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Mohamed Hassad (, born November 17, 1952) is a Moroccan engineer and politician, formerly serving as Minister of the Interior in the government of Abdelilah Benkirane. He later served as Minister of Education before being fired in 2017. Biography Hassad was born in the Berber town of Tafraout in the Sous region on 17 November 1952. He moved to Paris to study engineering, graduating from the École Polytechnique in 1974 and from the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées in 1976. He then held several prominent positions, notably in the field of equipment. Between 1993 and 1995 he served as Minister of Public Works, Vocational Training, and Professional Training in successive governments under Mohammed Karim Lamrani and Abdellatif Filali. On January 31, 1995, he was appointed CEO of Morocco's national airline Royal Air Maroc before being elected President of the International Air Transport Association in 1997. On July 27, 2001, Hassad was appointed by King Mohammed VI as Wali of the Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz region. He was named Wali of the Tangier-Tetouan region and governor of the Tangier-Assilah Prefecture in June 2005. Hassad was named President of the supervisory board of the Tanger-Med Special Agency in November 1992. References 1952 births École Polytechnique alumni École des Ponts ParisTech alumni Government ministers of Morocco Living people Moroccan Muslims Moroccan Berber politicians Shilha people
Turris hidalgoi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids. Description The length of the fusiform shell reaches 70 mm. Distribution This marine species occurs off the Philippines. References Vera-Pelaez, J. L., Vega-Luz, R. & Lozano-Francisco, M. C. (2000). Five new species of the genus Turris Roding, 1798 (Gastropoda; Turridae; Turrinae) of the Philippines and one new species of the southern Indo-Pacific. Malakos [Revista de la Asociacióon Malacolóogica Andaluza]. Monografia 2, 1-29. Kilburn R.N., Fedosov A.E. & Olivera B.M. (2012) Revision of the genus Turris Batsch, 1789 (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae) with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 3244: 1-58. External links hidalgoi Gastropods described in 2000
Patrina Allen (born 17 April 1975) is a Jamaican hurdler. She competed in the 400 metres hurdles at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics. References External links 1975 births Living people Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics Jamaican female hurdlers Olympic athletes for Jamaica
Hertenstein may refer to: Hertenstein, Lucerne, a village part of the municipality of Weggis, Canton of Lucerne, Switzerland Hertensteiner Programm Hertenstein, Aargau, a village in the municipality of Obersiggenthal, Canton of Aargau, Switzerland Ruine Hertenstein, the ruin of a castle at Sigmaringen, Germany Hertenstein Castle, the ruin of a castle near Blaufelden, Germany People with the surname Wilhelm Hertenstein (1825-1888), member of the Swiss Federal Council (1879-1888) See also Hartenstein (disambiguation)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ohio refers to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and its members in Ohio. The official church membership as a percentage of general population was 0.52% in 2014. According to the 2014 Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey, roughly 1% of Ohioans self-identify themselves most closely with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The LDS Church is the 14th largest denomination in Ohio. Stakes are located in Akron, Cincinnati (3), Cleveland, Columbus (4), Dayton (3), Kirtland, Toledo, Youngstown, and Zanesville. History Kirtland, Ohio, became LDS Church headquarters from 1831 to 1838 and at its peak, Kirtland was home to 3,200 members. In 1979, the Church acquired the Newel K. Whitney store, which is now a popular historic site. About 100,000 people, mostly church members, visit the site annually and it was given a $15 million facelift to renovate and rebuild 10 buildings. Stakes As of August 2023, the following stakes ware located in Ohio: Historic Sites Many of the church's historic sites in Ohio are in the northeastern part of the state. This includes Kirtland, where the church was headquartered in the 1830s. Amherst, Ohio East Branch of the Chagrin River Fairport Harbor Hyrum Smith home Joseph Smith Properties Kirtland Flats Schoolhouse Kirtland Historic North Cemetery Kirtland Temple and Visitors’ Center Kirtland Visitors Center for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints John Johnson Farm near Hiram, Ohio Morley Farm in Kirtland, Ohio Newel K. and Elizabeth Ann Whitney Home N. K. Whitney & Co. Store Orange Township Sawmill and Ashery in Kirtland Stannard Quarry near Kirtland, Ohio Thompson Township Kirtland Camp Historical Marker near Dayton, Ohio Missions Ohio Cincinnati Mission Ohio Columbus Mission Temples The Kirtland Temple was used by the main body of the church from 1836 to 1838. Unlike current operating LDS temples, the Kirtland Temple was used primarily for religious meetings rather than ordinance work. At the time of construction, none of the ordinances associated with LDS temple worship, such as baptism by proxy, had been instituted. It is currently owned and operated by Community of Christ. The Columbus Ohio Temple was dedicated on September 4, 1999, by President Gordon B. Hinckley. The Cleveland Ohio Temple was announced on April 3, 2022, by President Russell M. Nelson. See also The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership statistics (United States) Ohio: Religion References External links Newsroom (Ohio) ComeUntoChrist.org Latter-day Saints Visitor site The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Official site Ohio
The Union Pacific Athletic Club in Laramie, Wyoming, was built in 1928. Also known as Gray's Gables and as the Quadra Dangle Square Dance Clubhouse, it was built in log cabin style by Mads Justesen and Jack Haugum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. References External links Union Pacific Athletic Club (Gray's Gables) at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office Buildings and structures completed in 1928 Buildings and structures in Laramie, Wyoming Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming Men's club buildings National Register of Historic Places in Albany County, Wyoming
Gusti Ngurah Made Pemecutan (died 1810) was a King in Badung who created the province of Badung and conquered Jembrana in the late 18th century. External links About Badung - Bali Sawadee 1810 deaths Indonesian Hindu monarchs Balinese people Year of birth unknown 18th-century Indonesian people 19th-century Indonesian people
Catfish Creek is a tributary of the upper Mississippi River in Dubuque County, Iowa. The governments within the watershed have a say in the managing body of the creek, the Catfish Creek Watershed Management Authority. The authority's goal is to promote education on managing the system and fixing issues like the environment. Geography It rises southwest of Dubuque, just southeast of Peosta. The Middle Fork rises west of Dubuque and flows under and then parallel to U.S. Route 20; the former Illinois Central Railroad, now the Chicago Central and Pacific Railroad has its mainline in it. Swiss Valley Park, maintained by Dubuque County, is along the main fork of the creek, which is a designated trout stream through the park. The Catfish Creek's drainage basin covers about 9,300 acres of land. Within it are parts of Dubuque, Centralia, Peosta, and Asbury. History The last American Indians to live in the area were the Meskwaki. In the 1700s, they settled to the mouth and traded fur with the French. After Julien Dubuque's death, the Meskwaki briefly retook the land but later had to give it up due to the Black Hawk Treaty. Extreme timbering and other exploitations of the lands ensued shortly afterwards. Erosion and eutrophication are issues for the South Fork. Trails have also been proposed for the Catfish Creek. See also List of rivers of Iowa References Tributaries of the Mississippi River Rivers of Iowa Dubuque, Iowa Rivers of Dubuque County, Iowa
The Belfast Dock strike or Belfast lockout took place in Belfast, Ireland from 26 April to 28 August 1907. The strike was called by Liverpool-born trade union leader James Larkin who had successfully organised the dock workers to join the National Union of Dock Labourers (NUDL). The dockers, both Protestant and Catholic, had gone on strike after their demand for union recognition was refused. They were soon joined by carters, shipyard workers, sailors, firemen, boilermakers, coal heavers, transport workers, and women from the city's largest tobacco factory. Most of the dock labourers were employed by powerful tobacco magnate Thomas Gallaher, chairman of the Belfast Steamship Company and owner of Gallaher's Tobacco Factory. The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) later mutinied when ordered to escort the blackleg drivers of traction engines used to replace the striking carters. Order was eventually restored when British Army troops were deployed. Although largely unsuccessful, the dock strike led to the establishment of the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union. Former Irish Labour Party leader Ruairi Quinn described the Belfast strike as having been a "major event in the early years of the trade union movement" Background to the strike Belfast in the early 20th-century was a flourishing centre of industry with shipbuilding, engineering and linen-manufacturing the main sources of the city's economic lifeblood. Its skilled workforce of shipyard workers and engineers earned wages and enjoyed working conditions comparable with the rest of the United Kingdom. Additionally, they enjoyed the security of trade union membership. For the unskilled workers, such as dock labourers and carters, it was a completely different story. They worked up to 75 hours a week in conditions which were dangerous and unsanitary, without holidays. The pay was low and employment was erratic and uncertain. Unlike the skilled workers, these labourers had no trade union to look after their interests. The men who worked in the docks lived in Sailortown, a community adjacent to the Docks which had a population of 5,000, excluding the transient sailors who swelled the numbers. This mixed Protestant and Catholic populace was packed into tiny streets of red-bricked terraced houses that were built between the docks and York Street. They were damp, airless, overcrowded and poorly lit. Poverty, hunger and disease was rife. Women and children were compelled to work long, arduous hours in the linen mills and cigarette factories. Most families in Sailortown had men who were merchant seamen; with boys as young as 14 going off to sea. The other men obtained unskilled work on the waterfront as dockers, carters and coal heavers. By this time there were 3,100 dock labourers, 2,000 of whom were casual workers or "spellsmen" hired on a daily basis at low pay. Whilst Protestants and Catholics held the same jobs, the sectarian attitudes which dominated every aspect of life in Belfast ensured that Protestant dockers worked in the cross-channel docks where employment was more regular whilst Catholic dockers were made to work in the more dangerous deep sea docks, where the casualty rate was the highest. They were also the first to be laid off when labour cutbacks were required. Author John Gray in his book, City in Revolt: James Larkin and the Belfast Dock Strike of 1907 described the differences in wages earnings and the standard of living between the skilled and unskilled workers as "a yawning abyss, unequalled anywhere else in the United Kingdom". It was into this environment and social milieu that trade union leader James Larkin (a Liverpool-born Irish Catholic) arrived in January 1907. He was sent to Belfast by James Sexton, head of the National Union of Dock Labourers (NUDL), with the aim of bringing the dock workers and carters into the union. Addressing crowds of people on the steps of Belfast's Custom House, he vociferously articulated the grievances of the working classes. Due to his charismatic personality and considerable oratorial skill, Larkin succeeded in unionising the unskilled Protestant and Catholic workers. The lockout By April 1907, Larkin had recruited 2,000 workers into the NUDL union; in May the number had reached 4,500. The massive wave of labour strikes which would bring chaos to Belfast throughout the summer commenced on 26 April at Samuel Davidson's Sirocco Engineering Works in East Belfast with a walk-out by non-union workers demanding higher wages. The union members amongst Sirocco's employees were promptly sacked and the rest of the workers were each obliged to sign a document pledging not to join a trade union. The next strike occurred on Queen's Quay by employees of the coal merchant Samuel Kelly. This was after he had dismissed union members from his workforce and Larkin called for the rest of the coal workers to go on strike. On 6 May, dockers working on the SS Optic owned by Belfast Steamship Company also went out on strike after refusing to work alongside non-union members. Most of the dockers in Belfast were employees of magnate Thomas Gallaher who owned Gallaher's Tobacco Factory and served as chairman of Belfast Steamship Company. Gallaher and Kelly were forewarned about the strike, and had sent to Dublin for 50 blackleg dockers and coal heavers to fill the strikers' places. Feeling that a strike was premature at this point in time, Larkin sent the dockers and coal heavers back to work. Upon their return, however, the men discovered that they were locked out with the imported blacklegs working in their stead. The locked-out NUDL dockers and coal heavers proceeded to force the blacklegs away from the Belfast Steamship Company's sheds and the coal merchant's quay. Although Kelly gave in and recognised his workers' rights to union membership, when Gallaher sacked seven women for attending a meeting held by Larkin, one thousand female employees of his tobacco factory walked out of their workplace in a display of solidarity on 16 May. They marched to a strike meeting held that afternoon in Corporation Square. The women, however, were compelled to return to work the following day. Although Larkin had called on them to join a trade union, neither the NUDL nor any other trade union could admit such a high number of new members at one time. Additionally, no financial assistance was available to the women, many of whom had families to support. Thomas Gallaher refused to recognise the NUDL and had hundreds of blackleg dockers working on Donegall Quay under the protection of the RIC and troops deployed by Belfast's Lord Mayor Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury. Larkin denounced Gallaher in speeches as an "obscene scoundrel". Gallaher for his part lamented that "the whole business is, I think, due to the uprising of socialism". In mid-June 500 coal heavers from other firms went out, demanding higher wages. As the end of June approached, more than 3000 dockers were on strike, including 300 from the cross-channel companies, most of which were owned by powerful British railway magnates. As unrest among Belfast's workers grew, the strike soon spread from the docks and quays to the rest of Belfast with shipyard workers, firemen, sailors, iron moulders, and transport workers joining the dockers. Between 5,000 and 10,000 people turned out to attend the strike meetings that were held daily outside the Custom House. The NUDL demanded an increase in wages along with union recognition and better working conditions, all of which Gallaher and the other shipping bosses adamantly refused to grant. At this stage, however, the dockers' strike was hampered by the strong police and military presence on the quays. On 1 July, Larkin decided to lead the striking dockers in a march to Belfast City Hall to put their case before the council chamber who were in session. According to a newspaper report, the dockers were "marshalled in a long column of fours, and headed by Mr. Larkin they marched in military order through the streets gathering an immense crowd at their heels". The politicians inside City Hall had to perforce admit a delegation of dockers to their meeting, but they would not make any concessions. The tide suddenly turned in the dockers' favour when carters on the railway company quays refused to transport goods unloaded from the ships by the Dublin blackleg dockers. On 4 July after submitting a general pay claim, Larkin called the thousand remaining carters of Belfast, who were employed by the 60 firms of the Master Carriers Association, out on a sympathy strike. Gallaher and the other employers had no means of getting their merchandise out of the port. The Belfast Newsletter commented on the situation with the following words: "It was remarkable to see the stagnation which existed from the Custom House to the Clarendon Dock. With the exception of an isolated van or lorry driven by the obvious amateur, there was scarcely a sign of life or movement". Soon afterwards engineers and boilermakers were striking; workplaces all over the city stopped production and shut down. The strike escalated into bitter violence when shipyard workers burnt company vans, hurled rocks at the police and attacked blacklegs with "shipyard confetti" which consisted of rivets, nuts and bolts. Blackleg workers had to be billeted aboard a ship in the Belfast Lough for their own safety. Solidarity between Protestants and Catholics The strike was characterised by unrest in working class areas of Belfast and solidarity across the sectarian divide. Given that Protestants made up the majority of Belfast's workforce, most of the strikers and local strike leaders were in fact, Protestants, although Catholics comprised a significant number. Specifically, three-quarters of Belfast's carters and three-fifths of its dockers were Protestants. That July Belfast experienced the most unusual Twelfth ever witnessed before or since. Instead of the traditional rioting and sectarian clashes which typically accompanied the Orange Order parades, the strike leaders gave public speeches defending the workers' interests against all forms of sectarianism. On the Shankill Road, a Protestant area of the city and a regular scene of sectarian clashes, on 26 July 100,000 workers marched in support of the strike in a parade that featured flute bands from both Unionist and Nationalist traditions, a very rare occurrence. The parade ended at a mass rally held outside City Hall, where 200,000 demonstrators had gathered. Although it involved members of both the Protestant and Catholic communities, the Irish Unionist Alliance establishment opposed the strike and subjected Larkin to a sectarian campaign of condemnation, aimed largely at coaxing Protestant workers away from the strike. Larkin did however secure the support of the Independent Orange Order, an offshoot of the mainstream Orange Order which at the time had close ties to the Protestant labour movement. Larkin was joined in public meetings by the Independents' Grand Master, R. Lindsay Crawford. Crawford encouraged workers to stand firm for the sake not only of organised labour, but also of "the unity of all Irishmen". Police mutiny The police mutiny broke out when the RIC were ordered to play a more participative role during their routine escort of traction engines driven by blackleg carters through the city. Blackleg carters had been recruited to drive the traction engines that had been sent to Belfast to deliver the goods which had been unable to leave the port due to the striking carters. The traction engines, equipped with makeshift armour, were almost always blocked en route by flying pickets. The RIC were enlisted to provide an escort for the blackleg carters, who constantly came under attack. In one incident in East Belfast, a crowd of shipyard workers threw a telegraph pole at a blackleg carter and his traction engine. The merchandise he had been transporting ended up in the nearby Connswater River. The policemen, however, received no extra pay for the hazardous duty which left them vulnerable to attack nor for the regular breaking up of strikers' pickets; both of which threatened to alienate them from their own communities, and in some cases their own families. On 19 July, RIC Constable William Barrett refused to sit beside the blackleg driver of a traction engine who had been promised personal police protection by his employer. After flatly refusing to obey District Inspector Thomas Keaveney when the latter ordered him to accompany the driver, he was promptly suspended. In response, 300 angry policemen attended a meeting at Musgrave Street Barracks and declared their support for the strike. A brawl instantly broke out inside the barracks when Barrett resisted attempts by RIC officers to arrest him. This led to another 800 policemen (about 70 per cent of the police force) joining the mutiny. They refused to offer any protection to the blacklegs, made no further attempts to disperse the strikers' pickets and Larkin persuaded them to carry out their own strike for higher wages and better pensions. In 1907, policemen's pay in Belfast ranged from £66, 16 shillings to £78 per annum. This was a wage just marginally above that earned by the best-paid dockers and carters. At the request of the Lord Mayor, extra British Army troops and cavalry were immediately deployed to Belfast to restore order, taking command of strategic areas such as the Docks and city centre; on 1 August nine warships sailed into Belfast Lough and martial law was quickly imposed in the city. On 2 August, four days before the police were due to go on strike, the leaders of the mutiny along with 200 dissident policemen were transferred from Belfast. Barrett and six other constables were dismissed from the RIC. The day after Barrett's dismissal, the strikers carried him from one police barracks to another; a mass demonstration followed where he addressed a crowd of 5,000 people, mainly striking workers. The police mutiny, however, was effectively crushed without their threatened strike having taken place. End of the strike The Dock strike was ultimately ended on 28 August not by Larkin but by James Sexton, the overall head of the NUDL in Britain and Ireland. Sexton found the 10 shillings a week strike payments that had to be made to the dockers crippling high and, fearing that the union might be bankrupted, negotiated with the employers before agreeing to terms that amounted to capitulation by the NUDL. These separate negotiations with the other employers left the dock labourers isolated. In the weeks leading up to the strike's termination, the Unionist press had begun to employ scare-mongering and other divisive methods to alienate the Protestant strikers from their Catholic counterparts by alluding to Irish nationalism and socialism. It also published allegations that although the Protestant strikers had largely borne the brunt of the hardships that ensued during the strike, the Catholic strikers had received larger cash payouts by the Dockers' and Carters' Strike Fund. The Irish Home Rule Movement, which had been put aside during the lockout, once again emerged as a potential threat to Irish Unionists. In mid-August during the course of a riot in the lower Falls Road, two Catholics were killed by soldiers. This struck a serious blow to working-class unity. Despite the removal of the Army from the Falls Road area the following day, working-class solidarity was damaged beyond repair. Future Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) gunrunner Frederick Crawford expressed the following sentiments in a letter he wrote to a friend regarding the Falls Road riot: "what a blessing all the rioting took place in the Catholic quarter of the city. This branded the whole thing a nationalist movement". The Belfast Telegraph, as well as Unionist and Nationalist politicians, quickly took the opportunity to exploit the centuries-old sectarian divisions and the two striking groups inevitably drifted back into their former sectarian camps. Legacy The defeat of the strike saw a move towards a more Irish-based trade unionism, with the Irish Transport & General Workers Union (ITGWU) established the following year in response to the events of Belfast. This also helped to ensure a significant increase in trade union membership amongst northern Catholics, who before the strike had tended to be less unionised than their Protestant counterparts. Such a move was seen as a problem by leading figures in the Roman Catholic Church, not least the anti-socialist Cardinal Michael Logue who warned his flock that "socialism as it is preached on the Continent, and as it has commenced to be preached in these countries, is simply irreligion and atheism". For Larkin the strike was seen as something of a triumph despite its unsatisfactory ending and it had served to establish his reputation. He would move south the following year and found that the authorities were frequently loathe to confront him, given his tough reputation and the spectre of the police mutiny that had accompanied the Belfast strike. As a result, Larkin enjoyed a high success rate in labour disputes until the Dublin Lock-out of 1913. The Sligo Dock strike of 1913 was one example of these successes. The industrial action attracted much attention, including that of John Maclean, a Scottish Marxist who came to prominence as a leader of the Red Clydeside group. Maclean was in Belfast from 1 to 3 August along with Victor Grayson and he spoke before large crowds of striking workers. Maclean was impressed by what he saw in Belfast, feeling that the strike would represent the moment in which sectarian divisions were put aside in favour of working class unity in Ireland. Furthermore, his brief time in Belfast reinvigorated his enthusiasm for the trade union movement. From his base in Glasgow Maclean had become disillusioned with trade unionism as the Glasgow dockers' unions were small and made up only of highly skilled workers who adopted the superior attitude of a "labour aristocracy". However the Belfast unions had a mass membership and for Maclean this pointed the way forward for unions as instruments of real social change and as such he took up his pen in support of the Belfast strike. Maclean would later become an enthusiastic supporter of Irish nationalism, and in declaring his support for the First Dáil he suggested that it was the culmination of a new struggle that had begun with the 1907 Dock strike. Former Irish Labour Party leader Ruairi Quinn described the Belfast Dock strike as having been a "major event in the early years of the trade union movement". In Belfast and Dublin, statues of James Larkin were erected in his honour. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the event, a stained glass window depicting the dock strike was unveiled at Belfast City Hall by the Lord Mayor, Pat McCarthy. In film The Belfast Dock strike featured in the 2012 television series Titanic: Blood and Steel; however, it contained many glaring historical inaccuracies. References Bibliography 1907 in Ireland 1907 labor disputes and strikes Labour disputes in the United Kingdom Maritime strikes Labour disputes in Ireland
Fifth Street is a census-designated place (CDP) located in the extraterritorial jurisdiction of Stafford within Fort Bend County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,486 at the 2010 census. Fifth Street is within the ZIP code 77477. Therefore, residents of Fifth Street have an address of Stafford, Texas. History By the 1980s the development or at minimum the name "Fifth Street" existed. In 2000 it had 2,059 residents. It is a bedroom community of Houston. Geography Fifth Street is in northeastern Fort Bend County, near the border with Harris County and between Missouri City and Stafford. Downtown Houston is to the northeast. Fifth Street is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which , or 1.86%, is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 2,059 people, 503 households, and 422 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 537 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 50.90% White, 5.15% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 41.23% from other races, and 2.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 90.34% of the population. There were 503 households, out of which 46.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.3% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.1% were non-families. 9.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.09 and the average family size was 4.29. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 34.0% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 15.6% from 45 to 64, and 5.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 129.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 137.4 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $29,773, and the median income for a family was $34,740. Males had a median income of $26,310 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,697. About 20.4% of families and 21.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.6% of those under age 18 and 22.6% of those age 65 or over. Government and infrastructure Fort Bend County does not have a hospital district. OakBend Medical Center serves as the county's charity hospital which the county contracts with. Education Fifth Street is within the Fort Bend Independent School District. Most residents are zoned to Armstrong Elementary School, while some are zoned to Edgar Glover Elementary School. Two secondary schools in Missouri City, Missouri City Middle School and Thurgood Marshall High School, serve Fifth Street. Before Armstrong opened in August 2008, Fifth Street was divided between Glover Elementary School, E.A. Jones Elementary School, and Quail Valley Elementary School. In 2008 Armstrong took most of Fifth Street. Prior to April 18, 1959 an elementary school in Missouri City, now E. A. Jones, existed. Quail Valley Elementary School had been occupied by August 1975. Missouri City Junior High School opened in October 1975. Glover opened on August 17, 1994. Marshall High School opened on August 15, 2002. The rebuilt E. A. Jones opened on August 27, 2007. Armstrong opened on August 25, 2008. The rebuilt Missouri City Middle School opened in August 2008. Parks and recreation Fort Bend County operates the Stafford Community Center in Fifth Street. References External links Census-designated places in Fort Bend County, Texas Census-designated places in Texas Greater Houston
The New York City Fire Commissioner is the civilian administrator of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY), appointed by the Mayor of the City of New York. There have been 34 commissioners excluding Acting Fire Commissioners, and 38 commissioners including Acting Fire Commissioners. This is since Manhattan and the Bronx consolidated with Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island to form The City of New York in 1898. The current Fire Commissioner is Laura Kavanagh, who had held the office since February 16, 2022 as interim Fire Commissioner, but on October 27, 2022, she was appointed as Fire Commissioner. Fire Commissioners of the pre-consolidated City of New York Fire Commissioners of the consolidated City of New York References External links Fire Commissioner City Of New York Government of New York City
Adam Black (8 August 1839 – 26 December 1902) was a politician in Queensland, Australia. He was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. Early life and business career Black was born in Mordington, Berwickshire, Scotland to parents George Black and his wife Marjory née Hogg. George and Marjory Black had six children: John, Agnes, Janet, Adam, George and David. In 1851 the Black family were living at Prenderguest, Ayton in Berwickshire. Black arrived in Gympie, Queensland in 1868 from New Zealand where he gained farming and mining experience. Mining career Black was one of the four pioneers of quartz mining in Gympie. They were not only successful in discovering quartz but in getting the gold to the surface in the New Zealand Reef in Gympie. Black and Gilbert Muir, later of the Nooya Plantation in Beenleigh, Queensland, owned significant gold interests in the New Zealand Reef. Muir had previously worked the New Zealand gold fields. Political career In the 1870s Black acquired a property in Logan, Queensland and settled there. He represented Logan in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 16 April 1875 to 4 October 1875. He is said to have not liked parliamentary life so did not seek re-election after the parliament was dissolved. He returned to Gympie to pursue mining operations again but did not meet with the same success as his previous efforts. Black was the president of the South Queensland Agricultural and Pastoral Association from 1875 to 1877. Personal life On 16 March 1869 in Gympie, Black married Jane Margaret Drummond Barlow. Together they had 7 sons and 2 daughters: George Barlow (1870-1925), Jenny Louise (1872-1911), Adam Robert (1874-1918), Alexander Drummond (1875-1876), Alexander (1877-1880), Margery (1879-1948), Archibald (1881-1933), Charles Ostwald (1883-1951) and Norman (1888-1955). Black died in Gympie on Friday 26 December 1902 from cancer. He was buried in the Gympie Cemetery on the afternoon of 27 December, the Reverend J. S. M'Intyre minister of the Presbyterian Church, conducted the services at the grave side. Logan residence Architect Charles Smith designed Black's 'Italianate' style home on the Albert in the Logan region in Queensland. Smith had previously worked the New Zealand gold fields. Jane Margaret Drummon Barlow Jane was born Margaret Drummond in Perthshire, Scotland, in 1850. Her mother died in Melbourne's Tent Town soon after arriving in Melbourne, Australia in 1853, and her father six months later. In 1855 at the age of five Jane was adopted by entertainer William Robert Barlow and his wife Jane. She was renamed Jane Margaret Drummond Barlow. References Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly 1841 births 1902 deaths Politicians from Queensland 19th-century Australian politicians
The Mystic is a 1925 American MGM silent drama film directed by Tod Browning, who later directed MGM's Freaks (1932). It was co-written by Browning and Waldemar Young, writing a similar storyline to their earlier 1925 hit film The Unholy Three. Browning was unable however to hire his favorite star Lon Chaney this time around, and The Mystic wound up a little-known film with a cast of now-forgotten names. Aileen Pringle's gowns in the film were by already famous Romain de Tirtoff (known as Erté). A print of the film exists. Plot As described in a film magazine reviews, Zara is a gypsy rogue who joins with confederate Zazarack to aid Michael Nash, the crooked guardian of heiress Doris Merrick, to gain control of her estate by way of fake seances. Jimmie Barton with the aid of Zara and her gypsies succeeds in swindling the Wall Street financier out of his fortune. Jimmie tries to tell Zara that he loves her. In a fight with her confederates, he proves his love for her. Zara and her band are captured by the police, and Jimmie escapes with the loot. Zara’s suitor tries to get her to marry him, but seeing the hopelessness of his cause, he notifies Jimmie. They are reconciled after Jimmie returns the stolen money. Cast Home video After years of being a VHS exclusive, The Criterion Collection announced a Blu-Ray set that also includes Freaks and The Unknown released on October 17th, 2023. Footnotes References Eaker, Alfred. 2016. Tod Browning Retrospective. Retrieved 26 February 2021. External links Stills at silenthollywood.com 1925 films Silent American drama films American silent feature films American black-and-white films 1925 drama films Films directed by Tod Browning Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films 1920s American films Articles containing video clips
Göran Stubb (born 10 March 1935) is the National Hockey League (NHL) Director of European Scouting. Stubb began working as the chairman of IFK Helsinki from 1961 to 1975 before joining the Finnish Ice Hockey Association in 1976 as their Managing Director. After serving as the Secretary General for the 1982 Ice Hockey World Championships Stubb began European Sports Service, a European scouting service, in 1983 following urging from Jim Gregory, then Director of NHL Central Scouting. This became the first major European scouting association with the NHL. In 2000, Stubb was inducted into the builder category of the IIHF Hall of Fame. Personal life Stubb is the father of politician Alexander Stubb. References 1935 births Living people Finnish ice hockey administrators Finnish ice hockey people IIHF Hall of Fame inductees Swedish-speaking Finns
Li Shixin (; born 12 February 1988) is a Chinese-born Australian diver who specialises in the 1 metre springboard event. Li won gold medals in the 1 metre springboard event in the 2011 and 2013 World Aquatics Championships. In 2019, he chose to represent Australia in international competitions. Li qualified for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics and competed in the Men's 3m Springboard. He came 27th. At the 2022 World Aquatics Championships, he won a bronze medal in the 1 metre springboard event. At the 2022 Commonwealth Games, with diving competition held in August, Shixin ranked first in the preliminaries of the 1 metre springboard with a score of 388.70 points and qualified for the final. He won the silver medal in the final with a score of 437.05 points, which was 10.00 points behind gold medalist Jack Laugher of England. With partner Sam Fricker in the 3 metre synchronised springboard the following day, the duo won the bronze medal with a score of 374.52 points. In the morning on day three of diving competition, he scored 456.65 points in the preliminaries of the 3 metre springboard, qualifying for the final ranking first. He placed fifth in the final with a score of 448.50 points, less than 12 points behind fourth-place finisher James Heatly of Scotland. The final day, he won a silver medal in the mixed 3 metre synchronised springboard with partner Maddison Keeney, scoring 304.02 points. References 1988 births Living people Chinese male divers Australian male divers People from Maoming Divers at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic divers for Australia World Aquatics Championships medalists in diving Divers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games medallists in diving Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Australia Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
The Medal of Petar Mrkonjić () is a Medal of Republika Srpska. It was established in 1993 by the Constitution of Republika Srpska and 'Law on orders and awards' valid since 28 April 1993. The Medal is awarded to members of the Army of Republika Srpska who achieved significant feats in battle. It is named after Petar Mrkonjić alter ego of King Peter I of Serbia, name that he used in Great Eastern Crisis before he become king. See also Petar Mrkonjić Orders, decorations and medals of Republika Srpska References Orders, decorations, and medals of Republic of Srpska Awards established in 1993
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The Cabinet of the First Republic of Guinea () was the governing body of Guinea from independence on 28 September 1958 until the death of President Ahmed Sékou Touré on 26 March 1984, followed by a bloodless coup by Colonel Lansana Conté on 3 April 1984. For much of that time, the country was run by a tight-knit inner group, many of them relatives of Sékou Touré, who became the primary beneficiaries of the regime. 1957 transitional council The council during the transition to independence, announced on 9 May 1957, had the following members: 1958 first council The first council after independence, announced on 10 November 1958, had the following members: 1963 Council The 1963 council, announced on 1 January 1963, included the following members: 1964 shuffle On 1 February 1964 some ministers changed jobs: 1964 government On 8 November 1964 the positions were announced as: 1965 shuffle There was a minor shuffle on 17 November 1965, with the following assignments: 1968 cabinet A new cabinet was announced on 19 January 1968: 1962–1969 votes received The National Political Bureau originally consisted of 17 members elected every three years in congress. The members between 31 December 1962 and 17 September 1969, by number of votes obtained, were: Sekou Touré Diallo Saüfoulaye Camara Loffo Bangoura Mafory Louis Lansana Beavogui Ismaël Touré Moussa Diakité Keita Nfamara Lansana Diané Abdourahmane Diallo Jean Tounkara Faragué Mamadou Fofana Camara Damantang Mamady Kaba Camara Bengaly Leo Maka Daouda Camara Further changes occurred in 1969, and following the attempted coup in 1970. 1972 cabinet In 1972, Mamadi Keïta was leader of the left-wing faction in the Politburo, engaged in a struggle with Ismaël Touré to be recognized as the next in line to succeed the president, Sékou Touré. At the 9th party congress that year, the right-center took control. Sékou Touré remained president and Lansana Beavogui was given the newly created title of Prime Minister. Ismaël Touré gained the powerful position of Minister of the Economy and Finance, while Mamadi Keïta was relegated to Minister of Culture and Education. His brother Seydou Keïta became ambassador to Western Europe. A partial list of cabinet members: In May 1972, the members of the National Politbureau who welcomed Fidel Castro of Cuba on his visit to Guinea were: Ahmed Sékou Touré, President Lansana Beavogui, prime minister Ismaël Touré, minister of finance and economic affairs Mamadi Keïta minister of education Moussa Diakité, minister of the interior and security N'Famara Keïta, minister of social affairs Lansana Diane permanent secretary of the National Political Bureau 1979 cabinet The final cabinet reorganization in the first republic was announced on 1 June 1979: Key cabinet members Key members, their posts and relationship with the president were: References External links Politics of Guinea 1958 establishments in Guinea
Selima may refer to: People Selima, a character in the film The Sleeping Dictionary (2003) Selima Hill (born 1945), a British poet Selima Kurumova (1914–1968), a Chechen writer Selima Murad (c. 1905–1974), an Iraqi Jewish singer Selima Sfar (born 1977), a Tunisian tennis player Other Selima Oasis, an oasis with ancient ruins in the Sudan Selima (horse), a Thoroughbred racehorse Selima Stakes, an American Thoroughbred horse race Selimanosaurus, a nomen nudum of Dicraeosaurus See also Salima (disambiguation)
A medical robot is a robot used in the medical sciences. They include surgical robots. These are in most telemanipulators, which use the surgeon's activators on one side to control the "effector" on the other side. Types Surgical robots: These robots either allow surgical operations to be carried out with better precision than an unaided human surgeon or allow remote surgery where a human surgeon is not physically present with the patient. Rehabilitation robots: It facilitates and support the lives of infirm, elderly people, or those with dysfunction of body parts affecting movement. These robots are also used for rehabilitation and related procedures, such as training and therapy. Biorobots: A group of robots designed to imitate the cognition of humans and animals. Telepresence robots: It allows off-site medical professionals to move, look around, communicate, and participate from remote locations. Pharmacy automation: Robotic systems to dispense oral solids in a retail pharmacy setting or preparing sterile IV admixtures in a hospital pharmacy setting. Companion robot: It has the capability to engage emotionally with users keeping them company and alerting if there is a problem with their health. Disinfection robot: It has the capability to disinfect a whole room in mere minutes, generally using pulsed ultraviolet light. They are being used to fight Ebola virus disease. Hospital robots - With a pre-programmed layout of their environment and built-in sensors, hospital robots deliver medications, meals and specimens around hospitals. Robotic prosthetics - Focuses on providing their wearers with life-like limb functionality. Laboratory robots - Types of robots found in labs are specially designed to either automate processes or assist lab technicians in completing repetitive tasks. See also Biothreat Robots in healthcare Hospi Open-source robotics Robot & Frank References External links Medical Robotics Text Book Medical Robots Conference Robotic IV Automation - RIVA Where Are the Elder Care Robots? Notable Chinese Firms Emerging in Medical Robots Sector (IEEE) Medical Robots- Towards Robotics Medical robots
Red Rock is an unincorporated area in South-Central Pinal County, Arizona, United States, located along Interstate 10. In 2010, it had a population of 2,169. The elevation is , according to the water tower. Mostly agricultural land until recent times, it is now starting to acquire some tract home communities. The area also consists of large sections of undeveloped Sonoran Desert. Picacho Peak State Park is located about six miles northwest of Red Rock. Red Rock also has a school called Red Rock Elementary school which goes from kindergarten through eighth grade. Also home to the Saguaro Power Plant and the Saguaro Solar Power Station - a 1 MW solar trough concentrating power plant, both of which are owned by Arizona Public Service (APS). ASU has contracted with APS to develop and operate a 29 MWdc solar facility at APS's Saguaro Generating Station near Red Rock, AZ. With the addition of this project to ASU's existing project portfolio, ASU will have driven the development of solar energy production beyond the 50MWdc milestone. As part of the transaction, APS will supply ASU with 65,000 MWh per year of solar energy, an increase of more than 150% above the current renewable energy used by the university. Red Rock has a ZIP Code of 85245; in 2000, the population of the 85245 ZCTA was 332. Another zip code of 85145 was added. Many homes in the area were built by PulteGroup. Demographics At the 2010 Census Red Rock had a population of 2,169. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 66.3% non-Hispanic white, 1.9% Black or African American, 1.6% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% non-Hispanic reporting some other race, 5.8% reporting two or more races and 27.8% Hispanic or Latino. See also Santa Cruz River (Arizona) Sasco, Arizona References Unincorporated communities in Pinal County, Arizona Unincorporated communities in Arizona
The North Star 500 is a Canadian trailerable sailboat that was designed by the American firm of Sparkman & Stephens as an International Offshore Rule Quarter Ton class racer and first built in 1973. The boat was Sparkman & Stephens' design #2135. The North Star 500 was also built in Finland as the Blue Bird 25. Production The design was built by North Star Yachts in Canada starting in 1973, but it is now out of production. Design The North Star 500 is a racing keelboat, built predominantly of fibreglass. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a slightly reverse transom, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. It displaces and carries of ballast. The boat has a draft of with the standard keel. The boat is fitted with a Universal Atomic 4 gasoline engine for docking and manoeuvring. The design has sleeping accommodation for four people. Cabin headroom is . For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a symmetrical spinnaker. The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 228 and a hull speed of . Operational history The boat is supported by an active class club that organizes racing events, the Quarter Ton Class. In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "in 1969, U.S. Steel, anxious to take part in the boom in leisure market goods, bought Hughes Boatworks Ltd. of Centralia, Ontario, Canada, and began selling boats under the North Star Yachts brand name. In 1971, the company contracted with Sparkman & Stephens to design the North Star 500 (25) with the notion of competing in Quarter Ton races. The new design promptly won the quarter ton World Championship. However, production of the boat was discontinued in 1973, perhaps partly because she was a comparatively well built but expensive toy with a single purpose, namely to win quarter ton races. The recession of 1973-1974 also may have been a factor in her demise. Best features: She's a fast quarter tonner. Worst features: The North Star has the least headroom in her comp group, and the deepest draft, both of which limits her utility as a cruising boat. For example, one of her competitors, the C&C 25 ... which came out in 1972, has less draft, more headroom, and a lot more space below, and according to her PHRF rating, may be a faster boat." See also List of sailing boat types References Keelboats 1970s sailboat type designs Sailing yachts Trailer sailers Sailboat type designs by Sparkman and Stephens Sailboat types built by North Star Yachts
Land systems constitute the terrestrial component of the Earth system and encompass all processes and activities related to the human use of land, including socioeconomic, technological and organizational investments and arrangements, as well as the benefits gained from land and the unintended social and ecological outcomes of societal activities. Changes in land systems have large consequences for the local environment and human well-being and are at the same time pervasive factors of global environmental change. Land provides vital resources to society, such as food, fuel, fibres and many other ecosystem services that support production functions, regulate risks of natural hazards, or provide cultural and spiritual services. By using the land, society alters and modifies the quantity and quality of the provision of these services. Land system changes are the direct result of human decision making at multiple scales ranging from local land owners decisions to national scale land use planning and global trade agreements. The aggregate impact of many local land system changes has far reaching consequences for the Earth System, that feedback on ecosystem services, human well-being and decision making. As a consequence, land system change is both a cause and consequence of socio-ecological processes. The Global Land Programme (GLP) of Future Earth is an interdisciplinary community of science and practice fostering the study of land systems and the co-design of solutions for global sustainability. References Geography Land management es:
AARLIN (Australian Academic Research Library Network) was a successful Australian project to develop "a national virtual research library system that will provide unmediated, personalized and seamless end-user access to the collections and resources of Australian libraries and document delivery services" and the federated search service and consortium that was the project outcome. It ceased operation at the end of 2010. History In late 1999, the AARLIN project, led by La Trobe University, was funded by an Australian Research Council (ARC) grant of $250,000 through its Research Infrastructure Equipment and Facilities Scheme (RIEFS). An additional $150,000 was contributed by the National Library of Australia and nineteen Australian university libraries. The service continued operation until December 2010, with members choosing to operate the new generation of pre-indexed library search systems in house or as vendor hosted solutions. Pilot Six Australian university libraries were involved in the pilot phase in 2001 and 2002: Flinders University Murdoch University La Trobe University Swinburne University University of Canberra Victoria University of Technology Operational phase The AARLIN Project received $2.8 million from the DEST Systemic Infrastructure Initiative funding over three years 2002 to 2004. to implemented the system in participating Australian university libraries. Software The AARLIN portal provided a simultaneous searching function, targeting OPACs, citation and fulltext databases, KINETICA, subject gateways, and other search engines. It also improved a user's access to fulltext data by deep linking to electronic resources or facilitating document delivery requests where appropriate. The AARLIN project utilised two types of software, both produced by Ex Libris: MetaLib, front-end federated search software that enables searching across a range of resources SFX, an OpenURL link server that helps library patrons navigate to resources and services relevant to their search queries The AARLIN Consortium was closely aligned with Metalib/SFX vendor Ex Libris Group, contributing heavily to their global user community and contributing features which would later be replicated and included into the main software packages. References External links Homepage 1999 establishments in Australia 2010 disestablishments in Australia Library and information science software
Kamal Khujandi (1320-1400 AD, ), also Kamal Khojandi, Kamaleddin Khojandi, or Kamal-E Khojandi, was a Persian Sufi and Persian ghazal poet of the 14th century (8th century hijri). He was born in Khujand, today the capital of Sughd in Tajikistan. He lived in Tabriz and died in 1400 CE (807 AH). He is counted among the great romantic poets of the 14th century, like Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, Khwaju Kermani and Hafez. He was also a contemporary of Hafez. The modern Persian novelist and short story writer Sadegh Hedayat and his family trace their ancestry to Kamal Khojandi. Khojandi's tomb is located in the Tomb of Two Kamals at Tabriz, Iran, beside the tomb of Kamaleddin Behzad. There is also a statue of Kamal Khojandi nearby. In 1996, a monument and museum was erected in the poet’s homeland in Tajikistan. See also Kamaleddin Behzad Sadegh Hedayat List of Persian poets and authors Persian literature References External links Hedayat family considered to be his descendants. Year of birth unknown 1400 deaths People from Khujand 14th-century Persian-language poets Sufi poets Iranian Sufis Writers from Tabriz 14th-century Iranian people
The Bezirk Eisenstadt-Umgebung (; ) is an administrative district (Bezirk) in the federal state of Burgenland, Austria. The area of the district is 455.5 km2, with a population of 44,257 (2022), and a population density of 98 persons per km2. The administrative center of the district is Eisenstadt (), itself a statutory city outside of the district. Administrative divisions The district consists of the below municipalities and towns: Breitenbrunn (1,907) Donnerskirchen (1,745) Großhöflein (1,940) Hornstein (2,769) Klingenbach (1,167) Leithaprodersdorf (1,159) Loretto (463) Mörbisch am See (2,322) Müllendorf (1,326) Neufeld an der Leitha (3,187) Oggau am Neusiedler See (1,807) Oslip (1,279) Purbach am Neusiedlersee (2,701) Sankt Margarethen im Burgenland (2,711) Schützen am Gebirge (1,400) Siegendorf (2,959) Steinbrunn (2,370) Stotzing (805) Trausdorf an der Wulka (1,908) Wimpassing an der Leitha (1,265) Wulkaprodersdorf (1,886) Zagersdorf (994) Zillingtal (926) See also Districts of Burgenland
Pandy Malayalam or Pandyan Malayalam is a dialect of Malayalam spoken by immigrants from Pandian kingdom in those regions of Kerala. It is the most spoken dialect in the district of Trivandrum and, according to an 1875 work by Robert Caldwell, this was also the case then in southern parts of Kollam district. References Malayalam dialects
Zoltán Péter (born 23 March 1958 in Zalaistvánd, Hungary) is a retired Hungarian football defender who played for Zalaegerszegi and First Vienna. He also represented Hungary in the 1986 FIFA World Cup. References External links 1958 births Living people Hungarian men's footballers Hungarian expatriate men's footballers Hungary men's international footballers Men's association football defenders Zalaegerszegi TE players First Vienna FC players Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Austria Expatriate men's footballers in Austria 1986 FIFA World Cup players Footballers from Zala County
Thaali Bhagyam () is a 1966 Indian Tamil-language film produced and directed by K. B. Nagabhushanam. The film, starring M. G. Ramachandran, B. Saroja Devi and M. N. Nambiar, was released on 27 August 1966. Plot The families of Nallasivam and Murugan have been neighbours for generations. Nallasivam is nurturing his wish to give his daughter Valli in marriage to Murugan. Meanwhile, a bride search for Nallasivam is on and Murugan accompanies Nallasivam along with others to see a bride, Kamalam. Kamalam, thinking Murugan is the groom agrees for the marriage, and finds it is otherwise on the day of the marriage. In a passionate moment, Kamalam misbehaves with Murugan, which is seen by Namchivayam, a tax collector. Namchivayam takes this opportunity to blackmail Kamalam and get her to do things against Murugan. How Murugan foils their plans and how finally truth prevails is what the film is all about. Cast M. G. Ramachandran as Muruga alias Murugan B. Saroja Devi as Valli M. N. Nambiar as Namchivayam Nagesh as Singaran, Namchivayam's brother-in-law C. R. Parthiban S. V. Subbaiah as Nallasivam V. Nagayya as Kamalam's father M. N. Rajam as Kamalam M. V. Rajamma as Parvathi Manorama as Anjalai M. S. S. Packiyam as Chellam, Namchivayam's wife Rushyendramani as Kamalam's mother K. S. Parvathi S. M. Thirupadhiswamy as Singapore Sivalingam N. S. Natarajan as Rangan, bandit Production M. G. Ramachandran initially wanted M. A. Thirumugam to direct the film; however, K. B. Nagabhushanam insisted on directing, as well as producing. Soundtrack The music was composed by K. V. Mahadevan and lyrics were written by Vaali. Release and reception Thaali Bhagyam was released on 27 August 1966. The Indian Express wrote that the film "has a plausible enough theme of love and duty but it is needlessly cluttered with shoddy songs, unrealistic dialogue and melodramatic situations". The film ran for over 300 days at Liberty theatre in Madras. References External links 1960s Tamil-language films 1966 films Films directed by K. B. Nagabhushanam Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan
The Mat-Su Miners are a college summer baseball club in the Alaska Baseball League (ABL). The Miners are based in Palmer, Alaska, and their name refers to the Matanuska-Susitna Borough where Palmer is located. The team was founded in 1976 and play their home games at Hermon Brothers Field. The franchise began play as the fourth Alaska-based team of the ABL along with the Fairbanks Goldpanners, Anchorage Glacier Pilots and the Peninsula Oilers for the 1976 season. Originally called the Valley Green Giants, the team would finish the inaugural season in last place. By the 1980 season the franchise would change its name to the Mat-Su Miners which it has been known as ever since. The franchise has won two National Baseball Congress championships for the 1987 and 1997 seasons. Notable alumni Eli Morgan, pitcher, Cleveland Indians Garrett Richards, pitcher, Texas Rangers Nick Senzel, outfielder, Cincinnati Reds References External links Official site Alaska Baseball League Amateur baseball teams in Alaska Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska 1976 establishments in Alaska Baseball teams established in 1976 Baseball teams in Alaska
The GreenScreen List Translator is a procedure for assessing chemical hazard used to identify chemicals of concern to prioritize for removal from product formulations. The List Translator assesses substances based on their presence on lists of chemicals associated with human and environmental health hazards issued by a global set of governmental and professional scientific bodies, such as the European Union’s GHS hazard statements and California's Proposition 65. Analysis procedure The List Translator procedure is defined in the GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals, a transparent, open standard for chemical hazard assessment that supports alternatives assessment for toxics use reduction through identifying chemicals of concern and safer alternatives. The GreenScreen protocol is published in a Guidance document that is reviewed and updated regularly. This description of the List Translator is based upon the Hazard Assessment Guidance Version 1.4 The List Translator identifies the hazard endpoints for which a substance has been listed on each of a defined set of published hazard lists and the level of hazard. It prioritizes for avoidance those substances listed with a high hazard of any of the following endpoints: Carcinogenicity Mutagenicity Reproductive toxicity Developmental toxicity Endocrine disruptor or Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances (PBT). This parallels the prioritization schemes underlying various international governmental regulatory programs such as the Substance of very high concern definition within the REACH Regulation of the European Union. The central tools of the List Translator are the GreenScreen Specified Lists and the GreenScreen List Translator Map. GreenScreen Specified Lists: The List Translator identifies a set of lists as the references for the procedure. These are lists that identify specific chemicals or groups of chemicals that are associated with specific human and environmental health endpoints. The lists are published by a global set of state, national and international governmental bodies, such as the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the European Chemicals Agency. The Specified Lists also include lists published by scientific professional associations. In all cases there must be a defined set of threshold criteria and a review process by scientific authorities for listing GreenScreen List Translator Map: The Map characterizes each of the categories within each Specified List The hazard endpoint(s) addressed by the list are identified and a hazard level or range is assigned. For example, the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs On the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans category of “Group 1 - Agent is Carcinogenic to humans” receives a “High” for Carcinogenicity. The List Translator characterizes the hazard level of substances from very low to very high across twenty human and environmental health endpoints addressing: Human health - such as cancer and reproductive toxicity Environmental protection - primarily aquatic toxicity Physical hazard - flammability and reactivity Environmental fate - persistence and bioaccumulation. Lists are also characterized as Authoritative - high confidence Screening - lower confidence due to less comprehensive review, use of estimated data or other factors. Authoritative lists and screening lists are both further characterized as: A lists: contain single endpoint with one hazard classification or only one possible List Translator Score. B lists: contain multiple endpoints and/or hazard classifications A chemical receives an overall hazard level for each endpoint based on the highest hazard assigned by the most authoritative lists. List Translator scores Scoring a substance is a three part procedure: Search the Specified Lists: Each of the Specified Lists is searched to determine if the substance being scored is listed on any of the lists. It may be identified specifically by CASRN or it may be a member of a listed compound group - a group of substances with a similar chemical structure. Compare the endpoints and hazard levels: The Map is consulted for each list on which the substance is identified to determine a hazard level for each endpoint. If there is more than one listing, the highest hazard level from the most authoritative list is used. Calculate List Translator score: The assigned hazard levels and endpoints are compared to the criteria for GreenScreen’s highest concern category of Benchmark 1: LT-1 (List Translator Likely Benchmark 1) - The substance is on at least one Authoritative A list that meets Benchmark 1 criteria. That is, it meets the criteria for a high hazard carcinogen, mutagen, reproductive toxicant or developmental toxicant or endocrine disruptor or as a persistent bioaccumulative and toxic substance (PBT). The PBT criteria can be met by a combination of lists. LT-P1 (List Translator Possible Benchmark 1) - On a list that overlaps Benchmark 1 criteria and/or is a lower confidence Authoritative B or Screening list. LT-UNK (List Translator Benchmark Unknown) - Listed only on a list that does not meet or overlap Benchmark 1 criteria. NoGSLT (No GreenScreen List Translator information) - Not listed on any of the GreenScreen Specified lists NoGS (No GreenScreen information) - Not on any of the GreenScreen Specified lists and there is no public Greenscreen full assessment. An LT-Unk, No GSLT or NoGS score is not an indication of low hazard or safety for a substance, only that the substance has not been listed for the priority health endpoints. A full GreenScreen Assessment must be undertaken to determine if the substance qualifies as an affirmatively safer substance. Automation Any person can use the GreenScreen List Translator protocol to score a substance. The research required to look up the substance in each of the hazard lists is, however, substantial. Several Licensed GreenScreen List Translator™ Automators aggregate the lists and provide free online lookup services for determining List Translator scores. Applications The GreenScreen List Translator is the first step in a GreenScreen Assessment. It is also used as a stand alone screening protocol by health and sustainability screening and certification programs. It is widely referenced in standards and certifications related to green building products, including the Health Product Declaration Standard (HPD), Portico, and the "Building product disclosure and optimization - material ingredients" credits in the US Green Building Council's LEED program. References External links GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals home page for the GreenScreen Standard Clean Production Action publisher of the GreenScreen Licensed GreenScreen® List Translator™ Automators provide access to public GreenScreen assessment reports as part of their databases(s) Building materials Toxicology
G Data CyberDefense AG (until September 2019 G Data Software AG) is a German software company that focuses on computer security. The company was founded in 1985 and is headquartered in Bochum. They are known for being the creators of the world's first antivirus software. G Data uses multiple scanning engines; one is developed in-house and the other is the Bitdefender engine. G Data provides several security products that are targeted at home and business markets. The company has a North American subsidiary located in Newark, Delaware. History G Data was founded in Bochum, Germany, in 1985. The company introduced its first computer security product Anti-Virus Kit (AVK) in 1988 for Atari ST. Beside focus on the security market, G Data also created software for voice recognition (Invox) and speech synthesis (Logox). G Data computer security products use two scan engines, originally by Avast and Bitdefender. The 2014 release introduced their own scan engine (CloseGap), which replaced Avast. However, the upgrade to new version was not painless, as users of weaker computers experienced system slowdowns. The company promptly solved this issue by issuing another update. In September 2015, G Data launched a new messaging app called Secure Chat which used the Signal Protocol. The application was based on a fork of Signal and its source code was published under the GPLv3 license. G Data discontinued the service in May 2018. Features Some of the features that G Data's solutions support are: Safe surfing Safe shopping Safe emailing and chatting Protection against spyware Safe online banking Blocks spam Protection against hacking Parental controls Data backup Data recovery Security tuning Data safe Device control Safe emailing and chatting BankGuard Versions Home Security AntiVirus InternetSecurity TotalSecurity AntiVirus for Mac Business Security AntiVirus Business AntiVirus Enterprise ClientSecurity Business ClientSecurity Enterprise EndpointProtection Business EndpointProtection Enterprise MailSecurity PatchManagement Mobile Security VPN Awards and tests av-comparatives.org Gold award for highest detection rate of products tested (99.7%) Gold award for highest proactive detection rate of new/unknown malware (~61%, with 20 false positives) IPACSO Innovation Framework for ICT-Security Innovative Cyber Security Company See also Comparison of antivirus software Comparison of computer viruses References Computer security software companies Computer security companies Antivirus software Software companies of Germany Information technology companies of Germany Windows security software MacOS security software Android (operating system) software iOS software Companies established in 1985 1985 establishments in Germany Companies based in Bochum German brands Privately held companies of Germany Technology companies of Germany
Hainleite is a former Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("collective municipality") in the district of Nordhausen, in Thuringia, Germany. The seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft was in Wolkramshausen. It was disbanded in January 2019. The Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Hainleite consisted of the following municipalities: Großlohra Hainrode Kleinfurra Nohra Wipperdorf Wolkramshausen Former Verwaltungsgemeinschaften in Thuringia
Skookumchuck Rapids Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the Shuswap River just below the outlet of Mabel Lake. This park was established as a result of the Okanagan-Shuswap Land and Resource Management Plan. References Monashee Mountains Provincial parks of British Columbia Provincial parks in the Okanagan Protected areas established in 2004 2004 establishments in British Columbia
Eudonia hexamera is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Wei-Chun Li, Hou-Hun Li and Matthias Nuss in 2012. It is found in Sichuan, China. The length of the forewings is 6–8 mm. The forewings are covered with blackish-brown scales. The antemedian, postmedian and subterminal lines are white. The hindwings are white. Etymology The species name refers to the six loops of the ductus bursae in the female genitalia and is derived from Latin hexamerus (meaning sixth). References Moths described in 2012 Eudonia
Georgilas Maroulis () was a 17th-century Greek painter. He was a prominent member of the Cretan School, and was influenced by the works of Georgios Klontzas and Franghias Kavertzas. His only surviving work is the Dormition of the Virgin, the Annunciation with Prophets, and Saints. The piece is part of the collection of the Athens School of Fine Arts. History He was born in Rethymno. His father's name was Apostolos. He had a workshop in Kastro, Rethymno. On December 22, 1635, he was in Chandax, where he agreed to paint the icon Dormition of the Virgin, the Annunciation with Prophets, and Saints. The contract stated that Maroulis had seven months to complete the work. The fee he charged was 250 Venetian lira. The painter added the gold trim and painted the entire piece. The contract also featured a penalty clause if the work was not finished on time. The annunciation sequence is the typical Greek mannerism. Gabriel is communicating with Mary. He tells her she will conceive and bear a son through a virgin birth and become the mother of Jesus Christ. The atmosphere is covered with darkness a dark beam of light shines on the Virgin. The trees in the background are also colored dark. The Virgin is confused but the Angel Gabriel reassures her of her future fate. See also Leos Moskos Georgios Kortezas References Cretan Renaissance painters 17th-century Greek painters People from Rethymno (regional unit) Greek icon painters
Priboj City Stadium () is a football and track-and-field stadium in Priboj, Serbia. The stadium is mostly used by FK FAP. The stadium has an estimated standing capacity of 7,000 - 10,000 with no seats installed. It has a western and eastern stand. North of the stadium is separated by a concrete wall from Lim River, while the south side has a concrete wall with a gate for the eastern stand. West has a main gate plus a small side gate. The condition of the stands is decent, there is a few holes on the west, but overall the stands are durable, unlike some Serbian SuperLiga stadiums that are basically caving in. The current decent condition is mainly thanks to the way the stands were built. Separate blocks cover the cement base, instead of it being made of cement only (West). East is made of cement only and currently is in horrible shape. Grass surface is also getting worse by every season. The stadium needs a renovation as soon as possible, with a possibility of only fixing the western stands, as they are not that bad. Eastern stand has to be completely rebuilt, as it is a practical ruin. But dreams of getting a new stadium in Priboj will probably be left as just that, dreams. Stadium Main Gate Main gate and front of the stadium. Good Old Days Full stadium during the 70s. Western Stand This is the larger of the two existing stands. Western stand as seen from east side of the stadium. More photos West close-up. Another panoramic view. Eastern Stand The smaller of the two stands, usually reserved for visiting fans. In this photo: Divlja Telad, fan group from Valjevo. South side The southern wall of the stadium. In this photo: FK FAP & FK Radnički 1923 in 2010 season. Videos 1995/96 Sloboda-Borac Čačak 2012/13 FK FAP Priboj - FK BORAC Šabac Football venues in Serbia Multi-purpose stadiums in Serbia
The 2016 Poprad-Tatry ATP Challenger Tour was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2016 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Poprad, Slovakia between 13 and 18 June 2016. Singles main-draw entrants Seeds 1 Rankings are as of June 6, 2016. Other entrants The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Patrik Fabian Lukáš Klein Martin Kližan Dominik Šproch The following player received entry into the singles main draw as a special exempt: Emilio Gómez The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Maximilian Marterer Nikola Mektić Jan Mertl Vitaliy Sachko The following players received entry as a lucky loser: Dragoș Dima Champions Singles Horacio Zeballos def. Gerald Melzer, 6–3, 6–4 Doubles Ariel Behar / Andrey Golubev def. Lukáš Dlouhý / Andrej Martin, 6–2, 5–7, [10–5] External links Official Website Poprad-Tatry ATP Challenger Tour Poprad-Tatry ATP Challenger Tour Pop
Devosia honganensis is a Gram-negative and strictly aerobic bacteria from the genus of Devosia which has been isolated from soil from a chemical factory in Hongan in China. References Hyphomicrobiales Bacteria described in 2016
Fábiánsebestyén is a village in Csongrád county, in the Southern Great Plain region of southern Hungary. Geography It covers an area of and has a population of 1970 people (2015). References Populated places in Csongrád-Csanád County
Sergei Lesnukhin (; born 9 February 1987) is a Russian former professional ice hockey forward. He played in the Russian Super League (RSL) and Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) with Lokomotiv Yaroslavl, HC Vityaz, Admiral Vladivostok and HC Yugra from 2005 to 2015. References External links 1987 births Living people Admiral Vladivostok players HC Vityaz players HC Yugra players Lokomotiv Yaroslavl players Russian ice hockey left wingers Sportspeople from Lipetsk
Farewell to Freeway was a Canadian metalcore band from Guelph, Ontario. History Early Days (2000–2003) Initially formed as a punk trio going by the name Freeway in 2000, the band consisted of Chris Lambert on guitar and vocals with bassist Josh Hudman and drummer Richie Gregor. The band released a 5-song EP, You or Someone Like You in 2000, with limited pressing. The band released its second EP, Shadybrook Sessions in 2001, with a notably more alternative feel than the first album while still keeping a punk vibe. The album was produced by Scott Komer (Boysnightout, Pettit Project) at his Parkhill Project Studio in Oakville, Ontario. In 2002, shortly after the release of Shadybrook Sessions, Hudman left the band and was replaced by Adam Lambert, brother of Chris. The trio was forced to change their name due to conflict with a rap artist with the same moniker, and Farewell to Freeway was officially born. Year of the Sun Records (2003–2007) With the success of Shadybrook Sessions, the band signed to local label Year of the Sun before releasing their first full-length album, Between Yesterday and Today. The album was produced by Justin Koop (Silverstein, Grade, Jersey) at The Music Gym in Burlington, Ontario. Chris and Richie provided vocals for the album, with Chris providing all the screaming. With the new album released, the band brought on second guitarist Bryan Nunn to fill out their sound. With their first full-length disc and a fourth member, the band embarked on their first Canadian tour in support of the album. On June 15, 2004, the band released their first EP as a quartet, Weekdays Seldom Wake to Victory. The release, recorded in the home studio of Simon Vanderzand, offered a notably heavier sound, with the transition to Adam screaming and a noted increase in the presence of screaming. The band released the title track as their first single, accompanied by their first video. With their second release on Year of the Sun, the band returned to touring, including a cross-Canada journey with Ottawa locals Driving July. In early 2005, Nunn was forced out of the band due to personal and musical differences. Band merch girl/roadie, Michele Walter joined the band, providing keyboards, which helped fill out the band's sound. After the split of tour mates Driving July, Driving July guitarist Drew Harwood filled the guitarist position. The song "Promises of the Gods" was recorded between EPs and featured on the soundtrack for the independent film Desperate Souls. The release was accompanied by a video and was featured on their third Year of the Sun release. The band's third and final release on Year of the Sun was on April 11, 2006, with In These Wounds, produced by Mike Borkosky at the Vault in Toronto, Ontario. The album offered a noted maturity in the band's sound, bringing a cleaner more directed approach to their craft and was the defining release for the band which finally captured the sound and style they had been striving for. The band released one single with accompanying video for title track, "In These Wounds". This being the last release on Year of the Sun Records it was toured heavily and garnered the band more and more attention and headlining shows/tours. Victory Records (2007-2012) In 2007 the band was still touring heavily for the In These Wounds EP when they were featured in Alternative Press magazine as one of the "Unsigned Bands of the Month". They were contacted by Victory Records of Chicago, Illinois. The band was asked to play for the staff and owner, received great reviews and were signed with the Label in July 2007—the 6th Canadian band to sign with the label since its inception. Farewell to Freeway released their album Definitions on Feb 19, 2008, produced by Eric Arena (A Day to Remember, He Is Legend) at ZING Studios in Westfield, Massachusetts. The album led to two singles, "Sound Minds" and "The Desperate Age". "Sound Minds" received rotation on MTV in the US and Much Music in Canada. Keyboardist Michele Walter was later featured in Revolver magazine's "Hottest Chicks in Metal" issues—first in August 2007 and then in June 2008. The sophomore album on Victory came on April 14, 2009 with the release of Only Time Will Tell, produced by Paul Leavitt (Darkest Hour, The Bled, Senses Fail) at Valencia Recording Studio, in Baltimore, Maryland. The album led to one single, "Portrait", which received play on MTV and Much Music. 2009–2010 saw changes with the band's line-up, as Richie Gregor left the band in October 2009 to pursue other interests and take a break from touring. He was replaced by Michael Farina. The band continued to tour for the majority of the two years between releases. During recording of their third Victory album, Michele left the band to pursue meaningful employment, but the band felt that there was no need to replace her. On January 18, 2011, the band released their third album on Victory Records, Filthy Habits, produced again by Eric Arena, with assistant engineers J. Wildes, Jay Deluca, and Joe Mahoney, recorded at Eagle Rock Studios in Pittsfield, Vermont. This marked the first release from the band as a quartet since Weekdays Seldom Wake to Victory, and the first without founding drummer, Richie Gregor, leaving Chris Lambert as the sole founding member remaining in the band and further compromising the sound. The release produced the singles, "Liquor? I Don't Even Know 'Er", and "Inside Influence". Though recorded with Adam playing bass, Adam began to focus solely on vocals in performance. Kyle Amos, Gregor's cousin, filled Adam's spot on bass, though he was not listed as an official member of the band. With Filthy Habits, Farewell to Freeway went for more of a raw stripped down approach creating a faster, riff heavy, and aggressive album. Shortly after the release, drummer Michael Farina left the band, although he continued to appear in videos and photo shoots, and occasionally filled in on shows. He was replaced with touring drummer Adam Linka and the band toured Ontario through 2012. In 2016, the blogger Ontariorock reported that Farewell to Freeway had "called it quits", and the band stopped posting on Twitter that year. There was a reunion concert in Guelph in April 2017 but the band reported on its Facebook page that the members had moved on and joined other bands. Band members Adam Lambert - bass, vocals (2002–2010), lead vocals (2006–2016) Chris Lambert - clean vocals, guitar (2000–2016) Drew Harwood - guitar (2004–2016) Kyle Amos - bass (2010–2016) Richie Gregor - drums, backing vocals (2000–2009) Michele Walter - keyboards, backing vocals (2005–2010) Adam Linka - drums (2012–2016) Josh Hudman - bass (2000–2002) Bryan Nunn - guitar (2003–2005) Michael Farina - drums (2009–2011) Joey Muha - drums (2011) Discography Releases You or Someone Like You EP - 2000 (independent) Shadybrook Sessions EP - 2001 (independent Between Yesterday and Today LP - 2003 (Year of the Sun) Weekdays Seldom Wake to Victory EP - 2004 (Year of the Sun) In These Wounds EP - 2006 (Year of the Sun) Definitions LP - 2008 (Victory Records) Only Time Will Tell - 2009 (Victory Records) Filthy Habits - 2011 (Victory Records) Contributions "Promises of the Gods" - Desperate Souls Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (2005) "In These Wounds" - The Best of Taste of Chaos Two (2007) References External links Year of the Sun Records Victory Records Canadian hardcore punk groups Victory Records artists Musical groups from Guelph Musical groups established in 2000 2000 establishments in Ontario
Michael W. Hawkins is the current Bishop of Saskatchewan. He was previously, from 2001 to 2009, the Dean of Saskatchewan and Rector of St Alban's Cathedral. Hawkins studied at Dalhousie University and the University of King's College in Halifax before becoming a Master of Divinity at Trinity College, Toronto. He was ordained as a deacon in 1988 and a priest in June 1989. He then served as rector of Pugwash and River John from 1988 to 1993 and Petite Rivière and New Dublin from 1993 to 2001 in the Diocese of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. In 2001 he was appointed rector of St. Alban's Cathedral, Prince Albert and Dean of Saskatchewan. He was consecrated Bishop of Saskatchewan on 6 March 2009. In 2009, Hawkins received an honorary doctorate from the University of King's College. Hawkins is a trustee of the Elliott House of Studies. References Anglican Church of Canada deans Anglican bishops of Saskatchewan 21st-century Anglican Church of Canada bishops Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
Richard Walsh DD (b Gortroe 1697; d Cork 1763) was an Irish Roman Catholic Bishop in the eighteenth century. Walsh was a compromise candidate for the Bishopric of Cork. The two leading candidates were John O’Brien, Parish Priest of Castlelyons, and James Butler, nephew of the Archbishop of Cashel. He was consecrated on 10 January 1748 and served until his death. References 1697 births 1763 deaths 18th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Ireland Roman Catholic bishops of Cork Christian clergy from County Cork
Giuseppe Di Bianco (born 17 October 1969) is an Italian composer, conductor, arranger, mainly of choral music. Biography Education Giuseppe Di Bianco holds degrees in Piano, Composition, Choral conducting and Music Didactics from the Conservatories of Salerno and San Pietro a Majella of Naples, graduating Summa cum Laude and Honorable Mention in Foreign Languages and Modern Literature, with a post Lauream Master at Rome University. The meetings with Pietro D'Amico and the Hungarian pianist György Sándor, a student of Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, are fundamental for his artistic training. Enrico Buondonno, direct heir of the didactic tradition of Licinio Refice, Raffaele Casimiri, Achille Longo started him to study the composition. He will be deeply bound by a profound educational and human relationship, which lasted over two decades. His training also includes advanced courses and workshops at Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena and Scuola di Musica of Fiesole (Florence) with Giacomo Manzoni, Salvatore Sciarrino, Louis Andriessen, Peter Maxwell Davies, Luis de Pablo; analysis seminars with Jean - Jacques Nattiez, Janet Schmalfeldt (Tufts University, MA). Artistic activity Active as a pianist, teacher, and composer, with the main interest in choral composition, published by Feniarco Ed. (IT), Federcoritrentino e «Композитор • Санкт-Петербург» Publishing House and performed in Italy, Europe (France, Switzerland, Denmark, Latvia, Slovenia, Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Portugal), USA, Russia, Japan, Philippine, he has received numerous awards in composition competitions, obtaining the first prize in the International Composition Competition "Cesare Augusto Seghizzi" of Gorizia in 2016, and presiding over the jury of the composition Trophy for the 2017 edition. His choral works have been commissioned and performed by international ensembles, including "The University of the Philippines Singing Ambassadors", Zürcher Sing-Akademie (CH), Vocaal Ensemble MUSA (NL), Coro Giovanile Italiano, Coro da Camera di Torino, Academic Mixed Choir "Vasilyev" (Russia), Coro di Voci Bianche of Santa Cecilia Academy, Rome, "Academic choir of Aarhus" (DK), "E STuudio Noortenkor" (EST), "San Josè State University Choraliers" (San Josè, CA, USA). His choral music has been performed and included as part of the main international music festivals: National and International Choral Competition "Guido d'Arezzo”, International Choral Competition “Cesare Augusto Seghizzi" of Gorizia, Vittorio Veneto National Choral Competition, International Choral Competition "J. Gallus" of Maribor (Slovenia), International "Cracovia Cantans" Festival (PO), "Rainbow Petersburg Choir Festival", St. Petersburg (RU), Festival MITO SettembreMusica(IT), Salerno Festival, Fondazione Pietà dei Turchini\|Fondazione "Pietà dei Turchini" of Naples; URTIcanti Contemporary Music Festival, Bari; International Milan Expo 2016, International Festival della Liuteria of Cremona, Rassegna concertistica di Villa Rufolo, Ravello. In 2021 his piece "Aetherium (Itinerarium Dantis in Deum)", broadcast by Radio Rai 3 Suite, was officially presented as part of the "Leading Voices" international symposium in Utrecht, organized by Europa Cantat. He was invited as guest composer at North Carolina University (Chapel Hill Campus, NC, USA) and at "Fine Arts and Music University" of Aichi, Japan. In 2014 he was selected among the composers included in the "Invisible Cities Project", an international compositional project inspired by the novel of the same name by Italo Calvino and aimed at transposing the text "Invisible Cities" into music, commissioned to a group of composers, including Carlo Domeniconi, Victor Koulaphides, Alexey Larin, Joe Schittino. He was officially invited to join the "FENIARCO" Italian projects "Officina Corale del Futuro",, La Musica di Dante, i cori giovanili italiani alla corte del sommo Poeta (2021); D'Annunzio, maestro e musico (ARCA, 2023). Some of his compositions have been recorded by "Coro da Camera di Torino" (CDs "Made in Italy", 2015; "Passio Domini Jesu Christi", 2018), and included in the online PROJECT : ENCORE™ of Schola Cantorum on Hudson. He is a member of the FENIARCO National Artistic Commission; Artistic Director of "Franco Di Franco" Musical Competition and "Wilhelm Kempff" piano Award of Positano, in the enchanting Coast of Amalfi (IT). Awards and special honors Awards 2019 - International Award "CostieraArte 2019", for his musical activities - City of Maiori, Coast of Amalfi 2016 - Winner of the 13th International Trophy of Choral Composition "Cesare Augusto Seghizzi" (Gorizia, Italy) 2014 - 1st prize, VIII International "Contemporalia" Choral Composition Competition (Badajoz, Spain) 2012 - 1st prize, V International "Choir Laboratory, XXI Century" Competition (St. Petersburg, Russia) 2012 - 1st prize, XI "A.C.P." National Choral Composition Competition, Regione Piemonte (Italy) 2010 - 1st prize, X "A.C.P." National Choral Composition Competition (Regione Piemonte, Italy) 2010 - 2nd prize (1st not assigned), III National Choral Composition Prize "A.R.C.C.", La canzone napoletana in polifonia (Italy) 2008 - 1st prize, International Choral Award "José Ribeiro de Sousa" (Alqueidão da Sierra, Portugal) 2008 - 1st Prize, Opera Omnia Choral Prize, Fiumefreddo di Sicilia (Catania, Italy) 2008 - 1st prize, IX "A.C.P." National Choral Composition Competition, Regione Piemonte (Italy) 2008 - 1st prize, II National Choral Composition Prize "A.R.C.C.", La canzone napoletana in polifonia (Italy) 2008 - 2nd prize (1st not assigned), 2nd International Choral Composition Competition (Vittorio Veneto, TV, Italy) 2008 - 2nd prize, "F.M. Napolitano" Composition National Award 2007 (Naples, Italy) 2007 - 1st prize, Choral Composition Contest "Soldanella" of Brentonico (Trento, Italy), 2007 2007 - 2nd prize (1st not assigned), National Composition Prize "Franco Michele Napolitano" (Naples, Italy) 2005 - Finalist, II International Competition for Choral Composition "C.A. Seghizzi" (Gorizia, Italy) 2004 - 2nd prize, T.I.M. International Music Tournament Award (Rome / Paris, 2004) 2003 - 3rd prize, International Drum open competition (Fermo, AN, Italy) 2003 - Finalist, "Helmut Laberer" Composition Prize, Conservatory of Santa Cecilia (Rome, Italy) 2002 - 2nd prize, X International Prize of Cortemilia (Cuneo, Italy) 2001 - 1st prize ex-aequo, XI International Choral Composition Award by Federcoritrentino (Trento, Italy) Honorable mentions and special honors 2013 - FENIARCO Special Award (Italian National Choral Federation) for an original choral work on Neapolitan language (Naples, Italy) 2008 - "Franco Caracciolo" Award (audience prize), VIII Sacred Choral Composition Prize on a Lutheran text (Naples, Italy) 2008 - Honorable Mention, International Choral Award "José Ribeiro de Sousa" (Alqueidão da Sierra, Portugal) 2007 - Honorable Mention, 7th Aliénor International Harpsichord Composition Competition, Salem College (Winston-Salem / NC, USA) 2002 - Honorable Mention (no prize assigned), National Choral Composition Prize "P. Righele" (Malo, VC, Italy) Choral Compositions (selection) Credo - SATB (2021) L'onda- SSATB (2023) Aetherium (Itinerarium Dantis in Deum) - SATB divisi, a cappella (2021) Plaudite manibus - SATTB (2018) Lumen - SATB a cappella (2017) The Fairy Lullaby - 2 soli, SSA, Fl, piano (2016) Alleluja - SATB, organo (2016) In pace - SSATB a cappella (2014) Victimae paschali laudes - SATB a cappella (2013) Madonna de lu Carmene - Solo, SATB (2011) Angele Dei - SATB a cappella (2010) Silentium (Volatizzazione di Dosso Casina) - TTBB a cappella (2007) In laude - SATB divisi, a cappella (2004) Salmo 95 – SATB, piano (2002) Ave Maria – SATB (o SSAA) a cappella (1996) Agnus Dei – SATB a cappella (1992) Essays Introduzione alla analisi stilistica e retorica, Convegno di Studi a cura della Fondazione "F. Menna", Salerno, 1998 Linguaggi, inventio, percorsi critici tra tradizione e contemporaneità, in Atti del XXXVI Convegno Europeo di Studi "Seghizzi", sez. musicologia, Ed.Uffico stampa Seghizzi, Gorizia, 2005 Melopoiesis. La musicalizzazione del testo letterario nella letteratura modernista inglese, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 2008 La musica italiana nel Risorgimento, 2011 InCanti di Sirene: topografia musicale di un mito, dal Mediterraneo ai Mari del Nord, 2012 Bibliography Atti del XXXVI Convegno Europeo di Studi "Seghizzi", sez. musicologia,(pp. 195–217) Ed. Ufficio stampa Seghizzi, Gorizia, 2005 Autori vari, Armonie in concorso all' XI Concorso Internazionale di Composizione Corale, Ed. Federcoritrentino, 2002 Autori vari, Melos 3, nuove composizioni corali, Edizioni Musicali Feniarco, 2012 E. Galvani e A. Ruo Rui(a cura di):Voci & Tradizione Piemonte, Canti della tradizione orale armonizzati o elaborati per coro, Ed. Feniarco, San Vito al Tagliamento; ACP, Piemonte, 2012 I. Vyaeslavovna Roganova (a cura di):Хоровая лаборатория. XXI век. Музыка для детей и юношества. Выпуск 4, Ed. "Композитор • Санкт-Петербург", S. Pietroburgo, RUS, 2014 AA.VV., D'Annunzio, Maestro e musico. Nuove composizioni ed elaborazioni su versi di Gabriele D'Annunzio, ARCA Edizioni Musicali, 2023 References External links Official Website "Encore" Project Positano News reportage, 16 August, 2017 Concurso Internacional "Amadeus" University of the Philippines Singing Ambassadors, European Tour 2005 International Choral Competition "Seghizzi", Italy "An Italian Christmas" by Ken Hoover 1969 births Living people 20th-century classical composers 21st-century classical composers Italian classical composers Italian male classical composers 20th-century Italian composers 20th-century Italian male musicians 21st-century Italian male musicians
```go /* path_to_url Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. / package framework import ( "sync" "testing" v1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1" metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1" "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/watch" ) // ensure the watch delivers the requested and only the requested items. func consume(t testing.T, w watch.Interface, rvs []string, done sync.WaitGroup) { defer done.Done() for _, rv := range rvs { got, ok := <-w.ResultChan() if !ok { t.Errorf("%#v: unexpected channel close, wanted %v", rvs, rv) return } gotRV := got.Object.(v1.Pod).ObjectMeta.ResourceVersion if e, a := rv, gotRV; e != a { t.Errorf("wanted %v, got %v", e, a) } else { t.Logf("Got %v as expected", gotRV) } } // We should not get anything else. got, open := <-w.ResultChan() if open { t.Errorf("%#v: unwanted object %#v", rvs, got) } } func TestRCNumber(t testing.T) { pod := func(name string) v1.Pod { return &v1.Pod{ ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{ Name: name, }, } } wg := &sync.WaitGroup{} wg.Add(3) source := NewFakeControllerSource() source.Add(pod("foo")) source.Modify(pod("foo")) source.Modify(pod("foo")) w, err := source.Watch(metav1.ListOptions{ResourceVersion: "1"}) if err != nil { t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err) } go consume(t, w, []string{"2", "3"}, wg) list, err := source.List(metav1.ListOptions{}) if err != nil { t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err) } if e, a := "3", list.(v1.List).ResourceVersion; e != a { t.Errorf("wanted %v, got %v", e, a) } w2, err := source.Watch(metav1.ListOptions{ResourceVersion: "2"}) if err != nil { t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err) } go consume(t, w2, []string{"3"}, wg) w3, err := source.Watch(metav1.ListOptions{ResourceVersion: "3"}) if err != nil { t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err) } go consume(t, w3, []string{}, wg) source.Shutdown() wg.Wait() } // TestResetWatch validates that the FakeController correctly mocks a watch // falling behind and ResourceVersions aging out. func TestResetWatch(t testing.T) { pod := func(name string) *v1.Pod { return &v1.Pod{ ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{ Name: name, }, } } wg := &sync.WaitGroup{} wg.Add(1) source := NewFakeControllerSource() source.Add(pod("foo")) // RV = 1 source.Modify(pod("foo")) // RV = 2 source.Modify(pod("foo")) // RV = 3 // Kill watch, delete change history source.ResetWatch() // This should fail, RV=1 was lost with ResetWatch _, err := source.Watch(metav1.ListOptions{ResourceVersion: "1"}) if err == nil { t.Fatalf("Unexpected non-error") } // This should succeed, RV=3 is current w, err := source.Watch(metav1.ListOptions{ResourceVersion: "3"}) if err != nil { t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err) } // Modify again, ensure the watch is still working source.Modify(pod("foo")) go consume(t, w, []string{"4"}, wg) source.Shutdown() wg.Wait() } ```
```c++ CMFCToolBarsCustomizeDialog pDlgCust = new CMFCToolBarsCustomizeDialog(this, TRUE / Automatic menus scaning */, AFX_CUSTOMIZE_MENU_SHADOWS \| AFX_CUSTOMIZE_TEXT_LABELS \| AFX_CUSTOMIZE_MENU_ANIMATIONS, // default parameters &lstCustomPages); // pointer to the list of runtime classes of the custom property pages ```
Andrew or Andy Cunningham may refer to: Andy Cunningham (footballer) (1891–1973), Scottish football player and coach Andy Cunningham (actor) (1950–2017), English actor Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope (1883–1963), British admiral of the Second World War Andrew Cunningham (politician) (1910–2010), British politician, jailed for corruption Andrew Cunningham (CEO), chief executive of Grainger plc Andrew Chase Cunningham, American civil engineer and fencing master, wrote The Cane as a Weapon See also Andrew Cunningham Farm, near Virginia, Illinois, historic building
Ribesalbes is a municipality located in the province of Castellón, Valencian Community, Spain. In 1780s, Joseph Ferrer founded an earthenware factory in Ribesalbes. References Municipalities in the Province of Castellón Plana Baixa
The 2009–10 Japan Figure Skating Championships was the 78th edition of the event. It took place between December 25 and 27, 2009 at the Namihaya Dome arena in Kadoma, Osaka. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing on the senior level for the title of national champion of Japan. The event was also used to choose the Japanese teams to the 2010 World Championships and the 2010 Four Continents Championships, as well as being among the competition results used to determine the team to the 2010 Winter Olympics. The Japanese team to the 2010 World Junior Championships was chosen at the Japanese Junior Championships. Competition notes The following junior skaters were invited to compete at the senior championships: Yuzuru Hanyu, Kento Nakamura, Ryuju Hino, Fumiya Itai, Keiji Tanaka, and Yoji Tsuboi in men's singles, and Kanako Murakami, Haruka Imai, Yukiko Fujisawa, Kako Tomotaki, and Karen Kemanai in ladies' singles. Shoma Uno, who placed third in junior men, and Satoko Miyahara, who placed fourth in junior ladies, were not invited due to being novice skaters. Results Men Ladies Pairs Ice dancing Japan Junior Figure Skating Championships The 2009–10 Japan Junior Figure Skating Championships were the Japanese National Championships for the junior level for the 2009–10 season. They were the 78th Japan Junior Championships. They took place at the Shinyokohama Skate Center in Yokohama from November 21 through 23, 2009. The results of this competition were used to choose the Japanese team to the 2010 World Junior Championships. The following skaters placed high enough at Novice Nationals and so were invited to compete at Junior Nationals: Shoma Uno (1st in novice, 3rd in junior), Shuu Nakamura (2nd in novice, 23rd in junior) for the men; and Ayana Yasuhara (1st in novice, 28th in junior), Risa Shoji (2nd in novice, 10th in junior), Riona Kato (3rd in novice, 7th in junior), and Satoko Miyahara (4th in novice, 4th in junior) for the ladies. Men Ladies Ice dancing International team selections Winter Olympics The Olympic team was announced as follows: World Championships The World Championships team was announced as follows: Four Continents Championships The Four Continents Championships team was announced as follows: World Junior Championships The World Junior Championships team was announced as follows: External links 2009–10 Japan Figure Skating Championships results 2009–10 Japan Junior Figure Skating Championships results 2009–10 Japan Novice Figure Skating Championships results 2009–10 Japan Figure Skating Championships results at the Japan Skating Federation 2009 2009 in figure skating 2010 in figure skating Figure Skating Championships 2009 Figure Skating Championships 2009
Carole Lesley (27 May 1935 – 28 February 1974), was a British actress who had a short but significant career as a "blonde bombshell". She was born Maureen Rippingale in Chelmsford, Essex, but ran away from home at the age of 16, "aiming to become a star". She starred in several films in the late 1950s and early 1960s, including the 1957 film Woman in a Dressing Gown, which won the 1958 Golden Globe Award for Best English-Language Foreign Film. She also appeared in No Trees in the Street, These Dangerous Years, Doctor in Love, Operation Bullshine and What a Whopper, and played Helen of Troy in a television play. However, Associated decided to end her contract, which devastated her and she disappeared from the public eye. She subsequently lived in a semi-detached house overlooking New Barnet station in north London, but by 1973 was described as "a deeply depressed, once beautiful woman, still haunted by a glamorous past". She was found dead by her husband Michael Dalling in their New Barnet home on 28 February 1974. At her inquest it was determined that she had died of a drug overdose and that she had "killed herself". Filmography References External links Deborah Orr article featuring photo of Carole Lesley Carole Lesley - 'The actress who never went to Hollywood' featuring several Pathe News clips 1935 births 1974 deaths English film actresses 20th-century English actresses Actors from Chelmsford Drug-related suicides in England 1974 suicides
Severo Cagatan Caermare (born October 22, 1969) is a Filipino prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the Bishop of the Diocese of Dipolog in the Philippines. Background Caermare was born on October 22, 1969, in Sibutad, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. He attended Cor Jesu Seminary in Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines and St. John Vianney Theological Seminary in Cagayan de Oro. He attained his degree in theology from Cor Jesu Seminary in Dipolog, Philippines. Ministry Sacerdotal Caermare was ordained as priest on April 22, 1996, at Saint Anne Parish in his hometown of Sibutad, Zamboanga del Norte. As priest, Caermare spent most of his pastoral work in parishes. He also lectured in seminaries. Episcopal Pope Francis appointed Caermare to be the 3rd Bishop of the Diocese of Dipolog on July 25, 2014, and was ordained on October 30, 2014, in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary in Dipolog with Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines Giuseppe Pinto as the Principal Consecrator, Bishop Jose Cabantan of Diocese of Malaybalay and Bishop Emeritus Jose Manguiran of Dipolog as Principal Co-Consecrators. Because of this, Caermare became the first bishop from the Diocese of Dipolog where he was ordained. On December 6, 2017, after the passing of Iligan bishop Elenito Galido, Pope Francis appointed Caermare as Apostolic Administrator for the Diocese of Iligan until September 5, 2019, after the appointment of Bishop Jose Rapadas III. References 21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Philippines 1969 births People from Zamboanga del Norte Living people
VirtualTourist (VT) was a free online travel guide and social networking service. The website had over 1.3 million members, which contributed to sharing 3.7 million photos and posted 1.8 million travel tips for over 70,000 locations. Members were able to rate each other's tips by accuracy and helpfulness. Each member had a "VT rank" based on the ratings of their tips. Some members attended meetings, which often included over 100 participants. The company also provided "Top 10 lists" based on rankings by its members, including "10 of world's most unusual foods", "Top 10 European Cities To See Now", and "Best Street Art". The site earned honors including recommended travel forum by Time, a favorite website by Newsweek, and one of the 35 best travel sites by Travel + Leisure. Effective February 27, 2017, the site was shut down. History The origin of Virtualtourist is found in a project at the University of Buffalo to provide a Web-based map of all servers on the Internet. This project was nominated for “Best Navigation Aid” at the Best of the Web Awards at the First International Conference on the World-Wide Web. In 1996, Brandon Plewe at the University of Buffalo registered “Virtual Tourist” as a trademark in the US, but abandoned the trademark in 1997. Shortly thereafter, two German computer science students, Tilman Reissfelder and Thorsten Kalkbrenner at the University of Karlsruhe, registered the URL. By 1999, Reissfelder and Kalkbrenner had a site with a few hundred city locations with travel links that people could add to and which would reference their user profiles. The site, which had links about “Hotels, Restaurants, Things to Do”, received 1.5 million page views per month from about 500,000 unique visitors. J.R. Johnson, an American attorney, teamed up with Reissfelder and Kalkbrenner, moved the company to the US, raised money, with Reissfelder as CTO and Johnson as CEO. The website launched in January 2000 at the peak of the dot-com bubble. In 2007, the company launched VirtualTourist Travel Guides, printed guidebooks composed almost entirely of user-generated content. In July 2008, VirtualTourist.com, Inc. and sister site Onetime were acquired by Expedia Group (then owner of TripAdvisor) for $85 million. In September 2012, the company announced a partnership whereby it would provide perks to travelers with Contiki Tours who posted about their experiences on the website. Effective February 27, 2017, the site was shut down. References Tripadvisor American travel websites Internet properties disestablished in 2017 Internet properties established in 1999 1999 establishments in the United States
The Whitewater Hotel in Whitewater, Wisconsin was built in 1894. It was renovated in 2006. According to the National Park Service: Between its construction in 1894 and its general demise as a functioning hotel around 1952, the Whitewater Hotel was an important component in the commercial life of the city of Whitewater. During this period, Whitewater's economy was almost entirely dependent upon commerce and the only area of growth was in agricultural commerce. The Whitewater Hotel had a prime location near businesses catering to agricultural commerce. The Hotel's location across the street from the Whitewater Passenger Depot gave it a ready-made clientele for people using the railroad. In 2006 the Whitewater Hotel was renovated under the federal and state tax credit program for the historic renovation of National Register-eligible buildings. Today, the building is used for apartments and a cafe. The building was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on January 21, 2010. The listing was announced as the featured listing in the National Park Service's weekly list of January 29, 2010. References External links Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin Buildings and structures in Walworth County, Wisconsin Hotels established in 1894 Hotel buildings completed in 1894 Railway hotels in the United States National Register of Historic Places in Walworth County, Wisconsin Whitewater, Wisconsin 1894 establishments in Wisconsin
The 2012 Big South men's basketball tournament took place February 27, 29, March 1, and March 3, 2012. The semifinals were televised on ESPNU, and the championship on ESPN2. It was the first year the Big South introduced a first round that consisted of 2 games to be held on campus sites of the higher seeds. VMI and High Point defeated Radford and Gardner-Webb, respectively, to advance to the quarterfinals, held at UNC Asheville's Kimmel Arena along with the semifinals. The quarterfinals featured a pair of upsets, the first from the hands of VMI. The 7-seeded Keydets used a huge 2nd half run to pull away from #2 seed Coastal Carolina 85–68. Later that day, #6 Winthrop defeated #3 Campbell 71–55 thanks to 25 points from Reggie Middleton. Top-seed UNC Asheville blew away High Point 86–61, followed by Charleston Southern beating Liberty 89–72. VMI continued their upset run with a 20-point drubbing over Winthrop 75–55. Asheville defeated Charleston Southern 91–64, thus gaining home-court advantage for the championship game on March 3. In a game that flip-flopped leads in the first half, Asheville used a 9–0 run to break a 47–47 tie with VMI and take the lead for good. After the Keydets got 2 to make the score 58–52, the Bulldogs ended the game on a 22–12 run to win the Big South crown for a second straight year. Format With the addition of Campbell from the Atlantic Sun, the Big South introduced a new format for 2012 where the top 10 teams in the standings qualified for the tournament. The 10-team field was the largest in the event's history, and first round games were contested for just the second time – the last occurring in 1993. Initially, the Big South intended for only the top 10 teams to make the tournament, as Presbyterian was supposed to be complete its Division I transition this season. However, Presbyterian was given another transition year thus, remained ineligible for the NCAA tournament and thus not allowed to participate. As such, the ten other teams will contest the bracket. This was the last tournament in which early-round games were held at campus sites. In June 2012, the conference announced that the 2013 men's and women's tournaments would be held solely at the Student Recreation and Convocation Center on Coastal Carolina's Conway, South Carolina campus, a venue which would ultimately open in fall 2012 as the HTC Center. With Presbyterian completing its Division I transition and Longwood joining the conference, the 2013 tournament will be the first to feature 12 teams. Bracket * – Denotes overtime First round at campus sites of higher-numbered seeds Quarterfinals and Semifinals games at #1 seed, Kimmel Arena in Asheville, NC Championship game hosted by highest remaining seed References Tournament Big South Conference men's basketball tournament Big South Conference men's basketball tournament Big South Conference men's basketball tournament Big South Conference men's basketball tournament
La festival de Capisterre is an annual festival celebrated in the region of Capisterre, St. Kitts. Overview The Capisterre region was the earliest area in St. Kitts to be settled by Europeans and was part of French St. Christophe from 1625 to 1713. The area now holds four main settlements: Newton Ground village, St. Paul's village, Dieppe Bay Town, and Parson's Ground village, all separated from each other by miles of sugarcane fields. History The festival was established in 2001 to foster unity amongst these four villages, often dubbed by locals "the back of de land" due to their being the furthest locations on the island from the capital city of Basseterre. Individually, each village would have proved to be too small to hold a truly profitable community festival, but the union of the four villages resulted in the exact opposite—the largest community festival in the federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis in terms of both participant population and generated income. The income generated from the activities is in turn used to better the communities of Capisterre. The festival is celebrated in September around the time of the Independence celebrations. References Folk festivals in Saint Kitts and Nevis Recurring events established in 2001 Cultural festivals in Saint Kitts and Nevis 2001 establishments in Saint Kitts and Nevis
Hosangadi is a village in the Kundapur taluk of Udupi district. As of 2011, Hosangadi has a total population of 4872 people consisting of 2488 male and 410 female residents. The village occupies a total area of 3541.88 hectares with a population density of 1.376 people per hectare. As of 2011, the total literacy rate was 75.9% which was higher than the national average of 59.5%. As of 2011, Hosangadi has an employment rate of over 43.31%, 87.11% of whom are employed over 183 days in a year. See also Udupi Kundapura References Villages in Udupi district
Fisher Bastion () is a high rectangular massif, high, between the upper reaches of Potter Glacier and Foster Glacier, southeast of Mount Huggins in the Royal Society Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1994 after Commander Dwight David Fisher, U.S. Navy, Commanding Officer of the Naval Support Force, Antarctica, 1987–89; Fisher Peak in Palmer Land was also named after him. References Mountains of Victoria Land Scott Coast
(24 September 1564 – 16 May 1620), better known in Japan as , was an English navigator who, in 1600, was the first Englishman to reach Japan. He did so on a trading ship called under the leadership of Jacob Quaeckernaeck; it was the only surviving vessel from a five-ship expedition launched by a company of Rotterdam merchants (a voorcompagnie, or predecessor of the Dutch East India Company). Among the few survivors of the expedition who reached Japan, the authorities did not allow Adams and his second mate Jan Joosten to leave the country; Japan had been a closed society. They did permit Quaeckernaeck and Melchior van Santvoort to return to the Dutch Republic to establish formal trade relations. Adams and Joosten settled in Japan, and the two men became Western samurai. Soon after Adams' arrival in Japan, he became a key advisor to the shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Under his authority, Adams directed construction of the first Western-style ships in the country. He was later part of Japan's approving the establishment of trading factories by the Netherlands. He was also highly involved in Japan's Red Seal Asian trade, chartering and serving as captain of four expeditions to Southeast Asia. He died in Japan at age 55. He has been recognised as one of the most influential foreigners in Japan during this period. Early life Adams was born in Gillingham, Kent, England. When Adams was twelve his father died, and he was apprenticed to shipyard owner Master Nicholas Diggins at Limehouse for the seafaring life. He spent the next twelve years learning shipbuilding, astronomy, and navigation before entering the Royal Navy. With England at war with Spain, Adams served in the Royal Navy under Sir Francis Drake. He saw naval service against the Spanish Armada in 1588 as master of the Richarde Dyffylde, a resupply ship. Adams was recorded to have married Mary Hyn in the parish church of St Dunstan's, Stepney on 20 August 1589. They had two children together: a son John and a daughter Deliverance. Soon after, Adams became a pilot for the Barbary Company. During this service, Jesuit sources claim he took part in an expedition to the Arctic that lasted about two years, in search of a Northeast Passage along the coast of Siberia to the Far East. The veracity of this claim is somewhat suspect, because he never referred to such an expedition in his autobiographical letter written from Japan; its wording implies that the 1598 voyage was his first involvement with the Dutch. The Jesuit source may have misattributed to Adams a claim by one of the Dutch members of Mahu's crew who had been on Rijp's ship during the voyage that discovered Spitsbergen. Expedition to the Far East Attracted by the Dutch trade with India, Adams, then 34 years old, shipped as pilot major with a five-ship fleet dispatched from the isle of Texel to the Far East in 1598 by a company of Rotterdam merchants (a voorcompagnie, predecessor of the Dutch East India Company). His brother Thomas accompanied him. The Dutch were allied with England at that time; both were Protestant nations, and were fighting against Spain for Dutch independence. The Adams brothers set sail from Texel on the Hoope and joined with the rest of the fleet on 24 June. The fleet consisted of: the Hoope ("Hope"), under Admiral Jacques Mahu (d. 1598), he was succeeded by Simon de Cordes (d. 1599) and Simon de Cordes Jr. This ship was lost near the Hawaiian Islands; the Liefde ("Love" or "Charity"), under Simon de Cordes, 2nd in command, succeeded by Gerrit van Beuningen, and finally under Jacob Kwakernaak; this was the only ship to reach Japan the Geloof ("Faith"), under Gerrit van Beuningen, and in the end, Sebald de Weert; the only ship that returned to Rotterdam. the Trouw ("Loyalty"), under Jurriaan van Boekhout (d. 1599) and finally, Baltazar de Cordes; was captured in Tidore. the Blijde Boodschap ("Good Tiding" or "The Gospel"), under Sebald de Weert, and later, Dirck Gerritz was seized in Valparaiso. Jacques Mahu and Simon de Cordes were the leaders of an expedition with the goal to reach Chile, Peru and other kingdoms (in New Spain such as Nueva Galicia; Captaincy General of Guatemala; Nueva Vizcaya; New Kingdom of León and Santa Fe de Nuevo México). The fleet's original mission was to sail for the west coast of South America, where they would sell their cargo for silver, and to head for Japan only if the first mission failed. In that case, they were supposed to obtain silver in Japan and to buy spices in the Moluccas, before heading back to Europe. Their goal was to sail through the Strait of Magellan to get to their destination, which scared many sailors because of the harsh weather conditions. The first major expedition around South America was organized by a voorcompagnie, the Rotterdam or Magelhaen Company. It organized two fleets of five and four ships with 750 sailors and soldiers, including 30 English musicians. After leaving Goeree on 27 June 1598 the ships sailed to the Channel, but anchored in the Downs till mid July. When the ships approached the shores of North Africa, Simon de Cordes realized he had been far too generous in the early weeks of the voyage and instituted a 'bread policy'. At the end of August they landed at Santiago, Cape Verde and Mayo off the coast of Africa because of a lack of water and need for fresh fruit. They stayed around three weeks in the hope of buying some goats. Near Praia they succeeded in occupying a Portuguese castle on the top of a hill, but came back without anything substantial. At Brava, Cape Verde, half of the crew of the "Hope" caught fever and most of the men were sick, among them Admiral Jacques Mahu. After his death the leadership of the expedition was taken over by Simon de Cordes, with Van Beuningen as vice admiral. Because of contrary wind, the fleet was blown off course (NE in the opposite direction) and arrived at Cape Lopez, Gabon, Central Africa. An outbreak of scurvy forced a landing on Annobón, on 9 December. Several men became sick because of dysentery. They stormed the island only to find that the Portuguese and their native allies had set fire to their houses and fled into the hills. The Dutch put all their sick men ashore to recover and left in early January.<ref>'The Dutch Discovery of Japan: The True Story Behind James Clavell's Famous ... By Dirk J. Barreveld, p. 72</ref> Because of starvation, the men fell into great weakness; some tried to eat leather. On 10 March 1599 they reached the Rio de la Plata, in Argentina. By early April they arrived at the Strait, 570 km long, 2 km wide at its narrowest point, with an inaccurate chart of the seabed. The wind turned out to be unfavorable and this remained so for the next four months. Under freezing temperatures and poor visibility, they caught penguins, seals, mussels, duck and fish. About two hundred crew members died. On 23 August the weather improved. In the Pacific When finally the expedition reached the Pacific Ocean on 3 September 1599, the ships were caught in a storm and lost sight of each other. The Loyalty and the Believe were driven back in the strait. After more than a year, each ship went its own way. The Geloof returned to Rotterdam in July 1600 with 36 men surviving of the original 109 crew. De Cordes ordered his small fleet to wait four weeks for each other on Santa María Island, Chile, but some ships missed the island. Adams wrote "they brought us sheep and potatoes". From here the story becomes less reliable because of a lack of sources and changes in command. In early November, the "Hope" landed on Mocha Island where 27 people, including Simon de Cordes, were killed by the people from Araucania. (In the account given to Olivier van Noort, it was said that Simon de Cordes was slain at the Punta de Lavapie, but Adams gives Mocha Island as the scene of his death.) The Love hit the island, but went on to Punta de Lavapié near Concepción, Chile. A Spanish captain supplied the "Loyalty" and "Hope" with food; the Dutch helped him against the Araucans, who had killed 23 Dutch, including Thomas Adams (according to his brother in his second letter) and Gerrit van Beuningen. He was replaced by Jacob Quaeckernaeck. During the voyage, before December 1598, Adams changed ships to the Liefde (originally named Erasmus and adorned by a wooden carving of Erasmus on her stern). The statue was preserved in the Ryuko-in Buddhist temple in Sano City, Tochigi-ken and moved to the Tokyo National Museum in the 1920s. The Trouw reached Tidore (Eastern Indonesia). The crew were killed by Portuguese there in January 1601. In fear of the Spaniards, the remaining crews determined to leave Floreana Island and sail across the Pacific. It was 27 November 1599 when the two ships sailed westward for Japan. On their way, the two ships made landfall in "certain islands" where eight sailors deserted the ships. Later during the voyage, a typhoon claimed the Hope with all hands, in late February 1600. Arrival in Japan In April 1600, after more than 19 months at sea, a crew of 23 sick and dying men (out of the 100 who started the voyage) brought the Liefde to anchor off the island of Kyūshū, Japan. Their cargo consisted of eleven chests of trade goods: coarse woolen cloth, glass beads, mirrors, and spectacles; and metal tools and weapons: nails, iron, hammers, nineteen bronze cannon; 5,000 cannonballs; 500 muskets, 300 chain-shot, and three chests filled with coats of mail. When the nine surviving crew members were strong enough to stand, they made landfall on 19 April off Bungo (present-day Usuki, Ōita Prefecture). They were met by Japanese locals and Portuguese Jesuit missionary priests claiming that Adams's ship was a pirate vessel and that the crew should be executed as pirates. The ship was seized and the sickly crew were imprisoned at Osaka Castle on orders by Tokugawa Ieyasu, the daimyō of Edo and future shōgun. The nineteen bronze cannon of the Liefde were unloaded and, according to Spanish accounts, later used at the decisive Battle of Sekigahara on 21 October 1600. Adams met Ieyasu in Osaka three times between May and June 1600. He was questioned by Ieyasu, then a guardian of the young son of the Taikō Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the ruler who had just died. Adams's knowledge of ships, shipbuilding and nautical smattering of mathematics appealed to Ieyasu. Coming before the king, he viewed me well, and seemed to be wonderfully favourable. He made many signs unto me, some of which I understood, and some I did not. In the end, there came one that could speak Portuguese. By him, the king demanded of me of what land I was, and what moved us to come to his land, being so far off. I showed unto him the name of our country, and that our land had long sought out the East Indies, and desired friendship with all kings and potentates in way of merchandise, having in our land diverse commodities, which these lands had not… Then he asked whether our country had wars? I answered him yea, with the Spaniards and Portugals, being in peace with all other nations. Further, he asked me, in what I did believe? I said, in God, that made heaven and earth. He asked me diverse other questions of things of religions, and many other things: As what way we came to the country. Having a chart of the whole world, I showed him, through the Strait of Magellan. At which he wondered, and thought me to lie. Thus, from one thing to another, I abode with him till mid-night. (from William Adams'a letter to his wife) Adams wrote that Ieyasu denied the Jesuits' request for execution on the ground that: we as yet had not done to him nor to none of his land any harm or damage; therefore against Reason or Justice to put us to death. If our country had wars the one with the other, that was no cause that he should put us to death; with which they were out of heart that their cruel pretence failed them. For which God be forever praised. (William Adams's letter to his wife) Ieyasu ordered the crew to sail the Liefde from Bungo to Edo where, rotten and beyond repair, she sank. Japan's first Western-style sailing ships In 1604, Tokugawa ordered Adams and his companions to help Mukai Shōgen, who was commander-in-chief of the navy of Uraga, to build Japan's first Western-style ship. The sailing ship was built at the harbour of Itō on the east coast of the Izu Peninsula. Carpenters from the harbour supplied the manpower to construct an 80-ton vessel. It was used to survey the Japanese coast. The following year, the shōgun ordered a larger ship of 120 tons to be built; it was slightly smaller than the Liefde, which was 150 tons. According to Adams, Tokugawa "came aboard to see it, and the sight whereof gave him great content". In 1610, the 120-ton ship (later named San Buena Ventura) was lent to shipwrecked Spanish sailors. They sailed it to New Spain, accompanied by a mission of twenty-two Japanese led by Tanaka Shōsuke. Following the construction, Tokugawa invited Adams to visit his palace whenever he liked and said "that always I must come in his presence." Other survivors of the Liefde were also rewarded with favours, and were allowed to pursue foreign trade. Most of the survivors left Japan in 1605 with the help of the daimyō of Hirado. Although Adams did not receive permission to leave Japan until 1613, Melchior van Santvoort and Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn engaged in trade between Japan and Southeast Asia and reportedly made a fortune. Both of them were reported by Dutch traders as being in Ayutthaya in early 1613, sailing richly cargoed junks.In 1609 Adams contacted the interim governor of the Philippines, Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia on behalf of Tokugawa Ieyasu, who wished to establish direct trade contacts with New Spain. Friendly letters were exchanged, officially starting relations between Japan and New Spain. Adams is also recorded as having chartered Red Seal Ships during his later travels to Southeast Asia. (The Ikoku Tokai Goshuinjō has a reference to Miura Anjin receiving a shuinjō, a document bearing a red Shogunal seal authorising the holder to engage in foreign trade, in 1614.) Samurai status Taking a liking to Adams, the shōgun appointed him as a diplomatic and trade advisor, bestowing great privileges upon him. Ultimately, Adams became his personal advisor on all things related to Western powers and civilization. After a few years, Adams replaced the Jesuit Padre João Rodrigues as the Shogun's official interpreter. Padre Valentim Carvalho wrote: "After he had learned the language, he had access to Ieyasu and entered the palace at any time"; he also described him as "a great engineer and mathematician". Adams had a wife Mary Hyn and two children back in England, but Ieyasu forbade the Englishman to leave Japan. He was presented with two swords representing the authority of a Samurai. The Shogun decreed that William Adams the pilot was dead and that Miura Anjin (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. According to the shōgun, this action "freed" Adams to serve the Shogunate permanently, effectively making Adams' wife in England a widow. (Adams managed to send regular support payments to her after 1613 via the English and Dutch companies.) Adams also was given the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the shōgun's court. Adams was given generous revenues: "For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the emperor has given me a living" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (Jpn: 逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, "with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku (a measure of the yearly income of the land in rice, with one koku defined as the quantity of rice sufficient to feed one person for one year). He finally wrote "God hath provided for me after my great misery" (Letters), by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that had initially brought him to Japan. Adams' estate was located next to the harbour of Uraga, the traditional point of entrance to Edo Bay. There he was recorded as dealing with the cargoes of foreign ships. John Saris related that when he visited Edo in 1613, Adams had resale rights for the cargo of a Spanish ship at anchor in Uraga Bay. It is rumored that William had a child born in Hirado with another Japanese woman. Adams' position gave him the means to marry Oyuki (お雪), the adopted daughter of Magome Kageyu. He was a highway official who was in charge of a packhorse exchange on one of the grand imperial roads that led out of Edo (roughly present-day Tokyo). Although Magome was important, Oyuki was not of noble birth, nor high social standing. Adams may have married from affection rather than for social reasons. Adams and Oyuki had a son Joseph and a daughter Susanna. Adams was constantly traveling for work. Initially, he tried to organise an expedition in search of the Arctic passage that had eluded him previously. Adams had a high regard for Japan, its people, and its civilization: The people of this Land of Japan are good of nature, courteous above measure, and valiant in war: their justice is severely executed without any partiality upon transgressors of the law. They are governed in great civility. I mean, not a land better governed in the world by civil policy. The people be very superstitious in their religion, and are of diverse opinions. Establishment of the Dutch East India Company in Japan In 1604 Ieyasu sent the Liefde's captain, Jacob Quaeckernaeck, and the treasurer, Melchior van Santvoort, on a shōgun-licensed Red Seal Ship to Patani in Southeast Asia. He ordered them to contact the Dutch East India Company trading factory, which had just been established in 1602, in order to bring more western trade to Japan and break the Portuguese monopoly. In 1605, Adams obtained a letter of authorization from Ieyasu formally inviting the Dutch to trade with Japan. Hampered by conflicts with the Portuguese and limited resources in Asia, the Dutch were not able to send ships to Japan until 1609. Two Dutch ships, commanded by Jacques Specx, De Griffioen (the "Griffin", 19 cannons) and Roode Leeuw met Pijlen (the "Red lion with arrows", 400 tons, 26 cannons), were sent from Holland and reached Japan on 2 July 1609. The men of this Dutch expeditionary fleet established a trading base or "factory" on Hirado Island. Two Dutch envoys, Puyck and van den Broek, were the official bearers of a letter from Prince Maurice of Nassau to the court of Edo. Adams negotiated on behalf of these emissaries. The Dutch obtained free trading rights throughout Japan and to establish a trading factory there. (By contrast, the Portuguese were allowed to sell their goods only in Nagasaki at fixed, negotiated prices.) The Hollandes be now settled (in Japan) and I have got them that privilege as the Spaniards and Portingals could never get in this 50 or 60 years in Japan. After obtaining this trading right through an edict of Tokugawa Ieyasu on 24 August 1609, the Dutch inaugurated a trading factory in Hirado on 20 September 1609. The Dutch preserved their "trade pass" (Dutch: Handelspas) in Hirado and then Dejima as a guarantee of their trading rights during the following two centuries that they operated in Japan. Establishment of an English trading factory In 1611, Adams learned of an English settlement in Banten Sultanate, present-day Indonesia. He wrote asking them to convey news of him to his family and friends in England. He invited them to engage in trade with Japan which "the Hollanders have here an Indies of money." In 1613, the English captain John Saris arrived at Hirado in the ship Clove, intending to establish a trading factory for the British East India Company. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) already had a major post at Hirado. Saris noted Adams' praise of Japan and adoption of Japanese customs: He persists in giving "admirable and affectionated commendations of Japan. It is generally thought amongst us that he is a naturalized Japaner." (John Saris) In Hirado, Adams refused to stay in English quarters, residing instead with a local Japanese magistrate. The English noted that he wore Japanese dress and spoke Japanese fluently. Adams estimated the cargo of the Clove was of little value, essentially broadcloth, tin and cloves (acquired in the Spice Islands), saying that "such things as he had brought were not very vendible". Adams traveled with Saris to Suruga, where they met with Ieyasu at his principal residence in September. The Englishmen continued to Kamakura where they visited the noted Kamakura Great Buddha. (Sailors etched their names of the Daibutsu, made in 1252.) They continued to Edo, where they met Ieyasu's son Hidetada, who was nominally shōgun, although Ieyasu retained most of the decision-making powers. During that meeting, Hidetada gave Saris two varnished suits of armour for King James I. As of 2015, one of these suits of armour is housed in the Tower of London, the other is on display in the Royal Armouries Museum, Leeds. The suits were signed by Iwai Yozaemon of Nanbu. They were part of a series of presentation armours of ancient 15th-century Dō-maru style. On their return, the English party visited Tokugawa again. He conferred trading privileges to the English by a Red Seal permit, giving them "free license to abide, buy, sell and barter" in Japan. The English party returned to Hirado on 9 October 1613. At this meeting, Adams asked for and obtained Tokugawa's authorisation to return to his home country but he finally declined Saris' offer to take him back to England: "I answered him I had spent in this country many years, through which I was poor... [and] desirous to get something before my return". His true reasons seem to lie rather with his profound antipathy for Saris: "The reason I would not go with him was for diverse injuries done against me, which were things to me very strange and unlooked for." (William Adams letters) Adams accepted employment with the newly founded Hirado trading factory, signing a contract on 24November 1613, with the East India Company for the yearly salary of 100 English Pounds. This was more than double the regular salary of 40 Pounds earned by the other factors at Hirado. Adams had a lead role, under Richard Cocks and together with six other compatriots (Tempest Peacock, Richard Wickham, William Eaton, Walter Carwarden, Edmund Sayers and William Nealson), in organising this new English settlement. Adams had advised Saris against the choice of Hirado, which was small and far away from the major markets in Osaka and Edo; he had recommended selection of Uraga near Edo for a post, but Saris wanted to keep an eye on the Dutch activities. During the ten-year operations of the East India Company (1613 to 1623), only three English ships after the Clove brought cargoes directly from London to Japan. They were invariably described as having poor value on the Japanese market. The only trade which helped support the factory was that organised between Japan and South-East Asia; this was chiefly Adams selling Chinese goods for Japanese silver: Were it not for hope of trade into China, or procuring some benefit from Siam, Pattania and Cochin China, it were no staying in Japon, yet it is certen here is silver enough & may be carried out at pleasure, but then we must bring them commodities to their liking. (Richard Cocks' diary, 1617) Religious rivalries The Portuguese and other Catholic religious orders in Japan considered Adams a rival as an English Protestant. After Adams' power had grown, the Jesuits tried to convert him, then offered to secretly bear him away from Japan on a Portuguese ship. The Jesuits' willingness to disobey the order by Ieyasu prohibiting Adams from leaving Japan showed that they feared his growing influence. Catholic priests asserted that he was trying to discredit them. In 1614, Carvalho complained of Adams and other merchants in his annual letter to the Pope, saying that "by false accusation [Adams and others] have rendered our preachers such objects of suspicion that he [Ieyasu] fears and readily believes that they are rather spies than sowers of the Holy Faith in his kingdom." Ieyasu, influenced by Adams' counsels and disturbed by unrest caused by the numerous Catholic converts, expelled the Portuguese Jesuits from Japan in 1614. He demanded that Japanese Catholics abandon their faith. Adams apparently warned Ieyasu against Spanish approaches as well. Character After fifteen years spent in Japan, Adams had a difficult time establishing relations with the English arrivals. He initially shunned the company of the newly arrived English sailors in 1613 and could not get on good terms with Saris but Richard Cocks, the head of the Hirado factory, came to appreciate Adams' character and what he had acquired of Japanese self-control. In a letter to the East India Company, Cocks wrote: Participation in Asian trade Adams later engaged in various exploratory and commercial ventures. He tried to organise an expedition to the legendary Northwest Passage from Asia, which would have greatly reduced the sailing distance between Japan and Europe. Ieyasu asked him if "our countrimen could not find the northwest passage" and Adams contacted the East India Company to organise manpower and supplies. The expedition never got underway. In his later years, Adams worked for the English East India Company. He made a number of trading voyages to Siam in 1616 and Cochinchina in 1617 and 1618, sometimes for the Company, sometimes for his own account. He is recorded in Japanese records as the owner of a Red Seal Ship of 500 tons. Given the few ships that the company sent from England and the poor trading value of their cargoes (broadcloth, knives, looking glasses, Indian cotton, etc.), Adams was influential in gaining trading certificates from the shōgun to allow the company to participate in the Red Seal system. It made a total of seven junk voyages to Southeast Asia with mixed profit results. Four were led by William Adams as captain. Adams renamed a ship he acquired in 1617 as Gift of God; he sailed it on his expedition that year to Cochinchina. The expeditions he led are described more fully below. 1614 Siam expedition In 1614, Adams wanted to organise a trade expedition to Siam to bolster the company factory's activities and cash situation. He bought and upgraded a 200-ton Japanese junk for the company, renaming her as Sea Adventure; and hired about 120 Japanese sailors and merchants, as well as several Chinese traders, an Italian and a Castilian (Spanish) trader. The heavily laden ship left in November 1614. The merchants Richard Wickham and Edmund Sayers of the English factory's staff also joined the voyage. The expedition was to purchase raw silk, Chinese goods, sappan wood, deer skins and ray skins (the latter used for the hilts of Japanese swords). The ship carried £1,250 in silver and £175 of merchandise (Indian cottons, Japanese weapons and lacquerware). The party encountered a typhoon near the Ryukyu Islands (modern Okinawa) and had to stop there to repair from 27 December 1614 until May 1615. It returned to Japan in June 1615 without having completed any trade. 1615 Siam expedition Adams left Hirado in November 1615 for Ayutthaya in Siam on the refitted Sea Adventure, intent on obtaining sappan wood for resale in Japan. His cargo was chiefly silver (£600) and the Japanese and Indian goods unsold from the previous voyage. He bought vast quantities of the high-profit products. His partners obtained two ships in Siam in order to transport everything back to Japan. Adams sailed the Sea Adventure to Japan with 143 tonnes of sappan wood and 3,700 deer skins, returning to Hirado in 47 days. (The return trip took from 5 June and 22 July 1616). Sayers, on a hired Chinese junk, reached Hirado in October 1616 with 44 tons of sappan, wood. The third ship, a Japanese junk, brought 4,560 deer skins to Nagasaki, arriving in June 1617 after the monsoon. Less than a week before Adams' return, Ieyasu had died. Adams accompanied Cocks and Eaton to court to offer company presents to the new ruler, Hidetada. Although Ieyasu's death seems to have weakened Adams' political influence, Hidetada agreed to maintain the English trading privileges. He also issued a new Red Seal permit (Shuinjō) to Adams, which allowed him to continue trade activities overseas under the shōgun's protection. His position as hatamoto was also renewed. On this occasion, Adams and Cocks also visited the Japanese Admiral Mukai Shōgen Tadakatsu, who lived near Adams' estate. They discussed plans for a possible invasion of the Catholic Philippines. 1617 Cochinchina expedition In March 1617, Adams set sail for Cochinchina, having purchased the junk Sayers had brought from Siam and renamed it the Gift of God. He intended to find two English factors, Tempest Peacock and Walter Carwarden, who had departed from Hirado two years before to explore commercial opportunities on the first voyage to South East Asia by the Hirado English Factory. Adams learned in Cochinchina that Peacock had been plied with drink, and killed for his silver. Carwarden, who was waiting in a boat downstream, realised that Peacock had been killed and hastily tried to reach his ship. His boat overturned and he drowned. Adams sold a small cargo of broadcloth, Indian piece goods and ivory in Cochinchina for the modest amount of £351. 1618 Cochinchina expedition In 1618, Adams is recorded as having organised his last Red Seal trade expedition to Cochinchina and Tonkin (modern Vietnam), the last expedition of the English Hirado Factory to Southeast Asia. The ship, a chartered Chinese junk, left Hirado on 11 March 1618 but met with bad weather that forced it to stop at Ōshima in the northern Ryukyu Islands. The ship sailed back to Hirado in May. Those expeditions to Southeast Asia helped the English factory survive for some time, during that period, sappan wood resold in Japan with a 200% profit, until the factory fell into bankruptcy due to high expenditures. Death and family legacy Adams died at Hirado, north of Nagasaki, on 16 May 1620, at the age of 55. He was buried in Nagasaki, where his grave marker may still be seen. His gravesite is next to a memorial to Saint Francis Xavier. In his will, he left his townhouse in Edo, his fief in Hemi, and 500 British pounds to be divided evenly between his family in England and his family in Japan. Cocks wrote: "I cannot but be sorrowful for the loss of such a man as Capt William Adams, he having been in such favour with two Emperors of Japan as never any Christian in these part of the world." (Cocks' diary) Cocks records that Hidetada transferred the lordship from William Adams to his son Joseph Adams with the attendant rights to the estate at Hemi: He (Hidetada) has confirmed the lordship to his son, which the other emperor (Ieyasu) gave to the father. (Cocks' diary) Cocks continued to remain in contact with Adams' Japanese family, sending gifts; On the Christmas after Adams' death, Cocks gave Joseph his father's sword and dagger. In March 1622, he offered silks to Joseph and Susanna. Cocks also administered Adams' trading rights (the shuinjō) for the benefit of Adams' children, Joseph and Susanna. He carried this out conscientiously. Back in England, Adams' daughter Deliverance married Ratcliff mariner Raph Goodchild at St Dunstan's, Stepney on 30 September 1618. They had two daughters, Abigail in October 1619 who died on the same month, and Jane in April 1621. Deliverance would later marry for a second time, to John Wright at St Alfege Church, Greenwich on 13 October 1624. Adam's English wife Mary also died in 1620, at Gillingham in Kent. In 1623, the unprofitable English trading factory at Hirado was dissolved by the East India Company and Cocks departed for England, the Dutch traded on Adams' children's behalf via the Red Seal ships. Joseph Adams inherited the title of Miura Anjin became a trader and made five voyages to Cochinchina and Siam between 1624 and 1635. By 1629 only two of Adams' shipmates from 1600 survived in Japan. Melchior van Santvoort and Vincent Romeyn lived quietly in Nagasaki. In 1635, Tokugawa Iemitsu enforced the Sakoku Edict for Japan to be closed against foreign trading; both Joseph and Susanna disappeared from historical records at that time. Adams has a second memorial monument at the location of his residence in Hemi. Consisting of a pair of hōkyōintō, the tuff memorial on the right is that of Adams, and the andesite one of the left is for his wife. The monuments were erected by his family in accordance with his will, and the site was designated as a National Historic Site in 1923. Honours A town in Edo (modern Tokyo), Anjin-chō (in modern-day Nihonbashi) was named for Adams, who had a house there. Anjin-chō no longer exists in Nihonbashi and is now known as Nihonbashi Muromachi 1-Chōme. However within Muromachi 1-Chōme a street, Anjin-dori, remains named after Adams. A village and a railroad station in his fiefdom, Hemi, in modern Yokosuka, were named for him. In the city of Itō, Shizuoka, the Miura Anjin Festival is held annually on 10 August. On the seafront at Itō is a monument to Adams. Next to it is a plaque inscribed with Edmund Blunden's poem, "To the Citizens of Ito", which commemorates Adams' achievement. Adams' birth town, Gillingham, has held a Will Adams Festival every September since 2000. Since the late 20th century, both Itō and Yokosuka have become sister cities of Gillingham. A monument to Adams was installed in Watling Street, Gillingham, Kent, opposite Darland Avenue. The monument was unveiled 11 May 1934 by Tsuneo Matsudaira GCVO, Japanese ambassador to the Court of St James. A roundabout named Will Adams Roundabout with a Japanese theme, just along from the Gillingham monument to Adams, with two roads named after the Gillingham sister cities "Ito Way" and "Yokosuka Way" The townhouse of Will Adams still exists in Hirado. It is currently a sweet shop called Tsutaya at 431 Kihikidacho. It is known as Anjin no Yakata (Anjin's House). Analysis of skeletal remains William Adams was buried in 1620, in Hirado, Nagasaki Prefecture. However, a few years later foreign cemeteries were destroyed and there was prosecution of Christians by the Tokugawa shogunate. The bones of Anjin were taken for safekeeping and reburied. In 1931, skeletal remains were first discovered there and assumed to be of Anjin, but this could not be confirmed due to technological limitations at the time. The remains were later placed in a Showa period ceramic funerary urn and reburied where they were discovered. In July 2017, the excavation of the skeletal remains began at the William Adams Memorial Park on Sakigata Hill, Hirado. In 2019, Japanese archaeologists announced the discovery of bones at the site believed to be those of Adams. These remains match the 1931 description. The subsequent biomolecular anthropological investigation of the genetic background showed the mtDNA analysis indicates Anjin's mitochondrial DNA likely belongs to haplogroup H. The analysis also showed aspects such as the dietary habits and burial style matched with Anjin. In April 2020, the University of Tokyo conducted conclusive forensic tests on the bones and confirmed it was William Adams' grave. Confirmation of the identity of the remains may have been possible with DNA data from living relatives of Adams. However, even if living relatives had been identified, there would probably have been the equivalent of about eight generations of genetic difference between them and Adams. Thus there may not have been sufficient similarities to establish with sufficient certainty whether such a relationship existed. Representation in other media James Clavell based his best-selling novel Shōgun (1975) on Adams' life and changed the name of his protagonist to "John Blackthorne". It was adapted as a popular television mini-series, Shōgun (1980). It was also adapted as a Broadway production, Shōgun: The Musical (1990), and the video game James Clavell's Shōgun (1989). Michel Foucault retold Adams' tale in The Discourse on Language. According to Foucault, the story embodies one of the "great myths of European culture," and the idea that a mere sailor could teach mathematics to the Japanese shogun shows the difference between the open exchange of knowledge in Europe, as opposed to the secretive control of knowledge under "oriental tyranny." In fact, however, Adams was not a mere sailor but the chief navigator of the fleet, and his value to the Shogun was along the practical lines of shipbuilding. There were numerous earlier works of fiction based on Adams. William Dalton wrote Will Adams, The First Englishman in Japan: A Romantic Biography (London, 1861). Richard Blaker's The Needlewatcher (London, 1932) is the least romantic of the novels; he consciously attempted to de-mythologize Adams and write a careful historical work of fiction. James Scherer's Pilot and Shōgun dramatises a series of incidents based on Adams' life. American Robert Lund wrote Daishi-san (New York, 1960). Christopher Nicole's Lord of the Golden Fan (1973) portrays Adams as sexually frustrated in England and freed by living in Japan, where he has numerous encounters. The work is considered light pornography. In 2002, Giles Milton's historical biography Samurai William (2002) is based on historical sources, especially Richard Cocks' diary. The 2002 alternate history novel Ruled Britannia by Harry Turtledove features a brief appearance by Adams, piloting cargo and passengers between England and Ostend, both of which are puppet states of the Habsburg Empire in this timeline. In the second season of Heroes, a story set in samurai-era Japan features an Englishman who seems to be based on Adams. A book series called Young Samurai is about a young English boy who is ship wrecked in Japan, and is trained as a samurai. Adams also serves as the template for the protagonist in the PlayStation 4 and PC video game series Nioh (2017) and non-playable in its prequel/sequel hybrid game (2020), but with supernatural and historical fiction elements. Unlike the historical William Adams, the game portrays him as an Irishman. As of the end of the second game, some time after managing to arrest the Spaniard Maria, he married Okatsu and had an English-Japanese son named Joseph who inherited his mother's guardian spirit. This version also appeared in the Warriors series' crossover game, Warriors All-Stars. Depiction According to Professor Derek Massarella of Chuo University in Tokyo: There is however one genuine contemporary image. "It is a derivative drawing of William Adams, which appears to be based in a sketch attributed to Dorothy Burmingham, from a description given by Melchior von Santvoort. The original drawing is to be found at the Rotterdam Maritime Museum, whose specialist Marcel Kroon considers it to be from Adams' time. A copy is preserved at the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford." See also Anglo-Japanese relations Jan Joosten – known in Japanese as Yan Yōsuten, was a Dutch colleague of Adams, and the only known Dutch samurai. The Yaesu neighbourhood in Chūō, Tokyo was named for him. Henry Schnell – known in Japanese as Hiramatsu Buhei, was a Prussian arms dealer, who served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons. Eugène Collache – French Navy officer, who fought for the shōgun during the Boshin War (1868–1869). Jules Brunet (1838–1911) – French officer who fought for the shōgun in the Boshin War Ernest Mason Satow (1843–1929) – British scholar, diplomat and Japanologist Hendrick Hamel (1630–1692) – first European to live in the Joseon-dynasty era in Korea (1666) and write about it Yasuke (b. c. 1556) – a black (African) retainer briefly in the service of the Japanese warlord Nobunaga Oda List of foreign-born samurai in Japan List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868 Notes References England's Earliest Intercourse with Japan, by C. W. Hillary (1905) Letters written by the English Residents in Japan, ed. by N. Murakami (1900, containing Adams' Letters reprinted from Memorials of the Empire of Japan, ed. by T. Rundall, Hakluyt Society, 1850) Diary of Richard Cocks, with preface by N. Murakami (1899, reprinted from the Hakluyt Society ed. 1883) Hildreth, Richard, Japan as it was and is (1855) John Harris, Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca (1764), i. 856 Voyage of John Saris, edited by Sir Ernest M. Satow (Hakluyt Society, 1900) Asiatic Society of Japan Transactions, xxvi. (sec. 1898) pp. I and 194, where four formerly unpublished letters of Adams are printed; Collection of State Papers; East Indies, China and Japan. The MS. of his logs written during his voyages to Siam and China is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Samurai William: The Adventurer Who Unlocked Japan, by Giles Milton (UK 2002: ) William Adams and Early English Enterprise in Japan, by Anthony Farrington and Derek Massarella Adams the Pilot: The Life and Times of Captain William Adams: 1564–1620, by William Corr, Curzon Press, 1995 The English Factory in Japan 1613–1623, ed. by Anthony Farrington, British Library, 1991. (Includes all of William Adams' extant letters, as well as his will.) A World Elsewhere. Europe's Encounter with Japan in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, by Derek Massarella, Yale University Press, 1990. Recollections of Japan, Hendrik Doeff, Hardcopy The Needle-Watcher: The Will Adams Story, British Samurai by Richard Blaker Servant of the Shogun by Richard Tames. Paul Norbury Publications, Tenterden, Kent, England.. Samurai William: The Englishman Who Opened Japan,'' by Giles Milton; ; December 2003 External links Williams Adams- Blue Eyed Samurai, Meeting Anjin "Learning from Shogun. Japanese history and Western fantasy" William Adams and Early English enterprise in Japan William Adams – The First Englishman In Japan, full text online, Internet Archive Will Adams Memorial Samurai Foreign samurai in Japan 1564 births 1620 deaths 16th-century English people 17th-century English people 16th-century Japanese people 17th-century Japanese people Advisors to Tokugawa shoguns English emigrants to Japan English Anglicans English sailors Hatamoto Japan–United Kingdom relations People from Gillingham, Kent Royal Navy officers Sailors on ships of the Dutch East India Company Foreign relations of the Tokugawa shogunate
Kissing Tower is a gyro tower at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania. The tower tops out at 330 ft, making it the tallest attraction in the park. Riders only reach 250 feet, still surpassing Candymonium which tops out at 210 feet. Kissing Tower is one of Hersheypark's most famous attractions. History The tower, named after Hershey's Kisses, opened in 1975 and features windows shaped like the candy. In 2014, the tower's region was renamed from "Minetown" to "Kissing Tower Hill" after the attraction. In 2020, one of the windows was damaged by wind and had to be replaced. Ride experience The queue line is themed around kissing. Riders board an enclosed gondola and can sit on benches that encircle the cabin. The gondola revolves as it gently ascends to 250 feet, and information about the history of Hershey is played from speakers. Riders experience a panoramic view of the park and the town of Hershey through the kiss-shaped windows as the cabin completes three revolutions during its ascent and descent. In culture Kissing Tower appears in Roller Coaster Tycoon 3: Soaked! as a buildable attraction. References Hersheypark
Jesse Lewis may refer to: Jesse Lewis, American businessman, co-founder of Lewis Drug Jesse Lewis IV, American model and actor on America's Most Smartest Model , Sistas (TV series), Florida Man (TV series) Jesse Lewis, journalist, Managing Editor of The Wall Street Journal Europe Jesse Lewis (2006–2012), victim in the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting Jesse Lewis, Japanese idol, Member of boy band SixTONES See also Jesse Lewisohn (1872–1918), American financier Jessie Penn-Lewis (1861–1927), Welsh evangelical speaker
Acoustic quieting is the process of making machinery quieter by damping vibrations to prevent them from reaching the observer. Machinery vibrates, causing sound waves in air, hydroacoustic waves in water, and mechanical stresses in solid matter. Quieting is achieved by absorbing the vibrational energy or minimizing the source of the vibration. It may also be redirected away from the observer. One of the major reasons for the development of acoustic quieting techniques was for making submarines difficult to detect by sonar. This military goal of the mid- and late-twentieth century allowed the technology to be adapted to many industries and products, such as computers (e.g. hard drive technology), automobiles (e.g. motor mounts), and even sporting goods (e.g. golf clubs). Aspects of acoustic quieting When the goal is acoustic quieting, a number of different aspects might be considered. Each aspect of acoustics can be taken alone or in concert so that the end result is that the reception of noise by the observer is minimized. Acoustic quieting might consider... Noise generation: by limiting the noise at its source, Sympathetic vibrations: by acoustic decoupling, Resonations: by acoustic damping or changing the size of the resonator, Sound transmissions: by reducing transmission using many methods (depending whether the transmission is through air, liquid, or solid), or Sound reflections: by limiting the reflection using many methods, e.g. by using acoustic absorption (deadening) materials, trapping the sound, opening a "window" to let sound out, etc. By analyzing the entire sequence of events, from the source to the observer, an acoustic engineer can provide many ways to quieten the machine. The challenge is to do this in a practical and inexpensive way. The engineer might focus on changing materials, using a damping material, isolating the machine, running the machine in a vacuum, or running the machine slower. Methods of quieting Mechanical acoustic quieting Sound isolation: Noise isolation is isolating noise to prevent it from transferring out of one area, using barriers like deadening materials to trap sound and vibrational energy. Example: In home and office construction, many builders place sound-control barriers (such as fiberglass batting) in walls to deaden the transmission of noise through them. Noise absorption: In architectural acoustics, unwanted sounds can be absorbed rather than reflected inside the room of an observer. This is useful for noises with no point source and when a listener needs to hear sounds only from a point source and not echo reflections. Example: In a recording studio, sound proofing is accomplished with bass traps and anechoic chambers. Wallace Sabine, an American physicist, is credited with studying sound reverberations in 1900, and Carl Eyring revised his equations in 1930 for Bell Labs. Another example is the ubiquitous use of dropped ceilings and acoustical tiles in modern office buildings with high ceilings. Submarine hulls have special coatings that absorb sound. Acoustic damping: Vibration isolation prevents vibration from transferring beyond the device into another material. Damping mounts have progressed in the industry to offer vibrational resistance in many degrees of freedom. Recent advances include shock isolators damping in at least six degrees of freedom. Acoustic damping also has uses in seismic shock protection of buildings. Motors and rotating shafts are commonly fitted with these mounts at the points where they contact the building or the chassis of a large machine. Acoustic decoupling: certain parts of a machine can be built to keep the frame, chassis, or external shafts from receiving unwanted vibrations from a moving part. Example: Volkswagen has registered a patent for an "acoustically decoupled underbody for a motor vehicle.". Another example: Western Digital has registered a patent for an "acoustic vibration decoupler for a disk drive pivot bearing assembly.". Preventing stalls: Whenever a machine undergoes an aerodynamic stall, it will abruptly vibrate. Preventing cavitation: When a machine is in contact with a fluid, it may be susceptible to cavitation. The sounds of gas bubbles imploding is the source of the noise. Ships and submarines which have screws that cavitate are more vulnerable to detection by sonar. Preventing water hammer: In hydraulics and plumbing, water hammer is a known cause for the failure of piping systems. It also generates considerable noise. A valve that abruptly opens or shuts is the most common cause for water hammer. Shock absorption: Just as automotive shock absorbers are used to prevent mechanical shocks from reaching the passengers in a car, they are also important for quieting shocks. Reduction of resonance: Essentially any piece of metal or glass has certain frequencies to which it is susceptible to resonate. A machine that resonates would make a tremendous noise. Resonance also occurs in enclosures, such as when echoes reverberate in an ocarina or the pipe of a pipe organ. Material selection: By choosing nonmetallic components, the transmission of sound and vibrations can be minimized. For example: instead of using rigid brass fittings, a machine using flexible plastic pipe fittings may be much quieter. In some cases air can be evacuated from a machine and sealed hermetically, the vacuum inside becoming a barrier to sound transmission. In cases where porous plastic materials are used in acoustic applications, the porosity of the plastic is adjusted to either dampen specific wavelengths or for minimal sound loss in a speaker grill cover. Quieting for specific observers Underwater acoustics: All of the above types of acoustic quieting apply to submarines. Additionally, a submarine may employ a tactic that prevent sounds from reaching a listener at a particular ocean depth. Operating below the depth of the sound channel axis, where the speed of sound in water is the lowest, a submarine can prevent detection by surface ships, unless these ships use equipment like a towed array and/or an underwater drone to place hydrophones below the sound channel axis. Sound refraction: Just as a submarine can use refraction to hide its acoustic signature from surface vessels, the same principle of sound refraction can be used to prevent certain observers from hearing the noise. For example, an outdoor observer close to the ground will have sound waves refracted toward him when the ground is cooler than the ambient air and away from him when the ground is hotter than the air. Sound redirection: One of the obvious ways to reduce the received sound level of an observer is to place the observer out of the path of the highest amplitude sounds. For example, if we mark off a circle around a jet engine and make sound power level observations along that circle, we would expect that the sound is loudest directly in line with the jet's exhaust. Observations perpendicular to the exhaust would be significantly quieter. Hearing protection: An observer may be forced to wear ear plugs in areas of high ambient noise levels. This may be the only quieting method available in areas of noise pollution, such as an open-air firing range or an airport. Electronic quieting Electronic vibration control: Electronics, sensors, and computers are now employed to reduce vibration. Using high speed logic, vibrations can be damped quickly and effectively by counteracting the motion before it exceeds a certain threshold. Electronic noise control: Electronics, sensors, and computers are also employed to cancel noise by using phase cancellation which matches the sound amplitude with a wave of the opposite polarity. This method employs the use of an active sound generating device, such as a loudspeaker to counteract ambient noise in an area. See noise-canceling headphone. Workers in noisy environments may favor this method over ear plugs. Noise reduction: In sound and video equipment, noise reduction is the process of removing noise from a signal. This is strictly for electronic noise or noise which has been detected and put into electronic form. Noise canceling: If both the noise and the signal are received by an electronic or digital medium, noise can be filtered from the signal electronically and retransmitted without the noise. See noise-canceling microphone. Helicopter pilots rely on this technology to speak on the radio. See also Acoustic signature Noise reduction, for electronic noise Sound masking, for noise masking by saturation Pink noise Stealth technology, for signature reduction in general Longitudinal wave Soundproofing Mechanical resonance Sound masking Seismic retrofit Helicopter noise reduction Muffler Deperming Degaussing References Acoustics Noise control Stealth technology
Poltavka () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia. Urban localities Poltavka, Poltavsky District, Omsk Oblast, a work settlement in Poltavsky District of Omsk Oblast Rural localities Poltavka, Novosibirsk Oblast, a selo in Chanovsky District of Novosibirsk Oblast Poltavka, Nizhneomsky District, Omsk Oblast, a village in Solovetsky Rural Okrug of Nizhneomsky District in Omsk Oblast Poltavka, Primorsky Krai, a selo in Oktyabrsky District of Primorsky Krai Poltavka, Ryazan Oblast, a village in Inyakinsky Rural Okrug of Shilovsky District in Ryazan Oblast Poltavka, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Samoylovsky District of Saratov Oblast Poltavka, Voronezh Oblast, a selo in Dyachenkovskoye Rural Settlement of Bogucharsky District in Voronezh Oblast
The Poko are a people of Transvaal, South Africa. They were conquered in 1864 by the Boer settlers and Mswati II. References Ethnic groups in South Africa
Catholic dioceses in the Holy Land and Cyprus is a multi-rite, international episcopate in Israel and Cyprus. History The only Latin hierarch, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, who outranks all others, sits in the Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions, whereas the Eastern Catholic Bishops partake in rite-specific synods. There is an Apostolic Delegation to Jerusalem and Palestine as papal diplomatic representation (under embassy-level) in Jerusalem, an Apostolic Nunciature (embassy-level) in Amman, an Apostolic Nunciature (embassy-level) to Cyprus (in Nicosia), an Apostolic Nunciature to Israel in Jaffa. Current jurisdictions Latin Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, no suffragan, for all of the Holy Land (Palestine & Israel), Jordan and Cyprus. Eastern Catholic Transnational Maronite Catholic Antiochian Rite, under the Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch and the Whole Levant, at Beirut (Lebanon) Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land, in Israel, whose Archeparch holds the offices of Patriarchal Vicar of: Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine in the Palestinian Territories and Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jordan in Jordan Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Cyprus in Nicosia, for all Cyprus Melkite Catholic Byzantine Rite, as titular Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, Alexandria and Jerusalem, ex officio holding the style of Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka (Israel, including Haifa, Nazareth and all Galilee) Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Jerusalem of the Melkites (a patriarchal vicariate for the Palestinian territories) Jordan: Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Petra and Philadelphia in Amman and all Transjordan Armenian Catholic Armenian Rite, under the Armenian Catholic Patriarchate of Cilicia (nominally in Asia Minor, but with cathedral See in Beirut, Lebanon) Armenian Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Amman, Exarchate with cathedral See in Jerusalem, for the Holy Land (Israel/ Palestine) and Jordan Chaldean Catholic Chaldean Rite, under the Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon, with a cathedral See in Baghdad Chaldean Catholic Territory Dependent on the Patriarch of Jordan Syrian (Syriac) Catholic Antiochian Rite, under the Syrian Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch, with a cathedral see in Beirut Syrian Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem, with cathedral see in Jerusalem, for the Holy Land (Palestine and Israel) and Jordan. Defunct jurisdictions Titular sees in the Holy Land Palestinian Territories 4 Metropolitan Titular archbishoprics: Caesarea in Palæstina of the Romans, Caesarea in Palæstina of the Melkites, Archdiocese of Nazareth and Archdiocese of Scythopolis 10 Episcopal Titular bishoprics: Diocese of Archelaïs, Diocese of Bethlehem, Diocese of Bitylius, Diocese of Capharnaum, Diocese of Gaza, Diocese of Ierichus, Diocese of Maiumas Gazæ, Diocese of Menois, Diocese of Neapolis in Palæstina, Diocese of Sycomazon. Jordan Metropolitan Titular archbishopric: Archdiocese of Petra in Palæstina 20 Episcopal Titular bishoprics: Diocese of Abila in Palæstina, Diocese of Æla, Diocese of Amathus in Palæstina, Diocese of Arad, Diocese of Areopolis, Diocese of Arindela, Diocese of Augustopolis in Palæstina, Diocese of Bacatha in Arabia, Diocese of Bacatha in Palestina, Diocese of Capitolias, Diocese of Charac-Moba, Diocese of Chrysopolis in Arabia, Draso, Diocese of Elusa, Diocese of Esbus, Diocese of Gadara, Diocese of Gerasa, Diocese of Medaba, Diocese of Philadelphia in Arabia, Diocese of Zoara. Israel Archiepiscopal Titular archbishopric: Archdiocese of Nazareth 28 Episcopal Titular bishoprics: Diocese of Akka, Diocese of Anthedon, Diocese of Antipatris, Diocese of Ascalon, Diocese of Azotus, Diocese of Diocæsarea in Palæstina, Diocese of Dora, Diocese of Ecsalus, Diocese of Eleutheropolis in Palæstina, Diocese of Emmaüs, Diocese of Gabæ, Diocese of Gazera, Diocese of Gerara, Diocese of Hebron, Diocese of Hippos, Diocese of Iamnia, Diocese of Ioppe, Diocese of Livias, Diocese of Lydda, Diocese of Massimianopolis in Palæstina, Diocese of Porphyreon, Ptolemais in Phœnicia * Ptolemais in Phœnicia, Diocese of Sebaste in Palæstina, Diocese of Sozusa in Palæstina, Diocese of Tiberias, Diocese of Tricomia, Diocese of Zabulon. Titular sees in Cyprus 2 Metropolitan Titular archbishoprics: Archdiocese of Nicosia, Archdiocese of Salamis 17 Episcopal Titular bishoprics: Diocese of Amathus in Cypro, Diocese of Arsinoë in Cypro, Diocese of Carpasia, Diocese of Ceraunia, Diocese of Cerynia, Diocese of Chytri, Diocese of Citium, Diocese of Curium, Diocese of Famagusta, Diocese of Lapithus, Diocese of Neapolis in Cypro, Diocese of Nemesi, Diocese of Paphus, Diocese of Salamias, Diocese of Soli, Diocese of Tamasus, Diocese of Tremithus. See also Religion in Israel References Holy Land Holy Land Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem
Junelie Otero Barrios (born on June 12, 1968, to parents of Lumad origin), more known as Bayang Barrios is a Filipina musician and singer who hails from Bunawan, Agusan del Sur, and is known for her use of indigenous instruments and styles. In 2005, Barrios' song "Isipin Mo Na Lang" was used in the end credits of the indie Filipino film Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros (The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros). In September 2013, she launched her fifth studio album entitled Malaya. Discography Albums Bayang Makulay (1997) Singles (Bayang Barrios) Harinawa (2002) Alon (2004) Biyaya (2008) Malaya (2013) Singles "Hade!! (Etheria Theme Song)" "Alay Sa Aking Mga Kapatid" "Ayoko Na" "Bagong Umaga" "Habang Narito Pa" "Ka-Tribo Ko" "Kay Tsong" "Lalalala-laryang (Himig ni Inay)" "Malayo Man, Malapit Din" – (Theme from Pinoy Abroad) "Mekaniko Ng Makina Ko" "Mulat" – (Theme from Limang Dekada) "Nasaan Na Tayo Ngayon" "Saan Nanggagaling Ang Himig?" "Sanggol Sa Sinapupunan" "Matanglawin" "Alon" "Gising Na Kaibigan" Awards References External links Bayang Barrios in Tugtog Pinoy Bayang Barrios beyond anthems 1968 births Living people People from Agusan del Sur Mindanao artists Filipino women singer-songwriters Filipino singer-songwriters Filipino women pop singers Filipino folk singers Indigenous musicians Encantadia 20th-century Filipino women singers 21st-century Filipino women singers
The Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (Latvian SSR), also known as Soviet Latvia or simply Latvia, was de facto one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1940–1941 and 1944–1990. The Soviet occupation and annexation of Latvia took place in June and August of 1939, according to the agreed terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact's secret protocol. In 1939, Latvia was forced to grant military bases on its soil to the Soviet Union, and in 1940 the Red Army moved into Latvia, effectively annexing it into the Soviet Union. The territory changed hands during World War II with Nazi Germany occupying a large portion of Latvian territory from 1941 to 1944, before the Soviet Union re-occupied it in 1944. The Soviet occupation of the Baltic states from 1939–40 and 1944–1991 is widely considered illegal by the international community and human rights organisations. Soviet instability in the 1980s and the dissolution of the Soviet Union provided an opportunity for Latvia to restore its independence. Creation, 1940 On 24 September 1939, the USSR entered the airspace of Estonia, flying numerous intelligence-gathering operations. On 25 September, Moscow demanded that Estonia sign a Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty to allow the USSR to establish military bases and station troops on its soil. Latvia was next in line, as the USSR demanded the signing of a similar treaty. The authoritarian government of Kārlis Ulmanis accepted the ultimatum, signing the Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty on 5 October 1939. On 16 June 1940, after the USSR had already invaded Lithuania, it issued an ultimatum to Latvia, followed by the Soviet occupation of Latvia on 17 June. Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov accused Latvia and the other Baltic states of forming a military conspiracy against the Soviet Union, and so Moscow presented ultimatums, demanding new concessions, which included the replacement of governments with new ones, "determined to fulfill the treaties of friendship sincerely" and allowing an unlimited number of troops to enter the three countries. Hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops entered Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. These additional Soviet military forces far outnumbered the armies of each country. The Ulmanis government decided that, in conditions of international isolation and the overwhelming Soviet force both on the borders and inside the country, it was better to avoid bloodshed and unwinnable war. The Latvian army did not fire a shot and was quickly decimated by purges and included in the Soviet Army. Ulmanis' government resigned and was replaced by a left-wing government created under instructions from the USSR embassy. Up until the election of the People's Parliament on 14-15 July 1940, there were no public statements about governmental plans to introduce a Soviet political order or to join the Soviet Union. Soon after the occupation, the Communist Party of Latvia became the only legal Party and presented the "Latvian Working People's Bloc" for the elections. It was the only permitted participant in the election after an attempt by other politicians to include the Democratic Bloc (an alliance of all banned Latvian parties, except the Social Democratic Workers' Party) on the ballot was prevented by the government. Its office was closed, election leaflets confiscated, and its leaders arrested. The election results were fabricated; the Soviet press released them so early that they appeared in a London newspaper 24 hours before the polls closed. All Soviet army personnel present in the country were allowed to vote. The newly-elected People's Parliament convened on 21 July to declare the creation of the Latvian SSR and request admission to the Soviet Union on the same day. Such a change in the basic constitutional order of the state was illegal under the Constitution of Latvia because such a change could only be enacted after a plebiscite with two-thirds of the electorate's approval. On 5 August, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union completed the annexation process by accepting the Latvian petition and formally incorporated Latvia into the Soviet Union. Some Latvian diplomats stayed in the West, and the Latvian Diplomatic Service continued to advocate the cause of Latvia's freedom for the next 50 years. Following the Soviet pattern, the real power in the republic was in the hands of the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Latvia as the titular head of the republic (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet), and the head of the executive (the Chairman of the Soviet of the Ministers), were in subordinate positions. Therefore, the history of Soviet Latvia can broadly be divided into the periods of rule by the First Secretaries: Jānis Kalnbērziņš, Arvīds Pelše, Augusts Voss, Boris Pugo. Era of Kalnbērziņš, 1940–1959 The Horrible Year, 1940–41 In the following months of 1940, the Soviet Constitution and criminal code (copied from Russian) were introduced. The elections of July 1940 were followed by elections to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union in January 1941. The remaining Baltic Germans and anyone that could claim to be one emigrated to the German Reich. On 7 August 1940, all print media and printing houses were nationalised. Most existing magazines and newspapers were discontinued or appeared under new Soviet names. In November 1940 banning of books began; in total, some 4,000 titles were banned and removed from circulation. Arrests and deportations of some authors, like Aleksandrs Grīns, began, while others, such as Jānis Sudrabkalns, started writing poems about Stalin. As Latvia had implemented a sweeping land reform after the independence, most farms were too small for nationalisation. While rumours of impending collectivisation were officially denied in 1940 and 52,000 landless peasants were given small plots of up to 10 ha, in early 1941, preparations for collectivisation began. The small size of land plots and imposition of the production quotas and high taxes meant that very soon independent farmers would go bankrupt and had to establish collective farms. Arrests and deportations to the Soviet Union began even before Latvia officially became a part of it. Initially, they were limited to the most prominent political and military leaders like President Kārlis Ulmanis, War Minister Jānis Balodis, and Army Chief Krišjānis Berķis who were arrested in July 1940. The Soviet NKVD arrested most of the White Russian émigrés, who had found refuge in Latvia. Very soon, purges reached the upper echelons of the puppet government when Minister of Welfare Jūlijs Lācis was arrested. June 14 deportations In early 1941 the Soviet central government began planning the mass deportation of anti-Soviet elements from the occupied Baltic states. In preparation, General Ivan Serov, Deputy People's Commissar of Public Security of the Soviet Union, signed the Serov Instructions, "Regarding the Procedure for Carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia." During the night of 13–14 June 1941, 15,424 inhabitants of Latvia – including 1,771 Jews and 742 ethnic Russians – were deported to camps and special settlements, mostly in Siberia. While among the deported were such obvious candidates as former politicians, wealthy bourgeois and farmers, police, members of Aizsargi, and NGO leaders, even philatelists and enthusiasts of Esperanto were included in the June deportation as unreliable elements. Some 600 Latvian officers were arrested in the Litene army camp, and many were executed on the spot. Many political prisoners were summarily executed in prisons across Latvia during the hasty Soviet retreat after the German attack on 22 June 1941. Latvia lost some 35,000 people during the first year of Soviet rule. Some deportees had been warned to stay away from home and hid among friends or in forests. After the German-Soviet war began, many formed small guerrilla units, attacked the retreating Red Army soldiers and greeted Germans with the flag of independent Latvia. World War II, 1941–1945 The Nazi invasion launched a week later, cut short immediate plans to deport several hundred thousand more from the Baltic's. Nazi troops occupied Riga on 1 July 1941. During the short interregnum period, Latvians created two bodies that sought to restore independent Latvia: the Central Organising Committee for Liberated Latvia and the Provisional State Council. Immediately after the instalment of Nazi German authority, a process of eliminating the Jewish and Gypsy populations began, with many killings taking place in Rumbula. The killings were committed by the Einsatzgruppe A, the Wehrmacht, and Marines (in Liepāja), as well as by Latvian collaborators, including the 500–1,500 members of the Arajs Commando (which alone killed around 26,000 Jews) and the 2,000 or more Latvian members of the SD. By the end of 1941, almost the entire Jewish population was killed or placed in the death camps. In addition, some 25,000 Jews were brought from Germany, Austria, and the present-day Czech Republic, of whom around 20,000 were killed. The Holocaust claimed approximately 85,000 lives in Latvia, of whom the vast majority were Jews. A large number of Latvians resisted the German occupation. The resistance movement was divided between the pro-independence politicians of the Latvian Central Council and the armed Soviet partisan units under the Latvian Partisan Movement Headquarters (латвийский штаб партизанского движения) in Moscow. Their Latvian commander was Arturs Sproģis. The Nazis planned to Germanize the Baltic's by settling some 520,000 German settlers there 20–25 years after the war. In 1943 and 1944, two divisions of Latvian Legion were created through a forced mobilisation and made a part of the Waffen SS to help Germany against the Red Army. Stalinism re-imposed, 1945–1953 In the middle of 1944, when the Soviet Operation Bagration reached Latvia, heavy fighting took place between German and Soviet troops, which ended with a stalemate and the creation of the Courland Pocket, which allowed some 130,000 Latvians to escape to Sweden and Germany. During the war, both occupying forces conscripted Latvians into their armies, increasing the loss of the nation's "live resources." In Courland, Latvian Legion units fought battles against Latvians of the Red Army. Latvia lost some 20% of its population during World War II. In 1944 part of Abrene District, about 2% of Latvia's territory, was illegally ceded to the RSFSR. In 1944 the Soviets immediately began to reinstate the Soviet system. After re-establishing military control over the country, in February 1946, elections of the Soviet Union's Supreme Soviet were held, followed, in February 1947, by Latvian Supreme Soviet elections and only in January 1948 elections to the local Soviets. Guerrilla movement After the German surrender, it became clear that Soviet forces were there to stay, and Latvian national partisans began their fight against another occupier: the Soviet Union. At their peak, some 10,000–15,000 partisans in disorganised units fought local battles against Communists, NKVD troops and Soviet government representatives. Forest brothers consisted not only of the former Legionnaires or German supporters but men who were trying to avoid Soviet conscription, dispossessed farmers, and even priests and school pupils who wrote and distributed patriotic leaflets and provided shelter to partisans. Many believed that a new war between the Western powers and the Soviet Union was imminent and expected Latvia to be liberated soon. After the 1949 deportations and collectivisation, the resistance movement decreased sharply, with the last few individuals surrendering in 1956 when amnesty was offered. The last holdout was Jānis Pīnups, who hid from authorities until 1995. Deportations of 1949 120,000 Latvian inhabitants deemed disloyal by the Soviets were imprisoned or deported to Soviet labour camps (the Gulag). Some escaped arrest and joined the Forest Brothers. On 25 March 1949, 43,000 primarily rural residents ("kulaks") were deported to Siberia and northern Kazakhstan in Operation Priboi, which was implemented in all three Baltic States and approved in Moscow already on 29 January 1949. Whole families were arrested, and almost 30% of deported were children under 16. Collectivisation In the post-war period, Latvia was forced to adopt Soviet farming methods, and the economic infrastructure developed in the 1920's and 1930's was eradicated. Farms belonging to refugees were confiscated, German supporters had their farm sizes sharply reduced, and much of the farmland became state-owned. The remaining farmers' taxes and obligatory produce delivery quotas were increased until individual farming became impossible. Many farmers killed their cattle and moved to cities. In 1948 collectivisation began in earnest and was intensified after the March 1949 deportations, and by the end of the year, 93% of farms were collectivised. Collective farming was extremely unprofitable as farmers had to plant and harvest according to the state plan and not the actual harvest conditions. Farmers were paid close to nothing for their produce. Grain production in Latvia collapsed from 1.37 million tons in 1940 to 0.73 million tons in 1950 and 0.43 million tons in 1956. Only in 1965 did Latvia reach the meat and dairy output levels of 1940. Russian dominance During the first post-war years, Moscow's control was enforced by the Special Bureau of CPSU Central Committee, led by Mikhail Suslov. To ensure total control over the local Communist party, Ivan Lebedev, a Russian, was elected the Second Secretary. This tradition continued until the end of the Soviet system. The lack of politically reliable local cadres meant the Soviets increasingly placed Russians in Party and government leadership positions. Many Russian Latvian Communists who had survived the so-called 1937–38 "Latvian Operation" during the Great Purge were sent back to the homeland of their parents. Most of these Soviets did not speak Latvian, and this only enforced the wall of distrust against the local population. By 1953 Latvia's Communist Party had 42,000 members, half of whom were Latvians. Hundreds of thousands of Russians were moved to Latvia to replace the lost population (due to war casualties, refugees to the West, and deportees to the East) and to implement a heavy industrialisation program. An extensive program of Russification was initiated, limiting the use of Latvian and minority languages. In addition, the Russian people's leading and progressive role throughout Latvian history was heavily emphasised in school books, arts, and literature. The remaining poets, writers, and painters had to follow the strict canons of socialist realism and live in constant fear of being accused of some ideological mistake that could lead to banning from publication or even arrest. National Communists, 1953–1959 During the short rule of Lavrentiy Beria in 1953, the policy of giving more power to local communists and respecting local languages was introduced. More freedoms came after the 1956 de-Stalinization. Some 30,000 survivors of Soviet deportations began returning to Latvia. Many were barred from working in certain professions or returning to their homes. Soon after Stalin's death number of Latvians in the Communist Party began to increase, and by this time, many locally-born communists had achieved positions of power and began advocating a program that centred on ending the inflow of Russian-speaking immigrants, end to the growth of heavy industry, and creating light industries better suited for local needs, increasing the role and power of the locally born communists, enforcing the Latvian language as the state language. This group was led by Eduards Berklavs, who in 1957 became the Vice-Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Orders were issued that non-Latvian Communists should learn some Latvian or lose their jobs within two years. They were opposed by the Russian Latvian communists who had been born to Latvian parents in Russia or the Soviet Union, had returned to Latvia only after World War II, and usually did not speak or avoided speaking Latvian in public. They were supported by the politically influential officer corps of the Baltic Military District. In 1958 Soviet education law made learning national languages optional. In April 1959, a fact-finding delegation from Soviet Central Committee visited Riga. During Nikita Khrushchev's visit to Riga in June 1959, hard-line elements complained about the nationalist tendencies in the Party and, with the blessing from Moscow, started purges of national communists and local communists, who had been in power since 1940. In November 1959, the long-serving First Secretary of the Party Kalnbērziņš and Prime Minister Vilis Lācis resigned from their posts and were replaced by hardliners. During the next three years, some 2000 national communists were dismissed from their positions and moved to insignificant posts in the countryside or Russia. The first post-war census in 1959 showed that the number of Latvians since 1935 had declined by 170,000, while Russians had increased by 388,000, Belarusians by 35,000, and Ukrainians by 28,000. Because Latvia had still maintained a well-developed infrastructure and educated specialists, it was decided in Moscow that some of the Soviet Union's most advanced manufacturing factories were to be based in Latvia. New industries were created in Latvia, including a major machinery factory RAF, and electrotechnical factories, along with some food and oil processing plants. TV broadcasts from Riga started in 1954, the first in the Baltic's. Era of Pelše, 1959–1966 From 1959 to 1962, leading Latvian national communists were purged as Arvīds Pelše enforced his power. In 1961, Pelše officially banned the Latvian midsummer Jāņi celebrations along with other Latvian traditions and folk customs. In November of 1959, Pelše also instigated the purge of "nascent nationalists" from the Latvian government. Almost 2,000 members of the government were removed. Between 1959 and 1968, nearly 130,000 Russian speakers immigrated to Latvia and began working in the large industrial factories that were rapidly built. The newly arrived immigrants were the first to receive apartments in the newly built micro-districts. Large factories, employing tens of thousands of recently arrived immigrants, and entirely dependent on resources from faraway Soviet regions, produced products – most of which were sent back to other Soviet republics. Many of the new factories were under the All-Union ministry and military jurisdiction, thus operating outside the planned economy of Soviet Latvia. Latvia's VEF and Radiotehnika factories specialised in producing radios, telephones and sound systems. Most of the Soviet railway carriages were made by Rīgas Vagonbūves Rūpnīca and minibuses by Riga Autobus Factory. In 1962, Riga began receiving Russian gas for industrial needs and domestic heating. This allowed large-scale construction of new micro-districts and high-rises to begin. In 1965, the Pļaviņas Hydroelectric Power Station began producing electricity. Era of Voss, 1966–1984 Since there were not enough people to operate the newly built factories and expand industrial production, workers outside the Latvian SSR (mainly Russians) were transferred into the country, noticeably decreasing the proportion of ethnic Latvians. The speed of Russification was also influenced by the fact that Riga was the HQ of the Baltic Military District, with active and retired Soviet officers moving there. Increased investments and subsidies for collective farms greatly increased the living standards of the rural population without much increase in production output. Much of the farm produce was still grown on small private plots. To improve rural living standards, a mass campaign was started to liquidate individual family farms and to move people into smaller agricultural towns where they were given apartments. Farmers became paid workers in collective farms. While the early Voss era continued with the modernising impulse of the 1960's, a visible stagnation began by the mid-1970's. Prestige high-rise projects in Riga, such as the Hotel Latvija and the Ministry of Agriculture building, took many years to complete. A new international airport and the Vanšu Bridge over Daugava were built. An ideological model of "live and let live" came into place. The black market, absenteeism, and alcoholism became widespread. Consumer goods shortages were a norm. Latvians turned to escapism: the music of Raimonds Pauls, the historic comedies of Riga Film Studio and even Poetry Days became hugely popular. Era of Pugo, 1984–1988 National reawakening, 1985–1990 In the second half of the 1980s, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev began the introduction of the political and economic reforms of glasnost and Perestroika. In the summer of 1987, large demonstrations were held in Riga at the Freedom Monument. In the summer of 1988, a national movement coalesced in the Popular Front of Latvia. The Latvian SSR, along with the other Baltic Republics, was allowed greater autonomy, and in 1988 the old national flag of Latvia was legalised, replacing the Soviet Latvian flag as the official flag in 1990. Pro-independence Latvian Popular Front candidates gained a two-thirds majority in the Supreme Council in the March 1990 democratic elections. Collapse of the Soviet rule On 4 May 1990, the Council passed the declaration "On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia," which declared the Soviet annexation void and announced the start of a transitional period to independence. It argued that the 1940 occupation violated international law. It also argued that the 1940 resolution acceding to the Soviet Union was illegal since the 1922 Latvian constitution stipulated that any major change in the state order had to be submitted to a referendum. In any case, the declaration argued that the 1940 elections were conducted based on an illegal and unconstitutional election law, which rendered all actions of the "People's Saeima" ipso facto void. On these bases, the Supreme Council argued that the Republic of Latvia, as proclaimed in 1918, still legally existed even though its sovereignty had been de facto lost in 1940. Latvia took the position that it did not need to follow the process of secession delineated in the Soviet constitution, arguing that since the annexation was illegal and unconstitutional, it was merely reasserting independence that still existed under international law. However, the central power in Moscow continued to regard Latvia as a Soviet republic from 1990–1991. In January 1991, Soviet political and military forces unsuccessfully tried to overthrow the Republic of Latvia authorities by occupying the central publishing house in Riga and establishing a Committee of National Salvation to usurp governmental functions. During the transitional period, Moscow maintained many central Soviet state authorities in Latvia. Despite this, seventy-three percent of all Latvian residents confirmed their strong support for independence on 3 March 1991 in a non-binding advisory referendum. A large number of ethnic Russians also voted for the proposition. The Republic of Latvia declared the end of the transitional period and restored complete independence on 21 August 1991 in the aftermath of the failed Soviet coup attempt. Latvia, as well as Lithuania and Estonia de facto ceased to be parts of the USSR four months before the Soviet Union itself ceased to exist (26 December 1991). Soon, on 6 September, the USSR recognised the independence of the three Baltic states. Today, the Republic of Latvia and other Baltic states consider themselves to be the legal continuation of the sovereign states whose first independent existence dates back to 1918–1940 and does not accept any legal connection with the former Latvian SSR, which had been occupied and annexed into USSR 1940–1941 and 1944–1991. Since independence, the Communist Party of the Latvian SSR was discontinued, and several high-ranking Latvian SSR officials faced prosecution for their role in various human rights abuses during the Latvian SSR regime. Latvia later joined NATO and the European Union in 2004. Economy The Soviet period saw rebuilding and increase of the industrial capacity, including the automobile (RAF) and electrotechnic (VEF) factories, food processing industry, oil pipelines, and the bulk-oil port Ventspils. Part of the incorporation of the Latvian SSR into the Soviet Union was the introduction of the Russian language into all spheres of public life. Russian became a prerequisite for admission to higher education and better job occupations. It was also made a compulsory subject in all Latvian schools. Vast numbers of people were needed for the new factories, and they were purposefully sent there from different parts of Russia, thus creating a situation wherein bigger towns became increasingly Russified until the 1980s. National income per capita was higher in Latvia than elsewhere in the USSR (42% above the Soviet average in 1968); however, Latvia was at the same time a relative contributor to the Federation's centre with an estimated 0.5% of the Latvian GDP going to Moscow. After the Soviet Union's collapse, all economic branches associated with it also collapsed. While a significant Russian presence in Latgale predated the Soviet Union (~30%), the intense industrialisation and the heavy importation of labour from the Soviet Union to support it led to significant increases in the Russian minority in Riga, even forming a majority in Latvian urban centres such as Daugavpils, Rēzekne, and Ogre. Those areas were also hardest hit economically when the Soviet Union collapsed, leading to massive unemployment. Sharp disagreement with Russia over the legacy of the Soviet era has led to punitive economic measures by Russia, including the demise of transit trade as Russia cut off petroleum exports through Ventspils in 2003 (eliminating 99% of its shipments) after the government of Latvia refused to sell the oil port to the Russian state oil company, Transneft. The result is that only a fraction of Latvia's economy is connected with Russia, especially after it joined the European Union. In 2016, a committee of historians and economists published a report, "Latvian Industry Before and After Restoration of Independence," estimating the overall cost of Soviet occupation in the years 1940–1990 at 185 billion euros, not counting the intangible costs of "deportations and imprisonment policy" of the Soviet authorities. Soviet army presence The Soviet army had been stationed in Latvia since October 1939, when it demanded and received military bases in Courland where it stationed at least 25,000 soldiers, with air force, tanks and artillery support. The Soviet navy received rights to use ports in Ventspils and Liepāja. In addition to soldiers, uncontrolled numbers of officers' family members and construction workers arrived. During the first year of Soviet power, construction of the new military aerodromes was begun, often involving the local population as unpaid construction workers. The Soviet Navy took over seaports and shipping yards. Many hundreds of Soviet officers were moved into newly nationalized apartments and houses. Larger apartments were subdivided, creating communal ones. After 1944, Latvia and Riga became heavily militarised. Demobilised soldiers and officers chose to move to Riga, creating severe housing shortages. Much of the new apartment building in the first post-war years was done only for the benefit of Soviet officers stationed in Riga. Courland's entire Baltic Sea coast became a Soviet border area with limited freedom of movement for the local inhabitants and closed to outsiders. Beaches were illuminated by searchlights and plowed to show any footprints. The old fishing villages became closed military zones, and fishermen were moved to larger townships: Roja, Kolka. The small coastal nation of Livonians virtually ceased to exist. Secretive objects were built like the Irbene radio telescope. Liepāja port was littered with rusting submarines and beaches with unexploded phosphorus. By the mid-1980's, in addition to 350,000 soldiers of the Baltic Military District, an unknown number of border and interior ministry troops were stationed in the Baltics. In 1994 the departing Russian troops presented a list of over 3000 military units stationed in 700 sites taking over 120,000 ha, or about 10% of Latvian land. In addition to active military personnel, Riga was popular as a retirement town for Soviet officers, who could not retire to larger cities like Moscow or Kyiv. Many thousands of them received preferential treatment in receiving new housing. To speed up the withdrawal of the Russian army, Latvia officially agreed to allow 20,000 retired Soviet officers and their families (up to 50,000 people) to remain in Latvia without granting them citizenship and Russia continues to pay them pensions. Military training was provided by the Riga Higher Military Political School and the Riga Higher Military Aviation Engineering School. International status The governments of the Baltic countries, the European Court of Human Rights, the United Nations Human Rights Council, the United States, and the European Union (EU), regard Latvia as being occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 under the provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. The European Parliament in recognising the occupation of the Baltic states from 1940 until the fall of the Soviet Union as illegal, led to the early acceptance of the Baltic states into the NATO alliance. Soviet sources before Perestroika Up to the reassessment of Soviet history in the USSR that began during Perestroika, before the USSR had condemned the 1939 secret protocol between Nazi Germany and itself that had led to the invasion and occupation of the three Baltic countries, the events in 1939 were as follows: The Government of the Soviet Union suggested that the Governments of the Baltic countries conclude mutual assistance treaties between the countries. Pressure from working people forced the governments of the Baltic countries to accept this suggestion. The Pacts of Mutual Assistance were then signed which allowed the USSR to station a limited number of Red Army units in the Baltic countries. Economic difficulties and dissatisfaction of the populace with the Baltic governments' policies that had sabotaged the fulfilment of the Pact and the Baltic countries' governments' political orientation toward Nazi Germany led to a revolutionary situation in June 1940. To guarantee the Pact's fulfilment, additional military units entered Baltic countries, welcomed by the workers who demanded the resignations of the Baltic governments. In June, under the leadership of the Communist Parties, political demonstrations by workers were held. The fascist governments were overthrown, and workers' governments were formed. In July 1940, elections for the Baltic Parliaments were held. The "Working People's Unions," created by an initiative of the Communist Parties, received the majority of the votes. The Parliaments adopted the declarations of the restoration of Soviet powers in Baltic countries and proclaimed the Soviet Socialist Republics. Declaration of Estonia's, Latvia's and Lithuania's wishes to join the USSR were adopted, and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR petitioned accordingly. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved the requests. Current position of the Russian government The Russian government and officials maintain that the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states was legitimate and that the Soviet Union liberated the countries from the Nazis. Timeline See also History of Latvia Republics of the Soviet Union References External links "Ethnic structure of Latvia" at lettia.lv, illustrating changes in the population of Latvia over the last hundred years. Republics of the Soviet Union Occupation of the Baltic states Soviet military occupations 1990s in Latvia 1940 establishments in the Soviet Union 1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union Political history of Latvia Former client states Former socialist republics 20th century in Latvia States and territories established in 1940 States and territories disestablished in 1991
Tazehabad-e Qazi Ali (, also Romanized as Tāzehābād-e Qāẕī ‘Alī and Tāzehābād Qāẕī ‘Alī; also known as Tāzehābād-e Qāzī) is a village in Saral Rural District, Saral District, Divandarreh County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 87, in 16 families. References Towns and villages in Divandarreh County Kurdish settlements in Kurdistan Province
Patersons Securities Ltd is a financial services firm based in Perth, Western Australia, with 10 offices throughout Australia. James Paterson founded the firm in 1903 as an accounting practice, and branched into stock trading in 1922. His 16-year-old son Colin joined the firm in 1929, and by the start of World War II was head of what had been renamed James W. Paterson and Son. Colin Paterson enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II, and his sister Mary ran the firm during the war. The firm was forced to exit accounting in 1950, but Colin used his accounting experience to branch out into investment banking. Colin Paterson retired in 1977, and soon afterward the firm incorporated as Paterson Securities. In 1985, it sold a half-interest to Ord Minnett, a subsidiary of JP Morgan Chase, and changed its name to Paterson Ord Minnett. Under this name, it opened offices in outstate Western Australia in the 1990s. It resumed its old name in 2003 and expanded outside Western Australia for the first time, opening an office in Sydney. Within a few years, it opened offices in Canberra and Brisbane as well. In December 2008, Patersons bought Perth rival Montagu, and a few months later bought Melbourne-based Tolhurst, the oldest stock brokerage in Australia. Patersons held the naming rights to Subiaco Oval, the Perth area's main sporting facility, between 2011 and 2014 inclusive. The naming rights to the stadium were subsequently taken over by real estate company The Domain Group. Patersons were acquired by Canaccord Financial Group (Australia) Pty Ltd on the 22nd of October 2019, and are now known as Canaccord Genuity Financial Limited. References External links Company Website Companies based in Perth, Western Australia Financial services companies of Australia Financial services companies established in 1903 Australian companies established in 1903
Skaraszów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zamość, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Zamość and south-east of the regional capital Lublin. History The village was founded at the beginning of the 19th century under the name of Skaraszów. Skaraszów has been mentioned on the map since 1828, however for unknown reasons it was not included in the 1827 census. References Villages in Zamość County
The Italian loach (Sabanejewia larvata) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cobitidae. It is found only in Italy. It is threatened by habitat loss. References Cobitidae Endemic fauna of Italy Fish described in 1859 Taxa named by Filippo De Filippi Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Habitats Directive Species
Peter Ellis is a British Elite and Age Group duathlete from The New Forest, England. Competing at Elite level he is a four time Powerman Duathlon World Series race winner with wins in Gothenburg (Sweden 2015), Michigan (USA 2018 and 2019) and Hawaii (USA 2019), securing further podium finishes in Putrajaya (Malaysia 2017), Panama City (Panama 2018) and Arizona (USA 2020). He finished the 2016 Powerman Duathlon World Series in 29th, 2017 in 7th, 2018 in 11th and 2019 in 2nd reaching a Powerman Duathlon World ranking of 2nd in June 2019 and World Triathlon long distance Duathlon ranking of 2nd in September 2019. Selected by British Triathlon to compete for the Great Britain Elite team at the ETU European Elite middle-distance duathlon Championships Copenhagen (Denmark 2016), St Wendel (Germany 2017) and Viborg (Denmark 2019), the ASTC Asian Elite middle-distance duathlon Championships Putrajaya (Malaysia 2018, 2019 and 2022), and the ITU World Elite long-distance duathlon championships Powerman Zofingen (Switzerland 2017 and 2019). Sporting career Peter Oz Ellis' sporting career started initially as a distance runner, progressing as a club runner with Newquay Road Runners, Hayle Runners, Abingdon AAC and Tipton Harriers as well as representing the RAF and UK Armed Forces teams and county representation for Cornwall, Oxfordshire and Shropshire, achieving success in cross country, steeple chase, road running and ultra distance. Notable results include 5th at the UK Inter Counties 10 mile road championships, 7th at the English National 50 km road Championships and 2nd in the Steeple Chase at the European Allied Air Forces Championships. In 2012 he changed focus to duathlon and qualified to represent the Great Britain Age Group team for the ETU European and ITU World Sprint Duathlon Championships with wins at both Althorp duathlon and Oulton Park in spring 2013. Competing in duathlons as an age group athlete for Great Britain he won English National, British National, European and World Championships . He was awarded the RAF sportsman of the year award in 2013 after this breakthrough year. References Living people British male triathletes English male triathletes 1983 births Duathletes
This is a list of old Macintosh software that no longer runs on current Macs. The software might require Mac OS 9 or other versions of the classic Mac OS that doesn't run on Apple's current Macs. Note that most old programs can still be run using emulators, such as SheepShaver, vMac, or Basilisk II. For a list of current programs, see List of Mac software. Third-party databases include VersionTracker, MacUpdate and iUseThis. Since a list like this might grow too big and become unmanageable, this list is confined to those programs for which a Wikipedia article exists. == Children's and Educational Software == Cosmic Osmo and the Worlds Beyond the Mackerel Creative Writer Fine Artist Kid Pix Living Books Databases dbase FoxPro Omnis Panorama Developer Tools and IDEs Apple Media Tool AppWare Aztec C CodeWarrior HyperCard – Classic-only IDE MacApp Macintosh Programmer's Workshop Microsoft BASIC MTropolis Oracle Media Objects THINK C VideoWorks World Builder – game creation system Games Graphics, Layout, and Desktop Publishing CorelDRAW CricketDraw CricketPaint Digital Darkroom Freehand FullPaint FullWrite Professional Gryphon Software Morph Illustrator LightningPaint MacDraw MacPaint MacPerspective MacRenderman Macromind Director PageMaker Photoshop PixelPaint QuarkXPress Ready, Set, Go! Ready, Set, Show Showplace Strata 3D SuperPaint Typestry Networking and Telecommunications 4-Sight Fax AppleLink eWorld FreePPP Hotline Connect MacTerminal Red Ryder Wiretap Pro ZTerm Office and Productivity AppleWorks – originally ClarisWorks Claris Resolve CricketGraph FullWrite Professional Informix Wingz Lotus 123 Lotus Jazz MacProject MacWrite Microsoft Project Microsoft Works MindWrite Multiplan Noteshare OpenDoc PFS: File PFS: Write StatView Taste (software) WordPerfect for Macintosh WriteNow Operating systems A/UX Classic Mac OS System 1 System 6 System 7 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 9 MkLinux Outliners Acta (software) MORE (application) Screen savers After Dark Utilities Disinfectant – Antivirus DragThing Extensis Suitcase Fastback MultiFinder Compression Compact Pro DiskDoubler PackIt Stuffit Web browsers Cyberdog Internet Explorer MacLynx MacWeb MacWWW NCSA Mosaic Netscape Communicator Netscape Navigator See also List of Mac software Old Macintosh software\|* Macintosh software\|*
```javascript import { get, set, del, clear, keys, values, entries, setMany, update, getMany, delMany, } from '../dist'; a( get, set, del, clear, keys, values, entries, setMany, update, getMany, delMany, ); ```
Todd Porter (born November 17, 1960) is an American politician. He is a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from the 34th District, serving since 1999. He is a member of the Republican party. Porter has been chairman of the House Energy and Natural Resources Committee since 2007. In 2019, controversy arose over Porter's business links to President of the North Dakota Petroleum Council and lobbyist Ron Ness. Porter denied that the links had any effect on his legislative behaviour. References Living people 1960 births Politicians from Bismarck, North Dakota Republican Party members of the North Dakota House of Representatives 21st-century American politicians
Moritz Schönfeld (9 February 1880 – 4 October 1958) was a Dutch linguist who specialized in Germanic linguistics. Moritz Schönfeld was the author of several reference works on Germanic names and Dutch etymology which have been highly influential and are still in use today. Biography Moritz Schönfeld was born in Groningen, Netherlands on 9 February 1880. His father taught mathematics and physics at the municipal gymnasium in Groningen. Schönfeld began his studies at the University of Groningen in 1898, where he gained a PhD on Dutch literature in 1904. Schönfeld taught Dutch and geography in Meppel from 1905 to 1908, in Tilburg from 1908 to 1913, and at the municipal gymnasium in Hilversum until his retirement in 1945. At Hilversum, Schönfeld was the acting deputy principal for many years. Combined with his teaching duties, Schönfeld was a prominent scholar and editor. He was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1930. Research Schönfeld specialized in the study of Germanic personal names, and ethnonyms. His 1906 doctoral thesis on this subject was published in German with the title Wörterbuch der altgermanischen Personen- und Völkernamen nach der Überlieferung des Klassischen Altertums bearbeitet (1911). It has remained the standard reference work on the subject up to the present day. From 1917 to 1930, Schönfeld was contributed to a number of articles in the Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, published by Georg Wissowa. In 1921, Schönfeld published the first edition of his Historiese grammatika van het Nederlands. Schets van de klank- en vormleer. It has since been published in more than eight revised editions, and remains the standard reference work on Dutch grammar. Towards the end of his life, Schönfeld published Veldnamen in Nederland (1949) and Nederlandse waternamen (1955), both are important reference works on Dutch etymology. Schönfeld contributed a large number of articles to the Nomina geographica neerlandica, of which he served as an editor for many years. Selected works Wörterbuch der altgermanischen Personen- und Völkernamen nach der Überlieferung des klassischen Altertums, 1911 Historische grammatica van het Nederlands (1921) Veldnamen in Nederland, 1949 Nederlandse waternamen, (1955) See also Jan de Vries (philologist) References Sources 1880 births 1958 deaths 20th-century Dutch non-fiction writers Dutch people of German descent Dutch school administrators Etymologists Linguists from the Netherlands Linguists of Germanic languages Germanic studies scholars Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences People from Groningen (city) Toponymists University of Groningen alumni 20th-century linguists
Pionersky () is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Irbitsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. Population: References Urban-type settlements in Sverdlovsk Oblast
The Tokyo Music Festival was an international music contest that ran from 1972 to 1992. It was organized by the Tokyo Music Festival Association. The first edition of the Tokyo Music Festival took place on 13 May 1972 with 12 participating countries. Grand Prix Winners 1972: Izumi Yukimura (), with "Watashi wa Nakanai" 1973: Mickey Newbury (), with "Heaven Help the Child" 1974: René Simard (), with "Midori-iro no Yane" 1975: Maureen McGovern (), with "Even Better Than I Know Myself" 1976: Natalie Cole (), with "I'm Glad There Is You" 1977: Marilyn McCoo & Billy Davis Jr. (), with "The Two of Us" 1978: Al Green (), with "Belle" 1979: Rita Coolidge (), with "Don't Cry Out Loud" 1980: Dionne Warwick (), with "Feeling Old Feelings" 1981: The Nolans (), with "Sexy Music" 1982: John O'Banion (), with "I Don't Wanna Lose Your Love" 1983: Lionel Richie (), with "You Are"; Joe Cocker () and Jennifer Warnes (), with "Up Where We Belong" 1984: Laura Branigan (), with "The Lucky One" 1985: Kool & the Gang (), with "Cherish" 1986: Miami Sound Machine (), with "Conga" 1987: No Grand Prix awarded 1988: No Grand Prix awarded 1989: Ofra Haza (), with "Im Nin'alu" 1990: Wilson Phillips (), with "Hold On" 1991: Cancelled 1992: Smokey Mountain (), with "Paraiso" See also List of historic rock festivals Music festivals in Japan Recurring events disestablished in 1991 Festivals in Tokyo 1972 establishments in Japan Pop music festivals Music festivals established in 1972 Rock festivals in Japan
Howard Kanovitz (February 9, 1929 – February 2, 2009) was a pioneering painter in the Photorealist and Hyperrealist Movements, which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s in response to the abstract art movement. Howard Kanovitz, whose 50-year career ranged from abstract expressionism to computer imaging, was at the forefront of the art movement known as photorealism. His 1966 landmark Jewish Museum solo exhibition launched this new genre of photo-based painting. Though dubbed by Barbara Rose “the grandfather of photorealism”, Kanovitz’s work transcended that classification in “realistic paintings for which the concept of realism is too narrow.” The preeminent art historian Sam Hunter described how Kanovitz’s “meticulous airbrush technique and exactness of vision produce an atmosphere of doubt rather than certitude and posed questions of meaning which challenge the very nature of the artistic experience.” Life After moving to New York City in the 1950s Kanovitz worked as the assistant to Franz Kline. He quickly became part of the downtown abstract expressionist scene, exhibiting works at the fabled Tenth Street galleries, the Tanager and Hansa, and in the Stable Gallery annuals, where he had his first one-man show in 1962. Even during the years when Kanovitz was receiving laudatory reviews for his abstract work, Kanovitz always painted privately with an interest in the figure and new ways to explore the illusion of form in space on a flat canvas. In 1963 after the death of his father, while poring over family photographs, Kanovitz had a Roland Barthes-like, punctum moment, that solidified his interest in the nature of representation and the complex relationship between subjectivity, meaning, and memory. He began using photographs as source material, either appropriated from the media or taken himself. In 1972, the Americans Chuck Close, Richard Estees, and Howard Kanovitz were chosen to join Europeans Gerhard Richter, Sigmar Polke, Malcolm Morley, and Franz Gertsch, in Harald Szeemann’s groundbreaking international art exposition documenta V, held in Kassel Germany, as the pre-eminent exponents of this new photo based painting. He also represented America in documenta VI, 1977. In 1979 Kanovitz was awarded the prestigious DAAD fellowship to live and work in Berlin, where he had a mid-career retrospective of over 200 works at the Akademie der Künste, which then traveled to the Kestner Society, Hannover. He taught at the Salzburger Summer Art School, founded by Oscar Kokoschka, as well as at the School of Visual Arts in New York, and took on stage design projects in both America and Germany. In addition to the three one person museum exhibitions already cited, and one at Museum of Contemporary Art in Utrecht, Kanovitz had more than fifty one person gallery exhibitions including the Waddell, Stefanotty, Alex Rosenberg, and Marlborough galleries in New York, the Gana Art Gallery in Seoul Korea, and the Jollenbeck, Inge Baecker and Ulrig Gering Gallery in Germany where he had his last one person show in 2008, one year before he died. He participated in over 100 group shows in America and Europe. References External links https://www.howardkanovitz.com 1929 births 2009 deaths People from Fall River, Massachusetts Providence College alumni Jewish American artists Rhode Island School of Design alumni New York University alumni
"Sonífera Ilha" is the debut single by Brazilian rock band Titãs, released in 1984. The song, as well as its b-side "Toda Cor", was co-composed by Ciro Pessoa, one of the lead singers and founding members of the group, who would leave the band before the release of their first, self-titled album, in which the single and the b-side were included. "Sonífera Ilha" is among a few of Ciro's contributions to Titãs. Although coming from an album that sold poorly, the song was a great hit in Brazil. According to website "A Vitrine do Rádio" and the Rolling Stone Brasil magazine, it was the song with most airplay in the country in 1984. Then vocalist Paulo Miklos (main singer of the song) described the track in 2012 as follows: "A ska with a kinda dodecaphonic thing, a kinda weird phrase, telling a cock-and-bull story. I never knew what the song is about." In a 2020 video, then former vocalist and bassist Nando Reis commented that "Sonífera Ilha" was the only song that the audience knew at the time of its release and their other songs sounded too different from the track, and that because of it they would sometimes perform the song three times in a single show. The song has been covered by artists such as Adriana Calcanhotto, Pato Fu and Blitz, among others (see details below). Track listing Titãs Trio Acústico version In 2020, the band, then reduced to a trio (Branco Mello on vocals, acoustic guitar and bass; Sérgio Britto on vocal, keyboards and bass; and Tony Bellotto on vocals, acoustic and electric guitar, re-recorded the track as part of their Titãs Trio Acústico project.<ref name="oglobosi">{{cite web \|last=Essinger \|first=Silvio \|title=Tony Bellotto: 'Estão vendo um novo sentido para a letra de 'Sonífera ilha \|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/tony-bellotto-estao-vendo-um-novo-sentido-para-letra-de-sonifera-ilha-1-24326619 \|work=O Globo \|publisher=Grupo Globo \|access-date=25 March 2020 \|date=25 March 2020}}</ref> The new version, sung by Mello, received a video with guest appearances by band Os Paralamas do Sucesso; musicians Rita Lee, Roberto de Carvalho, Andreas Kisser, Lulu Santos, Cyz Mendes (singer who guest performed on the band's opera rock, Doze Flores Amarelas), Érika Martins, Elza Soares and marcelo fEdi Rock; actors Fábio Assunção and Fernanda Montenegro; sports commentator and former football player Casagrande; and Marcelo Fromer's (the band's guitarist until his death in 2001 and co-author of the track) daughter, Alice. The video was directed by Otávio Juliano, who said: "'Sonífera Ilha' is a song that left a deep mark in generations. When I listened to the new acoustic version, I felt it was more than a song, it was a state of mind. It came from there the idea of inviting artists and friends that were part of Titãs' history, bringing their personalities and embarking on this state of mind with the band". The guest appearances were recorded by the artists themselves in their houses; such aesthetics would end up coinciding with the quarantine to which several people subjected themselves due to the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. By then, Bellotto said in an interview to O Globo newspaper: Cover versions Adriana Calcanhotto, on her 1990 debut album Enguiço Paulinho Moska on his 1997 live album Através do Espelho Moraes Moreira (from Novos Baianos) on his solo album 50 Carnavais Terra Samba (2004) Karla Sabah on her 2004 solo album Drum 'n Bossa Blitz on their 2006 live album Blitz - Com Vida Pot-pourri recorded the song and it was featured as the opening theme for the Rede Globo telenovela Três Irmãs (Three Sisters) Pato Fu on their 2010 album Música de Brinquedo'' References 1984 debut singles 1984 songs Titãs songs Warner Music Group singles Songs written by Marcelo Fromer Songs written by Tony Bellotto Songs about islands
The Tanzlinde, also known as the Tausendjährige Linde or Dorflinde, is a summer lime tree (Tilia platyphyllos) located in Effeltrich, Upper Franconia, on the western edge of Franconian Switzerland. Positioned on the village square across from the fortified church, the lime tress has held a significant role as a central gathering, assembly, and judicial site for centuries. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, it also served as a venue for festivals and dances. Notably, the tree's growth features a distinctive flat-oval crown, a result of historical bast extraction for the cultivation of fruit trees. The lime tree in the Franconian region is often seen as the most beautiful among many village lime trees. Many tales, stories, and legends are attributed to the lime tree due to its varied life. Description Despite its old age, the lime tree maintains a strong and vibrant appearance, with its branches retaining well-leafy and abundant blossoms even at the top. The crown rests on a double ring-shaped beam framework comprising 24 supports, with the outer ring sitting on a 49-meter-long and 90-centimeter-high stone wall encircling the tree. This final stone wall also serves to protect the root area inside the wall. Without this framework of beams, the trunk of the Linden tree would break apart under the weight of the strong, spreading branches. Additionally, some of the branches are supported by two iron pipes each. Unlike certain other Tanzlinde trees, such as the one in Sachsenbrunn, the Effeltrich lime tree's branches were never outfitted with a dance platform. The festivities and dances took place beneath the beam structure instead. The crown of the tree boasts a diameter slightly exceeding 20 meters at a height of approximately seven meters. The crown is formed by eight strong, horizontally drawn branches with diameters up to 90 centimeters. The open trunk is closed by several iron bars. The trunk is completely hollow and completely filled with mulm. An adventitious root, about ten centimeters in thickness, has grown within the trunk to enhance nutrient supply to specific portions of the crown. Many of the extended and supported older branches also possess a hollow interior, with some upper sections missing, making the branches essentially half-shells composed of bark material. The appearance of the crown has undergone some changes over the past century. A photograph captured by tree photographer Friedrich Stützer for his tree book "Die größten, ältesten oder sonst merkwürdigen Bäume Bayerns in Wort und Bild" (The largest, oldest or otherwise strange trees of Bavaria in words and pictures) depicts the crown as broader and flatter compared to its present state. In that era, the crown extended several meters beyond the beam framework and the terminating wall, which now roughly defines the crown's boundaries. Since for many years the vertical shoots have no longer been regularly removed for bast extraction, the crown has also partially expanded upwards. The lime tree's wood volume, excluding the root wood, is estimated to be 36 cubic meters. The tree possesses an extensive network of roots. Strong roots were discovered about 40 meters from the trunk in a dung heap and within a cellar. Additionally, while excavating a well, linden roots were unearthed approximately 50 meters away; this discovery may indicate the tree's maximum root reach. Apostle lime tree The lime tree has eight branches spreading from its trunk. Some of these branches extend further, resulting in a total of twelve branches reaching the outer stone wreath. The number twelve stands for the twelve apostles, twelve hours, twelve months, and twelve signs of the zodiac. According to mysticism, it is referred to as an apostle lime tree, of which there are very few in Germany. With the number twelve, there is also a connection to heaven and earth, whereby this can be determined by multiplying three times four. In Greek mythology, the number three signifies the trinity of the gods Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades, although many other gods and mythical figures appear in the trinity. Meanwhile, the number four symbolizes the earth with its four cardinal points north, east, south, and west. Location The lime tree is positioned at the heart of the village square and at the intersection of several roads in the municipality of Effeltrich in the district of Forchheim. To the south, it is 24 kilometers from Nuremberg, and the altitude is about 300 meters above sea level. It is framed by the church castle of St. Georg with high walls and pointed towers and old half-timbered houses and inns. The state road 2243 to Forchheim passes by the Linden tree, which is identical here to the Castle Road. Age Various statements in the literature present differing perspectives on the age of the lime tree. The availability of certain essential components for accurate age determination, such as tree ring counts and radiocarbon dating (14C dating), is limited due to the hollow nature of the trunk and the absence of the oldest wood parts in the inner region. Consequently, the precise age of the Linden tree remains uncertain. Estimates regarding its age span range from 400 to 1000 years. Analysis of the trunk diameter and comparison with similar trees suggests an approximate age of 800 years. The age of the lime tree is often linked to the founding year 1007 of the bishopric of Bamberg, which would imply an age over 1000 years. However, this assertion could be excessive given the presence of deeply shriveled bark on the tree, indicative of high age. Determining age based on trunk circumference is difficult due to the influence of supported main branches, which can lead to a slower growth in thickness. A supported lime tree may be classified as considerably older than a freely grown lime tree with the same trunk diameter and similar environmental conditions. Even prior to World War I, the tree's age was estimated to be at least, 1000 years, as suggested by Gustav von Bezold, the then-director of the (Germanisches Nationalmuseum) Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg. In 1935, experts estimated its age to be around 800 years. The Deutsche Baumarchiv (German Tree Archive), known for its cautious approach to age determinations, offered an estimate of 400 to 670 years in 2007. Nonetheless, the Deutsche Baumarchiv counts the lime tree as among the oldest lime trees in Germany. Hans Joachim Fröhlich, initiator of the Kuratorium Alte liebenswerte Bäume in Deutschland e.V. (Curatorship Old Lovable Trees in Germany e.V.), cited an age range of 800 to 1000 years for the lime tree in 1990. Anette Lenzing's estimation in 2005 also aligns with an age of 800 to 1000 years. In 2007, Michel Brunner's assessment approximated the age of the lime tree to be around 700 years. The lime tree continues to be regarded as one of the oldest trees in Germany. Trunk circumference In 2000, the trunk had a circumference of at least 7.51 meters at the point of smallest diameter. Currently, the circumference at a height of one meter is slightly under eight meters, while at a height of ten centimeters above the ground, it measures over eleven meters. Measurements from 1981 registered a circumference of 8.8 meters at a height of 30 centimeters above the ground, commonly referred to as Brusthöhe (BHU) (breast height). Additionally, measurements conducted in 1987 indicated a circumference of 7.77 meters at a height of one meter above the ground. Fröhlich's data from 1990 recorded a trunk circumference of 8.3 meters at a height of 1.3 meters. History According to tradition, the lime tree was reportedly used as a Thingbaum (Thing tree) by the Wends prior to their Christianization around the year 1004. Historical records suggest that court proceedings may have taken place under the lime tree in earlier centuries. This is suggested by the presence of a stone wreath, approximately 90 centimeters in height, encircling the lime tree. Additionally, the custom of men wearing hats and women wearing white headscarves during festivities under the lime tree aligns with this period, harkening back to the time of the Wends. It is also possible that such celebrations occurred beneath a precursor lime tree that may have occupied the same location. Until the year 1950, the area beneath the lime tree was furnished with tables and benches, offering a place of gathering and providing hospitality through the nearby inn. After the Second World War, the main road that runs adjacent to the lime tree underwent expansion, leading to a gradual rise in motorized vehicle traffic. In 1966, the inattentiveness of two motorists resulted in the unintentional breakage of two substantial branches situated along the road. As a result, the linden tree lost the even, harmonious structure of its crown. The road was slightly moved during a further expansion, giving the lime tree a bit more space. The lime tree is a registered natural monument (ND-04472) and is under protection Fruit tree cultivation The name Effeltrich means place with many apple trees or apple-rich. Even today, the lime tree bears visible signs of its long history of providing bast for fruit tree cultivation: For the grafting of young fruit trees, the young vertical shoots of the lime tree were cut off for decades until about 1850 and their bast was used for tying and fixing the grafts. In order to be able to harvest the branches in sufficient quantity, the emerging branches were bent downwards and fixed in this position. The fixed branches continued to grow in this position. This resulted in the development of strong, cross-branching branches that grew faster and led to the formation of a wide-span crown. From the horizontally fixed branches came vertical shoots, from which more could be harvested as the crown became wider. Lime bast used to be crucial and had various uses, including fruit tree grafting, making knitwear, clothing, shoes, and even war shields. Festival and dance place Throughout its history, the lime tree has served as a focal point for social gatherings. In the 19th century, the tree hosted a variety of festivities and events, including moonshine nights characterized by singing, music, and communal interactions. During the 1850s, "the local dignitaries met once a week during the summer to celebrate the so-called 'Mondscheinnächte' (Moonlight Nights) under the shade of the lime tree with music, singing, and leisurely entertainment.". The tree's appeal extended beyond the local community, attracting individuals from neighboring areas. Among the attendees were academic figures, such as students, professors, and even officers, often hailing from the nearby university town of Erlangen. This tradition of gatherings commenced in the mid-19th century and lasted until 1914. Prince Ludwig, who became King of Bavaria in 1913, visited Effeltrich on June 12, 1912, and a large party was held in his honor under the Linden tree. The children of the village danced in their colorful costumes under the Linden tree. The festivities subsided after the Second World War and the colorful, festive goings-on were gradually forgotten. Redevelopment Despite its hollow interior, the tree has maintained its good condition because it has always been cared for. Because of the increasingly stronger and heavier branches, these were supported from 1905 with a double oak framework by master carpenter Kaul from Poxdorf. This support system is composed of individual supports encircling the tree. Over the years, the tree underwent several rounds of restoration to safeguard its structural integrity. The tree underwent several renovations, such as in 1913 when its trunk, which had developed some hollow areas, was lined with bricks for structural support. However, prior permission had to be obtained from the Bamberg Conservation Committee for this sealing of the trunk. In order to seal the filled-in area, a cement coating was applied. In 1947, the double oak framework from 1905 underwent renewal under the expertise of master builder Hans Batz from Effeltrich. Subsequent restoration efforts took place in 1968, and in 1971 the oak framework was repaired again. In 1977, very extensive renovations were carried out by the "tree doctor" Michael Maurer from Röthenbach an der Pegnitz. In the process, the tree seal, which had been affixed in 1913, was removed from the tree. Recent improvements with regards to the surroundings of the tree outside the crown area were provided with a patchy pavement to ensure adequate water supply to the roots, which extend far from the trunk. Notes See also Linde in Schenklengsfeld References Further reading . . . . . . Friedrich Wallner: Die Dorflinde zu Effeltrich (Oberfranken). In: Friedrich Stützer (Hrsg.): Die größten, ältesten oder sonst merkwürdigen Bäume Bayerns in Wort und Bild. Band 1. Piloty & Löhle, München 1900, pp. 29–31. . . External links Commons: Tanzlinde - Collection of images, videos and audio files The 1000-year-old bast linden tree in Effeltrich - article by Efferer, from June 29, 2008. The millennial linden tree in Effeltrich in Fraenkische Schweiz.Bayern-online.de. Millennial linden tree in Effeltrich - Article by Hans Joachim Fröhlich, excerpt of text from Old lovely trees in Germany, page 287, 29 June 2008. The Tanzlinde zu Effeltrich - Article by Christopher A. Weidner, at Mystische Orten, June 29, 2008. The thousand-year-old linden tree German tree archive Natural monuments in Germany Forchheim (district)
Carlene King Johnson Drake (May 31, 1933 - April 15, 1969) was an American model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss USA 1955. Johnson was from Rutland, Vermont. She attended Middlebury College, where she was a member of the Nu chapter Sigma Kappa sorority. She was a legacy of Sigma Kappa sorority, as her mother, Katherine King Johnson, was a member of the Alpha Kappa Chapter. She later attended the Forsyth School of Dental Hygiene at Tufts University in Boston, where she was voted Inter Fraternity Council Queen. She was crowned Miss Vermont 1953 after which she went on to become Miss USA in 1955, Vermont's only representative (as of 2022) to achieve the national title. Johnson was born to Dr. Norman and Katherine King Johnson. She had two brothers, named Lyman and Raymond E. On December 21, 1957, she married Lawrence Drake. They divorced in April 1966 after she discovered his adultery. On March 21, 1968, she married Don Carroll Holloway. She has never made public appearance in her later years. At the age of 35, she was diagnosed with diabetes but managed to overcome it due to fund raising. References External links Miss USA official website Mention of Carlene King Johnson's death Carlene King Johnson Holloway at Find-A-Grave 1933 births 1968 deaths Beauty pageant contestants from Vermont Miss America 1950s delegates Miss Universe 1955 contestants Miss USA winners People from Rutland (town), Vermont Middlebury College alumni Tufts University School of Dental Medicine alumni 20th-century American people
Lythrum virgatum, the wand loosestrife, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lythraceae, native to wet areas of the Eurasian steppes, and introduced to France, Germany, and the United States. The unimproved species and a number of cultivars are available from commercial suppliers. It is considered an invasive species in some jurisdictions. Cultivars 'Dropmore Purple' 'Happiness' 'Hélène' 'Joy' pale-flowered 'Rose Queen' 'Rosy Gem' 'The Bride'' 'The Rocket' References virgatum Garden plants Flora of Austria Flora of Czechoslovakia Flora of Hungary Flora of Southeastern Europe Flora of Belarus Flora of Ukraine Flora of the Crimean Peninsula Flora of Turkey Flora of the North Caucasus Flora of Central European Russia Flora of South European Russia Flora of Siberia Flora of Kazakhstan Flora of Kyrgyzstan Flora of Mongolia Flora of Xinjiang Flora of North-Central China Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Plants described in 1753
The Timken Museum of Art is a fine art museum, established in 1965 and located at 1500 El Prado in Balboa Park in San Diego, California, close to the San Diego Museum of Art. History The groundwork for the museum was laid in 1951 when Walter Ames helped sisters Amy and Anne Putnam (nieces and heirs of Henry W. Putnam) to form the nonprofit Putnam Foundation to own and manage their art collection. The sisters had settled in San Diego in the early 20th century and made donations to the San Diego Museum of Art in its early years. At first the foundation loaned items from its collection to noteworthy museums across the United States. When the Timken Museum opened in 1965, the Putnam Foundation Collection provided its initial material and Walter Ames became its first director. The museum building stands on the site of the former Home Economy Building, originally designed for the 1915 Panama-California Exposition and later known as the Pan-Pacific Building, the Cafe of the World, and the American Legion Building. That building was torn down in 1963 and replaced by the Timken Museum, which was designed by the architectural firm of Frank L. Hope and Associates and funded by the Timken family. The museum is a white, modern building in marble and bronze housing a five-room gallery. Shortly after the museum opened, John Walker, of the National Gallery of Art, praised its collection, some of which had been on loan at his institution until the Timken neared completion: Overview The museum displays European old master paintings, sculptures, and tapestries under natural light. Supplementing the European holdings are collections of American painting and Russian icons. Acquisitions have expanded the collection from the original 40 to 60 major works, including ones by American (Copley, Johnson, West, Cole, Bierstadt), Italian (Savoldo, Veronese, Guercino and Savoldo's The Temptation of Saint Anthony), Spanish (Murillo), and French masters (Clouet, Claude, Boucher, Fragonard, David, Corot), as well as works of the Flemish and Dutch schools, including masterpieces by Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, and Frans Hals. In 2015, in honor of the museum's 50th anniversary, the Timken acquired a Zurbarán 3/4 portrait of St. Francis in meditation. The Timken is the only San Diego museum with a Rembrandt in its permanent collection. The museum's founding benefactors, the Putnam sisters, were related to two Revolutionary War generals, Israel Putnam and Rufus Putnam. Coincidentally, one of the museum's most important acquisitions in recent decades is the John Singleton Copley painting of the woman who may well have triggered the Revolutionary War, Margaret Kemble Gage. Selected works References External links 1965 establishments in California Art museums established in 1965 Art museums and galleries in California Balboa Park (San Diego) Former private collections in the United States Museums in San Diego
Washington Township is a township in Doniphan County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 3,066. History Washington Township was organized in 1855. Geography Washington Township covers an area of and contains two incorporated settlements: Elwood and Wathena. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Belmont and Tambor. The streams of Duncan Creek and Peters Creek run through this township. References USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) External links US-Counties.com City-Data.com Townships in Doniphan County, Kansas Townships in Kansas 1855 establishments in Kansas Territory
```c++ #include <chrono> #include <thread> #include "envoy/config/core/v3/http_uri.pb.h" #include "source/common/http/message_impl.h" #include "source/common/protobuf/utility.h" #include "source/extensions/filters/http/common/jwks_fetcher.h" #include "test/extensions/filters/http/common/mock.h" #include "test/mocks/http/mocks.h" #include "test/mocks/server/factory_context.h" #include "test/test_common/utility.h" using envoy::extensions::filters::http::jwt_authn::v3::RemoteJwks; namespace Envoy { namespace Extensions { namespace HttpFilters { namespace Common { namespace { const char publicKey[] = R"( { "keys": [ { "kty": "RSA", "alg": "RS256", "use": "sig", "kid": "62a93512c9ee4c7f8067b5a216dade2763d32a47", "n": your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashTqDziYQwZN4aGsqVKQb9Vw", "e": "AQAB" }, { "kty": "RSA", "alg": "RS256", "use": "sig", "kid": "b3319a147514df7ee5e4bcdee51350cc890cc89e", "n": your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashTqDziYQwZN4aGsqVKQb9Vw", "e": "AQAB" } ] } )"; const std::string config = R"( http_uri: uri: path_to_url cluster: pubkey_cluster timeout: seconds: 5 )"; class JwksFetcherTest : public testing::Test { public: void setupFetcher(const std::string& config_str) { TestUtility::loadFromYaml(config_str, remote_jwks_); mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_.initializeThreadLocalClusters( {"pubkey_cluster"}); fetcher_ = JwksFetcher::create(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, remote_jwks_); EXPECT_TRUE(fetcher_ != nullptr); } RemoteJwks remote_jwks_; testing::NiceMock<Server::Configuration::MockFactoryContext> mock_factory_ctx_; std::unique_ptr<JwksFetcher> fetcher_; NiceMock<Tracing::MockSpan> parent_span_; }; // Test findByIssuer TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestGetSuccess) { // Setup setupFetcher(config); MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, "200", publicKey); MockJwksReceiver receiver; EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksSuccessImpl(testing::_)); EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksError(testing::_)).Times(0); // Act fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver); } TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestGet400) { // Setup setupFetcher(config); MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, "400", "invalid"); MockJwksReceiver receiver; EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksSuccessImpl(testing::_)).Times(0); EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksError(JwksFetcher::JwksReceiver::Failure::Network)); // Act fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver); } TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestGetNoBody) { // Setup setupFetcher(config); MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, "200", ""); MockJwksReceiver receiver; EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksSuccessImpl(testing::_)).Times(0); EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksError(JwksFetcher::JwksReceiver::Failure::Network)); // Act fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver); } TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestGetInvalidJwks) { // Setup setupFetcher(config); MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, "200", "invalid"); MockJwksReceiver receiver; EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksSuccessImpl(testing::_)).Times(0); EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksError(JwksFetcher::JwksReceiver::Failure::InvalidJwks)); // Act fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver); } TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestHttpFailure) { // Setup setupFetcher(config); MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, Http::AsyncClient::FailureReason::Reset); MockJwksReceiver receiver; EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksSuccessImpl(testing::_)).Times(0); EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksError(JwksFetcher::JwksReceiver::Failure::Network)); // Act fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver); } TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestCancel) { // Setup setupFetcher(config); Http::MockAsyncClientRequest request(&(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_ .thread_local_cluster_.async_client_)); MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, &request); MockJwksReceiver receiver; EXPECT_CALL(request, cancel()); EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksSuccessImpl(testing::_)).Times(0); EXPECT_CALL(receiver, onJwksError(testing::_)).Times(0); // Act fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver); // Proper cancel fetcher_->cancel(); // Re-entrant cancel fetcher_->cancel(); } TEST_F(JwksFetcherTest, TestSpanPassedDown) { // Setup setupFetcher(config); MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, "200", publicKey); NiceMock<MockJwksReceiver> receiver; // Expectations for span EXPECT_CALL(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_.thread_local_cluster_ .async_client_, send_(_, _, _)) .WillOnce(Invoke( [this](Http::RequestMessagePtr&, Http::AsyncClient::Callbacks&, const Http::AsyncClient::RequestOptions& options) -> Http::AsyncClient::Request* { EXPECT_TRUE(options.parent_span_ == &this->parent_span_); EXPECT_TRUE(options.child_span_name_ == "JWT Remote PubKey Fetch"); return nullptr; })); // Act fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver); } struct RetryingParameters { RetryingParameters(const std::string& config, uint32_t n, int64_t base_ms, int64_t max_ms) : config_(config), expected_num_retries_(n), expected_backoff_base_interval_ms_(base_ms), expected_backoff_max_interval_ms_(max_ms) {} std::string config_; uint32_t expected_num_retries_; int64_t expected_backoff_base_interval_ms_; int64_t expected_backoff_max_interval_ms_; }; class JwksFetcherRetryingTest : public testing::TestWithParam<RetryingParameters> { public: void setupFetcher(const std::string& config_str) { TestUtility::loadFromYaml(config_str, remote_jwks_); mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_.initializeThreadLocalClusters( {"pubkey_cluster"}); fetcher_ = JwksFetcher::create(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, remote_jwks_); EXPECT_TRUE(fetcher_ != nullptr); } RemoteJwks remote_jwks_; testing::NiceMock<Server::Configuration::MockFactoryContext> mock_factory_ctx_; std::unique_ptr<JwksFetcher> fetcher_; NiceMock<Tracing::MockSpan> parent_span_; }; INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(Retrying, JwksFetcherRetryingTest, testing::Values(RetryingParameters{R"( http_uri: uri: path_to_url cluster: pubkey_cluster timeout: seconds: 5 retry_policy: retry_back_off: base_interval: 0.1s max_interval: 32s num_retries: 10 )", 10, 100, 32000}, RetryingParameters{R"( http_uri: uri: path_to_url cluster: pubkey_cluster timeout: seconds: 5 retry_policy: {} )", 1, 1000, 10000}, RetryingParameters{R"( http_uri: uri: path_to_url cluster: pubkey_cluster timeout: seconds: 5 retry_policy: num_retries: 2 )", 2, 1000, 10000})); TEST_P(JwksFetcherRetryingTest, TestCompleteRetryPolicy) { // Setup setupFetcher(GetParam().config_); MockUpstream mock_pubkey(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_, "200", publicKey); NiceMock<MockJwksReceiver> receiver; // Expectations for envoy.config.core.v3.RetryPolicy to envoy.config.route.v3.RetryPolicy // used by async client. // execution deep down in async_client_'s route entry implementation // is not exercised here, just the configuration adaptation. EXPECT_CALL(mock_factory_ctx_.server_factory_context_.cluster_manager_.thread_local_cluster_ .async_client_, send_(_, _, _)) .WillOnce(Invoke( [](Http::RequestMessagePtr&, Http::AsyncClient::Callbacks&, const Http::AsyncClient::RequestOptions& options) -> Http::AsyncClient::Request* { RetryingParameters const& rp = GetParam(); EXPECT_TRUE(options.retry_policy.has_value()); EXPECT_TRUE(options.buffer_body_for_retry); EXPECT_TRUE(options.retry_policy.value().has_num_retries()); EXPECT_EQ(PROTOBUF_GET_WRAPPED_REQUIRED(options.retry_policy.value(), num_retries), rp.expected_num_retries_); EXPECT_TRUE(options.retry_policy.value().has_retry_back_off()); EXPECT_TRUE(options.retry_policy.value().retry_back_off().has_base_interval()); EXPECT_EQ(PROTOBUF_GET_MS_REQUIRED(options.retry_policy.value().retry_back_off(), base_interval), rp.expected_backoff_base_interval_ms_); EXPECT_TRUE(options.retry_policy.value().retry_back_off().has_max_interval()); EXPECT_EQ(PROTOBUF_GET_MS_REQUIRED(options.retry_policy.value().retry_back_off(), max_interval), rp.expected_backoff_max_interval_ms_); EXPECT_TRUE(options.retry_policy.value().has_per_try_timeout()); EXPECT_LE(PROTOBUF_GET_MS_REQUIRED(options.retry_policy.value().retry_back_off(), max_interval), PROTOBUF_GET_MS_REQUIRED(options.retry_policy.value(), per_try_timeout)); const std::string& retry_on = options.retry_policy.value().retry_on(); std::set<std::string> retry_on_modes = absl::StrSplit(retry_on, ','); EXPECT_EQ(retry_on_modes.count("5xx"), 1); EXPECT_EQ(retry_on_modes.count("gateway-error"), 1); EXPECT_EQ(retry_on_modes.count("connect-failure"), 1); EXPECT_EQ(retry_on_modes.count("reset"), 1); return nullptr; })); // Act fetcher_->fetch(parent_span_, receiver); } } // namespace } // namespace Common } // namespace HttpFilters } // namespace Extensions } // namespace Envoy ```
Korablik () is an island in the Ob River in Pervomaysky District of Novosibirsk, Russia. The Komsomolsky Railway Bridge passes over the island. Tourism The Korablik is used for outdoor recreation. A passenger motor ship goes from the Novosibirsk River Station to the island. Gallery References Islands of Novosibirsk
```asciidoc [[leveraging-ecmascript-collections]] == Leveraging ECMAScript Collections JavaScript data structures ((("ECMAScript (ES)", id="ecmas5")))are flexible enough that we're able to turn any object into a hash-map, where we map string keys to arbitrary values. For example, one might use an object to map npm package names to their metadata, as shown next. [source,javascript] ---- const registry = {} function set(name, meta) { registry[name] = meta } function get(name) { return registry[name] } set('contra', { description: 'Asynchronous flow control' }) set('dragula', { description: 'Drag and drop' }) set('woofmark', { description: 'Markdown and WYSIWYG editor' }) ---- There are several problems with this approach, outlined here: - Security issues where user-provided keys like `__proto__`, `toString`, or anything in `Object.prototype` break expectations and make interaction with this kind of hash-map data structures more cumbersome - When iterating using `for..in` we need to rely on `Object#hasOwnProperty` to make sure properties aren't inherited - Iteration over list items with `Object.keys(registry).forEach` is also verbose - Keys are limited to strings, making it hard to create hash-maps where you'd like to index values by DOM elements or other nonstring references The first problem could be fixed using a prefix, and being careful to always get or set values in the hash-map through functions that add those prefixes, to avoid mistakes. [source,javascript] ---- const registry = {} function set(name, meta) { registry['pkg:' + name] = meta } function get(name) { return registry['pkg:' + name] } ---- An alternative could also be using `Object.create(null)` instead of an empty object literal. In this case, the created object won't inherit from `Object.prototype`, meaning it won't be harmed by `__proto__` and friends. [source,javascript] ---- const registry = Object.create(null) function set(name, meta) { registry[name] = meta } function get(name) { return registry[name] } ---- For iteration we could create a `list` function that returns key/value tuples. [source,javascript] ---- const registry = Object.create(null) function list() { return Object.keys(registry).map(key => [key, registry[key]]) } ---- Or we could implement the iterator protocol on our hash-map. Here we are trading complexity in favor of convenience: the iterator code is more complicated to read than the former case where we had a `list` function with familiar `Object.keys` and `Array#map` methods. In the following example, however, accessing the list is even easier and more convenient than through `list`: following the iterator protocol means there's no need for a custom `list` function. [source,javascript] ---- const registry = Object.create(null) registry[Symbol.iterator] = () => { const keys = Object.keys(registry) return { next() { const done = keys.length === 0 const key = keys.shift() const value = [key, registry[key]] return { done, value } } } } console.log([...registry]) ---- When it comes to using nonstring keys, though, we hit a hard limit in ES5 code. Luckily for us, though, ES6 collections provide us with an even better solution. ES6 collections don't have key-naming issues, and they facilitate collection behaviors, like the iterator we've implemented on our custom hash-map, out the box. At the same time, ES6 collections allow arbitrary keys, and aren't limited to string keys like regular JavaScript objects. Let's plunge into their practical usage and inner workings. === Using ES6 Maps ES6 ((("ECMAScript (ES)", "using ES6 maps", id="ecma5ues6m")))((("ES6 maps", id="es5m")))introduces built-in collections, such as `Map`, meant to alleviate implementation of patterns such as those we outlined earlier when building our own hash-map from scratch. `Map` ((("Map", seealso="ES6 maps")))is a key/value data structure in ES6 that more naturally and efficiently lends itself to creating maps in JavaScript without the need for object literals. ==== First Look into ES6 Maps Here's how what we had earlier would have looked when using ES6 maps. As you can see, the implementation details we've had to come up with for our custom ES5 hash-map are already built into `Map`, vastly simplifying our use case. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map() map.set('contra', { description: 'Asynchronous flow control' }) map.set('dragula', { description: 'Drag and drop' }) map.set('woofmark', { description: 'Markdown and WYSIWYG editor' }) console.log([...map]) ---- Once you have a map, ((("ES6 maps", "keys", id="es5k")))you can query whether it contains an entry by a `key` provided via the `map.has` ((("map.has")))method. [source,javascript] ---- map.has('contra') // <- true map.has('jquery') // <- false ---- Earlier, we pointed out that maps don't cast keys the way traditional objects do. This is typically an advantage, but you need to keep in mind that they won't be treated the same when querying the map, either. The following example uses the `Map` constructor, which takes an iterable of key/value pairs and then illustrates how maps don't cast their keys to strings. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map([[1, 'the number one']]) map.has(1) // <- true map.has('1') // <- false ---- The `map.get` ((("map.get")))method takes a map entry `key` and returns the `value` if an entry by the provided key is found. [source,javascript] ---- map.get('contra') // <- { description: 'Asynchronous flow control' } ---- Deleting values from the map is possible through ((("map.delete")))the `map.delete` method, providing the `key` for the entry you want to remove. [source,javascript] ---- map.delete('contra') map.get('contra') // <- undefined ---- You can clear the entries for a `Map` entirely, without losing the reference to the map itself. This can be handy in cases where you want to reset state for an object. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]) map.has(1) // <- true map.clear() map.has(1) // <- false [...map] // <- [] ---- Maps come with a read-only `.size` property that behaves similarly to ++Array#length++at any point in time it gives you the current amount of entries in the map. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]) map.size // <- 3 map.delete(3) map.size // <- 2 map.clear() map.size // <- 0 ---- You're able to use arbitrary objects when choosing map keys: you're not limited to using primitive values like symbols, numbers, or strings. Instead, you can use functions, objects, dates--and even DOM elements, too. Keys won't be cast to strings as we observe with plain JavaScript objects, but instead their references are preserved. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map() map.set(new Date(), function today() {}) map.set(() => 'key', { key: 'door' }) map.set(Symbol('items'), [1, 2]) ---- As an example, if we chose to use a symbol as the key for a map entry, we'd have to use a reference to that same symbol to get the item back, as demonstrated in the following snippet of code. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map() const key = Symbol('items') map.set(key, [1, 2]) map.get(Symbol('items')) // not the same reference as "key" // <- undefined map.get(key) // <- [1, 2] ---- Assuming an array of key/value pair `items` you want to include on a map, we could use a `for..of` ((("for..of")))loop to iterate over those `items` and add each pair to the map ((("map.set")))using `map.set`, as shown in the following code snippet. Note how we're using ((("destructuring")))destructuring during the `for..of` loop in order to effortlessly pull the `key` and `value` out of each two-dimensional item in `items`. [source,javascript] ---- const items = [ [new Date(), function today() {}], [() => 'key', { key: 'door' }], [Symbol('items'), [1, 2]] ] const map = new Map() for (const [key, value] of items) { map.set(key, value) } ---- Maps are ((("ES6 maps", "keys", startref="es5k")))iterable objects as well, because they implement a `Symbol.iterator` method. Thus, a copy of the map can be created using a `for..of` loop using similar code to what we've just used to create a map out of the `items` array. [source,javascript] ---- const copy = new Map() for (const [key, value] of map) { copy.set(key, value) } ---- In order to keep things simple, you can initialize maps directly using any object that follows the iterable protocol and produces a collection of `[key, value]` items. The following code snippet uses an array to seed a newly created `Map`. In this case, iteration occurs entirely in the `Map` constructor. [source,javascript] ---- const items = [ [new Date(), function today() {}], [() => 'key', { key: 'door' }], [Symbol('items'), [1, 2]] ] const map = new Map(items) ---- Creating a copy of a map is even easier: you feed the map you want to copy into a new map's constructor, and get a copy back. There isn't a special `new Map(Map)` overload. Instead, we take advantage that `map` implements the iterable protocol and also consumes iterables when constructing a new map. The following code snippet demonstrates how simple that is. [source,javascript] ---- const copy = new Map(map) ---- Just like maps are easily fed into other maps because they're iterable objects, they're also easy to consume. The following piece of code demonstrates how we can use the ((("spread operator")))spread operator to this effect. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map() map.set(1, 'one') map.set(2, 'two') map.set(3, 'three') console.log([...map]) // <- [[1, 'one'], [2, 'two'], [3, 'three']] ---- In the following piece of code we've combined several new features in ES6: `Map`, the `for..of` loop, `let` variables, and a template literal. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map() map.set(1, 'one') map.set(2, 'two') map.set(3, 'three') for (const [key, value] of map) { console.log(`${ key }: ${ value }`) // <- '1: one' // <- '2: two' // <- '3: three' } ---- Even though map items are accessed through a programmatic API, their keys are unique, just like with hash-maps. Setting a key over and over again will only overwrite its value. The following code snippet demonstrates how writing the `'a'` item over and over again results in a map containing only a single item. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map() map.set('a', 1) map.set('a', 2) map.set('a', 3) console.log([...map]) // <- [['a', 3]] ---- ES6 maps compare ((("ES6 maps", "keys")))keys using an algorithm called `SameValueZero` in ((("SameValueZero")))the specification, where `NaN` equals `NaN` but `-0` equals `+0`. The following piece of code shows how even though `NaN` is typically evaluated to be different than itself, `Map` considers `NaN` to be a constant value that's always the same. [source,javascript] ---- console.log(NaN === NaN) // <- false console.log(-0 === +0) // <- true const map = new Map() map.set(NaN, 'one') map.set(NaN, 'two') map.set(-0, 'three') map.set(+0, 'four') console.log([...map]) // <- [[NaN, 'two'], [0, 'four']] ---- When you ((("iteration protocol", "in maps")))iterate over a `Map`, you are actually looping over its `.entries()`. That means that you don't need to explicitly iterate over `.entries()`. It'll be done on your behalf anyway: `map[Symbol.iterator]` points to `map.entries`. The `.entries()` method returns an iterator for the key/value pairs in the map. [source,javascript] ---- console.log(map[Symbol.iterator] === map.entries) // <- true ---- There are two other `Map` iterators you can leverage: `.keys()` (((".keys()", primary-sortas="keys")))(((".keys()")))and `.values()`. (((".values()", primary-sortas="values")))(((".values()")))The first enumerates keys in a map while the second enumerates values, as opposed to `.entries()`, which enumerates key/value pairs. The following snippet illustrates the differences between all three methods. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]) console.log([...map.keys()]) // <- [1, 3, 5] console.log([...map.values()]) // <- [2, 4, 6] console.log([...map.entries()]) // <- [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]] ---- Map entries are always iterated in insertion order. This contrasts with `Object.keys`, which is specified to follow an arbitrary order. Although in practice, insertion order is typically preserved by JavaScript engines regardless of the specification. Maps have a `.forEach` method that's equivalent in behavior to that in ES5 `Array` objects. The signature is `(value, key, map)`, where `value` and `key` correspond to the current item in the iteration, while `map` is the map being iterated. Once again, keys do not get cast into strings in the case of `Map`, as demonstrated here. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map([ [NaN, 1], [Symbol(), 2], ['key', 'value'], [{ name: 'Kent' }, 'is a person'] ]) map.forEach((value, key) => console.log(key, value)) // <- NaN 1 // <- Symbol() 2 // <- 'key' 'value' // <- { name: 'Kent' } 'is a person' ---- Earlier, we brought up the ability of providing arbitrary object references as the key to a `Map` entry. Let's go into a concrete use case for that ((("ECMAScript (ES)", "using ES6 maps", startref="ecma5ues6m")))((("ES6 maps", startref="es5m")))API. ==== Hash-Maps and the DOM In ES5, ((("ES6 maps", "hash maps and the DOM", id="es5hmatdom")))((("DOM elements", "in maps", secondary-sortas="maps", id="dom5im")))whenever we wanted to associate a DOM element with an API object connecting that element with some library, we had to implement a verbose and slow pattern such as the one in the following code listing. That code returns an API object with a few methods associated to a given DOM element, allowing us to put DOM elements on a map from which we can later retrieve the API object for a DOM element. [source,javascript] ---- const map = [] function customThing(el) { const mapped = findByElement(el) if (mapped) { return mapped } const api = { // custom thing api methods } const entry = storeInMap(el, api) api.destroy = destroy.bind(null, entry) return api } function storeInMap(el, api) { const entry = { el, api } map.push(entry) return entry } function findByElement(query) { for (const { el, api } of map) { if (el === query) { return api } } } function destroy(entry) { const index = map.indexOf(entry) map.splice(index, 1) } ---- One of the most valuable aspects of `Map` is the ability to index by any object, such as DOM elements. That, combined with the fact that `Map` also has collection manipulation abilities greatly simplifies things. This is crucial for DOM manipulation in jQuery and other DOM-heavy libraries, which often need to map DOM elements to their internal state. The following example shows how `Map` would reduce the burden of maintenance in user code. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map() function customThing(el) { const mapped = findByElement(el) if (mapped) { return mapped } const api = { // custom thing api methods destroy: destroy.bind(null, el) } storeInMap(el, api) return api } function storeInMap(el, api) { map.set(el, api) } function findByElement(el) { return map.get(el) } function destroy(el) { map.delete(el) } ---- The fact that mapping functions have become one-liners thanks to native `Map` methods means we could inline those functions instead, as readability is no longer an issue. The following piece of code is a vastly simplified alternative to the ES5 piece of code we started with. Here we're not concerned with implementation details anymore, but have instead boiled the DOM-to-API mapping to its bare essentials. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map() function customThing(el) { const mapped = map.get(el) if (mapped) { return mapped } const api = { // custom thing api methods destroy: () => map.delete(el) } map.set(el, api) return api } ---- Maps aren't ((("ES6 maps", "hash maps and the DOM", startref="es5hmatdom")))((("DOM elements", "in maps", secondary-sortas="maps", startref="dom5im")))the only kind of built-in collection in ES6; there's also `WeakMap`, `Set`, and `WeakSet`. Let's proceed by digging into `WeakMap`. === Understanding and Using WeakMap For ((("WeakMap", id="wm5")))((("ES6 maps", "WeakMap", id="es5wm")))the most part, you can think of `WeakMap` as a subset of `Map`. The `WeakMap` collection has a reduced API surface with fewer affordances than what we could find in `Map`. Collections created using `WeakMap` are not iterable like `Map`, meaning there is no iterable protocol in `WeakMap`, no `WeakMap#entries`, no `WeakMap#keys`, no `WeakMap#values`, no `WeakMap#forEach`, and no `WeakMap#clear` methods. Another distinction found in `WeakMap` is that every `key` must be an object. This is in contrast with `Map`, where, while object references were allowed as keys, they weren't enforced. Remember that `Symbol` is a value type, and as such, isn't allowed either. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new WeakMap() map.set(Date.now, 'now') map.set(1, 1) // <- TypeError map.set(Symbol(), 2) // <- TypeError ---- In exchange for having a more limited feature set, `WeakMap` key references are weakly held, meaning that the objects referenced by `WeakMap` keys are subject to garbage collection if there are no references to them--other than weak references. This kind of behavior is useful when you have metadata about a `person`, for example, but you want the `person` to be garbage-collected when and if the only reference back to `person` is their associated metadata. You can now keep that metadata in a `WeakMap` using `person` as the key. In that sense, a `WeakMap` is most useful when the component maintaining it doesn't own the mapped objects, but wants to assign its own information to them without modifying the original objects or their lifecycle; letting memory be reclaimed when, for example, a DOM node is removed from the document. To initialize a `WeakMap`, you are able to provide an iterable through the constructor. This should be a list of key/value pairs, just like with `Map`. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new WeakMap([ [new Date(), 'foo'], [() => 'bar', 'baz'] ]) ---- While `WeakMap` has a smaller API surface in order to effectively allow for weak references, it still carries `.has`, `.get`, and `.delete` methods like `Map` does. The brief snippet of code shown next demonstrates these methods. [source,javascript] ---- const date = new Date() const map = new WeakMap([[date, 'foo'], [() => 'bar', 'baz']]) map.has(date) // <- true map.get(date) // <- 'foo' map.delete(date) map.has(date) // <- false ---- ==== Is WeakMap a Worse Map? The distinction that makes `WeakMap` worth the trouble is in its name. Given that `WeakMap` holds references to its keys weakly, those objects are subject to garbage collection if there are no other references to them other than as `WeakMap` keys. This is in contrast with `Map`, which holds strong object references, preventing `Map` keys and values from being garbage-collected. Correspondingly, use cases for `WeakMap` revolve around the need to specify metadata or extend an object while still being able to garbage-collect that object if there are no other references to it. A perfect example might be the underlying implementation for `process.on('unhandledRejection')` in Node.js, which uses a `WeakMap` to keep track of rejected promises that weren't dealt with yet. By using `WeakMap`, the implementation prevents memory leaks because the `WeakMap` won't be grabbing onto the state related to those promises strongly. In this case, we have a simple map that weakly holds onto state, but is flexible enough to handle entries being removed from the map when promises are no longer referenced anywhere else. Keeping data about DOM elements that should be released from memory when they're no longer of interest is another important use case, and in this regard using `WeakMap` is an even better solution to the DOM-related API caching solution we implemented earlier using `Map`. In so many words, then: no, `WeakMap` is definitely not worse than ++Map++they just cater to different ((("WeakMap", startref="wm5")))((("ES6 maps", "WeakMap", startref="es5wm")))use cases. === Sets in ES6 The `Set` ((("ES6 sets", id="ess5")))((("Set", id="set5")))built-in is a new collection type in ES6 used to represent a grouping of values. In several aspects, `Set` is similar to `Map`: - `Set` is also iterable - `Set` constructor also accepts an iterable - `Set` also has a `.size` property - `Set` values can be arbitrary values or object references, like `Map` keys - `Set` values must be unique, like `Map` keys - `NaN` equals `NaN` when it comes to `Set` too - All of `.keys`, `.values`, `.entries`, `.forEach`, `.has`, `.delete`, and `.clear` At the same time, sets are different from `Map` in a few key ways. Sets don't hold key/value pairs; there's only one dimension. You can think of sets as being similar to arrays where every element is distinct from each other. There isn't a `.get` method in `Set`. A `set.get(value)` method would be redundant: if you already have the `value` then there isn't anything else to get, as that's the only dimension. If we wanted to check for whether the `value` is in the set, there's `set.has(value)` to fulfill that role. Similarly, a `set.set(value)` method wouldn't be aptly named, as you aren't setting a `key` to a `value`, but merely adding a value to the set instead. Thus, the method to add values to a set is `set.add`, as demonstrated in the next snippet. [source,javascript] ---- const set = new Set() set.add({ an: 'example' }) ---- Sets are iterable, but unlike maps you only iterate over values, not key/value pairs. The following example demonstrates how sets can be spread over an array using the spread operator and creating a single dimensional list. [source,javascript] ---- const set = new Set(['a', 'b', 'c']) console.log([...set]) // <- ['a', 'b', 'c'] ---- In the following example you can note how a set won't contain duplicate entries: every element in a `Set` must be unique. [source,javascript] ---- const set = new Set(['a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c']) console.log([...set]) // <- ['a', 'b', 'c'] ---- The following piece of code creates a `Set` with all of the `<div>` elements on a page and then prints how many were found. Then, we query the DOM again and call `set.add` again for every DOM element. Given that they're all already in the `set`, the `.size` property won't change, meaning the `set` remains the same. [source,javascript] ---- function divs() { return document.querySelectorAll('div') } const set = new Set(divs()) console.log(set.size) // <- 56 divs().forEach(div => set.add(div)) console.log(set.size) // <- 56 ---- Given that a `Set` has no keys, the `Set#entries` method returns an iterator of `[value, value]` for each element in the set. [source,javascript] ---- const set = new Set(['a', 'b', 'c']) console.log([...set.entries()]) // <- [['a', 'a'], ['b', 'b'], ['c', 'c']] ---- The `Set#entries` method ((("Set#entries")))is consistent with `Map#entries`, which ((("Map#entries")))returns an iterator of `[key, value]` pairs. Using `Set#entries` as the default iterator for `Set` collections wouldn't be valuable, since it's used in `for..of`, when spreading a `set`, and in `Array.from`. In all of those cases, you probably want to iterate over a sequence of values in the set, but not a sequence of `[value, value]` pairs. As demonstrated next, the default `Set` iterator ((("Set#values")))uses `Set#values`, as opposed to `Map`, which defined its iterator as `Map#entries`. [source,javascript] ---- const map = new Map() console.log(map[Symbol.iterator] === map.entries) // <- true const set = new Set() console.log(set[Symbol.iterator] === set.entries) // <- false console.log(set[Symbol.iterator] === set.values) // <- true ---- The `Set#keys` method ((("Set#keys")))also returns an iterator for values, again for consistency, and it's in fact a reference to the `Set#values` iterator. [source,javascript] ---- const set = new Set() console.log(set.keys === set.values) // <- true ---- === ES6 WeakSets In a ((("WeakSet", id="ws5")))similar fashion to `Map` and `WeakMap`, `WeakSet` is the weak version of `Set` that can't be iterated over. The values in a `WeakSet` must be unique object references. If nothing else is referencing a `value` found in a `WeakSet`, it'll be subject to garbage collection. You can only `.set`, `.delete`, and check if the `WeakSet` `.has` a given `value`. Just like in `Set`, there's no `.get` because sets are one-dimensional. Like with `WeakMap`, we aren't allowed to add primitive values such as strings or symbols to a `WeakSet`. [source,javascript] ---- const set = new WeakSet() set.add('a') // <- TypeError set.add(Symbol()) // <- TypeError ---- Passing iterators to the constructor is allowed, even though a `WeakSet` instance is not iterable itself. That iterable will be iterated when the set is constructed, adding each entry in the iterable sequence to the set. The following snippet of code serves as an example. [source,javascript] ---- const set = new WeakSet([ new Date(), {}, () => {}, [1] ]) ---- As a use case for `WeakSet`, you may consider the following piece of code where we have a `Car` class that ensures its methods are only called upon car objects that are instances of the `Car` class by using a `WeakSet`. [source,javascript] ---- const cars = new WeakSet() class Car { constructor() { cars.add(this) } fuelUp() { if (!cars.has(this)) { throw new TypeError('Car#fuelUp called on a non-Car!') } } } ---- For a better use case, consider the following `listOwnProperties` interface, where the provided object is recursively iterated in order to print every property of a tree. The `listOwnProperties` function should also know how to handle circular references, instead of becoming stuck in an infinite loop. How would you implement such an API? [source,javascript] ---- const circle = { cx: 20, cy: 5, r: 15 } circle.self = circle listOwnProperties({ circle, numbers: [1, 5, 7], sum: (a, b) => a + b }) // <- circle.cx: 20 // <- circle.cy: 5 // <- circle.r: 15 // <- circle.self: [circular] // <- numbers.0: 1 // <- numbers.1: 5 // <- numbers.2: 7 // <- sum: (a, b) => a + b ---- One way to do it would be by keeping a list of `seen` references in a `WeakSet`, so that we don't need to worry about nonlinear lookups. We use a `WeakSet` instead of a `Set` because we don't need any of the extra features that can be found in a `Set`. [source,javascript] ---- function listOwnProperties(input) { recurse(input) function recurse(source, lastPrefix, seen = new WeakSet()) { Object.keys(source).forEach(printOrRecurse) function printOrRecurse(key) { const value = source[key] const prefix = lastPrefix ? `${ lastPrefix }.${ key }` : key const shouldRecur = ( isObject(value) \|\| Array.isArray(value) ) if (shouldRecur) { if (!seen.has(value)) { seen.add(value) recurse(value, prefix, seen) } else { console.log(`${ prefix }: [circular]`) } } else { console.log(`${ prefix }: ${ value }`) } } } } function isObject(value) { return Object.prototype.toString.call(value) === '[object Object]' } ---- A far more common use case would be to keep a list of DOM elements. Consider the case of a DOM library that needs to manipulate DOM elements in some way the first time it interacts with them, but which also can't leave any traces behind. Perhaps the library wants to add children onto the `target` element but it has no surefire way of identifying those children, and it doesn't want to meddle with the `target` either. Or maybe it wants to do something contextual, but only the first time it's called. [source,javascript] ---- const elements = new WeakSet() function dommy(target) { if (elements.has(target)) { return } elements.add(target) // do work .. }) ---- Whatever the reason, whenever we want to keep flags associated with a DOM element without visibly altering that DOM element, `WeakSet` is probably the way to go. If instead you wanted to associate arbitrary data instead of a simple flag, then maybe you should use `WeakMap`. When it comes to deciding whether to use `Map`, `WeakMap`, `Set`, or `WeakSet`, there's a series of questions you should ask yourself. For instance, if you need to keep object-related data, then you should know to look at weak collections. If your only concern is whether something is present, then you probably need a `Set`. If you are looking to create a cache, you should probably ((("WeakSet", startref="ws5")))use a `Map`. Collections in ES6 provide built-in solutions for common use cases that were previously cumbersome to implement by users, such as the case of `Map`, or hard to execute correctly, as in the case of `WeakMap`, where we allow references to be released if they're no longer interesting, avoiding memory ((("ES6 sets", startref="ess5")))((("Set", startref="set5")))((("ECMAScript (ES)", startref="ecmas5")))leaks. ```
Karak (; also known as Garak, Garrak, and Gorg) is a village in Gamasiyab Rural District, in the Central District of Nahavand County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 294, in 65 families. References Populated places in Nahavand County
```c++ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA / // First include (the generated) my_config.h, to get correct platform defines. #include "my_config.h" #include <gtest/gtest.h> #include "my_sys.h" // my_strerror() #include "my_base.h" // HA_ERR_KEY_NOT_FOUND #include <string.h> namespace my_error_unittest { TEST(MyErrorTest, MyStrErrorSystem) { char buf[512]; const char msg; msg= my_strerror(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, 9999); EXPECT_TRUE(!strcasecmp("unknown error", msg) \|\| !strcasecmp("unknown error: 9999", msg) \|\| !strcasecmp("unknown error 9999", msg)) << "msg<" << msg << ">"; // try a proper error number msg= my_strerror(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, EPERM); const char os_msg= strerror(EPERM); EXPECT_STREQ(os_msg, msg) << "msg<" << msg << ">"; } TEST(MyErrorTest, MyStrErrorHandlerPlugin) { char buf[512]; const char msg; // try a HA error number msg= my_strerror(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, HA_ERR_KEY_NOT_FOUND); EXPECT_STREQ("Didn't find key on read or update", msg); } TEST(MyErrorTest, MyGetErrMsgUnitialized) { const char msg; msg= my_get_err_msg(HA_ERR_KEY_NOT_FOUND); EXPECT_TRUE(msg == NULL); } const char faux_errmsgs[]= { "alpha", "beta", NULL, "delta" }; const char** get_faux_errmsgs() { return faux_errmsgs; } static const int faux_error_first= 8000; static const int faux_error_last= 8003; TEST(MyErrorTest, MyGetErrMsgInitialized) { const char *msg; EXPECT_EQ(0, my_error_register(get_faux_errmsgs, faux_error_first, faux_error_last)); // flag error when trying to register overlapping area EXPECT_NE(0, my_error_register(get_faux_errmsgs, faux_error_first + 2, faux_error_last + 2)); msg= my_get_err_msg(faux_error_first); EXPECT_STREQ("alpha", msg); msg= my_get_err_msg(faux_error_first + 1); EXPECT_STREQ("beta", msg); // within range. gives NULL here. higher level function will // substitute a default string before printing. msg= my_get_err_msg(faux_error_first + 2); EXPECT_TRUE(msg == NULL); // out of range msg= my_get_err_msg(faux_error_first - 1); EXPECT_TRUE(msg == NULL); msg= my_get_err_msg(faux_error_last); EXPECT_STREQ("delta", msg); // out of range msg= my_get_err_msg(faux_error_last + 1); EXPECT_TRUE(msg == NULL); EXPECT_TRUE(my_error_unregister(faux_error_first, faux_error_last) != NULL); // flag error when trying to unregister twice EXPECT_TRUE(my_error_unregister(faux_error_first, faux_error_last) == NULL); } } ```
The Book of Daniel is a 2nd-century BC biblical apocalypse with a 6th century BC setting. Ostensibly "an account of the activities and visions of Daniel, a noble Jew exiled at Babylon", it combines a prophecy of history with an eschatology (a portrayal of end times) both cosmic in scope and political in focus, and its message is that just as the God of Israel saves Daniel from his enemies, so he would save all Israel in their present oppression. The Hebrew Bible includes Daniel in the Ketuvim (writings), while Christian biblical canons group the work with the Major Prophets. It divides into two parts: a set of six court tales in chapters 1–6, written mostly in Aramaic, and four apocalyptic visions in chapters 7–12, written mostly in Hebrew; the deuterocanonical books contain three additional sections, the Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children, Susanna, and Bel and the Dragon. The book's influence has resonated through later ages, from the community of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the authors of the canonical gospels and the Book of Revelation, to various movements from the 2nd century to the Protestant Reformation and modern millennialist movements—on which it continues to have a profound influence. Structure Divisions The Book of Daniel is divided between the court tales of chapters 1–6 and the apocalyptic visions of 7–12, and between the Hebrew of chapters 1 and 8–12 and the Aramaic of chapters 2–7. The division is reinforced by the chiastic arrangement of the Aramaic chapters (see below), and by a chronological progression in chapters 1–6 from Babylonian to Median rule, and from Babylonian to Persian rule in chapters 7–12. Various suggestions have been made by scholars to explain the fact that the genre division does not coincide with the other two, but it appears that the language division and concentric structure of chapters 2–6 are artificial literary devices designed to bind the two halves of the book together. The following outline is provided by Collins in his commentary on Daniel: PART I: Tales (chapters 1:1–6:29) 1: Introduction (1:1–21 – set in the Babylonian era, written in Hebrew) 2: Nebuchadnezzar's dream of four kingdoms (2:1–49 – Babylonian era; Aramaic) 3: The fiery furnace (3:1–30/3:1-23, 91-97 – Babylonian era; Aramaic) 4: Nebuchadnezzar's madness (3:31/98–4:34/4:1-37 – Babylonian era; Aramaic) 5: Belshazzar's feast (5:1–6:1 – Babylonian era; Aramaic) 6: Daniel in the lions' den (6:2–29 – Median era with mention of Persia; Aramaic) PART II: Visions (chapters 7:1–12:13) 7: The beasts from the sea (7:1–28 – Babylonian era: Aramaic) 8: The ram and the he-goat (8:1–27 – Babylonian era; Hebrew) 9: Interpretation of Jeremiah's prophecy of the seventy weeks (9:1–27 – Median era; Hebrew) 10: The angel's revelation: kings of the north and south (10:1–12:13 – Persian era, mention of Greek era; Hebrew) Chiastic structure in the Aramaic section There is a recognised chiasm (a concentric literary structure in which the main point of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by parallel elements on either side in "ABBA" fashion) in the chapter arrangement of the Aramaic section. The following is taken from Paul Redditt's "Introduction to the Prophets": A1 (2:4b-49) – A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth B1 (3:1–30) – Daniel's three friends in the fiery furnace C1 (4:1–37) – Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar C2 (5:1–31) – Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar B2 (6:1–28) – Daniel in the lions' den A2 (7:1–28) – A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifth Content Introduction in Babylon (chapter 1) In the third year of King Jehoiakim, God allows Jerusalem to fall into the power of Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon. Young Israelites of noble and royal family, "without physical defect, and handsome," versed in wisdom and competent to serve in the palace of the king, are taken to Babylon to be taught the literature and language of that nation. Among them are Daniel and his three companions, who refuse to touch the royal food and wine. Their overseer fears for his life in case the health of his charges deteriorates, but Daniel suggests a trial and the four emerge healthier than their counterparts from ten days of consuming nothing but vegetables and water. They are allowed to continue to refrain from eating the king's food, and to Daniel, God gives insight into visions and dreams. When their training is done Nebuchadnezzar finds them 'ten times better' than all the wise men in his service and therefore keeps them at his court, where Daniel continues until the first year of King Cyrus. Nebuchadnezzar's dream of four kingdoms (chapter 2) In the second year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar has a dream. When he wakes up, he realizes that the dream has some important message, so he consults his wise men. Wary of their potential to fabricate an explanation, the king refuses to tell the wise men what he saw in his dream. Rather, he demands that his wise men tell him what the content of the dream was, and then interpret it. When the wise men protest that this is beyond the power of any man, he sentences all, including Daniel and his friends, to death. Daniel receives an explanatory vision from God: Nebuchadnezzar had seen an enormous statue with a head of gold, breast and arms of silver, belly and thighs of bronze, legs of iron, and feet of mixed iron and clay, then saw the statue destroyed by a rock that turned into a mountain filling the whole earth. Daniel explains the dream to the king: the statue symbolized four successive kingdoms, starting with Nebuchadnezzar, all of which would be crushed by God's kingdom, which would endure forever. Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges the supremacy of Daniel's god, raises Daniel over all his wise men, and places Daniel and his companions over the province of Babylon. The fiery furnace (chapter 3) Daniel's companions Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refuse to bow to King Nebuchadnezzar's golden statue and are thrown into a fiery furnace. Nebuchadnezzar is astonished to see a fourth figure in the furnace with the three, one "with the appearance like a son of the gods." So the king calls the three to come out of the fire, blesses the God of Israel, and decrees that any who blaspheme against him shall be torn limb from limb. Nebuchadnezzar's madness (chapter 4) Nebuchadnezzar recounts a dream of a huge tree that is suddenly cut down at the command of a heavenly messenger. Daniel is summoned and interprets the dream. The tree is Nebuchadnezzar himself, who for seven years will lose his mind and live like a wild beast. All of this comes to pass until, at the end of the specified time, Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges that "heaven rules" and his kingdom and sanity are restored. Belshazzar's feast (chapter 5) Belshazzar and his nobles blasphemously drink from sacred Jewish temple vessels, offering praise to inanimate gods, until a mysterious hand suddenly appears and writes upon the wall. The horrified king summons Daniel, who upbraids him for his lack of humility before God and interprets the message: Belshazzar's kingdom will be given to the Medes and Persians. Belshazzar rewards Daniel and raises him to be third in the kingdom, and that very night Belshazzar is slain and Darius the Mede takes the kingdom. Daniel in the lions' den (chapter 6) Darius elevates Daniel to high office, exciting the jealousy of other officials. Knowing of Daniel's devotion to his God, his enemies trick the king into issuing an edict forbidding worship of any other god or man for a 30-day period. Daniel continues to pray three times a day to God towards Jerusalem; he is accused and King Darius, forced by his own decree, throws Daniel into the lions' den. But God shuts up the mouths of the lions, and the next morning Darius rejoices to find him unharmed. The king casts Daniel's accusers into the lions' pit together with their wives and children to be instantly devoured, while he himself acknowledges Daniel's God as he whose kingdom shall never be destroyed. Vision of the beasts from the sea (chapter 7) In the first year of Belshazzar Daniel has a dream of four monstrous beasts arising from the sea. The fourth, a beast with ten horns, devours the whole earth, treading it down and crushing it, and a further small horn appears and uproots three of the earlier horns. The Ancient of Days judges and destroys the beast, and "one like a son of man" is given everlasting kingship over the entire world. One of Daniel's attendants explains that the four beasts represent four kings, but that "the holy ones of the Most High" would receive the everlasting kingdom. The fourth beast would be a fourth kingdom with ten kings, and another king who would pull down three kings and make war on the "holy ones" for "a time, two times and a half," after which the heavenly judgment will be made against him and the "holy ones" will receive the everlasting kingdom. Vision of the ram and goat (chapter 8) In the third year of Belshazzar Daniel has a vision of a ram and goat. The ram has two mighty horns, one longer than the other, and it charges west, north and south, overpowering all other beasts. A goat with a single horn appears from the west and destroys the ram. The goat becomes very powerful until the horn breaks off and is replaced by four lesser horns. A small horn that grows very large, it stops the daily temple sacrifices and desecrates the sanctuary for two thousand three hundred "evening and mornings" (which could be either 1,150 or 2,300 days) until the temple is cleansed. The angel Gabriel informs him that the ram represents the Medes and Persians, the goat is Greece, and the "little horn" is a wicked king. Vision of the Seventy Weeks (chapter 9) In the first year of Darius the Mede, Daniel meditates on the word of Jeremiah that the desolation of Jerusalem would last seventy years; he confesses the sin of Israel and pleads for God to restore Israel and the "desolated sanctuary" of the Temple. The angel Gabriel explains that the seventy years stand for seventy "weeks" of years (490 years), during which the Temple will first be restored, then later defiled by a "prince who is to come," "until the decreed end is poured out." Vision of the kings of north and south (chapters 10–12) Daniel 10: In the third year of Cyrus Daniel sees in his vision an angel (called "a man", but clearly a supernatural being) who explains that he is in the midst of a war with the "prince of Persia", assisted only by Michael, "your prince." The "prince of Greece" will shortly come, but first he will reveal what will happen to Daniel's people. Daniel 11: A future king of Persia will make war on the king of Greece, a "mighty king" will arise and wield power until his empire is broken up and given to others, and finally the king of the south (identified in verse 8 as Egypt) will go to war with the "king of the north." After many battles (described in great detail) a "contemptible person" will become king of the north; this king will invade the south two times, the first time with success, but on his second he will be stopped by "ships of Kittim." He will turn back to his own country, and on the way his soldiers will desecrate the Temple, abolish the daily sacrifice, and set up the abomination of desolation. He will defeat and subjugate Libya and Egypt, but "reports from the east and north will alarm him," and he will meet his end "between the sea and the holy mountain." Daniel 12: At this time Michael will come. It will be a time of great distress, but all those whose names are written will be delivered. "Multitudes who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to everlasting life, others to shame and everlasting contempt; those who are wise will shine like the brightness of the heavens, and those who lead many to righteousness, like the stars for ever and ever." In the final verses the remaining time to the end is revealed: "a time, times and half a time" (three years and a half). Daniel fails to understand and asks again what will happen, and is told: "From the time that the daily sacrifice is abolished and the abomination that causes desolation is set up, there will be 1,290 days. Blessed is the one who waits for and reaches the end of the 1,335 days." Additions to Daniel (Greek text tradition) The Greek text of Daniel is considerably longer than the Hebrew, due to three additional stories: they remain in Catholic and Orthodox Christian Bibles but were rejected by the Christian Protestant movement in the 16th century on the basis that they were absent from the Hebrew Bible. The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children, placed after Daniel 3:23; The story of Susanna and the Elders, placed before chapter 1 in some Greek versions and after chapter 12 in others; The story of Bel and the Dragon, placed at the end of the book. Historical background The visions of chapters 7–12 reflect the crisis which took place in Judea in 167–164 BC when Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the Greek king of the Seleucid Empire, threatened to destroy traditional Jewish worship in Jerusalem. When Antiochus came to the throne in 175 BC the Jews were largely pro-Seleucid. The High Priestly family was split by rivalry, and one member, Jason, offered the king a large sum to be made High Priest. Jason also asked—or more accurately, paid—to be allowed to make Jerusalem a polis, or Greek city. This meant, among other things, that city government would be in the hands of the citizens, which meant in turn that citizenship would be a valuable commodity, to be purchased from Jason. None of this threatened the Jewish religion, and the reforms were widely welcomed, especially among the Jerusalem aristocracy and the leading priests. Three years later Jason was deposed when another priest, Menelaus, offered Antiochus an even larger sum for the post of High Priest. Antiochus invaded Egypt twice, in 169 BC with success, but on the second incursion, in late 168 BC, he was forced to withdraw by the Romans. Jason, hearing a rumour that Antiochus was dead, attacked Menelaus to take back the High Priesthood. Antiochus drove Jason out of Jerusalem, plundered the Temple, and introduced measures to pacify his Egyptian border by imposing complete Hellenization: the Jewish Book of the Law was prohibited and on 15 December 167 BC an "abomination of desolation", probably a Greek altar, was introduced into the Temple. With the Jewish religion now clearly under threat a resistance movement sprang up, led by the Maccabee brothers, and over the next three years it won sufficient victories over Antiochus to take back and purify the Temple. The crisis which the author of Daniel addresses is the defilement of the altar in Jerusalem in 167 BC (first introduced in chapter 8:11): the daily offering which used to take place twice a day, at morning and evening, stopped, and the phrase "evenings and mornings" recurs through the following chapters as a reminder of the missed sacrifices. But whereas the events leading up to the sacking of the Temple in 167 BC and the immediate aftermath are remarkably accurate, the predicted war between the Syrians and the Egyptians (11:40–43) never took place, and the prophecy that Antiochus would die in Palestine (11:44–45) was inaccurate (he died in Persia). The most probable conclusion is that the account must have been completed near the end of the reign of Antiochus but before his death in December 164 BC, or at least before news of it reached Jerusalem, and the consensus of modern scholarship is accordingly that the book dates to the period 167–163 BC. Composition Development It is generally accepted that Daniel originated as a collection of Aramaic court tales later expanded by the Hebrew revelations. The court tales may have originally circulated independently, but the edited collection was probably composed in the third or early second-century BC. Chapter 1 was composed (in Aramaic) at this time as a brief introduction to provide historical context, introduce the characters of the tales, and explain how Daniel and his friends came to Babylon. The visions of chapters 7–12 were added and chapter 1 translated into Hebrew at the third stage when the final book was being drawn together; this final stage, marking the composition of Daniel as a book, took place between the desecration of the Temple by Antiochus Epiphanies in 167 and his death in 164 BC. Authorship Daniel is a product of "Wisdom" circles, but the type of wisdom is mantic (the discovery of heavenly secrets from earthly signs) rather than the wisdom of learning—the main source of wisdom in Daniel is God's revelation. It is one of a large number of Jewish apocalypses, all of them pseudonymous. The stories of the first half are legendary in origin, and the visions of the second the product of anonymous authors in the Maccabean period (2nd century BC). Chapters 1–6 are in the voice of an anonymous narrator, except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar; the second half (chapters 7–12) is presented by Daniel himself, introduced by the anonymous narrator in chapters 7 and 10. The author/editor was probably an educated Jew, knowledgeable in Greek learning, and of high standing in his own community. It is possible that the name of Daniel was chosen for the hero of the book because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition. Ezekiel, who lived during the Babylonian exile, mentioned him in association with Noah and Job (Ezekiel 14:14) as a figure of legendary wisdom (28:3), and a hero named Daniel (more accurately Dan'el, but the spelling is close enough for the two to be regarded as identical) features in a late 2nd millennium myth from Ugarit. "The legendary Daniel, known from long ago but still remembered as an exemplary character ... serves as the principal human 'hero' in the biblical book that now bears his name"; Daniel is the wise and righteous intermediary who is able to interpret dreams and thus convey the will of God to humans, the recipient of visions from on high that are interpreted to him by heavenly intermediaries. Dating The prophecies of Daniel are accurate down to the career of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, king of Syria and oppressor of the Jews, but not in its prediction of his death: the author seems to know about Antiochus' two campaigns in Egypt (169 and 167 BC), the desecration of the Temple (the "abomination of desolation"), and the fortification of the Akra (a fortress built inside Jerusalem), but he seems to know nothing about the reconstruction of the Temple or about the actual circumstances of Antiochus' death in late 164 BC. Chapters 10–12 must therefore have been written between 167 and 164 BC. There is no evidence of a significant time lapse between those chapters and chapters 8 and 9, and chapter 7 may have been written just a few months earlier again. Further evidence of the book's date is in the fact that Daniel is excluded from the Hebrew Bible's canon of the prophets, which was closed , and the Wisdom of Sirach, a work dating from , draws on almost every book of the Old Testament except Daniel, leading scholars to suppose that its author was unaware of it. Daniel is, however, quoted in a section of the Sibylline Oracles commonly dated to the middle of the 2nd century BC, and was popular at Qumran at much the same time, suggesting that it was known from the middle of that century. Manuscripts The Book of Daniel is preserved in the 12-chapter Masoretic Text and in two longer Greek versions, the original Septuagint version, c. 100 BC, and the later Theodotion version from c. 2nd century AD. Both Greek texts contain three additions to Daniel: The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children; the story of Susannah and the Elders; and the story of Bel and the Dragon. Theodotion is much closer to the Masoretic Text and became so popular that it replaced the original Septuagint version in all but two manuscripts of the Septuagint itself. The Greek additions were apparently never part of the Hebrew text. Eight copies of the Book of Daniel, all incomplete, have been found at Qumran, two in Cave 1, five in Cave 4, and one in Cave 6. Between them, they preserve text from eleven of Daniel's twelve chapters, and the twelfth is quoted in the Florilegium (a compilation scroll) 4Q174, showing that the book at Qumran did not lack this conclusion. All eight manuscripts were copied between 125 BC (4QDanc) and about 50 AD (4QDanb), showing that Daniel was being read at Qumran only about 40 years after its composition. All appear to preserve the 12-chapter Masoretic version rather than the longer Greek text. None reveal any major disagreements against the Masoretic, and the four scrolls that preserve the relevant sections (1QDana, 4QDana, 4QDanb, and 4QDand) all follow the bilingual nature of Daniel where the book opens in Hebrew, switches to Aramaic at 2:4b, then reverts to Hebrew at 8:1. Genre, meaning, symbolism and chronology (This section deals with modern scholarly reconstructions of the meaning of Daniel to its original authors and audience) Genre The Book of Daniel is an apocalypse, a literary genre in which a heavenly reality is revealed to a human recipient; such works are characterized by visions, symbolism, an other-worldly mediator, an emphasis on cosmic events, angels and demons, and pseudonymity (false authorship). The production of apocalypses occurred commonly from 300 BC to 100 AD, not only among Jews and Christians, but also among Greeks, Romans, Persians and Egyptians, and Daniel is a representative apocalyptic seer, the recipient of divine revelation: he has learned the wisdom of the Babylonian magicians and surpassed them, because his God is the true source of knowledge; he is one of the maskilim (משכלים), the wise ones, who have the task of teaching righteousness and whose number may be considered to include the authors of the book itself. The book is also an eschatology, as the divine revelation concerns the end of the present age, a predicted moment in which God will intervene in history to usher in the final kingdom. It gives no real details of the end-time, but it seems that God's kingdom will be on this earth, that it will be governed by justice and righteousness, and that the tables will be turned on the Seleucids and those Jews who have cooperated with them. Meaning, symbolism, and chronology The message of the Book of Daniel is that, just as the God of Israel saved Daniel and his friends from their enemies, so he would save all Israel in their present oppression. The book is filled with monsters, angels, and numerology, drawn from a wide range of sources, both biblical and non-biblical, that would have had meaning in the context of 2nd-century Jewish culture, and while Christian interpreters have always viewed these as predicting events in the New Testament—"the Son of God", "the Son of Man", Christ and the Antichrist—the book's intended audience is the Jews of the 2nd century BC. The following explains a few of these predictions, as understood by modern biblical scholars. The four kingdoms and the little horn (Daniel 2 and 7): The concept of four successive world empires stems from Greek theories of mythological history. Most modern interpreters agree that the four represent Babylon, the Medes, Persia and the Greeks, ending with Hellenistic Seleucid Syria and with Hellenistic Ptolemaic Egypt. The traditional interpretation of the dream identifies the four empires as the Babylonian (the head), Medo-Persian (arms and shoulders), Greek (thighs and legs), and Roman (the feet) empires. The symbolism of four metals in the statue in chapter 2 comes from Persian writings, while the four "beasts from the sea" in chapter 7 reflect Hosea 13:7–8, in which God threatens that he will be to Israel like a lion, a leopard, a bear or a wild beast. The consensus among scholars is that the four beasts of chapter 7 symbolise the same four world empires. The modern interpretation views Antiochus IV (reigned 175–164 BC) as the "small horn" that uproots three others (Antiochus usurped the rights of several other claimants to become king of the Seleucid Empire). The Ancient of Days and the one like a son of man (Daniel 7): The portrayal of God in Daniel 7:13 resembles the portrayal of the Canaanite god El as an ancient divine king presiding over the divine court. The "Ancient of Days" gives dominion over the earth to "one like a son of man", and then in Daniel 7:27 to "the people of the holy ones of the Most High", whom scholars consider the son of man to represent. These people can be understood as the maskilim (sages), or as the Jewish people broadly. The ram and he-goat (Daniel 8) as conventional astrological symbols represent Persia and Syria, as the text explains. The "mighty horn" stands for Alexander the Great (reigned 336–323 BC) and the "four lesser horns" represent the four principal generals (Diadochi) who fought over the Greek empire following Alexander's death. The "little horn" again represents Antiochus IV. The key to the symbols lies in the description of the little horn's actions: he ends the continual burnt offering and overthrows the Sanctuary, a clear reference to Antiochus' desecration of the Temple. The anointed ones and the seventy years (Chapter 9): Daniel reinterprets Jeremiah's "seventy years" prophecy regarding the period Israel would spend in bondage to Babylon. From the point of view of the Maccabean era, Jeremiah's promise was obviously not true—the gentiles still oppressed the Jews, and the "desolation of Jerusalem" had not ended. Daniel therefore reinterprets the seventy years as seventy "weeks" of years, making up 490 years. The 70 weeks/490 years are subdivided, with seven "weeks" from the "going forth of the word to rebuild and restore Jerusalem" to the coming of an "anointed one", while the final "week" is marked by the violent death of another "anointed one", probably the High Priest Onias III (ousted to make way for Jason and murdered in 171 BC), and the profanation of the Temple. The point of this for Daniel is that the period of gentile power is predetermined, and is coming to an end. Kings of north and south: Chapters 10 to 12 concern the war between these kings, the events leading up to it, and its heavenly meaning. In chapter 10 the angel (Gabriel?) explains that there is currently a war in heaven between Michael, the angelic protector of Israel, and the "princes" (angels) of Persia and Greece; then, in chapter 11, he outlines the human wars which accompany this—the mythological concept sees standing behind every nation a god/angel who does battle on behalf of his people, so that earthly events reflect what happens in heaven. The wars of the Ptolemies ("kings of the south") against the Seleucids ("kings of the north") are reviewed down to the career of Antiochus the Great (Antiochus III (reigned 222–187 BC), father of Antiochus IV), but the main focus is Antiochus IV, to whom more than half the chapter is devoted. The accuracy of these predictions lends credibility to the real prophecy with which the passage ends, the death of Antiochus—which, in the event, was not accurate. Predicting the end-time (Daniel 8:14 and 12:7–12): Biblical eschatology does not generally give precise information as to when the end will come, and Daniel's attempts to specify the number of days remaining is a rare exception. Daniel asks the angel how long the "little horn" will be triumphant, and the angel replies that the Temple will be reconsecrated after 2,300 "evenings and mornings" have passed (Daniel 8:14). The angel is counting the two daily sacrifices, so the period is 1,150 days from the desecration in December 167. In chapter 12 the angel gives three more dates: the desolation will last "for a time, times and half a time", or a year, two years, and a half a year (Daniel 12:8); then that the "desolation" will last for 1,290 days (12:11); and finally, 1,335 days (12:12). Verse 12:11 was presumably added after the lapse of the 1,150 days of chapter 8, and 12:12 after the lapse of the number in 12:11. Influence The concepts of immortality and resurrection, with rewards for the righteous and punishment for the wicked, have roots much deeper than Daniel, but the first clear statement is found in the final chapter of that book: "Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to everlasting shame and contempt." According to Daniel R. Schwartz, without the claim of the resurrection of Jesus, Christianity would have disappeared like the movements following other charismatic Jewish figures of the 1st century. Daniel was quoted and referenced by both Jews and Christians in the 1st century AD as predicting the imminent end-time. Moments of national and cultural crisis continually reawakened the apocalyptic spirit, through the Montanists of the 2nd/3rd centuries, persecuted for their millennialism, to the more extreme elements of the 16th-century Reformation such as the Zwickau prophets and the Münster Rebellion. During the English Civil War, the Fifth Monarchy Men took their name and political program from Daniel 7, demanding that Oliver Cromwell allow them to form a "government of saints" in preparation for the coming of the Messiah; when Cromwell refused, they identified him instead as the Beast usurping the rightful place of King Jesus. For modern popularizers, the visions and revelations of Daniel remain a guide to the future, when the Antichrist will be destroyed by Jesus Christ at the Second Coming. Daniel belongs not only to the religious tradition but also to the wider Western intellectual and artistic heritage. It was easily the most popular of the prophetic books for the Anglo-Saxons, who nevertheless treated it not as prophecy but as a historical book, "a repository of dramatic stories about confrontations between God and a series of emperor-figures who represent the highest reach of man". Isaac Newton paid special attention to it, Francis Bacon borrowed a motto from it for his work Novum Organum, Baruch Spinoza drew on it, its apocalyptic second half attracted the attention of Carl Jung, and it inspired musicians from medieval liturgical drama to Darius Milhaud and artists including Michelangelo, Rembrandt and Eugène Delacroix. See also Biblical numerology Christian eschatology Daniel (Old English poem) Greek Apocalypse of Daniel Historicist interpretations of the Book of Daniel Notes References Citations Bibliography External links Daniel (Judaica Press) * translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org Bible, King James Version () Book of Daniel Daniel at The Great Books * (New Revised Standard Version) Various versions 2nd-century BC books Apocalyptic literature Jewish eschatology Ketuvim Works set in the 7th century BC Works set in the 6th century BC Major prophets
Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico were an effort by the Spanish government to regain possession of its former colony of New Spain, resulting in episodes of war comprised in clashes between the newly born Mexican nation and Spain. The designation mainly covers two periods: the first attempts occurred from 1821 to 1825 and involved the defense of Mexico's territorial waters, while the second period had two stages, including the Mexican expansion plan to take the Spanish-held island of Cuba between 1826 and 1828 and the 1829 expedition of Spanish General Isidro Barradas, which landed on Mexican soil with the object of reconquering Mexican territory. Although the Spanish never regained control of the country, they damaged the fledgling Mexican economy. The newly independent nation of Mexico was in dire straits after eleven years of fighting its War of Independence. There were no clear plans or guidelines established by the revolutionaries, and internal struggles by different factions for control of the government ensued. Mexico suffered a complete lack of funds to administer a country of over 4.5 million km2 and faced the threats of emerging internal rebellions and of invasion by Spanish forces from their base in nearby Cuba. Background Mexican independence was officially achieved on September 27, 1821, under the Treaty of Córdoba. Spain did not recognize the treaties, arguing that the viceroy Juan O'Donojú had no authority to recognize the independence of any overseas province. This situation was dangerous to the newly acquired independent status of the nation, which had not yet been recognized by any of the European powers that could support it, and the threat of Spanish reconquest was a constant worry to the leaders of the nascent regime. On May 13, 1822, decrees were issued by the government to imprison anyone who conspired against Mexico's independence. In addition to its other problems, the main port of entry to the country, San Juan de Ulúa, remained under Spanish domination. San Juan de Ulúa General José García Dávila, the governor representing the Spanish Crown in Veracruz, and General Antonio López de Santa Anna had been ordered to surrender the port to the Mexicans; however, the night before the appointed day of October 26, 1821, Gen. Dávila moved all the artillery and ammunition from the port, as well as 200 infantry soldiers, and over 90 thousand pesos belonging to the Spanish government, to the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa. Soon the number of soldiers increased to 2,000 with troops sent by Spain from Cuba to launch the reconquest of Mexico. Since the Mexican forces did not have the weapons and ships to counter these reinforcements, the putative Emperor of Mexico, Agustín de Iturbide, opted for negotiations with the Spanish. Although no agreement was reached, an uneasy peace continued between the two parties. The arrival of then Brigadier General Antonio López de Santa Anna to the government of the city on September 10, 1822, marks another episode of negotiations between the Mexican authorities of Veracruz and the Spanish of San Juan de Ulúa; these became critical, even more so when the Spanish government relieved Gen. Davila of his charge and replaced him with Brigadier General Francisco Lemaur. The Mexican government, aware of the lack of boats, decided to create a naval force to defeat the Spanish garrison occupying Ulúa, mainly through a blockade. In 1822 it acquired from the United States and the United Kingdom the first ships of the Mexican Navy. Despite internal political problems in Mexico resulting from the recent overthrow of the short-lived Mexican Empire and the establishment of the Provisional Government, the sight of the Mexicans remained fixed on Ulúa. The talks were suspended when on September 25, 1823, the Spanish bombarded the port of Veracruz, causing the displacement of more than 6,000 civilians who left the city. Capitulation After the Spanish bombardment of the port, the Mexican government resolved to end the Spanish assaults. Although Mexico lacked a proper navy, on October 8, 1823, a blockade of San Juan de Ulúa was planned. Secretary of War and Navy José Joaquín de Herrera made a speech before the First Congress of Mexico expressing the urgency of acquiring more warships to blockade and attack the Spanish troops who occupied the fortress. On January 28, 1825, General Francisco Lemaur was relieved of command of San Juan de Ulúa by José Coppinger. On July 27, 1825, the frigate captain Pedro Sainz de Baranda was appointed commander of the Navy in the port of Veracruz; he immediately began the reorganization of the squadron commissioned to blockade San Juan De Ulúa. The blockade was successful, and compelled the Spanish forces, who received little aid from Havana, to surrender. Coppinger requested the suspension of hostilities and negotiations for the surrender of his forces. The fighting, begun on October 26, 1821, was concluded by the Mexican Navy when it defeated the last Spanish stronghold in Mexico on November 23, 1825. Protection of the seas and ambitions in Cuba Despite the victory of Mexico over the last Spanish bastion in Ulúa, Spain refused to recognize the Treaty of Córdoba and hence the independence of Mexico. The Mexican government, led by Guadalupe Victoria, came to the conclusion that Spain, by its refusal to recognize the treaties, still posed a threat, and could use Cuba as a platform to launch a campaign to recover Mexico. Lucas Alamán, who was then the Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs, assessed the threat posed by the military forces stationed in Cuba to Mexico. Since 1824, Alaman had held the belief that Mexico should seize Cuba, arguing that "Cuba without Mexico is aimed at imperialist yoke; Mexico without Cuba is a prisoner of the Gulf of Mexico." He believed that the Mexican forces, with the support of foreign powers such as France or England (which had been the first European power to recognize the independence of Mexico on July 16, 1836), could overcome the Spanish in Cuba. The United States insisted upon the retention of Cuba by the Spanish government. To advance its ambitions to control the island and to prevent Spanish reconquest of the mainland, the Mexican government employed Commodore David Porter of the United States to command the Mexican navy in an attack on the maritime lines of Spain patrolling the island of Cuba. This was an effort to protect the Mexican territorial sea and ensure the continued success of its independence movement on all fronts. Thus began patrols of the Mexican squadron in Spanish waters, which culminated in the unsuccessful Battle of Mariel on February 10, 1828, in which Porter commanded the brig Guerrero, mounting 22 guns, and one of the finest vessels in the small Mexican Navy. Porter's son, midshipman David Dixon Porter, later a Union hero of the American Civil War, was slightly wounded. He was among the survivors who surrendered and were imprisoned in Havana until they could be exchanged. Commodore Porter chose not to risk his son again, and sent him back to the United States by way of New Orleans. Battle of Tampico One year after the Battle of Mariel, there was a new attempt at reconquest by Spain, from Cuba, confirming the suspicions of the Mexican authorities. Spain appointed Gen. Isidro Barradas, who left the port with 3,586 soldiers with the name "Spearhead Division" and on July 5, went to Mexico. The fleet consisted of a flagship, called the Sovereign, two frigates, two gunships and 15 transport ships, each commanded by Admiral Laborde. On July 26, 1829, the fleet arrived in Cabo Rojo, near Tampico (State of Tamaulipas), and from there began its operations on the 27th, trying to land 750 troops and 25 boats. The expedition began their advance towards Tampico while the boats were moored at the Pánuco River. The Battle of Pueblo Viejo, which took place on September 10-11, marked the end of the Spanish conquest attempts in Mexico. General Isidro Barradas signed the capitulation of Pueblo Viejo, in the presence of generals Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, Manuel de Mier y Terán, and Felipe de la Garza. On December 28, 1836, Spain recognized the independence of Mexico under the Santa María–Calatrava Treaty, signed in Madrid by the Mexican Commissioner Miguel Santa María and the Spanish state minister José María Calatrava. Mexico was the first former colony whose independence was recognized by Spain; the second was Ecuador on February 16, 1840. See also History of Mexico Reconquista (Mexico) List of wars involving Mexico Mexican War of Independence Spanish American wars of independence Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic References Sources GONZÁLEZ PEDRERO, Enrique (1993) País de un solo hombre: el México de Santa Anna México, ed.Fondo de Cultura Económica, URL accessed September 27, 2009 Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Asociación de amigos del Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones, Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones (2007) Las intervenciones extranjeras en México 1825-1916, Cuernavaca, ed. Servicios Gráficos de Morelos, RUIZ GORDEJUELA URQUIJO, Jesús (2006) La expulsión de los españoles de México y su destino incierto, 1821-1836 Sevilla, ed.Universidad de Sevilla URL accessed September 27, 2009 SIMS, Harold (1984) La reconquista de México: la historia de los atentados españoles, 1821-1830, México, ed. Fondo de Cultura Económica, URL accessed September 27, 2009 SIMS, Harold (1990) The Expulsion of Mexico's Spaniards, 1821–1836, University of Pittsburgh Press. 19th-century conflicts Wars involving Mexico Wars involving Spain Independent Mexico 19th century in Mexico Mexico–Spain military relations
The 2016–17 Loyola Marymount Lions women's basketball team represented Loyola Marymount University in the 2016–17 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Lions, led by fifth year head coach Charity Elliott, played their homes games at the Gersten Pavilion and were members of the West Coast Conference. They finished the season 14–16, 9–9 in WCC play to finish in a tie for fifth place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the WCC women's tournament to San Francisco. Roster Schedule \|- !colspan=12 style="background:#8E0028; color:#00345B;"\| Exhibition \|- !colspan=12 style="background:#8E0028; color:#00345B;"\| Non-conference regular season \|- !colspan=12 style="background:#8E0028; color:#00345B;"\| WCC regular season \|- !colspan=12 style="background:#8E0028;"\| WCC Women's Tournament See also 2016–17 Loyola Marymount Lions men's basketball team References Loyola Marymount Lions women's basketball seasons Loyola Marymount Loyola Marymount Loyola Marymount Loyola Marymount Loyola Marymount
```objective-c // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be // found in the LICENSE file. #ifndef V8_VM_STATE_INL_H_ #define V8_VM_STATE_INL_H_ #include "src/vm-state.h" #include "src/log.h" #include "src/simulator.h" #include "src/tracing/trace-event.h" namespace v8 { namespace internal { // // VMState class implementation. A simple stack of VM states held by the // logger and partially threaded through the call stack. States are pushed by // VMState construction and popped by destruction. // inline const char* StateToString(StateTag state) { switch (state) { case JS: return "JS"; case GC: return "GC"; case COMPILER: return "COMPILER"; case OTHER: return "OTHER"; case EXTERNAL: return "EXTERNAL"; default: UNREACHABLE(); return NULL; } } template <StateTag Tag> VMState<Tag>::VMState(Isolate* isolate) : isolate_(isolate), previous_tag_(isolate->current_vm_state()) { if (FLAG_log_timer_events && previous_tag_ != EXTERNAL && Tag == EXTERNAL) { LOG(isolate_, TimerEvent(Logger::START, TimerEventExternal::name())); } isolate_->set_current_vm_state(Tag); } template <StateTag Tag> VMState<Tag>::~VMState() { if (FLAG_log_timer_events && previous_tag_ != EXTERNAL && Tag == EXTERNAL) { LOG(isolate_, TimerEvent(Logger::END, TimerEventExternal::name())); } isolate_->set_current_vm_state(previous_tag_); } ExternalCallbackScope::ExternalCallbackScope(Isolate* isolate, Address callback) : isolate_(isolate), callback_(callback), previous_scope_(isolate->external_callback_scope()) { #ifdef USE_SIMULATOR scope_address_ = Simulator::current(isolate)->get_sp(); #endif isolate_->set_external_callback_scope(this); if (FLAG_runtime_call_stats) { RuntimeCallStats* stats = isolate->counters()->runtime_call_stats(); timer_.Initialize(&stats->ExternalCallback, stats->current_timer()); stats->Enter(&timer_); } TRACE_EVENT_BEGIN0(TRACE_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT("v8.runtime"), "V8.ExternalCallback"); } ExternalCallbackScope::~ExternalCallbackScope() { if (FLAG_runtime_call_stats) { isolate_->counters()->runtime_call_stats()->Leave(&timer_); } isolate_->set_external_callback_scope(previous_scope_); TRACE_EVENT_END0(TRACE_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT("v8.runtime"), "V8.ExternalCallback"); } Address ExternalCallbackScope::scope_address() { #ifdef USE_SIMULATOR return scope_address_; #else return reinterpret_cast<Address>(this); #endif } } // namespace internal } // namespace v8 #endif // V8_VM_STATE_INL_H_ ```
Operation Southern Watch was an air-centric military operation conducted by the United States Department of Defense from Summer 1992 to Spring 2003. United States Central Command's Joint Task Force Southwest Asia (JTF-SWA) had the mission of monitoring and controlling the airspace south of the 32nd Parallel (extended to the 33rd Parallel in 1996) in southern and south-central Iraq during the period following the end of the 1991 Persian Gulf War until the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Summary Operation Southern Watch began on 27 August 1992 with the stated purpose of ensuring Iraqi compliance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 (UNSCR 688) of 5 April 1991, which demanded that Iraq, "immediately end this repression and express the hope in the same context that an open dialogue will take place to ensure that the human and political rights of all Iraqi citizens are respected." Nothing in the resolution spelled out the Iraqi no-fly zones or Operation Southern Watch. Following the end of the Gulf War in March 1991, the Iraqi Air Force bombed and strafed the Shi'ite Muslims in Southern Iraq during the remainder of 1991 and into 1992. The U.S. and UK deemed that Iraqi president Saddam Hussein was choosing not to comply with the resolution. Military forces from Saudi Arabia, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France participated in Operation Southern Watch. The commander of JTF-SWA, an aeronautically rated United States Air Force (USAF) Major General, assisted by an aeronautically designated United States Navy (USN) Rear Admiral, reported directly to the Commander, United States Central Command (USCENTCOM). Military engagements in Southern Watch occurred with regularity, with Coalition aircraft routinely being shot at by Iraqi air defense forces utilizing surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and anti-aircraft artillery (AAA), although such incidents were usually only reported in the Western press occasionally. An intensification was noted prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, though it was said at the time to just be in response to increasing activity by Iraqi air-defense forces. It is now known that this increased activity occurred during an operation known as Operation Southern Focus. Military operations Immediate postwar At first, Iraqi forces did not attack Coalition aircraft. However, after the United Nations voted to maintain sanctions against Iraq, Iraqi forces began to fire on the aircraft and USAF E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft reported an unusual amount of Iraqi Air Force activity. On 27 December 1992, a lone Iraqi MiG-25 Foxbat crossed into the no-fly zone and flew towards a flight of USAF F-15C Eagles before turning north and using its superior speed to outrun the pursuing Eagles. Later in the day, several Iraqi fighters dodged back and forth across the 32nd parallel, staying out of missile range of American fighters. However, an Iraqi MiG-25 crossed too far and was trapped inside the 32nd parallel by a flight of USAF F-16C Fighting Falcons of the 33rd Fighter Squadron. After intelligence verified the aircraft was hostile, the fighter pilot received clearance to fire. The lead plane piloted by then-Lieutenant Colonel (later General) Gary North, USAF, fired an AIM-120 AMRAAM missile which destroyed the Iraqi fighter. This was the first combat kill by an F-16 in USAF service, and the first combat kill using the AMRAAM missile. On 17 January 1993, a USAF F-16C destroyed an Iraqi MiG-23 Flogger with an AMRAAM missile for the second USAF aerial victory. On 7 January 1993, Iraq agreed to American, British, and French demands to withdraw their surface-to-air missiles from below the 32nd parallel. However, they did not remove all of them, and U.S. President George H. W. Bush ordered U.S. aircraft to bomb the remaining missile sites. On 13 January, more than 100 American, British, and French aircraft attacked Iraqi missile sites near Nasiriyah, Samawah, Najaf, and Al-Amarah. Around half the Iraqi sites south of the 32nd parallel were hit. On 29 June, a USAF F-4G Phantom II destroyed an Iraqi radar which had illuminated it, and a month later, two U.S. Navy EA-6B Prowlers fired AGM-88 HARM missiles at more Iraqi radars. Operations "Vigilant Warrior" and "Desert Strike" The first nine months of 1994 were quiet, and the USAF began to withdraw forces from the region. In October, Saddam deployed two divisions of Iraqi Republican Guard troops to the Kuwaiti border after demanding that UN sanctions were to be lifted, precipitating Operation Vigilant Warrior, the rushing of American troops to the Persian Gulf region. Saddam later withdrew the Iraqi Republican Guard out of the Kuwaiti border due to massive American military buildup. This served to increase Coalition resolve to enforce the no-fly zones and contain Iraqi aggression. On 25 June 1996, terrorists bombed the U.S. base at Khobar Towers in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia which housed personnel at King Abdulaziz Air Base supporting Operation Southern Watch. The attack killed 2 USAF officers, 17 USAF enlisted airmen, and injured an additional 372 people. This event led to a re-alignment of American forces in Saudi Arabia from Khobar Towers to Prince Sultan Air Base and Eskan Village, with both installations located away from population centers. In August 1996, Iraqi forces invaded the Kurdish regions of northern Iraq and American forces responded with Operation Desert Strike against targets in southern Iraq. As a result, the no-fly zone was extended north to the 33rd parallel. This marked renewed conflict with Iraqi air defenses and several more radars were destroyed by F-16 fighters. Operation "Desert Fox" On 15 December 1998, France suspended participation in the no-fly zones, arguing that they had been maintained for too long and were ineffective. On 16 December, U.S. President Bill Clinton ordered execution of Operation Desert Fox, a four-day air campaign against targets all over Iraq, citing Iraq's failure to comply with UNSC Resolutions. This resulted in an increased level of combat in the no-fly zones which lasted until 2003. Last years On 30 December 1998, Iraqi SA-6 missile sites fired 6 to 8 surface-to-air missiles at American military aircraft. USAF F-16s responded by bombing the sites. On 5 January 1999, four Iraqi MiG-25s crossed into the southern no-fly zone, sparking aerial combat with two USAF F-15 Eagles and two USN F-14 Tomcats. The American fighters fired a total of six missiles at the Iraqi aircraft, but the Iraqi aircraft were able to evade all of the missiles and escape back to the north. On 22 May 2000, it was reported that since execution of Operation Desert Fox in December 1998, there had been 470 separate incidents of AAA or surface-to-air missile fire at Coalition aircraft, while at the same time, Iraqi aircraft had violated the southern no-fly zone 150 times. Over the same time period, American aircraft had attacked Iraqi targets on 73 occasions. On 16 February 2001, American and British aircraft launched attacks against six targets in southern Iraq, including command centers, radars and communications centers. Only about 40% of the targets were hit. This operation sparked scathing editorials in the foreign press, which reflected growing world skepticism about American-British policy towards Iraq. Incidents of Coalition planes coming under fire, followed by retaliatory air strikes began to happen on a weekly basis. In late 2001, a Sudanese man with links to al-Qaeda fired a man-portable SA-7 Strela missile at a USAF F-15C Eagle fighter taking off from Prince Sultan Air Base in Saudi Arabia. The missile missed the target and was not detected by the pilot or anyone at the base. Saudi police found the empty launcher in the desert in May 2002, and a suspect was arrested in Sudan a month later. He led police to a cache in the desert where a second missile was buried. In June 2002, American and British forces stepped up attacks on Iraqi air defense targets all over southern Iraq. It was later revealed that this was part of a pre-planned operation called Southern Focus which had the goal of degrading the Iraqi air-defense system in preparation for the planned invasion of Iraq. From August 1992 to early 2001, Coalition pilots had flown 153,000 sorties over southern Iraq. From 1992 to 2003, various Coalition naval assets also supported maritime interdiction operations in the Persian Gulf under the banners of Operation Southern Watch and Operation Northern Watch. Basing and withdrawal Until late February 2003, all USAF, USN, USMC, RAF, and French Air Force aircraft rotationally based in Saudi Arabia had been "defensive" assets to defend Saudi Arabia. They carried no "offensive" air-to-ground ordnance, only air-to-air missiles, 20 mm cannon rounds, and AGM-88 HARM missiles (only by USAF F-16CJs and USN/USMC EA-6Bs) as defense against Iraqi surface-to-air missiles. As a result, strike aircraft with offensive ordnance were limited to USAF A-10 Thunderbolt II, F-15E Strike Eagle, F-16C, RAF Tornado GR4, and occasionally USMC F/A-18 Hornet or AV-8B Harrier aircraft based at Ali Al Salem Air Base and Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base in Kuwait, and USN and USMC F-14, F/A-18 and EA-6B aircraft aboard U.S. Navy aircraft carriers and USMC AV-8B aircraft aboard U.S. amphibious assault ships operating in the Persian Gulf. In addition to USN E-2 Hawkeye airborne early warning aircraft flying from aircraft carriers and USAF E-3 AWACS and E-8 J-STARS command & control aircraft and KC-135 Stratotanker air refueling aircraft based in Saudi Arabia, additional USAF KC-10 Extender and KC-135 air refueling aircraft were also based at Al Dhafra Air Base in the UAE, while RAF VC10 K3 refuelers were based at the U.S. Navy's Aviation Support Unit (ASU) at Bahrain International Airport in Bahrain to support these strike aircraft. On 27 February 2003, it was announced that the U.S. would be allowed to launch warplanes with offensive ordnance from its bases inside Saudi Arabia to support the Iraq War – and would in turn begin a phased withdrawal from the country. On 29 April 2003, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld announced that he would be withdrawing U.S. troops from Saudi Arabia, stating that the Iraq War no longer required the support installations within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz had earlier said that the continuing U.S. presence in the kingdom was also putting American lives in danger. All non-Royal Saudi Air Force aircraft and units at Prince Sultan Air Base (PSAB) relocated to other bases in the region, mainly Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar and Al Dhafra Air Base in the UAE. This included the Combined Air Operations Centre (CAOC), which had relocated to PSAB from Eskan Village in September 2001, and which now resides at Al Udeid AB. See also Operation Northern Watch References External links Global Security brief on Operation Southern Watch Lt. Col. Gary North's MiG Kill – December 1992 Legacy of the Air Blockades – Air Force Magazine, February 2003 Warning-MiG-25!: After Desert Storm, the French learned the hard way that Iraq's air force could still pull off an interception 1992 in Iraq 1993 in Iraq 1994 in Iraq 1995 in Iraq 1996 in Iraq 1998 in Iraq 1999 in Iraq 2000 in Iraq 2001 in Iraq 2002 in Iraq 2003 in Iraq Conflicts in 1992 Conflicts in 1993 Conflicts in 1996 Conflicts in 1998 Conflicts in 2000 Conflicts in 2001 Conflicts in 2002 20th century in Iraq Modern history of Iraq Military operations involving France Military operations involving the United Kingdom Military operations involving the United States Aerial bombing operations and battles No-fly zone operations Iraq–United States relations Iraq–United Kingdom relations Iraq–Saudi Arabia relations Military operations involving Australia
The 2010 Cork Intermediate Football Championship was the 75th staging of the Cork Intermediate Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board. The final was played on 17 October 2010 at Páirc Uí Chaoimh in Cork, between Macroom and Kildorrery, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Macroom won the match by 1-09 to 0-10 to claim their third championship title overall and a first title in 20 years. Results Final References 2010 in Irish sport Cork Intermediate Football Championship
Karl Åke Edvard Grönberg (26 March 1914 – 15 September 1969) was a Swedish film actor who appeared in nearly 100 films. Grönberg was a versatile stage personality of his day, performing as a singer, variety artist, actor, in musical shows and in dramatic productions. He was born in Stockholm, Sweden, and died of a heart attack in 1969. Selected filmography 65, 66 and I (1936) - Castle guard (uncredited) Russian Flu (1937) - Åhörare i studentmössa (uncredited) Klart till drabbning (1937) - Waiter (uncredited) Comrades in Uniform (1938) - Bonzo (uncredited) Thunder and Lightning (1938) - Chucker-out (uncredited) Med folket för fosterlandet (1938) - Printing clerk (uncredited) Just a Bugler (1938) - Ensign musician (uncredited) Only One Night (1939) - Young Man (uncredited) Adolf i eld och lågor (1939) - Photographer (uncredited) Hennes lilla majestät (1939) - Fighter (uncredited) Melodin från Gamla Stan (1939) - Andersson We at Solglantan (1939) - Svensson Kronans käcka gossar (1940) - 55 Lasse Björk Heroes in Yellow and Blue (1940) - Soldier (uncredited) Karusellen går... (1940) - Carnival Guard Alle man på post (1940) - Landgren Beredskapspojkar (1940) - Manne Melin Söderpojkar (1941) - Tjabo Woman on Board (1941) - Andersson Vårat gäng (1942) - Jonne En sjöman i frack (1942) - Alling En trallande jänta (1942) - Oscar Tomorrow's Melody (1942) - Manager at record department The Yellow Clinic (1942) - Herman Karlsson Rospiggar (1942) - Gurra Take Care of Ulla (1942) - Bigge Berglund Nothing Is Forgotten (1942) - Blommen Halta Lottas krog (1942) - Åke Kvinnan tar befälet (1942) - Holger Bastberg I brist på bevis (1943) - Jerker Captured by a Voice (1943) - Nicke Blom The Sin of Anna Lans (1943) - Axel Young Blood (1943) - Gustaf Johansson Sonja (1943) - Kurt Larsson Count Only the Happy Moments (1944) - Sven Bergling Se opp för spioner! (1944) - Sluggo Maria of Kvarngarden (1945) - Jakob Flickor i hamn (1945) - Axel I Roslagens famn (1945) - Frithiof Andersson The Girls in Smaland (1945) - Gunnar Brita in the Merchant's House (1946) - Arvid Stiliga Augusta (1946) - Forceland Between Brothers (1946) - Bengtsson, driver Song of Stockholm (1947) - Åke Woman Without a Face (1947) - Sam Svensson The Night Watchman's Wife (1947) - Gunnar Eklund Rail Workers (1947) - Calle-Ville Each to His Own Way (1948) - Gösta Sund Life Starts Now (1948) - Berra Dangerous Spring (1949) - Kalle Larsson Restaurant Intim (1950) - Kalle Söderberg Påhittiga Johansson (1950) - Påhittiga Johansson The Kiss on the Cruise (1950) - Knutte Glans Beef and the Banana (1951) - Biffen Skipper in Stormy Weather (1951) - Singer Livat på luckan (1951) - Conscript / 55 Lasse Björk Blondie, Beef and the Banana (1952) - Biffen Johansson She Came Like the Wind (1952) - Fabian Rosander Summer with Monika (1953) - Verkmästaren, Harrys arbetskamrat Folket i fält (1953) - Sven Pettersson Barabbas (1953) - Armful Watchman at Rome We Three Debutantes (1953) - Swedish John Sawdust and Tinsel (1953) - Albert Johansson Flottans glada gossar (1954) - Eskil Bladh Sju svarta be-hå (1954) - Sture Kaxe Aldrig med min kofot eller... Drömtjuven (1954) - Knutte Modig Storm Over Tjurö (1954) - Reinhold Karlsson A Lesson in Love (1954) - Carl-Adam Brudar och bollar (1954) - Wille Svensson Simon the Sinner (1954) - Lund Herr Arnes penningar (1954) - Innkeeper The Vicious Breed (1954) - House Owner Far och flyg (1955) - Hagfors Karusellen i fjällen (1955) - Porter Friarannonsen (1955) - Patron Berg Paradise (1955) - Betil Karlsson Luffaren och Rasmus (1955) - Paradis-Oskar The Hard Game (1956) - Andy Ekström Encounters in the Twilight (1957) - Roffe Sköld Klarar Bananen Biffen? (1957) - Biffen Line Six (1958) - Charlie Space Invasion of Lapland (1959) - Dr. Henrik 91:an Karlsson muckar (tror han) (1959) - Doctor Pirates on the Malonen (1959) - Frasse Flinta Adam och Eva (1963) - Rulle Min kära är en ros (1963) - Edling 491 (1964) - Reverend Mild Loving Couples (1964) - The fat man Ett sommaräventyr (1965) - Erik's father Hej du glada sommar!!! (1965) - Valle Väster Kråkguldet (1969, TV Series) - Gustav Lagerström (final appearance) Discography AKE GRONBERG by Ake Gronberg. (U.S.A. Cadence Records #CLP 5002) References External links 1914 births 1969 deaths Male actors from Stockholm Swedish male film actors Swedish male television actors Swedish male stage actors Swedish male musical theatre actors 20th-century Swedish male actors 20th-century Swedish male singers
Lois Martha Roberts ( – ) was an Australian murder victim, whose death near Nimbin, New South Wales in 1998 remains unsolved. Background Roberts was the daughter of Pastor Frank Roberts, a minister with the Church of Christ and an Aboriginal activist, and Muriel Roberts. She was the twin sister of the arts administrator and broadcaster Rhoda Roberts AO, and the sister of Philip and Mark. Brought up and educated in the Lismore region in northern New South Wales, Roberts trained as a hairdresser until, at age 20, she was seriously injured in a car accident sustaining permanent brain damage. She was rehabilitated sufficiently to care for herself and went to live on her own near Lismore. Subsequently, she had two children who were raised by her mother and twin sister. Disappearance Roberts was last seen outside Nimbin Police Station on 31 July 1998. It would appear that she was abducted while hitch-hiking between Nimbin and Lismore and then tortured and abused before being killed. Her badly mutilated body was found about six months after her disappearance in January 1999. A bushwalker found the remains in Whian Whian State Forest, near Dunoon, deep in thick bush some way off a fire trail. Investigation and aftermath The perpetrator or perpetrators of the crime have never been identified. An inquest was held in June 2002. The senior stipendiary magistrate of the Lismore Court Circuit, Jeff Linden, sitting as a coroner returned an open finding after a two-week hearing. See also Bowraville Murders List of solved missing persons cases List of unsolved murders References External links Death Of Lois Martha Roberts - speech by The Hon. Janelle Saffin in the Parliament of New South Wales 12 May 1999 A Sister's Love - documentary (2006) by Ivan Sen Interview with Rhoda Roberts - Life Matters ABC Radio National (audio download available) Roberts faces her sister’s tragedy - article from Byron Bay Echo September 2007 Web page about the documentary, A Sister's Love. Dirty Little Secrets unsolved murder series - series of articles by Kate Kachor for Nine News in 2017 1990s missing person cases Australian murder victims Deaths by person in Australia Formerly missing people Missing person cases in Australia Unsolved murders in Australia 1998 in Australia History of New South Wales
A by-election was held for the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Benalla on 13 May 2000. The by-election was triggered by the resignation on 12 April of Pat McNamara, the sitting member who was Deputy Premier of Victoria until the defeat of the Kennett government at the 1999 state election. Results References 2000 elections in Australia Victorian state by-elections 20th century in Victoria (state) 2000s in Victoria (state)
SolarJOOS was a solar power company founded in 2008. The company builds an efficient and rugged portable solar charger used to charge cell phones and other portable electronic devices. The company's product, the JOOS Orange, won the 2011 Consumer Electronics Association's Best of Innovations Award and was featured in the Best of Innovations Showcase at the 2011 CES event in Las Vegas, Nevada. JOOS Orange The JOOS Orange, the company's first product, uses a solar panel (solar photovoltaics or solar PVs) to generate the electricity needed to charge an on-board battery. The device is then used to power or recharge portable electronic devices. A graphical user interface (GUI) can be downloaded by the user to track their solar energy production and encourage good green behavior. The company SolarJOOS is based in California. Media SolarJOOS has been featured on local and national news, and in magazines and publications worldwide. In August 2011, Fox News featured a hurricane preparedness review of the JOOS Orange demonstrating its durability and water resistance. Gizmodo and Wired Magazine gave the JOOS Orange high ratings calling it "the physical manifestation of simplicity. It's rugged, easy to store and carry, and (most importantly) quick to bestow a watt or two whenever you need it." U.S. Airways also featured the JOOS Orange on the cover of its magazine, touting it as one of the Top 12 Tech Tools of 2011. See also Solar charger Solar power in the United States Photovoltaics Energy harvesting References External links SolarJOOS Official Website Companies based in San Jose, California Solar energy companies of the United States 2008 establishments in California Electronics companies established in 2008

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