Justice cannot be older than age 70.
Judges in Research division
Justices in Supreme Court are assisted by seconded Judges from sub-Supreme courts, and they are called 'Judges in Research division ()' or 'Research Judges'. This secondment is decided by Chief Justice of Supreme Court. Because under article 44 of Court Organization Act, the Chief Justice has power to transfer every single Judge from one of ordinary courts to any other ordinary courts in South Korea. Function of seconded Judges in Supreme Court is similar to Law clerks in ordinary courts. They serve about 2 years as judicial assistant for Justices, yet not all seconded Judges are not individually attached to one of Justice, as some of seconded Judges serve as research group or panel to assist decisions of whole Supreme Court.
National Court Administration
Administration affairs(including fiscal, personnel and human resource affairs) of all ordinary courts in South Korea is governed by institution called 'The National Court Administration (NCA, )', which is established in Supreme Court under article 19 of Court Organization Act. Head of NCA is appointed by Chief Justice, and is appointed among Justices. Though this centralized power on Chief Justice can eventually harm independence of individual Judges and even Justices, NCA is also serves for judicial independence from other branches of government.
High Courts and District Courts
Below the Supreme Court come appellate courts which are called 'High Courts ()', stationed in six of the country's major cities. High Courts typically consist of a panel of three judges. Below these are District Courts () and its Branch Courts (), which exist in most of the large cities of South Korea. Below these are Municipal Courts (), positioned all over the country and limited to small claims and petty offenses. Municipal courts usually do not have jurisdiction over criminal cases. 'Specialized courts (, not to be confused with 'Special courts' under article 110(1) of Constitution)' also exist for family, administrative, bankruptcy and patent cases.
Judges
Judges () except Supreme Court Justices and Chief Justice, serving in ordinary courts are appointed by the Chief Justice with the consent of the Council of Supreme Court Justices. Judges serve for ten-year renewable terms, up to age of 65. After reform of ordinary courts in early 2010's, at least 10 years of experience practicing law with license of attorney at law is required for Judge. Goal of reform was changing structure of ordinary courts as courts in common law system, such as United States. This reform of courts in early 2010's includes abolishing advancement and promotion opportunities for Judges to become head of each High Court and District Court. Now in year 2022, heads of each High Court and District Court (which are called as 'Chief Judge' of each court) are mainly elected among and by Judges in each court, and appointed by Chief Justice in Supreme Court. Before this reform, all Judges were appointed just after finishing two-year training program in Judicial Research and Training Institute(JRTI), which selects its trainees who passed difficult test on matters of jurisprudence after LL.B. degree.
Judges in South Korea is protected from external political pressure under article 106(1) of constitution. No judge can be removed from office unless the judges is imprisoned as criminal punishment. However, It is noteworthy that Judges in South Korea can be refused from renewing its term, and can be transferred to different court against their will.
Judicial Assistant Officials
Judicial Assistant Officials (JAO, ) is a Judge-equivalent officer who has limited power to rule over several procedural matters under supervision of Judges. Following article 54 of Court Organization Act, JAO is appointed among court officials with 5 to 10 years of experience on procedural matters in court. Unless interested party raise objection on ruling of JAO, its ruling has equivalent power to ruling of Judge. When ruling of JAO is challenged with objection, supervising Judge should make decision whether or not to accept such objection. JAO system is mainly influenced by German judicial system, called Rechtspfleger.
Law Clerks
From year 2011, fresh J.D. graduates from Law school are selected as Law clerk () to assist Judges in High courts and District courts for 2 to 3 years, under article 53-2 of Court Organization Act. Law clerks in South Korea is recruited by each of six High courts, though some of top-tier graduates are appointed as 'Judicial Researcher' at the Supreme Court, which is basically a law clerk for Supreme Court Justices. It is noteworthy that Law clerks in South Korea are not recruited by individual Judges and Supreme Court Justices.
Military courts
Under article 110(1) of the Constitution and 'Military Court Act', Military Court (, or Courts-martial) is established permanently in both peacetime and wartime as 'Special court (, or Extraordinary court)' in each South Korean armed forces. As Military Courts are not established inside Court Organization Act's boundary, these Courts are regarded as outside of conventional judicial hierarchy made of ordinary courts. The Military Courts rule over criminal cases when the accused is member of armed forces, and they are composed of Military Judges () constituted of Judge advocates () appointed by generals in South Korean armed forces. South Korean Judge advocates are military officers qualified as attorney at law in South Korea, yet not Judges in ordinary courts. However, final appellate jurisdiction of this military-criminal cases still falls under jurisdiction of Supreme Court of Korea according to article 110(2) of the Constitution. Permanent military court even established in peacetime created various problems as South Korea runs mandatory conscription system. After repeated crimes inside armed forces, the permanent military court in peacetime was pointed out as one of main reason for continued suffer of victims, because old military court system in South Korea was inclined to protecting high-ranking military officers even when they were criminals. It led to bold reform of military court system in year 2021, abolishing High Military Court () in peacetime and transferring every appellate jurisdiction of military crime cases to Seoul High Court, which is one of High Courts in ordinary court hierarchy.
Constitutional court
The Constitutional Court (), seated in Jongno-gu, Seoul and independent from the Supreme Court, is only and highest court on matters of adjudication on Constitutionality including Judicial review, Constitutional review on competence dispute, Constitutional complaint, plus deciding cases of impeachment and cases of dissolution of unconstitutional political parties. Other judicial matters are overseen by the ordinary courts. This system was newly established in the Sixth Republic, to reinforce protection on fundamental rights and democracy against rise of authoritarian government. The Constitutional Court consists of nine Justices. Of these Justices, three are recommended by the Chief Justice of the Supreme court, three by the National Assembly, and three by the President of South Korea; however, all must be appointed by the President of South Korea. The President of the Constitutional Court, which is chief of Justices in the Constitutional Court, is appointed among Constitutional Court Justices by the President of South Korea with consent of the National Assembly. The Justices of Constitutional court, including President of Constitutional Court serve for six-year terms, and cannot be older than age 70. Justices except President of Constitutional court can renew its term, though most of Justices never tried to renew his/her term, as Justices in Supreme court refused its reappointment since it could harm independence of judiciary. Detailed organization and procedure of the Constitutional Court is defined under 'Constitutional Court Act'
Rapporteur Judges
Under article 19 of Constitutional Court Act, Rapporteur Judges () are appointed by President of the Constitutional Court of Korea. They serve as judicial assistant for Justices in Constitutional Court. Rapporteur Judges serve for ten-year renewable terms up to age of 60 and paid as same as Judges in ordinary courts. It is noticeable that Rapporteur Judges serve longer than Justices in Constitutional Court, while Research Judges serve shorter than Justices in Supreme Court. This professional assistant office is designed to ensure continuity of constitutional adjudication in South Korea. Yet some of Rapporteur Judges office is filled by seconded Judges from ordinary courts, and seconded government officials including Prosecutors. These seconded Judges and Prosecutors serve for 1 to 2 years as Rapporteur Judges.
Department of Court Administration
Under article 17 of Constitutional Court Act, Department of Court Administration (DCA, ) is established in the Constitutional Court. Head of the Department is called as 'Secretary General', and is appointed by the President of Constitutional Court. As NCA of the Supreme Court, the Department of Court Administration deals with every matters on court administration of the Constitutional Court of Korea, including fiscal, personnel and human resource affairs. Yet while head of NCA is appointed among the Justices in the Supreme Court, the Secretary General is not appointed among the Justices in the Constitutional Court.
Separation of powers inside Judicial branch
The current Constitution of South Korea distributes power of judicial review inside judiciary between ordinary courts in Chapter 5 and constitutional court in Chapter 6. Under article 107(2) in Chapter 5, the ordinary courts including the Supreme Court have ultimate jurisdiction over reviewing constitutionality of sub-statutory decrees, regulations or actions made by administrative level. Under article 111(1) in Chapter 6, the Constitutional Court have ultimate jurisdiction over reviewing constitutionality of sub-constitutional statutes made by legislature level, even without request from the ordinary courts through article 68(2) of the Constitutional Court Act. In this structure of power separation, ordinary courts and the constitutional court can practically contend over each other's ruling. Yet the Constitution does not clarify who should arbitrate when the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court struggles against each other.
One of major power struggle issue between two highest courts is constitutional complaint over judgment of ordinary court (, ). As in Austria, constitutional complaint on ordinary court's judgment is strictly forbidden according to article 68(1) of Constitutional Court Act. However, the Constitutional Court adjudicates that such article of the Act is lacks constitutionality, unless it is interpreted as constitutional complaint over judgment of ordinary court should be exceptionally allowed when the judgement applicated unconstitutional statute which is already officially nullified before the judgment by judicial review of the Constitutional Court.
This kind of judicial review ruling in the Constitutional Court of Korea is called 'conditionally unconstitutional ()', which is actually a declaration that statute under judicial review is currently constitutional, yet the statute must be interpreted in specific way which is aligned to constitutional order interpreted by the Constitutional Court, thus all ordinary courts including the Supreme Court of Korea should be bound by such interpretation on statute of the Constitutional Court. The concept of such ruling is attempt of the Constitutional Court of Korea to adopt unrivaled status of German constitutional court, where constitutional court can suggest binding interpretation on statute to other highest ordinary courts of Germany, which is called 'constitutional interpretation of statute ()'. The German constitutional court can also adjudicate constitutional complaint over judgment of ordinary court, functioning as actual cassation, which led the constitutional court to very summit of constitutional system.
The Supreme Court of Korea opposes the Constitutional Court of Korea on both binding power of 'conditionally unconstitutional' ruling and possibility of constitutional complaint over judgment of ordinary court, since it could turn equivalent status of Supreme Court against the Constitutional Court into substantially inferior status as German federal ordinary courts against German federal constitutional court. However, whether the Constitutional Court of Korea can exercise power of suggesting binding interpretation not only on the Constitution but also on statute (by conditional ruling), or can review unconstitutionality of ordinary court judgment (by constitution complaint procedure) still remains unsolved, since the Constitution and even associated statutes never clarify how this struggle should be settled.
Issues and Criticism
South Korea's judiciary is often criticized for being overly lenient toward criminals. For example, in the Cho Doo-soon Case involving the brutal rape of an eight-year old girl, the 56 year old male rapist was sentenced to only 12 years in prison.
According to OECD study in 2013 and 2015, though South Korean ordinary courts achieved top-tier among OECD countries, South Korean's confidence on judicial system is dropping rapidly from 2010's. It is notable that confidence level on judicial branch is lower than executive branches of South Korean government.
Judges in lower ordinary courts of South Korea are exposed to authoritative influence of Supreme Court Chief Justice and the President of South Korea. For example, all lower ordinary court Judges are usually transferred to different courts all around South Korea per about two years by order of Chief Justice, by article 44 of Court Organization Act. This strong influence of Chief Justice on each of lower ordinary court Judges later provoked pressure to reform courts.
See also
Constitution of South Korea
Politics of South Korea
Government of South Korea
National Assembly (South Korea)
Supreme Court of Korea
Constitutional Court of Korea
Law of South Korea
Notes and References
External links
Supreme Court of Korea
Military Court of Korea
Constitutional Court of Korea
Politics of South Korea
Government of South Korea |
William Gohl (February 6, 1873 – March 3, 1927) was a German-American alleged serial killer who, while working as a union official, allegedly murdered sailors passing through Aberdeen, Washington. He allegedly murdered for an unknown period of time and was a suspect in dozens of murders until his capture in 1910. Spared from the death penalty by a request for leniency by the jury, he was sentenced to life in prison at Walla Walla State Penitentiary where he died in 1927 from lobar pneumonia and erysipelas complicated by dementia paralytic caused by syphilis. Recent scholarship has cast significant doubt on the veracity of the accusations against Gohl, with historian Aaron Goings arguing that the numerous bodies discovered in Grays Harbor were the result of accidental deaths caused by unsafe conditions on the docks and in the timber industry, and that Gohl was unjustly blamed for these deaths by influential local businessmen hoping to do away with a powerful figure in the local labor movement.
Occupation and alleged murders
Little is known about Gohl's early life though at one point as an adult, he went to the Yukon chasing gold. He was unsuccessful, and on his return to Aberdeen he took on work as a bartender. During this time it was alleged that he may have been responsible for numerous murders. The bodies of migrant workers were found after washing up on the shores, robbed of any valuables or money they were known to have. Gohl is alleged to have started a fire which burned a saloon in Alaska. It is also alleged that a "Jacob Miller" and wife had "vanished" while living in a cabin owned by Gohl on Laidlaw Island (near Westport, Washington). In March 1912, a human skull was found buried near the cabin owned by Gohl; another skull had previously been found near the same spot on a beach and was thought to have been of "Red" Miller who had "disappeared" and was believed to have been a victim of Gohl.
Gohl was employed as a union official at the Sailors' Union of the Pacific. Before this he had been employed as a bartender after returning broke from the Yukon. Already an accomplished criminal, Gohl was accused of being responsible for many of the large numbers of deceased migrant workers that were found washed up on shore during his tenure as a bartender, as well as a number of other crimes.
In 1905, during the great waterfront strike Gohl was charged with "assembling men under arms" and is also alleged to have forcibly abducted non-union crewmen from the schooner Fearless for which he was fined $1,250 in the Superior Court. As a union official, Gohl used his reputation and intimidating size to discourage strikes and "recruit" new union members.
The Union building was allegedly a location that was ideal for his crimes, both in providing victims, and in concealing the evidence of their murders. Sailors arriving in the port of Aberdeen would usually visit the Sailor's Union building soon after disembarking. There they could collect their mail and, if they wished, set some money aside in savings.
Gohl would usually be on duty, alone. Typically, Gohl would ask if the sailors had any family or friends in the area. Then he would turn the conversation to the topic of money and valuables. If the sailor was just passing through, and would not be missed by anyone in the area, and had more than a trivial amount of cash or valuables on hand, Gohl would choose him as his next victim.
Gohl was accused of killing his victims in the union building by shooting them, relieving them of their money and valuables, and disposing of them in the Wishkah River, which ran behind the building and into Grays Harbor. According to some reports, there was a chute which descended from a trapdoor in the building directly into the river. Other reports state that Gohl would use a small launch to murder his victims and dump the bodies directly in the harbor. Though suspected of being responsible for the large number of sailors who would disembark in Aberdeen and disappear, nothing was done to stop him until an accomplice, John Klingenberg, was brought back to Aberdeen after trying to jump ship in Mexico to escape prosecution, or possibly to escape Gohl.
Arrest
Klingenberg was able to testify to seeing Gohl alone with a sailor, Charles Hatberg/Hatteberg, whose body had recently been found in the harbor at Indian Creek February 2, 1910, soon after his disappearance on December 21, 1909. Hatberg had been shot with a .38 Automatic pistol which had been found in the salt flats by his body. The ownership was traced to Gohl. The motive according to Klingenburg's confession was that Gohl claimed Hatberg had told a "detective Miller" that Gohl had shot a cow the previous summer.
Gohl had already been arrested in February 1910 for the Hatberg murder and was convicted of two counts of murder, though suspected of 41 or more, found guilty May 12, 1910 and sentenced to life imprisonment and taken to the State Prison June 13, 1910. Besides Hatberg, the second count was for the murder of John Hoffman, a witness to the Hatberg murder who was shot and injured by Gohl on the night of the murder, and killed the next day by Klingenberg, for which Hoffman's killer was sentenced to 20 years.
Hoffman had been killed December 23, 1909, after the Hatberg killing, and had been robbed of $400.00 and also disposed of in the Harbor near Indian Creek. In July 1910, a human skeleton was found in Indian Creek; however, it is not known whether these were the remains of Hoffman. Other corpses found in the Grays Harbor area were suggested to be victims of Gohl, including the body of Carl O. Carlson, found on April 27, 1910, floating in the harbor. Gohl was later transferred to an asylum for the criminally insane, where he died in 1927. He is buried in an open field above West Medical Lake, Eastern State Hospital
See also
List of serial killers in the United States
References
Further reading
1927 deaths
1905 murders in the United States
1873 births
20th-century American criminals
American male criminals
American people convicted of murder
American people who died in prison custody
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Deaths from pneumonia in Washington (state)
Deaths from syphilis
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States
People convicted of murder by Washington (state)
People from Aberdeen, Washington
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Washington (state)
Prisoners who died in Washington (state) detention
Sailors' Union of the Pacific people
Suspected serial killers
Trade unionists from Washington (state) |
Alfredo d'Ambrosio (13 June 1871 – 28 December 1914) was an Italian composer and violinist. He studied under Enrico Bossi at the Conservatory San Pietro a Majella in Naples, and later with Pablo de Sarasate in Madrid and August Wilhelmj in London. He then settled in Nice, rue de Russie 2,and afterwards in Paris, Boulevard de Courcelle 71, and devoted himself to his compositions and his work as a teacher. His cousin Luigi d'Ambrosio was also a violinist and later teacher of Salvatore Accardo. Alfredo D'Ambrosio died in Paris, aged 43. His wife was Blanche Aida Malvano; he had three sons, one of them, Violette d’Ambrosio was a concert violinist and played until mid ‘900, often performing her father’s Violin Concertos.
Works
Born in Naples, Alfredo d'Ambrosio is the author of the opera Pia de' Tolomei, based on Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, the ballet Hersilia, two violin concertos, a string quartet in c minor, Op. 42 (1908) and a quintet, as well as various concert pieces for violin and piano, which had a certain popularity in the early 20th century. His first violin concerto (in B minor, Op. 29, dedicated to Arrigo Serato) was written from April to October 1903 and premiered in Berlin,at the presence of the Emperor, on 29 October 1904,with Berlin Philharmonic conducted by August Scharrer. The second violin concerto (in G minor, Op. 51, dedicated to Jacques Thibaud) was premiered by Georges Enesco on 6 April 1913 in Paris, Salle Gaveau, conducted by the composer.
His best-known work is his Canzonetta, Op. 6, which he recorded in 1907. More recordings of this piece were made in 1914 by Alexander Petschnikoff (1873–1948), in 1921 by Mischa Elman, and in 1924 by Toscha Seidel and Georg Kulenkampff. In addition, there is also his Serenade, Op. 4 recorded in 1919 by Jascha Heifetz and by George Enescu in 1924, Madrigale op.26 by Karl Grigorowicz in 1909, Serenata op.40 by Efrem Zimbalist in 1917 and by Wolfgang Schneiderhan in 1990, Aubade op.17 and Nocturne op.35 by Christeta Goñi in 1912, Romance Op.9 by Renée Chemet, Bronislaw Mittman, Jan Kubelik; Novelletta op.20 by Leon Zighera, Introduction et Humoresque Op.25 by Sasha Jacobsen in 1914, A ton reveil by Alfred Dubois.
Alfredo d'Ambrosio himself recorded on '78 rpm records APGA these pieces: Chanson napolitaine Op. 37, Sonnet allègre Op.35, Humoresque op.25, Ariette Op.23,Romance Op.9, Mélancolie Op.37, Aria Op.22 (dedicated to Jan Kubelik), Canzonetta Op.6, Seconda Canzonetta-Little Song Op.28.
Both his Violin Concertos were performed and recorded on a DVD Achord Pictures in Lucca, on October 7, 2018 (soloists Laura Bortolotto and Christian Sebastianutto, conductor Alan Freiles).
Both Violin Concertos are on NAXOS Videolibrary.
Jean-Jacques Kantorow and Orchestre de Douai conducted by Arie van Beck recorded both “Violin Concertos” by d’Ambrosio in 2021 and 2022-cd “Soupir éditions” S256, together with “First and Second Canzonetta”,”Romance”,”Introduction et Humoresque”,”Sérénade”, for Violin and Piano (pianist Haruko Ueda).
13 pieces for Violins and Piano, dedicated by their Author to famous musicians or friends, were recorded on December 2021 in Hungary (Gödollö) by Lucilla Rose Mariotti-violin- and Zsuzsanna Homor-piano, on a DVD Achord Pictures.
The complete list of Alfredo d'Ambrosio compositions for Violin and Piano has been recorded on 3 cds by Gran Duo Italiano (Mauro Tortorelli violin and Angela Meluso piano) for Brilliant Classics in 2022.
References
Marco BIZZARINI,"Alfredo d'Ambrosio" (magazine LIVE performing & arts, May–June 2021, pages 34–39)
The precise date of D'Ambrosio death results having been in December 28,1914, at noon ("midi"), by the death certificate kept in Paris Conservatoire de Musique Archives.
External links
1871 births
1914 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Italian male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian male musicians
Composers for violin
Italian classical composers
Italian classical musicians
Italian classical violinists
Italian male classical composers
Italian Romantic composers
Male classical violinists
Musicians from Naples |
The Battle of Voronezh, or First Battle of Voronezh, was a battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, fought in and around the strategically important city of Voronezh on the Don river, south of Moscow, from 28 June-24 July 1942, as opening move of the German summer offensive in 1942.
The battle was marked by heavy urban fighting, and ferocious street-fighting, showing what was to come at the Battle of Stalingrad.
Battle
The German attack had two objectives. One was to seed confusion about the ultimate goals of the overall campaign. There was widespread feeling by almost all observers, especially Soviet high command, that the Germans would reopen their attack on Moscow that summer. By strongly attacking toward Voronezh, near the site of the German's deepest penetration the year before, it would hide the nature of the real action taking place far to the south. Soviet forces sent to the area to shore up the defenses would not be able to move with the same speed as the Germans, who would then turn south and leave them behind. The other purpose was to provide an easily defended front line along the river, providing a strong left flank that could be protected with relatively light forces.
The plan involved forces of Army Group South, at this time far north of their ultimate area of responsibility. The attack would be spearheaded by the 4th Panzer Army under the command of General Hermann Hoth. Hoth's highly mobile forces would move rapidly eastward to Voronezh and then turn southeast to follow the Don to Stalingrad. As the 4th moved out of the city, the slower infantry forces of the Second Army following behind them would take up defensive positions along the river. The plan called for the 2nd to arrive just as the 4th had cleared the city, and Hoth was under orders to avoid any street-to-street fighting that might bog down their progress.
The city was defended by the troops of the 40th Army as part of the Valuiki-Rossosh Defensive Operation (28 June-24 July 1942) of General of Army Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin's Southwestern Front. Hoth's powerful armored forces moved forward with little delay and the only natural barrier before the city was the Devitsa River, an arm of the Don running through Semiluki, a short distance to the west. For reasons that are unclear, the bridge over the Devitsa was not destroyed, and Hoth's forces were able to sweep aside the defensive forces placed there and reach the outskirts of Voronezh on 7 July. Soviet forces then mounted a successful counterattack that tied up Hoth's forces.
At this point they should have been relieved by the infantry forces, but they were still far from the city. Intense house-to-house fighting broke out, and Hoth continued to push forward while he waited. At one point the 3rd Motorized Division broke across the Don, but turned back. The Soviet command poured reserves into the city and a situation not unlike what would be seen at Stalingrad a few months later broke out, with the German troops clearing the city street by street with flamethrowers while tanks gave fire support.
The 2nd did not arrive for another two days, by which time the 4th was heavily engaged and took some time to remove from the line. The 2nd continued the battle until 24 July, when the final Soviet forces west of the Don were defeated and the fighting ended. Adolf Hitler later came to believe that these two days, when combined with other avoidable delays on the drive south, allowed Marshal Semyon Timoshenko to reinforce the forces in Stalingrad before the 4th Panzer Army could arrive to allow taking of Stalingrad.
The Soviet forces recaptured the city in the Battle of Voronezh of 1943.
Notes
References
Sources
Glantz, David M. & House, Jonathan (1995), When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler, Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, .
Conflicts in 1942
1942 in the Soviet Union
Battles involving the Soviet Union
Battles of World War II involving Germany
Battles of World War II involving Hungary
Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
June 1942 events
July 1942 events |
Charles Palmer, later Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland, 1st Duke of Southampton, KG, Chief Butler of England (18 June 1662 – 9 September 1730), styled Baron Limerick before 1670 and Earl of Southampton between 1670 and 1675 and known as The Duke of Southampton from 1675 until 1709 when he succeeded his mother to the dukedom of Cleveland.
Early life
He was the third eldest of the illegitimate sons of King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland, his mother being Barbara Villiers, later 1st Duchess of Cleveland, then the wife of Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine. In recognition of his legal father the Earl of Castlemaine, he was styled from birth by the courtesy title Lord Limerick, one of the Earl's lesser titles. His birth marked the separation of his legal parents; Lord Castlemaine, a Roman Catholic, had him christened in the Roman Catholic faith but six days later the King had him re-christened in the Church of England.
Personal life
In 1670, at the age of eight, he was betrothed to Mary Wood, only child and sole heiress of Sir Henry Wood, 1st Baronet, Clerk of the Green Cloth, but with the proviso that the marriage be delayed until Mary was aged sixteen. Following the death of her father, the Duchess of Cleveland more or less abducted Mary, with the intention of bringing her up with her own children. In 1675, he was created Duke of Southampton along with the subsidiary titles of Earl of Chichester and Baron Newbury. The marriage to Mary Wood took place in 1679, but within months the new Duchess had died of smallpox, leaving no children of the marriage.
In 1694, the Duke married secondly Anne, a daughter of Sir William Pulteney, of Misterton, Leicestershire, and they had six children:
Lady Grace, born 28 March 1697, married in 1725 Henry Vane, later created Earl of Darlington
William FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Cleveland and 2nd Duke of Southampton (19 February 1698 – 18 May 1774)
Lord Charles Fitzroy (13 February 1698 – 31 July 1723)
Lord Henry Fitzroy (17 August 1701 – 1709)
Lady Anne, (12 November 1702 - 13 February 1769), married John Paddey, Esq.
Lady Barbara, died unmarried
On the death of his mother in 1709, the Duke became also second Duke of Cleveland, by a special remainder in the grant of the dukedom which set aside his illegitimacy.
He died on 9 September 1730 and was buried at Westminster Abbey. He was succeeded by his eldest son William FitzRoy (1698–1774), who died without issue, when all his titles became extinct.
References
Ancestry
1662 births
1730 deaths
17th-century English nobility
18th-century English people
House of Stuart
102
Dukes of Southampton
Knights of the Garter
Illegitimate children of Charles II of England
Peers of England created by Charles II
Earls of Chichester
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Sons of kings |
23 August is a day of the Gregorian calendar.
23 August may also refer to:
King Michael's Coup, in Romania, which took place on 23 August 1944
Places in Romania
23 August, Constanța, a commune
23 August, a village in Zăvoi, Caraş-Severin
23 August, a village in Malovăț, Mehedinţi
I. C. Brătianu, Tulcea, a commune known as 23 August until 1996
Other uses
23 August Works, now part of FAUR S.A., a Romanian industrial engineering and manufacturing company
Date and time disambiguation pages |
```objective-c
/*++
version 3. Alternative licensing terms are available. Contact
info@minocacorp.com for details. See the LICENSE file at the root of this
project for complete licensing information.
Module Name:
imp.h
Abstract:
This header contains definitions internal to the Image Library.
Author:
Evan Green 13-Oct-2012
--*/
//
// your_sha256_hash--- Includes
//
#define RTL_API __DLLEXPORT
#include <minoca/kernel/driver.h>
#include "immux.h"
//
// your_sha256_hash Definitions
//
//
// Define the initial amount to read for loading image segments.
//
#define IMAGE_INITIAL_READ_SIZE 1024
//
// Define the macros to the various functions.
//
#define ImAllocateMemory ImImportTable->AllocateMemory
#define ImFreeMemory ImImportTable->FreeMemory
#define ImOpenFile ImImportTable->OpenFile
#define ImCloseFile ImImportTable->CloseFile
#define ImLoadFile ImImportTable->LoadFile
#define ImReadFile ImImportTable->ReadFile
#define ImUnloadBuffer ImImportTable->UnloadBuffer
#define ImAllocateAddressSpace ImImportTable->AllocateAddressSpace
#define ImFreeAddressSpace ImImportTable->FreeAddressSpace
#define ImMapImageSegment ImImportTable->MapImageSegment
#define ImUnmapImageSegment ImImportTable->UnmapImageSegment
#define ImNotifyImageLoad ImImportTable->NotifyImageLoad
#define ImNotifyImageUnload ImImportTable->NotifyImageUnload
#define ImInvalidateInstructionCacheRegion \
ImImportTable->InvalidateInstructionCacheRegion
#define ImGetEnvironmentVariable ImImportTable->GetEnvironmentVariable
#define ImFinalizeSegments ImImportTable->FinalizeSegments
//
// Define the initial scope array size.
//
#define IM_INITIAL_SCOPE_SIZE 8
//
// Define the maximum size a collection of shared object dependencies can
// reasonably grow to.
//
#define IM_MAX_SCOPE_SIZE 0x10000
//
// ------------------------------------------------------ Data Type Definitions
//
//
// your_sha256_hash---- Globals
//
//
// Define the table of functions called by the image library.
//
extern PIM_IMPORT_TABLE ImImportTable;
//
// -------------------------------------------------------- Function Prototypes
//
PVOID
ImpReadBuffer (
PIMAGE_FILE_INFORMATION File,
PIMAGE_BUFFER Buffer,
UINTN Offset,
UINTN Size
);
/*++
Routine Description:
This routine handles access to an image buffer.
Arguments:
File - Supplies an optional pointer to the file information, if the buffer
may need to be resized.
Buffer - Supplies a pointer to the buffer to read from.
Offset - Supplies the offset from the start of the file to read.
Size - Supplies the required size.
Return Value:
Returns a pointer to the image file at the requested offset on success.
NULL if the range is invalid or the file could not be fully loaded.
--*/
KSTATUS
ImpLoad (
PLIST_ENTRY ListHead,
PCSTR BinaryName,
PIMAGE_FILE_INFORMATION BinaryFile,
PIMAGE_BUFFER ImageBuffer,
PVOID SystemContext,
ULONG Flags,
PLOADED_IMAGE Parent,
PLOADED_IMAGE *LoadedImage,
PLOADED_IMAGE *Interpreter
);
/*++
Routine Description:
This routine loads an executable image into memory.
Arguments:
ListHead - Supplies a pointer to the head of the list of loaded images.
BinaryName - Supplies the name of the binary executable image to load. If
this is NULL, then a pointer to the first (primary) image loaded, with
a reference added.
BinaryFile - Supplies an optional handle to the file information. The
handle should be positioned to the beginning of the file. Supply NULL
if the caller does not already have an open handle to the binary. On
success, the image library takes ownership of the handle.
ImageBuffer - Supplies an optional pointer to the image buffer. This can
be a complete image file buffer, or just a partial load of the file.
SystemContext - Supplies an opaque token that will be passed to the
support functions called by the image support library.
Flags - Supplies a bitfield of flags governing the load. See
IMAGE_LOAD_FLAG_* flags.
Parent - Supplies an optional pointer to the parent image that imports this
image.
LoadedImage - Supplies an optional pointer where a pointer to the loaded
image structure will be returned on success.
Interpreter - Supplies an optional pointer where a pointer to the loaded
interpreter structure will be returned on success.
Return Value:
Status code.
--*/
KSTATUS
ImpAddImageToScope (
PLOADED_IMAGE Parent,
PLOADED_IMAGE Child
);
/*++
Routine Description:
This routine appends a breadth first traversal of the child's dependencies
to the image scope.
Arguments:
Parent - Supplies a pointer to the innermost scope to add the child to.
Child - Supplies a pointer to the child to add to the scope. This is often
the parent itself.
Return Value:
STATUS_SUCCESS on success.
STATUS_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES if there was an allocation failure.
--*/
``` |
```javascript
Computed property names in object literals
Handling modules
Typed Arrays
The `for-of` loop in ES6
ES6 `Number` methods
``` |
Judith Jacobs Tuttle, known professionally as Judy Jacobs (born September 27, 1957), is an American gospel musician. She started her music career when she attended Lee College in 1984, singing with the New Harvest singers and releasing her album in 1987 "Judy Jacobs: with New Harvest." published by Pathway Press. She has released eight more albums, since her first release, with two more labels New Day Records and Daywind Records. Two albums have charted on the Billboard magazine charts, which have exclusively come on the Gospel Albums chart.
Early life
Jacobs was born Judy Jacobs on September 27, 1957, in Lumberton, North Carolina, as the youngest of twelve siblings, and she commenced singing at the age of eight with The Jacobs Sisters. She attended Lee University, for her collegiate studies.
Music career
Her recording music career started in 1987 with the release of Judy Jacobs: With New Harvest. She later released another album titled "No God Like Jehovah" in 2001 with her own label "His Song Ministries" She has released two albums that charted on the Billboard magazine Gospel Albums chart at No. 16 for Almighty Reigns that was released by His Song on November 22, 2005. With New Day Records, Jacobs released, I Feel a Change, in 2011 that charted at No. 33 on the aforementioned chart.
Personal life
She is married to Jamie Tuttle. The couple are co-pastors of Dwelling Place Church International in Cleveland, Tennessee. They are the co-owners of the His Song Music Group label. Together they have two daughters, Erica and Kaylee.
Discography
Studio albums
References
External links
Official website
Cross Rhythms artist profile
1957 births
Living people
African-American songwriters
African-American Christians
Christians from North Carolina
Musicians from North Carolina
Musicians from Tennessee
Pentecostals from Tennessee
Songwriters from North Carolina
Songwriters from Tennessee
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people |
South African Americans are Americans who have full or partial ancestry from South Africa. As of 2021, there were approximately 123,461 people born in South Africa who were living in the United States.
Demography
The majority of overseas South Africans live in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, countries with similar cultural and linguistic heritage to many South Africans, as well as similar climates and latitude positioning. There have also been large number of South African immigrants that have gone to the USA. Many white South Africans, both before and after the end of apartheid, emigrated to Midwestern states such as Minnesota and Illinois. Atlanta, Georgia, has a large population of South African Jews. Moreover, there are numerous South Africans living in New York City and Mid-Atlantic states such as Maryland. Most South African immigrants in the US are white people of European origin. Of the 82,000 South Africans that were living in the US between 2008 and 2009, about 11,000 of them were Black South Africans. In the 2000 Census, 509 South African Americans reported their ethnic origins as Zulu.
The majority of these immigrants are English speaking, with a moderate proportion of these being South African Jews. In the US, South Africans in general — both white and black — live in the US individually, rather than in communities of South African Americans. The highest number of South Africans in the US live in California, notably Los Angeles County, Orange County and San Diego, while smaller populations reside in the Mid-Atlantic and the Pacific Northwest.
South African-born population
South African-born population in the US since 2015:
Organizations
Indaba ("discussion" in Zulu) is an example of an organization set up by South Africans to promote community involvement. It was founded in the 1990s and sponsors community events and activities. In addition, this organization allows the exchange of information through a web site and a mailing list, keeping South Africans informed about international and local events. The South African consulate in Chicago has close ties with many expatriates and hosts regular events and speakers, including an annual celebration of Freedom Day on 27 April. In 2001, the hosts founded the African Group of the U.S. Women's Action to boost the knowledge and understanding of South Africa among Americans. The South Africans are also in many other forums, such as informal parties, religious activities and rugby matches.
Notable people
Adam Friedland, comedian
Adam Rose, professional wrestler
Andrew Parkinson, soccer player
Andrew Pattison, tennis player
Angela Hawken, academic
Arnold Vosloo, actor
Ben Viljoen, Boer general, politician and author
Candice Pillay, singer, songwriter
Caron Bernstein, model and actress
Charlize Theron, model and actress
Cliff Drysdale, tennis player
Colin Cowie, lifestyle guru
Da L.E.S, hip hop artist and record producer
Daniel Mindel, cinematographer
Dave Matthews, musician
Dave Wittenberg, anime and video game voice actor
David DeCastro, American football player
David O. Sacks, entrepreneur
Denise Scott Brown, architect and urban planner
Doja Cat, singer and rapper
Earl Sweatshirt, rapper
Elizabeth Furse, US politician
Elon Musk, entrepreneur
Embeth Davidtz, actress
Gary Barber, producer
Goapele, rhythm & blues artist
Gregory Alan Isakov, singer-songwriter
Jason Lewis, state politician
Johan Kriek, tennis player
Jonathan Butler, musician, guitarist
Jonathan Westphal, philosopher
Jordan Taylor, professional racing driver
Julian Krinsky, American, former South African, professional tennis player
Justin Gabriel, professional wrestler
Katrina Pierson, CNN and Fox News Contributor
Kongos brothers, musicians
Liezel Huber, tennis player
Lyndon Rive, businessman, cousin of Elon Musk
Madelaine Petsch, actress
Mark Mathabane, author
Mike Connell, professional footballer
Nana Meriwether, Miss USA 2012
Patrick Soon-Shiong, entrepreneur
Richard W. Fisher, politician and banker
Ricky Taylor, professional racing driver
Robert Hamerton-Kelly, theologian
Robert Schneider, musician and producer
Robert Z. Lawrence, economist
Rodney Howard Browne, theologian and author
Roy Wegerle, soccer player
Sasha Pieterse, actress
Selema Masekela, sports broadcaster, son of Hugh Masekela
Stelio Savante, actor
Stephen Simpson, professional racing driver
Styles P, rapper
Tammin Sursok, actor, singer, composer and guitarist
Trevor Denman, thoroughbred race caller
Trevor Noah, comedian and television host
Trevor Rabin, musician
Tshego, musician
Victor Nogueira, soccer goalkeeper
Zinzi Clemmons, writer
See also
South Africa–United States relations
Southern Africans in the United States
References
External links
EveryCulture — South African-Americans
Southern Africans in the United States |
The Crown Supercoach is a bus that was constructed and marketed by Crown Coach Corporation from 1948 to 1991. While most examples were sold as yellow school buses, the Supercoach formed the basis for motorcoaches and other specialty vehicles using the same body and chassis. While technically available outside of the West Coast, nearly all Crown school buses were sold in Washington state, Oregon and California.
From 1948 to 1984, the Supercoach was constructed at the Crown Coach facilities in Los Angeles, California; from 1984 to the 1991 closure of the company, the Supercoach was constructed in Chino, California.
Design history
1932–1948
In 1932, Crown Motor Carriage Company built its first complete school bus, in a shift from building bus bodies on cowled truck chassis. Externally modeled after Twin Coach body designs, the school bus body used a front-engine layout, with the Waukesha gasoline engine positioned next to the driver. The body was of all-metal construction with an integrated chassis and safety glass; for braking, in addition to the standard hydraulic service brakes, the Crown bus was equipped with a redundant hand-operated system alongside the standard parking/emergency brake.
From 1932 to 1935, Crown Body and Coach Corporation produced additional forward-control school buses. As the original 1932 design proved too expensive to produce on a large scale, Crown shifted to a design based on a Reo commercial truck chassis. Named the Metropolitan, while still a front-engine bus, the new design significantly decreased forward visibility.
In 1935, Crown revisited the 1932 design, introducing a new version as the first Crown Super Coach. With a seating capacity of up to 76 students, it was one of the largest school buses ever produced at the time. As with its 1932 predecessor, the 1935 Crown Super Coach featured an all-steel body with an integrated chassis, safety glass, and a front-engine body. In a big change, the redundant braking system was redesigned, with the Supercoach featuring full air brakes.
In 1936, Crown produced the Super Coach as an intercity motorcoach, featuring onboard sleeper compartments. To maximize interior room, the powertrain layout was changed from front-engine to an underfloor mid-engine configuration. In several variants, the Crown Super Coach would retain an underfloor layout through its 1991 discontinuation. In 1937, Crown would build the first mid-engine school bus, with a Hall-Scott gasoline engine; the change expanded capacity to 79 passengers. To provide proper engine cooling, the bus was fitted with a front-mounted radiator.
In 1940, Crown Coach redesigned the Super Coach bus body and chassis, moving the engine to the rear. Featuring a wider and taller interior, the Supercoach gained additional emergency exits (a rear exit window and right-side emergency door), following the standardization of school bus dimensions and exits in 1939.
During World War II, Crown Coach produced few vehicles, with all production diverted towards military use. In late 1945, Crown resumed production of Super Coach school and coach buses, struggling to meet demand. To better ensure its survival after the war, Crown entered a joint venture with Indiana school bus manufacturer Wayne Works, becoming the West Coast distributor of its product lines.
1948–1960
In 1946, Crown began development on a new generation of vehicles. Starting life as a sightseeing bus for a motorcoach customer, the new-generation Supercoach (renamed as a single word) entered production in 1948, with Crown producing its first school bus example in late 1949.
In a move back to the mid-engine layout, the design of the 1950 Crown Supercoach broke many precedents in school bus construction. Although built on a steel frame, to fight corrosion, the body panels of the Supercoach were of aluminum. In place of the traditional ladder truck-style frame, the Supercoach featured a monocoque-style integrated frame.
In the early 1950s, Crown made several additions to the Supercoach model line. In 1951, the Crown Firecoach fire engine was introduced, heavily based on the mid-engine chassis of the Supercoach bus. At the same time, Crown began to explore other uses for the Supercoach; in 1954, several Crown Cargo Coach "brucks" were produced, combining the front body of a bus with the rear body of a van trailer. Crown Security Coaches came into use as prison buses throughout the West Coast.
In 1954, Crown introduced the first diesel-powered school bus, introducing the 743 cubic-inch Cummins NHH220 as an option. For school districts with growing student populations, Crown introduced a tandem rear-axle Supercoach in 1955. Expanding the seating capacity from 79 to 91 (with a later option for 97), this would become the highest-capacity school bus ever mass-produced (alongside similar Gillig Transit Coach DT-models).
To increase braking power, in 1956, Crown standardized 10-inch wide brake drums on all vehicles, the largest in the bus industry at the time.
1960–1977
In 1960, the body of the Crown Supercoach underwent its first set of modifications since its introduction in late 1949. To enhance visibility, the windshield, driver window, and entry door windows were redesigned. To make the bus more visible, Crown moved the taillamps and brake lights from the doors of the luggage compartment towards the rear corners of the body.
Although overtaken by school bus production, Crown continued production of the Supercoach as an intercity coach in various lengths. Designed similar to a GM Buffalo bus, the longest versions featured a raised deck over the luggage compartment; Crown also produced a bilevel coach similar to the GMC Scenicruiser in configuration.
During the 1960s, Crown began to further expand its engine line. To aid the performance of its 91-passenger buses, a 262 hp turbocharged Cummins NHH was added. Alongside the Cummins diesel, an additional option included an underfloor version of the Detroit Diesel 671. In 1973, the 743 cubic-inch Cummins NHH diesel was replaced by the 855 cubic-inch NHH diesel, requiring internal structural updates to the frame. From the outside, 1973–1977 Crown school buses are distinguished by flat-topped wheel wells.
1977–1991
During the 1977 model year, federal regulations took effect that forever changed school bus design in the United States. To better protect passengers from crashes and rollovers, the structures of many school buses had to be updated; the metal-backed seats seen for decades were replaced by thickly padded, taller seats. Aside from the redesign of the passenger seats, which led to minor capacity reductions, the structure of the Supercoach needed relatively few changes to meet the new regulations; the company claimed that the Supercoach was compliant as far back as 1950. Post-1977 Supercoaches are distinguished by larger pillars behind the drivers' window and entry door as well as the fixed window next to the side emergency door.
In the late 1980s, along with the Crown Supercoach Series II, Crown began to expand the Supercoach lineup beyond its traditional two models. In 1988, a 38-foot version (84-passenger) was introduced. In 1989, two new 40-foot versions were introduced: a rear-engine and a single rear axle mid-engine.
In March 1991, Crown Coach closed its doors; the final vehicle produced was a 36-foot mid-engine Supercoach (with standard body).
Supercoach II (1989–1991)
During 1989, Crown Coach introduced the Crown Supercoach Series II (internally designated N-body). Developed for Crown to participate in a multi-year California Energy Commission study of the feasibility of alternative fuel school buses, the Series II introduced the first major visible changes to the Supercoach since its 1949 introduction. Alongside buses created for the CEC design study, the model line entered production alongside the standard Crown Supercoach (internally designated C-body).
California Energy Commission program
Produced for the first phase of the CEC study, 153 Crown Series II buses were acquired, including 103 "advanced diesel" and 50 methanol-fuel buses. Crown was going to offer a CNG option (John Deere 8.1L) to replace the methanol option, but due to the closure of Crown Coach Corporation in 1991, the CNG option was cancelled. As a secondary objective of the study, the buses researched the practicality of advanced safety features for school districts replacing buses manufactured before 1977, including fire suppression systems, an increase in emergency exits, taller seats (made of additional flame-retardant material), anti-lock brakes (ABS), and automatic parking brakes.
During the 1990s, as the California Energy Commission program moved into its advanced stages, methanol was abandoned as an alternative fuel (in favor of further development of compressed natural gas and diesel buses); virtually all of the 50 methanol-fueled Supercoach II vehicles were converted to operate on diesel fuel. Crown was unable to offer the CNG option due to closure.
Design overview
During the late 1980s, the only methanol-fuel engine that complied with California emissions standards was the Detroit Diesel 6V92. To accommodate the engine in the rear of the Crown Supercoach, substantial revisions were required for the chassis and rear bodywork. As the 6V92 V6 was wider than previous inline engines, the rear body panels were widened aft of the rear axle, creating a new rear roofline (with a vertical rear window). To match the modified rear bodywork, the front body was also revised, including a squared off body above the entry door, enlarged windshield (four-piece flat glass), and flat front bodywork (with horizontal quad headlights).
During the early 1990s, the only CNG engine that complied with California emissions standards was the 8.1L John Deere engine. Since methanol was abandoned as an alternative fuel, Crown Coach Corporation was planning to replace that alternative fuel option by compressed natural gas. From the mid-1990s Crown was going to offer a John Deere CNG engine option on the Series II, but due to the closure of Crown Coach Corporation, no Series II was offered with CNG.
To maintain production commonality with the standard commonality with the standard Supercoach, the Supercoach II shared nearly all of its bodywork between the entry door and the rear seats with its predecessor. The drivers' compartment underwent a substantial redesign, grouping secondary controls together left of the driver.
Following the production of the 153 CEC buses, the Supercoach II continued as a regular production model alongside the standard Crown Supercoach. The Detroit Diesel 6V92 V6 diesel remained, with Crown adding a Cummins C8.3 inline-6 and Caterpillar 3208 V8, and a John Deere 8.1L inline-6 (no longer offered). A mid-engine version was introduced, including the Detroit Diesel 6-71. Produced primarily in a 40-foot rear-engine configuration, the Supercoach II was also offered in a 38-foot length; both rear-engine and mid-engine versions were produced (no tandem-axle examples are known to have ever been produced).
Design epilogue
The Supercoach II was offered by Crown Coach through its closure in 1991; however, many of the 1991 vehicles produced by the Crown were of original Crown Supercoach body design. Following the closure of the company, the designs and tooling of Crown Coach were acquired by Indiana-based Carpenter Body Works, who sought to replace its discontinued Corsair with a revived Supercoach II. Carpenter would soon abandon the project, as it could not produce the complex Crown Coach design at a competitive price (a diesel Supercoach II cost over $125,000 in 1990). Also, Carpenter did not offer a John Deere CNG option since it was also more expensive.
While Carpenter would abandon production of the Supercoach II as a whole, several elements of its design would live on in a successive product, the 1992 Carpenter/Spartan Coach RE, including its left-hand driver control panel and its headlight layout. The bus was offered with diesel engine options only; the Detroit Diesel 6V92, Caterpillar 3208, and Cummins C8.3. No Methanol or John Deere CNG.
Powertrain
References
External links
School buses
Vehicles introduced in 1948
Buses of the United States |
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals (CCA) is the court of last resort for all criminal matters in Texas. The Court, which is based in the Supreme Court Building in Downtown Austin, is composed of a Presiding Judge and eight judges.
Article V of the Texas Constitution vests the judicial power of the state and describes the Court's jurisdiction and sets rules for judicial eligibility, elections, and vacancies.
Jurisdiction
In Texas, the Court of Criminal Appeals has final jurisdiction over all criminal matters (excluding juvenile proceedings, which are considered civil matters), while the Texas Supreme Court is the last word on all civil matters.
The Court of Criminal Appeals exercises discretionary review over criminal cases, which means that it may choose whether or not to review a case. The only cases that the Court must hear are those involving the sentencing of capital punishment or the denial of bail.
Court composition
The Court is composed of a Presiding Judge and eight judges (unlike the Texas Supreme Court which is composed of a Chief Justice and eight Justices). Each judge serves a six-year term beginning January 1 and ending December 31, and the judges are elected in staggered partisan elections. Although all nine seats are elected at large, the Presiding Judge seat is separately designated from the other seats.
In order to be a judge, a person must be at least 35 years of age, a United States and Texas citizen, licensed to practice law in Texas, and must have practiced law for at least 10 years. A person 75 years or older cannot run for a seat on the Court of Criminal Appeals. Judges who turn 75 during the term of office may serve until December 31 of the fourth year of their term. The Governor of Texas, subject to Senate confirmation, may appoint a judge to serve out the remainder of any unexpired term until the next general election.
Current judges of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
Capital punishment
According to a 2000 special article in the Chicago Tribune, from 1995 to 2000, records show that the court has granted new trials in capital cases eight times and new sentencing six times while affirming 270 capital convictions.
Selection of attorneys for indigent appellants
The appointment of attorneys for indigent defendants in capital cases is a source of controversy. District Court judges appoint lawyers for trial and a defendant's initial appeal. Of the 131 inmates executed under Governor George W. Bush, 43 were represented by an attorney who at some point has been disbarred, suspended or otherwise sanctioned.
The appointment of attorneys for an inmate's final appeals, which allow attorneys to move beyond what occurred at trial and investigate for new evidence, has also proved troublesome. Attorneys at this stage can argue, for instance, that prosecutors improperly concealed evidence favorable to the defendant.
Before 1995, appellants were not guaranteed an attorney for final appeals. In 1995, Texas revamped its system with a new law that collapsed the layers of appeal and set strict filing deadlines seeking to ensure that defendants received one full, fair set of appeals. The state agreed to pay for court-appointed attorneys to handle the final appeals for Death Row inmates. The Court of Criminal Appeals got the job of making these appointments. While assigning attorneys in about 300 cases, the Court of Criminal Appeals tapped some with questionable credentials or little experience.
For at least eight Death Row inmates, the court handpicked an attorney who previously had been sanctioned by the State Bar of Texas for misconduct, including one attorney who was still on probation. He was among four attorneys appointed by the court who had been disciplined more than once. In a ninth case, the attorney was sanctioned shortly after his appointment. The misconduct ranged from relatively minor infractions to serious violations. They included failing to show up in court, lying to the State Bar of Texas or to a judge, and dismissing a client's legal claim without the client's permission or knowledge.
References
Further reading
Harnsberger, R. Scott. A Guide to Sources of Texas Criminal Justice Statistics [North Texas Crime and Criminal Justice Series, no.6]. Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2011.
External links
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
State supreme courts of the United States
Texas state courts
1841 establishments in the Republic of Texas
Courts and tribunals established in 1841 |
Emmerson Nogueira is the eighth studio album by the Brazilian acoustic rock musician Emmerson Nogueira. It was released in 2014 and is his first album to be entirely made of original compositions, instead of the covers he usually works on. Another difference from previous albums is that, instead of working with his backing band Versão Acústica, Nogueira recorded all instruments (acoustic, electric and bass guitar, drums and electric piano) on his own, using the acoustic guitar as the base for composing. The album's songs were composed throughout many years. Some were co-composed with musician Paulinho Cri, dead in 2012, and these were created between 1978 and 1989. All the others are from the 1990s, when Nogueira took part of many music festivals in Minas Gerais. According to him, the inspiration for composing the tracks comes "from life, from the soul, from lost and conquered loves, from the wind, from the perfume of the ridge and from everything that life keeps as a surprise everyday".
Track listing
References
2014 albums
Emmerson Nogueira albums
Sony Music Brazil albums |
Ashkan Mokhtarian (, born 18 September 1985 Tehran, Iran), is an Iranian-born Australian mixed martial artist formerly competing in the Ultimate Fighting Championship.
Background
Mokhtarian's parents fled Iran during the Iran–Iraq War in 1985 and came to Australia as refugees. When Mokhtarian and his younger brother Suman were young, their parents divorced. Ashkan got involved with drugs and alcohol during his teenage years and decided to become a professional MMA fighter after watching the sport on TV.
Ashkan and Suman Mokhtarian are founders of the Australian Top Team located in Wentworthville, NSW although there is no affiliation or association with the American Top Team.
Mixed martial arts career
Early career
Mokhtarian began training in BJJ and later in kickboxing. He won the Australia Eternal Bantamweight Title in April 2016.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Mokhtarian signed with UFC in March 2017.
He made his promotional debut against John Moraga on 11 June 2017 at UFC Fight Night 110. He lost the one-sided fight via unanimous decision.
Mokhtarian faced Ryan Benoit on 19 November 2017 at UFC Fight Night: Werdum vs. Tybura. At the weight-ins, Benoit weight in at 129 pounds, 3 pounds over the flyweight upper limit of 125 pounds. The bout proceeded at a catchweight and Benoit forfeited 20% of his purse to Mokhtarian. He lost the fight via knockout due to a head kick in the third round.
Mokhtarian was scheduled to face Jenel Lausa on 13 June 2018 at UFC Fight Night 132; however, he pulled out of the fight in early May citing injury.
Mokhtarian was expected to face Kai Kara-France on 2 December 2018 at UFC Fight Night 142. However, Mokhtarian pulled out of the fight on 20 November citing injury.
On May 28, 2019 it was reported that Mokhtarian was released by UFC.
Mixed martial arts record
|-
|Loss
|align=center|13–4
|Shunichi Shimizu
|Decision (unanimous)
|Hex Fight Series 19
|
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|Melbourne, Australia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|13–3
|Ryan Benoit
|KO (head kick)
|UFC Fight Night: Werdum vs. Tybura
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|2:38
|Sydney, Australia
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|13–2
|John Moraga
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC Fight Night: Lewis vs. Hunt
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Auckland, New Zealand
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|13–1
|Kan Hamongkol
|KO (head kick)
|JNI Promotions: 1 on 1
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:27
|Sydney, Australia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|12–1
|Shannon McClellan
|Decision (unanimous)
|Eternal MMA 16
|
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|Gold Coast, Australia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|11–1
|Muhammad Hanif bin Zainal
|TKO (punches)
|Hex Fight Series 5
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:36
|Melbourne, Australia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|10–1
|Josh Karst
|KO (punches)
|Wollongong Wars 3
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:18
|Wollongong, Australia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|9–1
|Honggang Yao
|Submission (heel hook)
|Rebel FC 3: The Promised Ones
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|3:00
|Shandong, China
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|8–1
|Jaikom Paitoon
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|JNI Promotions: Mokhtarian vs. Paitoon
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:16
|Sydney, Australia
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 7–1
| Edwin Arana
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Nitro MMA 12
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:33
| Logan City, Australia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–0
| Sebastian Taylor
| TKO (punches)
| Gladiators Cage Fighting 4
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 0:56
| Sydney, Australia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–0
| Nick Browning
| TKO (punches)
| JNI Promotions: Proceed With Caution
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:56
| Sydney, Australia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–0
| Ali Mohammad Reza
| TKO (punches)
| JNI Promotions: Straight Up
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:36
| Sydney, Australia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Hakar Magid
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| JNI Promotions: Lockdown
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:38
| Sydney, Australia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Shawn Sutton
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| War in the West 2
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:24
| Sydney, Australia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Manopnoi Singmanasak
| Submission (guillotine Cchoke)
| JNI Promotions: Persons of Interest
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:29
| Sydney, Australia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Craig Lankester
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| 6RAR: Fight for the Troops
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:42
| Brisbane, Australia
|
See also
List of current UFC fighters
List of male mixed martial artists
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Sydney
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Australian male mixed martial artists
Iranian male mixed martial artists
Iranian emigrants to Australia
Flyweight mixed martial artists
Bantamweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing kickboxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Australian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Iranian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Sportspeople of Iranian descent
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters |
Clyde Amel Blair (September 16, 1881 in Fort Scott, Kansas – September 3, 1953 in Santa Barbara, California) was an American track and field athlete who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. In 1904 he was third in 60 m competition and was third in his first round heat of 100 m competition and did not advance to the final. He also participated in the final of 400 m competition, but his exact placement is unknown.
References
External links
1881 births
1953 deaths
American male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1904 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
People from Fort Scott, Kansas
Track and field athletes from Kansas
Chicago Maroons men's track and field athletes |
Andressa Alves (born 9 December 2000) is a Brazilian rugby sevens player. She represented Brazil at the 2022 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Cape Town. They defeated Spain 19–17 in the 11th-place final to finish eleventh overall.
References
2000 births
Living people
Female rugby sevens players
Brazilian rugby sevens players
Brazil international women's rugby sevens players |
Don't Go in the Woods is a 2010 American horror musical written and directed by Vincent D'Onofrio. The film was first shown in 2010 at single locations in the United States. It was released on Video on demand (VOD) on 26 December 2011, and on general theatrical release in January 2012. The film was made in upper New York state by 5 Minutes Productions, and distributed by Tribeca Film.
Plot
A band, consisting of leader Nick (Matt Sbeglia), Anton (Casey Smith), Johnny (Soomin Lee), Carlo (Jorgen Jorgensen) and the blind Robbie (Nick Thorp) decide to go camping in the woods to write five new songs. Upon arriving, they discover a sign reading "Don't Go in the Woods", however they ignore it and set up camp in a nearby clearing. While Nick and Carlo are collecting firewood, they find a hunting cabin that is full of weapons including a sledgehammer, however they ignore it and decide to break the group's cellphones to help with the creative process. Meanwhile, the band's manager Carson (Bo Boddie) arrives at the woods. While he tries to find the campsite he is attacked and killed.
As night falls, the group begin to, successfully, write new songs for their album. Nick tells the legend of a group of warriors who became stranded in the woods and resorted to cannibalism, with ultimately only one surviving. Soon after the band are joined by a group of their female friends including Nick's ex-girlfriend Ashley (Cassandra Lee Walker), Johnny's girlfriend Callie (Kate O'Malley), Melinda (Ali Tobia) and her foreign friend Sophie (Nuriya Aimaya) who speaks little English, Felicity (Gwynn Galitzen) and best friends Charlotte (Kira Gorelick) and Georgia (Alyssa Jang). While the rest of the band are happy to be joined, Nick is upset, knowing the group will become distracted from their songwriting. As the group drink and enjoy themselves, Charlotte becomes upset with Carlo's flirting and angrily leaves to go and stay in a motel. Georgia follows Charlotte and the pair wander back to the cars. As Charlotte gets in the driving seat, a sledgehammer begins to smash through the windscreen, with Georgia's severed arm being flung onto the hood. As Charlotte attempts to drive away, the window is smashed open and she is attacked.
The following morning, Nick wakes everyone up early, determined to get the girls to leave. Anton offers to walk the girls to the van, however upon arriving they find the battery dead and are forced to return to the camp. During the day, Nick and Ashley briefly reconcile after their recent break-up, but Nick decides to spend the day writing alone, annoyed at the band's lack of focus. At night, the band continue to write new music. Nick takes all of the girls cellphones and breaks them, despite their protests. While Anton is performing a song he wrote he becomes upset and leaves, angering Nick. Felicity decides to search for Anton, but she is brutally hit and killed with a sledgehammer. Johnny and Callie also leave the campsite to make out, and are beaten to death.
The following day Melinda and Sophie go on a walk by the river. As Melinda helps Sophie improve her English, the killer arrives and drags Melinda away, eventually killing her. Sophie rushes back to the campsite to warn the others, but can not due to the language barrier, only confusing the others. The killer arrives again and kills Sophie, Carlo and Robbie. Meanwhile, Ashley runs into Nick as she is trying to escape the woods. However, Nick begins to play a song with his guitar instead of running. Ashley then notices blood all over Nick's hands, and realizes he is the killer. Ashley runs away and discovers Anton impaled through the neck. Nick catches up with her and cuts her back open, leaving her to die.
As the movie ends, a record producer (Eric Bogosian) congratulates Nick on his album, titled Don't Go in the Woods, telling him it was a good idea to "get rid of the band".
Cast
Production
The film was shot on two cameras in woods on D'Onofrio's land in Woodstock, New York state. D'Onofrio decided to make the film during a waiting period for another project to go ahead; he said "My friends and I were in the middle of another project, waiting for the rights for that, and it was taking too long." Filming started two months after the initial idea, took twelve days to shoot, and was completed for a budget of $100,000.
The film is D'Onofrio's feature length directorial debut. During an interview with Patrick McDonald of hollywoodchicago.com, he was asked how directors he had worked with influenced him; D'Onofrio said that great directors stuck with their original idea and were not sidetracked. McDonald asked him "How did you honor those impressions," to which he replied, "I don’t know if I actually did that on my set. I used the script as a blueprint, we purposely wrote this 'B-movie' structure, and made it into a musical. Basically that was the plan, and that is what we achieved."
In an interview with Edward Douglas of Shocktillyoudrop.net, D'Onofrio spoke of how the film's genre was intended as a slasher musical, and that he had wanted to "make an absurd slasher musical". He went on to discuss how the casting was done "off the street [...] some of the girls worked in a coffee shop around the corner from my house". He did say that "three of the guys were in a band, the Dirty Dirty" and had recorded music together prior to the film. He also talked about how it was "difficult to keep tension [of a horror film] going" while interspersing it with musical numbers, "as singing releases on-screen tension."
D'Onofrio also said that the film's title was not a reference to the same-named 1981 film.
Reception
Critical reception has been mostly negative. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 13% with 7 of the 8 reviews being negative.
Kristen McCracken of Huffington Post Entertainment, described it as "a fun ride, with the loose feel of a campy B-horror-movie from decades past (the difference here is that Bisbee’s music is good), with twists and turns and jumps galore". Dustin Putman said that, although it "probably shouldn't work—or, at least, what ought to come off as campy—avoids such pitfalls", the film "is made in grand spirits and with undeniable know-how. It's conventional and truly one-of-a-kind all at once. There's nothing else out there like it."
Michelle Orange of Movieline.com said "Though obviously aware of the potential and prepared to really go for it, D’Onofrio came up with something that feels unfinished -- an interesting harmony that needs a better bridge." Most critical was Nick Pinkerton, of the Village Voice, who said that the cast are "no great shakes as actors", going on to say that the film "is cozily resigned to its novelty niche but an affront to fans of the genres it bowdlerizes."
References
External links
Don't Go in the Woods page on the Tribeca Films website
Interview with D'Onofrio for Shocktillyoudrop.com
2010 films
2010 horror films
2010s musical films
American slasher films
Films with screenplays by Vincent D'Onofrio
American musical films
Backwoods slasher films
2010s slasher films
2010 directorial debut films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films |
Edurne, full name Edurne García Almagro (born 1985) is a Spanish singer, actress, and TV presenter.
Edurne may also refer to:
Edurne Ganem, known professionally as Edy Ganem, Mexican-Lebanese actress
Edurne Pasaban (born 1973), Basque Spanish mountaineer
Edurne, debut album of the singer Edurne |
The Daniel and Catherine Ketchum Cobblestone House is located in Marquette, Wisconsin.
History
Daniel Ketchum was a prominent sea captain and his wife, Catherine, was a member of the Van Rensselaer family. During the 1920s and 1930s, it was used as the lodge for a ducking hunting club. It was added to the State and the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
References
External links
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Cobblestone architecture
Greek Revival architecture in Wisconsin
Houses completed in 1851
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Green Lake County, Wisconsin
Van Rensselaer family |
Haploniscidae is a family of isopods belonging to the order Isopoda.
Genera:
Abyssoniscus Birstein, 1971
Antennuloniscus Menzies, 1962
Aspidoniscus Menzies & Schultz, 1968
Chandraniscus George, 2004
Chauliodoniscus Lincoln, 1985
Haploniscus Richardson, 1908
Hydroniscus Hansen, 1916
Mastigoniscus Lincoln, 1985
References
Isopoda |
Gokinjo is the Japanese word for "neighborhood". Its use can refer to titles such as:
Gokinjo Bōkentai, a 1996 video game
Gokinjo Monogatari, a Japanese manga series |
```objective-c
/*
* PTP 1588 clock support - user space interface
*
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
*/
#ifndef _PTP_CLOCK_H_
#define _PTP_CLOCK_H_
#include <linux/ioctl.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
/* PTP_xxx bits, for the flags field within the request structures. */
#define PTP_ENABLE_FEATURE (1<<0)
#define PTP_RISING_EDGE (1<<1)
#define PTP_FALLING_EDGE (1<<2)
/*
* struct ptp_clock_time - represents a time value
*
* The sign of the seconds field applies to the whole value. The
* nanoseconds field is always unsigned. The reserved field is
* included for sub-nanosecond resolution, should the demand for
* this ever appear.
*
*/
struct ptp_clock_time {
__s64 sec; /* seconds */
__u32 nsec; /* nanoseconds */
__u32 reserved;
};
struct ptp_clock_caps {
int max_adj; /* Maximum frequency adjustment in parts per billon. */
int n_alarm; /* Number of programmable alarms. */
int n_ext_ts; /* Number of external time stamp channels. */
int n_per_out; /* Number of programmable periodic signals. */
int pps; /* Whether the clock supports a PPS callback. */
int n_pins; /* Number of input/output pins. */
/* Whether the clock supports precise system-device cross timestamps */
int cross_timestamping;
int rsv[13]; /* Reserved for future use. */
};
struct ptp_extts_request {
unsigned int index; /* Which channel to configure. */
unsigned int flags; /* Bit field for PTP_xxx flags. */
unsigned int rsv[2]; /* Reserved for future use. */
};
struct ptp_perout_request {
struct ptp_clock_time start; /* Absolute start time. */
struct ptp_clock_time period; /* Desired period, zero means disable. */
unsigned int index; /* Which channel to configure. */
unsigned int flags; /* Reserved for future use. */
unsigned int rsv[4]; /* Reserved for future use. */
};
#define PTP_MAX_SAMPLES 25 /* Maximum allowed offset measurement samples. */
struct ptp_sys_offset {
unsigned int n_samples; /* Desired number of measurements. */
unsigned int rsv[3]; /* Reserved for future use. */
/*
* Array of interleaved system/phc time stamps. The kernel
* will provide 2*n_samples + 1 time stamps, with the last
* one as a system time stamp.
*/
struct ptp_clock_time ts[2 * PTP_MAX_SAMPLES + 1];
};
struct ptp_sys_offset_precise {
struct ptp_clock_time device;
struct ptp_clock_time sys_realtime;
struct ptp_clock_time sys_monoraw;
unsigned int rsv[4]; /* Reserved for future use. */
};
enum ptp_pin_function {
PTP_PF_NONE,
PTP_PF_EXTTS,
PTP_PF_PEROUT,
PTP_PF_PHYSYNC,
};
struct ptp_pin_desc {
/*
* Hardware specific human readable pin name. This field is
* set by the kernel during the PTP_PIN_GETFUNC ioctl and is
* ignored for the PTP_PIN_SETFUNC ioctl.
*/
char name[64];
/*
* Pin index in the range of zero to ptp_clock_caps.n_pins - 1.
*/
unsigned int index;
/*
* Which of the PTP_PF_xxx functions to use on this pin.
*/
unsigned int func;
/*
* The specific channel to use for this function.
* This corresponds to the 'index' field of the
* PTP_EXTTS_REQUEST and PTP_PEROUT_REQUEST ioctls.
*/
unsigned int chan;
/*
* Reserved for future use.
*/
unsigned int rsv[5];
};
#define PTP_CLK_MAGIC '='
#define PTP_CLOCK_GETCAPS _IOR(PTP_CLK_MAGIC, 1, struct ptp_clock_caps)
#define PTP_EXTTS_REQUEST _IOW(PTP_CLK_MAGIC, 2, struct ptp_extts_request)
#define PTP_PEROUT_REQUEST _IOW(PTP_CLK_MAGIC, 3, struct ptp_perout_request)
#define PTP_ENABLE_PPS _IOW(PTP_CLK_MAGIC, 4, int)
#define PTP_SYS_OFFSET _IOW(PTP_CLK_MAGIC, 5, struct ptp_sys_offset)
#define PTP_PIN_GETFUNC _IOWR(PTP_CLK_MAGIC, 6, struct ptp_pin_desc)
#define PTP_PIN_SETFUNC _IOW(PTP_CLK_MAGIC, 7, struct ptp_pin_desc)
#define PTP_SYS_OFFSET_PRECISE \
_IOWR(PTP_CLK_MAGIC, 8, struct ptp_sys_offset_precise)
struct ptp_extts_event {
struct ptp_clock_time t; /* Time event occured. */
unsigned int index; /* Which channel produced the event. */
unsigned int flags; /* Reserved for future use. */
unsigned int rsv[2]; /* Reserved for future use. */
};
#endif
``` |
Hitchin () is a market town in the North Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire, England.
History
Hitchin is first noted as the central place of the Hicce people, a tribe holding 300 hides of land as mentioned in a 7th-century document, the Tribal Hidage. Hicce, or Hicca, may mean the people of the horse. The tribal name is Old English and derives from the Middle Anglian people. It has been suggested that Hitchin was the location of 'Clofesho', the place chosen in 673 by Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury during the Synod of Hertford, the first meeting of representatives of the fledgling Christian churches of Anglo-Saxon England, to hold annual synods of the churches as Theodore attempted to consolidate and centralise Christianity in England.
By 1086 Hitchin is described as a Royal Manor in Domesday Book: the feudal services of avera and inward, usually found in the eastern counties, especially Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire, were due from the sokemen, but the manor of Hitchin was unique in levying inward. Evidence has been found to suggest that the town was once provided with an earthen bank and ditch fortification, probably in the early tenth century but this did not last. The modern spelling of the town first appears in 1618 in the "Hertfordshire Feet of Fines".
The name of the town also is associated with the small river that runs through it, most picturesquely in front of the east end of St. Mary's Church, the town's parish church. The river is noted on maps as the River Hiz. Contrary to how most people now pronounce the name, that is to say as spelt, the 'z' is an abbreviated character for a 'tch' sound in the Domesday Book (as in the name of the town). It would have been pronounced 'River Hitch'. The Hicca Way is an walking route along the River Hiz Valley, believed to have been used for trade between the Danes and English in the Anglo-Saxon age. It is also likely that Hitch Wood, which lies some south of the town also derives its name from the Hicce tribe, who gave their name to Hitchin.
St. Mary's Church is remarkably large for a town of its size and was once a Minster. The size of the church is evidence of how Hitchin prospered from the wool trade. It is the largest parish church in Hertfordshire. Most of the church dates from the 15th century, with its tower dating from around 1190. During the laying of a new floor in the church in 1911, foundations of a more ancient church building were found. In form, they appear to be a basilican church of a 7th-century type, with a later enlarged chancel and transepts, perhaps added in the 10th century. This makes the church older than the story (not recorded before the 15th century) that the church was founded by Offa, king of Mercia 757-796.
In 1697, Hitchin (and the nearby village of Offley) were subject to what is thought to have been the most severe hailstorm in recorded British history. Hailstones over 4 inches in diameter were reported.
In the High Medieval Period the town was surrounded by open arable fields, divided into shotts and narrow strips, that survived into the early 19th century.
The town flourished on the wool trade, the sheep being pastured on the high hills to the south, and, located near the Icknield Way, by the 17th century was a staging post for coaches coming from London. By the middle of the 19th century the railway had arrived, and with it a new way of life for Hitchin. Hitchin established itself as a major centre for grain trading after the Corn Exchange was built in the market place in 1853.
The latter half of the 20th century has also brought great changes in communication to Hitchin. Motorways have shortened the journey time and brought Luton, a few miles away on the M1, and the A1 (M) even closer. By the close of the 20th century, Hitchin had developed a strong commuter interest being midway between London and Cambridge. Hitchin also developed a fairly strong Sikh community based around the Walsworth area.
During the medieval period, both a priory (Newbigging, now known as The Biggin) and a friary (now known as Hitchin Priory) were established, both of which closed during Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. They were never reformed, although The Biggin was for many years used as almshouses.
The British Schools Museum in Hitchin is home to the world's only surviving complete Lancasterian Schoolroom, which was built in 1837 to teach boys by the Lancasterian method (peer tutoring). This unique community project demonstrates the foundation of education for all.
Girton College – a pioneer in women's education – was established on 16 October 1869 under the name of College for Women at Benslow House in Hitchin, which was considered to be a convenient distance from Cambridge and London. It was thought to be less 'risky' and less controversial to locate the college away from Cambridge in the beginning. The college moved to Cambridge a few years later and adopted its present name, Girton College.
Governance
Hitchin is in the district of North Hertfordshire. There is no town council in Hitchin, which is an unparished area, administered directly by North Hertfordshire District Council, with higher order functions provided by Hertfordshire County Council. Residents elect 13 members to the North Hertfordshire District Council. There are five electoral wards in Hitchin: Bearton, Highbury, Oughton, Priory and Walsworth. The 13 Hitchin councillors on the district council meet as the Hitchin Committee.
The town is represented in Parliament by the constituency of Hitchin and Harpenden. The incumbent Conservative Party MP Bim Afolami was elected in 2017. Between 1983 and 1997 Hitchin was included in the constituency of North Hertfordshire. Before that it was in the constituency of Hitchin.
Parish
The ancient parish of Hitchin covered an extensive rural area as well as the town itself, including Langley and Preston. The parish of Hitchin was administered by its vestry, in the same way as most rural areas; no borough corporation was established for the town, despite some limited moves in that direction in the thirteenth century. Hitchin also gave its name to one of the hundreds of Hertfordshire. The Hitchin Poor Law Union was established in 1835, covering the parish of Hitchin and many of the surrounding parishes in north-western Hertfordshire, plus the parish of Holwell which was in Bedfordshire. In 1891 the parish had a population of 9510.
Local Board
In 1850 a local board of health was established for the town. Such boards were created under the Public Health Act 1848, and were focussed on improving public health in towns. The first election to the Hitchin Local Board was held on 2 May 1850. The board proceeded to build a waterworks and install new sewers for the town, which had previously used the River Hiz as a public sewer. However, the board quickly became embroiled in legal disputes with Joshua Ransom, owner of Grove Mill, who complained about the flow of water and sewage at his mill. No solution could be found which would allow the board to continue to operate, and gradually all the board members resigned.
By December 1857 the board only had three members, at which point it effectively ceased to function. New members were elected in March 1858, but none was prepared to take the declaration of office unless Ransom accepted an offer of settlement which had been put to him. He did not accept the offer and so the board became defunct, and the town was once again governed by the parish vestry alone. The Times was scathing of the Hitchin Local Board's inability to negotiate a solution, saying "...they simply resigned, like rustics of unfertile brains...". Legal action continued for some years afterwards trying to resolve who was liable for the old board's debts.
In August 1872 sanitary districts were established, with public health and local government responsibilities being given to boards of guardians of the poor law unions for all areas which did not have urban authorities (including local boards). As Hitchin's previous local board was defunct, the town therefore became part of the Hitchin Rural Sanitary District, governed by the Hitchin Board of Guardians. On 31 October 1872 a meeting was held in the town with the aim of securing a new board to allow the town to govern itself independently. A new board was eventually granted, with the first meeting being held on 24 December 1873 at the (old) Town Hall.
Hitchin Urban District
Under the Local Government Act 1894, urban sanitary districts became urban districts on 31 December 1894. Hitchin Local Board therefore became Hitchin Urban District Council. The act also stipulated that a parish could not be partly in an urban district and partly outside it. The old parish of Hitchin was therefore split, with the parts outside the urban district becoming the three separate civil parishes of Langley, Preston, and Walsworth with effect from their first parish meetings on 4 December 1894. The three new rural parishes were all included in the Hitchin Rural District.
The Urban District Council took over the existing Town Hall on Brand Street, which had been built in 1840. In 1900 the council built a new Town Hall on the opposite side of the street, incorporating a large public hall. The older building became known as Old Town Hall, but continued to serve as office space for the council in addition to the new Town Hall.
On 1 April 1921, Walsworth parish was abolished and the area was incorporated into Hitchin Urban District.
Hitchin Urban District Council was granted a coat of arms on 25 November 1936.
Hitchin Urban District was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, becoming part of the district of North Hertfordshire on 1 April 1974. No successor parish was created for the town, and so it became an unparished area.
Transport
Rail
Hitchin railway station is on the East Coast Main Line Great Northern Line, and is also on the Cambridge Line as the last stop before it diverges towards Cambridge, to the northeast of Hitchin. The station is a call on services provided by Govia Thameslink Railway under its Great Northern and Thameslink brands. These provide direct connections to Cambridge, Letchworth Garden City, Peterborough and London Kings Cross; as well as St Pancras International, Gatwick Airport, Three Bridges and Brighton. Journeys to London and Cambridge typically take 33 minutes. Journeys to Stevenage take 5 minutes, Peterborough 45 minutes, and Gatwick Airport 78 minutes.
Hitchin Rail Users Group serves as the local voluntary group actively consulting with train companies on behalf of local people.
Road
The A505, A600 and A602 roads intersect in Hitchin, which is about from the A1(M) motorway and about from the M1 motorway.
Aviation
Hitchin is about from Luton Airport, with a direct bus service linking the two. The connections are provided by National Express (number 787) and Arriva in Herts and Essex (100 Saphire services).
Buses
Hitchin is well served by local buses including Arriva, Centrebus, Grant Palmer, Stagecoach and Uno.
Education
There are several primary schools in Hitchin. Secondary education is provided at Hitchin Girls' School, Hitchin Boys' School and the Priory School. There is a campus of the North Hertfordshire College in Hitchin, and it is also the home of the Benslow Music Trust which provides music education for adults, while North Herts Music School adjoined to Hitchin Girls' School delivers music lessons & activities for children & young people.
The Emil Dale Academy is located on Wilbury Way in Hitchin. EDA is a drama school where students train and study for a BA (hons) degree in Musical Theatre in partnership with the University of Bedfordshire. The school also has a sixth form and a weekend school.
North Hertfordshire Museum has an extensive collection that tells the story of the town and wider area from prehistoric times. The British Schools Museum is housed in original Edwardian and Victorian school buildings.
Culture and community
In March 2013 a poll in The Times voted Hitchin the 9th best town in the UK in which to live.
Hitchin hosts an annual Arts and Music Festival with over 100 events taking place during the month. Hitchin Festival includes picnics, concerts, theatre, ghost walks, art exhibitions, comedy club, talks, summer fetes and fireworks. Since 2014, Hitchin has hosted a yarn festival.
Music plays a very big part all year round with many venues hosting regular gigs. Hitchin Folk Club is one of the longest running and most respected clubs in the country meeting at The Cricket Pavilion, Lucas Lane on Sunday evenings; Hitchin Light Orchestra, Hitchin Symphony Orchestra and Hitchin Chamber Orchestra give regular concerts often in St Mary's Church and Hitchin Band perform around the country in brass band championship competition as well as the home town.
An independent music venue, Club 85, hosts an "eclectic mix of contemporary bands and DJs" in the area.
There are three theatres in the town. The Factory Playhouse is located on Wilbury Way and is the theatre of Emil Dale Academy. They host several full-scale musicals each year with professional producers, directors, choreographers and West End musicians. The Market Theatre, Hitchin is a professional theatre, has a year-round programme including comedy plays, thrillers, historical shows, jazz nights and cocktail evenings. The Market Theatre is known for its annual Adult Panto (running between December and May) which also tours nationally. Additionally, the Queen Mother Theatre hosts the town's Bancroft Players, Big Spirit Youth Theatre and occasional visiting companies as well as Hitchin Films in the Richard Whitmore Studio.
Hitchin Market remains one of the largest in the area with general markets every Tuesday and Saturday, a bric-a-brac and collectables market on Fridays, and a Sunday Car Boot. There are also Local Produce and Crafts specialist markets on the last Saturday of each month. A Lifestyle market is held on every second Saturday of the month, while infrequently there are occasional Art Markets. Hitchin Markets is also the venue for the annual Duck Race during Hitchin Festival.
The town centre has a wealth of independent retailers in food and drink and fashion and the historic core is a place to find niche boutiques. Since 1995, Hitchin has benefited from award-winning town centre management and in 2009 established one of Hertfordshire's first Business Improvement Districts.
In 2019 the town's centre was a finalist for England in the Visa/UK Government Great British High Street Awards.
There are a number of organisations for young people, including 1066 Hitchin Squadron ATC, Hitchin Army Cadets, Sea Cadets Letchworth and Hitchin, as well as various scouting groups.
The main burial ground for the town is Hitchin Cemetery on St. John's Road.
Hitchin is twinned with:
Nuits-St-Georges, France
Bingen am Rhein, Germany
Sport in Hitchin
Rugby Union
Hitchin Rugby Club was founded in 1954 and competes in rugby union at all age levels within the Hitchin area. This includes teams at ages 7 to 12, 13 to 17, under 19s, seniors, over 35s, and a Ladies side.
The club's highlights have included playing at Twickenham in the final of the national Junior RFU Cup in 1993 and the establishment of the country's first Academy. Currently membership stands at over 500 people. The club are also active as a voluntary group with their community development programme.
Association Football
Hitchin Town F.C. was established in 1865 and later reformed in 1928. It is one of only three clubs who competed in the inaugural FA Cup, paying the then £25 entry fee (£2,892 in 2019 adjusted for inflation), and continue to compete. They claim to be the second oldest club in English football, but some dispute this due to the reformation in the 1920s.
The side currently compete in the Southern League Premier Division Central, the seventh tier of English football. The club play at 4,554-capacity ground Top Field, in the north of the town, and came close to achieving promotion in the late 2010s, but have recently come into a more troubled spell.
Their highlights include wins in the F.A. Cup against higher ranked sides Hereford United in 1994 and Bristol Rovers in 1995 during which period they developed a reputation for "giant-killing".
The side count Hitchin-born England international Jack Wilshere among their supporters. Wilshire studied at the Priory School in the town and now runs a youth scheme called the Jack Wilshere Soccer School.
The club were featured by Sky Sports during their coverage of Non-League Day 2019 (taking place on 12 October each year), with the broadcaster following the match day experience at the club.
Other sports
Hitchin is also home to Blueharts Hockey Club, a leading club since 1946, with 7 men's teams and 7 women's team plus a thriving junior section. It also houses Hitchin Cricket Club, which has been an important cricket club within the area since 1866.
Hitchin Swimming Club are based locally and competes at local, county and regional level.
The Hitchin Nomads Cycling Club, which caters for many competitive and non-competitive cycling disciplines, was formed in the town in 1931. It is affiliated to British Cycling, the Cyclists' Touring Club, Cycling time trials and local cycling associations. Notable former members include pre-eminent cycling travel writer Harold Briercliffe and Max Pendleton, father of Olympic gold-medallist and track cycling World Champion Victoria Pendleton.
Formed in 2003 and known as FVS TRI until November 2009, Team Trisports is a Hitchin-based triathlon club. In addition to triathlon, the club an England Athletics and British Cycling affiliate.
Hitchin Running Club was formed in 2008 and is one of the most popular clubs in the town. They enjoy a large fan base and many local people of all abilities take part in the social activities. They are based at the rugby club and are a not for profit organisation.
Districts of Hitchin
Bearton
Benslow
Poets Estate
Purwell
Sunnyside
Walsworth
West Hitchin
Westmill
Nearby settlements
Ickleford is a village situated on the northern outskirts of Hitchin, and to the south are St Ippolyts, Charlton and Gosmore. The nearest towns are Letchworth, Baldock, Stevenage and Luton.
Notable people
Filmography
Mike Leigh's 1982 film Home Sweet Home for BBC Television was set in Hitchin.
Part of the 2010 BBC TV series Just William was filmed at the British Schools Museum.
Scenes from the BBC drama series Doctor Foster were filmed in Hitchin.
The Channel 4 science fiction TV series Humans was also filmed in the town.
BBC One "Lens" idents have been filmed at Windmill Hill in Hitchin.
Scenes from 2022 film My Policeman were filmed at Hitchin Swimming Centre.
Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East and ITV Anglia. Television signals are received from the Sandy Heath TV transmitter. The town's local radio stations are BBC Three Counties Radio on 90.4 FM and Heart Hertfordshire (originally BOB FM) on 106.9 FM. The local newspapers are The Comet and Hertfordshire Mercury.
References
External links
Hitchin Historical Society
Hitchin Society
Historical Map of Hitchin Pubs, an interactive map of Hitchin public houses both current and closed.
Towns in Hertfordshire
Market towns in Hertfordshire
Unparished areas in Hertfordshire
Former civil parishes in Hertfordshire
North Hertfordshire District |
Francis Stacker Dutton CMG (18 October 1818 – 25 January 1877) was the seventh Premier of South Australia, serving twice, firstly in 1863 and again in 1865.
History
Dutton was born at Cuxhaven, Germany, where his father was British vice-consul, in 1818. He was educated at Hofwyl College, near Bern in Switzerland, and afterwards at the high school at Bremen in Germany. At 17, he went to Brazil as a junior clerk and was there for about five years, in Bahia and Rio de Janeiro.
In 1839, he joined his older brothers Hampden, Pelham and Frederick in Sydney, went overland to Melbourne, and followed mercantile pursuits for about 18 months, He then joined his brother Frederick at Adelaide and in 1842 or early in 1843, discovered copper at Kapunda, 45 miles north of Adelaide. He showed the specimen he had found to Captain Charles Bagot, who produced a similar specimen that his son had found in the same locality. The land was purchased and samples were sent to England, which showed a high percentage of copper. Dutton visited England in 1845 and sold his interest in the mine for a large sum. While in London, he prepared for publication his South Australia and its Mines, a work of 360 pages, a valuable contemporary account of the new colony published in 1846.
Dutton returned to South Australia in 1847 and in 1849, became a member of the Adelaide board of city commissioners. In 1850 Dutton wrote 'Constitution fuer Suedaustralien: Gesetz zur bessern Regierung der australischen Colonien Ihrer Majestaet' (In English: Constitution for South Australia: Act for the better government of Her Majesty's Australian Colonies) to bring discussions on the formation of a constitution in South Australia to the attention of German settlers.
He was elected a member of the Legislative Council for East Adelaide in 1851 and sat until 1857, when he was elected to the House of Assembly as member for City of Adelaide (9 March 1857 to 18 March 1860) and then for Light (19 March 1860 to 22 Apr 1862; and 17 November 1862 to 28 September 1865). He was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration in the Hanson government from 30 September 1857 to 2 June 1859, and was premier from 4 to 15 July 1863. He formed his second cabinet on 22 March 1865 and was premier and commissioner of public works until 20 September of the same year, when he became agent-general in London for South Australia. He was a good linguist, able to speak French, German and Portuguese, and had an excellent knowledge of business which enabled him to carry out his duties with success until his death on 25 January 1877.
Recognition
Dutton was made a Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1872. He was also a Fellow of the Geographical Society, Associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers, and a Member of both the Royal Institution of Great Britain and Colonial Institute.
Dutton's Bluff, later Dutton Bluff, a hill some 66 km north-west of Quorn, was named for him and the Victorian government botanist named Eremophila duttonii in his honour.
Family
Dutton married Caroline MacDermott (ca.1822 – 1 June 1855), a daughter of Marshall MacDermott on 7 November 1849; they had two sons and a daughter:
Francis "Frank" MacDermott Dutton (1850 – c. 9 May 1932)
Caroline Birch Dutton (15 August 1852 – 1950) married barrister Charles Thomas Mitchell in Norland, Middlesex on 17 August 1878. Her portrait was painted by Carlile Henry Hayes Macartney
Sir Frederick Dutton (14 April 1855 – c. 10 October 1930), solicitor of Wilkins, Blyth, Dutton and Hartley, married Beatrice Aimee Bridger MBE (1863 – 1 August 1928) in 1883.
William Hampden Dutton (1805–1849), pastoralist of Anlaby Station and miner at Kapunda, was a brother, as was pastoralist and parliamentarian Frederick Hansborough Dutton (1812–1890).
Note: William Dutton (1811–1878), sometimes referred to as "William Pelham Dutton", ship's captain, whaler and pioneer of Portland, Victoria, was not closely related. Author Geoffrey Dutton, great-grandson of W. H. Dutton, warned against this confusion in his article on F. S. Dutton in the Australian Dictionary of Biography. For his relationship to other people prominent in the history of South Australia see separate article.
References
Sources
Parliament of South Australia - Dutton
South Australian Register and South Australian Advertiser, 29 January 1877.
F. Dutton (1846), South Australia and its Mines, London: T. and W. Boone.
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Premiers of South Australia
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
1818 births
1877 deaths
19th-century Australian politicians
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council |
Darowne is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Opole Lubelskie, within Opole Lubelskie County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Opole Lubelskie and west of the regional capital Lublin.
References
Darowne |
The Pleiades are a volcanic group in northern Victoria Land of Antarctica. It consists of youthful cones and domes with Mount Atlas/Mount Pleiones, a small stratovolcano formed by three overlapping cones, being the dominant volcano and rising above the Evans Névé plateau. Two other named cones are Alcyone Cone and Taygete Cone, the latter of which has been radiometrically dated to have erupted during the Holocene. A number of tephra layers across Antarctica have been attributed to eruptions of this volcanic group, including several that may have occurred within the last few hundred years.
Geography and geomorphology
The Pleiades are located at the crest of the Transantarctic Mountains, away from the coast of Lady Newnes Bay, Ross Sea. The volcanoes are located between Evans Neve and the beginning of Mariner Glacier, which drains Evans Neve southeastwards towards the Ross Sea. The volcanic group is named after the Pleiades star cluster in the constellation Taurus; the name was assigned to them by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition.
The volcanic group is formed by several steep, small volcanic cones and lava domes that emerge from the ice of Evans Neve over a long area. Most are nameless with the exception of the central Taygete Cone, Alcyone Cone just south of Taygete and the pair of high Mount Pleiones and c. high Mount Atlas in the southern sector. Mount Atlas and Mount Pleiones form a compound stratovolcano which is the principal volcano of The Pleiades. Mount Atlas is formed by three separate cones that rise above the ice. Dykes, lava and scoria flows are found on these cones, the youngest of which has a semicircular crater. and scoria cones dot its flanks. At the foot of Mount Atlas are moraines with the form of ridges and there are moraines within one of its craters as well. The summit of Mount Pleiones features nested craters.
Alcyone Cone lies north of Mount Atlas. It is only slightly lower than Mount Atlas but is much smaller. It has two poorly defined craters and consists of lava flows covered with scree and volcanic bombs when not buried under snow. Taygete Cone north of Mount Atlas appears to be a lava dome bearing traces of hydrothermal alteration and of a small crater. Apart from the lava flows which make up most of Mount Atlas, pyroclastic rocks have been encountered at The Pleiades. The other cones are partly buried by snow and some have breached or otherwise eroded craters.
The volcanoes have alternatively been described as eroded or uneroded. The young appearance of the edifices indicates a young age of The Pleiades volcanoes. The volcanoes have been prospected for the possibility to generate geothermal energy but the presence of a good heat source is unlikely. An aeromagnetic anomaly has been correlated to the volcano group. The cones form an arcuate alignment that might reflect the existence of a wide caldera to their southeast.
Geology
The Pleiades belong to the McMurdo Volcanic Group and more specifically to the Melbourne volcanic province, which extends from Mount Melbourne to The Pleiades and Malta Plateau. These consist of the Cenozoic volcanoes of northern Victoria Land which form alignments and lineaments possibly controlled by deep fractures, and which are subdivided into a "Central Suite" consisting of large stratovolcanoes and a "Local Suite" consisting of other volcanic centres. Among the volcanoes of the McMurdo Volcanic Group are the large volcanoes Mount Overlord, Mount Melbourne and in the area of The Pleiades the Malta Plateau. Volcanic activity began about 107 million years ago. Earlier volcanic activity began during the Cretaceous, when the West Antarctic Rift System became active.
The basement underneath the volcanoes consists of Precambrian and Paleozoic sedimentary and intrusive rocks. The former are mostly represented by the Bowers Group/Bowers Supergroup and the Robertson Bay Group north of the volcanic complex and the latter by the Granite Harbour and Admiralty Intrusives mostly south of the volcanic complex. A major local fault system passes northeast of the volcanoes and roughly follows the path of the Mariner Glacier, while the Lanternman Fault passes southwest of them. Some of these faults formed during the Ross Orogeny, when three terranes collided to form northern Victoria Land; The Pleiades are located on the Bowers Terrane. Faults may also govern the position of The Pleiades volcanoes.
Composition
Basanite, basalt, benmoreite, hawaiite, phonolite, trachyandesite, trachyte and tristanite have been recovered from The Pleiades. These volcanic rocks define two separate sodium and potassium-rich magma suites and may originate from separate levels of the same magma chamber or through fractional crystallization. Ultimately, these magmas originate from a metasomatized mantle and were altered through assimilation of crustal material as they ascended. Overall, these volcanic rocks define one of the most complete magmatic series of the McMurdo Volcanic Group. It is possible that the volcanoes first erupted trachyte and later basalts, but later findings indicate that the two suites were erupted simultaneously. Phenocrysts include anorthoclase, apatite, augite, biotite, kaersutite, magnetite, oligoclase and olivine. Essexite, granodiorite, granite and syenite xenoliths also occur. Hydrothermal alteration at Taygete Cone has produced hematite and sulfur which coat and stain bleached trachyte.
Eruption history
The oldest dated rocks are 847,000 ± 12,000 years old. Eruptions took place about 825,000 years ago and emplaced trachytes in the central part of the field; even older eruptions may have occurred but are now buried underneath of snow and ice. Three more eruptions occurred in the subsequent 700,000 years before activity began to increase after 100,000 years. Potassium-argon dating has yielded imprecise ages of 40,000 ± 50,000 for Mount Atlas and 20,000 ± 40,000 and 12,000 ± 40,000 for other volcanic cones. Later argon-argon dating has yielded ages of less than 100,000 years for lavas on Mount Atlas and for a lava east of Taygete, and ages of about 45,000 years for Alcyone and two more lava flows on Mount Atlas. The Pleiones-Atlas complex may have last erupted 20,000 ± 7,000 years ago.
Tephra deposits have been found in Antarctica which may originate at The Pleiades. These include:
Eemian-age tephras in Taylor Glacier and Talos Dome, although some of the latter may originate at Mount Rittmann instead.
One tephra layer emplaced about 50,000 years ago at a blue-ice area at Frontier Mountain.
Several tens of thousands of years old tephra layers at Lewis Cliff/Beardmore Glacier probably originate at The Pleiades.
26,00022,000 years old tephra in the Ross Sea, which was emplaced when part of the Ross Sea was ice-free.
16,00015,000 years old tephra layers in Talos Dome.
Tephra layers at Hercules Neve and Talos Dome, of probably Holocene age.
A volcanic glass layer at Siple Dome dated to 12861292 AD. A tephra layer from 1254 AD was later correlated to Mount Rittmann.
Tephras in ice cores that date to 17761885 AD, including one tephra layer at Siple Dome dated to about 1809.
Finally, a major eruption may have occurred either at The Pleiades or at Mount Melbourne between 1880–1980.
The youngest ages of 6,000 ± 6,000 and 3,000 ± 14,000 years ago have been obtained on Taygete, which together with the youthful texture of this dome indicates a young age for The Pleiades, despite the imprecise dates. The presence of pumice lapilli has been taken as evidence of very recent activity in the form of a moderate pumice eruption. Presently, only minor fumarolic activity has been reported. Future eruptions are possible and The Pleiades are not monitored, but they are also remote from any research station.
See also
List of volcanoes in Antarctica
References
Sources
Stratovolcanoes
Volcanoes of Victoria Land
Active volcanoes
Pennell Coast |
The Dr. John R. Drish House, also known simply as the Drish House, is a historic plantation house in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States. It is considered by state preservationists to be one of the most distinctive mixes of the Greek Revival and Italianate styles in Alabama. First recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1934, it was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on July 31, 1975, and subsequently to the state's "Places in Peril" listing in 2006. It was listed as Jemison School-Drish House on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.
Construction
The large stuccoed brick mansion was built at the center of a plantation on the edge of town for Dr. John R. Drish in 1837. Drish, a native of Virginia, was among the earliest settlers of Tuscaloosa, settling there in 1822. A widower himself, he married a wealthy widow, Sarah Owen McKinney, in 1835. By that time he had a successful physician's practice and worked as a building contractor, with many skilled slave artisans. These slaves executed much of the early plasterwork in Tuscaloosa.
Built for Drish by his slave artisans, the first early incarnation of the house is usually credited to the influence of state architect William Nichols. The exterior of the house, as completed in 1837, featured full width, monumental Doric porticoes to the front and rear, with two-story pilasters dividing each bay on all four sides.
The house was extensively remodeled in the Italianate-style prior to the American Civil War, with a three-story brick tower being added, the front columns changed to the Ionic order, brackets being added to the eaves and overhangs, and two-story cast iron side porches to each side. John Drish died in 1867, reportedly from a fall down a stairway, and Sarah Drish died in 1884.
Subsequent history
The mansion changed hands several times after the death of Sarah Drish; while it was still a residence the surrounding property was sold and subdivided to create Tuscaloosa's first major expansion. The structure eventually came to be owned by the Tuscaloosa Board of Education, who opened the Jemison School in the house in 1906. The house continued to be used as a school until 1925, after which it was purchased for use as a parts warehouse for Charles Turner's Tuscaloosa Wrecking Company. It was during its use as a parts warehouse that Walker Evans took his famous photograph of it in 1935 or 1936, displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
In 1940, it was purchased by the Southside Baptist Church, which added a sanctuary abutting the house on one side and a detached Sunday school building on the other. The church retained it for the rest of the 20th century. It was eventually threatened by proposed demolition in 1994, but was leased to the Heritage Commission of Tuscaloosa County instead by former church members when the church became defunct in 1995. The house was in a state of disrepair by 2006, when it was added to the "Places in Peril" listing by the Alabama Historical Commission and Alabama Trust For Historic Preservation. It was deeded to the Tuscaloosa County Preservation Society in July 2007; the group has made efforts to stabilize the structure and hopes to raise enough funding for its eventual restoration. They had the church additions demolished in 2009. In 2012 the Drish House was purchased by Nika McCool of Past Horizons LLC. Renovations continued on the exterior and interior of the house through May 2016, when it opened as an event venue.
Folklore
The house has been the site of purported hauntings since the early 20th century. It was featured in Kathryn Tucker Windham and Margaret Gillis Figh's book 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey, in the short story "Death Lights in the Tower." Alleged supernatural events over the years have included people reportedly seeing the third-story tower on fire, when no fire is present, and ghostly lights coming out of the house.
See also
Reportedly haunted locations in Alabama
National Register of Historic Places listings in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama
References
External links
Greek Revival houses in Alabama
Italianate architecture in Alabama
Plantation houses in Alabama
Houses in Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Reportedly haunted locations in Alabama
Houses completed in 1862
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Historic American Buildings Survey in Alabama
1862 establishments in Alabama
National Register of Historic Places in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama |
Sam J. Brooks is a politician from Botswana. He is the Member of Parliament for Kgalagadi South for the Botswana Democratic Party.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Botswana Democratic Party politicians
21st-century Botswana politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Botswana) |
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