text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
Zgorzelec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rychtal, within Kępno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Rychtal, south-west of Kępno, and south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
References
Zgorzelec |
```go
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// +build linux
package ipv6
import (
"unsafe"
"golang.org/x/net/bpf"
"golang.org/x/net/internal/socket"
)
func (so *sockOpt) setAttachFilter(c *socket.Conn, f []bpf.RawInstruction) error {
prog := sockFProg{
Len: uint16(len(f)),
Filter: (*sockFilter)(unsafe.Pointer(&f[0])),
}
b := (*[sizeofSockFprog]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&prog))[:sizeofSockFprog]
return so.Set(c, b)
}
``` |
Josefina Velázquez de León (born Maria Josefina Velázquez de León y Peón Valdés; June 7, 1899 – September 21, 1968) was a Mexican cook, researcher, writer and teacher. Velázquez de León was a pioneer of Mexican gastronomy and an entrepreneur of Mexican cuisine.
Early life and family
On June 7, 1899, Josefina Velázquez de León was born in Aguascalientes, the oldest of four daughters. Her mother was María Peón Valdés, a member of a socially prominent family from Guadalajara. Her father was Luis Velázquez de León, whose family was one of the most distinguished families in Mexico—dating back to the conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar.
Velázquez de León married businessman Joaquín González on October 24, 1930. Eleven months later, González died. The two had no children together and Velázquez de León never remarried.
Career
During the 1930s, Velázquez de León published recipes in the Poblano publication Mignon Magazine. These recipes were focused on home cooking and giving guidelines to women about how to start a small home business. This experience led her to form the Velázquez de León Cooking Academy by the end of the decade. In the cooking school, Velázquez de León traveled to various states of the country promoting a national gastronomy proposal based on the relationship between good eating, family spending, nutrition, history, and regional cuisine. Velázquez de León promoted a revaluation of home cooking in addition to classifying and cataloging the diversity of dishes of national cuisine. In her cooking classes she taught modules and subjects such as: daily simple cooking, modern cooking, haute cuisine, simple baking, artistic jellies, and Mexican specialties.
In 1936, Velázquez published her first cookbook Manual practico de cocina.
By 1937, Velázquez started her publishing house, Ediciones J. Velázquez de León, which was dedicated exclusively to publishing Mexican and international cookbooks and periodicals. Publications were distributed through correspondence, sending classes to students in other states by mail until the 1960s, making her a pioneer in this field. Her work Platillos regionales de la República Mexicana (1946) highlighted the culinary identity and characteristics of the food from the then 29 Mexican states. In her book, Cómo cocinar en los aparatos modernos (1949), she updated cooking techniques by teaching how to cook in Presto's express cooker, Ekco's miracle oven, and Oster's and Sunbeam's electric mixers. Velázquez de León ultimately published more than 140 cookbooks across her career.
In addition to publishing, Velázquez ventured into radio and television broadcasting. In February 1946, she launched her daily radio show La flojera en la cocina on station XEW. She also created programming for other Mexico City radio stations (specifically XEQ, XEK, and XEJP), and she eventually compiled many of the featured recipes into a book entitled La cocina en el aire. In the early 1950s, she developed the first cooking program for Mexican television, entitled El Menu de la Semana. As with her radio program, El Menu de la Semana resulted in publications, namely a series of Tele-cocina booklets.
Velázquez stated her motto: "saber cocinar es la base de la economía" ("knowing how to cook is the basis of the economy")
Upon the death of Velázquez, her sisters attempted to carry on her legacy, but eventually the Velázquez de León Cooking Academy closed its doors, and the rights to her books were sold.
Legacy
Some of the Velázquez de León Cooking Academy students went on to have successful culinary careers, including Josefina Howard. Many famous chefs have been influenced by Velázquez de León's work. It was Velázquez de León's documentation of regional cuisines that first inspired Diana Kennedy to travel around Mexico documenting traditional recipes. Rick Bayless was similarly inspired by her work stating that Velázquez de León "gave a national face to regional Mexican cuisine. She carried a banner that said, ‘We’re all Mexican: Veracruz Mexican, Oaxacan Mexican, Yucatecan Mexican.'”
Several notable libraries with Mexican gastronomy collections hold Velázquez de León's works. Among these collections are the Fundación Herdez "Josefina Velázquez de León" collection, the University of New Mexico's Josefina Velázquez de León cookery collection, and The University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections' Mexican Cookbook Collection.
See also
Josefina Velázquez de León bibliography
References
Bibliography
Mexican chefs
20th-century Mexican women writers
1899 births
1968 deaths
Writers from Aguascalientes
Cookbook writers
20th-century Mexican writers |
This is the list of words having different meanings in British and American English: M–Z.
For the first portion of the list, see List of words having different meanings in American and British English (A–L).
Asterisked (*) meanings, though found chiefly in the specified region, also have some currency in the other dialect; other definitions may be recognised by the other as Briticisms or Americanisms respectively. Additional usage notes are provided when useful.
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
List of words having different meanings in British and American English: A–L
List of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom
List of British words not widely used in the United States
References
Further reading
Note: the below are general references on this topic. Individual entries have not yet been audited against the references below and readers looking for verifiable information should consult the works below unless individual entries in the article's table are properly sourced.
External links
The Septic's Companion: A British Slang Dictionaryan online dictionary of British slang, viewable alphabetically or by category
Words having different meanings in British and American English: M-Z, List of
Lists of English words
American English words |
Mirowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Staw, within Malbork County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Nowy Staw, north of Malbork, and south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
References
Mirowo |
Parlange (pronounced Parr lawn ja) is the name of a community located in southern Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, United States. The community was along Louisiana Highway 1, on the banks of False River.
History
Just northeast of Parlange is a plantation home known as Parlange Plantation. The plantation was named for Charles Parlange, a Frenchman. The home was originally owned by Marquis Vincent de Ternant. Parlange was the childhood home of Virginie Amelie Gautreau (née Avegno), descendant of the Marquis and the infamous Madam X of the John Singer Sargent portrait in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
From 1902 to 1904, a post office served the surrounding community.
References
Geography of Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana
Baton Rouge metropolitan area
Towns in Louisiana |
IT Valley (), formerly known as Silicon Valley of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye'nin Silikon Vadisi) was a proposed project of Turkish architect Günay Erdem and Turkish landscape architect Sunay Erdem for the Turkish version of the Silicon Valley at San Francisco, United States.
Concept and design
Erdem used cosmos and technology concepts together with traditional Turkish values at design development process. Cosmos reflects as symbolic radial grid of the Solar System and planetary forms to the buildings. Technology reflects as digital grid in organization schema of design. Traditional Turkish value star and crescent emerges in the whole Silicon Valley City.
Quick facts
Total Plot Area: 1,800,000 m2
Total Buildings Area: 900,000 m2
Buildings: Administrative, Research & Development Centers (small, medium and large scaled), City Center (Mall, Restaurants, Cinemas etc.), Congress & Convention Center, Hotel, Housing, Sports Center, Schools (Elementary & High), Health Center, Mosque
Marina
Valley
Park
Circulations: Traffic, Cycle Lane, Light Rail Road
Accesses: Ankara Istanbul Highway, Marmara Sea, North, South
Project Cost: $400 million
External links
Official web site
Erdem Architects official Facebook page
Gunay Erdem-Arkitera
Turkish architects entrusted the future of New York
Architects Of Future
Turkish architects design peace islands to replace La Spezia war arsenal
Erdem Architects Gets First Prize in La Spezia Arsenale 2062 Competition
Identify a Public Space
References
Gebze
Buildings and structures in Kocaeli Province |
Apropos Cluster is a full-length studio album by Dieter Moebius and Hans-Joachim Roedelius also known as German electronic music outfit Cluster. It was also their first album after an eight-year-long hiatus.
In 1989 Dieter Moebius and Hans-Joachim Roedelius reunited to the delight of their fans, recording Apropos Cluster during 1989 and 1990 in Blumau, Austria. The album was released on the Curious Music label in 1991. It was "Cluster"'s first U.S. release. Apropos Cluster is musically and structurally similar to Grosses Wasser though it lacked the rhythmic tracks of the 1979 release, instead comprising a mixture of gentle, ambient pieces in the four shorter tracks followed by the nearly 22 minute long, more experimental title piece.
"Emmental" became the signature track for Cluster. It was included on the 1997 live album First Encounter Tour 1996 and was often performed live by Roedelius at solo concerts during the band's second hiatus.
Apropos Cluster was reissued on the Swirldisc Records label on August 23, 1996.
Track listing
"Grenzgänger" – 7:24
"Emmental" – 3:24
"Gespiegelt" – 6:58
"Falls" – 2:57
"Apropos Cluster" – 21:41
Personnel
Hans-Joachim Roedelius
Dieter Moebius
Stanislaw Michalik – bass on "Emmental"
References
Curry, Russ A Curious History of Cluster Retrieved August 17, 2007.
Discogs Retrieved August 19, 2007.
1991 albums
Cluster (band) albums
Curious Music albums |
Po Chü-I is a crater on Mercury. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1976. Po Chü-I is named for the Chinese poet Bai Juyi.
References
Impact craters on Mercury |
Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu (HQ-187) is a of the Vietnam People's Navy. She is the last of six Kilo-class submarines in service with Vietnam.
References
Submarines of the Vietnam People's Navy
Kilo-class submarines
Attack submarines
2015 ships |
```objective-c
//===- llvm/ADT/CoalescingBitVector.h - A coalescing bitvector --*- C++ -*-===//
//
// See path_to_url for license information.
//
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
///
/// \file
/// A bitvector that uses an IntervalMap to coalesce adjacent elements
/// into intervals.
///
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
#ifndef LLVM_ADT_COALESCINGBITVECTOR_H
#define LLVM_ADT_COALESCINGBITVECTOR_H
#include "llvm/ADT/IntervalMap.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/iterator_range.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include <initializer_list>
namespace llvm {
/// A bitvector that, under the hood, relies on an IntervalMap to coalesce
/// elements into intervals. Good for representing sets which predominantly
/// contain contiguous ranges. Bad for representing sets with lots of gaps
/// between elements.
///
/// Compared to SparseBitVector, CoalescingBitVector offers more predictable
/// performance for non-sequential find() operations.
///
/// \tparam IndexT - The type of the index into the bitvector.
template <typename IndexT> class CoalescingBitVector {
static_assert(std::is_unsigned<IndexT>::value,
"Index must be an unsigned integer.");
using ThisT = CoalescingBitVector<IndexT>;
/// An interval map for closed integer ranges. The mapped values are unused.
using MapT = IntervalMap<IndexT, char>;
using UnderlyingIterator = typename MapT::const_iterator;
using IntervalT = std::pair<IndexT, IndexT>;
public:
using Allocator = typename MapT::Allocator;
/// Construct by passing in a CoalescingBitVector<IndexT>::Allocator
/// reference.
CoalescingBitVector(Allocator &Alloc)
: Alloc(&Alloc), Intervals(Alloc) {}
/// \name Copy/move constructors and assignment operators.
/// @{
CoalescingBitVector(const ThisT &Other)
: Alloc(Other.Alloc), Intervals(*Other.Alloc) {
set(Other);
}
ThisT &operator=(const ThisT &Other) {
clear();
set(Other);
return *this;
}
CoalescingBitVector(ThisT &&Other) = delete;
ThisT &operator=(ThisT &&Other) = delete;
/// @}
/// Clear all the bits.
void clear() { Intervals.clear(); }
/// Check whether no bits are set.
bool empty() const { return Intervals.empty(); }
/// Count the number of set bits.
unsigned count() const {
unsigned Bits = 0;
for (auto It = Intervals.begin(), End = Intervals.end(); It != End; ++It)
Bits += 1 + It.stop() - It.start();
return Bits;
}
/// Set the bit at \p Index.
///
/// This method does /not/ support setting a bit that has already been set,
/// for efficiency reasons. If possible, restructure your code to not set the
/// same bit multiple times, or use \ref test_and_set.
void set(IndexT Index) {
assert(!test(Index) && "Setting already-set bits not supported/efficient, "
"IntervalMap will assert");
insert(Index, Index);
}
/// Set the bits set in \p Other.
///
/// This method does /not/ support setting already-set bits, see \ref set
/// for the rationale. For a safe set union operation, use \ref operator|=.
void set(const ThisT &Other) {
for (auto It = Other.Intervals.begin(), End = Other.Intervals.end();
It != End; ++It)
insert(It.start(), It.stop());
}
/// Set the bits at \p Indices. Used for testing, primarily.
void set(std::initializer_list<IndexT> Indices) {
for (IndexT Index : Indices)
set(Index);
}
/// Check whether the bit at \p Index is set.
bool test(IndexT Index) const {
const auto It = Intervals.find(Index);
if (It == Intervals.end())
return false;
assert(It.stop() >= Index && "Interval must end after Index");
return It.start() <= Index;
}
/// Set the bit at \p Index. Supports setting an already-set bit.
void test_and_set(IndexT Index) {
if (!test(Index))
set(Index);
}
/// Reset the bit at \p Index. Supports resetting an already-unset bit.
void reset(IndexT Index) {
auto It = Intervals.find(Index);
if (It == Intervals.end())
return;
// Split the interval containing Index into up to two parts: one from
// [Start, Index-1] and another from [Index+1, Stop]. If Index is equal to
// either Start or Stop, we create one new interval. If Index is equal to
// both Start and Stop, we simply erase the existing interval.
IndexT Start = It.start();
if (Index < Start)
// The index was not set.
return;
IndexT Stop = It.stop();
assert(Index <= Stop && "Wrong interval for index");
It.erase();
if (Start < Index)
insert(Start, Index - 1);
if (Index < Stop)
insert(Index + 1, Stop);
}
/// Set union. If \p RHS is guaranteed to not overlap with this, \ref set may
/// be a faster alternative.
void operator|=(const ThisT &RHS) {
// Get the overlaps between the two interval maps.
SmallVector<IntervalT, 8> Overlaps;
getOverlaps(RHS, Overlaps);
// Insert the non-overlapping parts of all the intervals from RHS.
for (auto It = RHS.Intervals.begin(), End = RHS.Intervals.end();
It != End; ++It) {
IndexT Start = It.start();
IndexT Stop = It.stop();
SmallVector<IntervalT, 8> NonOverlappingParts;
getNonOverlappingParts(Start, Stop, Overlaps, NonOverlappingParts);
for (IntervalT AdditivePortion : NonOverlappingParts)
insert(AdditivePortion.first, AdditivePortion.second);
}
}
/// Set intersection.
void operator&=(const ThisT &RHS) {
// Get the overlaps between the two interval maps (i.e. the intersection).
SmallVector<IntervalT, 8> Overlaps;
getOverlaps(RHS, Overlaps);
// Rebuild the interval map, including only the overlaps.
clear();
for (IntervalT Overlap : Overlaps)
insert(Overlap.first, Overlap.second);
}
/// Reset all bits present in \p Other.
void intersectWithComplement(const ThisT &Other) {
SmallVector<IntervalT, 8> Overlaps;
if (!getOverlaps(Other, Overlaps)) {
// If there is no overlap with Other, the intersection is empty.
return;
}
// Delete the overlapping intervals. Split up intervals that only partially
// intersect an overlap.
for (IntervalT Overlap : Overlaps) {
IndexT OlapStart, OlapStop;
std::tie(OlapStart, OlapStop) = Overlap;
auto It = Intervals.find(OlapStart);
IndexT CurrStart = It.start();
IndexT CurrStop = It.stop();
assert(CurrStart <= OlapStart && OlapStop <= CurrStop &&
"Expected some intersection!");
// Split the overlap interval into up to two parts: one from [CurrStart,
// OlapStart-1] and another from [OlapStop+1, CurrStop]. If OlapStart is
// equal to CurrStart, the first split interval is unnecessary. Ditto for
// when OlapStop is equal to CurrStop, we omit the second split interval.
It.erase();
if (CurrStart < OlapStart)
insert(CurrStart, OlapStart - 1);
if (OlapStop < CurrStop)
insert(OlapStop + 1, CurrStop);
}
}
bool operator==(const ThisT &RHS) const {
// We cannot just use std::equal because it checks the dereferenced values
// of an iterator pair for equality, not the iterators themselves. In our
// case that results in comparison of the (unused) IntervalMap values.
auto ItL = Intervals.begin();
auto ItR = RHS.Intervals.begin();
while (ItL != Intervals.end() && ItR != RHS.Intervals.end() &&
ItL.start() == ItR.start() && ItL.stop() == ItR.stop()) {
++ItL;
++ItR;
}
return ItL == Intervals.end() && ItR == RHS.Intervals.end();
}
bool operator!=(const ThisT &RHS) const { return !operator==(RHS); }
class const_iterator {
friend class CoalescingBitVector;
public:
using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
using value_type = IndexT;
using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
using pointer = value_type *;
using reference = value_type &;
private:
// For performance reasons, make the offset at the end different than the
// one used in \ref begin, to optimize the common `It == end()` pattern.
static constexpr unsigned kIteratorAtTheEndOffset = ~0u;
UnderlyingIterator MapIterator;
unsigned OffsetIntoMapIterator = 0;
// Querying the start/stop of an IntervalMap iterator can be very expensive.
// Cache these values for performance reasons.
IndexT CachedStart = IndexT();
IndexT CachedStop = IndexT();
void setToEnd() {
OffsetIntoMapIterator = kIteratorAtTheEndOffset;
CachedStart = IndexT();
CachedStop = IndexT();
}
/// MapIterator has just changed, reset the cached state to point to the
/// start of the new underlying iterator.
void resetCache() {
if (MapIterator.valid()) {
OffsetIntoMapIterator = 0;
CachedStart = MapIterator.start();
CachedStop = MapIterator.stop();
} else {
setToEnd();
}
}
/// Advance the iterator to \p Index, if it is contained within the current
/// interval. The public-facing method which supports advancing past the
/// current interval is \ref advanceToLowerBound.
void advanceTo(IndexT Index) {
assert(Index <= CachedStop && "Cannot advance to OOB index");
if (Index < CachedStart)
// We're already past this index.
return;
OffsetIntoMapIterator = Index - CachedStart;
}
const_iterator(UnderlyingIterator MapIt) : MapIterator(MapIt) {
resetCache();
}
public:
const_iterator() { setToEnd(); }
bool operator==(const const_iterator &RHS) const {
// Do /not/ compare MapIterator for equality, as this is very expensive.
// The cached start/stop values make that check unnecessary.
return std::tie(OffsetIntoMapIterator, CachedStart, CachedStop) ==
std::tie(RHS.OffsetIntoMapIterator, RHS.CachedStart,
RHS.CachedStop);
}
bool operator!=(const const_iterator &RHS) const {
return !operator==(RHS);
}
IndexT operator*() const { return CachedStart + OffsetIntoMapIterator; }
const_iterator &operator++() { // Pre-increment (++It).
if (CachedStart + OffsetIntoMapIterator < CachedStop) {
// Keep going within the current interval.
++OffsetIntoMapIterator;
} else {
// We reached the end of the current interval: advance.
++MapIterator;
resetCache();
}
return *this;
}
const_iterator operator++(int) { // Post-increment (It++).
const_iterator tmp = *this;
operator++();
return tmp;
}
/// Advance the iterator to the first set bit AT, OR AFTER, \p Index. If
/// no such set bit exists, advance to end(). This is like std::lower_bound.
/// This is useful if \p Index is close to the current iterator position.
/// However, unlike \ref find(), this has worst-case O(n) performance.
void advanceToLowerBound(IndexT Index) {
if (OffsetIntoMapIterator == kIteratorAtTheEndOffset)
return;
// Advance to the first interval containing (or past) Index, or to end().
while (Index > CachedStop) {
++MapIterator;
resetCache();
if (OffsetIntoMapIterator == kIteratorAtTheEndOffset)
return;
}
advanceTo(Index);
}
};
const_iterator begin() const { return const_iterator(Intervals.begin()); }
const_iterator end() const { return const_iterator(); }
/// Return an iterator pointing to the first set bit AT, OR AFTER, \p Index.
/// If no such set bit exists, return end(). This is like std::lower_bound.
/// This has worst-case logarithmic performance (roughly O(log(gaps between
/// contiguous ranges))).
const_iterator find(IndexT Index) const {
auto UnderlyingIt = Intervals.find(Index);
if (UnderlyingIt == Intervals.end())
return end();
auto It = const_iterator(UnderlyingIt);
It.advanceTo(Index);
return It;
}
/// Return a range iterator which iterates over all of the set bits in the
/// half-open range [Start, End).
iterator_range<const_iterator> half_open_range(IndexT Start,
IndexT End) const {
assert(Start < End && "Not a valid range");
auto StartIt = find(Start);
if (StartIt == end() || *StartIt >= End)
return {end(), end()};
auto EndIt = StartIt;
EndIt.advanceToLowerBound(End);
return {StartIt, EndIt};
}
void print(raw_ostream &OS) const {
OS << "{";
for (auto It = Intervals.begin(), End = Intervals.end(); It != End;
++It) {
OS << "[" << It.start();
if (It.start() != It.stop())
OS << ", " << It.stop();
OS << "]";
}
OS << "}";
}
#if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(LLVM_ENABLE_DUMP)
LLVM_DUMP_METHOD void dump() const {
// LLDB swallows the first line of output after callling dump(). Add
// newlines before/after the braces to work around this.
dbgs() << "\n";
print(dbgs());
dbgs() << "\n";
}
#endif
private:
void insert(IndexT Start, IndexT End) { Intervals.insert(Start, End, 0); }
/// Record the overlaps between \p this and \p Other in \p Overlaps. Return
/// true if there is any overlap.
bool getOverlaps(const ThisT &Other,
SmallVectorImpl<IntervalT> &Overlaps) const {
for (IntervalMapOverlaps<MapT, MapT> I(Intervals, Other.Intervals);
I.valid(); ++I)
Overlaps.emplace_back(I.start(), I.stop());
assert(llvm::is_sorted(Overlaps,
[](IntervalT LHS, IntervalT RHS) {
return LHS.second < RHS.first;
}) &&
"Overlaps must be sorted");
return !Overlaps.empty();
}
/// Given the set of overlaps between this and some other bitvector, and an
/// interval [Start, Stop] from that bitvector, determine the portions of the
/// interval which do not overlap with this.
void getNonOverlappingParts(IndexT Start, IndexT Stop,
const SmallVectorImpl<IntervalT> &Overlaps,
SmallVectorImpl<IntervalT> &NonOverlappingParts) {
IndexT NextUncoveredBit = Start;
for (IntervalT Overlap : Overlaps) {
IndexT OlapStart, OlapStop;
std::tie(OlapStart, OlapStop) = Overlap;
// [Start;Stop] and [OlapStart;OlapStop] overlap iff OlapStart <= Stop
// and Start <= OlapStop.
bool DoesOverlap = OlapStart <= Stop && Start <= OlapStop;
if (!DoesOverlap)
continue;
// Cover the range [NextUncoveredBit, OlapStart). This puts the start of
// the next uncovered range at OlapStop+1.
if (NextUncoveredBit < OlapStart)
NonOverlappingParts.emplace_back(NextUncoveredBit, OlapStart - 1);
NextUncoveredBit = OlapStop + 1;
if (NextUncoveredBit > Stop)
break;
}
if (NextUncoveredBit <= Stop)
NonOverlappingParts.emplace_back(NextUncoveredBit, Stop);
}
Allocator *Alloc;
MapT Intervals;
};
} // namespace llvm
#endif // LLVM_ADT_COALESCINGBITVECTOR_H
``` |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:c+-probability}}
In statistics, a c+-probability is the probability that a contrast variable obtains a positive value.
Using a replication probability, the c+-probability is defined as follows: if we get a random draw from each group (or factor level) and calculate the sampled value of the contrast variable based on the random draws, then the c+-probability is the chance that the sampled values of the contrast variable are greater than 0 when the random drawing process is repeated infinite times. The c+-probability is a probabilistic index accounting for distributions of compared groups (or factor levels).
The c+-probability and SMCV are two characteristics of a contrast variable. There is a link between SMCV and c+-probability.
The SMCV and c+-probability provides a consistent interpretation to the strength of comparisons in contrast analysis. When only two groups are involved in a comparison, the c+-probability becomes d+-probability which is the probability that the difference of values from two groups is positive. To some extent, the d+-probability (especially in the independent situations) is equivalent to the well-established probabilistic index P(X > Y). Historically, the index P(X > Y) has been studied and applied in many areas.
The c+-probability and d+-probability have been used for data analysis in high-throughput experiments and biopharmaceutical research.
See also
Contrast (statistics)
Effect size
SSMD
SMCV
Contrast variable
ANOVA
References
Regression analysis
Biostatistics |
Alexander William Angus (11 November 1889 – 23 March 1947) was a Scottish international rugby union and cricket player.
Rugby Union career
Amateur career
He played club rugby for Watsonians.
Provincial career
He played for Edinburgh District against Glasgow District in the 1910 inter-city match. Edinburgh won the match 26–5, with Angus scoring a try.
He played for the Whites Trial side against the Blues Trial side on 21 January 1911, while still with Watsonians. He scored a drop goal in a 26–19 win for the Whites.
International career
He was capped eighteen for the rugby union team between 1909 and 1920.
Richard Bath mentions him as one of the three Scottish players "who've gone the longest without (between) scoring a try for Scotland" along with Alan Tait and Gary Armstrong. This is partly because World War I occurred in the middle of his international career, a period in which all international rugby ceased. He was first capped in 1909, scoring two tries in fourteen matches before the Great War. His next four caps came in 1920, and he scored against on 28 February 1920 – just over nine years since his previous try. Scotland won that match 19–0.
Cricket career
He also played for the Scotland national cricket team.
See also
List of Scottish cricket and rugby union players
Jock Wemyss and Charlie Usher, other players capped on both sides of the war.
References
Sources
Bath, Richard (ed.) The Scotland Rugby Miscellany (Vision Sports Publishing Ltd, 2007 )
Massie, Allan A Portrait of Scottish Rugby (Polygon, Edinburgh; )
1889 births
1947 deaths
Cricketers from Sydney
Scottish rugby union players
Scotland international rugby union players
Scottish cricketers
Watsonians RFC players
Rugby union players from Sydney
Whites Trial players
Edinburgh District (rugby union) players
Rugby union centres |
The Ahlon language, Igo, is spoken in the Plateau Region of Togo. It is considered one of the Ghana–Togo Mountain languages of the Kwa family. Variations of its official name are Achlo, Ahlõ, Ahlo, Ahlon-Bogo, Ahonlan, Anlo.
References
Ghana–Togo Mountain languages
Languages of Togo |
Bibliothèque Saint-Jean (BSJ) is an academic and research library at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Overview
The library is located approximately five kilometres east of the main University of Alberta campus. Its mission is to serve the students and professors of Campus Saint-Jean, the University of Alberta's francophone campus. However, it is open to the public; and borrowing options exist for users who do not carry a university ONEcard. As a member of the University of Alberta Libraries, BSJ is also a part of the NEOS library consortium, The Alberta Library and COPPUL. Therefore, users not only have access to the documents and services offered on site, but also to a number of collections and services offered by the other libraries in these networks.
Collection
BSJ's main collection is classified according to the Library of Congress system and includes books and periodicals that support all programs of study offered at Campus Saint-Jean (arts and humanities, social sciences, education, health sciences, natural sciences). Government publications are added to the collection on a regular basis thanks to BSJ's status as a selective depository library for documents published by the Government of Canada. Furthermore, a large collection of documents on microform, including a number of historical Western-Canadian francophone newspapers and the complete EDUQ microfiche collection (all documents published in the field of education in the Canadian province of Quebec from 1981 to 1995) are available. BSJ is also a depository of the National Film Board of Canada's French films.
A collection of historical documents is located in the Salle Durocher. This collection includes rare documents in the areas of francophone history in Western Canada and works by Western-Canadian francophone authors (including but not limited to donated theses, programs of study formerly approved for classroom use by Alberta Education and other works deemed to have an historical value that cannot circulate because they are either fragile or irreplaceable). Also included in the collection are documents from the Mahe v. Alberta trial, which centered on the right of Alberta's francophone minority to separate francophone school boards. All resources found in the historical collection are indexed in the NEOS catalogue.
A collection of pedagogical and children's literature (Collection pédagogique) is mainly classified according to the Dewey Decimal system, with more recent additions to the collection classified according to the Library of Congress system. This collection was created in 1978 to meet the needs of students in the Education program at Campus Saint-Jean. It is also used by educators from other parts of Alberta and Western Canada.
Combined, these collections include over 200,000 documents and 350 periodical subscriptions. Though most documents are in French, some English-language documents are available.
Head librarians
Georges Durocher (1969–1983)
Juliette Henley (1983–2002)
Hélène Larouche (2002–2006)
Tatiana Usova (2007–2017)
Denis Lacroix (interim 2017–2019)
Debbie Feisst (interim 2019–2020)
Christine Brown (2020–the present)
Partnerships and collaboration
The University of Alberta Library is a member of the Association of Research Libraries, Canadian Association of Research Libraries, and is a contributor to the Open Content Alliance
External links
Library Home Page
Libraries in Edmonton
Research libraries in Canada
French-language literature in Canada
Academic libraries in Canada
University of Alberta buildings
University and college buildings completed in 1978
Libraries established in 1978 |
Rhabdochaeta obsoleta is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Rhabdochaeta of the family Tephritidae.
Distribution
Ethiopia.
References
Tephritinae
Insects described in 1924
Taxa named by Mario Bezzi
Diptera of Africa |
Wilhelm Adam (28 March 1893 – 24 November 1978) was an officer in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. Following the German surrender after the Battle of Stalingrad, he became a member of the National Committee for a Free Germany. Adam later served in the National People's Army of East Germany.
World War II
Born in 1893, Adam attended from 1908 to 1913 the teacher training college in Schlüchtern. From October 1913 to January 1919 Adam served in the Imperial German Army. He saw action during World War I and reached the rank of Lieutenant. After the war, Adam joined the Nazi Party and participated in the Beer Hall Putsch. In the 1930s, he joined the Stahlhelm, and later the Sturmabteilung. Adam and his wife had two children, a daughter and a son. His son was killed in France at the start of World War II on 16 May 1940.
In 1939 Adam was appointed an adjutant in the XXIII Army Corps, under the Army Commanders Walther von Reichenau and later in 1941, Friedrich Paulus. On 17 December 1942, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. On 31 January 1943, now a colonel, Adam was captured by the Soviet Army after the surrender at Stalingrad, where he was interrogated by Nikolay Dyatlenko. While a prisoner of war, he went to the Central Anti-Fascist School at Krasnogorsk and became a member of the National Committee for a Free Germany. He was also sentenced to death in absentia by a Nazi German court.
Concerning the war, Adam states, "That the Second World War started by Hitler's Germany was a crime not only against the peoples attacked by us, but also against the German nation, did not occur to us. And because of this, we did not recognize the deeper reasons for the defeat on the Volga, superiority of the socialist state and social system, whose sharp sword was the Soviet army."
Post-war period
In 1948, Adam returned to the Soviet Zone of Germany. He was among the co-founders of the National Democratic Party of Germany, an East German political party that acted as an organization for former members of the Nazi Party and the Wehrmacht. From 1948 to 1949 he worked as a consultant for the Saxony state government. From 1950 to 1952 he was Saxony's finance minister and from 1949 to 1963 a member of East Germany's Volkskammer.
In 1952, Adam became a colonel in the Kasernierte Volkspolizei (KVP) ("Barracked People's Police"), the forerunner of the East German National People's Army. From 1953 to 1956 he was commander of the Officers' College of the KVP – and later became the National People's Army. In 1958, Adam was sent into retirement. He kept on working, though, for the Working Group of Former Officers. In 1968 he was decorated with the Banner of Labor, and on the occasion of the twenty-eighth anniversary of East Germany's founding on 7 October 1977, he was appointed major general, retired in the East German Army.
Adam died on 24 November 1978 in Dresden.
Awards
Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (6 September 1914) & 1st Class (30 September 1917)
Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (26 May 1940) & 1st Class (10 October 1941)
Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 3rd class (2 October 1936)
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 December 1942 as Oberst and adjutant of Armeeoberkommando 6 (Supreme Command of the 6th Army)
Works
Adam, Wilhelm. Der schwere Entschluss, (autobiography), Berlin, 1965.
Adam, W. with Otto Ruhle. With Paulus At Stalingrad, "Pen & Sword Books Ltd.", England, 2015.
References
Citations
Bibliography
1893 births
1978 deaths
People from Main-Kinzig-Kreis
Politicians from Hesse-Nassau
German People's Party politicians
National Democratic Party of Germany (East Germany) politicians
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Members of the 1st Volkskammer
Members of the 2nd Volkskammer
Members of the 3rd Volkskammer
National Committee for a Free Germany members
Major generals of the National People's Army (Ground Forces)
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)
Recipients of the Banner of Labor
People condemned by Nazi courts in absentia
Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch
Stahlhelm members
Sturmabteilung personnel |
```c++
/*
[auto_generated]
boost/numeric/odeint/integrate/integrate_const.hpp
[begin_description]
Constant integration of ODEs, meaning that the state of the ODE is observed on constant time intervals.
The routines makes full use of adaptive and dense-output methods.
[end_description]
(See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or
copy at path_to_url
*/
#ifndef BOOST_NUMERIC_ODEINT_INTEGRATE_INTEGRATE_CONST_HPP_INCLUDED
#define BOOST_NUMERIC_ODEINT_INTEGRATE_INTEGRATE_CONST_HPP_INCLUDED
#include <boost/type_traits/is_same.hpp>
#include <boost/numeric/odeint/stepper/stepper_categories.hpp>
#include <boost/numeric/odeint/iterator/integrate/null_observer.hpp>
#include <boost/numeric/odeint/iterator/integrate/detail/integrate_const.hpp>
#include <boost/numeric/odeint/iterator/integrate/detail/integrate_adaptive.hpp>
namespace boost {
namespace numeric {
namespace odeint {
/*
* Integrates with constant time step dt.
*/
template< class Stepper , class System , class State , class Time , class Observer >
size_t integrate_const(
Stepper stepper , System system , State &start_state ,
Time start_time , Time end_time , Time dt ,
Observer observer
)
{
typedef typename odeint::unwrap_reference< Stepper >::type::stepper_category stepper_category;
// we want to get as fast as possible to the end
if( boost::is_same< null_observer , Observer >::value )
{
return detail::integrate_adaptive(
stepper , system , start_state ,
start_time , end_time , dt ,
observer , stepper_category() );
}
else
{
return detail::integrate_const( stepper , system , start_state ,
start_time , end_time , dt ,
observer , stepper_category() );
}
}
/**
* \brief Second version to solve the forwarding problem,
* can be called with Boost.Range as start_state.
*/
template< class Stepper , class System , class State , class Time , class Observer >
size_t integrate_const(
Stepper stepper , System system , const State &start_state ,
Time start_time , Time end_time , Time dt ,
Observer observer
)
{
typedef typename odeint::unwrap_reference< Stepper >::type::stepper_category stepper_category;
// we want to get as fast as possible to the end
if( boost::is_same< null_observer , Observer >::value )
{
return detail::integrate_adaptive(
stepper , system , start_state ,
start_time , end_time , dt ,
observer , stepper_category() );
}
else
{
return detail::integrate_const( stepper , system , start_state ,
start_time , end_time , dt ,
observer , stepper_category() );
}
}
/**
* \brief integrate_const without observer calls
*/
template< class Stepper , class System , class State , class Time >
size_t integrate_const(
Stepper stepper , System system , State &start_state ,
Time start_time , Time end_time , Time dt
)
{
return integrate_const( stepper , system , start_state , start_time , end_time , dt , null_observer() );
}
/**
* \brief Second version to solve the forwarding problem,
* can be called with Boost.Range as start_state.
*/
template< class Stepper , class System , class State , class Time >
size_t integrate_const(
Stepper stepper , System system , const State &start_state ,
Time start_time , Time end_time , Time dt
)
{
return integrate_const( stepper , system , start_state , start_time , end_time , dt , null_observer() );
}
/********* DOXYGEN *********/
/**
* \fn integrate_const( Stepper stepper , System system , State &start_state , Time start_time , Time end_time , Time dt , Observer observer )
* \brief Integrates the ODE with constant step size.
*
* Integrates the ODE defined by system using the given stepper.
* This method ensures that the observer is called at constant intervals dt.
* If the Stepper is a normal stepper without step size control, dt is also
* used for the numerical scheme. If a ControlledStepper is provided, the
* algorithm might reduce the step size to meet the error bounds, but it is
* ensured that the observer is always called at equidistant time points
* t0 + n*dt. If a DenseOutputStepper is used, the step size also may vary
* and the dense output is used to call the observer at equidistant time
* points.
*
* \param stepper The stepper to be used for numerical integration.
* \param system Function/Functor defining the rhs of the ODE.
* \param start_state The initial condition x0.
* \param start_time The initial time t0.
* \param end_time The final integration time tend.
* \param dt The time step between observer calls, _not_ necessarily the
* time step of the integration.
* \param observer Function/Functor called at equidistant time intervals.
* \return The number of steps performed.
*/
} // namespace odeint
} // namespace numeric
} // namespace boost
#endif // BOOST_NUMERIC_ODEINT_INTEGRATE_INTEGRATE_CONST_HPP_INCLUDED
``` |
Raja Todar Mal (1 January 1500 – 8 November 1589) was the Finance Minister (Diwan-i-Ashraff) of the Mughal empire during the reign of Emperor Akbar I. He was also the Vakil-us-Sultanat (Counsellor of the Empire) and Joint Wazir. He was one of the premier nobles in the Mughal Empire and was a Mansabdar of 4000. He was one of the Navaratnas in Akbar's court. Under Todar Mal, there were 15 other Dewans nominated for 15 Subahs of Akbar.
Life
Todar Mal was born in the town of Laharpur in present-day Uttar Pradesh in a Hindu family, considered by historians as either Agarwal, Khatri or Kayastha. Todar Mal's father died when he was very young leaving no means of livelihood for him. Todar Mal started his career from the humble position of a writer but slowly moved up the ranks when Sher Shah Suri, the Sur emperor, assigned him to the charge of building a new fort of Rohtas in Punjab with the objective of preventing Ghakhar raids and to also act as a barrier to the Mughals in the north-west.
After the Sur dynasty was overthrown by the Mughals, Todar Mal continued in the service of the ruling power, which was now the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Under Akbar, he was placed in charge of Agra. Later, he was made governor of Gujarat. At various times, he also managed Akbar's Mint at Bengal and served in Punjab. Todar Mal's most significant contribution, which is appreciated even today, is that he overhauled the revenue system of Akbar's Mughal empire. Raja Todar Mal built a fortress-palace at Laharpur in the Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh.
Beveridge records that Raja Todar Mal had got leave from Akbar and was on his way to Haridwar, but he received a letter from Akbar in which the latter is said to have written that "it was better to go on working and doing good to the world than to go on a pilgrimage." Todar Mal also translated Bhagavata Purana into Persian.
Following Todar Mal's death on 8 November 1589 in Lahore, his body was cremated according to the Hindu traditions. Raja Bhagwan Das, his colleague in the charge of Lahore, was present at the ceremony. Of his two sons, Dhari was killed in a battle in Sindh. Another son, Kalyan Das, was sent by Todar Mal to subdue the Raja of Kumaon in the Himalayas. He rose to become the Finance Minister in Akbar's Darbar.
As a soldier
Todar Mal is recognized as an able warrior, who led in various battles.
In Malwa
In July 1564, Todar Mal accompanied Akbar in his campaign against Abdullah Khan Uzbeg, the subahdar of Malwa, who had revolted against the imperial authority. No reason of 'Abdullah's rebellion is furnished by the contemporary writers. Probably, having got the post of a governor he became power-corrupt and decided to become independent. Akbar became very much disturbed and decided to punish him. The emperor started his march on the pretext of elephant hunting on 2 July 1564. The imperial army reached the village Liwani in Indore on 5 August and on the 6th completely defeated 'Abdullah Khan Uzbeg, who fled to Gujarat. The imperial forces returned to the capital on 9 October 1564.
According to Abu-l-Fazl there were 300 officers with the emperor on the day of victory. He gives the name of thirty (30) officers including that of Todar Mal As there is no other mention of Todar Mal's activities, it can be stated that he was with Akbar in his Malwa expedition from start to finish (2 July – 9 October 1564).
As a Finance minister of Akbar
Todar Mal succeeded Khwaja Malik I'timad Khan in 1560. Raja Todar Mal introduced standard weights and measures, a land survey and settlement system, revenue districts and officers. This system of maintenance by Patwari is still used in Indian Subcontinent which was improved by British Raj and Government of India.
Raja Todar Mal, as finance minister of Akbar, introduced a new system of revenue known as zabt and a system of taxation called dahsala. His revenue collection arrangement came to be known as the Todarmal's Bandobast
He took a careful survey of crop yields and prices cultivated for a 10-year period 1570–1580. On this basis, tax was fixed on each crop in cash. Each province was divided into revenue circles with their own rates of revenue and a schedule of individual crops. This system was prevalent where the Mughal administration could survey the land and keep careful accounts. For the revenue system, Akbar's territory was divided into 15 Subahs, which were further subdivided into a total of 187 Sarkars across 15 subahs, and those 187 sarkars (sirkar) were further subdivided into a total of 3367 Mahals or Pargana. Several Mahals were grouped into Dasturs, a unit between Mahal and Sirkar. Portion of larger Mahal or Pargana was called taraf. Mahals was subdivided into standardised Bighas. A Bigha was made of 3600 Ilahi Gaj, which is roughly half of modern acre. Unit of measurement was standardised to Ilahi Gaj, which was equivalent to 41 fingers (29-32 inches). Lead measuring rope, called Tenab, was also standardised by joining pieces of Bamboo with iron rings so that the length of Tenab did not vary with seasonal changes.
This system was not applicable in the provinces like Gujarat and Bengal.
Sometime between 1582 and 1584, as finance minister, Raja Todar Mal issued a decree which stated that all Mughal administration was to be written in Persian and in the "Iranian style". The decree also stated that the Mughal administration was to be staffed by Iranian and Hindu clerks, secretaries and scribes.His systematic approach to revenue collection became a model for the future Mughals as well as the British.
Death
Todar Mal died in Lahore on 8 November 1589.
Legacy
The Kashi Vishwanath Temple was rebuilt in 1585 by Todar Mal. This temple was later demolished by Aurangzeb, who had the Gyanvapi Mosque built on its ruins. The current Kashi Vishwanath Temple was built later by Ahilyabai Holkar on an adjacent plot of land.
The academic consensus holds that Persian rose to become the dominant language of the Mughal government after the 1582-1584 administrative decree was issued by Raja Todar Mal. Persian would hold such status within the Mughal bureaucracy all the way into early colonial India; eventually, in the 1830s, it would lose such status as the British made coordinated attempts to replace it with English (see also; English Education Act 1835).
In popular culture
In the historical serial, Bharat Ek Khoj, Todar Mal was played by popular character actor, Harish Patel in the two episodes (Episodes 32 and 33) on the life and times of Emperor Akbar.
Todar Mal is featured in the video games Sid Meier's Civilization IV: Beyond the Sword, Sid Meier's Civilization V: Gods and Kings, and most recently in Sid Meier's Civilization VI as a "great merchant".
In the Indian movie Jodhaa Akbar, Raja Todar Mal is portrayed by Pramod Moutho.
In the Indian historical fiction television series Jodha Akbar, Todar Mal is portrayed by Shaurya Singh.
References
Resources
"Abū al-Fażl “ʿAllāmī” ibn Mubārak, Šayḫ" and "The Ain i Akbari", vol. 1. Persian Texts in Translation, The Packard Humanities Institute.
The Akbarnama also is available online at: http://persian.packhum.org/persian/
External links
http://www.engr.mun.ca/~asharan/TODARMAL/TODARMALV6.pdf
Mughal nobility
Medieval India
16th-century Indian monarchs
1589 deaths
Indian Hindus
Akbar
1500 births
Sur Empire |
William Ellam Allen (1880–1960) was an acting director of the U.S. Bureau of Investigation (BOI) during 1919. The BOI was a predecessor of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
A former assistant in war matters to the chief of the Bureau of Investigation, Allen was appointed acting director on February 10, 1919. Allen resigned the post from June 30, 1919, and was replaced by William J. Flynn.
References
Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
People from Texas
1880 births
1960 deaths |
The Ukrainian surma () is a type of shawm that had widespread use in the armies of the Cossack host. It is thought that the instrument was introduced into Ukraine from the Caucasus or Turkey where the similar instruments exist with related names such as zurna and surnai.
The term is also often used to describe a type of wooden trumpet.
The surma is made of wood with a conical bore, having a bell at one end and a double reed similar to that used in the oboe at the other. It usually has nine to ten finger-holes and is capable of chromatic sounds through a range of dynamics. The instrument is reminiscent of the sound of the oboe. Presently the surma has found its way into the sound of Ukrainian folk instruments in a range of sizes such as prima, alto and bass.
The word surma is also a common surname in the Ukrainian population.
See also
Ukrainian folk music
Sources
Humeniuk, A. - Ukrainski narodni muzychni instrumenty - Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1967
Mizynec, V. - Ukrainian Folk Instruments - Melbourne: Bayda books, 1984
Cherkaskyi, L. - Ukrainski narodni muzychni instrumenty // Tekhnika, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2003 - 262 pages.
Double-reed instruments
Ukrainian musical instruments |
Donggala Regency is a regency in the Central Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. It lies between 0° 30" north and 2°20" south latitude, and between 119° 45°" and 121° 45" east longitude, and covers a land area of 5,275.69 km2. It had a population of 277,236 at the 2010 Census and 300,436 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 305,890. The administrative capital of Donggala Regency is the town of Banawa, located a 30-minute drive (34 km) northwest from the city of Palu, the capital of the province.
History
Before the Dutch assumed administration in 1904 under Governor-General J. B. van Heutsz, the Central Sulawesi area was the home of eight small kingdoms (kerajaan): Palu, Sigi Dolo, Kulawi, Biromaru, Banawa, Tawaili, Parigi, and Moutong.
In September 2018, Donggala and Palu City suffered heavy casualties due to the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami.
Administrative Districts
The Dongala Regency is divided into sixteen districts (kecamatan). These are physically divided into two non-contiguous sections, lying to the west and to the east of the Palu River Valley respectively, and separated from each other by Palu city and the Sigi Regency. The first (southern) section comprises five districts, of which the northern Banawa and Banawa Tengah (together known as Donggala town) were the areas grievously inundated by the 2018 earthquake and tsunami. The second (northern) section comprises eleven districts, stretching south to north along the west coast of Sulawesi's northern peninsula.
These districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates of population as at mid 2022. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 158 rural desa and 9 urban kelurahan - the latter all in Banawa District), and its postal codes.
Notes: (a) including 2 offshore islands. (b) including 2 offshore islands. (c) including 17 offshore islands. (d) including 3 offshore islands. (e) including 6 offshore islands.
2013
Many of the districts of Donggala Regency, together with Palu City and some of the districts of Sigi Regency, were covered in the Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang (Long-Term Development Plan) as of 2013. In all, the area of the Plan covered twenty-one districts.
Tourist attractions
Tanjung Karang Beach, Donggala, Labuan Bajo, Banawa
Pusentasi (pusat Laut), Towale
Boneoge Beach, Banawa
Anjungan Gonenggati, Banawa
Kabonga Beach, Banawa
Art & Culture, Home Industry, Sarong Donggala, Salubomba village, Limboro,Watusampu, Kola-Kola, Ganti, Kabonga, Loli, Wani
Gonenggati Mangrove Forest, Kabonga Besar, Banawa
Enu Beach, Enu
Bambarano Beach
Kalukku Beach, Limboro
Hayalan Beach, Salubomba
Lembasada Beach, Lembasada
Surumana Beach, Surumana
Tosale Beach, Tosale
Batusuya Beach, Batusuya
Salur Beach, Sioyong, Sabang
Taipa Beach, Taipa
Parimpi Indah Beach, Lende, Sirenja
Saget Beach and LendeNtovea, Sojol Utara
Majang Beach, Long Village, Damsol
Sivalenta Beach Sirenja
Salumbone Beach, Salumbone
Labuana Beach, Lende Ntovea, Sirenja
Lake Talaga
Lake Dampelas
Rano Lake
Lino Lake, Lino
Talaga Lake, Dampelas
Kaledo (soup)
Bambahano, Sabang
Pasoso Island, Balaesang
Maputi Island, Pangalaseang
Taring Island, Lenju, Sojol Utara
Loli Tasiburi Waterfall
Powelua Waterfall, Banawa Tengah
Walandanu Waterfall, Balaesang
Bou Waterfall, Bou, Damsol
Nupabomba Waterfall, Nupabomba
Bale Waterfall, Bale, Tanantovea
Ogoamas Waterfall, Sojol Utara
Hotspring, Tambu Village
Camping Ground Nupabomba, Nupabomba
Pemandian Loli Indah, Loli Oge, Banawa
Nature Reserve Sojol Mountain, Sojol
References
Regencies of Central Sulawesi |
Tarnowski Młyn may refer to:
Tarnowski Młyn, Turek County, a village in the administrative district of Gmina Władysławów, Poland
Tarnowski Młyn, Złotów County, a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Tarnówka, Poland |
The Windsor Castle is a Grade II listed public house at 114 Campden Hill Road near Holland Park, London.
Located on the corner of Campden Hill Road and Peel Street, the pub was built in about 1826 for the Chiswick brewers Douglas and Henry Thompson, on land rented on a 99-year lease from landowner John Ward. The architect is unknown. Remodelled in 1933, the pub is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.
References
1826 establishments in England
19th-century architecture in the United Kingdom
Pubs in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Commercial buildings completed in 1826
Grade II listed pubs in London
Kensington
National Inventory Pubs
Grade II listed buildings in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea |
Ronald Scott Sugden (25 May 1896 – 26 March 1971) was an English first-class cricketer and Royal Air Force officer. Sugden initially served in the Royal Navy during the First World War, transferring in 1916 to the Royal Naval Air Service. With the merger of the Royal Naval Air Service into the newly formed Royal Air Force in April 1918, he was transferred to the newly founded service. He won the Air Force Cross in the latter stages of the war, and later played first-class cricket for the Royal Air Force cricket team. He served during the Second World War and following his retirement he served as the High Sheriff of Glamorgan in 1957.
Life and military career
Sugden served in the Royal Navy during the First World War, holding the rank of sub-lieutenant in September 1916. By December 1916, he was serving in the Royal Naval Air Service as a flight lieutenant. Holding the rank of captain by December 1918, Sugden was awarded the Air Force Cross in the 1919 New Year Honours. He was demobilised in September 1920, at which point he was serving with the Royal Air Force as a flight lieutenant. He was restored to service in July 1921.
He later made his debut in first-class cricket for the Royal Air Force cricket team against the Royal Navy at Chatham in 1929. He made a second first-class appearance in 1930 against the Army at The Oval. He held the rank of wing commander prior to the start of the Second World War, during which he was promoted to the rank of group captain in March 1940. He was mentioned in dispatches in January 1945. He was made a CBE in the 1945 Birthday Honours. He retired from active service in June 1946, retaining the rank of group captain.
He was nominated for the ceremonial role of High Sheriff of Glamorgan in 1955, though ultimately it went to Charles Reginald Wheeler. He was again nominated in November 1955, but was again unsuccessful. He was successfully nominated in November 1956, serving as High Sheriff of Glamorgan for 1957. He died in March 1971 at Dinas Powys, Glamorgan.
References
External links
1896 births
1971 deaths
People from Aintree
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton
Cricketers from Merseyside
Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Royal Naval Air Service personnel of World War I
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
English cricketers
Royal Air Force cricketers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
High Sheriffs of Glamorgan
Military personnel from Liverpool |
```go
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package docker
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"io"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/errdefs"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/log"
)
const maxRetry = 3
type httpReadSeeker struct {
size int64
offset int64
rc io.ReadCloser
open func(offset int64) (io.ReadCloser, error)
closed bool
errsWithNoProgress int
}
func newHTTPReadSeeker(size int64, open func(offset int64) (io.ReadCloser, error)) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
return &httpReadSeeker{
size: size,
open: open,
}, nil
}
func (hrs *httpReadSeeker) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
if hrs.closed {
return 0, io.EOF
}
rd, err := hrs.reader()
if err != nil {
return 0, err
}
n, err = rd.Read(p)
hrs.offset += int64(n)
if n > 0 || err == nil {
hrs.errsWithNoProgress = 0
}
if err == io.ErrUnexpectedEOF {
// connection closed unexpectedly. try reconnecting.
if n == 0 {
hrs.errsWithNoProgress++
if hrs.errsWithNoProgress > maxRetry {
return // too many retries for this offset with no progress
}
}
if hrs.rc != nil {
if clsErr := hrs.rc.Close(); clsErr != nil {
log.L.WithError(clsErr).Error("httpReadSeeker: failed to close ReadCloser")
}
hrs.rc = nil
}
if _, err2 := hrs.reader(); err2 == nil {
return n, nil
}
} else if err == io.EOF {
// The CRI's imagePullProgressTimeout relies on responseBody.Close to
// update the process monitor's status. If the err is io.EOF, close
// the connection since there is no more available data.
if hrs.rc != nil {
if clsErr := hrs.rc.Close(); clsErr != nil {
log.L.WithError(clsErr).Error("httpReadSeeker: failed to close ReadCloser after io.EOF")
}
hrs.rc = nil
}
}
return
}
func (hrs *httpReadSeeker) Close() error {
if hrs.closed {
return nil
}
hrs.closed = true
if hrs.rc != nil {
return hrs.rc.Close()
}
return nil
}
func (hrs *httpReadSeeker) Seek(offset int64, whence int) (int64, error) {
if hrs.closed {
return 0, fmt.Errorf("Fetcher.Seek: closed: %w", errdefs.ErrUnavailable)
}
abs := hrs.offset
switch whence {
case io.SeekStart:
abs = offset
case io.SeekCurrent:
abs += offset
case io.SeekEnd:
if hrs.size == -1 {
return 0, fmt.Errorf("Fetcher.Seek: unknown size, cannot seek from end: %w", errdefs.ErrUnavailable)
}
abs = hrs.size + offset
default:
return 0, fmt.Errorf("Fetcher.Seek: invalid whence: %w", errdefs.ErrInvalidArgument)
}
if abs < 0 {
return 0, fmt.Errorf("Fetcher.Seek: negative offset: %w", errdefs.ErrInvalidArgument)
}
if abs != hrs.offset {
if hrs.rc != nil {
if err := hrs.rc.Close(); err != nil {
log.L.WithError(err).Error("Fetcher.Seek: failed to close ReadCloser")
}
hrs.rc = nil
}
hrs.offset = abs
}
return hrs.offset, nil
}
func (hrs *httpReadSeeker) reader() (io.Reader, error) {
if hrs.rc != nil {
return hrs.rc, nil
}
if hrs.size == -1 || hrs.offset < hrs.size {
// only try to reopen the body request if we are seeking to a value
// less than the actual size.
if hrs.open == nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot open: %w", errdefs.ErrNotImplemented)
}
rc, err := hrs.open(hrs.offset)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("httpReadSeeker: failed open: %w", err)
}
if hrs.rc != nil {
if err := hrs.rc.Close(); err != nil {
log.L.WithError(err).Error("httpReadSeeker: failed to close ReadCloser")
}
}
hrs.rc = rc
} else {
// There is an edge case here where offset == size of the content. If
// we seek, we will probably get an error for content that cannot be
// sought (?). In that case, we should err on committing the content,
// as the length is already satisfied but we just return the empty
// reader instead.
hrs.rc = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader([]byte{}))
}
return hrs.rc, nil
}
``` |
Defibrotide, sold under the brand name Defitelio, is a mixture of single-stranded oligonucleotides that is purified from the intestinal mucosa of pigs. It is used to treat veno-occlusive disease of the liver of people having had a bone marrow transplant, with different limitations in the US and the European Union. It works by protecting the cells lining blood vessels in the liver and preventing blood clotting; the way it does this is not well understood.
The most common side effects include abnormally low blood pressure (hypotension), diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and nosebleeds (epistaxis). Serious potential side effects that were identified include bleeding (hemorrhage) and allergic reactions. Defibrotide should not be used in people who are having bleeding complications or who are taking blood thinners or other medicines that reduce the body's ability to form clots. Use of the drug is generally limited by a strong risk of life-threatening bleeding in the brain, eyes, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and nose. Some people have hypersensitivity reactions.
Defibrotide was approved for medical use in the European Union in October 2013, in the United States in March 2016, and in Australia in July 2020. Defibrotide is the first FDA-approved therapy for treatment of severe hepatic VOD, a rare and life-threatening liver condition.
Medical uses
In the European Union defibrotide is indicated for the treatment of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) also known as sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS) in hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) therapy for adults, adolescents, children, and infants over one month of age.
Defibrotide is used to treat veno-occlusive disease of the liver of people having had a bone marrow transplant, with different limitations in the US and the European Union. As of 2016, however, randomized placebo controlled trials have not been done.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a procedure performed in some people to treat certain blood or bone marrow cancers. Immediately before an HSCT procedure, a patient receives chemotherapy. Hepatic VOD can occur in people who receive chemotherapy and HSCT. Hepatic VOD is a condition in which some of the veins in the liver become blocked, causing swelling and a decrease in blood flow inside the liver, which may lead to liver damage. In the most severe form of hepatic VOD, the patient may also develop failure of the kidneys and lungs. Fewer than two percent of people develop severe hepatic VOD after HSCT, but as many as 80 percent of people who develop severe hepatic VOD do not survive.
It is administered by intravenous infusion in a doctor's office or clinic.
Contraindications
Use of defibrotide for people who are already taking anticoagulants is dangerous and use of other drugs that affect platelet aggregation, like NSAIDs, should be done with care. Defibrotide should not be given to people who have a difficult time maintaining a steady blood pressure.
Adverse effects
There is a high risk of bleeding and some people have had hypersensitivity reactions to defibrotide.
Common adverse effects, occurring in between 1 and 10% of people, included impaired blood clotting, vomiting, low blood pressure, bleeding in the brain, eyes, lungs, stomach or intestines, in the urine, and at catheterization sites.
Other side effects have included diarrhea, nosebleeds, sepsis, graft vs host disease, and pneumonia.
Pregnant women should not take defibrotide and women should not become pregnant while taking it; it has not been tested in pregnant women but at normal doses it caused hemolytic abortion in rats.
Pharmacology
Defibrotide's mechanism of action is poorly understood. In vitro studies have shown that it protects the endothelium lining blood vessels from damage by fludarabine, a chemotherapy drug, and from a few other insults like serum starvation. It also appears to increase t-PA function and decrease plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity.
Chemistry
Defibrotide is a mixture of single-stranded oligonucleotides. The chemical name is polydeoxyribonucleotide, sodium salt. It is purified from the intestinal mucosa of pigs.
History
The efficacy of defibrotide was investigated in 528 participants treated in three studies: two prospective clinical trials and an expanded access study. The participants enrolled in all three studies had a diagnosis of hepatic VOD with liver or kidney abnormalities after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The studies measured the percentage of participants who were still alive 100 days after HSCT (overall survival). In the three studies, 38 to 45 percent of participants treated with defibrotide were alive 100 days after HSCT. Based on published reports and analyses of participant-level data, the expected survival rates 100 days after HSCT would be 21 to 31 percent for participants with severe hepatic VOD who received only supportive care or interventions other than defibrotide.
Society and culture
Legal status
Defibrotide was approved in the European Union for use in treating veno-occlusive disease of the liver of people having had a bone marrow transplant in 2013; Gentium had developed it. At the end of that year, Jazz Pharmaceuticals acquired Gentium.
In March 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it for a similar use. Defibrotide is the first FDA-approved therapy for treatment of severe hepatic VOD, a rare and life-threatening liver condition. The FDA granted the application for defibrotide priority review status and orphan drug designation. The FDA granted approval of Defitelio to Jazz Pharmaceuticals.
Defibrotide was approved for medical use in Japan in June 2019.
Defibrotide was approved for medical use in Australia in July 2020.
References
Further reading
External links
Anticoagulants
Orphan drugs |
The National Rally (, ; RN), until 2018 known as the National Front (, ; FN), is a far-right political party in France. It is the largest parliamentary opposition group in the National Assembly and the party has seen its candidate reach the second round in the 2002, 2017 and 2022 presidential elections. It is an anti-immigration party, advocating significant cuts to legal immigration and protection of French identity, as well as stricter control of illegal immigration. It also advocates for a 'more balanced' and 'independent' French foreign policy by opposing French military intervention in Africa and by distancing France from the American sphere of influence by leaving NATO's integrated command. It supports reform of the European Union (EU) and its related organisations. It also supports economic interventionism and protectionism, and zero tolerance of breaches of law and order. The party has been accused of promoting xenophobia and antisemitism.
The party was founded in 1972 to unify the French nationalist movement. Its political views are nationalist, nativist and anti-globalist. Jean-Marie Le Pen founded the party and was its leader until his resignation in 2011. While the party struggled as a marginal force for its first ten years, it has been a major force of French nationalism since 1984. It has put forward a candidate at every presidential election but one since 1974. In 2002, Jean-Marie came second in the first round, but finished a distant second in the runoff to Jacques Chirac. His daughter Marine Le Pen was elected to succeed him as party leader in 2012. She temporarily stepped down in 2017 in order to concentrate on her presidential candidacy; she resumed her presidency after the election. She headed the party until 2021, when she temporarily resigned again. A year later, Jordan Bardella was elected as her successor.
The party has seen an increase in its popularity and acceptance in French society in recent years. While her father was nicknamed the "Devil of the Republic" by mainstream media and sparked outrage for hate speech, including Holocaust denial and Islamophobia, Marine Le Pen pursued a policy of "de-demonisation" of the party by softening its image and trying to frame the party as being neither right nor left. She endeavoured to extract it from its far-right roots, as well as censuring controversial members like her father, who was suspended and then expelled from the party in 2015. Following her election as the leader of the party in 2011, the popularity of the FN grew. By 2015, the FN had established itself as a major political party in France.
At the FN congress of 2018, Marine Le Pen proposed renaming the party Rassemblement national (National Rally), and this was confirmed by a ballot of party members. Formerly strongly Eurosceptic, the National Rally changed policies in 2019, deciding to campaign for a reform of the EU rather than leaving it and to keep the euro as the main currency of France (together with the CFP franc for some collectivities). In 2021, Le Pen announced that she wanted to remain in the Schengen Area, citing "an attachment to the European spirit", but to reserve free movement to nationals of a European Economic Area country, excluding residents and visitors of another Schengen country.
Le Pen reached the second round of the 2017 presidential election, receiving 33.9% of the votes in the run-off and losing to Emmanuel Macron. Again in the 2022 election, she faced Macron in the run-off, receiving 41.45% of the votes. In the 2022 parliamentary elections, the National Rally, increased the number of its MPs in the National Assembly from 7 to 89 seats.
Background
The party's ideological roots can be traced to both Poujadism, a populist, small business tax protest movement founded in 1953 by Pierre Poujade and right-wing dismay over the decision by French President Charles de Gaulle to abandon his promise of holding on to the colony of French Algeria, (many , including Le Pen, were part of an inner circle of returned servicemen known as ). During the 1965 presidential election, Le Pen unsuccessfully attempted to consolidate the right-wing vote around the right-wing presidential candidate Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour. Throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, the French far-right consisted mainly of small extreme movements such as , (GUD), and the (ON).
Espousing France's Catholic and monarchist traditions, one of the primary progenitors of the party was the , founded at the end of the 19th century, and its descendants in the Restauration Nationale, a pro-monarchy group that supports the claim of the Count of Paris to the French throne.
History
Early years
Foundation (1972–1973)
While the ON had competed in some local elections since 1970, at its second congress in June 1972 it decided to establish a new political party to contest the 1973 legislative elections. The party was launched on 5 October 1972 under the name National Front for French Unity (Front national pour l'unité française), or Front National. In order to create a broad movement, the ON sought to model the new party (as it earlier had sought to model itself) on the more established Italian Social Movement (MSI), which at the time appeared to establish a broad coalition for the Italian right. The FN adopted a French version of the MSI tricolour flame as its logo. It wanted to unite the various French far-right currents, and brought together "nationals" of Le Pen's group and Roger Holeindre's Party of French Unity; "nationalists" from Pierre Bousquet's Militant movement or François Brigneau's and Alain Robert's Ordre Nouveau; the anti-Gaullist Georges Bidault's Justice and Liberty movement; as well as former Poujadists, Algerian War veterans, and some monarchists, among others. Le Pen was chosen to be the first president of the party, as he was untainted with the militant public image of the ON and was a relatively moderate figure on the far-right.
The National Front fared poorly in the 1973 legislative elections, receiving 0.5% of the national vote (although Le Pen won 5% in his Paris constituency). In 1973 the party created a youth movement, the Front national de la jeunesse (National Front of the Youth, FNJ). The rhetoric used in the campaign stressed old far-right themes and was largely uninspiring to the electorate at the time. Otherwise, its official program at this point was relatively moderate, differing little from the mainstream right. Le Pen sought the "total fusion" of the currents in the party, and warned against crude activism. The FNJ were banned from the party later that year. The move towards the mainstream cost it many leading members and much of its militant base.
In the 1974 presidential election, Le Pen failed to find a mobilising theme for his campaign. Many of its major issues, such as anti-communism, were shared by most of the mainstream right. Other FN issues included calls for increased French birth rates, immigration reduction (although this was downplayed), establishment of a professional army, abrogation of the Évian Accords, and generally the creation of a "French and European renaissance." Despite being the only nationalist candidate, he failed to gain the support of a united far-right, as the various groups either rallied behind other candidates or called for voter abstention. The campaign further lost ground when the Revolutionary Communist League published a denunciation of Le Pen's alleged involvement in torture during his time in Algeria. In his first presidential election, Le Pen gained only 0.8% of the national vote.
FN–PFN rivalry (1973–1981)
Following the 1974 election, the FN was obscured by the appearance of the Party of New Forces (PFN), founded by FN dissidents (largely from the ON). Their competition weakened both parties throughout the 1970s. Along with the growing influence of François Duprat and his "revolutionary nationalists", the FN gained several new groups of supporters in the late 1970s and early 1980s: Jean-Pierre Stirbois (1977) and his "solidarists", Bruno Gollnisch (1983), Bernard Antony (1984) and his Catholic fundamentalists, as well as Jean-Yves Le Gallou (1985) and the Nouvelle Droite. Following the death of Duprat in a bomb attack in 1978, the revolutionary nationalists left the party, while Stirbois became Le Pen's deputy as his solidarists effectively ousted the neo-fascist tendency in the party leadership. A radical group split off in 1980 and founded the French Nationalist Party, dismissing the FN as becoming too Zionist and Le Pen as the "puppet" of the Jews. The far right was marginalised altogether in the 1978 legislative elections, although the PFN was better off. For the first election for the European Parliament in 1979, the PFN had become part of an attempt to build a "Euro-Right" alliance of European far-right parties, and was in the end the only one of the two that contested the election. It fielded Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour as its primary candidate, while Le Pen called for voter abstention.
For the 1981 presidential election, both Le Pen and Pascal Gauchon of the PFN declared their intentions to run. However, an increased requirement regarding obtaining signatures of support from elected officials had been introduced for the election, which left both Le Pen and Gauchon unable to stand for the election. In France, parties have to secure support from a specific number of elected officials, from a specific number of departments, in order to be eligible to run for election. In 1976, the number of required elected officials was increased fivefold from the 1974 presidential cycle, and the number of departments threefold. The election was won by François Mitterrand of the Socialist Party (PS), which gave the political left national power for the first time in the Fifth Republic; he then dissolved the National Assembly and called a snap legislative election. The PS attained its best ever result with an absolute majority in the 1981 legislative election. This "socialist takeover" led to a radicalisation in centre-right, anti-communist, and anti-socialist voters. With only three weeks to prepare its campaign, the FN fielded only a limited number of candidates and won only 0.2% of the national vote. The PFN was even worse off, and the election marked the effective end of competition from the party.
Jean-Marie Le Pen's leadership
Electoral breakthrough (1982–1988)
While the French party system had been dominated by polarisation and competition between the clear-cut ideological alternatives of two political blocs in the 1970s, the two blocs had largely moved towards the centre by the mid-1980s. This led many voters to perceive the blocs as more or less indistinguishable, particularly after the Socialists' "austerity turn" (tournant de la rigueur) of 1983, in turn inducing them to seek out to new political alternatives. By October 1982, Le Pen supported the prospect of deals with the mainstream right, provided that the FN did not have to soften its position on key issues. In the 1983 municipal elections, the centre-right Rally for the Republic (RPR) and centrist Union for French Democracy (UDF) formed alliances with the FN in a number of towns. The most notable result came in the 20th arrondissement of Paris, where Le Pen was elected to the local council with 11% of the vote. Later by-elections kept media attention on the party, and it was for the first time allowed to pose as a viable component of the broader right. In a by-election in Dreux in October, the FN won 17% of the vote. With the choice of defeat to the political left or dealing with the FN, the local RPR and UDF agreed to form an alliance with the FN, creating national sensation, and together won the second round with 55% of the vote. The events in Dreux were a monumental factor for the rise of the FN.
Le Pen protested the media boycott against his party by sending letters to President Mitterrand in mid-1982. After some exchanges of letters, Mitterrand instructed the heads of the main television channels to give equitable coverage to the FN. In January 1984, the party made its first appearance in a monthly poll of political popularity, in which 9% of respondents held a "positive opinion" of the FN and some support for Le Pen. The next month, Le Pen was for the first time invited onto a prime-time television interview programme, which he himself later deemed "the hour that changed everything". The 1984 European elections in June came as a shock, as the FN won 11% of the vote and ten seats. Notably, the election used proportional representation and was considered to have a low level of importance by the public, which played to the party's advantage. The FN made inroads in both right-wing and left-wing constituencies, and finished second in a number of towns. While many Socialists had arguably exploited the party in order to divide the right, Mitterrand later conceded that he had underestimated Le Pen. By July, 17% of opinion poll respondents held a positive opinion of the FN.
By the early 1980s, the FN featured a mosaic of ideological tendencies and attracted figures who were previously resistant to the party. The party managed to draw supporters from the mainstream right, including some high-profile defectors from the RPR, UDF, and the National Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP). In the 1984 European elections, eleven of the 81 FN candidates came from these parties, and the party's list also included an Arab and a Jew (although in unwinnable positions). Former collaborators were also accepted in the party, as Le Pen urged the need for "reconciliation", arguing that forty years after the war the only important question was whether or not "they wish to serve their country". The FN won 8.7% overall support in the 1985 cantonal elections, and over 30% in some areas.
For the 1986 legislative elections, the FN took advantage of a new proportional representation system that had been imposed by Mitterrand in order to moderate a foreseeable defeat for his PS. In the election, the FN won 9.8% of the vote and 35 seats in the National Assembly. Many of its seats could be filled by a new wave of respectable political operatives, notables, who had joined the party after its 1984 success. The RPR won a majority with smaller centre-right parties, and thus avoided the need to deal with the FN. Although it was unable to exercise any real political influence, the party could project an image of political legitimacy. Several of its legislative proposals were extremely controversial and had a socially reactionary and xenophobic character, among them attempts to restore the death penalty, expel foreigners who "proportionally committed more crimes than the French", restrict naturalisation, introduce a "national preference" for employment, impose taxes on the hiring of foreigners by French companies, and privatise Agence France-Presse. The party's time in the National Assembly effectively came to an end when Jacques Chirac reinstated the two-round system of majority voting for the next election. In the regional elections held on the same day, it won 137 seats, and gained representation in 21 of the 22 French regional councils. The RPR depended on FN support to win presidencies in some regional councils, and the FN won vice-presidential posts in four regions.
Consolidation (1988–1997)
Le Pen's campaign for the upcoming presidential election unofficially began in the months following the 1986 election. To promote his statesmanship credentials, he made trips to South East Asia, the United States, and Africa. The management of the formal campaign, launched in April 1987, was entrusted to Bruno Mégret, one of the new notables. With his entourage, Le Pen traversed France for the entire period and, helped by Mégret, employed an American-style campaign. Le Pen's presidential campaign was highly successful; no candidates came close to rival his ability to excite audiences at rallies and boost ratings at television appearances. Using a populist tone, Le Pen presented himself as the representative of the people against the "gang of four" (RPR, UDF, PS, Communist Party), while the central theme of his campaign was "national preference". In the 1988 presidential election, Le Pen won an unprecedented 14.4% of the vote, and double the votes from 1984.
The FN was hurt in the snap 1988 legislative elections by the return two-ballot majority voting, by the limited campaign period, and by the departure of many notables. In the election the party retained its 9.8% support from the previous legislative election, but was reduced to a single seat in the National Assembly. Following some anti-Semitic comments made by Le Pen and the FN newspaper National Hebdo in the late 1980s, some valuable FN politicians left the party. Other quarrels soon also left the party without its remaining member of the National Assembly. In November 1988, general secretary Jean-Pierre Stirbois, who, together with his wife Marie-France, had been instrumental in the FN's early electoral successes, died in a car accident, leaving Bruno Mégret as the unrivalled de facto FN deputy leader. The FN only got 5% in the 1988 cantonal elections, while the RPR announced it would reject any alliance with the FN, now including at local level. In the 1989 European elections, the FN held on to its ten seats as it won 11.7% of the vote.
In the wake of FN electoral success, the immigration debate, growing concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, and the fatwa against Salman Rushdie by Ayatollah Khomeini, the 1989 affaire du foulard was the first major test of the relations between the values of the French Republic and Islam. Following the event, surveys found that French public opinion was largely negative towards Islam. In a 1989 legislative by-election in Dreux, FN candidate Marie-France Stirbois, campaigning on an anti-Islamism platform, returned a symbolic FN presence to the National Assembly. By the early 1990s, some mainstream politicians began employing anti-immigration rhetoric. In the first round of the 1993 legislative elections the FN soared to 12.7% of the overall vote, but did not win a single seat due to the nature of the electoral system (if the election had used proportional representation, it would have won 64 seats). In the 1995 presidential election, Le Pen rose slightly to 15% of the vote.
The FN won an absolute majority (and thus the mayorship) in three cities in the 1995 municipal elections: Toulon, Marignane, and Orange. (It had won a mayorship only once before, in the small town of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard in 1989.) Le Pen then declared that his party would implement its "national preference" policy, with the risk of provoking the central government and being at odds with the laws of the Republic. The FN pursued interventionist policies with regards to the new cultural complexion of their towns by directly influencing artistic events, cinema schedules, and library holdings, as well as cutting or halting subsidies for multicultural associations. The party won Vitrolles, its fourth town, in a 1997 by-election, where similar policies were pursued. Vitrolles' new mayor (who ran in place of her husband Bruno) went further in one significant measure, introducing a special 5,000-franc allowance for babies born to at least one parent of French (or EU) nationality. The measure was ruled illegal by a court, also giving her a suspended prison sentence, a fine, and a two-year ban from public office.
Turmoil and split of the MNR (1997–2002)
In the 1997 legislative elections, the FN polled its best-ever result with 15.3% support in metropolitan France. The result also showed that the party had become established enough to compete without its leader, who had decided not to run in order to focus on the 2002 presidential election. Although it won only one seat in the National Assembly (Toulon), it advanced to the second round in 132 constituencies. The FN was arguably more influential now than it had been in 1986 with its 35 seats. While Bruno Mégret and Bruno Gollnisch, favoured tactical cooperation with a weakened centre-right following the left's victory, Le Pen rejected any such compromise. In the tenth FN national congress in 1997, Mégret stepped up his position in the party as its rising star and a potential leader following Le Pen. Le Pen however refused to designate Mégret as his successor-elect, and instead made his wife Jany the leader of the FN list for the upcoming European election.
Mégret and his faction left the FN in January 1999 and founded the National Republican Movement (MNR), effectively splitting the FN in half at most levels. Many of those who joined the new MNR had joined the FN in the mid-1980s, in part from the Nouvelle Droite, with a vision of building bridges to the parliamentary right. Many had also been particularly influential in intellectualising the FN's policies on immigration, identity and "national preference", and, following the split, Le Pen denounced them as "extremist" and "racist". Support for the parties was almost equal in the 1999 European election, as the FN polled its lowest national score since 1984 with just 5.7%, and the MNR won 3.3%. The effects of the split, and competition from more moderate nationalists, had left their combined support lower than the FN result in 1984.
Presidential run-off (2002)
For the 2002 presidential election, opinion polls had predicted a run-off between incumbent President Chirac and PS candidate Lionel Jospin. The shock was thus great when Le Pen unexpectedly outperformed Jospin (by 0.7%) in the first round, placing second and advancing to the runoff. This resulted in the first presidential run-off since 1969 without a leftist candidate and the first ever with a candidate of the far-right. To Le Pen's advantage, the election campaign had increasingly focused on law and order issues, helped by media attention on a number of violent incidents. Jospin had also been weakened due to the competition between an exceptional number of leftist parties. Nevertheless, Chirac did not even have to campaign in the second round, as widespread anti-Le Pen protests from the media and public opinion culminated on May Day, with an estimated 1.5 million demonstrators across France. Chirac also refused to debate with Le Pen, and the traditional televised debate was cancelled. In the end, Chirac won the presidential run-off with an unprecedented 82.2% of the vote and with 71% of his votes—according to polls—cast simply "to block Le Pen". Following the presidential election, the main centre-right parties merged to form the broad-based Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). The FN failed to hold on to Le Pen's support for the 2002 legislative elections, in which it got 11.3% of the vote. It nevertheless outpolled Mégret's MNR, which won a mere 1.1% support, even though it had fielded the same number of candidates.
Decline (2003-2010)
A new electoral system of two-round voting had been introduced for the 2004 regional elections, in part in an attempt to reduce the FN's influence in regional councils. The FN won 15.1% of the vote in metropolitan France, almost the same as in 1998, but its number of councillors was almost halved due to the new electoral system. For the 2004 European elections, too, a new system less favourable to the FN had been introduced. The party regained some of its strength from 1999, earning 9.8% of the vote and seven seats.
For the 2007 presidential election, Le Pen and Mégret agreed to join forces. Le Pen came fourth in the election with 11% of the vote, and the party won no seats in the legislative election of the same year. The party's 4.3% support was the lowest score since the 1981 election and only one candidate, Marine Le Pen in Pas de Calais, reached the runoff (where she was defeated by the Socialist incumbent). These electoral defeats partly accounted for the party's financial problems. Le Pen announced the sale of the FN headquarters in Saint-Cloud, Le Paquebot, and of his personal armoured car. Twenty permanent employees of the FN were also dismissed in 2008. In the 2010 regional elections the FN appeared to have re-emerged on the political scene after surprisingly winning almost 12% of the overall vote and 118 seats.
Marine Le Pen's leadership
Revival of the FN (2011–2012)
Jean-Marie Le Pen announced in September 2008 that he would retire as FN president in 2010. Le Pen's daughter Marine Le Pen and FN executive vice-president Bruno Gollnisch campaigned for the presidency to succeed Le Pen, with Marine's candidacy backed by her father. On 15 January 2011, it was announced that Marine Le Pen had received the two-thirds vote needed to become the new leader of the FN. She sought to transform the FN into a mainstream party by softening its xenophobic image. Opinion polls showed the party's popularity increase under Marine Le Pen, and in the 2011 cantonal elections the party won 15% of the overall vote (up from 4.5% in 2008). However, due to the French electoral system, the party only won 2 of the 2,026 seats up for election.
At the end of 2011, the National Front withdrew from the far-right Alliance of European National Movements and joined the more moderate European Alliance of Freedom. In October 2013, Bruno Gollnisch and Jean-Marie Le Pen resigned from their position in the AENM.
For the 2012 presidential election, opinion polls showed Marine Le Pen as a serious challenger, with a few polls even suggesting that she could win the first round of the election. In the event, Le Pen came third in the first round, scoring 17.9% – the best showing ever in a presidential election for the FN at that time.
In the 2012 legislative election, the National Front won two seats: Gilbert Collard and Marion Maréchal.
In two polls about presidential favourites in April and May 2013, Marine le Pen polled ahead of president François Hollande but behind Nicolas Sarkozy.
Electoral successes (2012–2017)
In the municipal elections held on 23 and 30 March 2014, lists officially supported by National Front won mayoralties in 12 cities: Beaucaire, Cogolin, Fréjus, Hayange, Hénin-Beaumont, Le Luc, Le Pontet, Mantes-la-Ville, the 7th arrondissement of Marseille, Villers-Cotterêts, Béziers and Camaret-sur-Aigues. While some of these cities were in southern France (like Fréjus) which traditionally votes more for right-wing parties than the rest of the country, others were located in northern France, where Socialist Party was strong until 2010s. Following the municipal elections, the National Front had, in cities of over 1,000 inhabitants, 1,546 and 459 councilors at two different levels of local government. The international media described the results as "historic", and "impressive", although the International Business Times suggested that "hopes for real political power remain a fantasy" for the National Front.
The National Front received 4,712,461 votes in the 2014 European Parliament election, finishing first with 24.86% of the vote and 24 of France's 74 seats. This was said to be "the first time the anti-immigrant, anti-EU party had won a nationwide election in its four-decade history." The party's success came as a shock in France and the EU.
Presidential and parliamentary election, rebranding (2017–2022)
On 24 April 2017, a day after the first round of the presidential election, Marine Le Pen announced that she would temporarily step down as the party's leader in an attempt to unite voters. In the second round of voting, Le Pen was defeated 66.1% to 33.9% by her rival Emmanuel Macron of En Marche!
During the following parliamentary elections, the FN received 13.02% of the vote, which represented a disappointment compared to the 13.07% of the 2012 elections. The party appeared to have suffered from the demobilisation of its voters from the previous vote. However, 8 deputies were elected (6 FN and 2 affiliated), the best number for the FN in a parliamentary election using a majoritarian electoral system since its creation (proportional representation was used in the 1986 elections). Marine Le Pen was elected to the National Assembly for the first time, and Gilbert Collard was re-elected. Ludovic Pajot became the youngest member of the French parliament at 23.
In late 2017, Florian Philippot split from FN and formed The Patriots, due to the FN weakening its position on leaving the EU and abandoning the Euro.
At the conclusion of the party congress in Lille on 11 March 2018, Marine Le Pen proposed renaming the party to Rassemblement national (National Rally) while keeping the flame as its logo. The new name was put to a vote of party members. Rassemblement national had already been used as the name of a French party, the Rassemblement National Français, led by the radical right lawyer Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour. His presidential campaign in 1965 was managed by Jean-Marie Le Pen. The name had also been used by the FN previously, for its parliamentary group between 1986 and 1988. However, the name change faced opposition from an already-existing party named "Rassemblement national", whose president, Igor Kurek, described it as "Gaullist and republican right": the party had previously registered its name with the National Institute of Industrial Property in 2013. On 1 June, Le Pen announced that the name change was approved by party adherents with 80.81% in favour.
During that party congress, Steve Bannon, former advisor to Donald Trump before and after his election, gave what has been described as a "populist pep talk". Bannon advised the party members to "Let them call you racist, let them call you xenophobes, let them call you nativists. Wear it like a badge of honor. Because every day, we get stronger and they get weaker. ... History is on our side and will bring us victory." Bannon's remarks brought the members to their feet.
In January 2019, ex-Sarkozy minister Thierry Mariani and former conservative lawmaker Jean-Paul Garraud, left Les Republicains (LR), joining the National Rally.
During a 2021 debate Marine Le Pen was called "soft" on Islam by the Minister of the Interior in Macron's government, Gérald Darmanin. Marine Le Pen has also called for a "national unity government" that would include people such as Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, former LR officials, and souverainistes on the left, such as former economy minister Arnaud Montebourg.
In the months before the 2021 French regional elections political commentators noted an increased moderation in the party in order to attract conservative voters, as well as a new image of the party as a force of "la Droite populaire" or the Social Right. The party fared badly in these elections.
In the 2022 French presidential election, Le Pen again reached the second round with 23.15% of the votes. Nonetheless she was ultimately defeated by incumbent Macron, receiving 41.45% of the votes in the run-off.
In the 2022 French legislative election, the party received 18.68% of the votes in the first round and won 89 seats in the National Assembly in the second round, an increase on the previous total of 8 seats. Polling had indicated that the party would win only 15 to 45 seats. The 89 seats enabled National Rally to form a parliamentary group (for which 15 deputies are required) for the first time since 1986, when the national assembly was elected by proportional voting. The result made the party the third largest party in the assembly and the largest parliamentary opposition group.
Jordan Bardella's leadership (from 2022)
Bardella was elected president of RN on 5 November 2022, ending Marine Le Pen's period as president of the party. Le Pen remained president of RN's parliamentary group
Political profile
The party's ideology has been broadly described by scholars, including James Shields, Nonna Mayer, Jean-Yves Camus, Nicolas Lebourg and Michel Winock as nationalist, far-right (or Nouvelle droite) and populist. Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, following Pierre-André Taguieff's analysis, include the party in an old French tradition of "national populism" that can be traced back to Boulangism. National populists combine the social values of the left and the political values of the right, and advocate a referendary republic that would bypass traditional political divisions and institutions. Aiming at a unity of the political (the demos), ethnic (the ethnos) and social (the working class) interpretations of the "people", they claim to defend the "average Frenchman" and "common sense", against the "betrayal of inevitably corrupt elites". The party has been also described as national conservative.
The FN changed considerably since its foundation, as it pursued the principles of modernisation and pragmatism, adapting to the changing political climate. Its message increasingly influenced mainstream political parties, and some commentators described it as right-wing, moving closer towards the centre-right. In the 2010s, the party attempted to "de-demonise" its image and changed its name to National Rally. A 2022 Kanar survey found that 46% of French voters saw Marine Le Pen as "representing a patriotic Right attached to traditional values", although 50% saw her as "a danger to democracy".
Law and order
In 2002, Jean-Marie Le Pen campaigned on a law-and-order platform of zero tolerance, harsher sentencing, increased prison capacity, and a referendum on re-introducing the death penalty. In its 2001 programme, the party linked the breakdown of law and order to immigration, deeming immigration a "mortal threat to civil peace in France."
Marine Le Pen rescinded the party's traditional support for the death penalty with her 2017 campaign launch, instead announcing support for imprisonment "in perpetuity" for the "worst crimes" in February 2017. In 2022, she proposed to hold a referendum on capital punishment in France if she were elected.
The party opposed the 2016 criminalisation of the use of prostitution in France, on the grounds that it would negatively affect the safety of sex workers.
Immigration
Since its early years, the party has called for immigration to be reduced. The theme of exclusion of non-European immigrants was brought into the party in 1978 and became increasingly important in the 1980s.
After the 1999 split, the FN cultivated a more moderate image on immigration and Islam, no longer calling for the systematic repatriation of legal immigrants but still supporting the deportation of illegal, criminal or unemployed immigrants.
Following the Arab Spring (2011) rebellions in several countries, Marine Le Pen campaigned for a halt to the migration of Tunisian and Libyan immigrants to Europe.
In November 2015, the party stated as its goal to have a net legal immigration rate (immigrants minus emigrants) of 10,000 in France per year. Since 2017, that yearly net immigration rate was around 182,000 if one takes into account only people born abroad from non-French parents, but was around 44,000 if one includes also the departures and returns of French expatriates.
In 2022, Marine Le Pen proposed an end to “family reunification” rights for foreigners with residency permits and the end to the right to automatic citizenship for children born in France to foreigners living there. She also supported a referendum on immigration policy.
Islamism and Islamisation
Representatives of the party have connected immigration to Islamic terrorism. In 2011, Marine Le Pen warned that wearing full face veils are "the tip of the iceberg" of Islamisation of French culture. In 2021, the party proposed laws banning the hijab and the dissemination of Islamist ideologies. In 2022, Le Pen stated that there was a difference between “fighting immigration and fighting immigrants” just as there was between respecting religious freedoms and tackling “religious totalitarianism”.
Economy
At the end of the 1970s, Jean-Marie Le Pen broke away from the anti-capitalist heritage of Poujadism and espoused a market liberal and anti-statist programme which included lower taxes, reducing state intervention, reducing the size of the public sector, privatisation, and scaling back government bureaucracy. Some scholars have charaterised the FN's 1978 programme as "Reaganite before Reagan".
The party's economic policy shifted from the 1980s to the 1990s from neoliberalism to protectionism. This occurred within the framework of a changed international environment, from a battle between the Free World and Communism, to one between nationalism and globalisation. During the 1980s, Jean-Marie Le Pen complained about the rising number of "social parasites", and called for deregulation, tax cuts, and the phasing-out of the welfare state. As the party gained growing support from the economically vulnerable, it converted towards politics of social welfare and economic protectionism. This was part of its shift away from its former claim of being the "social, popular and national right" to its claim of being "neither right nor left – French!" Increasingly, the party's program became an amalgam of free market and welfarist policies. By the 2010s, some political commentators described its economic policies as left-wing.
Under Marine Le Pen, the RN has supported economic nationalism, which it calls "economic patriotism" and has advocated populist policies such as tax cuts for those under 30 and cuts in VAT on energy and essential products. The party has supported public services, protectionism and economic intervention, and opposed the increase in the fuel tax in 2018 and the increase in the retirement age in 2023.
Feminism
In the 2002 legislative elections, the first under the new gender parity provision in the French Constitution, Le Pen's National Front was among the few parties to come close to meeting the law, with 49% female candidates; Jospin's Socialists had 36%, and Chirac's UMP had 19.6%. Women voters in France were traditionally more attracted to mainstream conservative parties than the radical right until the 2000s. The proportion of women in the party has risen to 39% by 2017.
Foreign policy
From the 1980s to the 1990s, the party's policy shifted from favouring the European Union to turning against it. In 2002, Jean-Marie Le Pen campaigned on pulling France out of the EU and re-introducing the franc as the country's national currency. In the early 2000s the party denounced the Schengen, Maastricht, and Amsterdam treaties as foundations for "a supranational entity spelling the end of France." In 2004, the party criticised the EU as "the last stage on the road to world government", likening it to a "puppet of the New World Order." It also proposed breaking all institutional ties back to the Treaty of Rome, while it returned to supporting a common European currency to rival the United States dollar. Further, it rejected the possible accession of Turkey to the EU. The FN was also one of several parties that backed France's 2005 rejection of the Treaty for a European Constitution. In other issues, Le Pen opposed the invasions of Iraq, led by the United States, both in the 1991 Gulf War and the 2003 Iraq War. He visited Saddam Hussein in Baghdad in 1990, and subsequently considered him a friend.
Marine Le Pen advocated France leaving the euro (along with Spain, Greece and Portugal) – although that policy has been dropped in 2019. She also wants to reintroduce customs borders and has campaigned against allowing dual citizenship. During both the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis and the 2011 Libyan civil war, she opposed the French military involvements.
Russia and Ukraine
Marine Le Pen described Russian President Vladimir Putin as a "defender of the Christian heritage of European civilisation." The National Front considers that Ukraine has been subjugated by the United States, through the Revolution of Dignity. The National Front denounces anti-Russian feelings in Eastern Europe and the submission of Western Europe to "Washington's" interests in the region. Marine Le Pen is very critical against the threats of sanctions directed by the international community against Russia: "European countries should seek a solution through diplomacy rather than making threats that could lead to an escalation." She argues that the United States is leading a new Cold War against Russia. She sees no other solution for peace in Ukraine than to organise a kind of federation that would allow each region to have a large degree of autonomy. She thinks Ukraine should be sovereign and free as any other nation.
Luke Harding wrote in The Guardian that the National Front's MEPs were a "pro-Russian bloc." In 2014, the Nouvel Observateur said that the Russian government considered the National Front "capable of seizing power in France and changing the course of European history in Moscow's favour." According to the French media, party leaders had frequent contact with Russian ambassador Alexander Orlov and Marine Le Pen made multiple trips to Moscow. In May 2015, one of her advisers, Emmanuel Leroy, attended an event in Donetsk marking the "independence" of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic.
European Union
Since their entry into the European Parliament in 1979, the National Rally has promoted a message of being pro-Europe, but anti-EU. However, in 2019 the proposal that France leave the Eurozone and the EU was removed from the party's manifesto, which has since called for "reform from within" the union. The party advocates that EU legislation should be initiated by the Council of the EU rather than the European Commission, and that French laws should have primacy over EU laws.
NATO
The party's stance on NATO has varied throughout the years, under Jean-Marie Le Pen's leadership the party advocated for a complete withdrawal from the organization, while under Marine Le Pen's leadership the party has softened its stance to instead advocate leaving NATO's integrated military command structure, which France joined in 2009.
Electoral reform and referendums
The National Rally has advocated for full proportional representation in France, claiming that the two-round system disenfranchises voters. In early 2021, Marine Le Pen, along with centrist politician François Bayrou and green politician Julien Bayou, cosigned a letter asking President Emmanuel Macron to implement proportional representation for future elections.
The party advocates referendums on key issues such as the death penalty, immigration policy and constitutional change. In 2022, Marie Le Pen stated, "“I want the referendum to become a classic operating tool."
Controversies
View on Nazi history and relations with Jewish groups
There has been a difference between Marine Le Pen's and her father's views concerning the Holocaust and Jews. In 2005, Jean-Marie Le Pen wrote in the far-right weekly magazine Rivarol that the German occupation of France "was not particularly inhumane, even if there were a few blunders, inevitable in a country of 640,000 square kilometres (250,000 sq. mi.)" and in 1987 referred to the Nazi gas chambers as "a point of detail of the history of the Second World War". He has repeated the latter claim several times. In 2004, Bruno Gollnisch said, "I do not question the existence of concentration camps but historians could discuss the number of deaths. As to the existence of gas chambers, it is up to historians to determine" (de se déterminer). Jean-Marie Le Pen was fined for these remarks, but Gollnisch was found not guilty by the Court of Cassation. The leader of the party, Marine Le Pen, distanced herself for a time from the party machine in protest at her father's comments. In response to her father's remarks Marine Le Pen referred to the Holocaust as the "abomination of abominations".
During the 2012 presidential election, Marine Le Pen sought the support of Jewish people in France. Interviewed by the Israeli daily newspaper Haaretz about the fact that some of her European senior colleagues had formed alliances with, and visited, some Israeli settlers and groups, Marine Le Pen said: "The shared concern about radical Islam explains the relationship ... but it is possible that behind it is also the need of the visitors from Europe to change their image in their countries ... As far as their partners in Israel are concerned, I myself don't understand the idea of continuing to develop the settlements. I consider it a political mistake and would like to make it clear in this context that we must have the right to criticise the policy of the State of Israel – just as we are allowed to criticise any sovereign country – without it being considered anti-Semitism. After all, the National Front has always been Zionistic and always defended Israel's right to exist". She has opposed the emigration of French Jews to Israel in response to radical Islam, explaining: "The Jews of France are Frenchmen, they're at home here, and they must stay here and not emigrate. The country is obligated to provide solutions against the development of radical Islam in problematic areas".
Czecho-Russian bank loan
In November 2014, Marine Le Pen confirmed that the party had received a €9 million loan from the First Czech Russian Bank (FCRB) in Moscow to the National Front. Senior FN officials from the party's political bureau informed Mediapart that this was the first instalment of a €40 million loan, although Marine Le Pen has disputed this. The Independent said the loans "take Moscow's attempt to influence the internal politics of the EU to a new level." Reinhard Bütikofer stated, "It's remarkable that a political party from the motherland of freedom can be funded by Putin's sphere—the largest European enemy of freedom." Marine Le Pen argued that it was not a donation from the Russian government but a loan from a private Russian bank because no other bank would give her a loan. This loan is meant to prepare future electoral campaigns and to be repaid progressively. Marine Le Pen has publicly disclosed all the rejection letters that French banks have sent to her concerning her loan requests. Since November 2014, she insists that if a French bank agrees to give her a loan, she would break her contract with the FCBR, but she has not received any other counter-propositions. Le Pen accused the banks of collusion with the government. In April 2015, a Russian hacker group published texts and emails between Timur Prokopenko, a member of Putin's administration, and Konstantin Rykov, a former Duma deputy with ties to France, discussing Russian financial support to the National Front in exchange for its support of Russia's annexation of Crimea, though this has not coalesced.
Links with the far-right
A 2019 undercover investigation by Al Jazeera uncovered links between high-ranking National Rally figures and Generation Identity, a far-right group. In secretly taped conversations, National Rally leaders endorsed goals of Generation Identity and discussed plans to "remigrate" immigrants, effectively sending them back to their countries of origin, if National Rally came to power. Christelle Lechevalier, a National Rally Member of the European Parliament (MEP), said many National Rally leaders held similar views as the GI, but sought to hide them from voters.
International relations
The FN has been part of several groups in the European Parliament. The first group it helped co-establish was the European Right after the 1984 election, which also consisted of the Italian Social Movement (MSI), its early inspiration, and the Greek National Political Union. Following the 1989 election, it teamed up with the German Republicans and the Belgian Vlaams Blok in a new European Right group, while the MSI left due to the Germans' arrival. As the MSI evolved into the National Alliance, it chose to distance itself from the FN. From 1999 to 2001, the FN was a member of the Technical Group of Independents. In 2007, it was part of the short-lived Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty group. Between the mentioned groups, the party sat among the non-affiliated Non-Inscrits. It is part of the Identity and Democracy group, which also includes the Freedom Party of Austria, Italian Northern League, Vlaams Belang, the Alternative for Germany, the Czech Freedom and Direct Democracy, the Dutch Freedom Party, the Conservative People's Party of Estonia, the Finns Party, and the Danish People's Party.
It was formerly known as the Europe of Nations and Freedom group, during which time it also included the Polish Congress of the New Right, a former member of the UK Independence Party and a former member of Romania's Conservative Party. They have also been part of the Identity and Democracy Party (formerly the Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom) since 2014, which additionally includes Slovakia's We Are Family and the Bulgarian Volya Movement.
During Jean-Marie Le Pen's presidency, the party has also been active in establishing extra-parliamentary confederations. During the FN's 1997 national congress, the FN established the loose Euronat group, which consisted of a variety of European right-wing parties. Having failed to cooperate in the European Parliament, Le Pen sought in the mid-1990s to initiate contacts with other far-right parties, including from non-EU countries. The FN drew most support in Central and Eastern Europe, and Le Pen visited the Turkish Welfare Party. The significant Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) refused to join the efforts, as Jörg Haider sought to distance himself from Le Pen, and later attempted to build a separate group. In 2009, the FN joined the Alliance of European National Movements; it left the alliance since. Along with some other European parties, the FN in 2010 visited Japan's Issuikai ("right-wing") movement and the Yasukuni Shrine.
At a conference in 2011, the two new leaders of the FN and the FPÖ, Marine Le Pen and Heinz-Christian Strache, announced deeper cooperation between their parties. Pursuing her de-demonisation policy, in October 2011, Marine Le Pen, as new president of the National Front, joined the European Alliance for Freedom (EAF). The EAF is a pan-European sovereigntist platform founded late 2010 that is recognised by the European Parliament. The EAF has individual members linked to the Austrian Freedom Party of Heinz-Christian Strache, the UK Independence Party, and other movements such as the Sweden Democrats, Vlaams Belang (Belgian Flanders), Germany (Bürger in Wut), and Slovakia (Slovak National Party).
During her visit to the United States, Marine Le Pen met two Republican members of the U.S. House of Representatives associated with the Tea Party movement, Joe Walsh, who is known for his strong stance against Islam, which Domenic Powell argues, rises to Islamophobia and three-time presidential candidate Ron Paul, whom Le Pen complimented for his stance on the gold standard. In February 2017, two more conservative Republican Congressmen, Steve King and Dana Rohrabacher, also met with Le Pen in Paris. The party also has ties to Steve Bannon, who served as White House Chief Strategist under President Donald Trump.
In 2017, Marine Le Pen met with and was interviewed for the British radio station LBC by former UK Independence Party leader Nigel Farage, who had previously been critical of the FN. Apart from the party's membership in the Identity and Democracy parliamentary group and the Identity and Democracy Party, the RN also has contacts with Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy, Krasimir Karakachanov's IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement, Nenad Popović's Serbian People's Party, and Santiago Abascal's Vox in Spain.
In 2019, RN MEPs participated in the first international delegation to visit India's Jammu and Kashmir following the decision by Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party government to revoke the special status of Jammu and Kashmir. The delegation was not sanctioned by the European Parliament, and consisted mostly of right-wing populist politicians including MEPs from Vox, Alternative for Germany, the Northern League, Vlaams Belang, the British Brexit Party, and Poland's Law and Justice party.
In October 2021, Le Pen met with Fidesz leader and Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki from the Law and Justice party, and Slovenian Democratic Party leader and Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša.
Leadership
The executive bureau features: Jordan Bardella (president), Steeve Briois (vice-president), Louis Aliot (vice-president), David Rachline (vice-president), Kévin Pfeffer (treasurer), Julien Sanchez (spokesperson), Gilles Pennelle (regional councilor), Edwige Diaz (deputy regional councilor), Hélène Laporte, Philippe Olivier, and Jean-Paul Garraud.
Presidents
Vice Presidents
The party had five vice presidents between July 2012 and March 2018 (against three previously).
Alain Jamet, first vice president (2011–2014)
Louis Aliot, in charge of training and demonstrations (2011–2018)
Marie-Christine Arnautu, in charge of social affairs (2011–2018)
Jean-François Jalkh, in charge of elections and electoral litigations (2012–2018)
Florian Philippot, in charge of strategy and communication (2012–2017)
Steeve Briois, in charge of local executives and supervision (2014–2018)
Jordan Bardella, (2019–2022)
In March 2018, the position of vice-president replaced that of General Secretary. It became a duo in June 2019:
Steeve Briois (2018–present)
Louis Aliot
David Rachline
General Secretaries
The position of General Secretary was held between 1972 and 2018:
Alain Robert (1972–1973)
Dominique Chaboche (1973–1976)
Victor Barthélémy (1976–1978)
Alain Renault (1978–1980)
Pierre Gérard (1980–1981)
Jean-Pierre Stirbois (1981–1988)
Carl Lang (1988–1995)
Bruno Gollnisch (1995–2005)
Louis Aliot (2005–2010)
Jean-François Jalkh (2010–2011; interim period during the internal campaign)
Steeve Briois (2011–2014)
Nicolas Bay (2014–2017)
Steeve Briois (2017–2018)
Elected representatives
As of February 2023, National Rally has 88 MPs. They sit in the National Assembly as members of the National Rally group.
Election results
The National Front was a marginal party in 1973, the first election it participated in, but the party made its breakthrough in the 1984 European Parliament election, where it won 11% of the vote and ten MEPs. Following this election, the party's support mostly ranged from around 10 to 15%, although it saw a drop to around 5% in some late 2000s elections. Since 2010, the party's support seems to have increased towards its former heights. The party managed to advance to the final round of the 2002 French presidential election, although it failed to attract much more support after the initial first round vote. In the late 2000s the party suffered decline in elections. Under Marine Le Pen's presidency the party has increased its vote share significantly. The National Front came first in a national election for the first time during the 2014 European elections, when it gained 24% of the vote. During the 2017 presidential election the party advanced to the second round of the election for the second time, and doubled the percentage it received in the 2002 presidential election, earning 34%. In the 2019 European elections the rebranded National Rally retained its spot as first party.
National Assembly
Presidential
Regional councils
European Parliament
Congress of New Caledonia
See also
Neo-nationalism
The Radical Right in Western Europe
Radical right (Europe)
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
FNinfos, the official website of National Front activists
Nations Presse Info, an information Website near the National Front
Has Marine Le Pen made France's Front National respectable? RFI English
Marine Le Pen's Protectionist Economics and Social Conservatism
Anti-communist parties
Anti-immigration politics in France
Anti-Islam political parties in Europe
Far-right political parties in France
Jean-Marie Le Pen
Member parties of the Identity and Democracy Party
Right-wing parties in France
Right-wing populist parties
Right-wing populism in France
1972 establishments in France
Anti-communism in France
Euronat members
Eurosceptic parties in France
French nationalist parties
National conservative parties
Political parties established in 1972
Political parties of the French Fifth Republic |
Natale Gonnella (born 19 January 1976) is an Italian retired footballer.
Gonnella played more than 250 matches at Serie B.
Club career
Born in Colleferro, in the province of Rome, Gonnella started his career at northern giant Internazionale. In 1995, he left for Serie C1 side Gualdo then Ravenna of Serie B.
In 1997, he joined Hellas Verona where he played until 2003. In January 2003 he joined Atalanta of Serie A, in exchange with Mauro Minelli. After the team relegated in June 2003, partnered with Gianpaolo Bellini he played as a regular starter in Serie B and won promotion back to Serie A. Since the return of Cesare Natali, he just played 9 league matches before left on loan to Arezzo in January 2005. Since 2005–06 season he left on loan at Pescara of Serie B and turned permanent in January 2007. After Pescara relegated, in July 2007 he left for Grosseto of Serie B.
In January 2008, he returned to Hellas Varona on loan to play at Serie C1. In March 2009, he canceled his contract with Grosseto.
In November 2009, he signed a contract until end of season for Como. In the next season he was signed by Casale.
International career
Gonnella capped for Italy at 1992 UEFA European Under-16 Championship qualification and final phase. He also played for the Italy Under-18 side during their 1994 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship qualification campaign, and was a member of the side that lost to Russia U-18 in the qualification playoffs.
References
External links
Profile at La Gazzetta dello Sport (2007–08)
Profile at AIC.Football.it
Profile at FIGC
1976 births
Living people
People from Colleferro
Italian men's footballers
Inter Milan players
ASD Gualdo Casacastalda players
Ravenna FC players
Hellas Verona FC players
Atalanta BC players
SS Arezzo players
Delfino Pescara 1936 players
US Grosseto 1912 players
Como 1907 players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Men's association football central defenders
Footballers from the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital |
The Timor-Leste national Under-20 football team is the national team of Timor-Leste and is controlled by the Federação de Futebol de Timor-Leste. East Timor joined FIFA on 12 September 2005, but has never had success on the international stage.
Kits
Timor-Leste 's kit is a red jersey, red shorts and red socks. Their away kit is with a white jersey with black shorts and red or white socks. The kits are currently manufactured by Adidas and Nike. Timor-Leste first kit is under Tiger, when the team play for the 2004 Tiger Cup. The first kit is red jersey, black shorts and red sock and their away kit is white jersey with two black sleeves, black short and white socks.
Results and Fixtures
International Matches in last 12 months, and future scheduled matches
2022
Competition records
FIFA U-20 World Cup record
AFC U-19 Championship record
AFF U-19 Youth Championship record
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=9|AFF U-19 Youth Championship
|-
!Year
!Round
!Position
!GP
!W
!D
!L
!GF
!GA
|-
| 2002||colspan=8|did not exist, under United Nations
|-
| 2003||colspan=8|did not enter
|-
||| ||9th|| || || || || ||
|-
|||colspan=8 rowspan=3|
|-
|
|-
|
|-
||| ||8th|| || || || || ||
|-
|
|rowspan="3" colspan="8"|did not enter|-
|
|-
|
|-style="background-color:#cc9966;"
|||| ||3rd|| || || || || ||
|-
||
| colspan="8"|did not enter|-
|||| ||9th|| || || || || ||
|-style="background-color:#9acdff;"
|||| ||4th|| || || || || ||
|-
||||rowspan=4|Group stage ||6th|| || || || || ||
|-
||||8th|| || || || || ||
|-
||||7th|| || || || || ||
|-
|
|6th
|4
|2
|0
|2
|8
|7
|-
! ||||9/18 || || || || || ||
|}
Coaching staff
Squad
Current squad
The following players who are call-up for the 2022 AFF U-19 Youth Championship
Head Coach:
Stadium
East Timor National Stadium (2002-present'')
References
External links
Profile at FIFA.com
Profile at the-AFC.com
Profile at AFF Suzuki Cup Site
Profile at AFF Site
Profile at National-football-teams.com
u19
Football |
Marsannay-la-Côte () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.
Geography
Marsannay-la-Côte contains a strip of vineyards on the slope of the Côte d'Or. The vineyards are the most northerly part of the Burgundy wine region. In the plain of the Saône to the east, large fields are visible. The original village is now flanked by small modern housing developments. There is 186ha of vineyards, 202ha of agricultural land and 523ha of communal woodland on the Jurassic limestone hills to the West.
The village is situated 6 km South-West of Dijon and is on the Route des Grands Crus (which loosely translates as the "road of great vineyards") that traverses the Burgundy wine region.
Climate
Marsannay-la-Côte has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Marsannay-la-Côte is . The average annual rainfall is with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Marsannay-la-Côte was on 12 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 9 January 1985.
Population
Administration
Wine
Marsannay-la-Côte vineyards, which form part of Côte de Nuits, produce wine of all three colours - red (Pinot Noir), white (Chardonnay) and rosé (Pinot Noir) - which is unique for a communal appellation in the Burgundy wine region. The commune's appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) is called Marsannay, without la-Côte.
Twin towns — sister cities
Marsannay-la-Côte is twinned with:
Mazy, Belgium (1958)
Schweich, Germany (1992)
See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or département
Cécile Bart (born 1958), artist based in Marsannay-la-Côte
Pierre-Marie-Alphonse Favier (1837-1905), born in Marsannay-la-Côte
References
External links
Officiel website
Marsannay-la-Côte tourist office
Description of Marsannay-la-Côte
Château de Marsannay
Communes of Côte-d'Or |
Gibbie Abercrombie (9 May 1928 – 23 August 1992) was a Scotland international rugby union player.
Rugby Union career
Amateur career
Abercrombie played rugby union for Edinburgh University.
He then moved to play for Heriots.
Provincial career
He played for Edinburgh District against Northumberland on 27 September 1950.
He played for the Blues Trial side against Whites Trial in 1950.
International career
He was capped for Scotland 7 times in the period 1949-1950. He scored one try against England at Murrayfield in 1950, his last cap for Scotland.
Medical career
After he graduated from Edinburgh University as a doctor, he moved to the north shore of Auckland in New Zealand where he became a G.P.
References
1928 births
1992 deaths
Rugby union players from Auckland
Scottish rugby union players
Scotland international rugby union players
Rugby union hookers
Edinburgh District (rugby union) players
Blues Trial players |
Raj Biswa (born 15 October 1993) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Meghalaya in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 20 September 2018. He made his first-class debut for Meghalaya in the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy on 1 November 2018. He made his Twenty20 debut for Meghalaya in the 2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy on 21 February 2019.
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
People from Shillong
Indian cricketers
Meghalaya cricketers
Cricketers from Meghalaya |
```objective-c
// This file is part of Eigen, a lightweight C++ template library
// for linear algebra.
//
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla
// with this file, You can obtain one at path_to_url
#ifndef EIGEN_GEOMETRY_SSE_H
#define EIGEN_GEOMETRY_SSE_H
namespace Eigen {
namespace internal {
template<class Derived, class OtherDerived>
struct quat_product<Architecture::SSE, Derived, OtherDerived, float, Aligned16>
{
static inline Quaternion<float> run(const QuaternionBase<Derived>& _a, const QuaternionBase<OtherDerived>& _b)
{
Quaternion<float> res;
const __m128 mask = _mm_setr_ps(0.f,0.f,0.f,-0.f);
__m128 a = _a.coeffs().template packet<Aligned16>(0);
__m128 b = _b.coeffs().template packet<Aligned16>(0);
__m128 s1 = _mm_mul_ps(vec4f_swizzle1(a,1,2,0,2),vec4f_swizzle1(b,2,0,1,2));
__m128 s2 = _mm_mul_ps(vec4f_swizzle1(a,3,3,3,1),vec4f_swizzle1(b,0,1,2,1));
pstore(&res.x(),
_mm_add_ps(_mm_sub_ps(_mm_mul_ps(a,vec4f_swizzle1(b,3,3,3,3)),
_mm_mul_ps(vec4f_swizzle1(a,2,0,1,0),
vec4f_swizzle1(b,1,2,0,0))),
_mm_xor_ps(mask,_mm_add_ps(s1,s2))));
return res;
}
};
template<class Derived, int Alignment>
struct quat_conj<Architecture::SSE, Derived, float, Alignment>
{
static inline Quaternion<float> run(const QuaternionBase<Derived>& q)
{
Quaternion<float> res;
const __m128 mask = _mm_setr_ps(-0.f,-0.f,-0.f,0.f);
pstore(&res.x(), _mm_xor_ps(mask, q.coeffs().template packet<Alignment>(0)));
return res;
}
};
template<typename VectorLhs,typename VectorRhs>
struct cross3_impl<Architecture::SSE,VectorLhs,VectorRhs,float,true>
{
static inline typename plain_matrix_type<VectorLhs>::type
run(const VectorLhs& lhs, const VectorRhs& rhs)
{
__m128 a = lhs.template packet<traits<VectorLhs>::Alignment>(0);
__m128 b = rhs.template packet<traits<VectorRhs>::Alignment>(0);
__m128 mul1=_mm_mul_ps(vec4f_swizzle1(a,1,2,0,3),vec4f_swizzle1(b,2,0,1,3));
__m128 mul2=_mm_mul_ps(vec4f_swizzle1(a,2,0,1,3),vec4f_swizzle1(b,1,2,0,3));
typename plain_matrix_type<VectorLhs>::type res;
pstore(&res.x(),_mm_sub_ps(mul1,mul2));
return res;
}
};
template<class Derived, class OtherDerived, int Alignment>
struct quat_product<Architecture::SSE, Derived, OtherDerived, double, Alignment>
{
static inline Quaternion<double> run(const QuaternionBase<Derived>& _a, const QuaternionBase<OtherDerived>& _b)
{
const Packet2d mask = _mm_castsi128_pd(_mm_set_epi32(0x0,0x0,0x80000000,0x0));
Quaternion<double> res;
const double* a = _a.coeffs().data();
Packet2d b_xy = _b.coeffs().template packet<Alignment>(0);
Packet2d b_zw = _b.coeffs().template packet<Alignment>(2);
Packet2d a_xx = pset1<Packet2d>(a[0]);
Packet2d a_yy = pset1<Packet2d>(a[1]);
Packet2d a_zz = pset1<Packet2d>(a[2]);
Packet2d a_ww = pset1<Packet2d>(a[3]);
// two temporaries:
Packet2d t1, t2;
/*
* t1 = ww*xy + yy*zw
* t2 = zz*xy - xx*zw
* res.xy = t1 +/- swap(t2)
*/
t1 = padd(pmul(a_ww, b_xy), pmul(a_yy, b_zw));
t2 = psub(pmul(a_zz, b_xy), pmul(a_xx, b_zw));
#ifdef EIGEN_VECTORIZE_SSE3
EIGEN_UNUSED_VARIABLE(mask)
pstore(&res.x(), _mm_addsub_pd(t1, preverse(t2)));
#else
pstore(&res.x(), padd(t1, pxor(mask,preverse(t2))));
#endif
/*
* t1 = ww*zw - yy*xy
* t2 = zz*zw + xx*xy
* res.zw = t1 -/+ swap(t2) = swap( swap(t1) +/- t2)
*/
t1 = psub(pmul(a_ww, b_zw), pmul(a_yy, b_xy));
t2 = padd(pmul(a_zz, b_zw), pmul(a_xx, b_xy));
#ifdef EIGEN_VECTORIZE_SSE3
EIGEN_UNUSED_VARIABLE(mask)
pstore(&res.z(), preverse(_mm_addsub_pd(preverse(t1), t2)));
#else
pstore(&res.z(), psub(t1, pxor(mask,preverse(t2))));
#endif
return res;
}
};
template<class Derived, int Alignment>
struct quat_conj<Architecture::SSE, Derived, double, Alignment>
{
static inline Quaternion<double> run(const QuaternionBase<Derived>& q)
{
Quaternion<double> res;
const __m128d mask0 = _mm_setr_pd(-0.,-0.);
const __m128d mask2 = _mm_setr_pd(-0.,0.);
pstore(&res.x(), _mm_xor_pd(mask0, q.coeffs().template packet<Alignment>(0)));
pstore(&res.z(), _mm_xor_pd(mask2, q.coeffs().template packet<Alignment>(2)));
return res;
}
};
} // end namespace internal
} // end namespace Eigen
#endif // EIGEN_GEOMETRY_SSE_H
``` |
Hampton is a village in Rock Island County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,863 at the 2010 census.
History
The village was originally in territory claimed by the Sauk and Fox Indians, and several Woodland era Native mounds are located in the village limits, and in the adjacent Illiniwek Forest Preserve. The village in 1834 was platted as "Milan" (not the village 13 miles south-southwest in Illinois—see Milan, Illinois for more). The "paper town" did not sell initially because of the swampy riverfront, and being adjacent to the north end of the Rock Island Rapids. However, settlers drained the swamps by the end of the 19th century, and the village was founded by 1900 as Hampton— the original name of Milan, Illinois. Black's Store, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was the first mercantile store to open in Northwest Illinois.
Geography
Hampton is located at (41.557583, -90.407993).
According to the 2010 census, Hampton has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,626 people, 631 households, and 480 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 661 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 95.57% White, 0.25% African American, 0.86% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 2.21% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.92% of the population.
There were 631 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.6% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.9% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 30.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $48,438, and the median income for a family was $59,375. Males had a median income of $42,134 versus $25,063 for females. The per capita income for the village was $22,492. About 5.4% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.0% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Village of Hampton official website
Villages in Rock Island County, Illinois
Villages in Illinois
Cities in the Quad Cities
Populated places established in 1834
Illinois populated places on the Mississippi River
1834 establishments in Illinois |
Joby Harris (born February 21, 1975) is a designer and director in Los Angeles, California. He is also the lead singer and guitar player for the American post-hardcore band Crash Rickshaw. He is currently a visual strategist for NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.
Music
Harris performed in Crash Rickshaw on two albums to date. A self-titled album on Seattle based record label Tooth & Nail Records in late 2001 and a second album entitled The Unknown Clarity independently released in 2005. In late 2016, Watchmaker Records announced a re-release of The Unknown Clarity on vinyl.
Harris previously spent time performing with Pittsburgh local punk band Phatso, as well as Orange County, California bands Rainy Days, and The Moodswingers opening for such acts as At the Drive In, P.O.D., Project 86 and Zao.
In late 2009, he wrote and co-performed an independently released fight song for professional NFL football team the Pittsburgh Steelers.
Visual art
In December 2011, Harris became a finalist in the Doritos Crash the Super Bowl commercial contest. His commercial "Bird of Prey" airs on television in the United States and Canada.
While working as a visual strategist for NASA's JPL, Harris illustrated several vintage-style travel posters showing terrestrial getaways to other planets, moons and exoplanets such as Kepler-186f, HD 40307 g and Kepler-16b entitled "Visions of the Future". The posters received international attention in major news outlets, television shows such as The Big Bang Theory, Marvel's Runaways (TV series) and the motion picture release Replicas (film) starring Keanu Reeves.
Discography
With Crash Rickshaw
The Unknown Clarity (2008)
Crash Rickshaw (2001)
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20100606034722/http://www.indievisionmusic.com/2010/05/28/project-86-world-premiere-of-video/
Living people
1975 births
Artists from Pennsylvania
Artists from Los Angeles
People from Butler County, Pennsylvania
Guitarists from Pennsylvania
Guitarists from Los Angeles
American male guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male musicians
Crash Rickshaw members |
Blizzard is the first EP of the French collective Fauve on their own Fauve Corp label.
It was released on May 20, 2013. The songs were known since 2011 on the web. Besides the CD and digital downloads, Vinyl LP was also released. The vinyl included a coupon to allow
free digital downloads for purchasers of the vinyl version.
Track listing
Charts
References
2013 EPs |
```java
/*
This file is part of the iText (R) project.
Authors: Apryse Software.
This program is offered under a commercial and under the AGPL license.
For commercial licensing, contact us at path_to_url For AGPL licensing, see below.
AGPL licensing:
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
package com.itextpdf.layout.renderer;
import com.itextpdf.io.font.otf.Glyph;
import com.itextpdf.io.font.otf.GlyphLine;
import com.itextpdf.io.util.TextUtil;
import com.itextpdf.kernel.font.PdfFont;
import com.itextpdf.kernel.font.PdfFontFactory;
import com.itextpdf.test.ExtendedITextTest;
import java.io.IOException;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeAll;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag;
@Tag("UnitTest")
public class TextPreprocessingUtilTest extends ExtendedITextTest {
private static PdfFont pdfFont;
@BeforeAll
public static void initializeFont() throws IOException {
pdfFont = PdfFontFactory.createFont();
}
@Test
public void enSpaceTest() {
specialWhitespaceGlyphTest('\u2002');
}
@Test
public void emSpaceTest() {
specialWhitespaceGlyphTest('\u2003');
}
@Test
public void thinSpaceTest() {
specialWhitespaceGlyphTest('\u2009');
}
@Test
public void horizontalTabulationTest() {
specialWhitespaceGlyphTest('\t');
}
@Test
public void regularSymbolTest() {
GlyphLine glyphLine = new GlyphLine();
Glyph regularGlyph = pdfFont.getGlyph('a');
glyphLine.add(0, regularGlyph);
TextPreprocessingUtil.replaceSpecialWhitespaceGlyphs(glyphLine, pdfFont);
Glyph glyph = glyphLine.get(0);
Assertions.assertEquals(regularGlyph, glyph);
}
private void specialWhitespaceGlyphTest(int unicode) {
GlyphLine glyphLine = new GlyphLine();
// Create a new glyph, because it is a special glyph, and it is not contained in the regular font
glyphLine.add(0, new Glyph(0, unicode));
TextPreprocessingUtil.replaceSpecialWhitespaceGlyphs(glyphLine, pdfFont);
Glyph glyph = glyphLine.get(0);
Glyph space = pdfFont.getGlyph('\u0020');
Assertions.assertEquals(space.getCode(), glyph.getCode());
Assertions.assertEquals(space.getWidth(), glyph.getWidth());
Assertions.assertEquals(space.getUnicode(), glyph.getUnicode());
Assertions.assertArrayEquals(TextUtil.convertFromUtf32(unicode), glyph.getChars());
}
}
``` |
Lieutenant-General Jocelyn Paul, (born January 3, 1964) is a senior Canadian Forces officer who currently serves as commander of the Canadian Army and chief of the Army Staff since June 16, 2022.
Early life and education
Paul was born and raised in Wendake, a First Nations community in Quebec. He is a member of the Huron-Wendat.
Paul attended the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, where he studied history and earned a bachelor's degree in 1988. He then went on to complete a master's degree in anthropology at the Université de Montréal in 1991.
Military career
Paul joined the reserve force in 1988 as an infantry officer with the Régiment du Saguenay and Régiment de Maisonneuve. He transferred to the regular force in 1991 as part of the Royal 22e Régiment. He was promoted to lieutenant-general in 2021, when he was appointed Deputy Commander Allied Joint Forces Command Naples.
On April 21, 2022, the Department of National Defence announced that Paul had been selected to become the next commander of the Canadian Army. He took over the role on June 16, 2022. He will be the first Indigenous person to serve in this position.
References
1964 births
Canadian generals
Canadian military personnel from Quebec
Commanders of the Canadian Army
Commanders of the Order of Military Merit (Canada)
Living people
Officers of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Decoration |
Norman Christie (1 September 1925 – 6 October 2010) was a Scottish football player and manager. He played for Third Lanark, Stirling Albion, Ayr United, Brechin City and Montrose. Christie retired in 1959 and was then soon appointed manager of Montrose, a position he held for ten years.
Honours
Montrose
Forfarshire Cup : 1960-61
References
External links
Obituary in The Herald, 25 October 2010
Time Tunnel - Norman Christie (Montrose FC Online)
1925 births
2010 deaths
People from Ross and Cromarty
Scottish men's footballers
Third Lanark A.C. players
Stirling Albion F.C. players
Ayr United F.C. players
Brechin City F.C. players
Montrose F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish football managers
Montrose F.C. managers
Sportspeople from Highland (council area)
Men's association football central defenders |
Pipar City railway station is a railway station in Jodhpur district, Rajasthan. Its code is PCY. It serves Piparcity. The station consists of a single platform. Passenger trains halt here.
References
Railway stations in Jodhpur district
Jodhpur railway division |
MacPerspective was a 3D perspective drawing program developed for the Apple Macintosh computer in 1985. It featured an intuitive system for creating "wireframe" drawings by specifying the X, Y, and Z coordinates of lines to be drawn on the screen. It was developed and distributed by B. Knick Drafting, Inc., which still retains the rights to the software. It enjoyed modest success through the early 1990s when it was still functional on System 7.
References
3D graphics software
Macintosh-only software |
The brownstriped grunt (Anisotremus moricandi), also known as the burro, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is native to the western Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The brownstriped grunt has a deep and compressed body with a blunt head with the mouth positioned low. The mouth is small with fleshy lips and bands of teeth on the jaws, the outer band of teeth being conical in shape. The dorsal finis continuous but has a deep notch. This fin contains 12 spines, the 4th spine being the longest, and 15-17 soft rays. The anal fin has 3 spines, the second being very large, and 9 soft rays. The background colour of the body is dark brown and there are 5-6 cream to yellow horizontal stripes. The paler stripes may be broader or narrower than the dark stripes. The caudal peduncle has a black blotch and it has two small saddle spots on its upper caudal part in juveniles which fade as the fish matures. The head is dark brown with a large vertical whitish area on the gill cover. There is a pair of pale stripes below eye and a dark blotch on the rear of the gill cover. The pelvic fins are dark brown the other fins being a paler brown. This species attains a maximum total length of .
Distribution
The brownstriped grunt is found in the tropical Western Atlantic Ocean. It has a discontinuous distribution. It occurs from the Caribbean coast of southern Costa Rica to Santa Marta in Colombia, from Curacao to the Gulf of Paria off Venezuela and off northeastern Brazil where it is found from Sao Luis to Espírito Santo.
Habitat and biology
The brownstriped grunt is found on shallow rocky reefs in coastal waters, preferring turbid continental coasts rather than islands. It is mainly nocturnal hiding during the day in crevices. It is found in small groups or as solitary fish. It feeds on benthic invertebrates and some filamentous algae.
Systematics
The brownstriped grunt was first formally described in 1842 as Haemulon moricandi by the Italian catholic priest and naturalist Camillo Ranzani (1775-1841) with the type locality given as Brazilian seas. Some authorities treat this species as being the only member of the monospecific genus Paranisotremus. The specific name honours Moïse Etienne (Stéfano) Moricand (1779-1854), who was treasurer and secretary of the Geneva Natural History Museum and who donated a collection of fish specimens from Brazil to that museum.
Utilisation
The brownstriped grunt is nota target for commercial fisheries, it may be caught by artisanal fisheries in some parts of its range. It occasionally appears in the aquarium trade.
References
Brownstriped grunt
Taxa named by Camillo Ranzani
Fish described in 1842
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Jega may refer to:
Jega (musician), Manchester, UK-based electronic music artist Dylan Nathan
Jega, Nigeria, a Local Government Area in Kebbi State
Japanese Enhanced Graphics Adapter, an enhanced EGA display adapter for Japanese AX architecture computers
Attahiru Jega, 4th Chairman of the Independent National Electoral Commission of Nigeria, serving from 2010 to 2015
Jega 'Rdomnai, an alien assassin and major antagonist in the video game Halo Infinite.
Jaega, a former Native American people in Florida
See also
Gega (disambiguation) |
Louis Botinelly (26 January 1883 – 28 March 1962) was a French sculptor.
Biography
Personal life
Botinelly was born on 2 January 1883 in Digne-les-Bains, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France. He died on 26 March 1962 in Marseille.
Career
He was a sculptor. His atelier was located on the Rue Buffon in Marseille. He designed two public sculptures which can be seen at the bottom of either side of the main staircase of the Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles: one, called 'Colonies d'Asie,' represents colonial Asia and the other, called 'Colonies d'Afrique,' represents colonial Africa. They have been displayed there since the dedication of the Gare Saint-Charles in 1927. He designed a bust of Frédéric Mistral (1830-1914), which is displayed in the Parc Jourdan in Aix-en-Provence. Additionally, he designed the statues of Joan of Arc and of Jesus inside the Église Saint-Vincent-de-Paul in Marseille. He also designed four statues of the Four Evangelists inside the Marseille Cathedral. Inside the Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins is also displayed a sculpture of his representing Joan of Arc. He also competed in the art competitions at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
Legacy
The Boulevard Louis Botinelly in Marseille is named in his honour.
The Ecole Elementaire Botinelly, a state primary school located at 23 Boulevard Botinelly in Marseille, is also named in his honor.
Secondary sources
Luce Carbonnel, Louis Botinelly, 1883 - 1962 (Comité du Vieux-Marseille, 2001).
Laurent Noet, Louis Botinelly, sculpteur provençal: Catalogue raisonné (Editions Mare et Martin, 2006).
The Inspiration of the Management
Some of the work of Louis Botinelly Is on display in the Office of the agency The Management. His impact on their business has been incalculable as it has been used to land clients for decades like David Davidyan. described in the up and coming book by the management as "tantamount to Matisse".
See also
List of works by Louis Botinelly
References
External links
1883 births
1962 deaths
People from Digne-les-Bains
Sculptors from Marseille
20th-century French sculptors
20th-century French male artists
French male sculptors
Olympic competitors in art competitions |
```php
<?php
/*
*
* File ini bagian dari:
*
* OpenSID
*
* Sistem informasi desa sumber terbuka untuk memajukan desa
*
* Aplikasi dan source code ini dirilis berdasarkan lisensi GPL V3
*
* Hak Cipta 2009 - 2015 Combine Resource Institution (path_to_url
* Hak Cipta 2016 - 2024 Perkumpulan Desa Digital Terbuka (path_to_url
*
* Dengan ini diberikan izin, secara gratis, kepada siapa pun yang mendapatkan salinan
* dari perangkat lunak ini dan file dokumentasi terkait ("Aplikasi Ini"), untuk diperlakukan
* tanpa batasan, termasuk hak untuk menggunakan, menyalin, mengubah dan/atau mendistribusikan,
* asal tunduk pada syarat berikut:
*
* Pemberitahuan hak cipta di atas dan pemberitahuan izin ini harus disertakan dalam
* setiap salinan atau bagian penting Aplikasi Ini. Barang siapa yang menghapus atau menghilangkan
* pemberitahuan ini melanggar ketentuan lisensi Aplikasi Ini.
*
* PERANGKAT LUNAK INI DISEDIAKAN "SEBAGAIMANA ADANYA", TANPA JAMINAN APA PUN, BAIK TERSURAT MAUPUN
* TERSIRAT. PENULIS ATAU PEMEGANG HAK CIPTA SAMA SEKALI TIDAK BERTANGGUNG JAWAB ATAS KLAIM, KERUSAKAN ATAU
* KEWAJIBAN APAPUN ATAS PENGGUNAAN ATAU LAINNYA TERKAIT APLIKASI INI.
*
* @package OpenSID
* @author Tim Pengembang OpenDesa
* @copyright Hak Cipta 2009 - 2015 Combine Resource Institution (path_to_url
* @copyright Hak Cipta 2016 - 2024 Perkumpulan Desa Digital Terbuka (path_to_url
* @license path_to_url GPL V3
* @link path_to_url
*
*/
use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
return new class () extends Migration {
/**
* Run the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function up()
{
Schema::table('analisis_respon_bukti', static function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->foreign(['config_id'], 'analisis_respon_bukti_config_fk')->references(['id'])->on('config')->onUpdate('CASCADE')->onDelete('CASCADE');
});
}
/**
* Reverse the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function down()
{
Schema::table('analisis_respon_bukti', static function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->dropForeign('analisis_respon_bukti_config_fk');
});
}
};
``` |
```scss
@include b(affix) {
@include define(zindex, 10);
z-index: var(--zindex);
}
``` |
Takht Arreh Do () is a village in Mazu Rural District, Alvar-e Garmsiri District, Andimeshk County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 5 families.
References
Populated places in Andimeshk County |
The American Society of Landscape Architects Medal is awarded annually by the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) to a landscape architect whose lifetime achievements and contributions to the profession have had a unique and lasting impact on the welfare of the public and the environment.
History
The honor has been given each year since 1971. Only three winners were not ASLA fellows: Sylvia Crowe, Geoffrey Jellicoe, and Norman Newton.
List of winners
2021 - Darwina Neal
2020 - Anne Whiston Spirn
2019 - Carol Franklin
2018 - Linda Jewell
2017 - Charles Birnbaum
2016 - Kurt Culbertson
2015 - M. Paul Friedberg
2014 - Richard Bell
2013 - Warren T. Byrd Jr.
2012 - Cornelia Oberlander
2011 - Laurie Olin
2010 - Edward L. Daugherty
2009 - Joseph E. Brown
2008 - Joe A. Porter
2007 - William B. Callaway
2006 - Cameron R. Man
2005 - Jane Silverstein Ries
2004 - Peter Walker
2003 - Richard Haag
2002 - Morgan Evans
2001 - Robert E. Marvin
2000 - Carl D. Johnson
1999 - Stuart O. Dawson
1998 - Carol R. Johnson
1997 - Julius G. Fabos
1996 - John T. Lyle
1995 - Ervin H. Zube
1994 - Edward Durell Stone, Jr.
1993 - Arthur Edwin Bye
1992 - Robert S. Reich
1991 - Meade Palmer
1990 - Raymond L. Freeman
1989 - Robert Royston
1988 - Sylvia Crowe
1987 - Philip H. Lewis Jr.
1986 - William J. Johnson
1985 - Roberto Burle Marx
1984 - Ian McHarg
1983 - Theodore O. Osmundson
1982 - Charles W. Eliot II
1981 - Geoffrey Jellicoe
1980 - William G. Swain
1979 - Norman Newton
1978 - Lawrence Halprin
1977 - Hubert Bond Owens
1976 - Thomas Church
1975 - Garrett Eckbo
1974 - Campbell E. Miller
1973 - John O. Simonds
1972 - Conrad L. Wirth
1971 - Hideo Sasaki
See also
List of lifetime achievement awards
References
External links
Official site
Awards established in 1971
Lifetime achievement awards
American architecture awards
Landscape architecture |
The iyokan (伊予柑 - Citrus × iyo), also known as anadomikan (穴門みかん) and Gokaku no Iyokan, is a Japanese citrus fruit, similar in appearance to a mandarin orange, with Dancy as the pollen parent and Kaikokan as the seed parent. It is the second most widely produced citrus fruit in Japan after the satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu). Ehime Prefecture accounted for 90% of Iyokan production in 2021.
Iyokan was discovered in 1886 in the orchard of Masamichi Nakamura, a resident of Yamaguchi Prefecture. In 1889, Yasunori Miyoshi, a resident of Ehime Prefecture, bought the original tree and brought it home, and it became a specialty of Ehime Prefecture. Originally marketed as "Iyo mikan", it was renamed "Iyokan" in 1930 to avoid confusion with Unshu mikan (Citrus unshiu). The name "Iyo" was taken from the ancient name of a place in Ehime Prefecture, the Iyo province.
Description
The peel is thicker than that of a mikan, but it can be peeled by hand. The skin is very shiny and brightly colored and, once peeled, the flesh gives off a very strong scent. The flesh is slightly sour and more bitter than an orange, but sweeter than a grapefruit.
There is a variation grown into a pentagon shape to promote good luck and to revive the popularity of the fruit, also giving it another nickname, Gokaku no Iyokan, which translates into "Pentagonal Iyokan" It is sometimes placed into fish feed to mask the fishy flavor.
In Japan, the citrus can be seen during springtime as a seasonal KitKat flavor with messages of "good luck" to students studying for exams on each packet. The name "iyokan" is also a near-homophone for "good feeling" in Japanese, and is used as such in its marketing.
See also
Amanatsu
Jabara (citrus)
Tangor
Yuukou
Yuzu
References
External links
Nutrition facts
Citrus hybrids
Japanese fruit |
The Universidad de la Sierra (UniSierra) is a Mexican public university based in Moctezuma, Sonora.
History
In April 2002, the then-Governor of Sonora, Armando López Nogales, signed a state law creating a public university in Moctezuma called the Universidad de la Sierra. The initiative provided a long-awaited institution of higher learning to students in the Sierra region of the state, which spans an area of more than 30 municipalities. On 2 September 2002, the Universidad de la Sierra held its first day of classes with 167 students under the direction of rector Samuel Ocaña García. The university originally offered degrees in industrial engineering, biology, and project administration and evaluation. In 2003, UniSierra added programs in rural tourism administration and biology with a specialty in aquaculture production, followed by an engineering degree in systems and telematics in 2007. Ocaña García was soon replaced by Jesús Torres Gallegos as rector.
The university suffered from low enrollment in its first few years of operation, with students from the more affluent high schools in Moctezuma choosing universities in other regions or leaving the country altogether to find work in the United States. By 2005, enrollment had grown to more than 580 students. In 2007, 98 UniSierra students made up its first graduating class.
In 2015, three professors, including two with union ties, were dismissed by rector Gabriel Amavizca Herrera.
In 2019, the university entered a formal association with Sky Island Alliance, a wildlife restoration non-profit organization.
References
External links
Official website
Universidad de la Sierra at the Secretariat of Culture
Public universities and colleges in Mexico
Universities and colleges in Sonora
Educational institutions established in 2002
2002 establishments in Mexico |
Allen Butler Talcott (April 8, 1867 – June 1, 1908) was an American landscape painter. After studying art in Paris for three years at Académie Julian, he returned to the United States, becoming one of the first members of the Old Lyme Art Colony in Connecticut. His paintings, usually landscapes depicting the local scenery and often executed en plein air, were generally Barbizon and Tonalist, sometimes incorporating elements of Impressionism. He was especially known and respected for his paintings of trees. After eight summers at Old Lyme, he died there at the age of 41.
Early life and education
Allen Butler Talcott was born on April 8, 1867, in Hartford, Connecticut, into an established and prominent New England family. His artistic inclinations were apparent at an early age, as he created sketches of teachers and fellow students in the margins of his grade school books.
He attended Trinity College in Hartford, receiving a diploma in 1890. While there, he was a member of the Fraternity of Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall). His formal art education began at the Hartford Art Society, where he studied with painter Dwight William Tryon. He moved to Manhattan while he studied for a short time at the Art Students League of New York. Then he attended Académie Julian in Paris for three years, studying under Jean-Paul Laurens and Benjamin Constant. His work received its first artistic recognition during this period in France, as his paintings were exhibited at the 1893 and 1894 Paris Salons.
Work
Talcott lived in Arles in 1897, renting Vincent van Gogh's house, along with Frank DuMond. He came home to Hartford, where he set up a studio, which he maintained for a few years. He also returned to New York, joining a cooperative studio complex which had been established by Henry Ward Ranger. Ranger became friends with Talcott, as well as an influence. Ranger was also founder of the Old Lyme Art Colony in Connecticut, and Talcott became one of the first artists to join. When he first arrived in 1901, he stayed at Florence Griswold's boarding house, which would later be turned into an art museum. He worked in his New York City studio during the winters, and spent his summers at Old Lyme for eight years, until his death there in 1908.
Barbizon art was popular with artists in the U.S. during this period. Among Ranger and other Old Lyme artists, a variant, Tonalism, evolved in which the palette consisted of just a few muted colors. Talcott had gained a fondness for French Impressionism and was exposed to its American equivalent at Cos Cob, Connecticut, in the late 1890s. There, artists such as Childe Hassam and John Henry Twachtman were developing the artistic style. But Ranger and Tryon were stronger influences on Talcott, and his early paintings are primarily Barbizon and Tonalist – landscapes in shades of brown, green and gold.
Talcott bought an Old Lyme estate looking out upon the Connecticut River in 1903. Around this time, Hassam was bringing Impressionism to the colony, and many of the artists including Talcott began moving in that direction. He did not, however, fully adopt the principles of Impressionism, instead integrating certain aspects into his Tonalist paintings. He retained the Tonalist interest in a unified set of colors, while incorporating the Impressionist concentration on the effects of light by lightening his palette. While lighter than Ranger's, Talcott's colors were still subdued compared to those of the Impressionists. The nature of his brushstrokes also changed, becoming more "flickery". In addition to Hassam, DuMond also influenced him artistically.
Although he created some portraits, for example, of family members, his subject matter consisted primarily of landscapes, often depicting scenes in and around Old Lyme and along the Connecticut River. He was particularly fond of painting trees, and was known and respected for those paintings. Charles Vezin, another artist in the colony, said of Talcott: "He loved and keenly appreciated nature, and his knowledge of all its phases was unusual.... His fellows conceded that no one was his peer in the knowledge of trees and how to paint them." Talcott liked to work en plein air, creating oil sketches which he painted on wood panels. These sketches were often of high enough quality that they could be regarded as finished paintings, and were "admired for their sense of immediacy and rich textures."
In a review of a 1991 show of Talcott's work at the Mattatuck Museum, The New York Times critic said that Talcott was "more talented than many of his contemporaries who went on to Impressionist fame".
Personal life
In 1905, Allen married Katherine Nash Agnew, daughter of New York physician Cornelius Rea Agnew, and they had a son, Agnew. Talcott's uncles, John Butler Talcott and James Talcott who together had established the American Hosiery Company, were both patrons of his work and John was the founder, through a large endowment made in 1903, of the New Britain Museum of American Art that has several of Talcott's paintings in their collection.
Allen Butler Talcott's nephew was also an artist, American sculptor, author, and illustrator Dudley Talcott.
Talcott died at his Old Lyme summer home on June 1, 1908, of a heart attack; he was 41 years old.
Exhibitions and collections
Talcott's landscapes were the subject of a single solo show during his lifetime, at Kraushaar Galleries in 1907; a review in The New York Times noted Talcott's ability to combine "an uncommon sense of the structure and underlying skeleton of a landscape with a feeling for color." Talcott exhibited regularly at various venues including the National Academy of Design, the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, the Society of American Artists, Wadsworth Atheneum, the Carnegie Institute, and the Old Lyme library, as well as other salons. Talcott was awarded a silver medal in 1904 at the St. Louis Exposition. He also won a medal at the Portland Exposition. As part of its eightieth anniversary celebration in 1983, the New Britain Museum of American Art featured an exhibition of Talcott landscapes.
His work is in the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Florence Griswold Museum, the Mattatuck Museum, the New Britain Museum of American Art, the Lyman Allyn Art Museum, and the Worcester Art Museum. Talcott was a member of the Salmagundi Club and the Lotos Club, and has work included in the collection of the latter.
Gallery
References
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
Tonalism
Académie Julian alumni
Art Students League of New York alumni
Artists from Hartford, Connecticut
People from Old Lyme, Connecticut
1867 births
1908 deaths
19th-century American male artists
Burials at Cedar Hill Cemetery (Hartford, Connecticut)
20th-century American male artists
Trinity College (Connecticut) alumni
St. Anthony Hall |
Edmond is a 2005 American thriller film directed by Stuart Gordon and starring William H. Macy, based on the 1982 play Edmond by David Mamet. Mamet also wrote the screenplay for the film. Edmond features Julia Stiles, Rebecca Pidgeon, Denise Richards, Mena Suvari, Joe Mantegna, Bai Ling, Jeffrey Combs, Dylan Walsh and George Wendt in supporting roles. It was screened at several film festivals from September 2005 to May 2006, and had a limited release on July 14, 2006.
Plot
Edmond Burke is a middle-aged New York City businessman who visits a tarot fortune teller on the way home. The fortune teller, a little startled, tells him that "you are not where you belong". He decides to make changes in his life, beginning by leaving his wife. At a bar, Edmond tells a fellow patron that he has not had sex in a while and that marriage took away his masculinity. The man gives him the address to a strip club, where Edmond is kicked out by a bouncer for not paying for a stripper's drink. Now even more sexually frustrated, Edmond goes to a peep show; having never been to such a place before, he is disappointed when he realizes that he is not allowed to have actual sex with the performer.
Next Edmond goes to a white-collar bordello, but cannot afford a hooker. He needs money, so he plays a three-card Monte game with a street dealer. When Edmond accuses the dealer of cheating, the dealer and his shill beat him up and steal his money. Edmond becomes enraged by what he sees as the contempt, prejudice and greed of society. He pawns his wedding ring in exchange for a knife. He is approached by a pimp who offers Edmond a "clean girl" and lures him to an alleyway, where the pimp attempts to mug him. In a wild rage, Edmond attacks the pimp with his knife while hurling racial slurs at him. He leaves him wounded and possibly dying in the alley.
Suddenly euphoric, Edmond enters a coffee shop and tells a young waitress, Glenna, his newfound worldview of instant gratification. They end up having sex at her apartment. Glenna likes him at first, but she is soon frightened by his increasingly erratic behavior and calls for help. An enraged Edmond slashes her to death, blaming her own insecurity for her murder. On a subway train, he has an angry confrontation with a female passenger. Edmond comes across a church service where a minister preaches about respect and faith. Edmond feels the urge to preach about his own experiences, and as he stands in the doorway of the church, the woman from the subway recognizes him and calls into the street for the police. The responding officer pats Edmond down to find the knife in his front jacket pocket. Edmond is arrested.
In jail, Edmond begins to appreciate the security of his old life, but it is too late; the police have reason to believe that the knife found in Edmond's pocket may be the weapon used in Glenna's murder. The interrogating officer bluntly asks Edmond why he killed Glenna, to Edmond's shock and disbelief. He is sent to prison for her murder. There, Edmond is paired with a black cellmate. He likes prison because it is simple. He speaks of how he has always feared black people, but now that he shares a room with one, he can finally feel a bond. The indifferent cellmate then forces Edmond to perform oral sex on him. Edmond tells a prison minister what happened, but goes off on a tangent, shouting that God has been unfair to him. When the minister asks why he murdered the waitress, he has no answer.
Years pass. Edmond has cut connections with the outside world, refusing to see visitors. He talks to his cellmate, with whom he has developed a relationship, about the human ego and how life should not be taken for granted. He concludes that by conquering his fears, he might lead a better life. Both men ponder the afterlife. Edmond then goes to sleep comfortably alongside his cellmate. True to the tarot fortune teller's words, Edmond might well have found the place where he belongs.
Cast
William H. Macy as Edmond Burke
Frances Bay as Fortune Teller
Patricia Belcher as Subway Woman
Jeffrey Combs as Desk Clerk
Barry Cullison as Pawn Shop Customer
Vincent Guastaferro as Club Manager
Dulé Hill as Sharper
Aldis Hodge as Leafletter
Russell Hornsby as Shill
Matt Landers as Bystander
Bai Ling as Peep Show Girl
Joe Mantegna as man in bar
Debi Mazar as Matron
Rebecca Pidgeon as Mrs. Burke
Denise Richards as B-Girl
Michael Saad as Library Guard
Lionel Mark Smith as Pimp
Julia Stiles as Glenna
Mena Suvari as Whore
Marcus Thomas as Window Man
Wendy Thompson as Cocktail Waitress
Jack Wallace as Chaplain
Dylan Walsh as Interrogator
George Wendt as Pawn Shop Owner
Bokeem Woodbine as Edmond's cellmate
Bruce A. Young as Policeman
Reception
The film received mixed reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 47% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 74 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Despite an electrifying performance by William H. Macy, David Mamet's one-act morality play translates poorly into a film that is overburdened by dialogue." Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 61 out of 100, based on 21 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".
The New York Times film critic Stephen Holden said:
Awards
Wins and nominations
References
External links
American films based on plays
2005 films
2000s English-language films
2005 thriller films
American crime drama films
2005 crime thriller films
American crime thriller films
Films with screenplays by David Mamet
Films directed by Stuart Gordon
Films based on works by David Mamet
2000s American films |
The Afghanistan cricket team toured Bangladesh in June and July 2023 to play one Test, three One Day International (ODI) and two Twenty20 International (T20I) matches. The International Cricket Council (ICC) confirmed this FTP tour in their press release.
Initially, Afghanistan were scheduled to play two Tests, three ODIs and three T20Is in the series. However, on 11 May 2023, a Test and a T20I was dropped from the itinerary, due to scheduling problems. On 17 May 2023, Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB) confirmed the dates and venues for the series.
Bangladesh won the only Test by 546 runs. It was the biggest Test victory for Bangladesh in terms of runs. It was also the biggest win for any team, in terms of runs, in the 21st century.
Afghanistan won the first ODI match by 17 runs according to the DLS method after the match was interrupted due to rain. A day after the match, Bangladesh's ODI captain Tamim Iqbal announced his retirement from international cricket, and Litton Das was named as the stand-in captain for the final two ODI matches. In the 2nd ODI, Afghanistan won by 142 runs courtesy of a record-breaking opening partnership, helping them to seal their first ever ODI series win against Bangladesh. Bangladesh went on to win the third ODI by a comprehensive margin of 7 wickets with 159 balls to spare and eventually lost the series by 2–1 margin.
Bangladesh won the first T20I by 2 wickets in a thrilling way, chasing 154, which was their highest successful run chase against Afghanistan in T20I. Bangladesh also won the 2nd T20I by 6 wickets and won the series by 2–0 margin, their first ever T20I series win against Afghanistan.
Squads
Afghanistan named Azmatullah Omarzai, Sayed Shirzad, Noor Ali Zadran and Zia-ur-Rehman as reserves in their Test squad.
Ahead of the Test match, Tamim Iqbal was ruled out of the match with a lower back pain. After Tamim Iqbal retired from international cricket during the ODI series, Rony Talukdar was added as a replacement in Bangladesh's ODI squad for the remaining two ODIs.
Naveen-ul-Haq was ruled out of the T20I series with a knee injury, and Nijat Masood was named as his replacement. Ebadot Hossain too was ruled out of Bangladesh's T20I squad due to a knee injury.
Only Test
ODI series
1st ODI
2nd ODI
3rd ODI
T20I series
1st T20I
2nd T20I
Notes
References
External links
Series home at ESPNcricinfo
2023 in Bangladeshi cricket
2023 in Afghan cricket
International cricket competitions in 2023
Afghan cricket tours of Bangladesh |
Deliathis diluta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Charles Joseph Gahan in 1892. It is known from Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua.
References
Lamiini
Beetles described in 1892 |
Allastair Malcolm Cluny McReady-Diarmid VC (21 March 1888 – 1 December 1917) was a British recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Details
He was 29 years old, and an Acting Captain in the 17th (S) Battalion, The Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own), British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.
On 30 November/1 December 1917 at the Moeuvres Sector, France, when the enemy penetrated into our position, and the situation was extremely critical, Captain McReady-Diarmid led his company through a heavy barrage and immediately engaged the enemy and drove them back at least 300 yards, causing numerous casualties and taking 27 prisoners. The following day the enemy again attacked and drove back another company which had lost all its officers. The captain called for volunteers, and leading the attack, again drove them back. It was entirely due to his throwing of bombs that the ground was regained, but he was eventually killed by a bomb.
He is commemorated on the Cambrai Memorial to the Missing.
Further information
As a boy, McReady-Diarmid went to Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys, Barnet, Hertfordshire. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum, Chelsea, England.
References
Bibliography
External links
The Middlesex Regiment 1755-1966 (detailed history of the original "Die Hards")
1888 births
1917 deaths
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
Middlesex Regiment officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I
People educated at Victoria College, Jersey
People from Southgate, London
People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Military personnel from London |
Rick Powell (1960–2020) was an Australian rugby league footballer from the 1980s.
Rick was graded from the victorious St.George President's Cup team from 1981, and played some of his junior footy at Bexley-Kingsgrove & Renown junior league. Powell started his grade career in 1982 and went on to represent St. George Dragons in First Grade on 8 occasions between 1982 and 1986 before retiring. He was a regular Reserve Grade player at Saints, and he played in the 1985 Reserve Grade victorious premiership team. He is remembered as a big-hearted prop-forward during the Roy Masters era.
Rick Powell died on 26 May 2020.
References
St. George Dragons players
Australian rugby league players
1960 births
2020 deaths
Rugby league props
Place of birth missing |
Evergreen Mountain is a mountain located in Greene County, New York north of Spruceton, New York. Herdman Brook drains the southeastern portion of the mountain and flows south before converging with West Kill. West Kill flows westwards, south of Evergreen Mountain and the Schoharie Creek flows eastwards, north of the mountain.
References
Mountains of Greene County, New York
Mountains of New York (state) |
Blow Your Pants Off is the second album by the American actor and comedian Jimmy Fallon. It was released on June 12, 2012. It features guest appearances from Paul McCartney, Bruce Springsteen, Justin Timberlake, Dave Matthews, Eddie Vedder, Brian Williams, Big & Rich and Stephen Colbert. All of the recordings are originally from Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.
Most of the songs from the album were performed on the one-hour Jimmy Fallon's Primetime Music Special, which aired July 26, 2012 on NBC. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.
Reception
The album debuted at number 41 on the Canadian Albums Chart.
On February 10, 2013, the album won a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.
Track listing
Source:
References
2012 albums
Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album
Jimmy Fallon albums
Warner Records albums
2010s comedy albums |
Lorenzo Alcantuz (1741–1782) was a Colombian revolutionary. He was born in Sogamoso. Alongside Jose Antonio Galan, he was a key leader of the Revolución Comunera of 1781. This is considered to be the most important revolutionary movement in New Granada/Colombia prior to the achievement of national independence in the early 19th century.
The insurrection was triggered by violent riots in Simacota, Mogotes, Barichara and Curití in December 1780. The town of San Gil quickly joined the protests and it was there that Alcantuz carried out the symbolic revolutionary act of trampling on the royal coat of arms, which represented Spanish colonial power. The authorities took a dim view of the insurgency, and the main instigators Alcantuz, Galán, Isidro Molina and Juan Manuel José Ortiz were all hanged in Bogota on 1 February 1782. They were then decapitated and their dead bodies quartered and burned. Alcantuz's head was displayed in San Gil.
An indoor stadium in San Gil is now named after him.
References
Colombian revolutionaries
1741 births
1782 deaths
People from Sogamoso |
Wilhelmina Wendt (8 August 1896 – 26 June 1988), commonly known as Tiddit, was a Swedish silversmith. She was the first woman in Sweden to be granted the title of "master silversmith". From the late 1920s, she designed trays, serving dishes, bowls, jugs and jewellery. In the mid 1940s, she settled in Perstorp where she combined her father's black insulation material "isolit" with her own thin silver designs, producing artefacts in what she called "silverisolit".
Biography
Born in Perstorp on 8 August 1896, Wilhelmina Wendt was the daughter of the engineer and factory owner Wilhelm Wendt and his wife Minna née Pauly. She was the fifth child in a family of 12. Disliking her given name, she called herself Tiddit or Tittit. Like her siblings, she attended schools in Helsingborg and Kristianstad. After being inspired by the designer Per Torndahl who had installed lighting in her father's factory, she moved to Stockholm where she attended the College of Arts, Crafts and Design.
On graduating as an artisan, Wendt created engraved silver-plated trays, casks, tableware, coasters, jugs and jewellery, decorated with animals, plants, ships and mythological beings. She signed herself TW. The Stockholm handicrafts association awarded her a silver medal for her creations. She contributed her works to the 1929 Paris exhibition and, for the 1930 Stockholm exhibition. presented a pewter candelabra decorated with buildings from Stockholm.
Despite a study trip to Germany in 1941, which she took with a friend on her motorbike and its sidecar, as a woman she had difficulty in finding employment. As a result, she opened her own studio in Malmö under the name Silversmedjan T. Wendt. She also had a workshop in Helsingborg. In 1946, she moved back to her native Perstorp where she opened a workshop in a former glass factory with several employees. She is remembered above all for creating works combining her silversmith designs with the black plastic-like insulating material manufactured by her father. She called the combination "silverisolit".
Wilhelmina Wendt died in Perstorp on 26 June 1988. Several of her works are in the permanent collection of Nationalmuseet.
References
Further reading
1896 births
1988 deaths
People from Perstorp Municipality
Swedish designers
Swedish women designers
Swedish silversmiths
Women silversmiths
20th-century Swedish women
Women jewellers |
Wenvoe Castle Golf Club is an 18-hole golf course near Barry and Wenvoe in the Vale of Glamorgan off the A4050 road, situated to the south of Cardiff, the capital of Wales. The club was founded in 1936 around Wenvoe Castle, a mansion that was the home of Hugh Jenner, the club's first president.
Wenvoe Castle is a parkland course designed by James Braid. The course opens with a par five hole with a tee-off from an elevated tee to an undulating fairway, leaving two shots to make the guarded green. The front nine can be quite hilly and there are a few tough examinations in place while the inward nine is flatter and finishes with a dogleg par four. It has hosted numerous championships, including the Welsh foursomes championship in 2007. The club often hosts parties and buffets
References
Golf clubs and courses in Wales
Sport in the Vale of Glamorgan |
Homoranthus biflorus is a flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to a small area in northern New South Wales. It is an erect shrub with cylinder-shaped leaves and small groups of usually yellow flowers.
Description
Homoranthus biflorus is an erect shrub which grows to a height of . It has glabrous, linear, more or less cylinder-shaped leaves with a pointed tip. The leaf blade is linear in side view, less than thick. Flowers appear singly or in pairs and are red, yellow, or greenish-yellow with petals about long surrounding the base of a style which is long. Flowers and fruits sporadically throughout the year, although primarily between October and January.
Taxonomy and naming
Homoranthus biflorus was first formally described in 1991 by Lyndley Craven and S.R.Jones and the description was published in Australian Systematic Botany. The specific epithet (biflorus) means "two flowered".
Distribution and habitat
This homoranthus grows in heath and woodland on volcanic ridges on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales.
Conservation status
Locally common though restricted in distribution, Barbara Briggs and John Leigh (1996) gave this species a conservation code of 2RCat;. However 2RC is more appropriate given that some plants near Pindarri Dam are unreserved.
References
External links
The Australasian Virtual Herbarium – Occurrence data for Homoranthus biflorus
biflorus
Flora of New South Wales
Myrtales of Australia
Plants described in 1991 |
Kataragama may mean:
Kataragama, a pilgrimage town in Sri Lanka
Kataragama temple, a temple complex in Sri Lanka to Skanda-Murkan, a Hindu deity; or Kataragamadevio a Buddhist deity
Sella Kataragama, a shrine dedicated to Ganesha in Sri Lanka
Kataragama deviyo, a Hindu or Buddhist god worshipped at Kataragama
Kataragama Peak, a mountain near Kataragama, Sri Lanka |
```haskell
{-# LANGUAGE AllowAmbiguousTypes #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveAnyClass #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveDataTypeable #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DerivingStrategies #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DuplicateRecordFields #-}
{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}
{-# LANGUAGE NamedFieldPuns #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
{-# LANGUAGE PolyKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
{-# LANGUAGE UndecidableInstances #-}
module PlutusTx.Blueprint.Schema where
import Control.Lens.Plated (Plated)
import Data.Aeson (ToJSON (..), (.=))
import Data.Aeson qualified as Aeson
import Data.Aeson.Extra (optionalField, requiredField)
import Data.Aeson.KeyMap qualified as KeyMap
import Data.ByteString (ByteString)
import Data.ByteString.Base16 qualified as Base16
import Data.Data (Data, Typeable)
import Data.Function ((&))
import Data.Kind (Type)
import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty, nonEmpty)
import Data.Text (Text)
import Data.Text.Encoding qualified as Text
import GHC.Generics (Generic)
import Numeric.Natural (Natural)
import PlutusTx.Blueprint.Definition.Id (DefinitionId, definitionIdToText)
import PlutusTx.Blueprint.Schema.Annotation (SchemaInfo, comment, description, title)
import Prelude hiding (max, maximum, min, minimum)
{- | Blueprint schema definition, as defined by the CIP-0057:
path_to_url#core-vocabulary
The 'referencedTypes' phantom type parameter is used to track the types used in the contract
making sure their schemas are included in the blueprint and that they are referenced
in a type-safe way.
-}
data Schema (referencedTypes :: [Type])
= SchemaInteger SchemaInfo IntegerSchema
| SchemaBytes SchemaInfo BytesSchema
| SchemaList SchemaInfo (ListSchema referencedTypes)
| SchemaMap SchemaInfo (MapSchema referencedTypes)
| SchemaConstructor SchemaInfo (ConstructorSchema referencedTypes)
| SchemaBuiltInData SchemaInfo
| SchemaBuiltInUnit SchemaInfo
| SchemaBuiltInBoolean SchemaInfo
| SchemaBuiltInInteger SchemaInfo
| SchemaBuiltInBytes SchemaInfo
| SchemaBuiltInString SchemaInfo
| SchemaBuiltInPair SchemaInfo (PairSchema referencedTypes)
| SchemaBuiltInList SchemaInfo (Schema referencedTypes)
| SchemaOneOf (NonEmpty (Schema referencedTypes))
| SchemaAnyOf (NonEmpty (Schema referencedTypes))
| SchemaAllOf (NonEmpty (Schema referencedTypes))
| SchemaNot (Schema referencedTypes)
| SchemaDefinitionRef DefinitionId
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
deriving anyclass instance (Typeable referencedTypes) => Plated (Schema referencedTypes)
instance ToJSON (Schema referencedTypes) where
toJSON = \case
SchemaInteger info MkIntegerSchema{..} ->
dataType info "integer"
& optionalField "multipleOf" multipleOf
& optionalField "minimum" minimum
& optionalField "maximum" maximum
& optionalField "exclusiveMinimum" exclusiveMinimum
& optionalField "exclusiveMaximum" exclusiveMaximum
& Aeson.Object
SchemaBytes info MkBytesSchema{..} ->
dataType info "bytes"
& optionalField "enum" (fmap toHex <$> nonEmpty enum)
& optionalField "maxLength" maxLength
& optionalField "minLength" minLength
& Aeson.Object
where
toHex :: ByteString -> Text
toHex = Text.decodeUtf8 . Base16.encode
SchemaList info MkListSchema{..} ->
dataType info "list"
& requiredField "items" itemSchema
& optionalField "minItems" minItems
& optionalField "maxItems" maxItems
& optionalField "uniqueItems" uniqueItems
& Aeson.Object
SchemaMap info MkMapSchema{..} ->
dataType info "map"
& requiredField "keys" keySchema
& requiredField "values" valueSchema
& optionalField "minItems" minItems
& optionalField "maxItems" maxItems
& Aeson.Object
SchemaConstructor info MkConstructorSchema{..} ->
dataType info "constructor"
& requiredField "index" index
& requiredField "fields" fieldSchemas
& Aeson.Object
SchemaBuiltInData info ->
Aeson.Object $ infoFields info
SchemaBuiltInUnit info ->
Aeson.Object $ dataType info "#unit"
SchemaBuiltInBoolean info ->
Aeson.Object $ dataType info "#boolean"
SchemaBuiltInInteger info ->
Aeson.Object $ dataType info "#integer"
SchemaBuiltInBytes info ->
Aeson.Object $ dataType info "#bytes"
SchemaBuiltInString info ->
Aeson.Object $ dataType info "#string"
SchemaBuiltInPair info MkPairSchema{left, right} ->
dataType info "#pair"
& requiredField "left" left
& requiredField "right" right
& Aeson.Object
SchemaBuiltInList info schema ->
dataType info "#list"
& requiredField "items" schema
& Aeson.Object
SchemaOneOf schemas ->
Aeson.object ["oneOf" .= schemas]
SchemaAnyOf schemas ->
Aeson.object ["anyOf" .= schemas]
SchemaAllOf schemas ->
Aeson.object ["allOf" .= schemas]
SchemaNot schema ->
Aeson.object ["not" .= schema]
SchemaDefinitionRef definitionId ->
Aeson.object ["$ref" .= ("#/definitions/" <> definitionIdToText definitionId)]
where
dataType :: SchemaInfo -> String -> Aeson.Object
dataType info ty = requiredField "dataType" ty (infoFields info)
infoFields :: SchemaInfo -> Aeson.Object
infoFields info =
KeyMap.empty
& optionalField "title" (title info)
& optionalField "description" (description info)
& optionalField "$comment" (comment info)
data IntegerSchema = MkIntegerSchema
{ multipleOf :: Maybe Integer
-- ^ An instance is valid if division by this value results in an integer.
, minimum :: Maybe Integer
-- ^ An instance is valid only if it is greater than or exactly equal to "minimum".
, maximum :: Maybe Integer
-- ^ An instance is valid only if it is less than or exactly equal to "maximum".
, exclusiveMinimum :: Maybe Integer
-- ^ An instance is valid only if it is strictly greater than "exclusiveMinimum".
, exclusiveMaximum :: Maybe Integer
-- ^ An instance is valid only if it is strictly less than "exclusiveMaximum".
}
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
emptyIntegerSchema :: IntegerSchema
emptyIntegerSchema =
MkIntegerSchema
{ multipleOf = Nothing
, minimum = Nothing
, maximum = Nothing
, exclusiveMinimum = Nothing
, exclusiveMaximum = Nothing
}
data BytesSchema = MkBytesSchema
{ enum :: [ByteString]
-- ^ An instance validates successfully if once hex-encoded,
-- its value matches one of the specified values.
, minLength :: Maybe Natural
-- ^ An instance is valid if its length is greater than, or equal to, this value.
, maxLength :: Maybe Natural
-- ^ An instance is valid if its length is less than, or equal to, this value.
}
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
emptyBytesSchema :: BytesSchema
emptyBytesSchema = MkBytesSchema{enum = [], minLength = Nothing, maxLength = Nothing}
data ListSchema (referencedTypes :: [Type]) = MkListSchema
{ itemSchema :: Schema referencedTypes
-- ^ Element schema
, minItems :: Maybe Natural
-- ^ An array instance is valid if its size is greater than, or equal to, this value.
, maxItems :: Maybe Natural
-- ^ An array instance is valid if its size is less than, or equal to, this value.
, uniqueItems :: Maybe Bool
-- ^ If this value is false, the instance validates successfully.
-- If it is set to True, the instance validates successfully if all of its elements are unique.
}
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
mkListSchema :: Schema referencedTypes -> ListSchema referencedTypes
mkListSchema itemSchema =
MkListSchema
{ itemSchema
, minItems = Nothing
, maxItems = Nothing
, uniqueItems = Nothing
}
data MapSchema (referencedTypes :: [Type]) = MkMapSchema
{ keySchema :: Schema referencedTypes
-- ^ Key schema
, valueSchema :: Schema referencedTypes
-- ^ Value schema
, minItems :: Maybe Natural
-- ^ A map instance is valid if its size is greater than, or equal to, this value.
, maxItems :: Maybe Natural
-- ^ A map instance is valid if its size is less than, or equal to, this value.
}
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
data ConstructorSchema (referencedTypes :: [Type]) = MkConstructorSchema
{ index :: Natural
-- ^ Constructor index
, fieldSchemas :: [Schema referencedTypes]
-- ^ Field schemas
}
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
data PairSchema (referencedTypes :: [Type]) = MkPairSchema
{ left :: Schema referencedTypes
-- ^ Schema of the first element
, right :: Schema referencedTypes
-- ^ Schema of the second element
}
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
``` |
The Anzac biscuit is a sweet biscuit, popular in Australia and New Zealand, made using rolled oats, flour, sugar, butter (or margarine), golden syrup, baking soda, boiling water, and (optionally) desiccated coconut. Anzac biscuits have long been associated with the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) established in World War I.
It has been claimed that these biscuits were sent by wives and women's groups to soldiers abroad because the ingredients do not spoil easily and the biscuits kept well during naval transportation.
Anzac biscuits should not be confused with hardtack, which was nicknamed "ANZAC wafers" in Australia and New Zealand.
Anzac biscuits are an explicit exemption to an Australian ban on commercial goods that use the term "Anzac", so long as they are sold as biscuits and not cookies.
Origins
The origin of Anzac biscuits is contested between Australia and New Zealand, similar to the dispute over pavlova. The actual recipe for the biscuit has been found long before the formation of the ANZAC Corps, and many of the first recipes for Anzac biscuits differ from the modern version.
The earliest known recipe combining the words 'anzac' and 'biscuit' is a recipe from 1916 for "ANZAC GINGER BISCUITS" which was published on June 4, 1916 in the Perth edition of The Sunday Times. However, this recipe contains no mention of oats present in modern anzac biscuits. The first recipe for something called "Anzac Biscuits" appears in an Australian publication, the War Chest Cookery Book (Sydney, 1917), but this recipe was also for a different biscuit from what we know as the modern Anzac biscuit. The same publication, the War Chest Cookery Book (Sydney, 1917), also included the first two recipes for biscuits resembling modern Anzac biscuits, under the names of "Rolled Oats Biscuits" and just "Biscuits". The first recorded instance of the combination of the name 'Anzac biscuit' and the recipe now associated with it was found in Adelaide dating to "either late 1919 or early 1920". Another early recipe for the Anzac biscuit dates back to 1921 in an Australian newspaper called The Argus. These early recipes did not contain desiccated coconut which is present in many modern Anzac biscuits. The first recipe for an Anzac biscuit containing the desiccated coconut is recorded to be from the city of Adelaide in 1924.
In 1919 in New Zealand a recipe for Anzac Crispies in the eighth edition of the St Andrew's Cookery Book had similar ingredients to modern Anzac biscuits.
Current popularity
Today, Anzac biscuits are manufactured commercially for retail sale. Because of their historical military connection with the ANZACs and Anzac Day, these biscuits are still used as a fundraising item for the Royal New Zealand Returned Services' Association (RSA) and the Returned and Services League of Australia (RSL). Special collectors old-style biscuit tins with World War military artwork are usually produced in the lead up to Anzac Day and sold in supermarkets, in addition to the standard plastic packets available all year. The official RSL biscuit is produced by Unibic under licence.
A British (though still Australian-produced) version of the Anzac biscuit, supporting the Royal British Legion, is available in several major supermarket chains in the UK.
Legal issues
The term Anzac is protected under Australian law and cannot be used in Australia without permission from the Minister for Veterans' Affairs; misuse can be legally enforced particularly for commercial purposes. Likewise similar restrictions on naming are enshrined in New Zealand law where the Governor General can elect to enforce naming legislation. There is a general exemption granted for Anzac biscuits, as long as these biscuits remain basically true to the original recipe and are both referred to and sold as Anzac biscuits and never as cookies.
Similarly to the use of the term Anzac, the Anzac biscuit is protected by regulations, regulating any commercial usage of this product so that it remains true to its traditional values. Primarily, such regulations pertain to the recipe, in which its commemorative value stems from its recipes in history, as well as the name of the product. While it is legally acceptable to substitute ingredients in a recipe to cater to dietary requirements, there is a commercial disallowance for any substantial modification of the recipe such that they deviate too far from traditional Anzac biscuit recipes. Variations of recipes posted on social media or written in cookbooks that merely include Anzac biscuits are excluded from regulations.
As a result of the aforementioned restrictions to the Anzac biscuit recipe, the Subway chain of restaurants dropped the biscuit from their menu in September 2008. After being ordered by the Department of Veterans' Affairs to bake the biscuits according to the original recipe, Subway decided not to continue to offer the biscuit, as they found that their supplier was unable to develop a cost-effective means of duplicating the recipe.
References
Biscuits
Australian snack foods
New Zealand cuisine
New Zealand desserts
New Zealand snack foods
Australian desserts
ANZAC
Foods containing coconut
Oat-based dishes |
White House Cemetery is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) burial ground for the dead of the First World War located in the Ypres Salient on the Western Front in Belgium.
The cemetery grounds were assigned to the United Kingdom in perpetuity by King Albert I of Belgium in recognition of the sacrifices made by the British Empire in the defence and liberation of Belgium during the war.
Foundation
The cemetery was founded by Commonwealth troops in March 1915 and remained in use until April 1918. After the Armistice in November 1918, the cemetery was enlarged by concentrating graves from eight outlying cemeteries.
The cemetery was designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield who was also responsible for the nearby Menin Gate memorial.
Notable graves
The cemetery contains the graves of some 1,163 soldiers of the Great War. Amongst these are the graves of four men executed by the Commonwealth military authorities – Private HH Chase of the Lancashire Fusiliers, executed for cowardice on 12 June 1915; Private WJ Turpie of the Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment, executed for desertion on 1 July 1915; and Privates RW Gawler and AE Eveleigh of The Buffs (East Kent Regiment), executed for desertion 24 February 1916. Private Turpie reached the United Kingdom about a month after deserting. He was apprehended by the police and confessed to being a deserter. Brought back to the Front, he was convicted at a court martial and subsequently executed. On 7 November 2006, the British government reversed its previous decision and announced a pardon for all soldiers executed in the Great War.
Also buried at this cemetery is Victoria Cross-holder Private Robert Morrow of the Royal Irish Fusiliers. World War I flying ace William Edward Green and WWII Army officer is buried here.
References
External links
1915 establishments in Belgium
Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in Belgium
Cemeteries and memorials in West Flanders |
The 1905 Barcelona City Council election was held on Sunday, 12 November 1905, to elect half of the Barcelona City Council. 26 out of 50 seats were up for election (1 was a by-election for a vacant seat).
Electoral system
The number of seats of each council was determined by the population count, according to the 1877 Municipal Law. As Barcelona had more than 200,000 inhabitants, the number of seats composing the city council was 50. The municipal law also established that half of the seats had to be renewed every two years. Therefore, in these elections 25 seats had to be renewed. Additionally, any vacant seat would also be renewed.
The municipality was divided in 10 multi-member constituencies, corresponding to the city districts. Seats were elected using limited partial block voting. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In districts electing.
Voting was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.
The Municipal Law allowed the King of Spain to elect directly the Mayor of Barcelona.
Results
Results by district
References
1905
1900s in Barcelona
1905 in Catalonia |
```java
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.flowable.engine.delegate;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import org.flowable.common.engine.api.async.AsyncTaskInvoker;
/**
* Convenience class which always uses the {@link AsyncTaskInvoker} to execute the async data.
* Provides intermediate methods to prepare the execution data before executing and do the
* actual execution without the need to work with futures.
*
* @param <Input> the input of the execution
* @param <Output> the output of the execution
* @author Filip Hrisafov
* @see MapBasedFlowableFutureJavaDelegate
* @see FutureJavaDelegate
*/
public interface FlowableFutureJavaDelegate<Input, Output> extends FutureJavaDelegate<Output> {
@Override
default CompletableFuture<Output> execute(DelegateExecution execution, AsyncTaskInvoker taskInvoker) {
Input inputData = prepareExecutionData(execution);
return taskInvoker.submit(() -> execute(inputData));
}
/**
* Method invoked before doing the execution to extract needed that from the execution
* on the main thread.
* This should be used to prepare and extract data from the execution before doing the execution in a different thread.
*
* @param execution the execution from which to extract data
* @return the data for the delegate
*/
Input prepareExecutionData(DelegateExecution execution);
/**
* Perform the actual execution of the delegate in another thread.
* This uses {@link #prepareExecutionData(DelegateExecution)} to get the needed data
* from the {@link DelegateExecution} and returns the output data that can is passed to {@link #afterExecution(DelegateExecution, Object)}.
*
* <b>IMPORTANT:</b> This is a completely new thread which does not participate in the transaction of the process.
*
* @param inputData the input data for the execution created via {@link #prepareExecutionData(DelegateExecution)}
* @return the output data of the execution
* @see #execute(DelegateExecution, AsyncTaskInvoker)
*/
Output execute(Input inputData);
/**
* Method invoked with the result from {@link #execute(Object)}.
* This should be used to set data on the {@link DelegateExecution}.
* This is on the same thread as {@link #prepareExecutionData(DelegateExecution)} and participates in the process transaction.
*
* @param execution the execution to which data can be set
* @param executionData the execution data
*/
@Override
void afterExecution(DelegateExecution execution, Output executionData);
}
``` |
```scala
/*
*/
package akka.stream.alpakka.googlecloud.bigquery.scaladsl.spray
import akka.util.ByteString
import spray.json.{deserializationError, JsBoolean, JsFalse, JsNumber, JsString, JsTrue, JsValue}
/**
* Provides the BigQueryJsonFormats for BigQuery table cells of the most important Scala types.
*/
trait BigQueryBasicFormats {
implicit object IntJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Int] {
def write(x: Int) = JsNumber(x)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) if x.isValidInt => x.intValue
case BigQueryNumber(x) if x.isValidInt => x.intValue
case x => deserializationError("Expected Int as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object LongJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Long] {
def write(x: Long) =
if (-9007199254740991L <= x & x <= 9007199254740991L)
JsNumber(x)
else
JsString(x.toString)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) if x.isValidLong => x.longValue
case BigQueryNumber(x) if x.isValidLong => x.longValue
case x => deserializationError("Expected Long as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object FloatJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Float] {
def write(x: Float) = JsNumber(x)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) => x.floatValue
case BigQueryNumber(x) => x.floatValue
case x => deserializationError("Expected Float as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object DoubleJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Double] {
def write(x: Double) = JsNumber(x)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) => x.doubleValue
case BigQueryNumber(x) => x.doubleValue
case x => deserializationError("Expected Double as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object ByteJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Byte] {
def write(x: Byte) = JsNumber(x)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) if x.isValidByte => x.byteValue
case BigQueryNumber(x) if x.isValidByte => x.byteValue
case x => deserializationError("Expected Byte as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object ShortJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Short] {
def write(x: Short) = JsNumber(x)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) if x.isValidShort => x.shortValue
case BigQueryNumber(x) if x.isValidShort => x.shortValue
case x => deserializationError("Expected Short as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object BigDecimalJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[BigDecimal] {
def write(x: BigDecimal) = {
require(x ne null)
JsString(x.toString)
}
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) => x
case BigQueryNumber(x) => x
case x => deserializationError("Expected BigDecimal as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object BigIntJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[BigInt] {
def write(x: BigInt) = {
require(x ne null)
JsString(x.toString)
}
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) => x.toBigInt
case BigQueryNumber(x) => x.toBigInt
case x => deserializationError("Expected BigInt as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object UnitJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Unit] {
def write(x: Unit) = JsNumber(1)
def read(value: JsValue): Unit = {}
}
implicit object BooleanJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Boolean] {
def write(x: Boolean) = JsBoolean(x)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsTrue | JsString("true") => true
case JsFalse | JsString("false") => false
case x => deserializationError("Expected Boolean as JsBoolean or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object CharJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Char] {
def write(x: Char) = JsString(String.valueOf(x))
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsString(x) if x.length == 1 => x.charAt(0)
case x => deserializationError("Expected Char as single-character JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object StringJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[String] {
def write(x: String) = {
require(x ne null)
JsString(x)
}
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsString(x) => x
case x => deserializationError("Expected String as JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object SymbolJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Symbol] {
def write(x: Symbol) = JsString(x.name)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsString(x) => Symbol(x)
case x => deserializationError("Expected Symbol as JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object ByteStringJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[ByteString] {
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.US_ASCII
def write(x: ByteString) = JsString(x.encodeBase64.decodeString(US_ASCII))
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case BigQueryBytes(x) => x
case x => deserializationError("Expected ByteString as JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
}
``` |
The 2021 Biella Challenger Indoor II was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 2nd edition of the tournament which was part of the 2021 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Biella, Italy between 15 and 21 February 2021.
Singles main-draw entrants
Seeds
1 Rankings are as of 8 February 2021.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Stefano Napolitano
Luca Nardi
Giulio Zeppieri
The following player received entry into the singles main draw as a special exempt:
Illya Marchenko
The following players received entry into the singles main draw as alternates:
Ernests Gulbis
Lukáš Lacko
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Raúl Brancaccio
Blaž Kavčič
Constant Lestienne
Matteo Viola
The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
Hiroki Moriya
Champions
Singles
Kwon Soon-woo def. Lorenzo Musetti 6–2, 6–3.
Doubles
Hugo Nys / Tim Pütz def. Lloyd Glasspool / Harri Heliövaara 7–6(7–4), 6–3.
References
2021 ATP Challenger Tour
2021 in Italian tennis
February 2021 sports events in Italy
Biella Challenger Indoor |
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Crete.
Ottoman stamps
Ottoman stamps were used in Crete until 1898 and franked Letters are known since 1871.
First stamps and first post offices of the independent postal service
In 1898 Crete obtained autonomy under Ottoman suzerainty, and was garrisoned by an international military force from Britain, France, Italy and Russia, who had intervened against Ottoman control to grant autonomy to the island,
The first stamps of the independent postal service in Crete were issued on 1 March 1900 (Julian calendar). The first series of nine stamps featured images of Hermes, Hera, King Minos, Talos and a portrait of Prince George, who was the high commissioner of the island. The values are 1 lepton, 5 lepta, 10 lepta, 20 lepta in red colour, 25 lepta, 50 lepta in lilac colour, 1 drachma, 2 drachma and 5 drachma. The lower values up to 20 lepta have no overprint. The values from 25 lepta to 5 drachma have a red overprint or a black overprint with the word in small letters or no overprint. First day cancels exist only on the lower values and the higher values with red overprint. The first cancel on a stamp with black overprint is "XANIA 3 MAPT 1900" on a 2 drachma stamp.
The higher values without overprint were at first used only as revenue stamps. Some of these "revenues" were cancelled (without permission) in post offices. The first cancel on a stamp without overprint and no sign of a revenue might be "XANIA NOEM 1900" on a 5 drachma stamp.
First day cancels are known from the main post offices in Chania (), Rethymnon () and Heraklion () and from the port of Sitia (). There should have been 20 other post offices at that time, but for some of them there is no proof that they opened before 1901. One in Kalochorion was closed in May 1900, so that fewer than five items cancelled with this postmark are known. The offices in Georgioupolis and Vokoulies were closed in spring 1901. Fewer than ten items cancelled with the Georgioupolis postmark are known; the Vokoulies cancels are seldom seen but not rare and forgeries exist.
In July 1900 the 20 lepta stamp in orange colour and the 50 lepta in ultramarine colour were ordered, both without overprint. One 50 lepta is cancelled "" in " 1900", although Greek stamp catalogues list the issue of both stamps in January 1901.
In December 1901 the 25 lepta with a black overprint "" in large letters was issued.
The 20 lepta orange overprinted with two black 5 in the lower corners was issued circa November 1904. The first known cancel on this stamp is "18 NOEM 1904".
Later issues
In February 1905, the second series was released. The series depicted Artemis, Britomartis, infant Cydon suckling a female Cretan hound, Triton, Ariadne, as well as the ruins of the Palace of Knossos and the Arcadia Monastery against the backdrop of Mount Ida.
In September 1908, after the Cretan deputies unilaterally declared union with Greece, the stamps of the previous issues were overprinted "" ("Greece").
Foreign post offices
At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, five countries operated post offices on the territory of Crete. Britain and Russia issued stamps inscribed in Greek, while France and Italy used their own stamps overprinted with the name of the island.
In February 1881, while Crete was still a part of the Ottoman Empire, Greek post offices opened in the three big cities of the island, Chania, Rethymnon and Heraklion. These Greek post offices were consulate departments and they operated until the end of 1881, just for eight or nine months, using Greek stamps with designs including large Hermes heads. Due to the very short period that these services operated in Crete, the postal items, stamps and especially letters, are very rare.
The stamp for the russian post offices in Crete in the following gallery is a forgery. The type of forgery is described by Feenstra.
Greek stamps
Crete became part of Greece in 1913 and Greek stamps have been used on the island since 9 December 1912 in Julian Calendar.. Remaining Cretan stamps were overprinted and issued in Greece in 1923.
Collections
Famous collectors of Cretan postal history include the late Dr. Angelos C. Papaioannou and Takis Karatzas from Greece but also Gunter Rhensius and Johann Ulrich Schmitt from Germany and Rienk Feenstra from the Netherlands. Currently, the probably largest and most complete collection of Cretan postal history is the one compiled by Dr. Manolis Mylonakis, but there must be a handful further large collections.
See also
Hellenic Philotelic Society
Postage stamps and postal history of Greece
Further reading
Lewis, H. L. Crete: Its Postal History and Stamps. Cheltenham: The Author, 1963 198p.
Papaioannou, Angelos C. The Stamps Of Crete. Athens: Orestes Vlastos (Publishers) Ltd., 2001 53p.
References
External links
Hellenic Philatelic Society
Modern history of Crete
Philately of Greece
Postage stamps of Crete |
Meera Kosambi (24 April 1939 – 26 February 2015) was an Indian sociologist.
Biography
She was the younger daughter of the illustrious intellectual, historian, linguist, statistician and mathematician, D.D. Kosambi, and granddaughter of Acharya Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi, a Buddhist scholar and a Pāli language expert. Her mother's name was Nalini Kosambi (nee' Madgavkar). She received a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Stockholm. She is the author of several books and articles on urban sociology and women's studies in India.
For nearly a decade she served as Director of the Research Centre for Women's Studies at the SNDT University for Women, Mumbai. She worked extensively on the 19th-century Indian feminist Pandita Ramabai, whose writings she compiled, edited and translated from Marathi. She has also translated and edited the autobiography and scholarly writings of her grandfather Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi.
Kosambi died in Pune on 26 February 2015 after a brief illness.
Works
1986 Bombay in Transition : The Growth and Social Ecology of a Colonial City, 1880-1980, Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell International
1994 Women's Oppression in the Public Gaze: an Analysis of Newspaper Coverage, State Action and Activist Response (edited), Bombay: Research Centre for Women’s Studies, S.N.D.T. Women’s University
1994 Urbanization and Urban Development in India, New Delhi: Indian Council of Social Science Research
1995 Pandita Ramabai’s Feminist and Christian Conversions : Focus on Stree Dharma-neeti, Bombay: Research Centre for Women’s Studies, S.N.D.T. Women’s University
1996 Women in Decision-Making in the Private Sector in India (with Divya Pandey and Veena Poonacha), Mumbai: Research Centre for Women’s Studies, S.N.D.T. Women’s University
2000 Intersections : Socio-Cultural Trends in Maharashtra (edited), New Delhi: Orient Longman, New Delhi
2000 Pandita Ramabai Through Her Own Words: Selected Works (translated, edited and compiled) New Delhi; New York: Oxford University Press
2003 Pandita Ramabai's American Encounter : The Peoples of the United States (1889) (translated and edited), Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2007 Crossing Thresholds: Feminist Essays in Social History, Ranikhet: Permanent Black
2011 Nivedan: The Autobiography of Dharmanand Kosambi, trans. by Meera Kosambi. Ranikhet: Permanent Black.
2012 Women Writing Gender (edited, translated and with an introduction), Ranikhet: Permanent Black,
2013 Dharmanand Kosambi: The Essential Writings, ed. by Meera Kosambi. Orient Blackswan.
References
External links
* Video. Meera Kosambi speaks at the release of Dharmananda Kosambi: The Essential Writings (2013)
Indian women sociologists
Indian feminist writers
Gender studies academics
1939 births
2015 deaths
20th-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian women writers
20th-century Indian historians
21st-century Indian historians
20th-century Indian social scientists
21st-century Indian social scientists
Women writers from Maharashtra
Women scientists from Maharashtra
Writers from Pune
Women educators from Maharashtra
Educators from Maharashtra
Indian women historians |
Abacetus thoracicus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Jeannel in 1948.
References
thoracicus
Beetles described in 1864 |
was a scholar of literature and culture and Hajime Mori Endowed Chair in Japanese Language and Literature at the University of California, San Diego.
Career
Born in Tokyo, he graduated from the University of Tokyo, majoring in English, and earned a Fulbright Fellowship to gain advanced degrees at New York University. Specializing in Victorian literature, he first taught at the University of California Berkeley, where he started working on Japanese literature as well. Eventually moving to the University of California, San Diego, he increasingly focused his writings on the relations between Japan and the United States and the problems of globalization.
Miyoshi's books include The Divided Self: A Perspective on the Literature of the Victorians (1969), Accomplices of Silence: The Modern Japanese Novel (1975), As We Saw Them: The First Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860) (1979), Off Center: Power and Culture Relations Between Japan and the United States (1991), and The University in 'Globalization': Culture, Economy, and Ecology (2003). He also edited and co-edited anthologies on globalization, post-modernism, and the future of area studies.
See also
Fredric Jameson
Bibliography
The Divided Self: A Perspective on the Literature of the Victorians. New York: New York UP and London UP, 1969.
Accomplices of Silence: The Modern Japanese Novel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
As We Saw Them: The First Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. Second edition, New York: Kodansha International, 1994.
Postmodernism and Japan (co-edited with H. D. Harootunian). Durham/London: Duke UP, 1989.
Off Center: Power and Culture Relations Between Japan and the United States. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1991.
A special Japan issue, Manoa: A Pacific Journal of International Writing (editor). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991.
Japan in the World (co-edited with H. D. Harootunian). Durham/London: Duke UP, 1993.
The Culture of Globalization (co-edited with Fredric Jameson). Durham/London: Duke UP, 1997.
Learning Places: The Afterlives of Area Studies (co-ed. with H.D. Harootunian). Duke UP, 2002.
Teiko no ba e [Sites of Resistance]: Interviews with Masao Miyoshi. (transcribed and translated into Japanese by Mitsuhiro Yoshimoto). Kyoto: Rakuhoku Shuppan, 2007.
this is not here: Selected Photographs by Masao Miyoshi. Los Angeles: highmoonoon, 2009.
Trespasses [Selected Writings by Miyoshi]. (ed. Eric Cazdyn with preface by Fredric Jameson). Durham: Duke University Press, 209, forthcoming.
"A Borderless World? From Colonialism to Transnationalism and the Decline of the Nation-State," Critical Inquiry, 19.4 (Summer 1993): 726–751.
"Sites of Resistance in the Global Economy," boundary 2, 22.1 (Spring 1995): 61–84.
"Radical Art at documenta X," New Left Review, 228 (March/April 1998): 151–161.
"'Globalization,' Culture and the University," Cultures of Globalization (co-edited with Fredric Jameson). Durham/London: Duke UP, 1998: 247–270.
"Japan Is Not Interesting," Re-Mapping Japanese Culture: Papers of the 10th Biennial Conference of the Japanese Studies Association of Australia. Monash Asia Institute, 2000: 11–25.
"Ivory Tower in Escrow," boundary 2 (Spring 2000): 8–50.
"Turn to the Planet: Literature, Diversity, and Totality," Comparative Literature (Fall 2001).
References
External links
1928 births
2009 deaths
University of Tokyo alumni
New York University alumni
Japanese sociologists
American sociologists
Japanese Japanologists
Japanese literature academics
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of California, San Diego faculty
Comparative literature academics
People from Tokyo
Japanese emigrants to the United States
American academics of Japanese descent |
Personne d'autre is the 28th and final studio album by French singer Françoise Hardy. It was released in April 2018 under Parlophone/Warner Music.
Personne d’autre features 10 original songs, including one sung in English, "You’re My Home" penned by Yael Naim, a cover of Michel Berger’s "Seras-tu là", and an adaption of Finnish band Poets Of The Fall’s ‘Sleep’, titled as "Dors mon ange"
Background
According to Hardy, she hadn't planned to release an album, but after she heard "Sleep" by Finnish band Poets of the Fall, she showed it to her friend Erick Benzi, who had similar melodies at that time, and it inspired her to write some lyrics.
Meanwhile, La Grande Sophie, who knew that she started writing again, sent her the song "Le Large" (Sailing Away) out of the blue, and she got another haunting melody from Pascale Daniel, then a song by Yael Naim brought some tears to her eyes.
Track listing
Certifications
References
Françoise Hardy albums
2018 albums
French-language albums |
The following lists events that happened during 1981 in Chile.
Incumbents
President of Chile: Augusto Pinochet
Events
January
January 10 – The Santa Maria Tower is inaugurated on the slopes of San Cristóbal Hill in the commune of Providencia, the highest in the country until 1994.
February
February 18–23 – The XXII Viña del Mar International Song Festival is held. Its conductors are Antonio Vodanovic and María Olga Fernández.
February 28 – The Viña del Mar psychopaths murder Fernando Lagunas Alfaro, a businessman, and Delia del Carmen González Apablaza, a prostitute known by the nickname of La Topogigio near the Estero Marga Marga River of Viña del Mar.
March
March 2 – The Catholic University of the North expels the writer from Antofagasta Andrés Sabella, Doctor Honoris Causa and member of the Academia Chilena de la Lengua.
March 6 – Decree Law N1 1-3260 is created, which created new administrative zones (the commune).
March 11 – the Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile of 1980, plebiscitated and approved on September 11 of the previous year, comes into force. After Te Deum, the military government moved to La Moneda, leaving the Diego Portales Building as Legislative Power until 1990.
March 21 – Fire in the Torre Santa María. The fire starts at 10:00 on the tenth floor; 11 people die. The incident exposes the problem of fires in tall buildings, and plans begin to address the issue.
April
May
May 1 – The new pension system comes into force, with which the Pension Fund Administrators (AFP) appear.
May 15 – Education is municipalized, to decentralize educational administration.
May 18 – A violent tornado destroys the center of San Carlos. The tornado (named Carlos) appears about west of the city and disappears before reaching the town of Cachapoal.
May 22 – The Viña del Mar Sugar Refinery Company (CRAV) declares bankruptcy.
May 25 – The Viña del Mar psychopaths assassinate taxi driver Luis Morales Álvarez near Reñaca Beach and worker Jorge Inostroza on the road to Concón, where they also rape Margarita Santibáñez Ibaceta .
June
July
July 23–29 – Strong temperature drops are recorded in much of the country. Snow falls in cities like La Serena and Copiapó, where previously thought impossible.
July 28 – The Viña del Mar psychopaths murder the taxi driver Raúl Aedo León on Camino El Olivar and Tomás Noguera Inostroza, a bank employee, on the road to Limache and they also rape Ana María Riveros.
August
August 23 – The Military Junta of the Military Government establishes September 11 as a holiday with the title of National Liberation Day.
September
September 1 – The Spanish writer Corín Tellado visits the country.
October
October 16 – An earthquake measuring 7.5 on the Richter scale affects the area of La Ligua and Petorca. No fatalities were reported.
October 30 – The Ministry of Finance announces the intervention of the Linares, Talca, Fomento de Valparaíso, and Español-Chile banks. The measure becomes effective on November 2.
November
November 1 – The Viña del Mar psychopaths assassinated Jaime Ventura and Roxana Venegas in the Caleta Abarca sector, under the Capuchin Bridge of Viña del Mar. This was the last crime committed by the criminals.
November 26 – The Apumanque shopping center is inaugurated, in the commune of Las Condes.
November 27 – A bus from the Flecha Dorada company collides with a truck near the city of San Carlos, resulting in 30 deaths and 17 injuries.
December
December 11–12 – The 1981 Chilean telethon is held.
December 11 – Agents of the CNI, Investigations and Carabineros, kill the MIR militants María Verónica Cienfuegos and Sergio Flores in a house on Rivadavia street in the commune of San Joaquín.
Births
11 January – Jaime Valdés
1 February – Nelson Pinto
15 February – Cristian Muñoz (racewalker)
26 February – Pamela Díaz
15 March – Cristián Arriagada
16 March – Leonardo Monje
9 May – Johnny Herrera (goalkeeper)
10 May – Humberto Suazo
31 May – Cristián Canío
26 July – Miguel Ángel Ayala
30 July – Eduardo Lobos
4 August – Ismael Fuentes
20 August – Mario Esteban Berríos
21 August – Jonathan Novoa
9 September – Julio Peralta
17 September – Gonzalo Villagra
27 October – Marcel Holmberg
3 November – Rodrigo Millar
22 November – Braulio Leal
12 December – Wladimir Herrera
Deaths
23 May – Laura Allende (b. 1911)
References
Years of the 20th century in Chile
Chile |
The halavi guitarfish (Glaucostegus halavi) is a species of ray found in the Indo-West Pacific (Red Sea to Gulf of Oman, with unconfirmed records in the area east of Oman). Recorded twice, in 1997 and 2004, in the levantine waters, the question of its permanent settlement in the Mediterranean Sea remains open. Its name is derived from the Arabic word (halawi).
It feeds on small molluscs and bony fishes.
References
halavi guitarfish
Fish of the Red Sea
halavi guitarfish |
```php
<?php
$x = require $x;
$y = require $x &&
require $y;
if (require $x) {
return (require $x);
}
/* false-positives */
require_once $x;
return (require __DIR__ . 'semicolons.php');
``` |
Forest Glen is one of the 77 official city community areas of Chicago, Illinois, located on the city's Northwest Side. It comprises the neighborhoods of Forest Glen, Edgebrook and Sauganash, with sub-neighborhoods of Sauganash Park, Wildwood, North Edgebrook and Old Edgebrook.
Neighborhoods
Edgebrook
Edgebrook borders the neighborhood of Sauganash to the west and Forest Glen to the south. Edgebrook was once part of the Sauganash land tract known as Caldwell's Reserve, and was annexed by the city of Chicago in 1889. To the north of Edgebrook sits Wildwood and then North Edgebrook. Frequently the three communities together are referred to as Edgebrook.
Edgebrook is roughly bordered by I-94 (the Edens Expressway) and the city limits to the east, the forest preserve and Niles to the west, the North Branch of the Chicago River to the south, and the Chicago city limits to the north.
Edgebrook is home to the Billy Caldwell Golf Course and the Edgebrook Golf Course, both operated by the Cook County Forest Preserves, and Edgebrook Elementary School, which has consistently ranked highly among the many Chicago Public Schools in terms of standardized test performance. Edgebrook School's mascot is the Eagle.
The 84 Peterson and 85A North Central CTA bus routes serve the Edgebrook neighborhood. The Milwaukee District / North Line also has a stop in Edgebrook.
Additionally, the Edgebrook Branch of the Chicago Public Library system is located on Devon Avenue, in the heart of the Edgebrook neighborhood.
Old Edgebrook
Old Edgebrook is a small area located between Central and Devon Avenues and the Edgebrook Golf Course, consisting of several blocks of large, stately homes originally built for railroad executives. The first homes here were built in the 1890s. Today, Old Edgebrook is an historical landmark district, surrounded on all sides by Cook County Forest Preserve land.
Indian Woods
Sitting across the river and Central Avenue from Old Edgebrook, Indian Woods (South Edgebrook) is defined by Central Avenue to the west, the Edgebrook Woods Forest Preserve to the north and east, and Elston Avenue to the south. Indian Woods is originally part of the Forest Glen community area, but also located in the northern portion of Jefferson Park. It shares the 60646 (Edgebrook) ZIP Code. There are multiple unique wooden signs marking the Indian Woods community that have been in place for many decades.
Wildwood
Part of Edgebrook, the Wildwood community is triangular in shape and is bordered by Lehigh Avenue, Caldwell Avenue (Route 14), Mendota Avenue, and Lightfoot Avenue. Wildwood Elementary School (affiliated with the Chicago Public Schools) serves parts of Edgebrook (west of Lehigh), Wildwood and North Edgebrook, and is highly rated. The Edgebrook Metra train station is located a little south of Wildwood near the intersection of Devon, Lehigh, and Caldwell Avenues.
North Edgebrook
North Edgebrook is the section of Edgebrook sitting north of Wildwood. Its northern border is Touhy Avenue, except for a small area consisting of a couple of blocks that extends north of Touhy Avenue, and is surrounded by the suburb of Niles.
Sauganash
Sauganash was once part of the Sauganash land tract (Caldwell's Reserve) and was annexed by the city of Chicago in 1889. This neighborhood is named after Billy Caldwell, also known as Sauganash (meaning "English speaking"). Born to a Mohawk mother and an Irish father, William Caldwell Sr., a Captain of the British Butler Rangers, he became a leader of the Potawotomi. The "Treaty Elm" which stood until the 1930s was originally used in the first and second government surveys of the reserve. Sauganash negotiated with the United States on behalf of the United Nations of the Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawotomi. In return for his services, the US gave him 1600 acres on the Chicago River.
Today the neighborhood is home to three churches: Sauganash Community Church, a non-denominational Protestant church; Bride of Christ Church; and Queen of All Saints, a Roman Catholic Basilica. The Sauganash residential neighborhood has many distinctive homes. It also had large tracts of prairie land until the mid-1950s.
The Sauganash neighborhood is bordered by Devon Avenue to the north, Bryn Mawr Avenue to the south, the Edens Expressway (Interstate 94) to the west, and Pulaski Road to the east. Devon Avenue marks the northern boundary of the city limits of Chicago at this point. The suburb of Lincolnwood begins north of Devon Avenue.
The neighborhood of Sauganash Park lies east of the Valley Line trail.
LaBagh Woods forest preserve is directly south of Sauganash.
Forest Glen
A community of about 550 residences on the far Northwest side of the city of Chicago is often referred to as "Chicago's Finest Community". It is one of the oldest neighborhoods on the Northwest side, and is at the southern part of the official Chicago neighborhood's area of Forest Glen, which also contains Edgebrook and Sauganash. The first European American to settle Forest Glen was Civil War hero Captain William Hazelton of the 1st Cavalry Division. Captain Hazelton built a home in Forest Glen which still stands, and started a Sunday School that evolved into the First Congregational Church of Forest Glen. Hazelton also built the Glen's first barn at what is now Lawler and Elston.
The Forest Glen neighborhood is bordered by the Chicago River to the north, Foster Avenue to the south, Cicero Avenue to the east and Metra Milwaukee District North line to the west. Forest Glen shares its ZIP Code (60630) with Jefferson Park.
South Edgebrook
The area commonly known as South Edgebrook is originally in the Forest Glen community area; but it now straddles the official Chicago neighborhoods of Jefferson Park and Norwood Park. South Edgebrook's borders are considered to be Devon Avenue to the north, Metra tracks and the Edgebrook Golf Course / Forest Preserve to the east, and Elston Avenue and Milwaukee Avenue to the south and west. It is served by the 60646 (Edgebrook) ZIP Code. Internet and atlas maps of Chicago's neighborhoods in recent years indicate a "South Edgebrook" located south of Caldwell Avenue and west of the Edens (I-94) Expressway by the Billy Caldwell Golf Course. This area however, is part of Edgebrook itself, and never had any additional designation.
Politics
Forest Glen has supported the Democratic Party in the past two presidential elections. In the 2016 presidential election, Forest Glen cast 5,753 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 3,344 votes for Donald Trump. In the 2012 presidential election, Forest Glen cast 5,273 votes for Barack Obama and cast 3,592 votes for Mitt Romney.
Transportation
Metra provides service to Union Station from two stops in Forest Glen on the Milwaukee District / North Line. Forest Glen station lies between Forest Glen and Elston Avenues, while Edgebrook station lies just to the north of the intersection of Caldwell, Devon, and Central Avenues. The southern part of Forest Glen is also accessible from the Union Pacific / Northwest Line's stops in and Gladstone Park. The Blue Line also serves Jefferson Park, providing service to , downtown, and .
The Edens Expressway (I-94) has a number of interchanges in Forest Glen: in Edgebrook at Caldwell Avenue; at Touhy Avenue just outside Edgebrook/Forest Glen's boundaries in Lincolnwood; just outside Forest Glen north to the North Shore suburbs and Milwaukee via the Foster Avenue on-ramp; and again just outside Forest Glen south to down town via the Elston Avenue on-ramp, just one city block south of Foster Avenue.
Notable people
Rubén Castillo (born 1954), Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois from 2013 to 2019. Castillo lived in Forest Glen at the time of his initial appointment to a federal judgeship in 1994.
Thomas G. Lyons (1931–2007), Chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party from 1990 to 1997. He resided at 6457 North Hiawatha Avenue while a member of the Illinois Senate.
Mitchell P. Kobelinski (1928–1997), 11th Administrator of the Small Business Administration during the Presidency of Gerald Ford. He was a Sauganash resident at the time of his death.
Mike Royko (1932–1997), author and Pulitzer Prize winning newspaper columnist. He moved to Sauganash from Lake View in the mid-1980s.
Harry H. Semrow (1915–1987), postmaster of Chicago from 1961 to 1966. He resided at 6240 North Livermore Avenue while a member of the Illinois House of Representatives.
Education
The local Chicago Public Schools primary schools include Edgebrook Elementary School, Wildwood School, Sauganash Elementary School, Beard Elementary(In Big Oaks), Hitch Elementary (In Gladstone Park), and Beaubien Elementary (In Jefferson Park). The local Catholic schools are at Queen of All Saints Basilica in Sauganash and St. Mary of the Woods Catholic Church in North Edgebrook/Wildwood. St. Cornelius school on Foster and Long closed in 2016. It eventually became the Chicago Public Schools Catalpa Early Childhood Center.
The Chicago Public Schools secondary school is William Howard Taft High School in Norwood Park, Chicago, although many residents of the neighborhood elect to attend either private schools or one of the City of Chicago-run selective schools. Private schools typically attended are Saint Ignatius College Prep, Loyola Academy, Notre Dame College Prep, or Regina Dominican High School. College preparatory, non-private schools include CICS Northtown Academy, a charter school that opened in 2002. Selective enrollment schools typically attended include Northside College Prep, Lane Tech, and Whitney Young Magnet High School.
References
External links
Official City of Chicago Forest Glen Community Map
The Northwest Chicago Historical Society's History of Forest Glen
Old Edgebrook District
Edgebrook Community Association
Forest Glen Community Club
Sauganash Community Association
Queen of All Saints Basilica; see also Wikipedia entry
ForgottenChicago.com's article on Old Edgebrook
Community areas of Chicago
North Side, Chicago |
Aslam Parvez (12 February 1932 – 21 November 1984) was a Pakistani film actor.
Early and personal life
Aslam Parvez was born as Chaudhary Muhammad Aslam into a family of traders in Lahore, Punjab, British India on 12 February 1932.
His grandfather Deen Mohammad established an office building at Shahra-e-Quaid-e-Azam, his brother Afzal was the son-in-law of Chaudhary Eid Muhammad, a movie director and producer and also the grandfather of Vasay Chaudhry, while a brother was a chartered accountant and another was a painter.
He was married to his second cousin Surraiya before he joined the Pakistani film industry. They have left behind four children, two sons and two daughters: Zulfiqar Aslam, Asghar Aslam, Aasiya Aslam and Aqsa Aslam.
Career
Aslam Parvez entered the Pakistani film industry in the year 1955 at the age of 23. He started his film career in film producer Anwar Kamal Pasha's film Qatil (1955) as a side hero. Thereafter he played the leading role in the Punjabi language film Patay Khan opposite Noor Jehan. In the film Koel (1959), Aslam Pervaiz performed a leading role opposite film actresses Noor Jehan and Neelo. He played the villain in movies like Saheli (1960), Insaan aur Admi (1970), Tehzeeb (1971) and Baharo Phool Barsao (1972).
Death
While coming from a shooting of a film, he was injured in a car accident and died of injuries from that accident one week later in a hospital on 21 November 1984. A fellow actor, Iqbal Hassan, was driving the car and died shortly after this accident.
Awards
1970 Nigar Award Best Supporting Actor-film Insaan Aur Aadmi (1970)
1981 Nigar Award Special Award for 30 years of excellence in films
1984 Nigar Award Special Award for Miss Colombo (1984)
2018 Pride of Performance award by the President of Pakistan
Selected filmography
References
External links
1984 deaths
1932 births
Pakistani male film actors
Nigar Award winners
20th-century Pakistani male actors
Recipients of the Pride of Performance
Male actors in Urdu cinema
Male actors in Punjabi cinema |
Kanō Hōgai (狩野 芳崖, February 27, 1828 – October 5, 1888) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school.
Life
The son of the local daimyō's chief painter, he was sent at the age of 18 to Edo to study painting formally. He stayed there for ten years and studied under Kanō Shōsen'in and other prominent artists of the time.
Hōgai would eventually be called upon for such esteemed commissions as ceiling paintings for Edo Castle. He also received the honor of having some of his works displayed at the 1876 Paris International Exposition. However, despite these honors, the economic turmoil created by the fall of the shogunate in 1868 forced Hōgai to seek to support himself with income via more mundane methods. He worked at casting iron, reclaiming land, and running a shop selling writing instruments.
In 1877 Hōgai returned to Edo, now called Tokyo, and worked for the wealthy Shimazu clan; this gave him the opportunity to study works by some of Japan's greatest painting masters, including Sesshū and Sesson.
In 1884, Hōgai attracted the attention of Ernest Fenollosa, an art critic and collector from New England, who befriended him and bought several of his paintings. Along with Fenollosa, Okakura Kakuzō and Hashimoto Gahō, Hōgai then took part in the Painting Appreciation Society (観画会, Kangakai). The Society was created to draw attention to the traditional Japanese arts, particularly classical art of the Heian and Nara periods which were beginning to be seriously neglected, with many works sold or even destroyed due to Japan's newfound interest in the West.
Gallery
References
Baekeland, Frederick (1985). "Kanō Hōgai." Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Tokyo: Kodansha Ltd.
Ukiyo-e
1828 births
1888 deaths
Kanō school
19th-century Japanese people
19th-century Japanese artists
19th-century Japanese painters
People from Shimonoseki
Buddhist artists
Artists from Yamaguchi Prefecture |
Above Church is a hamlet about northwest of Ipstones in the English county of Staffordshire. It is located at .
References
Hamlets in Staffordshire |
Polina Leopoldovna Bayvel (; born 14 April 1966) is a British engineer and academic. She is currently Professor of Optical Communications & Networks in the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at University College London. She has made major contributions to the investigation and design of high-bandwidth multiwavelength optical networking.
Education and early life
Bayvel was born into a Jewish family, and grew up in Kharkiv and Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) until 1978. Her father is the physicist Leopold P. Bayvel, her mother Raisa (Rachel) was a textile/pattern technologist/garment engineer and later published studies in Eastern-European Jewish history.
She was educated in England at Hasmonean High School for Girls and University College London where she was awarded a Bachelor of Engineering degree in 1986 followed by a PhD in 1990. In 1990, she was awarded a Royal Society Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship in the Fibre Optics Laboratory at the of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in Moscow.
Research and career
Bayvel's research has focused on maximising the speed and capacity of optical fibre communication systems, and the fundamental studies of capacity-limiting optical nonlinearities and their mitigation. She has made major contributions to the investigation and design of high-bandwidth, multi-wavelength optical communication networks.
She was one of the first to show the feasibility of using the wavelength domain for routing in optical networks over a range of distance- and time-scales. She has established the applicability of these new optical network architecture concepts, which have been widely implemented in commercial systems and networks. These systems and networks underpin the Internet, and the digital communications infrastructure – and are essential for its growth. A new project, the Initiate project, aims to test technologies that will make internet connections faster and more secure, which Polina Bayvel indicated will allow them to test them at a national scale. Her research has been funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).
Awards and honours
Bayvel won the Institute of Physics Clifford Paterson Medal and Prize in 2002. She was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2002 and was awarded the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Photonic Society Engineering Achievement Award in 2013. Bayvel was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Science degree in 2014 by the University of South Wales. In 2014 she delivered the Clifford Paterson Lecture and in 2015 was awarded the Royal Academy of Engineering Colin Campbell Mitchell Award. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2016. Bayvel was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to engineering.
In 2019, Bayvel was elected to the Board of Directors of The Optical Society, she began her three year term on 1 January 2020.
In 2023, Bayvel was awarded the Royal Society Rumford Medal for pioneering contributions to the fundamental physics and nonlinear optics, enabling the realization of high capacity, broad bandwidth, multi-wavelength, optical communication systems that have underpinned the information technology revolution.
Personal life
Polina Bayvel has two sons.
References
Living people
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Fellows of the Royal Society
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Female Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Engineers from Kharkiv
21st-century women engineers
Fellows of Optica (society)
Ukrainian-Jewish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Women in optics
1966 births |
Risskov Skole is a school in Risskov in the north of Aarhus, Denmark.
In the early 1900s, Vejlby, Stationsbyen (now called Stationsgade) and Vejlby Krat expanded. Therefore, a decision was made to build a new school on the field between the towns. The school was designed by M. B. Fritz and the inauguration took place on 8 April 1927. After the Second World War the whole area became established and the school grew and, at one point, had over 1,200 students.
Risskov School has been renovated many times over the years, the latest in 2005. Today the school has around 800 students.
References
External links
Risskov public school's homepage
Primary schools in Aarhus |
```python
# Owner(s): ["module: dynamo"]
import functools
import operator
import re
import sys
import warnings
from itertools import product
from unittest import expectedFailure as xfail, skipIf as skipif, SkipTest
import pytest
from pytest import raises as assert_raises
from torch.testing._internal.common_utils import (
instantiate_parametrized_tests,
parametrize,
run_tests,
skipIfTorchDynamo,
TEST_WITH_TORCHDYNAMO,
TestCase,
xpassIfTorchDynamo,
)
if TEST_WITH_TORCHDYNAMO:
import numpy as np
from numpy.testing import (
assert_,
assert_array_equal,
assert_equal,
assert_warns,
HAS_REFCOUNT,
)
else:
import torch._numpy as np
from torch._numpy.testing import (
assert_,
assert_array_equal,
assert_equal,
assert_warns,
HAS_REFCOUNT,
)
skip = functools.partial(skipif, True)
@instantiate_parametrized_tests
class TestIndexing(TestCase):
def test_index_no_floats(self):
a = np.array([[[5]]])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0.0])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, 0])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, :])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, 0.0])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, 0.0, :])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, :, :])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0, 0.0])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, 0, 0])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0.0, 0])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, -1.4])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, 0])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, :])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, -1.4])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, -1.4, :])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, :, :])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0, -1.4])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, 0, 0])
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, -1.4, 0])
# Note torch validates index arguments "depth-first", so will prioritise
# raising TypeError over IndexError, e.g.
#
# >>> a = np.array([[[5]]])
# >>> a[0.0:, 0.0]
# IndexError: only integers, slices (`:`), ellipsis (`...`),
# numpy.newaxis # (`None`) and integer or boolean arrays are
# valid indices
# >>> t = torch.as_tensor([[[5]]]) # identical to a
# >>> t[0.0:, 0.0]
# TypeError: slice indices must be integers or None or have an
# __index__ method
#
assert_raises((IndexError, TypeError), lambda: a[0.0:, 0.0])
assert_raises((IndexError, TypeError), lambda: a[0.0:, 0.0, :])
def test_slicing_no_floats(self):
a = np.array([[5]])
# start as float.
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[0.0:])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[0:, 0.0:2])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[0.0::2, :0])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[0.0:1:2, :])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:, 0.0:])
# stop as float.
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:0.0])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:0, 1:2.0])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:0.0:2, :0])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:0.0, :])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:, 0:4.0:2])
# step as float.
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[::1.0])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[0:, :2:2.0])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[1::4.0, :0])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[::5.0, :])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:, 0:4:2.0])
# mixed.
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[1.0:2:2.0])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[1.0::2.0])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[0:, :2.0:2.0])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[1.0:1:4.0, :0])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[1.0:5.0:5.0, :])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:, 0.4:4.0:2.0])
# should still get the DeprecationWarning if step = 0.
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[::0.0])
@skip(reason="torch allows slicing with non-0d array components")
def test_index_no_array_to_index(self):
# No non-scalar arrays.
a = np.array([[[1]]])
assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[a:a:a])
# Conversely, using scalars doesn't raise in NumPy, e.g.
#
# >>> i = np.int64(1)
# >>> a[i:i:i]
# array([], shape=(0, 1, 1), dtype=int64)
#
def test_none_index(self):
# `None` index adds newaxis
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
assert_equal(a[None], a[np.newaxis])
assert_equal(a[None].ndim, a.ndim + 1)
@skip
def test_empty_tuple_index(self):
# Empty tuple index creates a view
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
assert_equal(a[()], a)
assert_(a[()].tensor._base is a.tensor)
a = np.array(0)
assert_(isinstance(a[()], np.int_))
def test_same_kind_index_casting(self):
# Indexes should be cast with same-kind and not safe, even if that
# is somewhat unsafe. So test various different code paths.
index = np.arange(5)
u_index = index.astype(np.uint8) # i.e. cast to default uint indexing dtype
arr = np.arange(10)
assert_array_equal(arr[index], arr[u_index])
arr[u_index] = np.arange(5)
assert_array_equal(arr, np.arange(10))
arr = np.arange(10).reshape(5, 2)
assert_array_equal(arr[index], arr[u_index])
arr[u_index] = np.arange(5)[:, None]
assert_array_equal(arr, np.arange(5)[:, None].repeat(2, axis=1))
arr = np.arange(25).reshape(5, 5)
assert_array_equal(arr[u_index, u_index], arr[index, index])
def test_empty_fancy_index(self):
# Empty list index creates an empty array
# with the same dtype (but with weird shape)
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
assert_equal(a[[]], [])
assert_equal(a[[]].dtype, a.dtype)
b = np.array([], dtype=np.intp)
assert_equal(a[[]], [])
assert_equal(a[[]].dtype, a.dtype)
b = np.array([])
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, b)
def test_ellipsis_index(self):
a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
assert_(a[...] is not a)
assert_equal(a[...], a)
# `a[...]` was `a` in numpy <1.9.
# Slicing with ellipsis can skip an
# arbitrary number of dimensions
assert_equal(a[0, ...], a[0])
assert_equal(a[0, ...], a[0, :])
assert_equal(a[..., 0], a[:, 0])
# Slicing with ellipsis always results
# in an array, not a scalar
assert_equal(a[0, ..., 1], np.array(2))
# Assignment with `(Ellipsis,)` on 0-d arrays
b = np.array(1)
b[(Ellipsis,)] = 2
assert_equal(b, 2)
@xpassIfTorchDynamo # 'torch_.np.array() does not have base attribute.
def test_ellipsis_index_2(self):
a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
assert_(a[...] is not a)
assert_equal(a[...], a)
# `a[...]` was `a` in numpy <1.9.
assert_(a[...].base is a)
def test_single_int_index(self):
# Single integer index selects one row
a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
assert_equal(a[0], [1, 2, 3])
assert_equal(a[-1], [7, 8, 9])
# Index out of bounds produces IndexError
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, 1 << 30)
# Index overflow produces IndexError
# Note torch raises RuntimeError here
assert_raises((IndexError, RuntimeError), a.__getitem__, 1 << 64)
def test_single_bool_index(self):
# Single boolean index
a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
assert_equal(a[np.array(True)], a[None])
assert_equal(a[np.array(False)], a[None][0:0])
def test_boolean_shape_mismatch(self):
arr = np.ones((5, 4, 3))
index = np.array([True])
assert_raises(IndexError, arr.__getitem__, index)
index = np.array([False] * 6)
assert_raises(IndexError, arr.__getitem__, index)
index = np.zeros((4, 4), dtype=bool)
assert_raises(IndexError, arr.__getitem__, index)
assert_raises(IndexError, arr.__getitem__, (slice(None), index))
def test_boolean_indexing_onedim(self):
# Indexing a 2-dimensional array with
# boolean array of length one
a = np.array([[0.0, 0.0, 0.0]])
b = np.array([True], dtype=bool)
assert_equal(a[b], a)
# boolean assignment
a[b] = 1.0
assert_equal(a, [[1.0, 1.0, 1.0]])
@skip(reason="NP_VER: fails on CI")
def test_boolean_assignment_value_mismatch(self):
# A boolean assignment should fail when the shape of the values
# cannot be broadcast to the subscription. (see also gh-3458)
a = np.arange(4)
def f(a, v):
a[a > -1] = v
assert_raises((RuntimeError, ValueError, TypeError), f, a, [])
assert_raises((RuntimeError, ValueError, TypeError), f, a, [1, 2, 3])
assert_raises((RuntimeError, ValueError, TypeError), f, a[:1], [1, 2, 3])
def test_boolean_indexing_twodim(self):
# Indexing a 2-dimensional array with
# 2-dimensional boolean array
a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
b = np.array([[True, False, True], [False, True, False], [True, False, True]])
assert_equal(a[b], [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])
assert_equal(a[b[1]], [[4, 5, 6]])
assert_equal(a[b[0]], a[b[2]])
# boolean assignment
a[b] = 0
assert_equal(a, [[0, 2, 0], [4, 0, 6], [0, 8, 0]])
def test_boolean_indexing_list(self):
# Regression test for #13715. It's a use-after-free bug which the
# test won't directly catch, but it will show up in valgrind.
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
b = [True, False, True]
# Two variants of the test because the first takes a fast path
assert_equal(a[b], [1, 3])
assert_equal(a[None, b], [[1, 3]])
def test_reverse_strides_and_subspace_bufferinit(self):
# This tests that the strides are not reversed for simple and
# subspace fancy indexing.
a = np.ones(5)
b = np.zeros(5, dtype=np.intp)[::-1]
c = np.arange(5)[::-1]
a[b] = c
# If the strides are not reversed, the 0 in the arange comes last.
assert_equal(a[0], 0)
# This also tests that the subspace buffer is initialized:
a = np.ones((5, 2))
c = np.arange(10).reshape(5, 2)[::-1]
a[b, :] = c
assert_equal(a[0], [0, 1])
def test_reversed_strides_result_allocation(self):
# Test a bug when calculating the output strides for a result array
# when the subspace size was 1 (and test other cases as well)
a = np.arange(10)[:, None]
i = np.arange(10)[::-1]
assert_array_equal(a[i], a[i.copy("C")])
a = np.arange(20).reshape(-1, 2)
def test_uncontiguous_subspace_assignment(self):
# During development there was a bug activating a skip logic
# based on ndim instead of size.
a = np.full((3, 4, 2), -1)
b = np.full((3, 4, 2), -1)
a[[0, 1]] = np.arange(2 * 4 * 2).reshape(2, 4, 2).T
b[[0, 1]] = np.arange(2 * 4 * 2).reshape(2, 4, 2).T.copy()
assert_equal(a, b)
@skip(reason="torch does not limit dims to 32")
def test_too_many_fancy_indices_special_case(self):
# Just documents behaviour, this is a small limitation.
a = np.ones((1,) * 32) # 32 is NPY_MAXDIMS
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, (np.array([0]),) * 32)
def test_scalar_array_bool(self):
# NumPy bools can be used as boolean index (python ones as of yet not)
a = np.array(1)
assert_equal(a[np.bool_(True)], a[np.array(True)])
assert_equal(a[np.bool_(False)], a[np.array(False)])
# After deprecating bools as integers:
# a = np.array([0,1,2])
# assert_equal(a[True, :], a[None, :])
# assert_equal(a[:, True], a[:, None])
#
# assert_(not np.may_share_memory(a, a[True, :]))
def test_everything_returns_views(self):
# Before `...` would return a itself.
a = np.arange(5)
assert_(a is not a[()])
assert_(a is not a[...])
assert_(a is not a[:])
def test_broaderrors_indexing(self):
a = np.zeros((5, 5))
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, ([0, 1], [0, 1, 2]))
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__setitem__, ([0, 1], [0, 1, 2]), 0)
def test_trivial_fancy_out_of_bounds(self):
a = np.zeros(5)
ind = np.ones(20, dtype=np.intp)
ind[-1] = 10
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, ind)
assert_raises((IndexError, RuntimeError), a.__setitem__, ind, 0)
ind = np.ones(20, dtype=np.intp)
ind[0] = 11
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, ind)
assert_raises((IndexError, RuntimeError), a.__setitem__, ind, 0)
def test_trivial_fancy_not_possible(self):
# Test that the fast path for trivial assignment is not incorrectly
# used when the index is not contiguous or 1D, see also gh-11467.
a = np.arange(6)
idx = np.arange(6, dtype=np.intp).reshape(2, 1, 3)[:, :, 0]
assert_array_equal(a[idx], idx)
# this case must not go into the fast path, note that idx is
# a non-contiuguous none 1D array here.
a[idx] = -1
res = np.arange(6)
res[0] = -1
res[3] = -1
assert_array_equal(a, res)
def test_memory_order(self):
# This is not necessary to preserve. Memory layouts for
# more complex indices are not as simple.
a = np.arange(10)
b = np.arange(10).reshape(5, 2).T
assert_(a[b].flags.f_contiguous)
# Takes a different implementation branch:
a = a.reshape(-1, 1)
assert_(a[b, 0].flags.f_contiguous)
@skipIfTorchDynamo() # XXX: flaky, depends on implementation details
def test_small_regressions(self):
# Reference count of intp for index checks
a = np.array([0])
if HAS_REFCOUNT:
refcount = sys.getrefcount(np.dtype(np.intp))
# item setting always checks indices in separate function:
a[np.array([0], dtype=np.intp)] = 1
a[np.array([0], dtype=np.uint8)] = 1
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__setitem__, np.array([1], dtype=np.intp), 1)
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__setitem__, np.array([1], dtype=np.uint8), 1)
if HAS_REFCOUNT:
assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(np.dtype(np.intp)), refcount)
def test_tuple_subclass(self):
arr = np.ones((5, 5))
# A tuple subclass should also be an nd-index
class TupleSubclass(tuple):
pass
index = ([1], [1])
index = TupleSubclass(index)
assert_(arr[index].shape == (1,))
# Unlike the non nd-index:
assert_(arr[index,].shape != (1,))
@xpassIfTorchDynamo # (reason="XXX: low-prio behaviour to support")
def test_broken_sequence_not_nd_index(self):
# See path_to_url
# If we have an object which claims to be a sequence, but fails
# on item getting, this should not be converted to an nd-index (tuple)
# If this object happens to be a valid index otherwise, it should work
# This object here is very dubious and probably bad though:
class SequenceLike:
def __index__(self):
return 0
def __len__(self):
return 1
def __getitem__(self, item):
raise IndexError("Not possible")
arr = np.arange(10)
assert_array_equal(arr[SequenceLike()], arr[SequenceLike(),])
# also test that field indexing does not segfault
# for a similar reason, by indexing a structured array
arr = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[("f1", "i8"), ("f2", "i8")])
assert_array_equal(arr[SequenceLike()], arr[SequenceLike(),])
def test_indexing_array_weird_strides(self):
# See also gh-6221
# the shapes used here come from the issue and create the correct
# size for the iterator buffering size.
x = np.ones(10)
x2 = np.ones((10, 2))
ind = np.arange(10)[:, None, None, None]
ind = np.broadcast_to(ind, (10, 55, 4, 4))
# single advanced index case
assert_array_equal(x[ind], x[ind.copy()])
# higher dimensional advanced index
zind = np.zeros(4, dtype=np.intp)
assert_array_equal(x2[ind, zind], x2[ind.copy(), zind])
def test_indexing_array_negative_strides(self):
# From gh-8264,
# core dumps if negative strides are used in iteration
arro = np.zeros((4, 4))
arr = arro[::-1, ::-1]
slices = (slice(None), [0, 1, 2, 3])
arr[slices] = 10
assert_array_equal(arr, 10.0)
@parametrize("index", [True, False, np.array([0])])
@parametrize("num", [32, 40])
@parametrize("original_ndim", [1, 32])
def test_too_many_advanced_indices(self, index, num, original_ndim):
# These are limitations based on the number of arguments we can process.
# For `num=32` (and all boolean cases), the result is actually define;
# but the use of NpyIter (NPY_MAXARGS) limits it for technical reasons.
if not (isinstance(index, np.ndarray) and original_ndim < num):
# unskipped cases fail because of assigning too many indices
raise SkipTest("torch does not limit dims to 32")
arr = np.ones((1,) * original_ndim)
with pytest.raises(IndexError):
arr[(index,) * num]
with pytest.raises(IndexError):
arr[(index,) * num] = 1.0
def test_nontuple_ndindex(self):
a = np.arange(25).reshape((5, 5))
assert_equal(a[[0, 1]], np.array([a[0], a[1]]))
assert_equal(a[[0, 1], [0, 1]], np.array([0, 6]))
raise SkipTest(
"torch happily consumes non-tuple sequences with multi-axis "
"indices (i.e. slices) as an index, whereas NumPy invalidates "
"them, assumedly to keep things simple. This invalidation "
"behaviour is just too niche to bother emulating."
)
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, [slice(None)])
@instantiate_parametrized_tests
class TestBroadcastedAssignments(TestCase):
def assign(self, a, ind, val):
a[ind] = val
return a
def test_prepending_ones(self):
a = np.zeros((3, 2))
a[...] = np.ones((1, 3, 2))
# Fancy with subspace with and without transpose
a[[0, 1, 2], :] = np.ones((1, 3, 2))
a[:, [0, 1]] = np.ones((1, 3, 2))
# Fancy without subspace (with broadcasting)
a[[[0], [1], [2]], [0, 1]] = np.ones((1, 3, 2))
def test_prepend_not_one(self):
assign = self.assign
s_ = np.s_
a = np.zeros(5)
# Too large and not only ones.
try:
assign(a, s_[...], np.ones((2, 1)))
except Exception as e:
self.assertTrue(isinstance(e, (ValueError, RuntimeError)))
assert_raises(
(ValueError, RuntimeError), assign, a, s_[[1, 2, 3],], np.ones((2, 1))
)
assert_raises(
(ValueError, RuntimeError), assign, a, s_[[[1], [2]],], np.ones((2, 2, 1))
)
def test_simple_broadcasting_errors(self):
assign = self.assign
s_ = np.s_
a = np.zeros((5, 1))
try:
assign(a, s_[...], np.zeros((5, 2)))
except Exception as e:
self.assertTrue(isinstance(e, (ValueError, RuntimeError)))
try:
assign(a, s_[...], np.zeros((5, 0)))
except Exception as e:
self.assertTrue(isinstance(e, (ValueError, RuntimeError)))
assert_raises(
(ValueError, RuntimeError), assign, a, s_[:, [0]], np.zeros((5, 2))
)
assert_raises(
(ValueError, RuntimeError), assign, a, s_[:, [0]], np.zeros((5, 0))
)
assert_raises(
(ValueError, RuntimeError), assign, a, s_[[0], :], np.zeros((2, 1))
)
@parametrize(
"index", [(..., [1, 2], slice(None)), ([0, 1], ..., 0), (..., [1, 2], [1, 2])]
)
def test_broadcast_error_reports_correct_shape(self, index):
values = np.zeros((100, 100)) # will never broadcast below
arr = np.zeros((3, 4, 5, 6, 7))
with pytest.raises((ValueError, RuntimeError)) as e:
arr[index] = values
shape = arr[index].shape
r_inner_shape = "".join(f"{side}, ?" for side in shape[:-1]) + str(shape[-1])
assert re.search(rf"[\(\[]{r_inner_shape}[\]\)]$", str(e.value))
def test_index_is_larger(self):
# Simple case of fancy index broadcasting of the index.
a = np.zeros((5, 5))
a[[[0], [1], [2]], [0, 1, 2]] = [2, 3, 4]
assert_((a[:3, :3] == [2, 3, 4]).all())
def test_broadcast_subspace(self):
a = np.zeros((100, 100))
v = np.arange(100)[:, None]
b = np.arange(100)[::-1]
a[b] = v
assert_((a[::-1] == v).all())
class TestFancyIndexingCast(TestCase):
@xpassIfTorchDynamo # (
# reason="XXX: low-prio to support assigning complex values on floating arrays"
# )
def test_boolean_index_cast_assign(self):
# Setup the boolean index and float arrays.
shape = (8, 63)
bool_index = np.zeros(shape).astype(bool)
bool_index[0, 1] = True
zero_array = np.zeros(shape)
# Assigning float is fine.
zero_array[bool_index] = np.array([1])
assert_equal(zero_array[0, 1], 1)
# Fancy indexing works, although we get a cast warning.
assert_warns(
np.ComplexWarning, zero_array.__setitem__, ([0], [1]), np.array([2 + 1j])
)
assert_equal(zero_array[0, 1], 2) # No complex part
# Cast complex to float, throwing away the imaginary portion.
assert_warns(
np.ComplexWarning, zero_array.__setitem__, bool_index, np.array([1j])
)
assert_equal(zero_array[0, 1], 0)
@xfail # (reason="XXX: requires broadcast() and broadcast_to()")
class TestMultiIndexingAutomated(TestCase):
"""
These tests use code to mimic the C-Code indexing for selection.
NOTE:
* This still lacks tests for complex item setting.
* If you change behavior of indexing, you might want to modify
these tests to try more combinations.
* Behavior was written to match numpy version 1.8. (though a
first version matched 1.7.)
* Only tuple indices are supported by the mimicking code.
(and tested as of writing this)
* Error types should match most of the time as long as there
is only one error. For multiple errors, what gets raised
will usually not be the same one. They are *not* tested.
Update 2016-11-30: It is probably not worth maintaining this test
indefinitely and it can be dropped if maintenance becomes a burden.
"""
def setupUp(self):
self.a = np.arange(np.prod([3, 1, 5, 6])).reshape(3, 1, 5, 6)
self.b = np.empty((3, 0, 5, 6))
self.complex_indices = [
"skip",
Ellipsis,
0,
# Boolean indices, up to 3-d for some special cases of eating up
# dimensions, also need to test all False
np.array([True, False, False]),
np.array([[True, False], [False, True]]),
np.array([[[False, False], [False, False]]]),
# Some slices:
slice(-5, 5, 2),
slice(1, 1, 100),
slice(4, -1, -2),
slice(None, None, -3),
# Some Fancy indexes:
np.empty((0, 1, 1), dtype=np.intp), # empty and can be broadcast
np.array([0, 1, -2]),
np.array([[2], [0], [1]]),
np.array([[0, -1], [0, 1]], dtype=np.dtype("intp")),
np.array([2, -1], dtype=np.int8),
np.zeros([1] * 31, dtype=int), # trigger too large array.
np.array([0.0, 1.0]),
] # invalid datatype
# Some simpler indices that still cover a bit more
self.simple_indices = [Ellipsis, None, -1, [1], np.array([True]), "skip"]
# Very simple ones to fill the rest:
self.fill_indices = [slice(None, None), 0]
def _get_multi_index(self, arr, indices):
"""Mimic multi dimensional indexing.
Parameters
----------
arr : ndarray
Array to be indexed.
indices : tuple of index objects
Returns
-------
out : ndarray
An array equivalent to the indexing operation (but always a copy).
`arr[indices]` should be identical.
no_copy : bool
Whether the indexing operation requires a copy. If this is `True`,
`np.may_share_memory(arr, arr[indices])` should be `True` (with
some exceptions for scalars and possibly 0-d arrays).
Notes
-----
While the function may mostly match the errors of normal indexing this
is generally not the case.
"""
in_indices = list(indices)
indices = []
# if False, this is a fancy or boolean index
no_copy = True
# number of fancy/scalar indexes that are not consecutive
num_fancy = 0
# number of dimensions indexed by a "fancy" index
fancy_dim = 0
# NOTE: This is a funny twist (and probably OK to change).
# The boolean array has illegal indexes, but this is
# allowed if the broadcast fancy-indices are 0-sized.
# This variable is to catch that case.
error_unless_broadcast_to_empty = False
# We need to handle Ellipsis and make arrays from indices, also
# check if this is fancy indexing (set no_copy).
ndim = 0
ellipsis_pos = None # define here mostly to replace all but first.
for i, indx in enumerate(in_indices):
if indx is None:
continue
if isinstance(indx, np.ndarray) and indx.dtype == bool:
no_copy = False
if indx.ndim == 0:
raise IndexError
# boolean indices can have higher dimensions
ndim += indx.ndim
fancy_dim += indx.ndim
continue
if indx is Ellipsis:
if ellipsis_pos is None:
ellipsis_pos = i
continue # do not increment ndim counter
raise IndexError
if isinstance(indx, slice):
ndim += 1
continue
if not isinstance(indx, np.ndarray):
# This could be open for changes in numpy.
# numpy should maybe raise an error if casting to intp
# is not safe. It rejects np.array([1., 2.]) but not
# [1., 2.] as index (same for ie. np.take).
# (Note the importance of empty lists if changing this here)
try:
indx = np.array(indx, dtype=np.intp)
except ValueError:
raise IndexError from None
in_indices[i] = indx
elif indx.dtype.kind != "b" and indx.dtype.kind != "i":
raise IndexError(
"arrays used as indices must be of integer (or boolean) type"
)
if indx.ndim != 0:
no_copy = False
ndim += 1
fancy_dim += 1
if arr.ndim - ndim < 0:
# we can't take more dimensions then we have, not even for 0-d
# arrays. since a[()] makes sense, but not a[(),]. We will
# raise an error later on, unless a broadcasting error occurs
# first.
raise IndexError
if ndim == 0 and None not in in_indices:
# Well we have no indexes or one Ellipsis. This is legal.
return arr.copy(), no_copy
if ellipsis_pos is not None:
in_indices[ellipsis_pos : ellipsis_pos + 1] = [slice(None, None)] * (
arr.ndim - ndim
)
for ax, indx in enumerate(in_indices):
if isinstance(indx, slice):
# convert to an index array
indx = np.arange(*indx.indices(arr.shape[ax]))
indices.append(["s", indx])
continue
elif indx is None:
# this is like taking a slice with one element from a new axis:
indices.append(["n", np.array([0], dtype=np.intp)])
arr = arr.reshape(arr.shape[:ax] + (1,) + arr.shape[ax:])
continue
if isinstance(indx, np.ndarray) and indx.dtype == bool:
if indx.shape != arr.shape[ax : ax + indx.ndim]:
raise IndexError
try:
flat_indx = np.ravel_multi_index(
np.nonzero(indx), arr.shape[ax : ax + indx.ndim], mode="raise"
)
except Exception:
error_unless_broadcast_to_empty = True
# fill with 0s instead, and raise error later
flat_indx = np.array([0] * indx.sum(), dtype=np.intp)
# concatenate axis into a single one:
if indx.ndim != 0:
arr = arr.reshape(
arr.shape[:ax]
+ (np.prod(arr.shape[ax : ax + indx.ndim]),)
+ arr.shape[ax + indx.ndim :]
)
indx = flat_indx
else:
# This could be changed, a 0-d boolean index can
# make sense (even outside the 0-d indexed array case)
# Note that originally this is could be interpreted as
# integer in the full integer special case.
raise IndexError
else:
# If the index is a singleton, the bounds check is done
# before the broadcasting. This used to be different in <1.9
if indx.ndim == 0:
if indx >= arr.shape[ax] or indx < -arr.shape[ax]:
raise IndexError
if indx.ndim == 0:
# The index is a scalar. This used to be two fold, but if
# fancy indexing was active, the check was done later,
# possibly after broadcasting it away (1.7. or earlier).
# Now it is always done.
if indx >= arr.shape[ax] or indx < -arr.shape[ax]:
raise IndexError
if len(indices) > 0 and indices[-1][0] == "f" and ax != ellipsis_pos:
# NOTE: There could still have been a 0-sized Ellipsis
# between them. Checked that with ellipsis_pos.
indices[-1].append(indx)
else:
# We have a fancy index that is not after an existing one.
# NOTE: A 0-d array triggers this as well, while one may
# expect it to not trigger it, since a scalar would not be
# considered fancy indexing.
num_fancy += 1
indices.append(["f", indx])
if num_fancy > 1 and not no_copy:
# We have to flush the fancy indexes left
new_indices = indices[:]
axes = list(range(arr.ndim))
fancy_axes = []
new_indices.insert(0, ["f"])
ni = 0
ai = 0
for indx in indices:
ni += 1
if indx[0] == "f":
new_indices[0].extend(indx[1:])
del new_indices[ni]
ni -= 1
for ax in range(ai, ai + len(indx[1:])):
fancy_axes.append(ax)
axes.remove(ax)
ai += len(indx) - 1 # axis we are at
indices = new_indices
# and now we need to transpose arr:
arr = arr.transpose(*(fancy_axes + axes))
# We only have one 'f' index now and arr is transposed accordingly.
# Now handle newaxis by reshaping...
ax = 0
for indx in indices:
if indx[0] == "f":
if len(indx) == 1:
continue
# First of all, reshape arr to combine fancy axes into one:
orig_shape = arr.shape
orig_slice = orig_shape[ax : ax + len(indx[1:])]
arr = arr.reshape(
arr.shape[:ax]
+ (np.prod(orig_slice).astype(int),)
+ arr.shape[ax + len(indx[1:]) :]
)
# Check if broadcasting works
res = np.broadcast(*indx[1:])
# unfortunately the indices might be out of bounds. So check
# that first, and use mode='wrap' then. However only if
# there are any indices...
if res.size != 0:
if error_unless_broadcast_to_empty:
raise IndexError
for _indx, _size in zip(indx[1:], orig_slice):
if _indx.size == 0:
continue
if np.any(_indx >= _size) or np.any(_indx < -_size):
raise IndexError
if len(indx[1:]) == len(orig_slice):
if np.prod(orig_slice) == 0:
# Work around for a crash or IndexError with 'wrap'
# in some 0-sized cases.
try:
mi = np.ravel_multi_index(
indx[1:], orig_slice, mode="raise"
)
except Exception as exc:
# This happens with 0-sized orig_slice (sometimes?)
# here it is a ValueError, but indexing gives a:
raise IndexError("invalid index into 0-sized") from exc
else:
mi = np.ravel_multi_index(indx[1:], orig_slice, mode="wrap")
else:
# Maybe never happens...
raise ValueError
arr = arr.take(mi.ravel(), axis=ax)
try:
arr = arr.reshape(arr.shape[:ax] + mi.shape + arr.shape[ax + 1 :])
except ValueError:
# too many dimensions, probably
raise IndexError from None
ax += mi.ndim
continue
# If we are here, we have a 1D array for take:
arr = arr.take(indx[1], axis=ax)
ax += 1
return arr, no_copy
def _check_multi_index(self, arr, index):
"""Check a multi index item getting and simple setting.
Parameters
----------
arr : ndarray
Array to be indexed, must be a reshaped arange.
index : tuple of indexing objects
Index being tested.
"""
# Test item getting
try:
mimic_get, no_copy = self._get_multi_index(arr, index)
except Exception as e:
if HAS_REFCOUNT:
prev_refcount = sys.getrefcount(arr)
assert_raises(type(e), arr.__getitem__, index)
assert_raises(type(e), arr.__setitem__, index, 0)
if HAS_REFCOUNT:
assert_equal(prev_refcount, sys.getrefcount(arr))
return
self._compare_index_result(arr, index, mimic_get, no_copy)
def _check_single_index(self, arr, index):
"""Check a single index item getting and simple setting.
Parameters
----------
arr : ndarray
Array to be indexed, must be an arange.
index : indexing object
Index being tested. Must be a single index and not a tuple
of indexing objects (see also `_check_multi_index`).
"""
try:
mimic_get, no_copy = self._get_multi_index(arr, (index,))
except Exception as e:
if HAS_REFCOUNT:
prev_refcount = sys.getrefcount(arr)
assert_raises(type(e), arr.__getitem__, index)
assert_raises(type(e), arr.__setitem__, index, 0)
if HAS_REFCOUNT:
assert_equal(prev_refcount, sys.getrefcount(arr))
return
self._compare_index_result(arr, index, mimic_get, no_copy)
def _compare_index_result(self, arr, index, mimic_get, no_copy):
"""Compare mimicked result to indexing result."""
raise SkipTest("torch does not support subclassing")
arr = arr.copy()
indexed_arr = arr[index]
assert_array_equal(indexed_arr, mimic_get)
# Check if we got a view, unless its a 0-sized or 0-d array.
# (then its not a view, and that does not matter)
if indexed_arr.size != 0 and indexed_arr.ndim != 0:
assert_(np.may_share_memory(indexed_arr, arr) == no_copy)
# Check reference count of the original array
if HAS_REFCOUNT:
if no_copy:
# refcount increases by one:
assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(arr), 3)
else:
assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(arr), 2)
# Test non-broadcast setitem:
b = arr.copy()
b[index] = mimic_get + 1000
if b.size == 0:
return # nothing to compare here...
if no_copy and indexed_arr.ndim != 0:
# change indexed_arr in-place to manipulate original:
indexed_arr += 1000
assert_array_equal(arr, b)
return
# Use the fact that the array is originally an arange:
arr.flat[indexed_arr.ravel()] += 1000
assert_array_equal(arr, b)
def test_boolean(self):
a = np.array(5)
assert_equal(a[np.array(True)], 5)
a[np.array(True)] = 1
assert_equal(a, 1)
# NOTE: This is different from normal broadcasting, as
# arr[boolean_array] works like in a multi index. Which means
# it is aligned to the left. This is probably correct for
# consistency with arr[boolean_array,] also no broadcasting
# is done at all
self._check_multi_index(self.a, (np.zeros_like(self.a, dtype=bool),))
self._check_multi_index(self.a, (np.zeros_like(self.a, dtype=bool)[..., 0],))
self._check_multi_index(self.a, (np.zeros_like(self.a, dtype=bool)[None, ...],))
def test_multidim(self):
# Automatically test combinations with complex indexes on 2nd (or 1st)
# spot and the simple ones in one other spot.
with warnings.catch_warnings():
# This is so that np.array(True) is not accepted in a full integer
# index, when running the file separately.
warnings.filterwarnings("error", "", DeprecationWarning)
warnings.filterwarnings("error", "", np.VisibleDeprecationWarning)
def isskip(idx):
return isinstance(idx, str) and idx == "skip"
for simple_pos in [0, 2, 3]:
tocheck = [
self.fill_indices,
self.complex_indices,
self.fill_indices,
self.fill_indices,
]
tocheck[simple_pos] = self.simple_indices
for index in product(*tocheck):
index = tuple(i for i in index if not isskip(i))
self._check_multi_index(self.a, index)
self._check_multi_index(self.b, index)
# Check very simple item getting:
self._check_multi_index(self.a, (0, 0, 0, 0))
self._check_multi_index(self.b, (0, 0, 0, 0))
# Also check (simple cases of) too many indices:
assert_raises(IndexError, self.a.__getitem__, (0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
assert_raises(IndexError, self.a.__setitem__, (0, 0, 0, 0, 0), 0)
assert_raises(IndexError, self.a.__getitem__, (0, 0, [1], 0, 0))
assert_raises(IndexError, self.a.__setitem__, (0, 0, [1], 0, 0), 0)
def test_1d(self):
a = np.arange(10)
for index in self.complex_indices:
self._check_single_index(a, index)
class TestFloatNonIntegerArgument(TestCase):
"""
These test that ``TypeError`` is raised when you try to use
non-integers as arguments to for indexing and slicing e.g. ``a[0.0:5]``
and ``a[0.5]``, or other functions like ``array.reshape(1., -1)``.
"""
def test_valid_indexing(self):
# These should raise no errors.
a = np.array([[[5]]])
a[np.array([0])]
a[[0, 0]]
a[:, [0, 0]]
a[:, 0, :]
a[:, :, :]
def test_valid_slicing(self):
# These should raise no errors.
a = np.array([[[5]]])
a[::]
a[0:]
a[:2]
a[0:2]
a[::2]
a[1::2]
a[:2:2]
a[1:2:2]
def test_non_integer_argument_errors(self):
a = np.array([[5]])
assert_raises(TypeError, np.reshape, a, (1.0, 1.0, -1))
assert_raises(TypeError, np.reshape, a, (np.array(1.0), -1))
assert_raises(TypeError, np.take, a, [0], 1.0)
assert_raises((TypeError, RuntimeError), np.take, a, [0], np.float64(1.0))
@skip(
reason=("torch doesn't have scalar types with distinct element-wise behaviours")
)
def test_non_integer_sequence_multiplication(self):
# NumPy scalar sequence multiply should not work with non-integers
def mult(a, b):
return a * b
assert_raises(TypeError, mult, [1], np.float64(3))
# following should be OK
mult([1], np.int_(3))
def test_reduce_axis_float_index(self):
d = np.zeros((3, 3, 3))
assert_raises(TypeError, np.min, d, 0.5)
assert_raises(TypeError, np.min, d, (0.5, 1))
assert_raises(TypeError, np.min, d, (1, 2.2))
assert_raises(TypeError, np.min, d, (0.2, 1.2))
class TestBooleanIndexing(TestCase):
# Using a boolean as integer argument/indexing is an error.
def test_bool_as_int_argument_errors(self):
a = np.array([[[1]]])
assert_raises(TypeError, np.reshape, a, (True, -1))
# Note that operator.index(np.array(True)) does not work, a boolean
# array is thus also deprecated, but not with the same message:
# assert_warns(DeprecationWarning, operator.index, np.True_)
assert_raises(TypeError, np.take, args=(a, [0], False))
raise SkipTest("torch consumes boolean tensors as ints, no bother raising here")
assert_raises(TypeError, np.reshape, a, (np.bool_(True), -1))
assert_raises(TypeError, operator.index, np.array(True))
def test_boolean_indexing_weirdness(self):
# Weird boolean indexing things
a = np.ones((2, 3, 4))
assert a[False, True, ...].shape == (0, 2, 3, 4)
assert a[True, [0, 1], True, True, [1], [[2]]].shape == (1, 2)
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[False, [0, 1], ...])
def test_boolean_indexing_fast_path(self):
# These used to either give the wrong error, or incorrectly give no
# error.
a = np.ones((3, 3))
# This used to incorrectly work (and give an array of shape (0,))
idx1 = np.array([[False] * 9])
with pytest.raises(IndexError):
a[idx1]
# This used to incorrectly give a ValueError: operands could not be broadcast together
idx2 = np.array([[False] * 8 + [True]])
with pytest.raises(IndexError):
a[idx2]
# This is the same as it used to be. The above two should work like this.
idx3 = np.array([[False] * 10])
with pytest.raises(IndexError):
a[idx3]
# This used to give ValueError: non-broadcastable operand
a = np.ones((1, 1, 2))
idx = np.array([[[True], [False]]])
with pytest.raises(IndexError):
a[idx]
class TestArrayToIndexDeprecation(TestCase):
"""Creating an index from array not 0-D is an error."""
def test_array_to_index_error(self):
# so no exception is expected. The raising is effectively tested above.
a = np.array([[[1]]])
assert_raises((TypeError, RuntimeError), np.take, a, [0], a)
raise SkipTest(
"Multi-dimensional tensors are indexable just as long as they only "
"contain a single element, no bother raising here"
)
assert_raises(TypeError, operator.index, np.array([1]))
raise SkipTest("torch consumes tensors as ints, no bother raising here")
assert_raises(TypeError, np.reshape, a, (a, -1))
class TestNonIntegerArrayLike(TestCase):
"""Tests that array_likes only valid if can safely cast to integer.
For instance, lists give IndexError when they cannot be safely cast to
an integer.
"""
@skip(
reason=(
"torch consumes floats by way of falling back on its deprecated "
"__index__ behaviour, no bother raising here"
)
)
def test_basic(self):
a = np.arange(10)
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, [0.5, 1.5])
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, (["1", "2"],))
# The following is valid
a.__getitem__([])
class TestMultipleEllipsisError(TestCase):
"""An index can only have a single ellipsis."""
@xfail # (
# reason=(
# "torch currently consumes multiple ellipsis, no bother raising "
# "here. See path_to_url#issue-917252204"
# )
# )
def test_basic(self):
a = np.arange(10)
assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[..., ...])
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, ((Ellipsis,) * 2,))
assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, ((Ellipsis,) * 3,))
if __name__ == "__main__":
run_tests()
``` |
Paul Crapez (born 17 April 1947) is a former Belgian cyclist. He competed in the individual pursuit and team pursuit events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1947 births
Living people
Belgian male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Belgium
Cyclists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from Hainaut (province)
People from Honnelles |
Anti-abortion violence is violence committed against individuals and organizations that perform abortions or provide abortion counseling. Incidents of violence have included destruction of property, including vandalism; crimes against people, including kidnapping, stalking, assault, attempted murder, and murder; and crimes affecting both people and property, as well as arson and terrorism, such as bombings.
Anti-abortion extremists are considered a current domestic terrorist threat by the United States Department of Justice. Most documented incidents have occurred in the United States, though they have also occurred in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. G. Davidson Smith of Canadian Security Intelligence Service defined anti-abortion violence as single-issue terrorism. A study of 198287 violence considered the incidents "limited political" or "sub-revolutionary" terrorism.
Background
Anti-abortion violence is specifically directed towards people who or places which provide abortion. It is recognized as "single-issue terrorism". Incidents include vandalism, arson, and bombings of abortion clinics, such as those committed by Eric Rudolph (199698), and murders or attempted murders of physicians and clinic staff, as committed by James Kopp (1998), Paul Jennings Hill (1994), Scott Roeder (2009), Michael F. Griffin (1993), and Peter James Knight (2001).
Those who engage in or support such actions defend the use of force with claims of justifiable homicide or defense of others in the interest of protecting the life of the fetus. David C. Nice, of the University of Georgia, describes support for anti-abortion violence as a political weapon against women's rights, one that is associated with tolerance for violence toward women. Numerous organizations have also recognized anti-abortion extremism as a form of Christian terrorism.
Since the 1970s in the United States, there have been at least 11 murders, 42 bombings, 196 arsons, and 491 assaults against abortion providers. At least one murder occurred in Australia, as well as several attempted murders in Canada. There were 1,793 abortion providers in the United States in 2008, as well as 197 abortion providers in Canada in 2001. The National Abortion Federation reported between 1,356 and 13,415 incidents of picketing at United States providers each year from 1995 to 2014.
The Federal Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act was passed in 1994 to protect reproductive health service facilities and their staff and patients from violent threats, assault, vandalism, and blockade. The law (18 U.S.C. sec. 248) also provides the same level of legal protection to all pregnancy-related medical clinics, including anti-abortion counseling centers; it also applies to use of threatening tactics directed towards churches and places of worship. State, provincial, and local governments have also passed similar laws designed to afford legal protection of access to abortion in the United States and Canada.
By country
Australia
July 16, 2001: Peter James Knight attacked a clinic in Melbourne, Australia, shooting and killing the security guard, Steven Rogers. Knight brought ropes and gags into the clinic along with 16 litres of kerosene, intending to burn all 15 staff and 26 patients to death. Knight was charged and was sentenced to life in prison on November 19, 2002.
January 6, 2009: A firebombing using Molotov cocktails was attempted at a medical clinic in Mosman Park, Western Australia. Damage was minimal and only resulted in smashed windows and blackened external walls. Police believed graffiti saying "baby killers" on the building was related to the attack, however, the medical clinic did not actually offer abortion services.
Canada
Attempted murder
Violence has also occurred in Canada, where at least three doctors have been attacked to date. The physicians were part of a pattern of attacks, which targeted providers in Canada and upstate New York (including the fatal shooting of Barnett Slepian of New York). All victims were shot, or shot at, in their homes with a rifle, at dusk or in the morning, in late October or early November over a multi-year period. There is speculation that the timing of the shootings is related to the Canadian observance of Remembrance Day.
A joint Canadian-FBI task force investigating the shootings was formed in December 1997—three years after the first attack. An official of the Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police complained that the Canadian Government was not adequately financing the investigation. He said he requested more funds in July that would raise its budget to $250,000. Federal officials rejected the request on October 15, a week before Slepian was killed.
In 2001, James Kopp, an American citizen and resident was charged with the murder of Slepian and the attempted murder of Short; some speculate that Kopp was responsible for the other shootings.
November 8, 1994: In 1994, a sniper fired two bullets into the home of Garson Romalis, a gynaecologist of Vancouver, British Columbia who was eating breakfast. One hit his thigh, destroyed some of his muscles, broke his femur and damaged his femoral artery. Romalis saved his own life by using his bathrobe belt as a tourniquet. Romalis had become more outspoken about abortion rights since he was shot, citing the harm done to women by illegal abortion and the thousands of cases of septic abortion that came to his hospital in residency.
November 10, 1995: Hugh Short of Ancaster, Ontario was shot. A sniper's bullet fired into his home shattered his elbow and ended his surgical career. Short was not a high-profile target: it was not widely known that he did abortions.
November 11, 1997: Jack Fainman, a physician of Winnipeg, Manitoba, was shot. A gunman fired through the back window of Fainman's riverbank home in Winnipeg about 9 pm and struck him in the right shoulder, inches from his heart. The police would not comment on whether Fainman, who has declined interview requests since the attack, is still performing abortions.
July 11, 2000: Garson Romalis was stabbed by an unidentified assailant in the lobby of his clinic.
Bombing and property damage
February 25, 1990: Two men broke into a clinic in Vancouver and destroyed C$30,000 worth of medical equipment with crowbars.
May 18, 1992: A Toronto clinic operated by Henry Morgentaler was firebombed, causing the entire front wall of the building to collapse. The Morgentaler Clinic on Harbord Street in Toronto was firebombed during the night by two people (caught on security camera) using gasoline and a firework to set off the explosion. The next day, clinic management announced that the firebombing failed to prevent any abortions, since all scheduled abortions were carried out in alternative locations. A portion of the Toronto Women's Bookstore, next door, was damaged. No one was hurt but the building had to be demolished. As a result of the arson, the Ontario government decided to spend $420,000 on improved security for abortion clinics. At the time, all four free-standing clinics in Ontario were in Toronto. The government wanted to gather information about activities by anti-abortion sympathizers; at the time, law enforcement agencies in Canada did not collect statistics about harassment and violence against abortion providers, their clinics, or their clients. Six months after the attack, the Toronto Police Force still had not made any progress in uncovering the attackers, any leads on suspects lead to dead-ends.
New Zealand
1976: An arson attack was carried out at the Auckland Medical Aid Centre, which was estimated to cause $100,000 in damages to the facility. The Auckland office of the Sisters Overseas Service organisation was targeted that same evening.
Circa 1999: In the late 1990s, Graeme White was found guilty and sent to prison for tunneling into an abortion clinic with what the police described as "incendiary devices".
United States
Murders
In the United States, violence directed towards abortion providers has killed at least eleven people, including four doctors, two clinic employees, a security guard, a police officer, two people (unclear of their connection), and a clinic escort. Seven murders occurred in the 1990s.
March 10, 1993: Gynaecologist David Gunn of Pensacola, Florida was fatally shot during a protest. He had been the subject of wanted-style posters distributed by Operation Rescue in the summer of 1992. Michael F. Griffin was found guilty of Gunn's murder and was sentenced to life in prison.
July 29, 1994: John Britton, a physician, and James Barrett, a clinic escort, were both shot to death outside another facility, the Ladies Center, in Pensacola. Paul Jennings Hill was charged with the killings. Hill received a death sentence and was executed on September 3, 2003. The clinic in Pensacola had been bombed before in 1984 and was also bombed subsequently in 2012.
December 30, 1994: Two receptionists, Shannon Lowney and Lee Ann Nichols, were killed in two clinic attacks in Brookline, Massachusetts. John Salvi was arrested and confessed to the killings. He died in prison and guards found his body under his bed with a plastic garbage bag tied around his head. Salvi had also confessed to a non-lethal attack in Norfolk, Virginia days before the Brookline killings.
January 29, 1998: Robert Sanderson, an off-duty police officer who worked as a security guard at an abortion clinic in Birmingham, Alabama, was killed when his workplace was bombed. Eric Rudolph admitted responsibility; he was also charged with three Atlanta bombings: the 1997 bombing of an abortion center, the 1996 Centennial Olympic Park bombing, and another of a lesbian nightclub. He was found guilty of the crimes and received two life sentences as a result.
October 23, 1998: Barnett Slepian was shot to death with a high-powered rifle at his home in Amherst, New York. His was the last in a series of similar shootings against providers in Canada and northern New York state which were all likely committed by James Kopp. Kopp was convicted of Slepian's murder after being apprehended in France in 2001.
May 31, 2009: George Tiller was shot and killed by Scott Roeder as Tiller served as an usher at a church in Wichita, Kansas. This was not Tiller's first time being a victim to anti-abortion violence. Tiller was shot once before in 1993 by Shelley Shannon, who was sentenced 10 years in prison for the shooting.
November 27, 2015: A shooting at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Colorado Springs, Colorado, left three dead and several injured, and a suspect Robert L. Dear was apprehended. The suspect had previously acted against other clinics, and referred to himself as a "warrior for the babies" at his hearing. Neighbors and former neighbors described the suspect as "reclusive", and police from several states where the suspect resided described a history of run-ins dating from at least 1997. As of December 2015, the trial of the suspect was open; but, on May 11, 2016, the court declared the suspect incompetent to stand trial after a mental evaluation was completed.
Attempted murder, assault, and kidnapping
According to statistics gathered by the National Abortion Federation (NAF), an organization of abortion providers, since 1977 in the United States and Canada, there have been 17 attempted murders, 383 death threats, 153 incidents of assault or battery, 13 wounded, 100 butyric acid stink bomb attacks, 373 physical invasions, 41 bombings, 655 anthrax threats, and 3 kidnappings committed against abortion providers. Between 1977 and 1990, 77 death threats were made, with 250 made between 1991 and 1999. Attempted murders in the U.S. included: in 1985 45% of clinics reported bomb threats, decreasing to 15% in 2000. One fifth of clinics in 2000 experienced some form of extreme activity.
August 1982: Three men identifying as the Army of God kidnapped Hector Zevallos (a doctor and clinic owner) and his wife, Rosalee Jean, holding them for eight days.
June 15, 1984: A month after he destroyed suction equipment at a Birmingham clinic, Edward Markley, a Benedictine priest who was the Birmingham diocesan "Coordinator for Pro-Life Activities". (and perhaps an accomplice), entered the Women's Community Health Center in Huntsville, Alabama, assaulting at least three clinic workers. Kathryn Wood, one of the workers, received back injuries and a broken neck vertebrae while preventing Markley from splashing red paint on the clinic's equipment. Markley was convicted of first-degree criminal mischief, one count of third-degree assault, and one count of harassment in the Huntsville attack.
August 19, 1993: George Tiller was shot outside of an abortion facility in Wichita, Kansas. Shelley Shannon was convicted of the crime and received an 11-year prison sentence (20 years were later added for arson and acid attacks on clinics).
July 29, 1994: June Barrett was shot in the same attack which claimed the lives of James Barrett, her husband, and John Britton.
December 30, 1994: Five individuals were wounded in the shootings which killed Shannon Lowney and Lee Ann Nichols.
December 18, 1996: Calvin Jackson, a medical doctor of New Orleans, Louisiana was stabbed 15 times, losing 4 pints of blood. Donald Cooper was charged with second degree attempted murder and was sentenced to 20 years.
October 28, 1997: David Gandell, a medical doctor of Rochester, New York sustained serious injuries after being targeted by a sniper firing through a window in his home.
January 29, 1998: Emily Lyons, a nurse, was severely injured, and lost an eye, in the bombing which also killed off-duty police officer Robert Sanderson.
Arson, bombing, and property crime
According to NAF, since 1977 in the United States and Canada, property crimes committed against abortion providers have included 41 bombings, 173 arsons, 91 attempted bombings or arsons, 619 bomb threats, 1630 incidents of trespassing, 1264 incidents of vandalism, and 100 attacks with butyric acid ("stink bombs"). The New York Times also cites over one hundred clinic bombings and incidents of arson, over three hundred invasions, and over four hundred incidents of vandalism between 1978 and 1993. The first clinic arson occurred in Oregon in March 1976 and the first bombing occurred in February 1978 in Ohio. Incidents have included:
February 23, 1977: A clinic in Saint Paul, Minnesota was set on fire. The fire caused $250,000 in damages and forced the suspension of abortion services for six months.
May 1977: A clinic in Burlington, Vermont was destroyed by a fire, resulting in its closure for seven months.
August 1977: Four bottles of gasoline were thrown through a clinic in Omaha, Nebraska, destroying 75 percent of it.
November 1977: A man broke into a medical building in Cincinnati and set a crib on fire. A Planned Parenthood was located in the building, but no abortions were provided there. The same month, a firebomb was thrown at a clinic and a chemical bomb was thrown at a separate clinic in separate incidents.
January 8, 1978: A suspected arson caused $200,000 in damages at a clinic in Columbus, Ohio.
February 19, 1978: A man posing as a delivery man splashed gasoline in a technician's face before setting a clinic on fire in Cleveland, Ohio. Everyone inside the clinic escaped.
May 26, 1983: Joseph Grace set the Hillcrest clinic in Norfolk, Virginia ablaze. He was arrested while sleeping in his van a few blocks from the clinic when a patrol officer noticed the smell of kerosene.
May 12, 1984: Two men entered a Birmingham, Alabama clinic on Mother's Day weekend shortly after a lone woman opened the doors at 7:25 A.M. Forcing their way into the clinic, one of the men threatened the woman if she tried to prevent the attack while the other, wielding a sledgehammer, did between $7,500 and $8,500 of damage to suction equipment. The man who damaged the equipment was later identified as Edward Markley. Markley is a Benedictine priest who was the Birmingham diocesan "Coordinator for Pro-Life Activities". Markley was convicted of first-degree criminal mischief and second-degree burglary. His accomplice has never been identified. The following month (near Father's Day), Markley entered a women's health center in Huntsville, Alabama (see above).
July 7, 1984: A bomb detonated at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Annapolis, Maryland. Two people were inside but neither were injured.
December 25, 1984: An abortion clinic and two physicians' offices in Pensacola, Florida, were bombed in the early morning of Christmas Day by a quartet of young people (Matt Goldsby, Jimmy Simmons, Kathy Simmons, Kaye Wiggins) who later called the bombings "a gift to Jesus on his birthday." The clinic, the Ladies Center, would later be the site of the murder of John Britton and James Barrett in 1994 and a firebombing in 2012.
December 30, 1985: John A. Brockhoeft firebombed an abortion clinic in Cincinnati. Brockenhoeft later planned to bomb an abortion clinic in Florida.
March 26, 1986: Six anti-abortion activists, including John Burt and Joan Andrews, were arrested after invading an abortion clinic in Pensacola, Florida, causing property damage and injuring two women (a clinic manager and a member of the local NOW chapter). Burt was convicted of attempted burglary of an occupied building, assault, battery, and resisting arrest without violence, and was sentenced to 141 days already served in jail and four years of probation; his 18-year-old daughter, Sarah Burt, who also took part in the invasion, was sentenced to 15 days in jail (with credit for two days already served) and three years of probation. Andrews refused to pledge not to carry out such actions in the future and was convicted of burglary, criminal mischief and resisting arrest without violence. She was sentenced to five years in prison, which she spent largely in self-imposed isolation, refusing a mattress and all medical care.
July 27, 1987: Eight members of the Bible Missionary Fellowship, a fundamentalist church in Santee, California, attempted to bomb the Alvarado Medical Center abortion clinic. Church member Cheryl Sullenger procured gunpowder, bomb materials, and a disguise for co-conspirator Eric Everett Svelmoe, who planted a gasoline bomb. It was placed at the premises but failed to detonate as the fuse was blown out by wind.
July 3, 1989: A fire was started at the Feminist Health Center clinic in Concord, New Hampshire, on the day U.S. Supreme Court upheld a Missouri law banning funding of public facilities as related to abortion. The clinic was set afire again in 2000.
March 29, 1993: Blue Mountain Clinic in Missoula, Montana; at around 1 a.m., an arsonist snuck onto the premises and firebombed the clinic. The perpetrator, a Washington man, was ultimately caught, convicted and imprisoned. The facility was a near-total loss, but all of the patients' records, though damaged, survived the fire in metal file cabinets.
January 1997: Eric Rudolph admitted, as part of a plea deal for the Centennial Olympic Park bombing at the 1996 Olympic Games to placing a pair of bombs that exploded at the Northside Family Planning Services clinic in the Atlanta suburb of Sandy Springs.
May 21, 1998: Three people were injured when acid was poured at the entrances of five abortion clinics in Miami, Florida.
March 13, 1999: A bomb caused minor damage at an Asheville, North Carolina clinic.
September 20, 1999: An abortion clinic in Bakersfield, California was set on fire.
October 1999: Martin Uphoff set fire to a Planned Parenthood clinic in Sioux Falls, South Dakota causing minimal damage. He was later sentenced to 60 months in prison.
May 28, 2000: An arson at a clinic in Concord, New Hampshire, resulted in several thousand dollars' worth of damage. The case remains unsolved. This was the second arson at the clinic.
September 30, 2000: John Earl, a Catholic priest, drove his car into the Northern Illinois Health Clinic in Rockford, Illinois after learning that the FDA had approved the drug RU-486. He pulled out an axe before being forced to the ground by the owner of the building, who fired two warning shots from a shotgun.
June 11, 2001: An unsolved bombing at a clinic in Tacoma, Washington, destroyed a wall, resulting in $6,000 in damages.
January 9, 2005: Eastside Women's Clinic in Olympia, Washington sustained $500,000 damage in an arson.
July 4, 2005: A clinic in West Palm Beach, Florida, was the target of a probable arson.
December 12, 2005: Patricia Hughes and Jeremy Dunahoe threw a Molotov cocktail at a clinic in Shreveport, Louisiana. The device missed the building and no damage was caused. In August 2006, Hughes was sentenced to six years in prison, and Dunahoe to one year. Hughes claimed the bomb was a "memorial lamp" for an abortion she had had there.
September 11, 2006: David McMenemy of Rochester Hills, Michigan, crashed his car into the Edgerton Women's Care Center in Davenport, Iowa. He then doused the lobby in gasoline and started a fire. McMenemy committed these acts in the belief that the center was performing abortions; however, Edgerton is not an abortion clinic. Time magazine listed the incident in a "Top 10 Inept Terrorist Plots" list.
April 25, 2007: A package left at a women's health clinic in Austin, Texas, contained an explosive device capable of inflicting serious injury or death. A bomb squad detonated the device after evacuating the building. Paul Ross Evans (who had a criminal record for armed robbery and theft) was found guilty of the crime.
May 9, 2007: An unidentified person deliberately set fire to a Planned Parenthood clinic in Virginia Beach, Virginia.
December 6, 2007: Chad Altman and Sergio Baca were arrested for the arson of Curtis Boyd's clinic in Albuquerque. Baca's girlfriend had scheduled an appointment for an abortion at the clinic.
January 22, 2009: Matthew L. Derosia, 32, who was reported to have had a history of mental illness, rammed an SUV into the front entrance of a Planned Parenthood clinic in Saint Paul, Minnesota, causing between $2,500 and $5,000 in damage. Derosia, who told police that Jesus told him to "stop the murderers," was ruled competent to stand trial. He pleaded guilty in March 2009 to one count of criminal damage to property.
August 29, 2009: Two days after a nearby anti-abortion protest, an unknown arsonist threw a molotov cocktail at a Planned Parenthood in Lincoln, Nebraska. The bomb fell short of the building, leaving no property damage or casualties.
January 1, 2012: Bobby Joe Rogers, 41, firebombed the American Family Planning Clinic in Pensacola, Florida, with a Molotov cocktail; the fire gutted the building. Rogers told investigators that he was motivated to commit the crime by his opposition to abortion, and that what more directly prompted the act was seeing a patient enter the clinic during one of the frequent anti-abortion protests there. The clinic had previously been bombed at Christmas in 1984 and was the site of the murder of John Britton and James Barrett in 1994.
April 1, 2012: A bomb exploded on the windowsill of a Planned Parenthood clinic in Grand Chute, Wisconsin, resulting in a fire that caused minimal damage.
April 11, 2013: Benjamin David Curell, 27, caused extensive damage to a Planned Parenthood clinic in Bloomington, Indiana, vandalizing it with an axe. Curell was convicted in state court of felony burglary, and pleaded guilty in federal court to one count of violating the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act. In the federal case, he was sentenced to three years of probation and ordered to pay restitution.
October 3–4, 2013: 32-year-old Jebediah Stout attempted to set a Planned Parenthood clinic in Joplin, Missouri on fire two days in a row. Stout previously set a fire at a Joplin mosque.
September 4, 2015: A Planned Parenthood clinic in Pullman, Washington was intentionally set on fire. No injuries were reported due to the time of day, but the FBI was involved because of a history of domestic terrorism against the clinic. The crime was never solved. The clinic reopened six months later.
October 22, 2015: A Planned Parenthood clinic in Claremont, New Hampshire was vandalized by a juvenile intruder. Damaged in the attack were computers, furniture, plumbing fixtures, office equipment, medical equipment, phone lines, windows, and walls. The flooding that resulted from the vandalism also damaged an adjacent business.
February 24–25, 2016: Travis Reynolds, 21, vandalized a Baltimore-area women's health care clinic with anti-abortion graffiti. After being arrested, Reynolds "admitted to police that he defaced the clinic's doors, walls and windows because he thought that it would deter women from using the clinic." Reynolds pleaded guilty in federal court to one count of violating the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act in October 2016.
March 7, 2016: Rachel Ann Jackson, 71, vandalized a Planned Parenthood clinic in Columbus, Ohio, with the message "SATAN DEN OF BABY KILLERS..." She pleaded guilty to felony counts of breaking and entering and vandalism and a misdemeanor count of aggravated trespass. Jackson was sentenced to probation, with the judge citing her struggle with serious mental illness as a mitigating factor.
February 14, 2018: Marckles Alcius, 34, a Haitian national from Lowell, Massachusetts, stole a bakery truck and drove it into a Planned Parenthood clinic in East Orange, New Jersey, injuring three people. He pleaded guilty to aggravated assault, causing injury or damage and being in possession of the stolen truck.
February 10, 2019: Wesley Brian Kaster, 43, threw a Molotov cocktail at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Columbia, Missouri. Kaster admitted to setting the fire because Planned Parenthood provided abortions, although Planned Parenthood stated that the clinic was not providing abortions at the time due to a state law. Kaster was sentenced to five years in prison.
January 3, 2020: A high school student, Samuel Gulick, spray-painted "Deus Vult" on a clinic in Newark, Delaware before throwing a Molotov Cocktail at the front window. Gulick was sentenced to 26 months in prison by a federal judge.
October 10, 2020: A man threw multiple Molotovs at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Fort Myers, Florida.
October 22, 2020: Five anti-abortion protesters were arrested after forcing their way into a clinic in Washington, DC and blocking people from entering. They were convicted of violating federal law and face up to 11 years in prison.
January 23, 2021: A man fired a shotgun at a Tennessee Planned Parenthood clinic; no one was injured. News outlets noted that the attack took place on the anniversary of the Roe v. Wade decision and at a time when Tennessee's governor, Bill Lee, was involved in a heated online debate regarding abortion and health care. The same man later attacked the clinic in December.
May 21, 2021: A man shot at a Planned Parenthood location in Pasadena, California with a BB gun several times between June 2020 and May 2021.
November 23, 2021: A man destroyed several windows and security cameras at a Planned Parenthood in Grants Pass, Oregon. Devin Kruse, 27, pleaded guilty to two counts of violating the federal Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act.
December 31, 2021: On New Year's Eve, a fire destroyed a Planned Parenthood in Knoxville, Tennessee. The building was closed at the time for renovations. The Knoxville Fire Department and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives ruled the fire arson. The clinic had previously been shot at in January of the same year. In October 2022, federal court documents identified the arsonist as Mark Thomas Reno, who previously attacked the clinic in January and was present at the January 6 Capitol attack. Reno died on August 15, 2022.
March 13, 2022: Two people threw a Molotov cocktail at a medical building used by Planned Parenthood in Costa Mesa, California.
May 25, 2022: A masked woman set a fire at a planned abortion clinic in Casper, Wyoming. The ATF offered a $5,000 reward for information leading to her arrest.
July 31, 2022: A man set a Planned Parenthood building on fire in Kalamazoo, Michigan. A suspect was charged with arson of an organization receiving federal funding. According to investigators the suspect posted videos on YouTube railing against abortion and other topics.
January 15, 2023: An arsonist set a Planned Parenthood in Peoria, Illinois on fire. The fire came days after Illinois passed a law protecting abortion rights.
May 20, 2023: An anti-abortion protester in Danville, Illinois was arrested and charged with attempted arson after ramming his vehicle filled with containers of gasoline into a prospective abortion clinic, just weeks after hundreds of abortion rights protesters had rallied in opposition to a proposed local ordinance banning abortion pills, which are legal in Illinois per the Reproductive Health Care Act.
October 5, 2023: An unknown individual fired two shotgun rounds into the front entrance of a Planned Parenthood clinic in Helena, Montana.
Anthrax threats
The first hoax letters claiming to contain anthrax were mailed to U.S. clinics in October 1998, a few days after the shooting of Barnett Slepian; since then, there have been 655 such bioterror threats made against abortion providers. None of the "anthrax" in these cases was real.
November 2001: After the genuine 2001 anthrax attacks, Clayton Waagner mailed hoax letters containing a white powder to 554 clinics. On December 3, 2003, Waagner was convicted of 51 charges relating to the anthrax scare.
Specific incidents
Army of God
The Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security's joint Terrorism Knowledge Base, identify the Army of God as an underground terrorist organization active in the United States. It was formed in 1982, and is responsible for a substantial amount of anti-abortion violence. The group has committed property crimes, acts of kidnapping, attempted murder, and murder. While sharing a common ideology and tactics, members claim to rarely communicate; to avoid risk of information leaking to outside sources.
In August 1982, three men identifying as the Army of God kidnapped Hector Zevallos (a doctor and clinic owner) and his wife, Rosalee Jean, holding them for eight days and released them unharmed. In 1993, Shelly Shannon, an Army of God member, admitted to the attempted murder of George Tiller. Law enforcement officials found the Army of God Manual, a tactical guide to arson, chemical attacks, invasions, and bombings buried in Shelly Shannon's backyard. Paul Jennings Hill was found guilty of the murder of both John Britton and clinic escort James Barrett.
The Army of God published a "Defensive Action Statement" signed by more than two dozen supporters of Hill, saying that "whatever force is legitimate to defend the life of a born child is legitimate to defend the life of an unborn child... if in fact Paul Hill did kill or wound abortionist John Britton and clinic assistants James Barrett and Mrs. Barrett, his actions are morally justified if they were necessary for the purpose of defending innocent human life". The AOG claimed responsibility for Eric Robert Rudolph's 1997 shrapnel bombing of abortion clinics in Atlanta and Birmingham. The organization embraces its description as terrorist.
Physician "wanted" posters
In the late 1990s, an organization called American Coalition of Life Activists (ACLA) was accused of implicitly advocating violence by its publication on its "Nuremberg Files" website of wanted-style posters, which featured a photograph of a physician who performed abortions along with a monetary reward for any information that would lead to his "arrest, conviction, and revocation of license to practice medicine". The ACLA's website described these physicians as war criminals and accused them of committing "crimes against humanity". The web site also published names, home addresses, telephone numbers, and other personal information regarding abortion providers—highlighting the names of those who had been wounded and striking out those of who had been killed. George Tiller's name was included on this list along with many others. The site was accused of being a thinly-veiled hit list intended to incite violence; others claimed that it was protected under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. In 2002, after a prolonged debate, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the "posters" constituted an illegal threat.
Reactions
Anti-abortion reactions
Anti-abortion organizations including Family Research Council, Americans United for Life, Concerned Women for America, Susan B. Anthony List, American Life League, Students for Life of America, Pro-Life Action League and 40 Days For Life condemned the 2009 murder of Kansas doctor George Tiller.
In a 2009 press release, Operation Rescue founder Randall Terry issued a statement calling for peaceful protests to expose abortion providers. According to Media Matters and The Colorado Independent, however, Terry has also led apparently contradictory public prayers that an abortion provider would "[convert] to God" or that "calamity [would] strike him". Terry added that he hoped the "baby killer would be tried and executed for crimes against humanity". The doctor targeted by Terry's prayers said to the press, "He's clearly inciting someone, anyone, to kill me"; a spokesman responded that Terry only meant that "God would deal with [the doctor]".
Flip Benham, director of Operation Rescue, accused "those in the abortion-providing industry" of committing most of the violence in an attempt to discredit the antiabortion movement. He defended his organization's use of inflammatory rhetoric, saying: "This whole thing isn't about violence. It's all about silence – silencing the Christian message. That's what they want." He also stated, "Our inflammatory rhetoric is only revealing a far more inflammatory truth."
Media depictions of anti-abortion violence
Literature
The Fourth Procedure, a 1995 novel by Stanley Pottinger, is a medical thriller and murder mystery that depicts anti-abortion violence in its plot. Two men responsible for the bombing of an abortion clinic turn up dead with baby dolls surgically implanted inside of them.
Insomnia (1994), by Stephen King, has much of the plot focusing around violent anti-abortion campaigners and their opposition to an abortion rights speech due to be held in their town. The group murders several women they believe to be seeking abortions and attempts to assassinate the speaker. They are motivated by a conspiracy theory that the speaker is part of a secret society that was a continuation of Herod's Massacre of the Innocents.
"Killing Babies" (1996), by T. C. Boyle, a highly controversial short story written in response to attacks on abortion providers. The story first appeared in The New Yorker and was included in The Best American Short Stories 1997.
Gideon's Torch, a 1995 novel by Charles Colson and Ellen Santilli Vaughn, begins with the murder of a doctor who provides abortions and chronicles political fallout from the murder and a resulting government crackdown on right-to-lifers.
Keely and Du, a 1993 play by Jane Martin, concerns an anti-abortion cult who kidnaps a pregnant woman and holds her captive in an attempt to force her to give birth after being raped.
Film
Palindromes, a 2004 film directed by Todd Solondz, depicts the murder of an abortion doctor in his home, similar to the Barnett Slepian case.
In If These Walls Could Talk, a 1996 film directed by Nancy Savoca and Cher, the third time period involves the shooting of a doctor performing an abortion.
Television
"HOMR", a 2001 episode of The Simpsons, shows a parody of the television show Davey and Goliath where the Davey character is building a pipe bomb to destroy a Planned Parenthood.
"Dignity", a 2009 episode of the crime drama Law & Order, was inspired by the killing of George Tiller and focused on the killing of an abortion provider by an activist. Abortion rights activists criticized the episode for making use of mainstream anti-abortion arguments. The National Organization for Women (NOW) listed the episode in their Media Hall of Shame, saying it "was loaded with anti-abortion sentiment and propaganda" and that it "outrageously implied that physicians like Dr. Tiller may be culpable in their own murders because they themselves are baby killers". Meanwhile, anti-abortion activists had condemned the killing of Tiller that inspired the episode, but praised the episode for being "outright pro-life", with Dave Andrusko of the National Right to Life Committee saying, "[I]t occurred to me as I listened in utter astonishment that each of these observations could have been presented in a way that was artificial, forced, or (as so often is the case with network portraits of pro-lifers) something that you would expect from an idiot. None of that was the case. These were real flesh-and-blood people, not caricatures."
"Hammered", a 2009 episode of Law and Order: Special Victims Unit showed the possible motive of a murder as anti-abortion violence. The Nuremberg Files site is mentioned in the episode when detectives tell the doctor's ex-husband about the murder. The abortion clinic they visit has bulletproof glass, because it had been the target of a sniper who shot and wounded a receptionist. When the detectives go to the clinic, they experience an egging of the clinic as they look into collecting several boxes of hate mail that the clinic received.
"Thou Shalt Not Kill", the 2002 premiere episode of the BBC series Spooks is about a fictional anti-abortion terrorist leader visiting the UK to establish a series of terror cells.
"Pro-Life", a 2007 episode of the Showtime Masters of Horror TV series, tells the tale of a Christian man whose daughter is raped by a demon. When she tries to have her unnatural child aborted, her Christian father starts hearing messages from a voice he thinks is "God". He and her brothers storm the abortion clinic and kill any in their way.
"Bored of the Rings", a 2007 episode from The Sarah Silverman Program a radical anti-abortion group attempts to bomb an abortion clinic, but are stopped by Sarah.
On Orange Is The New Black (2013 – 2019), the character Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett was imprisoned for shooting an abortion clinic nurse after that particular person made comments on the number of abortions she had. The character is portrayed as being a self-proclaimed evangelical Christian after the incident and is funded by pro-life groups.
Music
The song "Get Your Gunn" from Marilyn Manson's 1994 album Portrait of an American Family is about the killing of David Gunn.
The song "Hello Birmingham" from the 1999 album To the Teeth by Ani DiFranco was written in response to the bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, as well as the murder of Barnett Slepian in Amherst, New York (near DiFranco's hometown of Buffalo).
The song "F.D.K. (Fearless Doctor Killers)" from Mudhoney's 1995 album My Brother the Cow tells a story about a Baptist minister rapist who refuses to pay for an abortion but will not support the child after it is born. It includes the repeated refrain, "Save the baby/Kill the doctor".
The song "I Need a Grip" by Maggie Estep on her 1994 album No More Mr. Nice Girl is a response to anti-abortion violence.
The song "The Army of God" by hardcore punk band Behind Enemy Lines on their 2003 album The Global Cannibal deals with the acts of terrorism and murder performed on abortion clinics and their staff.
The 1987 song "I Blew Up The Clinic Real Good" by Contemporary Christian music singer-songwriter Steve Taylor, criticizing anyone who claims to be a pro-life activist who would blow up abortion clinics or kill doctors.
See also
Abortion debate
Abortion law
Domestic terrorism in the United States
Legal protection of access to abortion
Religious terrorism
Right-wing terrorism
Murder of Jim Pouillon
References
Article
List of incidents by country
Media depictions
External links
"The Roots of Terror – A special report: Is Abortion Violence a Plot? Conspiracy Is Not Confirmed," by Timothy Egan in The New York Times (1995)
MSNBC: Abortion Clinic Violence
Monitoring Clinic Violence (Feminist Majority Foundation)
National Abortion Federation: Clinic Violence (pro-abortion rights) (2004)
Anti-abortion movements |
In Spades is the eighth studio album by American alternative rock band The Afghan Whigs, released on May 5, 2017 on Sub Pop Records.
Reception
The album received mainly positive reviews; according to online review aggregator Metacritic, it has a score of 79%, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Accolades
Track listing
Personnel
Adapted from Discogs.
The Afghan Whigs
Greg Dulli – vocals (1-10), guitars (2-6, 8, 10), piano (3, 7-10), mellotron (1, 5), harmonium (1), bass guitar (7), electric piano (7), percussion (3)
John Curley – bass guitar (2-6, 8-10)
Rick Nelson – cello (1, 3-5, 10), violin (1, 3-5, 10), viola (1, 4, 5), vocals (1)
Dave Rosser – guitars (1-6, 8-10), vocals (5, 6)
Jon Skibic – guitars (1-4, 6-10), mellotron (5)
Patrick Keeler – drums (2-10)
Additional musicians
Susan Marshall, vocals (1)
Ben Ellman – baritone saxophone (3, 4)
Ian Bowman – tenor saxophone (3)
John Culbreth – trumpet (3, 4)
Evan Oberla – trombone (3, 4)
Petra Haden – violin (7, 9), vocals (9)
Gabe Noel – cello (7)
David Ralicke – saxophone (7), trombone (7), trumpet (7)
Scott Bennett – vocals (9)
Rob Ingraham – tenor saxophone (4)
Artwork
Ramon Rodrigues Melo – artwork
Christopher Friedman – layout
Production
Rick Nelson – recording engineer
Christopher Thorn – recording engineer
Mike Napolitano – recording engineer
Justin Smith – recording engineer
Jeff Powell – recording engineer
Kyle Kelso – recording engineer
Matt Beck – recording engineer
Wesley Graham – recording engineer
Jon Skibic – recording engineer
Mike Napolitano – mixing
Christopher Thorn – mixing
Bernie Grundman – mastering
Joe Bozzi – mastering
Charts
References
The Afghan Whigs albums
2017 albums
Sub Pop albums
Albums produced by Greg Dulli |
```groovy
package fastdex.build.transform
import com.android.build.api.transform.Transform
import com.android.build.api.transform.TransformException
import com.android.build.api.transform.TransformInvocation
import fastdex.build.util.Constants
import fastdex.build.util.JarOperation
import fastdex.build.variant.FastdexVariant
import fastdex.common.utils.FileUtils
/**
* Created by tong on 17/10/31.
*/
class FastdexDexBuilderTransform extends TransformProxy {
FastdexDexBuilderTransform(Transform base,File streamOutputFolder, FastdexVariant fastdexVariant) {
super(base,streamOutputFolder,fastdexVariant)
}
@Override
void transform(TransformInvocation transformInvocation) throws TransformException, IOException, InterruptedException {
if (fastdexVariant.hasDexCache) {
project.logger.error("\n==fastdex patch transform start,we will generate dex file")
if (fastdexVariant.projectSnapshoot.diffResultSet.isJavaFileChanged()) {
FileUtils.deleteDir(streamOutputFolder)
File patchJar = new File(streamOutputFolder,Constants.PATCH_JAR)
//jar
JarOperation.generatePatchJar(fastdexVariant,transformInvocation,patchJar)
}
else {
project.logger.error("==fastdex no java files have changed, just ignore")
}
}
else {
fastdexBuilder.injectInputAndSaveClassPath(transformInvocation)
base.transform(transformInvocation)
}
}
}
``` |
This is an index for the list of films produced in mainland China ordered by decade on separate pages. For an alphabetical listing of Chinese films see :Category:Chinese films
1905–1989
List of Chinese films before 1930
List of Chinese films of the 1930s
List of Chinese films of the 1940s
List of Chinese films of the 1950s
List of Chinese films of the 1960s
List of Chinese films of the 1970s
List of Chinese films of the 1980s
List of Chinese films of the 1990s
1990s
List of Chinese films of 1990
List of Chinese films of 1991
List of Chinese films of 1992
List of Chinese films of 1993
List of Chinese films of 1994
List of Chinese films of 1995
List of Chinese films of 1996
List of Chinese films of 1997
List of Chinese films of 1998
List of Chinese films of 1999
2000s
List of Chinese films of 2000
List of Chinese films of 2001
List of Chinese films of 2002
List of Chinese films of 2003
List of Chinese films of 2004
List of Chinese films of 2005
List of Chinese films of 2006
List of Chinese films of 2007
List of Chinese films of 2008
List of Chinese films of 2009
2010s
List of Chinese films of 2010
List of Chinese films of 2011
List of Chinese films of 2012
List of Chinese films of 2013
List of Chinese films of 2014
List of Chinese films of 2015
List of Chinese films of 2016
List of Chinese films of 2017
List of Chinese films of 2018
List of Chinese films of 2019
2020s
List of Chinese films of 2020
List of Chinese films of 2021
List of Chinese films of 2022
See also
Cinema of China
Best 100 Chinese Motion Pictures as chosen by the 24th Hong Kong Film Awards
External links
IMDB list of Chinese films by year
100 Greatest Chinese language films chosen by Asia Weekly Magazine
100 Best Mainland Chinese Films chosen by 88 experts and organised by Time Out Beijing and Time Out Shanghai.
zh:中国大陆电影 |
Nowa Różanka () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kętrzyn, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Kętrzyn and north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
References
Villages in Kętrzyn County |
```javascript
/*
* All rights reserved.
*
* This source code is licensed under the license found in the LICENSE file in
* the root directory of this source tree.
*/
import Calendar from 'components/Calendar/Calendar.react';
import { Directions } from 'lib/Constants';
import Icon from 'components/Icon/Icon.react';
import { monthDayStringUTC, monthsFrom, daysFrom } from 'lib/DateUtils';
import Popover from 'components/Popover/Popover.react';
import Position from 'lib/Position';
import PropTypes from 'lib/PropTypes';
import React from 'react';
import styles from 'components/DateRange/DateRange.scss';
export default class DateRange extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super();
const val = props.value || {};
this.state = {
open: false,
position: null,
start: val.start || monthsFrom(new Date(), -1),
end: val.end || new Date(),
};
this.wrapRef = React.createRef();
}
toggle() {
this.setState(() => {
if (this.state.open) {
return { open: false };
}
const pos = Position.inWindow(this.wrapRef.current);
if (this.props.align === Directions.RIGHT) {
pos.x += this.wrapRef.current.clientWidth;
}
return {
open: true,
position: pos,
};
});
}
setStart(start) {
let end = this.state.end;
if (start > end) {
end = daysFrom(start, 1);
}
this.setState({ start, end });
}
setEnd(end) {
let start = this.state.start;
if (start > end) {
start = daysFrom(end, -1);
}
this.setState({ start, end });
}
close() {
this.setState({
open: false,
});
this.props.onChange({ start: this.state.start, end: this.state.end });
}
rangeString() {
return `${monthDayStringUTC(this.state.start)} - ${monthDayStringUTC(this.state.end)}`;
}
render() {
let popover = null;
let content = null;
if (this.state.open) {
const classes = [styles.open];
if (this.props.align === Directions.RIGHT) {
classes.push(styles.right);
}
const renderShade =
this.state.start.getFullYear() < this.state.end.getFullYear() ||
this.state.start.getMonth() !== this.state.end.getMonth();
popover = (
<Popover
fixed={true}
position={this.state.position}
onExternalClick={this.close.bind(this)}
>
<div className={classes.join(' ')}>
<div className={styles.calendars}>
<Calendar
value={this.state.start}
onChange={start => this.setStart(start)}
shadeAfter={renderShade}
/>
<Calendar
value={this.state.end}
onChange={end => this.setEnd(end)}
shadeBefore={renderShade}
/>
</div>
<div className={styles.range} onClick={this.close.bind(this)}>
<span>{this.rangeString()}</span>
<Icon width={18} height={18} name="calendar-solid" fill="#169CEE" />
</div>
</div>
</Popover>
);
} else {
content = (
<div className={styles.range}>
<span>{this.rangeString()}</span>
<Icon width={18} height={18} name="calendar-solid" fill="#169CEE" />
</div>
);
}
return (
<div className={styles.wrap} onClick={this.toggle.bind(this)} ref={this.wrapRef}>
{content}
{popover}
</div>
);
}
}
DateRange.propTypes = {
value: PropTypes.object.describe(
'The value of the range. It has two props, "start" and "end," which are both Dates.'
),
onChange: PropTypes.func.describe(
'A function called when the date range is closed. It receives an object with two Date properties: start and end.'
),
align: PropTypes.string.describe(
'The side to align the range selector with. Possible options are Constants.Directions.LEFT or Constants.Directions.RIGHT.'
),
};
``` |
```javascript
const snippets = ["@let foo = 'Hello' + ', World'; "];
runFormatTest(
{
importMeta: import.meta,
snippets,
},
["angular"],
{ embeddedLanguageFormatting: "off" },
);
runFormatTest(
{
importMeta: import.meta,
snippets,
},
["angular"],
{ semi: false },
);
``` |
Argent (Money) was a Canadian French language Category A specialty channel. The channel was devoted to business news and financial information. The channel was owned and operated by Groupe TVA, a division of Quebecor Media. It was the francophone counterpart of Business News Network.
History
On November 24, 2000, a consortium of companies including Groupe TVA (50.1%), Publications Transcontinental Inc. (30%) and BCE Media Inc. (19.9%) was granted a broadcasting licence by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) for a television channel called LCN Affaires, described as "a national French-language Category 1 specialty television service devoted to business and personal finance."
Before the channel was launched, Groupe TVA bought the remaining shares from the other partners, bringing its ownership to 100%. Shortly thereafter, the channel was launched on February 21, 2005 as "Argent".
On April 19, 2016, Quebecor announced that Argent would cease broadcasting after April 30, 2016. The company cited the channel's poor profitability as justification for the decision.
References
24-hour television news channels in Canada
Television channels and stations established in 2005
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2016
2005 establishments in Canada
2016 disestablishments in Canada
Defunct television networks in Canada
French-language television networks in Canada
Digital cable television networks in Canada
Business-related television channels
Business mass media in Canada |
Oosterland is a village in the south-west Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Schouwen-Duiveland, Zeeland, about 22 km south of Hellevoetsluis.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1370 as "den ambochte in Oesterer Nuwelant in Duvelant", and means "eastern (polder) land". In 1353, permission was granted to enclose the area with a dike. Oosterland is a road village which developed after 1354.
The Dutch Reformed church has a detached tower from the 14th century, because the original church burnt down in 1612. The tower burnt down in 1945 and was rebuilt between 1948 and 1950. The grist mill of Oosterland was built in 1752. The windmill went out of service after the North Sea flood of 1953. It was restored between 1957 and 1959, and remained in operation until 1965. Since 2017, the windmill has been back in service.
Oosterland was home to 917 people in 1840. The village was bombed in 1945. A large part of the village was destroyed during the North Sea flood of 1953 and later rebuilt further north.
Oosterland was a separate municipality until 1961, when the new municipality of Duiveland was created. In 1997, it became part of the municipality of Schouwen-Duiveland.
Gallery
References
Schouwen-Duiveland
History of Schouwen-Duiveland
Populated places in Zeeland
Former municipalities of Zeeland |
La Cañada (Santiago del Estero) is a municipality and village in Santiago del Estero Province in Argentina.
References
Populated places in Santiago del Estero Province |
Bellevue in Newport, Kentucky, at 335 E. 3rd St., was the homestead of General James Taylor, Jr. It is located on a small rise overlooking the Ohio River, towards Cincinnati.
It is a "free classic" Queen Anne-style house built in 1845. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
It has also been known as the General James Taylor House and as the Vonderhaar & Stetter Funeral Home.
References
National Register of Historic Places in Campbell County, Kentucky
Queen Anne architecture in Kentucky
Houses completed in 1845
Houses in Campbell County, Kentucky
Newport, Kentucky
1845 establishments in Kentucky
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky |
Afro-Saudis are Saudi citizens of partial or full Black African heritage. Afro-Saudis are the largest Afro-Arab group. They are spread all around the country but are mostly found in the major cities of Saudi Arabia. Afro-Saudis speak Arabic and adhere to Islam. Their origins date back centuries ago to African Muslim migrants settling in Saudi Arabia, and to the Arab slave trade.
History
Arabia and Africa have been in contact starting with the obsidian exchange networks of the 7th millennium BC. These networks were strengthened by the rise of Egyptian dynasties of the 4th millennium BC. Anthropologists have indicated the likely existence of settlements in Arabia, from the people of the Horn of Africa, as early as the 3rd and 2nd millenniums BC.
Population
In 2021, their population is 1,880,000, or 10% of Saudi Arabia’s 18,800,000 native population.
Social condition
Unlike in the Americas of the 19th century, slaves in the Middle East were allowed to own land and their children were generally not born into slavery. Also conversion to Islam precluded further servitude and gave freedom. Skin color played a distinctive role even amongst slaves. Many activists amongst Afro-Saudis complain that they are not given media representation and are unable to find opportunities to improve their social condition.
Notable Afro-Saudis
Abdullah Al-Deayea
Abdullah Al-Khaibari
Abbas Al-Shengeeti
Firas Al-Buraikan
Hamdan Al-Shamrani
Majed Abdullah
Adil al-Kalbani
Ali Al-Bulaihi
Tareg Hamedi
Hawsawi family
Muhammad Saad al-Beshi
Fahad Al-Muwallad
Mohamed Kanno
Etab
Saud Abdulhamid
Saud Khariri
Ahmed Abdulla
Rayyanah Barnawi
Mohamed Al-Deayea
Mukhtar Ali
Mo Ali
Sultan Al-Deayea
Dalia Mubarak
See also
Slavery in Saudi Arabia
References
Saudi Arabian people
Ethnic groups in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabian people of African descent
African diaspora in the Middle East
African diaspora in the Arab world |
The Bishwa Ijtema (, meaning Global Congregation) is an annual gathering of Muslims in Tongi, by the banks of the River Turag, in the outskirts of Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is one of the largest peaceful gatherings in the world. The Ijtema is a prayer meeting spread over three days, during which attending devotees perform daily prayers while listening to scholars reciting and explaining verses from the Quran. It culminates in the Akheri Munajat, or the Concluding Supplication (Final Prayer), in which millions of devotees raise their hands in front of Allah (God in Arabic) and pray for world peace. The Ijtema is considered a demonstration of Muslim unity, solidarity, mutual love and respect and an opportunity to reiterate their commitment to Islamic values. It's the biggest festival by population in Bengali culture.
The Ijtema is non-political and therefore it draws people of all persuasions. It is attended by devotees from 150 countries. The majority of its devotees come from across Bangladesh, the world's third largest Muslim majority country.
Speakers include Islamic scholars from various countries. Bishwa Ijtema is now the second largest Islamic gatherings with 5 million adherents, after the Arba'een Pilgrimage (15-20 Million attendees), surpassing the 2-3 million worshipers that perform the Hajj in Saudi Arabia (which is one of the five pillars of Islam for Muslims). The Bangladeshi Ijtema is a modern event where Muslim participation is voluntary.
Etymology
Ijtema is an Arabic word which means 'public gathering' or 'conference'
In Bengali, the event is known as the . is a Bengali word which means 'world' and means 'conference'.
Organization
The event is organized in January by the Bangladeshi branch of the Tablighi Jamaat, a Deobandi movement.
The congregation takes place in an area which spans over five square kilometers in Tongi, an outer suburb north of Dhaka. An extensive tent is created in the area with the help of the Government of Bangladesh. Transport is provided by state-run companies, including Biman Bangladesh Airlines, the Bangladesh Railway and the Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC). The Bangladesh Armed Forces assists by arranging infrastructure. Despite the large number of devotees living within a confined space, generally there are very few problems of sanitation, cooking, and internal movements. It is believed to be possible because of the minimalist approach adopted by the devotees. Devotees reduce their own requirements and develop a respect for others' requirements. During the Final Prayer, huge crowds stretch from the Ijtema ground in Tongi into the Dhaka metropolitan area. Schools and offices are declared closed on the occasion.
History
The Bengali Tabhlighi Jamaat movement started in Dhaka, East Bengal during the 1950s. The first Ijtemas were organized in Chittagong (1954) and Narayanganj (1958), followed by Ijtemas at the Ramna Race Course in Dhaka in 1960, 1962 and 1965. Due to the increasing rate of participants, the government of East Pakistan allowed organizers to schedule the event annually by the River Turag in 1967. Later, the government of Bangladesh allotted 160 acres
Number of devotees
In 2001, the number of attendees was 2 million. In 2010, the number was 5 million.
Foreign devotees
Estimates of foreign devotees stand at 20,000–50,000. They come from various regions, including the South Asian Subcontinent, Russia and Central Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and the United States.
Overcrowding and weather
Due to increasing overcrowding, the Ijtema was divided into two segments with an interval of seven days from 2010. The first phase is allowed for devotees from 32 designated Bangladeshi districts. The second phase allows devotees from the remaining districts of the country. Foreign devotees are allowed in both phases.
Due to increasing overcrowding, the Ijtema was divided into four segments from 2015. The first phase is allowed for devotees from 16 designated Bangladeshi districts. The second phase allows devotees from another 16 designated Bangladeshi districts. Devotees from the remaining 32 districts of the countrywill join next year.
In 2008, the event had to be cut short to only one day due to rain and cold weather which left three attendees dead.
Gallery
See also
Raiwind Ijtima
Dawah
Spread of islam
Islamization
Darul Uloom Deoband
Nerul Aalami Markaz
Kakrail Mosque
Raiwind Markaz
References
External links
BBC Slideshow on Biswa Ijtema 2007
Islam in Bangladesh
Tablighi Jamaat
Tongi
Islamic festivals
January events
Islamic terminology |
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