text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
```go
package closer
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"testing"
)
type closerSuccess struct {
}
func (c closerSuccess) Close() (err error) {
return
}
type closerError struct {
}
func (c closerError) Close() (err error) {
err = errors.New("closer error")
return
}
func TestCloser(t *testing.T) {
getStdout := func(obj io.Closer) (out []byte, err error) {
rescueStdout := os.Stdout
defer func() { os.Stdout = rescueStdout }()
r, w, err := os.Pipe()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
os.Stdout = w
Closer(obj)
err = w.Close()
if err != nil {
return
}
out, err = io.ReadAll(r)
return
}
cs := closerSuccess{}
ce := closerError{}
type args struct {
body io.Closer
}
type expected struct {
err bool
}
tests := []struct {
name string
args args
want expected
}{
{
name: "success",
args: args{
body: cs,
},
want: expected{
err: false,
},
},
{
name: "error",
args: args{
body: ce,
},
want: expected{
err: true,
},
},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
out, err := getStdout(tt.args.body)
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
return
}
if (len(out) > 0) != tt.want.err {
fmt.Printf("out: %q\n", string(out))
t.Errorf("closer() unexpected log %q", string(out))
}
})
}
}
``` |
Patumahoe is a small town of Auckland, New Zealand. It is in the Franklin Ward of Auckland Council.
The name comes from the Māori , meaning "to strike or kill with a (club) made of wood from the plant".
Demographics
Patumahoe is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a small urban area and covers . It is part of the larger Patumahoe statistical area.
Patumahoe urban area had a population of 1,176 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 513 people (77.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 621 people (111.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 396 households, comprising 585 males and 588 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female, with 306 people (26.0%) aged under 15 years, 162 (13.8%) aged 15 to 29, 576 (49.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 126 (10.7%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 92.1% European/Pākehā, 8.2% Māori, 4.1% Pacific peoples, 3.6% Asian, and 2.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 57.7% had no religion, 33.4% were Christian, 0.5% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.8% were Hindu, 0.3% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.5% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 159 (18.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 129 (14.8%) people had no formal qualifications. 288 people (33.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 543 (62.4%) people were employed full-time, 111 (12.8%) were part-time, and 30 (3.4%) were unemployed.
Patumahoe statistical area
Patumahoe statistical area covers and had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2.
The statistical area had a population of 2,334 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 615 people (35.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 756 people (47.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 765 households, comprising 1,170 males and 1,164 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.01 males per female. The median age was 39.3 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 519 people (22.2%) aged under 15 years, 381 (16.3%) aged 15 to 29, 1,146 (49.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 288 (12.3%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 91.0% European/Pākehā, 10.5% Māori, 3.2% Pacific peoples, 4.9% Asian, and 2.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 18.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.3% had no religion, 33.7% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.9% were Hindu, 0.6% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.5% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 351 (19.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 279 (15.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $46,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 543 people (29.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,083 (59.7%) people were employed full-time, 273 (15.0%) were part-time, and 42 (2.3%) were unemployed.
Education
Patumahoe School is a coeducational full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of as of The school was founded in 1866.
Notable locations
St Bride's Church, 32 Findlay Road Mauku, an Anglican church built in 1861.
Wright's Watergardens, 128 Mauku Road, Patumahoe, a private garden based around Mauku Waterfall and an old quarry, open to the public.
Patumahoe war memorial domain, 19 Patumahoe Road, sports grounds and a World War II memorial.
References
Populated places in the Auckland Region |
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Drew County, Arkansas.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Drew County, Arkansas, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.
There are 25 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
Current listings
|}
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places listings in Arkansas
References
Drew County |
Alisarda S.p.A. operating as Alisarda was an Italian airline based in Olbia, Sardinia that operated between 1963 and 1991 before it merged with Universair to become Meridiana. As of 2019, Alisarda S.p.A. is a holding company with a 51% stake in Meridiana successor airline Air Italy.
History
Alisarda was founded by the Aga Khan in as an air taxi and charter company to serve the Costa Smeralda. Scheduled operations began in . The airline used Nord 262 aircraft between Olbia and Rome. These were replaced in 1969 by the Fokker F27 Friendship and with those aircraft, routes to Pisa, Bologna and Cagliari were commenced.
The next aircraft type to be introduced was the Douglas DC-9-14 twin-jet airliner with which charter flights to Germany were started. By 1975 the fleet was wholly composed of DC-9s. In the early 1980s it was an associate company of Consorzio Della Costa Smeralda in which Prince Karim Aga Khan had a majority shareholding.
In 1986, Alisarda took 50% ownership of the newly-created Avianova. In mid-1987, the carrier took delivery of a second MD-82 and a third aircraft of the type was ordered.
At March 1990, the number of employees was approximately 1,000 and the president was Sergio Peralda. At this time, the airline was owned by a number of financial groups in which Prince Karim Aga Khan had a major interest. The fleet consisted of six McDonnell Douglas DC-9-51s and five MD-82s. Scheduled services were flown to Bologna, Cagliari, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Olbia, Pisa, Rome and Verona, and Frankfurt, Geneva, Munich, Nice, Paris, Turin and Zurich were served on a seasonal basis.
In 1991, Alisarda and the Spanish airline Universair merged, to form Meridiana. As of 2019, Alisarda is a holding company with a 51% stake in the Meridiana successor airline Air Italy.
Fleet
Over the years, Alisarda operated the following aircraft:
Gallery
References
Italian companies established in 1963
Italian companies disestablished in 1991
Defunct airlines of Italy
Transport in Sardinia
Airlines established in 1963
Airlines disestablished in 1991
it:Meridiana (azienda) |
Shields Woolen Mill is located along the edge of the Mississippi River in Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983. The building has been repurposed as commercial and office space called One River Place.
History
Because the Civil War cut off cotton supplies from the southern states, wool increased in popularity in the North. To take advantage of the situation Joseph Shields established Shields Woolen Mills in 1863. By 1870 he employed 52 people and the annual production value of the mill was $36,000, which made it the sixth largest industry in Davenport.
Several fires and financial problems caused Shield's problems and he committed suicide in 1878. By 1881 the business was reorganized as the Davenport Woolen Mills. In the 1890s the mill employed 140 people and its product line included clothing, cashmere, flannels, and blankets. It would be the high point of the company, however. As the sheep herds moved further west the production of woolen goods moved with them. The company's financial situation rose and fell and it finally closed in 1914.
Architecture
This two-story industrial building has both shallow side gable and flat roofs. It is constructed in brick with a stone foundation and basement, which is exposed on the south elevation of the building. Segmental arch windows predominate throughout the structure. The middle section with the pedimented entrance is the original section of the building that was completed in 1863. Additions were made to the structure with the last one added in 1868. It is located in an old milling district along the Mississippi River. This is thought to be the oldest structure still standing in Davenport that was designed for steam-operated industrial use.
References
Industrial buildings completed in 1865
Industrial buildings completed in 1868
Woollen mills
Buildings and structures in Davenport, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Davenport, Iowa
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
1868 establishments in Iowa |
The 2023 Giro d'Italia was the 106th edition of the Giro d'Italia, a three-week Grand Tour cycling stage race. The race started on 6 May in Fossacesia and finished on 28 May in Rome. There were 3 individual time trial stages and 6 stages longer than 200km. The race was won by Primož Roglič of , taking his fourth Grand Tour victory and becoming the first Slovenian to win the Giro.
Teams
UCI WorldTeams
UCI ProTeams*
*Both and held guaranteed wildcards but declined to take part
Pre-race favourites
Remco Evenepoel, Geraint Thomas and Primož Roglič were said to be favoured by the 2023 course. Remco Evenepoel won two stages and took over the pink jersey, but had to retire after stage 9 being tested positive for COVID-19.
Route and stages
Classification leadership
On stage 2, Filippo Ganna, who was second in the points classification, wore the cyclamen jersey because first placed Remco Evenepoel wore the pink jersey as leader of the general classification. Additionally, Brandon McNulty, who was third in the young rider classification, wore the white jersey because second placed João Almeida wore the Portuguese champion's jersey.
On stage 5, Thymen Arensman, who was fourth in the young rider classification, wore the white jersey because first placed Andreas Leknessund wore the pink jersey as leader of the general classification, second placed Remco Evenepoel wore the World Champion's jersey and third placed João Almeida wore the Portuguese champion's jersey.
On stage 10, Geraint Thomas, who was second in the general classification, wore the pink jersey because first placed Remco Evenepoel didn't start the stage after testing positive for COVID-19.
Classification standings
General classification
Points classification
Mountains classification
Young rider classification
Team classification
Intermediate sprint classification
Breakaway classification
Fair play classification
Notes
References
External links
2023
2023 in road cycling
2023 in Italian sport
2023 UCI World Tour
May 2023 sports events in Italy |
```sqlpl
SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 AS X UNION ALL SELECT 2) ORDER BY X ASC;
``` |
The highest-grossing live music artists (also known as "highest-grossing touring artists") are reported by Billboard and Pollstar boxscores. The cumulative figures may be incomplete because not all concert dates are reported by either publications. For simplification, the figures are presented in nominal dollars without being adjusted for inflation, hence they do not reflect the real value of revenue from older concerts.
The Rolling Stones are the highest-grossing live music act of all time, collecting over $2.5 billion according to Billboard Boxscore. The band is followed by U2 and Elton John, who both also passed two-billion mark in concert revenue. The concert industry is very male-dominated, and only four women have grossed more than $1 billion, with Madonna being the first. According to Pollstar, Taylor Swift is the highest-grossing woman with over $1.68 billion.
All-time ranking
Pollstar
Billboard
Decade ranking
2000s
2010s
See also
List of most-attended concert tours
List of most-attended concerts
List of highest-grossing concert tours
List of highest-grossing concert residencies
List of highest-grossing concert tours by women
List of highest-grossing concert tours by Latin artists
Notes
References
Concerts
music artists
Highest grossing |
At Home is the second studio album by Dutch rock band Shocking Blue, released in 1969 on the Pink Elephant label. It is their first album to feature Mariska Veres, the group's signature frontwoman and lead singer.
Overview
The album is the group's first record with singer Mariska Veres. Robbie van Leeuwen acquired Veres in an attempt to ape the form of the female-fronted Jefferson Airplane. With Veres's notable vocal performance and stunning looks, the band finally had an adequate frontwoman.
At Home was a mixture of influences ranging from pop rock to psychedelic rock. There is also early evidence of their interest in Americana, with tracks like "California Here I Come" and "Harley Davidson".
The hit single "Venus" was omitted from the original dutch pressings of the album, but was appended to the international versions both as an opening or closing track to the side one. Singles "Long and Lonesome Road" and "Mighty Joe" were also featured on several versions of the album.
At Home was repackaged for the American market as a self titled album rearranging tracklisting, omitting "I'll Write Your Name Through the Fire" and including singles of that period.
Since the first reissue of At Home in 1989 "Venus" and "Long and Lonesome Road" were constantly present on the main tracklistings, both on CD and LP. Additional CD bonus tracks were the b-sides of that period.
Uses in media and cover versions
The John Mayer version of the song "Acka Raga" was used as the theme song for the BBC1 quiz show Ask the Family.
The track "Love Buzz" gained notoriety when it was covered by grunge band Nirvana.
Track listing
All songs were written by Robbie van Leeuwen, except for "Acka Raga" by John Mayer.
Original version
Side one
"Boll Weevil" – 2:40
"I'll Write Your Name Through the Fire"– 2:50
"Acka Raga" – 3:10
"Love Machine" – 3:15
"I'm a Woman" – 3:00
Side two
"California Here I Come" – 3:15
"Poor Boy" – 4:50
"Love Buzz" – 3:40
"The Butterfly and I" – 3:50
American The Shocking Blue version
Side one
"Long and Lonesome Road" – 2:44
"Love Machine" – 3:15
"The Butterfly and I" – 3:50
"Venus" - 3:07
"California Here I Come" – 3:15
"Poor Boy" – 4:50
Side two
"Mighty Joe" – 3:04
"Boll Weevil" – 2:40
"Acka Raga" – 3:10
"Love Buzz" – 3:40
"I'm a Woman" – 3:00
"Send Me a Postcard"– 2:33
Reissue edition
"Boll Weevil" – 2:40
"I'll Write Your Name Through the Fire"– 2:50
"Acka Raga" – 3:10
"Love Machine" – 3:15
"I'm a Woman" – 3:00
"Venus" - 3:07
"California Here I Come" – 3:15
"Poor Boy" – 4:50
"Long and Lonesome Road" – 2:44
"Love Buzz" – 3:40
"The Butterfly and I" – 3:50
CD reissue bonus tracks
Personnel
Mariska Veres - lead vocals
Robbie van Leeuwen - guitar, sitar, backing vocals
Klaasje van der Wal - bass guitar
Cor van der Beek - drums
Studio musicians
Cees Schrama - keyboards
Charts
Certifications
References
1969 albums
Shocking Blue albums |
Sir Thomas Sutton, 1st Baronet (c.1755–1813) was an English militia commander and politician, Member of Parliament for in 1812–13.
Life
He was the son of Thomas Sutton (died 1789) of Molesey, Surrey, and his wife Jane Hankey, daughter of Alderman Thomas Hankey. He matriculated in 1773 at Magdalen College, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1777, M.A. in 1780. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1782. The Trial of Mrs. Henrietta Arabin (1786), on the King's Bench case brought by William St Julien Arabin against his wife for adultery with Sutton, describes him as a major in the Horse Guards Regiment.
Sutton was High Sheriff of Surrey in 1796–7, and commissioned with the rank of major in the 2nd Royal Surrey Militia in 1797; and supported the Pitt administration against a Whig petition at a Surrey county meeting that year. At the beginning of the 19th century, he was jointly lord of the manor of East Molesey, with Sir Beaumont Hotham, his uncle by marriage to Susanna Hankey, daughter of Alderman Hankey and sister of Jane Hankey.
Sutton rose to be militia lieutenant-colonel in 1800. He was created a baronet on 5 March, 1806. Mary Berry had dinner with Sutton and his wife on 21 September 1809. She wrote in her journal: "His conversation always remarkably sensible, and liberal-minded, and to the purpose." In the first days of the operation of the Regency Act 1811, the Duke of Clarence stated at a large dinner given by Sutton at Molesley in February 1811 that "The King is as mad as ever, but we have now shut the door and turned the key upon him."
Standing in the two-member Surrey constituency in 1812 general election, Sutton was backed by Sir John Frederick, 5th Baronet, another Surrey Militia officer, and Viscount Cranley. He hoped to keep out the radical Sir Thomas Turton, 1st Baronet. He was standing as a friend of Lord Liverpool, and his main concern before letting his name go forward was that the 11th Duke of Norfolk, a proponent of Catholic rights, would fund Turton's campaign. In the event, known as an associate of Lord Moira and with the approval of George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer, he was comfortably elected in second place, behind the Tory George Holme Sumner, ahead of Turton backed by Sir Joseph Mawbey, 2nd Baronet and Sir Mark Wood, 1st Baronet. In parliament in 1813 he opposed Catholic relief while the Napoleonic wars continued.
Family
Sutton married in 1790 Lucy, daughter of Thomas Assheton Smith (1752–1828). They had two daughters. The baronetcy became extinct on Sutton's death on 6 November 1813. Of the daughters, Lucy married George Berkeley. The other daughter, Caroline Mary Selina (Carolina), married in 1816 Angelo D'Ambrosio (1774–1822), a Neapolitan general and diplomat, who participated in the 1820 revolution.
Sutton's elder brother John Sutton RN married Frances Hotham, daughter of Beaumont Hotham in a cousin marriage.
Notes
1750s births
1813 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies |
Leopold William Brandenburg (born 1886) was a 20th-century American medical doctor and criminal. He became notorious after surgically changing the fingerprints and "facial contour" of criminal Ronald Philipps, a.k.a. "Roscoe Pitts," in 1941, for which he was sentenced to three years in prison, although the sentence was later overturned. Pitts had attempted to rob a grocery store using explosives in Wilkesboro, North Carolina.
Brandenburg was later sentenced to five years in prison for illicitly prescribing morphine, a narcotic, to patients.
References
1886 births
American surgeons
Medical crime
Year of death missing |
Youngstown is an unincorporated community in San Joaquin County, in the U.S. state of California.
References
Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in San Joaquin County, California |
William Scully may refer to:
William Scully (Australian politician) (1883–1966), Australian politician and farmer
William Scully (director) (1889–1949), American filmmaker and director
William Scully (bishop) (1894–1969), American Roman Catholic bishop of Albany
William Charles Scully (1855–1943), South African author
Fictional characters
William "Bill" Scully, the name of several characters The X-Files related to Dana Scully: her father, brother and son |
```c
/**
******************************************************************************
* @file system_stm32f37x.c
* @author MCD Application Team
* @version V4.0.0
* @date 21-January-2013
* @brief CMSIS Cortex-M4 Device Peripheral Access Layer System Source File.
* This file contains the system clock configuration for STM32F37x devices,
* and is generated by the clock configuration tool
* STM32f37x_Clock_Configuration_V1.0.0.xls
*
* 1. This file provides two functions and one global variable to be called from
* user application:
* - SystemInit(): Setups the system clock (System clock source, PLL Multiplier
* and Divider factors, AHB/APBx prescalers and Flash settings),
* depending on the configuration made in the clock xls tool.
* This function is called at startup just after reset and
* before branch to main program. This call is made inside
* the "startup_stm32f37x.s" file.
*
* - SystemCoreClock variable: Contains the core clock (HCLK), it can be used
* by the user application to setup the SysTick
* timer or configure other parameters.
*
* - SystemCoreClockUpdate(): Updates the variable SystemCoreClock and must
* be called whenever the core clock is changed
* during program execution.
*
* 2. After each device reset the HSI (8 MHz Range) is used as system clock source.
* Then SystemInit() function is called, in "startup_stm32f37x.s" file, to
* configure the system clock before to branch to main program.
*
* 3. If the system clock source selected by user fails to startup, the SystemInit()
* function will do nothing and HSI still used as system clock source. User can
* add some code to deal with this issue inside the SetSysClock() function.
*
* 4. The default value of HSE crystal is set to 8MHz, refer to "HSE_VALUE" defined
* in "stm32f37x.h" file. When HSE is used as system clock source, directly or
* through PLL, and you are using different crystal you have to adapt the HSE
* value to your own configuration.
*
* 5. This file configures the system clock as follows:
*=============================================================================
* Supported STM32F37x device
*=============================================================================
* System Clock source | PLL (HSE)
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* SYSCLK(Hz) | 72000000
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* HCLK(Hz) | 72000000
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* AHB Prescaler | 1
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* APB2 Prescaler | 1
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* APB1 Prescaler | 2
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* HSE Frequency(Hz) | 8000000
*your_sha256_hash------------
* PLLMUL | 9
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* PREDIV | 1
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* USB Clock | ENABLE
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* Flash Latency(WS) | 2
*your_sha256_hash-------------
* Prefetch Buffer | ON
*your_sha256_hash-------------
*=============================================================================
******************************************************************************
* @attention
*
* <h2><center>© COPYRIGHT 2013 STMicroelectronics</center></h2>
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*
******************************************************************************
*/
/** @addtogroup CMSIS
* @{
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System
* @{
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_Includes
* @{
*/
#include "stm32f37x.h"
/**
* @}
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_TypesDefinitions
* @{
*/
/**
* @}
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_Defines
* @{
*/
/*!< Uncomment the following line if you need to relocate your vector Table in
Internal SRAM. */
/* #define VECT_TAB_SRAM */
#define VECT_TAB_OFFSET 0x0 /*!< Vector Table base offset field.
This value must be a multiple of 0x200. */
/**
* @}
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_Macros
* @{
*/
/**
* @}
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_Variables
* @{
*/
uint32_t SystemCoreClock = 72000000;
__I uint8_t AHBPrescTable[16] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9};
/**
* @}
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_FunctionPrototypes
* @{
*/
static void SetSysClock(void);
/**
* @}
*/
/** @addtogroup STM32F37x_System_Private_Functions
* @{
*/
/**
* @brief Setup the microcontrollers system.
* Initialize the Embedded Flash Interface, the PLL and update the
* SystemCoreClock variable.
* @param None
* @retval None
*/
void SystemInit (void)
{
/* FPU settings ------------------------------------------------------------*/
#if (__FPU_PRESENT == 1) && (__FPU_USED == 1)
SCB->CPACR |= ((3UL << 10*2)|(3UL << 11*2)); /* set CP10 and CP11 Full Access */
#endif
/* Set HSION bit */
RCC->CR |= (uint32_t)0x00000001;
/* Reset SW[1:0], HPRE[3:0], PPRE[2:0], ADCPRE, SDADCPRE and MCOSEL[2:0] bits */
RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)0x00FF0000;
/* Reset HSEON, CSSON and PLLON bits */
RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xFEF6FFFF;
/* Reset HSEBYP bit */
RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xFFFBFFFF;
/* Reset PLLSRC, PLLXTPRE, PLLMUL and USBPRE bits */
RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)0xFF80FFFF;
/* Reset PREDIV1[3:0] bits */
RCC->CFGR2 &= (uint32_t)0xFFFFFFF0;
/* Reset USARTSW[1:0], I2CSW and CECSW bits */
RCC->CFGR3 &= (uint32_t)0xFFF0F8C;
/* Disable all interrupts */
RCC->CIR = 0x00000000;
/* Configure the System clock frequency, AHB/APBx prescalers and Flash settings */
SetSysClock();
#ifdef VECT_TAB_SRAM
SCB->VTOR = SRAM_BASE | VECT_TAB_OFFSET; /* Vector Table Relocation in Internal SRAM. */
#else
SCB->VTOR = FLASH_BASE | VECT_TAB_OFFSET; /* Vector Table Relocation in Internal FLASH. */
#endif
}
/**
* @brief Update SystemCoreClock according to Clock Register Values
* The SystemCoreClock variable contains the core clock (HCLK), it can
* be used by the user application to setup the SysTick timer or configure
* other parameters.
*
* @note Each time the core clock (HCLK) changes, this function must be called
* to update SystemCoreClock variable value. Otherwise, any configuration
* based on this variable will be incorrect.
*
* @note - The system frequency computed by this function is not the real
* frequency in the chip. It is calculated based on the predefined
* constant and the selected clock source:
*
* - If SYSCLK source is HSI, SystemCoreClock will contain the HSI_VALUE(*)
*
* - If SYSCLK source is HSE, SystemCoreClock will contain the HSE_VALUE(**)
*
* - If SYSCLK source is PLL, SystemCoreClock will contain the HSE_VALUE(**)
* or HSI_VALUE(*) multiplied/divided by the PLL factors.
*
* (*) HSI_VALUE is a constant defined in stm32f37x.h file (default value
* 8 MHz) but the real value may vary depending on the variations
* in voltage and temperature.
*
* (**) HSE_VALUE is a constant defined in stm32f37x.h file (default value
* 8 MHz), user has to ensure that HSE_VALUE is same as the real
* frequency of the crystal used. Otherwise, this function may
* have wrong result.
*
* - The result of this function could be not correct when using fractional
* value for HSE crystal.
* @param None
* @retval None
*/
void SystemCoreClockUpdate (void)
{
uint32_t tmp = 0, pllmull = 0, pllsource = 0, prediv1factor = 0;
/* Get SYSCLK source -------------------------------------------------------*/
tmp = RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_SWS;
switch (tmp)
{
case 0x00: /* HSI used as system clock */
SystemCoreClock = HSI_VALUE;
break;
case 0x04: /* HSE used as system clock */
SystemCoreClock = HSE_VALUE;
break;
case 0x08: /* PLL used as system clock */
/* Get PLL clock source and multiplication factor ----------------------*/
pllmull = RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL;
pllsource = RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC;
pllmull = ( pllmull >> 18) + 2;
if (pllsource == 0x00)
{
/* HSI oscillator clock divided by 2 selected as PLL clock entry */
SystemCoreClock = (HSI_VALUE >> 1) * pllmull;
}
else
{
prediv1factor = (RCC->CFGR2 & RCC_CFGR2_PREDIV1) + 1;
/* HSE oscillator clock selected as PREDIV1 clock entry */
SystemCoreClock = (HSE_VALUE / prediv1factor) * pllmull;
}
break;
default: /* HSI used as system clock */
SystemCoreClock = HSI_VALUE;
break;
}
/* Compute HCLK clock frequency ----------------*/
/* Get HCLK prescaler */
tmp = AHBPrescTable[((RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_HPRE) >> 4)];
/* HCLK clock frequency */
SystemCoreClock >>= tmp;
}
/**
* @brief Configures the System clock frequency, AHB/APBx prescalers and Flash
* settings.
* @note This function should be called only once the RCC clock configuration
* is reset to the default reset state (done in SystemInit() function).
* @param None
* @retval None
*/
static void SetSysClock(void)
{
__IO uint32_t StartUpCounter = 0, HSEStatus = 0;
/******************************************************************************/
/* PLL (clocked by HSE) used as System clock source */
/******************************************************************************/
/* SYSCLK, HCLK, PCLK2 and PCLK1 configuration -----------*/
/* Enable HSE */
RCC->CR |= ((uint32_t)RCC_CR_HSEON);
/* Wait till HSE is ready and if Time out is reached exit */
do
{
HSEStatus = RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY;
StartUpCounter++;
} while((HSEStatus == 0) && (StartUpCounter != HSE_STARTUP_TIMEOUT));
if ((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_HSERDY) != RESET)
{
HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x01;
}
else
{
HSEStatus = (uint32_t)0x00;
}
if (HSEStatus == (uint32_t)0x01)
{
/* Enable Prefetch Buffer and set Flash Latency */
FLASH->ACR = FLASH_ACR_PRFTBE | (uint32_t)FLASH_ACR_LATENCY_1;
/* HCLK = SYSCLK / 1 */
RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_HPRE_DIV1;
/* PCLK2 = HCLK / 1 */
RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE2_DIV1;
/* PCLK1 = HCLK / 2 */
RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_PPRE1_DIV2;
/* PLL configuration */
RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL));
RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)(RCC_CFGR_PLLSRC_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR_PLLXTPRE_PREDIV1 | RCC_CFGR_PLLMULL9);
/* Enable PLL */
RCC->CR |= RCC_CR_PLLON;
/* Wait till PLL is ready */
while((RCC->CR & RCC_CR_PLLRDY) == 0)
{
}
/* Select PLL as system clock source */
RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)((uint32_t)~(RCC_CFGR_SW));
RCC->CFGR |= (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SW_PLL;
/* Wait till PLL is used as system clock source */
while ((RCC->CFGR & (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SWS) != (uint32_t)RCC_CFGR_SWS_PLL)
{
}
}
else
{ /* If HSE fails to start-up, the application will have wrong clock
configuration. User can add here some code to deal with this error */
}
}
/**
* @}
*/
/**
* @}
*/
/**
* @}
*/
/************************ (C) COPYRIGHT STMicroelectronics *****END OF FILE****/
``` |
Major-General Sir John Noble Kennedy, (31 August 1893 – 15 June 1970) was a senior British Army officer who served as Assistant Chief of the Imperial General Staff during World War II.
Early life
Kennedy was born on 31 August 1893 in Portpatrick, the son of the Minister James Russell Kennedy and his wife Sarah.
Military career
Kennedy joined the Royal Navy in 1911 and then transferred to the Royal Artillery at the start of World War I in 1915 going on to see action in France, Flanders and Egypt. He was awarded the Military Cross during his service, the citation for which reads:
He then served with the British Military Mission in South Russia during the Russian Civil War, for which he was mentioned in dispatches.
After attending the Staff College, Camberley from 1921 to 1922 (returning there as an instructor from 1931−1934), he was appointed Deputy Director of Military Operations at the War Office in 1938. He also served in World War II as Director of Plans at the War Office from 1939, Commander Royal Artillery for 52nd Division from early 1940 and as Director of Military Operations at the War Office from later that year. He went on to be Assistant Chief of the Imperial General Staff in October 1943 until February 1945.
He was Governor of Southern Rhodesia from 1947 to 1953.
Family
In 1926 Kennedy married Isabella Rosamond Georgiana Joicey-Cecil (1901–1941). Kennedy married Catherine Fordham (1905–1969) in 1942; on 2 January 1939 Catherine Fordham had been appointed Lady-in-Waiting to Her Royal Highness Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1870–1948).
References
Bibliography
External links
General's of World War II
|-
1893 births
1970 deaths
Military personnel from Dumfries and Galloway
British Army generals of World War II
Royal Artillery officers
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Military Cross
Governors of Southern Rhodesia
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Royal Navy officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army major generals
Academics of the Staff College, Camberley
British Army personnel of the Russian Civil War
War Office personnel in World War II |
Vernon Lee Scarborough (born 1950) is an American academic anthropologist and archaeologist, known for his research and publications on settlement, land use and water management practices of archaic and Pre-industrial society.
Scarborough is a Distinguished Research Professor and Charles P. Taft Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati in Ohio, USA. Scarborough's research and fieldwork on hydrology and water management systems has been conducted primarily among pre-Columbian Maya civilization sites in the Maya lowlands of Guatemala and Belize, where since 1992 he has co-directed and instructed on a number of seasonal archaeology programmes under the Programme for Belize Archaeological Project (PfBAP). In addition to his research conducted at Maya sites in Mesoamerica, Scarborough has worked in his field specialty with institutions and at site locations in Sudan, Pakistan, Indonesia, Greece and the American Southwest, among others. He is a member of the Scientific Steering Committee with IHOPE (Integrated History for the Future of the People of Earth) an effort of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and the Stockholm Resilience Center, for both the global (Berlin meeting) and the regional Asia (Akita, Japan) and Americas (Santa Fe) initiatives.
As an undergraduate Scarborough attended the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon, completing his B.S. in anthropology in 1973. His doctorate studies were undertaken at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, where he was awarded his PhD in 1980.
Notes
External links
Faculty profile, University of Cincinnati
Programme for Belize Archaeological Project, Belize, Central America, Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, UT Austin
Interview with Phyllis Messenger as part of series The Archaeologist's Life
American archaeologists
American anthropologists
Mesoamerican archaeologists
20th-century Mesoamericanists
21st-century Mesoamericanists
Mayanists
University of Oregon alumni
Southern Methodist University alumni
University of Cincinnati faculty
University of Texas at El Paso faculty
1950 births
Living people |
Dimple Bhagat (born 12 December 1998) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a defender for I-League club TRAU.
Club career
Born in Jammu and Kashmir, Bhagat began his career in the Pune academy before the academy was bought by Indian Super League side Pune City.
In 2018, Dimple left the Pune City academy to join I-League side Gokulam Kerala. He made his professional debut on 15 December 2018 in the league against Real Kashmir. He started and played the full match as Gokulam Kerala drew 1–1. He played three more matches for Gokulam Kerala before leaving the club.
In January 2020, Bhagat signed with Indian Super League side Hyderabad. He made his debut for the club on 15 January 2020 in the league against Odisha. He started the match but was sent off 2 minutes into first-half stoppage time, which earned Odisha a penalty which they converted and soon won the match 2–1.
Career statistics
Club
References
External links
Profile at the Indian Super League website
Profile at the All India Football Federation website
1998 births
Living people
People from Jammu and Kashmir
Indian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Pune FC players
FC Pune City players
Gokulam Kerala FC players
Hyderabad FC players
I-League players
Indian Super League players
Footballers from Jammu and Kashmir |
Acuña or Acuna may refer to:
People with the surname
Alejandro Nogués Acuña (1907-1989), Argentine chess player
Alex Acuña (born 1944), Peruvian percussionist
Ángela Acuña Braun (1888-1983) first female attorney in Central America (from Costa Rica)
Antonio Osorio de Acuña (1459–1526), Spanish bishop
Brianda de Acuña (1576-1630), Spanish nun and writer
Carlos Acuña (1914–1999), Argentinian composer and singer
Carlos Javier Acuña (born 1988), Paraguayan football (soccer) player
Clarence Acuña (born 1975), Chilean footballer
Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña (1597–1676), Spanish missionary and explorer
Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar (1567–1626), Spanish diplomat
Fort Acuña, a Filipino basketball player
Francisco Acuña de Figueroa (1791–1862), Uruguayan poet
Francisco Javier González-Acuña, Mexican mathematician, professor, and author
Hernando de Acuña (c. 1520–1580), Spanish poet, soldier and diplomat
Jason Acuña (born 1973), Italian-born American actor
Juan Acuña (1923–2001), Spanish football goalkeeper
Juan de Acuña, marqués de Casafuerte (1658–1734), Spanish military officer and viceroy of New Spain 1722–1734
Julián Acuña Galé (1900–1973), Cuban botanist for whom the standard author abbreviation "Acuna" is used when citing a botanical name
Justicia Acuña (1893-1980), Chilean engineer; first woman with this profession in her country and in South America
Manuel Acuña (1849–1873), Mexican poet and playwright
Manuel Acuña Roxas (1892–1948), President of the Philippines
Marcela Acuña (born 1976), Argentinian boxer
Marcos Acuña (born 1991), Argentinian footballer
Patrick Acuña (born 1986), American musician, drummer of the indie rock band Silent Old Mtns
Pedro Bravo de Acuña (died 1606), Spanish military officer and colonial official in the New World and the Philippines
Ricardo Acuña (born 1958), Chilean former tennis player
Roberto Acuña (born 1972), Argentinian-born Paraguayan football (soccer) player
Rodolfo Acuña (born 1932), American historian
Ronald Acuña Jr. (born 1997), Venezuelan professional baseball player
Val Acuña, a Filipino basketball player
Places
Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila, Mexico
Acuña (municipality), also in the Mexican state of Coahuila
See also
Vilo Acuña Airport, Cuba
Ing. Alberto Acuña Ongay International Airport, serving Campeche, Mexico |
Gerry Horkan is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has served as a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel since April 2021, and previously from April 2016 to March 2020.
He was a member of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council from 2003 to 2016. He was the Fianna Fáil Seanad spokesperson on Finance. He lost his seat at the 2020 Seanad election, only to regain it a year later at the 2021 Seanad by-elections.
References
External links
Gerry Horkan's page on the Fianna Fáil website
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Date of birth missing (living people)
Fianna Fáil senators
Politicians from Dublin (city)
Members of the 25th Seanad
Members of the 26th Seanad
Members of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown Council
Alumni of University College Dublin
Industrial and Commercial Panel senators |
```c++
//
//
// path_to_url
//
#include "pxr/imaging/hd/rprim.h"
#include "pxr/imaging/hd/changeTracker.h"
#include "pxr/imaging/hd/instancer.h"
#include "pxr/imaging/hd/perfLog.h"
#include "pxr/imaging/hd/renderIndex.h"
PXR_NAMESPACE_OPEN_SCOPE
HdRprim::HdRprim(SdfPath const& id)
: _instancerId()
, _materialId()
, _sharedData(HdDrawingCoord::DefaultNumSlots,
/*visible=*/true)
{
_sharedData.rprimID = id;
}
HdRprim::~HdRprim() = default;
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
/// Rprim Hydra Engine API : Pre-Sync & Sync-Phase
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
bool
HdRprim::CanSkipDirtyBitPropagationAndSync(HdDirtyBits bits) const
{
// For invisible prims, we'd like to avoid syncing data, which involves:
// (a) the scene delegate pulling data post dirty-bit propagation
// (b) the rprim processing its dirty bits and
// (c) the rprim committing resource updates to the GPU
//
// However, the current design adds a draw item for a repr during repr
// initialization (see _InitRepr) even if a prim may be invisible, which
// requires us go through the sync process to avoid tripping other checks.
//
// XXX: We may want to avoid this altogether, or rethink how we approach
// the two workflow scenarios:
// ( i) objects that are always invisible (i.e., never loaded by the user or
// scene)
// (ii) vis-invis'ing objects
//
// For now, we take the hit of first repr initialization (+ sync) and avoid
// time-varying updates to the invisible prim.
//
// Note: If the sync is skipped, the dirty bits in the change tracker
// remain the same.
bool skip = false;
HdDirtyBits mask = (HdChangeTracker::DirtyVisibility |
HdChangeTracker::NewRepr);
if (!IsVisible() && !(bits & mask)) {
// By setting the propagated dirty bits to Clean, we effectively
// disable delegate and rprim sync
skip = true;
HD_PERF_COUNTER_INCR(HdPerfTokens->skipInvisibleRprimSync);
}
return skip;
}
HdDirtyBits
HdRprim::PropagateRprimDirtyBits(HdDirtyBits bits)
{
// If the dependent computations changed - assume all
// primvars are dirty
if (bits & HdChangeTracker::DirtyComputationPrimvarDesc) {
bits |= (HdChangeTracker::DirtyPoints |
HdChangeTracker::DirtyNormals |
HdChangeTracker::DirtyWidths |
HdChangeTracker::DirtyPrimvar);
}
// when refine level changes, topology becomes dirty.
// XXX: can we remove DirtyDisplayStyle then?
if (bits & HdChangeTracker::DirtyDisplayStyle) {
bits |= HdChangeTracker::DirtyTopology;
}
// if topology changes, all dependent bits become dirty.
if (bits & HdChangeTracker::DirtyTopology) {
bits |= (HdChangeTracker::DirtyPoints |
HdChangeTracker::DirtyNormals |
HdChangeTracker::DirtyPrimvar);
}
// Let subclasses propagate bits
return _PropagateDirtyBits(bits);
}
void
HdRprim::InitRepr(HdSceneDelegate* delegate,
TfToken const &reprToken,
HdDirtyBits *dirtyBits)
{
_InitRepr(reprToken, dirtyBits);
}
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
/// Rprim Hydra Engine API : Execute-Phase
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
const HdRepr::DrawItemUniquePtrVector &
HdRprim::GetDrawItems(TfToken const& reprToken) const
{
if (HdReprSharedPtr const repr = _GetRepr(reprToken)) {
return repr->GetDrawItems();
}
static HdRepr::DrawItemUniquePtrVector empty;
TF_CODING_ERROR("Rprim has no draw items for repr %s", reprToken.GetText());
return empty;
}
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
/// Rprim Hydra Engine API : Cleanup
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
void
HdRprim::Finalize(HdRenderParam *renderParam)
{
}
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
/// Rprim Data API
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
void
HdRprim::SetPrimId(int32_t primId)
{
_primId = primId;
// Don't set DirtyPrimID here, to avoid undesired variability tracking.
}
void
HdRprim::SetMaterialId(SdfPath const& materialId)
{
_materialId = materialId;
}
bool
HdRprim::IsDirty(HdChangeTracker &changeTracker) const
{
return changeTracker.IsRprimDirty(GetId());
}
void
HdRprim::UpdateReprSelector(HdSceneDelegate* delegate,
HdDirtyBits *dirtyBits)
{
if (HdChangeTracker::IsReprDirty(*dirtyBits, GetId())) {
_authoredReprSelector = delegate->GetReprSelector(GetId());
*dirtyBits &= ~HdChangeTracker::DirtyRepr;
}
}
void
HdRprim::UpdateRenderTag(HdSceneDelegate *delegate,
HdRenderParam *renderParam)
{
_renderTag = delegate->GetRenderTag(GetId());
}
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
/// Rprim Shared API
// your_sha256_hash---------- //
HdReprSharedPtr const &
HdRprim::_GetRepr(TfToken const &reprToken) const
{
_ReprVector::const_iterator reprIt =
std::find_if(_reprs.begin(), _reprs.end(),
_ReprComparator(reprToken));
if (reprIt == _reprs.end()) {
TF_CODING_ERROR("_InitRepr() should be called for repr %s on prim %s.",
reprToken.GetText(), GetId().GetText());
static const HdReprSharedPtr ERROR_RETURN;
return ERROR_RETURN;
}
return reprIt->second;
}
void
HdRprim::_UpdateVisibility(HdSceneDelegate* delegate,
HdDirtyBits *dirtyBits)
{
if (HdChangeTracker::IsVisibilityDirty(*dirtyBits, GetId())) {
_sharedData.visible = delegate->GetVisible(GetId());
}
}
void
HdRprim::_UpdateInstancer(HdSceneDelegate* delegate,
HdDirtyBits *dirtyBits)
{
if (HdChangeTracker::IsInstancerDirty(*dirtyBits, GetId())) {
SdfPath const& instancerId = delegate->GetInstancerId(GetId());
if (instancerId == _instancerId) {
return;
}
// If we have a new instancer ID, we need to update the dependency
// map and also update the stored instancer ID.
HdChangeTracker &tracker =
delegate->GetRenderIndex().GetChangeTracker();
if (!_instancerId.IsEmpty()) {
tracker.RemoveInstancerRprimDependency(_instancerId, GetId());
}
if (!instancerId.IsEmpty()) {
tracker.AddInstancerRprimDependency(instancerId, GetId());
}
_instancerId = instancerId;
}
}
VtMatrix4dArray
HdRprim::GetInstancerTransforms(HdSceneDelegate* delegate)
{
SdfPath instancerId = _instancerId;
VtMatrix4dArray transforms;
HdRenderIndex &renderIndex = delegate->GetRenderIndex();
while (!instancerId.IsEmpty()) {
transforms.push_back(delegate->GetInstancerTransform(instancerId));
HdInstancer *instancer = renderIndex.GetInstancer(instancerId);
if (instancer) {
instancerId = instancer->GetParentId();
} else {
instancerId = SdfPath();
}
}
return transforms;
}
PXR_NAMESPACE_CLOSE_SCOPE
``` |
The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. Following the passing of the British North America Act of 1867 forming a federation in Canada, Lord Carnarvon thought that a similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African Kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa. In 1874, Sir Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to effect such plans, among the obstacles were the armed independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand.
Frere, on his own initiative, sent a provocative ultimatum on 11 December 1878 to the Zulu king Cetshwayo and upon its rejection sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand. The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, including an opening victory of the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana, followed by the defence of Rorke's Drift by a small British Garrison from an attack by a large Zulu force. The British eventually won the war, ending Zulu dominance of the region. The Zulu Kingdom was then made a protectorate and later annexed by the British Empire in 1887.
Background
British Empire
By the 1850s, the British Empire had colonies in southern Africa bordering on various Boer settlements, native African kingdoms such as the Zulus and the Basotho and numerous indigenous tribal areas and states. Various interactions with those groups followed an expansionist policy. Cape Colony was formed after the Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1814 had permanently ceded the Dutch colony of Cape Town to Britain, and its territory expanded very substantially in the 19th century. Natal, in south-eastern Africa, was claimed by the British as a colony on 4 May 1843, after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia. Matters were brought to a head when three sons (led by Mehlokazulu kaSihayo) and a brother of the Zulu inkosi Sihayo organized a raid into Natal and carried off two women who were under British protection.
The discovery of diamonds in 1867 near the Vaal River, some northeast of Cape Town, ended the isolation of the Boers in the interior and had a significant effect on events. The discovery triggered a diamond rush that attracted people from all over the world, which turned Kimberley into a town of 50,000 within five years and drew the attention of British imperial interests. In the 1870s, the British annexed West Griqualand, site of the Kimberley diamond discoveries.
In 1874 Lord Carnarvon, Secretary of State for the Colonies, who had brought about federation in Canada in 1867, thought that a similar scheme might work in South Africa. The South African plan called for a ruling white minority over a black majority, which would provide a large pool of cheap labour for the British sugar plantations and mines. Carnarvon, in an attempt to extend British influence in 1875, approached the Boer states of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic and tried to organize a federation of the British and Boer territories but the Boer leaders turned him down.
In 1877, Sir Bartle Frere was made High Commissioner for Southern Africa by Lord Carnarvon. Carnarvon appointed Frere to the position on the understanding that he would work to enforce Carnarvon's confederation plan and Frere could then become the first British governor of a federated southern African dominion. Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner to bring this plan about. One of the obstacles to such a scheme was the presence of the independent Boer states of the South African Republic, informally known as the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State, and the Kingdom of Zululand. Bartle Frere wasted no time in putting the scheme forward and manufacturing a casus belli against the Zulu by exaggerating the significance of a number of recent incidents.
By 1877, Sir Theophilus Shepstone, the British Secretary for Native Affairs in Natal, annexed the Transvaal Republic for Britain using a special warrant. The Transvaal Boers objected but as long as the Zulu threat remained, found themselves between two threats; they feared that if they took up arms to resist the British annexation, King Cetshwayo and the Zulus would take the opportunity to attack. The successive British annexations and in particular the annexation of West Griqualand caused a climate of simmering unease for the Boer republics.
Shepstone railed against the disruptive effect of allowing Cetshwayo's regime to remain. "Zulu power", he said, "is the root and real strength of all native difficulties in South Africa". In December 1877, he wrote to Carnarvon "Cetshwayo is the secret hope of every petty independent chief hundreds of miles from him who feels a desire that his colour shall prevail, and it will not be until this hope is destroyed that they will make up their minds to submit to the rule of civilisation". Earlier in October 1877, Shepstone had attended a meeting with Zulu leaders near the Blood River to resolve the land dispute between the Zulus and the Boers. He suggested a compromise with the Boers and the meeting broke up without clear resolutions. He turned against the Zulus with vengeance, saying he had come into possession of "the most incontrovertible, overwhelming and clear evidence" never previously disclosed, for supporting the claims of the Boers. He rejected Zulu claims as "characterised by lying and treachery to an extent that I could not have believed even savages are capable of".
Shepstone, in his capacity as British governor of Natal, had expressed concerns about the Zulu army under King Cetshwayo and the potential threat to Natal – especially given the adoption by some of the Zulus of old muskets and other out-of-date firearms. In his new role of Administrator of the Transvaal, he was now responsible for protecting the Transvaal and had direct involvement in the Zulu border dispute from the side of the Transvaal. Persistent Boer representations and Paul Kruger's diplomatic manoeuvres added to the pressure. There were incidents involving Zulu paramilitary actions on either side of the Transvaal/Natal border, and Shepstone increasingly began to regard King Cetshwayo, as having permitted such "outrages", and to be in a "defiant mood". King Cetshwayo now found no defender in Natal save the bishop of Natal, John Colenso.
Colenso advocated for native Africans in Natal and Zululand who had been unjustly treated by the colonial regime in Natal. In 1874 he took up the cause of Langalibalele and the Hlubi and Ngwe tribes in representations to the Colonial Secretary, Lord Carnarvon. Langalibalele had been falsely accused of rebellion in 1873 and, following a charade of a trial, was found guilty and imprisoned on Robben Island. In taking the side of Langalibalele against the colonial regime in Natal and Theophilus Shepstone, the Secretary for Native Affairs, Colenso found himself even further estranged from colonial society in Natal.
Bishop Colenso's concern about the misleading information that was being provided to the Colonial Secretary in London by Shepstone and the Governor of Natal prompted him to champion the cause of the Zulus against Boer oppression and official encroachments. He was a prominent critic of Frere's efforts to depict the Zulu kingdom as a threat to Natal. Colenso's campaigns revealed the racialist foundation underpinning the colonial regime in Natal and made him enemies among the colonists.
British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's Tory administration in London did not want a war with the Zulus. "The fact is," wrote Sir Michael Hicks Beach, who was to replace Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies, in November 1878, "that matters in Eastern Europe and India ... wore so serious an aspect that we cannot have a Zulu war in addition to other greater and too possible troubles." However, Sir Bartle Frere had already been into the Cape Colony as governor and High Commissioner since 1877 with the brief of creating a Confederation of South Africa from the various British colonies, Boer Republics and native states and his plans were well advanced. He had concluded that the powerful Zulu kingdom stood in the way of this, and so was receptive to Shepstone's arguments that King Cetshwayo and his Zulu army posed a threat to the peace of the region. Preparations for a British invasion of the Zulu kingdom had been underway for months. In December 1878, notwithstanding the reluctance of the British government to start yet another colonial war, Frere presented Cetshwayo with an ultimatum that the Zulu army be disbanded and the Zulus accept a British resident. This was unacceptable to the Zulus as it effectively meant that Cetshwayo, had he agreed, would have lost his throne.
Zulu Kingdom
Shaka Zulu, the first Zulu king, had through war and conquest built the small Zulu tribe into the Zulu Kingdom, which by 1825 encompassed an area of around . In 1828 he was assassinated at Dukuza by one of his inDunas and two of his half-brothers, one of whom, Dinggh kaSenzangakhona, succeeded him as king. By the 1830s migrating Boers came into conflict with the Zulu Kingdom, then ruled by Dingane. Dingane suffered a crushing defeat on 16 December 1838, when he attacked a group of 470 Voortrekker settlers led by Pretorius at the Battle of Blood River. Dingane's half brother, Mpande kaSenzangakhona, then defected with some 17,000 followers and allied with the Boers against Dingane. Dingane was assassinated and Mpande became king of the Zulu empire.
In 1839, the Boer Voortrekkers, under Pretorius, formed the Boer Republic of Natalia, south of the Tugela, and west of the British settlement of Port Natal (now Durban). Mpande and Pretorius maintained peaceful relations. However, in 1842, war broke out between the British and the Boers, resulting in the British annexation of Natalia. Mpande shifted his allegiance to the British, and remained on good terms with them.
In 1843, Mpande ordered a purge of perceived dissidents within his kingdom. This resulted in numerous deaths, and the fleeing of thousands of refugees into neighbouring areas, including the British-controlled Natal. Many of these refugees fled with cattle, the main measure of the Zulu wealth. Mpande began raiding the surrounding areas, culminating in the invasion of Swaziland in 1852. However, the British pressured him into withdrawing, which he did shortly afterwards. At this time, a battle for the succession broke out between two of Mpande's sons, Cetshwayo and Mbuyazi. This culminated in 1856 with the Battle of Ndondakusuka, which left Mbuyazi dead. Cetshwayo then set about usurping his father's authority. When Mpande died of old age in 1872, Cetshwayo took over as ruler.
In 1861, Umtonga, another son of Mpande, fled to the Utrecht district, prompting Cetshwayo to assemble an army on the nearby frontier. According to claims later brought forward by the Boers, Cetshwayo offered the farmers a strip of land along the border if they would surrender his brother. The Boers complied on the condition that Umtonga's life was spared, and in 1861 Mpande signed a deed transferring this land to the Boers. The south boundary of the land added to Utrecht ran from Rorke's Drift on the Buffalo to a point on the Pongola River.
The boundary was beaconed in 1864, but when in 1865 Umtonga again fled from Zululand to Natal, Cetshwayo, seeing that he had lost his part of the bargain (for he feared that the still living Umtonga might be used to supplant him, as Mpande had been used to supplant Dingane), removed the beacon and claimed the land ceded by the Swazis to Lydenburg. The Zulus asserted that the Swazis were their vassals and therefore had no right to part with this territory. For a year, a Boer commando unit, under Paul Kruger and an army under Cetshwayo were posted to defend the newly acquired Utrecht border. The Zulu forces took back their land north of the Pongola. Questions were also raised as to the validity of the documents signed by the Zulus concerning the Utrecht strip; in 1869 the services of the lieutenant-governor of Natal, then Robert William Keate, were accepted by both parties as arbitrator, but the attempt then made to settle disagreements proved unsuccessful.
In spite of his dislike for their activities, Cetshwayo permitted European missionaries in Zululand. Though he did not harm or persecute the missionaries themselves, several converts were killed. The missionaries, for their part, were a source of hostile reports. While numerous Zulus of rival factions fled into Natal and some of the surrounding areas, Cetshwayo continued and maintained the peaceful relations with the Natal colonists that had prevailed for decades. Such was the political background when Cetshwayo became absolute ruler of the Zulus upon his father's death in 1873.
As ruler, Cetshwayo set about reviving the military methods of his uncle Shaka as far as possible. He formed new age-set regiments and even succeeded in equipping his regiments with a few antiquated muskets and other outdated firearms. Most Zulu warriors were armed with an iklwa (the Zulu refinement of the assegai thrusting spear) and a shield made of cowhide. The Zulu army drilled in the personal and tactical use and coordination of this weapons system. While some Zulus also had firearms, their marksmanship training was poor and the quality and supply of their powder and shot was dreadful. The Zulu attitude towards firearms was summarized: "The generality of Zulu warriors, however, would not have firearms – the arms of a coward, as they said, for they enable the poltroon to kill the brave without awaiting his attack."
Boundary Commission and ultimatum
The tension between Cetshwayo and the Transvaal over border disputes continued. Sir Theophilus Shepstone, whom Cetshwayo regarded as his friend, had supported him in the border dispute, but in 1877 he led a small force into the Transvaal and persuaded the Boers to give up their independence. Shepstone became administrator of the Transvaal, and in that role saw the border dispute from the other side. Shepstone claimed to have evidence supporting the Boer position but, ultimately, he failed to provide any. In a meeting with Zulu notables at Blood River in October 1877, Shepstone attempted to placate the Zulu with paternal speeches, however they were unconvinced and accused Shepstone of betraying them. Shepstone's subsequent reports to Carnarvon then began to paint the Zulu as an aggressive threat where he had previously presented Cetshwayo in a most favourable light.
In February 1878 a commission was appointed by Henry Bulwer, the lieutenant-governor of Natal since 1875, to report on the boundary question. The commission reported in July and found almost entirely in favour of the contention of the Zulu. However, Sir Henry Bartle Frere, then high commissioner and still pressing forward with Carnarvon's federation plan, characterized the award as "one-sided and unfair to the Boers", stipulated that on the land being given to the Zulu, the Boers living on it should be compensated if they left or protected if they remained. In addition, Frere planned to use the meeting on the boundary commission report with the Zulu representatives to also present a surprise ultimatum he had devised that would allow British forces under Lord Chelmsford, which he had previously been instructed to use only in defense against a Zulu invasion of Natal, to instead invade Zululand. Three incidents occurred in late July, August and September which Frere seized upon as his casus belli and were the basis for the ultimatum with which Frere knew Cetshwayo could not comply, giving Frere a pretext to attack the Zulu kingdom.
The first two incidents related to the flight into Natal of two wives of Sihayo kaXongo and their subsequent seizure and execution by his brother and sons and were described thus:
The third incident occurred in September when two men were detained while on a sandbank of the Thukela River near the Middle Drift. Sir Bartle Frere described this matter in a despatch to Sir Michael Hicks Beach, who had replaced Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies:
By themselves, these incidents were flimsy grounds upon which to found an invasion of Zululand. Bulwer did not initially hold Cetshwayo responsible for what was clearly not a political act in the seizure and murder of the two women.
Cetshwayo also treated the complaint rather lightly, responding
The original complaint carried to Cetshwayo from the lieutenant-governor was in the form of a request for the surrender of the culprits. The request was subsequently transformed by Sir Bartle Frere into a "demand". Frere wrote to Hicks Beach, 30 September 1878:
In reply, in at least three dispatches, 17 October, 21 November and 18 December, Hicks Beach emphatically states that war is to be avoided and a British invasion of Zululand prohibited. From 21 November dispatch:
After considerable discussion and exchanges of views between Sir Bartle Frere and Sir Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer, it was decided to arrange a meeting with representatives of the Zulu king. The ostensible reason for this indaba was to present the findings of the long-awaited Boundary Commission to the Zulu people. The occasion was also to be used to present the king with an ultimatum.
When the ultimatum was presented, the two infractions by Sihayo's sons and the roughing up of Smith and Deighton had become only part of the justification that was used, as several matters had arisen in the meantime. One of them was Cetshwayo's apparent breaking of promises to Mr Theophilus Shepstone at the king's "coronation" in 1872. That farcical piece of theatre had been agreed to by Cetshwayo simply to satisfy the wishes of Shepstone and meant nothing to the Zulu people. Indeed, his real Zulu installation had taken place several weeks earlier when he had been acclaimed by his izinduna.
A second addition to the ultimatum, which seems almost like an afterthought, required the surrender of Mbelini kaMswati. Mbelini was the son of a Swazi king who unsuccessfully disputed the succession with his brother, resulting in his exile from the kingdom. He took refuge with Cetshwayo and was granted land in the region of the Intombe River in western Zululand. (It is entirely possible that Cetshwayo regarded him as a useful buffer between him and the Boers of the Transvaal.) Here, he took up residence on the Tafelberg, a flat-topped mountain overlooking the river. Something of a brigand, Mbelini made raids on anyone in his area, Boer and Zulu alike, accruing cattle and prisoners in the process. With the annexation of the Transvaal, Britain had also to deal with Mbelini and because Frere was convinced that the bandit chief was in the pay of the Zulu king, his surrender was included in the ultimatum. The light in which Mbelini was regarded is shown in a paragraph from a memorandum written by Sir Henry Bulwer:
Frere has been accused of chicanery by taking deliberate advantage of the length of time it took for correspondence to pass between South Africa and London to conceal his intentions from his political masters or at least defer giving them the necessary information until it was too late for them to act. The first intimation to the British government of his intention to make 'demands' on the Zulu was in a private letter to Hicks Beach written on 14 October 1878. The letter only arrived in London on 16 November and by then messengers had already been despatched from Natal to the Zulu king to request the presence of a delegation at the Lower Tugela on 11 December for the purpose of receiving the Boundary Commission's findings. Had Hicks Beach then sent off a telegraph forbidding any action other than the announcement of the boundary award, it might have arrived in South Africa just in time to prevent the ultimatum being presented. No prohibition was sent and could hardly be expected to have been, for Hicks Beach had no means of knowing the urgency of the events that were in train. Nowhere in Frere's letter was there anything to indicate how soon he intended to act, nor was there anything to suggest how stringent his demands would be.
In January 1879 Hicks Beach wrote to Bartle Frere:
Hicks Beach had earlier admitted his helplessness with regard to the Frere's actions in a telling note to his Prime Minister:
Frere wanted to provoke a conflict with the Zulus and in that goal he succeeded. Cetshwayo rejected the demands of 11 December, by not responding by the end of the year. A concession was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879, after which Bartle Frere deemed a state of war to exist. The British forces intended for the defense of Natal had already been on the march with the intention to attack the Zulu kingdom. On 10 January they were poised on the border. On 11 January, they crossed the border and invaded Zululand.
Terms
The terms included in the ultimatum were delivered to the representatives of King Cetshwayo on the banks of the Thukela river at the Ultimatum Tree on 11 December 1878. No time was specified for compliance with item 4, twenty days were allowed for compliance with items 1–3, that is, until 31 December inclusive; ten days more were allowed for compliance with the remaining demands, items 5–13. The earlier time limits were subsequently altered so that all expired on 10 January 1879.
Surrender of Sihayo's three sons and brother to be tried by the Natal courts.
Payment of a fine of 500 head of cattle for the outrages committed by the above and for Cetshwayo's delay in complying with the request of the Natal Government for the surrender of the offenders.
Payment of 100 head of cattle for the offence committed against Messrs. Smith and Deighton.
Surrender of the Swazi chief Umbilini and others to be named hereafter, to be tried by the Transvaal courts.
Observance of the coronation promises.
That the Zulu army be disbanded and the men allowed to go home.
That the Zulu military system be discontinued and other military regulations adopted, to be decided upon after consultation with the Great Council and British Representatives.
That every man, when he comes to man's estate, shall be free to marry.
All missionaries and their converts, who until 1877 lived in Zululand, shall be allowed to return and reoccupy their stations.
All such missionaries shall be allowed to teach and any Zulu, if he chooses, shall be free to listen to their teaching.
A British Agent shall be allowed to reside in Zululand, who will see that the above provisions are carried out.
All disputes in which a missionary or European is concerned, shall be heard by the king in public and in presence of the Resident.
No sentence of expulsion from Zululand shall be carried out until it has been approved by the Resident.
To ensure that there was no interference from London, Frere delayed informing the Colonial Office about his ultimatum until it was too late for it to be countermanded. The full text of his demands did not reach London until 2 January 1879. By then, Chelmsford had assembled an army of 18,000 men- redcoats, colonial volunteers and Natal African auxiliariesalong the Zululand border ready for the invasion.
For his part, Cetshwayo strenuously attempted to avoid war with the British and, should it occur, to limit its scope and effects. He ordered his troops to defend their country only if attacked and not to carry the war beyond its borders. He directed them to avoid killing any of the invaders other than the regular British soldiers in their red coats.
First invasion
The pretext for the war had its origins in border disputes between the Zulu leader, Cetshwayo, and the Boers in the Transvaal region. Following a commission inquiry on the border dispute which reported in favour of the Zulu nation in July 1878, Sir Henry Bartle Frere, acting on his own, added an ultimatum to the commission meeting, much to the surprise of the Zulu representatives who then relayed it to Cetshwayo. Cetshwayo had not responded by the end of the year, so an extension was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879. Cetshwayo returned no answer to the demands of Bartle Frere, and in January 1879 a British force under Lieutenant General Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford invaded Zululand, without authorization by the British Government. The exact date of the invasion was 11 January 1879. Chelmsford crossed the Buffalo River at Rorke's Drift, an old Irish trader's post that had become a mission station, in command of 4,700 men of the No. 3 Column, which included 1,900 White troops and 2,400 African auxiliaries.
Lord Chelmsford, the Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the war, initially planned a five-pronged invasion of Zululand composed of over 16,500 troops in five columns and designed to encircle the Zulu army and force it to fight as he was concerned that the Zulus would avoid battle. In the event, Chelmsford settled on three invading columns with the main centre column, now consisting of some 7,800 men comprising Richard Thomas Glyn's No. 3 Column and Anthony Durnford's No. 2 Column, under his direct command. He moved his troops from Pietermaritzburg to a forward camp at Helpmekaar, past Greytown. On 9 January 1879 they moved to Rorke's Drift, and early on 11 January commenced crossing the Buffalo River into Zululand. Three columns were to invade Zululand, from the Lower Drift of the Tugela River (No. 1 Column under Col. Charles Pearson), Rorke's Drift (No. 3 Column under Lord Chelmsford), and Utrecht (No. 4 Column under Col. Evelyn Wood) respectively, their objective being Ulundi, the royal capital. Durnford's No. 2 Column was ordered to stay on the defensive near the Middle Drift of the Tugela River.
While Cetshwayo's army numbered perhaps 35,000 men, it was essentially a militia force which could be called out in time of national danger. It had a very limited logistical capacity and could only stay in the field a few weeks before the troops would be obliged to return to their civilian duties. Zulu warriors were armed primarily with Assegai thrusting spears, known in Zulu as iklwa, clubs, some throwing spears and shields made of cowhide.
The initial entry of all three columns was unopposed. On 22 January the centre column, which had advanced from Rorke's Drift, was encamped near Isandlwana; on the morning of that day Lord Chelmsford split his forces and moved out to support a reconnoitering party, leaving the remaining 1,300 men of the No. 3 Column under the command of Colonel Pulleine. Colonel Durnford would arrive later in the morning with 500 men of the No. 2 Column to reinforce the camp. The British were outmanoeuvred by the main Zulu army nearly 20,000 strong led by Ntshingwayo Khoza. Chelmsford was lured eastward with much of his centre column by a Zulu diversionary force while the main Impi attacked his camp. Chelmsford's decision not to set up the British camp defensively, contrary to established doctrine, and ignoring information that the Zulus were close at hand were decisions that the British were soon to regret. The ensuing Battle of Isandlwana was the greatest victory that the Zulu kingdom would enjoy during the war. The British centre column was wrecked and its camp annihilated with heavy casualties as well as the loss of all its supplies, ammunition and transport. The defeat left Chelmsford no choice but to hastily retreat out of Zululand. In the battle's aftermath, a party of some 4,000 Zulu reserves mounted an unauthorised raid on the nearby British Army border post of Rorke's Drift and were driven off after 10 hours of ferocious fighting.
While the British central column under Chelmsford's command was thus engaged, the right flank column on the coast, under Colonel Charles Pearson, crossed the Tugela River, skirmished with a Zulu impi that was attempting to set up an ambush at the Inyezane River, and advanced as far as the deserted missionary station of Eshowe, which he set about fortifying. On learning of the disaster at Isandlwana, Pearson made plans to withdraw back beyond the Tugela River. However, before he had decided whether or not to put these plans into effect, the Zulu army managed to cut off his supply lines, and the Siege of Eshowe had begun.
Meanwhile, the left flank column at Utrecht, under Colonel Evelyn Wood, had originally been charged with occupying the Zulu tribes of north-west Zululand and preventing them from interfering with the British central column's advance on Ulundi. To this end Wood set up camp at Tinta's Kraal, just 10 miles south of Hlobane Mountain, where a force of 4,000 Zulus had been spotted. He planned to attack them on 24 January, but on learning of the disaster at Isandlwana, he decided to withdraw back to the Kraal. Thus one month after the British invasion, only their left flank column remained militarily effective, and it was too weak to conduct a campaign alone. The first invasion of Zululand had been a failure.
It had never been Cetshwayo's intention to invade Natal, but to simply fight within the boundaries of the Zulu kingdom. Chelmsford used the next two months to regroup and build a fresh invading force with the initial intention of relieving Pearson at Eshowe. The British government rushed seven regiments of reinforcements to Natal, along with two artillery batteries.
On 12 March, an armed escort of stores marching to Luneberg, was defeated by about 500 Zulus at the Battle of Intombe; the British force suffered 80 killed and all the stores were lost. The first troops arrived at Durban on 7 March. On the 29th a column under Lord Chelmsford consisting of a total of 5,670 men (3,390 Europeans and 2,280 Africans) marched to the relief of Eshowe, with entrenched camps being formed each night.
Chelmsford ordered Sir Evelyn Wood's troops to attack the abaQulusi Zulu stronghold in Hlobane. Lieutenant Colonel Redvers Buller, led the attack on Hlobane on 28 March. However, as the Zulu main army of 20,000 men approached to help their besieged tribesmen, the British force began a retreat which turned into a rout and were pursued by 1,000 Zulus of the abaQulusi who inflicted some 225 casualties on the British force.
The next day 20,000 Zulu warriors attacked Wood's 2,068 men in a well-fortified camp at Kambula, apparently without Cetshwayo's permission. The British held them off in the Battle of Kambula and after five hours of heavy attacks the Zulus withdrew with heavy losses but were pursued by British mounted troops, who killed many more fleeing and wounded warriors. British losses amounted to 83 (28 killed and 55 wounded), while the Zulus lost up to 2,000 killed. The effect of the battle of Kambula on the Zulu army was severe. Their commander Mnyamana Buthelezi tried to get the regiments to return to Ulundi but many demoralised warriors simply went home.
While Woods was thus engaged, Chelmsford's column was marching on Eshowe. On 2 April this force was attacked en route at Gingindlovu, the Zulu being repulsed. Their losses were heavy, estimated at 1,200, but the British suffered only two dead and 52 wounded and the next day they relieved Pearson's men. They evacuated Eshowe on 5 April after which the Zulu forces burned it down.
Second invasion
The new start of the larger, heavily reinforced second invasion was not promising for the British. Despite their successes at Kambula, Gingindlovu and Eshowe, they were right back where they had started from at the beginning of January. Nevertheless, Chelmsford had a pressing reason to proceed with haste – Sir Garnet Wolseley was being sent to replace him, and he wanted to inflict a decisive defeat on Cetshwayo's forces before then. With yet more reinforcements arriving, soon to total 16,000 British and 7,000 Native troops, Chelmsford reorganised his forces and again advanced into Zululand in June, this time with extreme caution building fortified camps all along the way to prevent any repeat of Isandlwana.
One of the early British casualties was the exiled pretender to the French throne,
Prince Imperial Eugene Bonaparte, who had volunteered to serve in the British Army and was killed on 1 June while out with a reconnoitering party.
Cetshwayo, knowing that the newly reinforced British would be a formidable opponent, attempted to negotiate a peace treaty. Chelmsford was not open to negotiations, as he wished to restore his reputation before Wolseley relieved him of command, and he proceeded to the royal kraal of Ulundi, intending to defeat the main Zulu army. On 4 July, the armies clashed at the Battle of Ulundi, and Cetshwayo's forces were decisively defeated.
Aftermath
After the battle of Ulundi, the Zulu army dispersed, most of the leading chiefs tendered their submission, and Cetshwayo became a fugitive. Wolseley, having relieved Chelmsford after Ulundi, took over the final operations. On 28 August the king was captured and sent to Cape Town. It is said that scouts spotted the water-carriers of the king, distinctive because the water was carried above, not upon, their heads. His deposition was formally announced to the Zulu. Wolseley wasted no time in discarding Bartle Frere's confederation scheme and drew up a new scheme which divided Zululand into thirteen chiefdoms headed by compliant chiefs which ensured that the Zulus would no longer unite under a single king and made internal divisions and civil wars inevitable. The dynasty of Shaka was deposed, and the Zulu country portioned among eleven Zulu chiefs, including Zibhebhu, John Robert Dunn, a white adventurer, and Hlubi, a Basuto chief allied to the British in the war.
Chelmsford received a Knight Grand Cross of Bath, largely because of Ulundi. However, he was severely criticized by the Horse Guards investigation and would never serve in the field again. Bartle Frere was relegated to a minor post in Cape Town.
Following the conclusion of the Anglo-Zulu War, Bishop Colenso interceded on behalf of Cetshwayo with the British government and succeeded in getting him released from Robben Island and returned to Zululand in 1883.
A Resident (Melmoth Osborn) was appointed to be the channel of communication between the chiefs and the British government. This arrangement led to much bloodshed and disturbance, and in 1882 the British government determined to restore Cetshwayo to power. In the meantime, however, blood feuds had been engendered between the chiefs Usibepu (Zibebu) and Hamu on the one side and the tribes who supported the ex-king and his family on the other. Cetshwayo's party (who now became known as the Usuthu) suffered severely at the hands of the two chiefs, who were aided by a band of white freebooters.
When Cetshwayo was restored Usibepu was left in possession of his territory, while Dunn's land and that of the Basuto chief (the country between the Tugela River and the Umhlatuzi, i.e., adjoining Natal) was constituted a reserve, in which locations were to be provided for Zulu unwilling to serve the restored king. This new arrangement proved as futile as had Wolseley's. Usibepu, having created a formidable force of well-armed and trained warriors, and being left in independence on the borders of Cetshwayo's territory, viewed with displeasure the re-installation of his former king, and Cetshwayo was desirous of humbling his relative. A collision very soon took place; Usibepu's forces were victorious, and on 22 July 1883, led by a troop of mounted Boer mercenary troops, he made a sudden descent upon Cetshwayo's kraal at Ulundi, which he destroyed, massacring such of the inmates of both sexes as could not save themselves by flight. The king escaped, though wounded, into Nkandla forest. After appeals to Melmoth Osborn he moved to Eshowe, where he died soon after.
Because of the unusually high amount of casualties the British suffered as a result of combat, especially given that they were facing a preindustrial enemy that was considered racially inferior, the British war effort was widely seen as a poor showing. British casualties resulting from combat were three times higher than those from disease, which was generally a larger killer in British colonial conflicts.
Last veterans
Colour Sergeant (later Lieutenant-Colonel and OBE) Frank Bourne, DCM (1854–1945) Last survivor of Rorke's Drift.
Private Charles Wallace Warden (died 8 March 1953)
Henry "Harry" Figg R.N. (died 23 May 1953)
Film adaptations
Zulu (1964), the Battle at Rorke's Drift.
Zulu Dawn (1979), the Battle of Isandlwana.
See also
Bambatha Rebellion
Colony of Natal
First Boer War
Military history of South Africa
Shaka Zulu
Scramble for Africa
Kingdom of Zululand
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Further reading
External links
Rorke's Drift and the Anglo–Zulu War website
Anglo–Zulu War Historical Society
The Keynsham Light Horse
Anglo–Zulu War, 1878–1879 by Ralph Zuljan
1879 in the British Empire
1879 in the Colony of Natal
1879 in the Zulu Kingdom
African resistance to colonialism
Battles involving the Zulu
History of KwaZulu-Natal
Invasions by the United Kingdom
Last stands
Military history of South Africa
Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
Zulu
British colonisation in Africa
Wars involving South Africa |
Super Pack is a compilation album by hip hop group Fly Union. The album was released on April 20, 2010. The album compiles the first four installments of Fly Union's Value Pack series of EPs (Value Pack 1, Value Pack 2, Value Pack 3 and Value Pack 4) along with seven previously unreleased songs. The album features guest appearances from artists Big Sean, Curren$y, Dom Kennedy, and Willie the Kid.
Track listing
Notes
"Like That" samples "Shiny & New" by Mayer Hawthorne.
References
External links
Super Pack on iTunes
Super Pack on Amazon
2010 compilation albums
Hip hop albums by American artists |
Miranda (formerly Jacobsen's) is a census-designated place in Humboldt County, California. It is located northwest of Phillipsville, at an elevation of . The ZIP Code is 95553. The population was 520 at the 2010 census.
The name Miranda was originally applied to the area's post office on August 26, 1905. One account states that it is not known whether the name giver had in mind a girl or the well-known Spanish place name and family name. Miranda was known as Jacobsen's Valley until the post office was established. Another account states that Etta Coombs chose the name "Miranda" for the post office she started. Miranda is located on the Avenue of the Giants between Myers Flat to the north and Phillipsville to the south.
South Fork High School is the only regular high school of Southern Humboldt Unified School District, and currently boasts around 150 students from all of southern Humboldt County. The school's name refers to the South Fork of the Eel River. Osprey Learning Center, an alternative continuation high school, is located across the football field from SFHS in facilities that formerly housed Miranda Junior High School. Today, Miranda Junior High School now stands where the former tennis court was, as construction was completed in 2014.
The ZIP Code is 95553. The community is inside area code 707. Elevation is said to be 351 feet at the town sign, though the terrain is generally not flat and encompasses elevations ranging from sea level to over . Miranda is in the Pacific Standard Time zone and observes daylight saving time.
Demographics
2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Miranda had a population of 520. The population density was . The racial makeup of Miranda was 439 (84.4%) White, 4 (0.8%) African American, 13 (2.5%) Native American, 4 (0.8%) Asian, 1 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 31 (6.0%) from other races, and 28 (5.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 75 persons (14.4%).
The Census reported that 512 people (98.5% of the population) lived in households, 8 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 243 households, out of which 74 (30.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 88 (36.2%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 30 (12.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 20 (8.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 22 (9.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1 (0.4%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 92 households (37.9%) were made up of individuals, and 19 (7.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11. There were 138 families (56.8% of all households); the average family size was 2.72.
The population was spread out, with 117 people (22.5%) under the age of 18, 31 people (6.0%) aged 18 to 24, 127 people (24.4%) aged 25 to 44, 185 people (35.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 60 people (11.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males.
There were 265 housing units at an average density of , of which 243 were occupied, of which 134 (55.1%) were owner-occupied, and 109 (44.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 0%. 291 people (56.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 221 people (42.5%) lived in rental housing units.
2000
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, at about the year 2000, Miranda's total population was approximately 857. This figure, however, encompasses a much larger geographic area than Miranda proper. The official town population listed on the Miranda welcome sign is significantly lower. Only 5.6% were under 5 years of age, while 75.4% were over 18 and 8.3% over 65. A marginally high 14.7% of those over 18 were civilian veterans. Of those over age 5, 24.6% were of disability status. Majorly of one race (97.3%), Miranda is home to 91.8% White (unspecified origin), 0.5% African American or Black, 2.9% American Indian or Alaskan Native, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 1.4% of some other race, and 4.6% Hispanic or Latino. Median household income was $17,422, while median family income was slightly higher at $21,146. Nearly one third (29.4%) of the population as individuals were below the poverty line. Total occupied housing units were 391 out of 505 total units, leaving 114 vacancies. Median value of single-owner occupied homes was $114,400.
Politics
In the state legislature, Miranda is in , and .
Federally, Miranda is in .
See also
References
External links
South Fork High School
Miranda Travel & Resource Guide
Census-designated places in Humboldt County, California
Populated places established in 1905
Census-designated places in California
1905 establishments in California |
Dotrice is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Roy Dotrice, OBE (1923–2017), English actor
Kay Dotrice (1929–2007), British actress, wife of Roy
Michele Dotrice (born 1948), English actress, daughter of Roy and Kay
Karen Dotrice (born 1955), English actress, daughter of Roy and Kay |
Curiosa is a 2019 French biographical film directed by Lou Jeunet starring Noémie Merlant, Niels Schneider and Benjamin Lavernhe. It is loosely based on the relationship between 19th-century French authors Pierre Louÿs and Marie de Régnier. Pierre Louÿs was an erotomaniac who took erotic or pornographic photographs of his mistresses. Such erotic or even pornographic representations are referred to as 'curiosa'’, hence the name of the movie.
Plot
The film recounts the relationship between Marie de Régnier (1875–1963) and Pierre Louÿs (1870–1925), which takes place in France around the turn of the 20th century. Pierre Louÿs and his friend Henri de Regnier both fall in love with Marie, daughter of the poet José-Maria de Heredia. Marie is a respected writer who signed her first book, ‘’L'Inconstante’’, under the pseudonym Gérard d'Houville. Although she loves Pierre, she marries the wealthy Henri to help pay off her father's debt and to improve her social position.
Pierre subsequently flees to Algeria where he meets Zohar, a beguiling woman with whom he starts a passionate relationship. When he returns to France, he takes Zohar with him. Marie becomes his mistress and she and Zohar both engage in erotic games with Pierre and pose nude for him. They discover themselves by transgressing the norms of the bourgeois society they live in. Marie starts to invent stories to inflame Pierre’s erotic imagination. With these stories she gains power over him and discovers her sexuality and literary voice. When Pierre goes back on a trip, Marie feels a terrible emptiness and discovers she is pregnant.
Cast
Critical reception
The film received mixed reviews, with Allociné noting an average rating by professional film reviewers of 2.9/5.
Première found some positive points despite an average rating: "We won't complain about this desire for images and beauty that is cruelly lacking in French cinema". Le Monde was a little more severe: "…the film does not really problematize the question of the image, for which it substitutes a somewhat adulterated sensualism".
References
External links
2019 films
French historical drama films
French biographical drama films
French erotic drama films
2010s French-language films
Films set in Paris
Films set in the 1800s
2010s French films |
```shell
Interactively unstage changes
Specify a commit by its ancestry
Useful stashing options
Remember the results of previous hunk conflicts
Sharing data by bundling
``` |
Jennifer Garrison (born April 2, 1962) is an American politician of the Democratic party from Marietta, Ohio. From 2005 to 2010 she represented the 93rd District in the Ohio House of Representatives, which includes Guernsey, Monroe and Noble counties, most of Washington County, and part of Muskingum County, all in southeast Ohio.
On August 3, 2009 Garrison announced her candidacy for the Democratic nomination for Ohio Secretary of State. Garrison withdrew from the Ohio Secretary of State race in January 2010. She resigned from the State House in November 2010 to take the position of Commissioner of the Ohio State Employment Relations Board. Her nomination, a recess appointment by outgoing Democratic Governor Ted Strickland, was rejected by the Republican-majority Ohio Senate less than a month later. She declared her candidacy for Ohio's 6th congressional district in the 2014 election on 12 July 2013.
Biography
Jennifer Garrison was born in Fort Thomas, Kentucky, the daughter of a union plumber. She earned a bachelor's degree in economics and business administration from Xavier University, and a J.D. degree from Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C. While in college, she worked as an intern for the Congressional Budget Office, and for the Ohio Department of Transportation and Ohio Department of Natural Resources as a legislative assistant in Washington.
Garrison then completed a judicial clerkship in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and became a practicing attorney. She moved to Marietta in 1990, joining the law firm of McCauley, Webster & Emrick, where she became a partner in 1993. Three years later, she opened a private law practice, concentrating on family mediation. She ran the Washington County Visitation Mediation Project for seven years, providing free mediation to parents working out their custody and visitation conflicts. She has served on the boards of the domestic violence shelter EVE and the Washington County Mental Health & Alcohol Addiction Board, and as Commissioner on the Marietta Civil Service Board.
Garrison is licensed to practice law in Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. She served as president of the Washington County, Ohio Bar Association from 1996 to 1997.
Ohio House of Representatives
In 2004, Garrison beat incumbent representative Nancy P. Hollister with 51.6% of the vote. Garrison campaigned as a conservative Democrat who supported a constitutional amendment banning same sex marriages.
In 2006, Garrison was reelected with 71% of the vote against Republican challenger Donald J. Gadd, mayor of Byesville, Ohio. She served as Ranking Member of the Juvenile and Family Law Committee, and on the Education, Ranking Member on Public Utilities and Energy, and Finance and Appropriations Committees and the Primary and Secondary Education Subcommittee.
She won reelection in 2008 with 68% of the vote against Republican Wayne Smith. In 2009 she was elected by her peers as Majority Floor Leader in the Ohio House of Representatives.
In 2011, Garrison established the Southeastern Ohio Landowners Association (SEOLA), a not-for profit, association to assist mineral owners in the collective negotiation of oil and gas leases for the Marcellus and Utica Shale formations. As legal counsel for SEOLA, Garrison successfully negotiated leases on approximately 100,000 mineral acres in 13 lease transactions with 6 different companies. This work was recognized in the New York Times June 5, 2012 edition.
In 2014, Garrison ran unsuccessfully for the Ohio’s 6th Congressional District Representative seat against incumbent Bill Johnson.
References
External links
Official Ohio House web page
Campaign web site
Profile at the Ohio Ladies Gallery
Democratic Party members of the Ohio House of Representatives
1962 births
Living people
People from Fort Thomas, Kentucky
Politicians from Marietta, Ohio
Women state legislators in Ohio
Xavier University alumni
Catholic University of America alumni
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians |
Bulbella is a genus of bryozoa belonging to the family Victorellidae. The genus' one species, Bulbella abscondita, was first described from Martha's Vineyard in the United States, but has also been recorded from Italy. It can potentially be confused with Victorella pavida. Its larvae brood externally.
References
Bryozoan genera |
Galenica AG, headquartered in Bern, is an internationally active Swiss pharmaceutical and logistics company group, named after the ancient physician Galenus. It dates back to the 1927 Collaboration Pharmaceutique SA, a purchasing center for pharmaceutical products founded by 16 pharmacists in Clarens. This was renamed to Galenica AG in 1932 and moved from Vaud's Le Châtelard to Bern. The Galenica shares are listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange and are a component of the SMI MID index.
History
Galenica was founded in 1927 by 16 West Swiss pharmacists. Their goal was to build a joint purchasing center. In 1938, Galenica laid the foundation for today's information management by establishment of the scientific documentation service, Documentation Galenica. Starting in 1957, the company diversified in its core business through acquisitions and formation of subsidiaries. In the same year, Galenica also laid the first cornerstone in the pharma business with the acquisition of Panpharma AG and the diversification into the sales promotion of parapharmaceutical articles for pharmacies. During the 1970s, other pharmaceutical acquisitions followed, contributing to the development and production of prescription-free drugs (OTC). In 1977, the Codex Galenica, the first complete list of medicines in Switzerland, was published in book form. In 1983, Galenica acquired the Hausmann AG laboratories, which also produced products for the treatment of iron deficiency, which were later marketed under the brand names Venofer and Maltofer.
In 1999, they entered into a strategic partnership with the British-Swiss health group Alliance Boots, which took over 25% of Galenica shares.
In 2000, the founding of GaleniCare laid the cornerstone for the pharma chain and, in 2001, all activities in the area of information processing were transferred to the newly founded company e-mediat. At the beginning of 2008, the acquisition of the Canadian pharmaceutical company Aspreva Pharmaceuticals formed the globally active, fully integrated and specialized Vifor Pharma.
Ownership changed in 2007 for the first time, when a consortium of private equity investor KKR and Stefano Pessina, took over Alliance Boots; the Galenica shares were then held by Alliance Boots Investments 2 GmbH. The second change took place in August 2014 through the acquisition of Alliance Boots by Walgreens, and with the merger to Walgreens Boots Alliance; the Galenica shares remained with KKR and Pessina, and were held by Sprint Investments 2 GmbH. The announced exit of financial investors began in May 2016 with the reduction of the shareholding to a good 20%, and the further complete reduction to be completed by 9 January 2017.
Also in August 2014, Galenica was divided into the Vifor Pharma and Galenica Santé divisions. The long-term objective was the split into two independent companies. Galenica Santé's public offerings (IPO), which will be targeted by the end of 2017, are the main focus here.
Since 7 April 2017, Galenica has been listed on the Swiss stock exchange as an independent company. To confirm the separation of the group into two independent companies, Galenica acquired the US biotech firm Relypsa for over $1.5 billion. Galenica's shares raised $1.9 billion during their debut on the stock market.
In 2019, Galenica purchased the Berner-Bichsel-Group acquiring a majority stake. The group specializes in the manufacture of personalized medicines and homecare of patients.
Subsidiary company
The Swiss pharmacy chains Amavita and Sun Store, among others, are also part of Galenica, which work together with Coop in the joint venture Coop Vitality Pharmacy. In drug production, it is present with its subsidiary Vifor Consumer Health and in logistics with Galexis AG and Alloga AG.
Documed
Galenica also owns the publishing house Documed, founded in 1976. In 1978, this company started publishing the "Arzneimittelkompendiums", the drug compendium of Switzerland. Swissmedic required every pharmaceutical company to publish their drug information in Documed's compendium, giving Documed a monopoly that they defended with dubious means according to the "Tages-Anzeiger". After repeated criticism about this model, Swissmedic approved in 2008 the creation of the website oddb.org that would publish this information under an open data license. In response, Documed filed a lawsuit to prevent the operation of this site, which was decided by the Federal Administrative Court (Switzerland) in favour of the open source database. As a result, Swissmedic was obliged to offer a way to access drug information free of charge on an Internet platform called AIPS. The tender for the construction and operation of this platform was won by an offer from Documed, which according to the "Tages-Anzeiger" was noticeably below that of the competitors.
e-mediat
Founded in 2001, the company is headquartered in Bern and offers services and databases for Swiss healthcare.
Investigation of the Competition Commission
The Swiss Competition Commission (Weko) opened proceedings against the Galenica subsidiaries Documed, E-Mediat and HCI Solutions, in 2012, since they were accused of abusing their market position. Instead of publishing the drug information, Documed supposedly demanded money from E-Mediat, for the first time the release of the drug stem data in a database that they managed, which is used by hospitals to manage their medicine and settle accounts. Smaller pharmaceutical companies, in particular, were also asked to pay too much money. Several small businesses were threatened to remove their drugs from this database, which would have caused fatal consequences for these companies. After a group of 16 pharmaceutical companies decided to create a platform in cooperation with Just-medical and Ywesee, the companies offered discounts of up to 80 percent, when they signed two to four-year contracts. After the competition commission had initiated an investigation, Documed stopped their threats of removing drugs from the databases.
References
External links
Official website
Companies listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange
Pharmaceutical companies of Switzerland
Logistics companies of Switzerland
Swiss companies established in 1927
Manufacturing companies of Switzerland
Manufacturing companies established in 1927
Companies based in Bern |
Lyubov Kochetova (born 7 May 1982) is a Russian equestrian. She competed in the individual jumping event at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
References
1982 births
Living people
Russian female equestrians
Olympic equestrians for Russia
Equestrians at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Leningrad Oblast |
Bob Justin (1941–2015) was an American outsider artist from New Jersey. After being forced into retirement in 1991 by illness, he began to liquidate an old tool collection and other property at local flea markets. During this time he returned to a childhood penchant for finding imagery in everyday objects. By combining various antique found objects, or what he called the refuse of society, he would create what he calls “critters”, animal or human faces or forms set forth in found object wall masks or standing sculptures.
Justin's style, as described by an Assistant Curator from the New Jersey State Museum, Alison Weld, ranges from the minimal to obsessive and expressionistic, and thus his pieces vary from obsessively adorned objects to simple spare masks and sculptures. But for later bronze works and oil finger paintings his art is all constructed from found objects. The more heavily adorned pieces are often covered with memorabilia in the style of the traditional “southern memory pot”. His simpler pieces, particularly his wall masks, have been described, by Joseph Picard of the Home News Tribune, as showing a heavy West African influence. Regardless of the style, his found object sculptures are almost always metaphors for the figure or face which project an unpretentious human quality. It is these secondary images Justin perceives in the everyday item which the artist states as the source of his vision that forms the artwork, and which has been called his muse.
Justin displayed his first such piece, a combination of an antique wooden chair and pick axe head called “Texas Longhorn”, by his table at the flea market on a whim and was surprised when someone offered to purchase it as it was not for sale. But prodded by the buyers insistence and necessity he sold it. Other pieces followed and so did more buyers. One of these buyers was Dorothy Spencer, the Curator for the Arts America Project for the USIA. Her interest resulted in several of Mr. Justin's work being shown on an international tour under the Arts America Program of the United States Information Agency. Soon after other pieces of his work were shown by a local gallery. This led to his work being discovered by noted collector and board member of the American Museum of Folk Art, Christina Johnson, of the Johnson and Johnsons. Her collecting of Justin's art soon brought the notice of the wider art world and various awards and honors. At this time Justin's work also led him to be introduced to renowned sculptor Isaac Witkin and other influential artists. Witkin and Justin became friends and remained close, with Witkin becoming a mentor to Justin, until Witkin's death in 2006.
Subsequently, Justin's work received yet broader attention, including a one-man show in the prestigious Eisenhower Hall Theater of the United States Military Academy of West Point New York and a one-man show in the New Jersey State Museum in Trenton and showings in the important Outsider Art Fair, sponsored by the American Museum of Folk Art, New York, New York and the influential Laumeir Sculpture Park, St. Louis, Missouri. Currently, public collections of his work exist in the permanent collections of the Plainsboro Township, New Jersey municipal buildings, Bloomfield College, Bloomfield, New Jersey, the American Cyanamid Corporation, West Windsor, New Jersey, and the permanent collection of the New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, New Jersey and at the artist's website, bobjustin.com.
Sources
Sources: “Works by Bob Justin”, Alison Weld, Assistant Curator, New Jersey State Museum; “Art Born of Illness”, Cindy Craighead, Princeton Packet; “Artist Sculps Something from Nothing”, Joseph Picard, Home News Tribune and bobjustin.com
Publications about Bob Justin
Newspapers and newsmagazines
August 1994 The West Windsor-Plainsboro View West Windsor, New Jersey, "Plainsboro Library Displays Artists Work"
March 1994 Artique Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, "United States Information Agency, Eight nation African tour" by Lauren Chalmers.
June 10, 1994 The Princeton Packet Princeton, New Jersey, "Science at library to debut on Sunday" John P. McAlpin. August
September, 1994 Art Matters Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" First Friday Sampler".
November 1995 Artique Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, "In Collingwood, a growing antique center", by John Kelly.
August 1, 1996 The Asbury Park Press/Home Asbury Park, New Jersey, "Interiors with found objects" by Lisa Schaad.
August 19, 1997 The Princeton Packet/LIFESTYLE Princeton, "New Jersey Art and sole".
September 19, 1997 Plainsboro News Eagle Plainsboro, New Jersey "Library Director Poses with Metaphysics".
November 12, 1997 U.S. 1 Preview Princeton, New Jersey, "Like Father/Like Son".
November 14, 1997 The Plainsboro News Eagle Plainsboro, New Jersey, "Like Father/Like Son".
April 1998 The Maine Antiques Digest "Outsider Art Faire, New York, New York".
September 25, 1998 Plainsboro News Eagle Plainsboro, New Jersey, "Plainsboro Festival of the Arts '98" by Diane White.
October 2, 1998 Plainsboro News Eagle Plainsboro, New Jersey, "Awards Given at Pre- Fest Benefit" by Diane White.
April 2, 2000 The New York Times " The Artistic Spirit Reflected in Recycling" by D. Dominick Lombardi.
April 18, 2000 The Princeton Packet, Princeton, New Jersey, "Artist transforms junkyard treasure into sculpture".
April 20, 2000 Home News Tribune "Artist sculpts something from nothing" by Joseph Picard.
December 29, 2000 Burlington County Times "Artwork in Mount Holly Prison Museum"
January 10, 2001 The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania "Many Faces/One Vision".
July 11, 2001 U. S. 1 Princeton, New Jersey "In the Galleries, Contemporary Primitive".
October 12, 2001 The Times (Trenton), New Jersey "Phillips Mill Exhibit" by Janet Purcell.
November 16, 2001 The Princeton Packet Princeton, New Jersey "Lost and Found Art" by Susan Van Dongen
November 25, 2001 The Times/Metro Burlington "Art plays a part" by Donna McArdle.
November 29, 2001 The Times/At Home Trenton, New Jersey "Finders Glee" by Mea Kaemmerlen.
December 4, 2001 Burlington County Times "Art lines street in Mount Holly" by Josh Bernstein.
January 2, 2002 U. S. 1 Princeton, New Jersey "Castoffs to Critters".
July 9, 2002 The Princeton Packet Princeton, New Jersey "Art from junk? Scavenger hunt by Arts Council"
July 18, 2003 The Times TIMEOFF Trenton, New Jersey "Cultural Survival" by Frank Wojciechowski.
July 26, 2002 The Princeton Packet/TIMEOFF Princeton, New Jersey "Masked Man" by Ilene Dube.
July 30, 2002 The Princeton Packet Princeton, New Jersey "Beauty is where you find it" by Jennifer Pota.
August 6, 2002 The Princeton Packet Princeton, New Jersey "Found Art Event Tremendous Success".
April 9, 2003 U. S. 1 Princeton, New Jersey, "Found Art Award at Prallsville Mill/Artsbridge Show.
October 10, 2003 The Times/Fine Arts Trenton, New Jersey, "Juried exhibit at Phillips Mill" by Janet Purcell.
April 7, 2004 U. S 1 Princeton, New Jersey, "At Mercer County College, an Artful Shell Game".
May 26, 2006 The Princeton Packet Princeton, New Jersey, "Art born of illness" by Emily Craighead.
Books, catalogs and magazines
1994 Recycle Reuse Recreate United States Information Agency by Dorothy Spencer.
2002 Found Object Art Shiffer Publications Ltd. Atglen, Pennsylvania by Dorothy Spencer.
2003 Weird N. J 2003 Roadside Guide "Sculpture in New Egypt Market".
External links
Online Gallery of Artist's Work
"Works by Bob Justin", by Alison Weld, Assistant Curator, New Jersey State Museum, Notice at Museum show of Bob Justin's Artwork
Artist Sculpts Something from Nothing, Article about Artist, Home News Tribune
Bloomfield College, Exhibitor of Artists Work
Plainsboro Public Library, Exhibitor of Artists Work
New Hope Arts, Works In Wood, website for recent National Juried Show with Artists Work
Folk artists
Naïve painters
Sculptors from New Jersey
Living people
1941 births
American male sculptors
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
21st-century American sculptors
21st-century American male artists |
Duplex cockingi is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Michael Fibiger in 2010. It is known from Australia in south-western Queensland and the northern part of New South Wales.
The wingspan is 11–12 mm. The forewing is long and broad. The subterminal area is grey. The crosslines are all present and black. The terminal line is marked by dense black interneural spots. The hindwing is light grey, without a discal spot and the underside of the forewing is blackish grey, while the underside of the hindwing is grey, with an indistinct discal spot.
References
Micronoctuini
Taxa named by Michael Fibiger
Moths described in 2010 |
The 1965 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. In their seventh and final season under head coach Tom Nugent, the Terrapins compiled a 4–6 record (3–3 in conference), finished in a tie for fourth place in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and were outscored by their opponents 164 to 132. The team's statistical leaders included Phil Petry with 763 passing yards, Ernie Torain with 370 rushing yards, and Bobby Collins with 462 receiving yards.
Schedule
References
Maryland
Maryland Terrapins football seasons
Maryland Terrapins football |
```go
package vm
import (
"encoding/binary"
)
func opVerify(vm *virtualMachine) error {
err := vm.applyCost(1)
if err != nil {
return err
}
p, err := vm.pop(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if AsBool(p) {
return nil
}
return ErrVerifyFailed
}
func opFail(vm *virtualMachine) error {
err := vm.applyCost(1)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return ErrReturn
}
func opCheckPredicate(vm *virtualMachine) error {
err := vm.applyCost(256)
if err != nil {
return err
}
vm.deferCost(-256 + 64) // get most of that cost back at the end
limit, err := vm.popInt64(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
predicate, err := vm.pop(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
n, err := vm.popInt64(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if limit < 0 {
return ErrBadValue
}
l := int64(len(vm.dataStack))
if n > l {
return ErrDataStackUnderflow
}
if limit == 0 {
limit = vm.runLimit
}
err = vm.applyCost(limit)
if err != nil {
return err
}
childVM := virtualMachine{
context: vm.context,
program: predicate,
runLimit: limit,
depth: vm.depth + 1,
dataStack: append([][]byte{}, vm.dataStack[l-n:]...),
}
vm.dataStack = vm.dataStack[:l-n]
childErr := childVM.run()
vm.deferCost(-childVM.runLimit)
vm.deferCost(-stackCost(childVM.dataStack))
vm.deferCost(-stackCost(childVM.altStack))
return vm.pushBool(childErr == nil && !childVM.falseResult(), true)
}
func opJump(vm *virtualMachine) error {
err := vm.applyCost(1)
if err != nil {
return err
}
address := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(vm.data)
vm.nextPC = address
return nil
}
func opJumpIf(vm *virtualMachine) error {
err := vm.applyCost(1)
if err != nil {
return err
}
p, err := vm.pop(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if AsBool(p) {
address := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(vm.data)
vm.nextPC = address
}
return nil
}
``` |
Peter Zidar is Slovenian popular science writer and coordinator of telecommunications projects.
He was chairman of Operators Group in UMTS Forum organization, where he was also a member of the Steering Board until 2016 when this organization stopped its activities. He was unanimously elected for this position in March 2008. He represented UMTS Forum's Operators Group and Telekom Slovenje as a speaker at many international conferences including events in Great Britain, USA, China, Russia, India, South Africa, Nigeria, Arab Emirates, Thailand, Ethiopia, Portugal, Netherlands, Poland, Czech Republic and Moldova. In March 2007 he was head of Slovenian national delegation on ETSI General Assembly in Nice.
He was main coordinator for two European FP7 projects SUNSEED and eBADGE which were both successfully concluded in 2016 and 2017. Each of these projects was having budget around 5 million EUR and they were both related to smartmeters research. In eBADGE 13 international partners participated, while in SUNSEED another 9 partners were involved.
He is author of more than 130 popular science articles in Slovenian monthly magazine "Življenje in tehnika" (Life and Technology) and other magazines and newspapers. From 2014 he is also member of editors board of "Življenje in tehnika" magazine.
He is an author of two books:
a book about space exploration with title "Odstrto vesolje" (Universe Revealed). It was published in July 2008 (14,900 copies).
a book about video games history with title "Kratka zgodovina videoiger" (A Brief History of Videogames) published in July 2011 (13,500 copies)
From 2009 to 2016 he had 18 radio and one TV interview on Slovenian national radio and TV Radiotelevizija Slovenija regarding topics related to both published books
References
UMTS Forum Steering Group
"Življenje in tehnika" magazine
Book "Odstrto vesolje"
SUNSEED project
eBADGE project
Living people
1968 births |
Donna Stark ((born Donna Gale Stark, JULY 16, 1948 – JUNE 9, 2023) was an American Country singer who recorded in the 1970s and 1980s and succeeded in reaching the Billboard Country Charts with the singles "Why Don't You Believe Me" and "Next 100 Years".
Career
Her first 2 singles were "Set Me Free" and "Echoes of the Past" which received limited airplay.
After recording for several years, she entered the Billboard Country Charts in 1979 at No. 92 with the song "Why Don't You Believe Me", her biggest hit. Her next and final charting song was the lead single and title track to her 1980 album, "Next 100 Years", which peaked at #102.
Discography
Singles:
RCI Records
1976 "Set Me Free" (7", Single)
1976 "Echoes of the Past" (7", Single, Promo)
1978 "I Wanna Be With You" (7", Single)
1978 "Walking Away/Fascinating Stranger" (7", Single)
1979 "Why Don't You Believe Me" (7", Single, Promo) US Country #92
1980 "The Next 100 Years" (7", Single, Promo) US Country #105
Thomas Records
1978 "What Does It Take (To Keep A Man Like You Satisfied)" (7", Single, Promo)
Albums:
RCI Records
1980 "The Next 100 Years" (LP)
See also
List of people from The Bronx
References
Musicians from the Bronx
American women singers
21st-century American women |
The Robins Center is a 7,201-seat multi-purpose arena in Richmond, Virginia. Opened in 1972, the arena is home to the University of Richmond Spiders basketball. It hosted the ECAC South (now known as the Colonial Athletic Association) men's basketball tournament in 1983. It is named for E. Claiborne Robins Sr, class of 1931, who, along with his family, have been leading benefactors for the school. The opening of the Robins Center returning Spider basketball to an on-campus facility for the first time since the mid-1940s when it outgrew Millhiser Gymnasium. In the intervening decades, the Spiders played home games in numerous locations around the Richmond area, including the Richmond Coliseum (1971–1972), the Richmond Arena (1954–1971), the Benedictine High School gymnasium (1951–1954), Grays' Armory (1950–1951) and Blues' Armory (1947–1950). The Robins Center arena serves as the location of the University of Richmond's commencement exercises and hosted a 1992 Presidential debate involving Bill Clinton, George H. W. Bush, and Ross Perot.
The Robins Center saw a number of upgrades in the 2000s, including a new maple floor in 2003 and renovated locker rooms and offices in 2004. A new scoreboard and sound system was installed for the 2006–2007 season. A $17 million renovation started in March 2013, which added four corner video boards, a repainted ceiling and new floor, and the seat capacity decreased from 9,071 to around 7,201 once renovations were completed in January 2014.
In 2015, the playing surface was renamed "Dick Tarrant Court" in honor of Dick Tarrant, the school's all-time winningest coach.
In addition to the basketball arena, the Robins Center also serves as the home of many of the other athletic programs at the University of Richmond. The Robins Center Natatorium serves as the home of the women's swimming and diving team, while most of the other programs have their coaches' offices in the building. An addition to the Robins Center, known as the Weinstein Center for Fitness and Recreation, opened in January 2007 and provides expanded facilities for recreational use.
See also
List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas
References
External links
Robins Center – RichmondSpiders.com
College basketball venues in the United States
Indoor arenas in Virginia
Basketball venues in Virginia
Sports venues in Richmond, Virginia
Richmond Spiders basketball
1972 establishments in Virginia
Sports venues completed in 1972 |
Lužianky () is a village and municipality in the Nitra District in western central Slovakia, in the Nitra Region.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1113.
Geography
The village lies at an altitude of 144 metres and covers an area of 12.426 km². It has a population of about 2535 people.
Ethnicity
The village is approximately 99% Slovak. 2 Brazilians
Facilities
The village has a public library a gym and football pitch.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223415/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Nitra District |
Nissan Versa is an automobile nameplate used by the Japanese manufacturer Nissan in the Americas for the following models:
According to a Nissan press release in 2008, "versa" is short for "versatile space" meant to imply the spaciousness of the interior and configurable cargo arrangements. The Versa is one of the few remaining subcompact cars left on sale in the North American market, with most automakers dropping small cars from their lineups to focus on crossovers and SUVs.
Sales
References
Versa
Subcompact cars
Vehicles with CVT transmission |
Guijarro is a surname of Spanish origin, meaning 'pebble'. People with that name include:
Alberto Redondo Guijarro (born 1997), Spanish footballer
Alejandro Guijarro (born 1979), Spanish contemporary artist
Antonio Aparisi Guijarro (1815-1872), Spanish politician and journalist
David Antón Guijarro (born 1995), Spanish chess grandmaster
Gonzalo Guijarro (born 1996), known simply as Gonzalo, Spanish footballer
Josep Guijarro (born 1967), Spanish writer, ufologist and journalist
Manuel Guijarro Doménech (born 1963), Spanish former racing cyclist
Patricia Guijarro (born 1998), Spanish footballer
Sergio Sestelo Guijarro (born 1978), Spanish footballer
Sheila Guijarro (born 1996), Spanish footballer
Txema Guijarro García (born 1975), Spanish economist and politician
See also
Casas de Guijarro, a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain
Fort Guijarros, a California Historical Landmark
Surnames of Spanish origin |
```xml
export enum LayoutType {
Compact = "Compact",
FilmStrip = "Filmstrip",
Grid = "Grid",
Button = "Button",
List = "List",
Tiles = "Tiles"
}
export enum TileSize {
Small = 22,
Medium = 30,
Large = 36,
XLarge = 60,
FillSpace = 60.1,
}
``` |
Robert Harold Moore (13 May 1924 – January 1978) was a United States Air Force flying ace of the Korean War, credited with shooting down five enemy aircraft in the war, all as a member of the 51st Fighter Interceptor Wing. Moore made his first kill on 28 October 1951 and fifth on 3 April 1952, all while flying the North American F-86 Sabre and all with the 16th Fighter Squadron except for one kill made with the 336th Fighter Squadron. He was the ninth American ace of the war.
See also
List of Korean War flying aces
References
Sources
(1972 Arno Press edition )
1924 births
1978 deaths
American Korean War flying aces
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
United States Air Force officers
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
People from Hillsboro, Texas
United States Air Force personnel of the Korean War
Military personnel from Texas |
Silvercord () is a shopping centre and office tower complex located at No. 30 Canton Road, at the junction with Haiphong Road, in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. The complex, owned by Cheung Kong Holdings, was opened in 1984.
Shopping centre
Tenants of the shopping centre include:
Basement
Food Republic
Low-rise
FINGERCOXX, FRED PERRY, UNDERGROUND, DOUBLE-PARK, Big Company, StayReal, STAGE, another, MANHATTAN PORTAGE
First floor
Longchamp, BURBERRY, GUESS, BENETTON, SaSa, COLOURMIX, The Body Shop, Calvin Klein JEANS, ICE WATCH, MERCIBEAUCOUP, KATIE JUDITH, CAMPER
Second floor
PEACH JOHN, TITICACA, AnthonG, Crumpler, My A La Mod, Morellato
Third floor
Din Tai Fung restaurant
Former tenants include:
a Hard Rock Cafe restaurant was located at G/F and 1/F. It closed on November 24, 2008.
References
External links
Silvercord at Emporis
Tsim Sha Tsui
Shopping centres in Hong Kong
1984 establishments in Hong Kong
Office buildings in Hong Kong
Shopping malls established in 1984
Office buildings completed in 1984 |
This is a list of songs sung and written by musician Alanis Morissette.
Released songs
Other songs performed
"Mercy" (from The Prayer Cycle) – Alanis Morissette and Salif Keita
"Hope" (from The Prayer Cycle) – Alanis Morissette, Devin Provenzano, and The American Boychoir
"Innocence" (from The Prayer Cycle) – Alanis Morissette and Salif Keita
"Faith"(from The Prayer Cycle) – Alanis Morissette and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
"Arrival" (from What About Me? by 1 Giant Leap) – Alanis Morissette, Eugene Hütz, Al Tanbura & Aida Samb
"Wunderkind" (for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe soundtrack)
"I Remain" (for Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time soundtrack)
"Professional Torturer" (for 2010 Radio Free Albemuth film soundtrack)
"The Morning" (for A Small Section of the World 2014 documentary film)
"My Humps" (parody cover of My Humps by The Black Eyed Peas)
"Today" (for the political campaign of Marianne Williamson)
Unreleased songs
"Pray for Peace"
"Finally Acknowledgment" (So-Called Chaos Sessions)
References
01
Morissette, Alanis
Morissette, Alanis
Morissette, Alanis |
Samantha Bailey (born 1989) is an American writer, producer, director, and actress. She is known for the web series You're So Talented and Brown Girls.
Career
Bailey was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois in the Logan Square neighborhood. She began stage acting as a teenager and received her bachelor's degree from Columbia College Chicago.
After graduation, Bailey began acting professionally in the city's theatre community. She was frustrated by the quality of roles she was cast in and used that frustration to inform writing a sketch that would become You're So Talented. She rose to prominence for the self-produced web series, a semi-autobiographical story about a struggling 25-year-old actress in Chicago. It was her first time directing and writing. You're So Talented was nominated for a Gotham Award in 2015.
In 2017 she co-produced the web series Brown Girls with poet Fatimah Asghar, which starred two young women coming to terms with queer identity, and navigating career and relationships. The series received a nomination for a 2017 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series. Bailey and Asghar signed a deal to develop the series with HBO.
She co-produced the short documentary film Masculine/Masculine with Hank Jones at the 2018 LA Film Fest.
Bailey has directed episodes of the television series Alone Together, First Wives Club, East of La Brea, Grown-ish, Loosely Exactly Nicole, and Dear White People, for which she was also a writer and producer.
In April 2022, Bailey was selected to direct episodes of the superhero streaming series Ironheart, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
Personal life
Bailey resides in Los Angeles.
Accolades
2018 – The Root 100 Honoree
2018 – Forbes 30 Under 30
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
American women film directors
21st-century African-American women writers
21st-century American women writers
21st-century African-American writers
African-American actresses
African-American television producers
African-American film directors
Writers from Chicago
American women screenwriters
Columbia College Chicago alumni |
The Colombian salsa band Grupo Niche made 16 albums between 1979 and 1999. The album that reached the highest position in the Tropical Albums chart was Cielo de Tambores, which attained 3rd place in 1990.
Studio albums
1970s
1980s
1990s
References
Discographies of Colombian artists
Tropical music discographies |
Linolenic acid is a type of naturally-occurring fatty acid. It can refer to either of two octadecatrienoic acids (i.e. with an 18-carbon chain and three double bonds, which are found in the cis configuration), or a mixture of the two. Linolenate (in the form of triglyceride esters of linolenic acid) is often found in vegetable oils; traditionally, such fatty acylates are reported as the fatty acids:
α-Linolenic acid, an omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid
γ-Linolenic acid, an omega-6 (n-6) fatty acid
See also
Linoleic acid, the similarly named essential fatty acid
References
Alkenoic acids
Aromatase inhibitors
Fatty acids
Essential fatty acids
Essential nutrients |
Physcomitrella is a genus of mosses, containing two species. Physcomitrella patens is a model organism in laboratory research. Physcomitrella readeri is fairly similar, distinguished only by subtle characteristics. In fact, it has often been debated whether they should rightly be considered separate species, or a single species.
Physcomitrella has been used as a model organism. It diverged from the flowering plants over 400 million years ago, so the difference between the groups indicates the changes in the genome that accompanied the adaptation of plants to living on land.
References
Moss genera
Funariales |
Great Emperor may refer to:
Chinese mythology
Great Emperor of Jade, a name of the Jade Emperor
Great Emperor of Medicine, a name of Shennong ( Shennong the Great Emperor)
Great Emperor of Polaris, a sky deity in Taoism
Other uses
Great Emperor, a rescue tug that towed
Great Khan, a translation of Yekhe Khagan ()
Kwanggeto Taewang (), a 2004 animated film by South Korean director Kim Cheong-gi
Maha Chakkraphat, 16th-century king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom |
Probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RSL24D1 gene.
This gene encodes a protein sharing a low level of sequence similarity with human ribosomal protein L24. Although this gene has been referred to as RPL24, L30, and 60S ribosomal protein L30 isolog in the sequence databases, it is distinct from the human genes officially named RPL24 (which itself has been referred to as ribosomal protein L30) and RPL30. The function of this gene is currently unknown. This gene utilizes alternative polyadenylation signals.
References
External links
Further reading
Ribosomal proteins |
"The Way You Look To-night" is a song from the film Swing Time that was performed by Fred Astaire and composed by Jerome Kern with lyrics written by Dorothy Fields. It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1936. Fields remarked, "The first time Jerry played that melody for me I went out and started to cry. The release absolutely killed me. I couldn't stop, it was so beautiful."
In the movie, Astaire sang "The Way You Look To-night" to Ginger Rogers while she was washing her hair in an adjacent room. Astaire's recording was a top seller in 1936. Other versions that year were by Guy Lombardo and Teddy Wilson with Billie Holiday.
Composition and publication
The song was sung by Fred Astaire in the 1936 film Swing Time in the key of D major, but it is typically performed in E-flat major with a modulation to G-flat major.
It was first copyrighted on March 17, 1936 as "Way (The) you look to-night; song from I won't dance", and was unpublished ("I Won't Dance" was a song from the 1935 film Roberta by Kern and Fields). The next copyright on July 24, 1936 was from Swing Time and was published. Both were renewed in 1963.
Contemporary recordings
Fred Astaire recorded "The Way You Look To-night" in Los Angeles on July 26, 1936. Bing Crosby and his wife Dixie Lee recorded the song as a duet on August 19.
To take advantage of the song's success, pianist Teddy Wilson brought Billie Holiday into a studio 10 weeks after the film Swing Time was released. Holiday was 21 when she recorded "The Way You Look Tonight" with a small group led by Wilson in October 1936.
A number of British dance bands also made contemporary cover recordings of the song: Ambrose (with vocals by Sam Browne), Roy Fox (with vocals by Denny Dennis), Tommy Kinsman, Harry Roy, Carroll Gibbons and the Savoy Hotel Orpheans (vocal by George Melachrino) and Jay Wilbur (with vocals by Sam Costa).
Cover versions
Six years passed before the song appeared on the charts again, this time in a version by Benny Goodman with Peggy Lee on vocals and Mel Powell on celeste.
The most popular and imitated version was recorded by Frank Sinatra with the Nelson Riddle orchestra in 1964.
The Lettermen found their first hit when their version reached No. 13 on the Billboard magazine Hot 100 singles chart in 1961 and No. 36 on the UK Singles Chart that same year.
Tony Bennett recorded the song on his album Long Ago and Far Away in 1958, and then again with the Ralph Sharon Trio for the film My Best Friend’s Wedding, released in 1997. The singer also recorded two duets of the song: with Faith Hill in 2011 on Duets II and one year later on his album Viva Duets with Thalía. A new version only accompanied by the piano of Bill Charlap was on the album The Silver Lining: The Songs of Jerome Kern in 2015.
Charts
The Lettermen
Certifications
Frank Sinatra
See also
List of 1930s jazz standards
References
External links
The Way You Look Tonight lyrics
Jazz standards - The Way You Look Tonight
Cafe Songbook - The Way You Look Tonight
Songs about nights
1930s jazz standards
1936 songs
1961 debut singles
Songs with lyrics by Dorothy Fields
Songs with music by Jerome Kern
Fred Astaire songs
The Lettermen songs
Bing Crosby songs
Peggy Lee songs
Frank Sinatra songs
Guy Lombardo songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Pop standards
Capitol Records singles |
Rich Relatives is a 1921 comedy novel by the British writer Compton Mackenzie.
References
Bibliography
David Joseph Dooley. Compton Mackenzie. Twayne Publishers, 1974.
Andro Linklater. Compton Mackenzie: A Life Hogarth Press, 1992.
1921 British novels
Novels by Compton Mackenzie
British comedy novels |
```javascript
import React from 'react';
function removeUserProp(WrappedComponent) {
return class NewComponent extends WrappedComponent {
render() {
const {user, ...otherProps} = this.props;
this.props = otherProps;
return super.render();
}
};
}
/*
function removeUserProp(WrappedComponent) {
return class NewComponent extends WrappedComponent {
render() {
const elements = super.render();
const {user, ...otherProps} = this.props;
console.log('##', elements);
return React.cloneElement(elements, otherProps, elements.props.children);
}
};
}
*/
export default removeUserProp;
``` |
Beachrock is a friable to well-cemented sedimentary rock that consists of a variable mixture of gravel-, sand-, and silt-sized sediment that is cemented with carbonate minerals and has formed along a shoreline. Depending on location, the sediment that is cemented to form beachrock can consist of a variable mixture of shells, coral fragments, rock fragments of different types, and other materials. It can contain scattered artifacts, pieces of wood, and coconuts. Beachrock typically forms within the intertidal zone within tropical or semitropical regions. However, Quaternary beachrock is also found as far north and south as 60° latitude.
Overview
Beachrock units form under a thin cover of sediment and generally overlie unconsolidated sand. They typically consist of multiple units, representing multiple episodes of cementation and exposure. The mineralogy of beachrocks is mainly high-magnesium calcite or aragonite. The main processes involved in the cementation are : supersaturation with CaCO3 through direct evaporation of seawater, groundwater CO2 degassing in the vadose zone, mixing of marine and meteoric water fluxes and precipitation of micritic calcium carbonate as a byproduct of microbiological activity.
On retreating coasts, outcrops of beachrock may be evident offshore where they may act as a barrier against coastal erosion. Beachrock presence can also induce sediment deficiency in a beach and out-synch its wave regime. Because beachrock is lithified within the intertidal zone and because it commonly forms in a few years, its potential as an indicator of past sea level is important.
Cementation and position of beachrock
Beachrocks are located along the coastline in a parallel term and they are usually a few meters offshore. They are generally separated in several levels which may correspond to different generations of beachrock cementation. Thus, the older zones are located in the outer part of the formation when the younger ones are on the side of the beach, possibly under the unconsolidated sand. They also seem to have a general inclination to the sea (50 – 150). There are several appearances of beachrock formations which are characterized by multiple cracks and gaps. The result from this fact is an interruptible formation of separated blocks of beachrock, which may be of the same formation.
The length of beachrocks varies from meters to kilometers, its width can reach up to 300 meters and its height starts from 30 cm and reaches 3 meters.
Following the process of coastal erosion, beachrock formation may be uncovered. Coastal erosion may be the result of sea level rise or deficit in sedimentary equilibrium. One way or another, unconsolidated sand that covers the beachrock draws away and the formation is revealed. If the process of cementation continues, new beachrock would be formed in a new position in the intertidal zone. Successive phases of sea level change may result in sequential zones of beachrock.
See also
Coquina
References
Limestone
Coastal geography
Beaches
Oceanographical terminology |
Hawthorne () is a city in Alachua County, Florida, United States, incorporated in 1881. Indigenous peoples of the Americas had been living in the area since around 100 CE; Hawthorne grew around their trading trails. Throughout its history, Hawthorne has been known for its agriculture, railroad, and rural lifestyle. Hawthorne's population was 1,478 at the 2020 census, with an area of .
History
People have been living in the Hawthorne area since the mid-Woodland period; a Cades Pond culture (100–600 CE) mound is near the city, and an Alachua culture (600–1700 CE) campsite was found in Hawthorne with aboriginal ceramics and lithics. Timucua-speaking natives were living in North Florida when the Spanish arrived during the 16th century. Natives in Alachua County were allied with Chief Potano, and those in Palatka were allied with Chief Utina. In 1774, William Bartram traveled between western Alachua County and the Palatka area on what he called an "old Spanish highway", an "old Indian and trading trail" which passed through the Hawthorne area. Hawthorne's history is tied to its crossroads.
A road between Micanopy and Palatka via the Hawthorne area appears on an 1837 map. During the 1840s, a mill was constructed on Little Orange Creek, east of the center of present-day Hawthorne. The Pleasant Grove Baptist Church was founded at this time, and a post office opened at the mill in 1854. In 1869, the area's first school opened in a log cabin.
Phosphate was discovered near Hawthorne during the late 1870s. Near the same time, the first subdivision, the Town of Hawthorn, was platted. The area had been previously known as Jamestown—named after James M. Hawthorn. A second subdivision, Waits Crossing, was platted in 1881. The subdivisions provided north–south and east–west rights-of-way, which brought rail service. Track was first laid by the Peninsula Railroad in Hawthorne in 1879 for a north–south line intended to connect Waldo and Ocala. Near the same time, track laid by the Florida Southern Railroad reached Hawthorne; its east–west line was intended to connect Palatka and Gainesville. Each railroad company had a depot in the Hawthorne area, about a half-mile apart. A Hawthorn post office was established in 1880, and its spelling was changed to Hawthorne in 1950.
In 1881, 36 years after Florida became a state, the state legislature created the municipal corporation of Hawthorne. Florida Southern began selling land granted to it by the state almost a decade after the railroads were built, including land in Hawthorne described as "in the heart of a famous vegetable region ... large public school, churches, stores, hotels, three cotton gins, wagon repair shop." At this time, Hawthorne was known for its hunting and fishing and "Northern sportsmen frequented the area to enjoy" it. Sportsmen could stay at William Shepard Moore's hotel; he served breakfast early and had hunting dogs, guides, and horses available.
During the 1880s many orange groves were planted in the Hawthorne area, but after the 1894 Great Freeze ruined citrus trees, growers switched to vegetables; the area became known for Sea Island cotton (Pima cotton) around the turn of the 20th century although it had been grown there since at least the early 1880s. The boll weevil halted the cotton trade, however, and Hawthorne diversified into brickmaking, other agriculture, turpentine production, and railroad work. Because two rail lines crossed in the city, it became a transfer point; there was no passenger station, however, and travelers had to walk (or ride) to the connecting line's depot. The Florida state railroad commission declared that the depots were inadequate to accommodate the "traveling public", and required the rail companies to build a segregated union passenger station in Hawthorne by November 1912. Hawthorne was a bustling community in 1913 with a cotton gin, a bank, four general stores, a drug store, three hotels, and two furniture stores.
The city experienced a boom during the 1920s; by late in the decade, Hawthorne had a bank, high school, ice and electric plants, a Western Union, a Railway Express Agency, and a telephone exchange. Although the city suffered during the Great Depression, daily rail service continued; Highway 20 was paved, and a bridge was built over the railroad tracks. The area remained an agricultural center.
The original city hall burned during the mid-to-late 1930s and was replaced by a "white stucco building with Mediterranean influence", which was Hawthorne's city hall until 2018. That year, the city hall moved down the street to an old bank building on the corner of County Road 2082, and the old city-hall building began use as a community center.
During the 1940s, agriculture declined because the land had not been replenished. The pulpwood industry began when National Container (a box company later purchased by Owens-Illinois) bought in the area. A state forest was created south of Hawthorne with of purchased land. While there was not much growth after World War II, Hawthorne was still a center for hunting and fishing. Little growth occurred in the 1950s and 1960s; Hawthorne was known for its lima beans, and more farmland was sold to lumber companies. Trees were still tapped for turpentine before that industry ended in the late 1950s. US 301, built during the early 1960s, bypassed downtown Hawthorne to reduce driving times.
Growth revived somewhat during the 1970s. As automobiles became the dominant means of transportation, passenger trains and buses stopped serving the city. Many residents began commuting to Gainesville to work after local industries declined. The area's rural lifestyle became appreciated during the 1980s, although local jobs still existed at sand mines, chicken ranches, and plywood mills. Since the 1980s, Hawthorne has experienced little population growth.
The city of Hawthorne annexed approximately 1,300 acres owned by Plum Creek Land Company in 2015.
Geography
Hawthorne is on the eastern boundary of Alachua County, and a portion of the city borders the Alachua–Putnam county line. It is east of Gainesville, the largest city in the county. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ; is land, and is water.
Demographics
The 2020 census listed the population of Hawthorne as 1,478. The 2010 census listed 1,417 people, 561 households, and 357 families residing in the city. Hawthorne's population density was . There were 681 housing units, with an average density of . The city's racial makeup was 52.4 percent white, 45.3 percent black or African American, 0.1 percent native American, 0.3 percent Asian, 0.5 percent other races, and 1.5 percent two (or more) races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were two percent of the population.
Of the 561 households, 31.6 percent had children under age 18 living with them; 38.3 percent were married couples living together, 21.0 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4 percent were non-families. Individuals made up 31.4 percent of all households, 12.0 percent of whom were age 65 or older. The average household size was 2.534, and the average family size was 3.15.
By age, 23.2 percent were under age 18; 2.4 percent were 18 to 21, 52.9 percent were 21 to 62, and 20.1 percent were age 62 or older; the median age was 41.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.2 males; for every 100 females over 18, there were 86.6 males.
According to the Census Bureau, median household income in the city was $37,500 and median family income was $46,875. Hawthorne's per capita income was $14,353. About 25.5 percent of families and 29.0 percent of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.8 percent of those under age 18 and 16.6 percent of those aged 65 or over.
Government
Hawthorne is chartered as a commission–manager form of government. The charter officers are the city commission, with five commissioners, a mayor, and a vice-mayor. A city manager is responsible to the commission for the administration of all city affairs.
The mayor of Hawthorne is Jacquelyn Randall.
Attractions
Hawthorne obtained surrounding Little Orange Creek (where a historic mill operated) in 2011. The Little Orange Creek Nature Park opened in 2017. Managed by the city, it is divided into two sections. About south of State Road 20 are the nature park, and include parking and an environmental-education and event center. North of State Road 20 are which are "preserved as a conservation area for local plants and wildlife". The preserve has public trails for hiking, bicycling, and horseback riding.
The city also owns and maintains Lindsey Phillips Park, off US Highway 301. The park (on Johnson Lake) has a boat ramp, fishing pier, playground, and picnic facilities.
Several conservation areas are south and west of Hawthorne. Immediately adjacent to the city is the over- Lochloosa Wildlife Management Area. Its Cross Creek Trail is part of the Great Florida Birding and Wildlife Trail. Lochloosa Wildlife Management Area provides opportunities for hiking, bicycling, horseback riding, hunting, fishing, canoeing, and boating.
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Historic State Park, about fourteen miles southwest of Hawthorne, maintains the "authentic Florida cracker homestead" where Rawlings lived and wrote her Pulitzer Prize-winning books. Although Rawlings did not live in Hawthorne, she used the Hawthorne post office and received mail addressed to "Hawthorn".
Sports
The city owns and maintains Hawthorne Athletic Park, which has four dual-use baseball-softball fields, a multi-purpose field, a playground, concession stand, and picnic facility. A non-profit organization, Hawthorne Youth Sports, offers a variety of sports for children in the area: baseball, softball, t-ball, tackle football, soccer, basketball, and cheerleading. The Hawthorne Hornets football team, coached by former NFL player Cornelius Ingram, plays at the Hawthorne High School football stadium. In 2018, the city opened a wellness center adjacent to Hawthorne Athletic Park; most of the gym members are senior citizens.
Infrastructure
Transportation
The city sits at the intersection of US Highway 301 and Florida State Road 20. Love's Travel Stops opened a truck stop on US 301, less than a half-mile north of the intersection with Florida State Road 20, in 2016.
CSX Transportation owns the north–south rail line which runs through Hawthorne, and operates a station. The line, part of the Wildwood Subdivision, is used for freight. Its Edgar spur runs from Hawthorne to Edgar (near Interlachen), and the 1912 railroad station is used as a business.
The Gainesville-Hawthorne State Trail connects Gainesville to Hawthorne with a sixteen-mile, paved trail. The trail runs through conservation areas in Alachua County that features wetlands, upland hammocks, and pine flatwoods, and can be used for walking, cycling, and (in parts) horseback riding. It was created through the Rails-to-Trails program, which converted the abandoned railroad between Hawthorne and Gainesville to a recreational trail.
Utilities
The Department of Public Works provides solid-waste pickup (including recyclable items), potable water, and a sewer system with wastewater services. Electrical power is provided by Florida Power & Light and the Clay Electric Cooperative.
Health care
Medical services are provided by Azalea Health, which operates a clinic in the city.
Fifteen hospitals are within of Hawthorne. The closest are in Gainesville: Shands Hospital, North Florida/South Georgia Veteran Affairs Health Care System, and the North Florida Regional Medical Center. To the east, Putnam Community Medical Center is available for Hawthorne residents who are closer to Palatka. Florida Hospital Ocala and Ocala Regional Medical Center are in Ocala, south of Hawthorne.
In August 2018, Shands Hospital was the only Level I trauma center in Alachua and its eight adjacent counties. Ocala Regional Medical Center in Marion County and Orange Park Medical Center in Clay County offer Level II trauma services.
Emergency services
Law enforcement in Hawthorne is provided by the Alachua County Sheriff's Office, and emergency services are provided by Alachua County Fire Rescue. In 2015, Alachua County Fire Rescue Station 62 moved into a renovated station in Hawthorne. The station (number 25) houses a fire engine, rescue ambulance, brush truck, and tanker.
Education
Hawthorne is served by the Alachua County Public Schools, which operates Shell Elementary School and Hawthorne Middle/High School. The Alachua County Library District has a branch library in the city. The elementary school was named after Chester Shell, who spearheaded a campaign to open a school for black children in Hawthorne. The school for black students opened in 1922 as Hawthorne High School. Schools at that location were known as Hawthorne High School, Shell High School, Shell Middle School, and Shell Elementary School.
Media
Television stations available over the air in Hawthorne are WUFT PBS, WOGX Fox, WCJB-TV ABC, WGFL CBS, and WYME-CD MeTV. There are 22 AM and FM radio stations within a radius of the city. The Gainesville Sun, The Independent Florida Alligator, and Alachua County Today are local newspapers.
Notable people
Bo Diddley, musician
James B. Edwards, Governor of South Carolina
Cornelius Ingram, National Football League player
D. R. "Billy" Matthews, Congressman from North Florida (1953–1965)
Notes
References
Sources
for zip code 32640
External links
Hawthorne Branch Library
Former official website
Student project from 1997
Cities in Alachua County, Florida
Gainesville metropolitan area, Florida
Populated places established in 1881
Cities in Florida
1881 establishments in Florida |
Daniel J. Snyder is an American television and film producer whose feature-length documentary, Dreams on Spec, is the first documentary ever to look at Hollywood from the perspective of the much-maligned screenwriter.
Snyder has served as show runner, director, producer, or writer on more than fifty non-fiction television programs, including the AMC documentary series “Movies that Shook the World,” narrated by Jeff Goldblum, and “Brilliant but Cancelled” a documentary about forgotten television gems for digital arts cable channel Trio. Prior to working in documentaries, Snyder was a producer for the CNN news magazine program, NewsStand, and the Los Angeles Correspondent for Marketplace, public radio’s business program.
Daniel Snyder’s education in media and filmmaking began during high school when he landed a job at Video Archives, the now-famous video store in Manhattan Beach, California, where he worked as a video clerk alongside future filmmakers Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary.
References
External links
Daniel Snyder's Production Company, Mercury Productions
Dreams on Spec's official movie website
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American television producers |
Hemibagrus bongan is a species of bagrid catfish found in Asia.
References
Ng, P.K.L. and H.N. Ng, 1995. Hemibagrus gracilis, a new species of large riverine catfish (Teleostei: Bagridae) from Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bull. Zool. 43(1):133-142.
Bagridae
Fish of Asia
Taxa named by Canna Maria Louise Popta
Fish described in 1904 |
The white-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum (Thylamys pallidior) is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia,
Chile and Peru.
Taxonomy and etymology
The white-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum is a member of the genus Thylamys, and is placed in the family Didelphidae. It was first described by English zoologist Oldfield Thomas as Marmosa elegans pallidior in 1902. The present binomial name was suggested in a 1989 paper. No subspecies are recognized.
The cladogram below, based on a 2016 study, shows the phylogenetic relationships of the white-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum.
The generic name is composed of the Greek words thylas ("pouch") and mys ("mouse"), and the specific name pallidior derives from the Latin pallidus ("pale"). Alternative names for the white-bellied fat-tailed opossum include pallid fat-tailed opossum, comadreja enana, comadrejita comun, llaca de la puna and marmosa palada.
Description
The white-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum, one of the smallest in its genus, differs from most other mouse opossums in having a gray to brown coat and completely white underside. It has well-developed, blackish eye rings that extend toward the nose (similar to the buff-bellied, elegant and Tate's fat-tailed mouse opossums but unlike the common, dwarf, Karimi's and Paraguayan fat-tailed mouse opossums). The head-and-body length of the white-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum is ; the tail, slightly longer, ranges from . Adults weigh between .
The coat is smooth with gray and brown hairs, and notably darker along the midline of the back than the flanks. A gray band, seen in other mouse opossums, is absent or inconspicuous. The face is significantly paler than the coat, hence its name. The tail is prehensile, with only sparse hairs, albeit in a similar color to those on the body. The tail becomes noticeably thicker, especially at the base, during the autumn, when the animal lays down fat reserves in preparation for winter. The fur on the feet is white, and relatively dense about the ankles.
Distribution and habitat
The white-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum is found in southern Peru and south-western Bolivia, in the northernmost regions of Chile, and along the eastern slopes of the Andes mountains in western and central Argentina. It inhabits arid and semi-arid environments from sea level to , ranging from the coastal deserts of Peru, through the Andes and the Monte Desert, and into the Patagonian steppe of Argentina. It generally inhabits rocky environments with little plant cover, but can be found in dry forest or thorn scrub.
Behavior
White-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossums are nocturnal animals with good climbing abilities, although they prefer to spend most of their time on the ground. They nest in natural cavities, either in trees or shrubs, or beneath rocks. Although they do not truly hibernate through the winter, they do enter torpor if temperatures fall below around 15 °C, and therefore may be inactive through much of the winter period.
In the wild, they rarely drink, being able to subsist on the water in their food. They eat a wide range of insects and spiders, but prefer beetles, of which they may eat up to twenty a night. Although such small invertebrates compose the majority of their diet, they also eat a moderate amount of leaves and seeds, and will occasionally consume small vertebrates such as mice and lizards. Their main predators include the barn owl and the Magellanic horned owl.
Reproduction
White-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossums are believed to be able to breed up to three times a year, although most probably only give birth once or twice. The young are born in litters of up to fifteen individuals, typically during the summer months. Unlike some other marsupials, the females do not have a pouch; the teats are variable in both number and arrangement, and may not all be functional at the same time. Individuals have lived up to eighteen months in captivity.
Evolution
It is closely related to T. karimii. However, phylogenetic analysis shows that the species' closest relatives are probably the elegant, common, and Tate's fat-tailed mouse opossums, all of which also inhabit arid environments. Although fossils are known only from the Holocene, estimates for the divergence of the species from its closest relatives range from 2.2 to 6 million years ago.
References
Opossums
Mammals described in 1902
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
The main Offences against military law in the United Kingdom are set out in the Armed Forces Act 2006.
The offences fall into two main categories, discipline offences and criminal conduct offences. A second distinction is between those offences that can be dealt with by a Commanding Officer in a summary hearing, and those that can only be heard by the Court Martial.
Discipline offences
Discipline offences are those offences that can only be committed by members of the armed forces or, in a few cases, by a civilian subject to service discipline.
The table below lists the principal discipline offences, and indicates for each offence:
whether it can be committed by a civilian subject to military discipline as well as a service person
whether a commanding officer can deal with the offence at a summary hearing (though if the offender is a civilian subject to service discipline, it must be heard by the Service Civilian Court)
the maximum sentence available to a Court Martial trying the offence. The maximum punishment that a Commanding Officer hearing a charge summarily can impose is generally 28 days in service detention, or up to 90 days with the authority of a Major General or equivalent.
Note: Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 only applies to the sentences of 2.5 years or less.
Criminal conduct offences
The military offence of criminal conduct covers anything done anywhere in the world that, if done in England and Wales, would be against the civilian criminal law.
A Commanding Officer can deal with some criminal conduct offences committed by a service person at a summary hearing, including:
theft
taking a vehicle without consent
possession of a controlled drug
criminal damage
assault and battery
careless driving
drink driving
dangerous or careless cycling
Some more serious offences can be dealt with summarily with the permission of a major general or equivalent:
assault causing actual bodily harm
possession of an offensive weapon in a public place
fraud
dishonestly obtaining services
Criminal conduct offences committed by a civilian subject to service discipline (such as a contractor or civil servant supporting operations) are dealt with by the Service Civilian Court if they could be tried by a magistrates' court in England and Wales.
More serious offences, whether committed by a service person or a civilian subject to service discipline, must be tried by the Court Martial.
The maximum punishment that can be imposed for criminal conduct is the same as could be imposed by the appropriate civilian court, the Magistrates' Court for minor offences, or the Crown Court for serious (indictable) offences.
Punishments
The punishments that can be imposed on a convicted service person are:
imprisonment (in a civilian prison). Offenders are automatically dismissed with disgrace.
dismissal with disgrace
dismissal
detention in a military facility for two years or less (not officers). Offenders sentenced to detention are also automatically reduced in rank to an ordinary soldier, sailor or airman, and forfeit their pay for the period they are in detention.
forfeiture of seniority (officers only)
demotion by one rank (warrant officers or non-commissioned officers only)
fine of up to 28 days' pay
service community order (only used in conjunction with dismissal, with or without disgrace)
reprimand or severe reprimand (officers, warrant officers and non-commissioned officers only). This will have an effect on future career prospects.
service supervision and punishment order (ordinary soldiers, sailors, airmen only). This order, which may be in place for up to 90 days, includes forfeiture of one-sixth of pay and loss of leave, and may also include additional duties, and being prevented from using some facilities (e.g. leisure facilities).
minor punishments:
loss of leave (non-commissioned officers and ordinary soldiers etc. only)
restriction of privileges (ordinary soldiers etc. only). This requires the offender to perform additional duties each day for up to 14 days.
admonition (ordinary soldiers etc. only). This is recorded on the offenders' service record.
service compensation order. Requires the payment of compensation for personal injury or damage to property. Amounts of likely compensation payable range from £50 for a graze or severe bruise, to £3,000 for a fractured limb.
Being placed on the Violent and Sex Offender Register for any period, including life.
A civilian convicted by a military court may be sentenced to one of the following punishments:
imprisonment (in a civilian prison)
fine
service community order
overseas community order
conditional or absolute discharge
service compensation order
Being placed on the Violent and Sex Offender Register for any period, indefinitely.
See also
Military Courts of the United Kingdom
Civilian subject to service discipline
AGAI 67
References
United Kingdom military law
Courts-martial in the United Kingdom |
Christian Carlos Hernan Castillo (born March 28, 1967) is an Argentinian activist, politician, sociologist and university teacher. He is a founding member of the Socialist Workers' Party (Argentina) (PTS). In the 2013 elections he was voted in as a deputy for the Buenos Aires Province for the Workers Left Front; he resigned to his seat on June 10, 2015 to leave his place to the next candidate based on the banking rotation between the different parties that make up the Front. He was pre-candidate to Governor of the Buenos Aires Province during the 2015 primary elections, losing to Néstor Pitrola.
University
He was director of the Sociology department at the University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Social Sciences. As a Marxist intellectual, he heads the Karl Marx Free Cathedra, which is taught in the Buenos Aires, La Plata, Neuquén, Córdoba, Mendoza, Jujuy, La Matanza, Tucumán and Quilmes Universities.
As a university teacher, he has actively participated in struggles defending a free and public education, against plans of privatising schools, which has led him to participate both nationally and abroad.
In 2000, he was apprehended while he was in Mexico in the midst of the UNAM strike. He was jailed with other Mexican students for 18 days and freed on February of that year thanks to solidarity protests with the Mexican students and the hunger strike of Argentinian activists and university students in front of the Mexican embassy.
He holds the subject General Sociology in the Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences of the National University of La Plata, and the optional subject Sociology of revolutionary processes, in the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires.
Politics
Between 1983 and 1988, he was leader of the Socialist Youth, youth wing of the Movement for Socialism.
In 1988, he was a founding member of the PTS along with José Montes, Raúl Godoy, and other intellectuals, workers and students.
He has been candidate for various positions, such as, National Deputy, Legislator of the City of Buenos Aires, and Head of Government of the City of Buenos Aires. In the 2007 elections he ran as candidate for national deputy by a left coalition between the PTS and other organizations called "Socialist Workers' Left Front".
In 2009, he ran as candidate for deputy for the City of Buenos Aires for the Socialist Workers' Left Front conformed by the PTS, the MAS and IS.
He was the candidate of the for vice-president in the 2011 Argentine general election, along with Jorge Altamira for president.
In 2013, he was provincial deputy in the Buenos Aires Province Chamber of Deputies for the Workers Left Front.
Publications
He is general coordinator of the Leon Trotsky Center of Study, Research and Publications (CEIP) and regularly collaborates in the "Estrategia Internacional" magazine, which is translated to English and French.
His works can be found in the magazines "Estrategia Internacional", "Lucha de Clases" and other books. He has published:
Co-authored with Eduardo Grüner y Horacio González
Co-authored with Pablo Pozzi, Pablo Augusto Bonavena and Vicente Zito Lema.
.
Collective work
Other activities
He also participates in the radio program "Pateando el tablero" ("kicking the board"), transmitted by Radio Splendid.
References
External links
Speech by Christian Castillo about the FIT's campaign (in Spanish)
Partido de los Trabajadores Socialistas
Interview to Christian Castillo: "the challenge of a renovated revolutionary marxism" (in Spanish)
"A 'fourth narration' of the 1970s", article written in Página 12. (in Spanish)
Socialist Workers' Party (Argentina) politicians
Living people
Argentine sociologists
1967 births
Politicians from Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires Province politicians
Members of the Buenos Aires Province Chamber of Deputies
University of Buenos Aires alumni
Academic staff of the University of Buenos Aires |
Christopher John Warner (born 15 January 1945) is a South African-born Scottish former cricketer and field hockey player.
The son of the cricketer Edmond Warner, he was born at Bloemfontein in January 1945. He was educated there at St. Andrew's School. In South Africa, Warner played field hockey at international level for South Africa. After emigrating to Scotland, Warner joined the Grange Cricket Club. Following success at club level, he was selected to play for Scotland in a first-class match against the touring New Zealanders at Dundee in 1978. He played first-class cricket for Scotland until 1984, having made eight appearances, six of which came against Ireland. In these matches, he scored 391 runs at an average of 30.07; he scored four half centuries, with a highest score of 70. In addition to playing first-class cricket for Scotland, Warner also played List A one-day cricket, making his one-day debut against Lancashire at Glasgow in the 1981 Benson & Hedges Cup. He played one-day cricket for Scotland until 1984, making a total of twelve appearances in the Benson & Hedges Cup and the NatWest Trophy. In one-day cricket, he scored 265 runs at an average of 22.08; he scored one half century with a score of 59. For Grange Cricket Club, Warner holds the record for the most runs scored for the club with 10,684.
By profession, Warner was a chartered secretary. Following his retirement, Warner became involved in the administration of the Grange Cricket Club, in addition to being the secretary of the Edinburgh Branch of The Cricket Society. He is currently a trustee and secretary to the Cricket Development Trust (Scotland).
References
External links
1945 births
Living people
Cricketers from Bloemfontein
South African male field hockey players
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
Company secretaries
Scottish cricketers |
```objective-c
/*
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY APPLE COMPUTER, INC. ``AS IS'' AND ANY
* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL APPLE COMPUTER, INC. OR
* CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
* EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
* PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
* OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#ifndef Int32Array_h
#define Int32Array_h
#include "wtf/IntegralTypedArrayBase.h"
namespace WTF {
class Int32Array final : public IntegralTypedArrayBase<int> {
public:
static inline PassRefPtr<Int32Array> create(unsigned length);
static inline PassRefPtr<Int32Array> create(const int* array, unsigned length);
static inline PassRefPtr<Int32Array> create(PassRefPtr<ArrayBuffer>, unsigned byteOffset, unsigned length);
using TypedArrayBase<int>::set;
using IntegralTypedArrayBase<int>::set;
ViewType type() const override
{
return TypeInt32;
}
private:
inline Int32Array(PassRefPtr<ArrayBuffer>,
unsigned byteOffset,
unsigned length);
// Make constructor visible to superclass.
friend class TypedArrayBase<int>;
};
PassRefPtr<Int32Array> Int32Array::create(unsigned length)
{
return TypedArrayBase<int>::create<Int32Array>(length);
}
PassRefPtr<Int32Array> Int32Array::create(const int* array, unsigned length)
{
return TypedArrayBase<int>::create<Int32Array>(array, length);
}
PassRefPtr<Int32Array> Int32Array::create(PassRefPtr<ArrayBuffer> buffer, unsigned byteOffset, unsigned length)
{
return TypedArrayBase<int>::create<Int32Array>(buffer, byteOffset, length);
}
Int32Array::Int32Array(PassRefPtr<ArrayBuffer> buffer, unsigned byteOffset, unsigned length)
: IntegralTypedArrayBase<int>(buffer, byteOffset, length)
{
}
} // namespace WTF
using WTF::Int32Array;
#endif // Int32Array_h
``` |
Ren Chengyuan (; born 20 September 1986 in Jiangsu) is a female Chinese Olympic cyclist, who competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Sports career
2001 Xuzhou Spare-time Sports School;
2002 Jiangsu Provincial Mountain Bike Team;
2005 National Team
2011 Specialized Racing
2016 China Jiangsu ZGL MTB Team
Major performances
2004 Mountain Bike XC National Championships - 2nd place;
2005 Mountain Bike XC National Championships - 1st place;
2005 Asian Championships MTB XC - 1st place;
2006 Mountain Bike World Championships U23 XC - 1st place;
2007 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Round 1 - Houffalize, Belgium - 1st;
2007 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Round 2 - Offenburg, Germany - 7th;
2007 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Round 3 - Champery, SUI - 14th
2007 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Women's Elite Round 4 - Mont Sainte Anne, CAN - 2nd place
2007 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Women's Elite Round 5 - St Felicien, CAN - 6th place
2007 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Women's Elite Round 6 (Final Round) - Maribor, SLO - 5th place
2007 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup XC Women's U23 World Cup overall winner;
2007 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup XC Women's ELITE World Cup overall 3rd place, with 918 points. Marie-Helen Premont was 2nd place with 1040 points, and Irina Kalentyeva was the overall winner with 1174 points.;
2008 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Round 1 - Houffalize, Belgium - 1st;
2008 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Round 2 - Offenburg, Germany - 3rd
2008 Olympic Games - MTB XC - 5th place;
2009 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Round 2 - Offenburg, Germany - 1st;
2009 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Round 3 - Houffalize, Belgium - 3rd;
2009 Mountain Bike XC National Championships - 1st place;
2009 National Games - 1st women's cycling mountain cross-country;
2009 Asian Championships - MTB XC - 1st place Held in Malacca, Malaysia
2010 Asian Championships - MTB XC - 1st place. Held in Jecheon City, Korea
2011 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Women's Elite Round 1 - Pietermaritzburg, South Africa - 1st place;
2011 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Women's Elite Round 2 - Yorkshire, Dalby Forest, UK - 5th place
2014 Asian Championships - MTB XC Team Relay - 1st place: (4 Team China members: BIEKEN, Nazaerbieke; REN, Chengyuan; GU, Bingcheng; YIN, Siyuan) Held in Lubuklinggau City, Indonesia
2014 Asian Championships - MTB XC Women's Elite - 2nd place.
2015 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Women's Elite Round 1 - Nove Mesto, CZE: 24th place
2015 Asian Championships - MTB XC Women's Elite - 1st place
2016 Asian Championships in Chai Nat, Thailand - MTB XC Women's Elite - 1st place
2016 International Kamptal Klassik Trophy in Langenlois, Austria - MTB XC Women's Elite - 2nd place
2016 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Women's Elite Round 1 - Cairns, AUS: 25th place
2016 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Women's Elite Round 2 - Albstadt, GER: 38th place
2016 Mountain Bike World Cup XC Women's Elite Round 3 - La Bresse, FRA: 26th place
References
First World Cup win 2007 UCI World Cup round 1 - Houffalize, Belgium
Profile Beijing 2008 Team China
National Champion for the 3rd time
2010 Asian Games 1st place Women's Cross Country
2011 UCI World Cup 1st Place, Round 1 - Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Specific
1986 births
Living people
Chinese female cyclists
Cyclists from Jiangsu
Cyclists at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in cycling
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China |
Samoa is an overwhelmingly Christian majority country, with adherents of Islam being a minuscule minority.
History
The introduction of Islam into the country began in the mid 1980s when the Saudi Arabia-based World Assembly of Muslim Youth and Malaysia-based Regional Islamic Da'wah Council of Southeast Asia and the Pacific began their dawah activities in Pacific countries.
Mosque
There is one mosque in the country, located in the village of Vaiusu.
Demographics
During the 2001 census, Muslims accounted for 0.03% of the population. The Western Samoa Muslim League is the Islamic organisation in the country which was established in 1986.
See also
Religion in Samoa
Islam in American Samoa
References
Samoa
Samoa
Religion in Samoa |
Temple Hirst railway station served the village of Temple Hirst, North Yorkshire, England from 1871 to 1964 on the East Coast Main Line.
History
The station was opened on 2 January 1871 by the North Eastern Railway. It was closed on 6 March 1961 and closed to goods traffic in 1964.
References
External links
Disused railway stations in North Yorkshire
Former North Eastern Railway (UK) stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1871
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1961
1871 establishments in England
1961 disestablishments in England |
RIGOL Technologies, or RIGOL, is a Chinese manufacturer of electronic test equipment. The company has over 500 employees and more than 493 patents. Currently, it has offices in Cleveland, Ohio; Beaverton, Oregon; Munich, Germany; in addition to its headquarters in Beijing, China. RIGOL's line of products includes digital oscilloscopes, RF spectrum analyzers, digital multimeters, function/arbitrary waveform generators, digital programmable power supplies, and spectrophotometers.
History
RIGOL was founded in Beijing in 1998 and released its first product, a high-performance virtual digital storage oscilloscope, in May 1999.
In 2018 the company released the new RSA5000 real-time spectrum analyzer and the MSO7000, as well as MSO5000 series, based on the new ASIC based Ultravision-II platform.
Products
References
Electronics companies of China
Electronic test equipment manufacturers
Instrument-making corporations
Manufacturing companies based in Beijing
Electronics companies established in 1998
Chinese companies established in 1998
Chinese brands |
Spyridium gunnii is a species of flowering plant in the family Rhamnaceae and is endemic to Tasmania. It is an upright shrub with more or less glabrous, egg-shaped leaves, the narrower end towards the base, and mostly more than long. The heads of flowers are arranged in cymes surrounded by 2, 3 or more floral leaves. The sepals are about long and woolly-hairy on the outside.
The species was first formally described in 1863 by George Bentham in Flora Australiensis, from specimens collected by Ronald Campbell Gunn on the banks of the Franklin River near Macquarie Harbour.
Spyridium gunnii grows near the west coast and in the western mountains of Tasmania.
References
gunnii
Flora of Tasmania
Taxa named by George Bentham
Plants described in 1863 |
Tom Fletcher Mayson VC (3 November 1893 – 21 February 1958) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was awarded the VC for actions during the Battle of Pilckem Ridge of the Battle of Passchendaele.
Details
He was 23 years old, and a Lance-Sergeant in the 1/4th Battalion, The King's Own (Royal Lancaster) Regiment (part of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division), British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.
On 31 July 1917 at Pilckem Ridge, Wieltje Salient, Belgium, when his platoon was held up by machine-gun fire, Lance-Sergeant Mayson, without waiting for orders, at once made for the gun which he put out of action with bombs, wounding four of the team; the remaining three of the team fled, pursued by Lance-Sergeant Mayson to a dug-out where he killed them. Later, when clearing up a strongpoint, this NCO again tackled a machine-gun single-handed, killing six of the team. Finally during an enemy counterattack he took charge of an isolated post and successfully held it until ordered to withdraw and his ammunition was exhausted.
The Medal
His Victoria Cross was on loan to Whicham Church from where it was given to the Kings Own Royal Regimental Museum. in Lancaster, Lancashire
References
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
VCs of the First World War - Passchendaele 1917 (Stephen Snelling, 1998)
External links
Location of grave and VC medal (Cumbria)
Royal Lancaster Regiment
King's Own Royal Regiment soldiers
British Army personnel of World War I
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
1893 births
1958 deaths
People from Millom
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Military personnel from Cumberland
Burials in Cumbria |
Pontinha station is part of the Blue Line of the Lisbon Metro and is located in the Bairro Mário Madeira neighbourhood of Lisbon, near the border with Amadora and Odivelas.
History
The station opened on October 18, 1997, in conjunction with the Carnide station, and it is located on Estrada Militar da Pontinha from which it takes its name. Built over it is an important bus terminal.
The architectural design of the station is by Ana Nascimento.
Connections
Urban Buses
Carris
724 Alcântara - Calçada da Tapada ⇄ Pontinha
726 Sapadores ⇄ Pontinha Centro
729 Bairro Padre Cruz ⇄ Algés
747 Campo Grande (Metro) ⇄ Pontinha (Metro)
768 Cidade Universitária ⇄ Quinta dos Alcoutins
Suburban Buses
Rodoviária de Lisboa
203 Pontinha (Metro) ⇄ Casal do Bispo
205 Pontinha (Metro) ⇄ Sr Roubado (Metro) via Serra da Luz
206 Pontinha (Metro) ⇄ Loures (Centro Comercial)
210 Lisboa (Colégio Militar) ⇄ Caneças (Jardim)
222 Pontinha (Metro) ⇄ Pedernais (Bairro do Girasol)
223 Pontinha (Metro) ⇄ Casal Novo
224 Pontinha (Metro) ⇄ Caneças (Esc Secundária) via Serra da Helena
227 Pontinha (Metro) ⇄ Vale Grande
228 Pontinha (Metro) ⇄ Jardim da Amoreira
231 Pontinha (Metro) ⇄ Caneças (Qta São Carlos) via Centro Comercial
236 Pontinha (Metro) ⇄ Casal Novo via Casal do Bispo
905 Pontinha (Metro) ⇄ Odivelas (Metro) via Serra da Luz
931 Lisboa (Campo Grande) ⇄ Pontinha (Metro) via Centro Comercial
Vimeca / Lisboa Transportes
128 Casal da Mira (Dolce Vita Tejo) ⇄ Lisboa (Colégio Militar)
143 Amadora (Estação Norte) ⇄ Pontinha (Estação)
155 Amadora (Hospital) - Circulação
See also
List of Lisbon metro stations
References
External links
Blue Line (Lisbon Metro) stations
Railway stations opened in 1997
Railway stations in Portugal opened in the 20th century |
An Châu is a township () and capital of Châu Thành District in An Giang Province, Vietnam.
References
Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam |
The MAN NG272 was a low floor articulated single-decker bus built by MAN Nutzfahrzeuge from 1990 until 1992. It was an articulated development from the MAN NL202. Especially sold in Europe, in particular in Germany, it was replaced by the MAN NG272(2) (A11) in 1992.
MAN NG272(2)
The MAN NG272(2) was a single-decker tri-axle articulated bus built by MAN Nutzfahrzeuge from 1992 until 2000. It a articulated successor to the MAN NG272, and a development of the rigid bodied MAN NL262. The new (2) variant changed the original pillar seat supports which allowed the windows in the front section to be lowered, but otherwise remained visually very similar to the NG272. Especially sold in Europe, in particular in Germany, it was replaced by the MAN A23 in 1998.
Most NG272(2)s were fitted with MAN D 5865 LUH engines in the rear, coupled to drive the rear axle via either a Voith DIWA 864.4 or a ZF 5HP fully automatic transmission. However, after 1995, new models were fitted with Euro-2 spec engines and became NG262 and NG312 models. Its use of a fully low floor articulated configuration, being available with 3 or 4 doors and having a capacity of 51 seated and 60 standing that totals up to 111 passengers in standard configuration made them a good choice for inner-city bus operators.
Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe
In 1992, Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) ordered a batch of BVG specification NG272(2) buses, which were the GN92 series. This were fitted with AEG Krüger full matrix displays, kneeling along the whole vehicle and a wheel chair lift. These also accompanied their EN92 series buses, which were of the MAN NL202(2) type.
Current Operation
The majority of NG272(2), NG262 and NG312 models, like their earlier NG272 cousins, have been retired from service in most transport companies, remaining operational mainly in private ownership or abroad.
History
MAN Nutzfahrzeuge presented the NG272 in 1990 as a development in articulated buses from the previous model, the MAN SG242, a year later than the rigid body NL202. Both were constructed to the VöV-Standard-Bus standards. Production continued until 1992, when the model was superseded by the NG272(2) (A11), based also from the NL202(2). The new model changed the original pillar seat supports which allowed the windows in the front section to be lowered, but otherwise remained visually very similar.
Most NG272s were fitted with MAN D 2865 LUH engines in the rear, coupled to drive the rear axle via either a Voith DIWA 864.4 or a ZF 5HP fully automatic transmission. Its use of a low floor articulated configuration, being available with 3 or 4 doors and having a capacity of 51 seated and 111 standing in standard configuration made them a good choice for inner-city bus operators.
The majority of NG272's have been retired from service in most transport companies, remaining operational mainly in private ownership or abroad.
Production of NG272(2) continued until 1999, when the model had been superseded by the MAN NGxx3 (A23).
In Popular Culture
MR Software have released OMSI 2 The Bus Simulator which features the MAN NG272
See also
MAN NL202
MAN NL262
Mercedes-Benz O405G/GN
External links
References
MAN NG272 (German)
NG272
Articulated buses
Low-floor buses
Vehicles introduced in 1990 |
Stain-blocking primers are used to cover stains such as watermarks, nicotine (actually tar), markers, smoke, and prevent them bleeding through newly applied layers of paint. They also provide adhesion over problematic surfaces, giving better film leveling, and durability. Commonly used stain-blocking paints include acrylic and alkyd.
Volatile organic compounds
Low volatile organic compounds (VOCs) formulations partially or completely eliminates odor, making them safer for the environment.
However, in the United States, solvent-based products with high VOC levels still represent approximately 25% of the total market volume for interior stain-blocking primers. They continue to maintain this significant market share even though many national, regional or local legislations and initiatives concerning the reduction of VOCs have been recently established.
Since their introduction to the US market in 1997, low VOC, odorless stain-blocking primers have become known for their unique combination of highly effective stain blocking technologies. These properties are traditionally associated with solvent-based products. They also display comfortable application and low odor – characteristics commonly associated with water-based products. A good primer has to be compatible with a wide variety of substrates that may be encountered in an interior situation such as: drywall, cement, concrete, plaster and spackling, wood, paneling, old paint, metals, fiberboard, etc. Very frequently, particularly in renovation work, the surfaces encountered will be covered with a variety of stains such as water-soluble types from water leaks, smoke, nicotine, inks, etc., as well as solvent soluble stains such as tar, tannin, and others.
Recently, many states decreased the VOC limit from 450 g/L to 350 g/L limit for the specialty primers, sealers and undercoats category. As state regulatory agencies continue to introduce stricter legislation concerning VOCs, this will pose an even tougher challenge to manufacturers of solvent-based stain-blocking primers. In order to decrease the VOC of a coating, it is necessary to remove solvent from the formulation. This has the effect of increasing relative solids content (both pigment + binder) in the formulation, which has a negative effect on viscosity. Increasing resin content primarily increases high-shear viscosity and that is important for sprayability. Increasing pigment content primarily affects low and medium shear viscosities, which are important for flow, leveling, and sag resistance. When formulating a low odor, low VOC primer, if the plan is to increase the binder, then resins with lower viscosity profiles and solubility in low-odor, isoparaffinic solvents are needed.
Low-odor, isoparaffinic solvent, in addition to being lower in odor than solvents typically used in solvent-based systems, also has a higher margin of safety versus stronger solvents. The following discussion on Air Change Index (ACI) illustrates that less air turnover is needed when using low-odor, isoparaffinic solvent in comparison to other solvent-based systems such as alkyds.
Air Change Index (ACI)
The indoor use of solvent-based primer results in increased solvent exposure due to build-up of fumes in the air. One way to reduce the amount of solvent in the air is to use fans to renew the air. The Air Change Index (ACI) of a solvent is an indication of the margin of safety of a solvent. The lower the ACI, the less air turnover needed.
The ACI is calculated based on the amount of solvent in the primer, the volume of the room to be primed, the volatility of the solvent and the amount of primer to be applied. The calculations were made based on a room and primer with coverage of 375 ft2/gallon. The below calculated ACIs were done on solvent-based primer containing 350 g/L of solvents and the water-based primer containing 50 g/L of butyl glycol.
The values on this chart indicate that the use of mineral spirits based primers would need 6 to 7 air changes per hour requiring significant ventilation. The use of low-odor, isoparaffinic solvent-based primers would only need 1 to 2 air changes per hour. Finally, the use of water-based primers would need less than 1 air change per hour. Another way to interpret this information is that the margin of safety is 3 to 4 times higher with low-odor, isoparaffinic solvent than with mineral spirits, and 5 to 6 times higher than with toluene. However, proper ventilation is still good practice with any type of primer.
Stain-blocking primers with low-odor, isoparaffinic solvent are considered to have less of a negative impact on the health of paint contractors and building residents. Despite the lower levels of VOCs, application, coverage and overall performance are comparable to their high VOC counterparts.
References
Paints |
Robert M. Gray (born November 1, 1943) is an American information theorist, and the Alcatel-Lucent Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. He is best known for his contributions to quantization and compression, particularly the development of vector quantization.
Awards
In 1980, Gray was elevated to the grade of IEEE fellow for contribution to information and communication theory. Gray received the 2008 Claude E. Shannon Award from the IEEE Information Theory Society, for his fundamental contributions to information theory, particularly in the area of quantization theory. He was also the recipient of the 2008 IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal, the 1998 Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society, the 1993 IEEE Signal Processing Society Award, and the 1984 IEEE Centennial Medal. Gray received the 2002 Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring from the National Science Foundation. In 2020 he received both, The Okawa Prize for his seminal research in information coding theory and data compression, and enormous contributions to the promotion of diversity in engineering education, and IEEE Aaron D. Wyner Distinguished Service Award for his outstanding leadership in, and providing long standing, exceptional service, to the Information Theory community.
Gray was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 2007 for contributions to information theory and data compression.
He received the IEEE Third Millennium Medal in 2000.
Early life
Born in 1943 in San Diego, Gray grew up in Coronado, California. He was the third child in a family of five children.
Gray followed his two older brothers to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He earned his B.S. and M.S. in Electrical Engineering from MIT, obtaining his M.S. in 1966. Gray earned his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from University of Southern California in 1969; his Ph.D. adviser was Robert A. Scholtz.
He began his career at the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory.
Books
Gray has written or co-authored a number of technical texts, including:
Toeplitz and Circulant Matrices (1971, revised 2006)
Probability, Random Processes and Ergodic Properties (1988, revised 2007)
Introduction to Statistical Signal Processing (1986, revised 2007)
Entropy and Information Theory (1991, revised 2007)
Source Coding Theory (1990)
Vector Quantization and Signal Compression (1992)
Gray is also an amateur historian and has collected together some historical letters from diplomats into books:
Amy Heard: Letters from the Gilded Age (2005)
Max&Max (2005)
Notable professional service
Gray is the Founding Editor of Foundations and Trends in Signal Processing. He has also been Editor-in-Chief of both that publication and the IEEE Trans. on Information Theory (1981–1983), and served on the IEEE Information Theory Society Board of Governors (1974–1980, 1984–1987) and IEEE Signal Processing Society Board of Governors (1999–2001).
References
External links
Gray's webpage
IEEE History Center Interview with Gray (1998)
1943 births
Living people
American information theorists
MIT School of Engineering alumni
USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
IEEE Centennial Medal laureates |
The Kingston Trio is the Kingston Trio's debut album, released in 1958 (see 1958 in music). It entered the album charts in late October 1958, where it resided for nearly four years, spending one week at #1 in early 1959. It was awarded an RIAA gold album on January 19, 1961.
History
Dave Guard, Nick Reynolds, and Bob Shane formed the Kingston Trio in Palo Alto, California in June 1957. By 1958 they had signed a 7-year recording contract with Capitol Records and began a 3-day recording session with producer Voyle Gilmore at Capitol Studio B in Hollywood on February 5. From their first recording sessions, the single "Tom Dooley" was released and became a number one hit in the US. The single's success helped propel their debut album to the number one spot of the Billboard Pop chart. "Tom Dooley" was the Trio's second single—the first was "Scarlet Ribbons" b/w "Three Jolly Coachmen" —and it would remain on the charts for five months and earned the group their only gold single.
The members were quoted in various articles, even the liner notes of the first album, separating themselves from more traditional folk artists. Reynolds stated "We don't collect old songs in the sense that the academic cats do. Each one of us has his ears open constantly to new material or old stuff that's good." Guard is quoted "We are not students of folk music; the basic thing for us is honest and worthwhile songs, that people can pick up and become involved in... When the performance is over the piece is not significant anymore."
"Scotch and Soda" was discovered by the Trio through Tom Seaver's parents, who had first heard it when on their honeymoon. One member of the trio was dating Seaver's older sister at that time, and heard the song on a visit to the Seaver home. Although it is credited to Dave Guard, the trio never did discover the real songwriter's name, though they searched for years.
During these same sessions, the trio recorded "Dodi Li" which was left off the album. It later appeared on ...from the Hungry i as "Dorie".
Reception
The album entered the Billboard album charts in late October 1958 and stayed there for nearly four years. It spent one week at #1 in early 1959. It was awarded an RIAA gold album on January 19, 1961.
Legacy
In an AllMusic retrospective summary, Bruce Eder calls the Kingston Trio's debut album less polished than contemporary folk music groups such as The Easy Riders, but feel they made up for it "with youthful spring, exuberance, freshness, and a number of song choices that spoke of a new generation of folk singing." He also notes "one also gets a sense of just how strong the trio was musically right out of the starting gate—The Kingston Trio was essentially an idealized version of the group's stage show of the era, recorded over three days in the studio, and a fine, bracing body of music."
Reissues
The Kingston Trio was reissued on LP under the title of Tom Dooley with "Banua" and "Santy Anno" deleted.
Some tracks from The Kingston Trio were reissued in 1961 by Capitol on Encores, a duophonic reissue of cuts from the first two albums.
The Kingston Trio was released on CD by Capitol Records in 1992 paired with ...from the Hungry i. It has since been withdrawn by Capitol.
In 1997, all of the tracks from The Kingston Trio were included in The Guard Years 10-CD box set issued by Bear Family Records.
Collector's Choice Records reissued The Kingston Trio / ...from the Hungry i as a two-album CD in 2001.
Track listing
Side one
"Three Jolly Coachmen" (Traditional; arranged by Dave Guard) – 1:48
"Bay of Mexico" (Traditional; arranged by Dave Guard) – 2:52
"Banua" (Traditional; arranged by Dave Guard) – 1:38
"Tom Dooley" (Alan Lomax, Frank Warner) – 3:04
"Fast Freight" (Terry Gilkyson) – 3:48
"Hard, Ain't It Hard" (Woody Guthrie) – 2:24
Side two
"Saro Jane" (Traditional; arranged and adapted by Louis Gottlieb) – 2:24
"(The Wreck of The) 'John B'" (Traditional) – 3:32
"Santy Anno" (Traditional; arranged by Dave Guard) – 2:17
"Scotch and Soda" (Dave Guard) – 2:33
"Coplas" (Traditional; arranged by Dave Guard) – 2:39
"Little Maggie" (Dave Guard) – 1:48
The US release specifies writer credits for "(The Wreck of The) 'John B' as Lee Hays and Carl Sandburg. Neither wrote the song as it was originally a traditional folk song from the Bahamas. Carl Sandburg included it in a collection of folk songs, The American Songbag in 1927 and Lee Hays (a member of the Weavers) helped popularize the song in a rendition released in 1950 titled "Wreck of the John B". The Kingston Trio version was the inspiration for the Beach Boys 1965 version "Sloop John B".
Personnel
Dave Guard – vocals, banjo, guitar
Bob Shane – vocals, guitar, banjo
Nick Reynolds – vocals, tenor guitar, bongos, conga
Elmer "Buzz" Wheeler – bass
Production notes:
Voyle Gilmore – producer
Curley Walters – engineer
Paul Speegle – original liner notes
Chart positions
References
External links
The Kingston Trio Liner Notes album entry.
The Kingston Trio Timeline.
1958 debut albums
The Kingston Trio albums
Albums produced by Voyle Gilmore
Capitol Records albums
Albums recorded at Capitol Studios |
The hanging of Patrick O'Connor happened on June 20, 1834, in Dubuque, Michigan Territory, to a man convicted in Iowa's first murder trial. He was an immigrant from Ireland to the United States. The hanging occurred after his attempted lynching on May 19, 1834. The case and others like it showed a need for formal laws in the territory.
Murder of George O'Keaf
O'Connor was born in Ireland in 1797 and immigrated to Galena, Illinois, in 1826. Two years later, he broke his leg, requiring amputation. This helped make him a quarrelsome trouble maker. He shot a merchant, who survived. Some men considered lynching him, then decided otherwise when he promised them he would leave Galena.
After leaving Galena, O'Connor traveled to Dubuque, Michigan Territory, to work in the lead mines. In 1833, he met fellow Irishman George O'Keaf. They built a cabin two miles south of Dubuque. On May 19, 1834, O'Keaf traveled to Dubuque to gather supplies and returned with one of his friends near 2pm. After O'Connor refused to unlock the door, O'Keaf broke it down with his shoulder. O'Connor was sitting in a bench on the opposite side and fatally shot him once with a musket. O'Keaf's friend reported this to the nearest cabin. When multiple miners asked O'Connor why he did it, he responded: "That is my business". He ordered them to bury the body. Some considered hanging O'Connor, and others wanted a trial. He was thus taken to Dubuque.
Trial
The trial was held on May 20, 1834, making it the first murder trial in Iowa. O'Connor was given the right to select the jury and it took place outside, under an elm tree. The jury, seated on a log, listened to the testimonies of witnesses. After the arguments from the defense and prosecution, the jury found O'Connor was guilty of first degree murder. He was sentenced to be hanged on June 20, 1834.
During the month after the trial, O'Connor asked for a pardon or commutation of his sentence. The governor of Missouri said he did not have the power to grant a pardon and President Andrew Jackson said that "Congress had not extended the laws of the United States to that part of the country". At 1pm on June 20, 1834, he was hanged.
Aftermath
Because of this incident and others like it, Congress provided laws for the Iowa territory. On June 28, 1834, President Jackson approved an act which extended the "boundaries of Michigan to the Missouri and White Earth rivers and embracing all the territory between the northern boundary of Missouri and the Forty-Ninth Parallel". This ensured the beneficiaries of the Black Hawk Purchase would have the authority and protection of the United States.
References
Lynching in the United States
Murder trials
History of Iowa
1834 in Michigan Territory |
Pirjed (, also Romanized as Pīrjed and Pīr Jad; also known as Pīrjerd and Pīrjad-e Pā’īn) is a village in Kakasharaf Rural District of the Central District of Khorramabad County, Lorestan province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 691 in 131 households. The following census in 2011 counted 592 people in 127 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 471 people in 128 households. It was the largest village in its rural district.
References
Khorramabad County
Populated places in Lorestan Province
Populated places in Khorramabad County |
Rio, I Love You () is a 2014 Brazilian anthology film starring an ensemble cast of actors of various nationalities. It's the fourth film in the Cities of Love franchise (following 2006's Paris, je t'aime, the 2008 film New York, I Love You, and Tbilisi, I Love You released earlier in 2014), created and produced by Emmanuel Benbihy.
Production
The participating directors were Brazilians Carlos Saldanha (Ice Age and Rio), José Padilha (Elite Squad), Andrucha Waddington (The House of Sand) and Fernando Meirelles (City of God), the Lebanese director Nadine Labaki (Caramel), the Mexican screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga (Babel), the Australian director Stephan Elliott (The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert), the Italian director Paolo Sorrentino (The Great Beauty), the American actor and director John Turturro, and the South Korean director Im Sang-soo (A Good Lawyer's Wife, The Housemaid).
The opening and closing sequences, plus the transitions were directed by Brazilian Vicente Amorim, while musician Gilberto Gil composed the theme song.
Those responsible for producing the film, among them Rio Filme, disclosed that the cost of production was R$20 million.
Segments
Economic response
In 2016, U.S. Theatrical and DVD receipts were $60,000.
Critical response
Rio, I Love You received largely negative reviews from critics. On the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 8% "rotten" rating based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 3.55 out of 10. Pat Padua of The Washington Post said "the film is wonderful to look at. It’s just that the writing is consistently terrible". Ben Kenigsberg of The New York Times heavily criticized the film's lack of cohesion and its adherence to tourist-friendly depictions of Rio de Janeiro. He also noted it has the corporate sponsorship of Fiat, Unilever and others. Miami New Times' Kenji Fujishima calls it a "barrel-scraping collective project." Eye For Films Andrew Robertson rated it two stars and calls it "baffling in construction and execution" The Hollywood Reporter's unattributed review says "The only people sure to love this concoction are those working for Rio’s tourism bureau, which may well have picked the camera’s vantage points for many lush and lovely overhead shots of the city’s distinctive terrain."
References
External links
2014 films
Brazilian anthology films
Brazilian romantic drama films
Films set in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Films shot in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Films with screenplays by Paolo Sorrentino |
Infanta Maria Teresa of Braganza ( or ; 29 April 1793 – 17 January 1874) was the firstborn child of John VI of Portugal and Carlota Joaquina of Spain. From 1828 to 1834, she was heiress presumptive to the Portuguese throne.
Early life
Maria Teresa Francisca de Assis Antónia Carlota Joana Josefa Xavier de Paula Micaela Rafaela Isabel Gonzaga was born in Ajuda, Lisbon, in 1793 during the reign of her grandmother Queen Maria I. Maria Teresa was the eldest child of the Prince and Princess of Brazil (later King John VI and Carlota Joaquina). Her mother was the daughter of Charles IV of Spain. As the eldest child of the heir apparent, Maria Teresa was granted the title Princess of Beira, which she held until her brother Francisco António was born in 1795.
Marriage
She was married on 13 May 1810 in Rio de Janeiro (where the royal family was exiled because of the Napoleonic wars) to her cousin Infante Pedro Carlos, Prince of Spain and Portugal. She was widowed on 26 May 1812, soon after giving birth to her only child, a son, Infante Sebastian of Portugal and Spain (1811–1875).
Very conservative, she was an ally of her younger brother Miguel I of Portugal in his attempts to obtain the throne of Portugal (civil war 1826–1834), and of her brother-in-law and uncle Infante Don Carlos, Count of Molina in his attempts to obtain the Spanish throne. Following Miguels accession in 1828, Maria Teresa became heiress presumptive to her then childless brother, and would remain so until his deposition in 1834. In the last years of the reign of her uncle Ferdinand VII of Spain (died 1833), Teresa lived in Madrid and plotted to strengthen Don Carlos' position in succession. She participated in the First Carlist War (1833–1839), being a leading supporter of Carlism, church and reactionary interests. Her sister Francisca, Titular Queen of Spain, wife of Carlos, died in 1834.
Spanish succession
On 15 January 1837, the Cortes of Spain legislated her excluded from the Spanish succession, rights belonging to her in descent from her mother, on grounds of her being a rebel along with Don Carlos. Her son Sebastian's rights were similarly excluded, but he was later, in 1859, restored in Spain. Also don Carlos' sons and Teresa's brother Miguel I of Portugal were excluded at the same law.
The next year she married again, in 1838, to her brother-in-law, uncle and longtime ally, Infante Carlos of Spain (1788–1855), whom she viewed as the rightful king of Spain; the widower of her sister Maria Francisca. The second marriage remained childless, but she took care of her stepsons, who were also her nephews and cousins. Following her marriage, her claim as the Miguelist heir passed to her only son by her first marriage, Infante Sebastião.
They soon left Spain because of unsuccess in the civil war, and never returned. She died in Trieste on 17 January 1874, having survived her second husband by nineteen years.
Honours
Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel
Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa
Ancestry
References
La Princesa de Beira y los Hijos de Don Carlos by Conde de Rodezno (1938)
|-
|-
1793 births
1874 deaths
Portuguese infantas
House of Bourbon-Braganza
House of Braganza
Nobility from Lisbon
18th-century Portuguese people
19th-century Portuguese people
18th-century Portuguese women
19th-century Portuguese women
Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
Daughters of kings
Princesses of Beira |
Tipideresi is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Hınıs, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 220 (2022).
References
Neighbourhoods in Hınıs District |
The 1908 Hong Kong Typhoon was a tropical cyclone which made landfall near Hong Kong on the night of July 27th-28th, 1908. The storm resulted in significant property damage and loss of life. The most notable occurrence of the event was the loss of the SS Ying King (英京號), a steamship, which sank while trying to seek shelter from the storm; 421 people on board drowned. About one thousand people were reported to have drowned, more than 20 houses collapsed, and many Hong Kong wharf facilities were damaged. As a result of the catastrophe, additional safety measures were undertaken, including the construction of a second typhoon shelter in Hong Kong harbour.
Newspaper reports
At 8:30 pm on the evening of 27 July 1908 (Monday), there was a night signal of Green-Red-Green at the Tamar naval base to indicate a possible typhoon approaching less than 300 miles from the Colony.
At 9:30 pm the Hong Kong Observatory reported that the typhoon seemed to be moving in the direction of the Hong Kong coast. Ships anchoring in the harbour took the usual safety precautions, as small native vessels swarmed to the typhoon shelter at Causeway Bay. The weather signals continued to escalate after that.
The rain started falling and at 11:15 pm the Observatory was ordered to fire an urgent alarm of three explosive rockets at 10-second intervals, and the night alarm signal on the Tamar changed to Red-Green-Red signalling the risk of hurricane-force winds expected at any moment to strike Hong Kong, equivalent to the hurricane signal number 10 in modern-day Hong Kong SAR.
The typhoon reached its peak strength after midnight. The typhoon blew over trees, felled chimneys, cracked walls, and caused substantial damage to property. For four hours, streets were difficult if not impossible to use, owing to many falling and blown objects such as hanging signboards, roof tiles, window glass, and debris of all sorts. Strong winds kept blowing until 6:00 am on the next morning (28 July).
In the morning light, it became clear that many if not nearly all properties in the Colony would need some repair. Many parallel blinds and shutters had been stripped from windows, glass was broken, roof tiles had been blown away, and walls were stripped of plaster.
The July 1908 Typhoon was frequently compared to the typhoon in September 1906. It is said that the two typhoons were similar in terms of magnitude, movement directions as well as strength.
On shore, the July 1908 Typhoon caused more damage and more deaths, although in the harbour the number of deaths were less severe, due to an advanced warning alert from the Hong Kong Observatory. The availability of the typhoon shelters for evacuation further reduced the fatality numbers of the typhoon. Additionally, the movement of the July 1908 Typhoon did actually play a part in reducing the number of casualties; it came from the northeast and not from the northwest, unlike the September 1906 Typhoon.
Hong Kong Government report
There was a summary report by the Hong Kong Government dated 17 September 1908 presented to Governor Frederick Lugard, and laid before the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Information from this report stated that no less than seven hundred people were drowned in the harbour during the July 1908 typhoon and more than one hundred native vessels were sunk.
A summary of loss:
Government property loss was estimated at HK$100,000. Private loss not yet estimated.
26 privately owned buildings collapsed, with a loss of 59 lives.
179 native boat craft had been sunk, wrecked or damaged during the typhoon, with 271 persons missing.
The death toll from the sinking of the Ying King steamer during the typhoon was 421 persons (one European officer and 41 Chinese crew and passengers were saved).
Damage and casualties among the European craft (excluding Ying King) were 17 sank, 23 went ashore, 26 damaged and 5 persons missing.
Damage to the trees, shrubs and plants in Hong Kong was severe, and said to be no less than that caused by the 1906 Typhoon.
The anemometer (used to measure wind speed) on Hong Kong Island was completely wrecked and that at the Observatory much damaged; as a result, it was not possible to have a precise comparison of the wind speed between the September 1906 Typhoon and July 1908 Typhoon.
According to the Hong Kong Government, there was a surplus of relief funds available after the 1906 Typhoon; therefore no need to raise extra funds to aid the sufferers in the 1908 typhoon situation.
Maritime damage and loss
Loss of the SS Ying King
The SS Ying King (英京號) was a Hong Kong-based passenger steamer of 768 tons, built in 1903. Her owner was the Sing On Steamship Company. The steamer departed from Canton at 6:00 pm on the evening of 27 July, heading towards Hong Kong with 33 crew members and 430 passengers. The Ying King was one of three steamers coming from Canton, and as the wind was gaining force, was making her way to anchor and shelter in the lee of The Brothers (大小磨刀洲) with the intent to weather the storm north of Lantau Island. Eventually the Ying King foundered and only 42 people survived.
The SS Fatshan was said to be second to arrive at The Brothers, and the third steamer, SS Kwong Sai soon followed. Capt. Crowe from the Kwong Sai reported that shortly after his steamer dropped anchor, there was a sudden and fierce strong wind squall, and the Ying King was said to be gone and disappeared after that.
Subsequently, there was a rescue effort from Hong Kong on 28 July at about 9:30 pm regarding a party of 42 survivors from the Ying King. They were rescued at Pillar Point and the Castle Peak by the customs cruising launch Kowloon Sai. Captain Hewett from the Kowloon Sai said that he heard a gun fired, and saw people waving. He had the launch head towards the shore, and found the people to be the survivors from the Ying King. The survivors consisted of Mr Ferguson (the chief mate), an Indian watchman, two quartermasters, a tallyman, three firemen, one sailor, and 33 Chinese passengers. Mr Ferguson reported that Ying King was a total wreck, and nothing was known about the fate of the other ship officers, including Capt. Page, Mr Fotheringham and Mr Newman.
The report from the survivors was that the Ying King had sunk in the early morning of 28 July. The report was that the Ying King developed a leak, and while the pumps were working they failed to pump out enough water. The steamer continued to list more and at about 2:50 am she foundered. Witness reported that they could not provide enough lifebelts to the passengers, as more lifebelts were stowed on the lowest decks of the steamer. Just before Ying King went down, Captain Page gave the word, every man for himself. From what was gathered from the survivors, there was chaos and confusion. Two lifeboats were lowered, but no one was able to get in them.
As the Ying King was sinking, Mr Fergusson, the chief mate, remained on board until she had almost sunk. Then he joined eight crew members and 33 passengers to get ashore close to Castle Peak Farm. The survivors were floating with the aid of wreckage and lifebuoys, and they reported that all the others were likely lost. When last seen Captain Page had a lifebelt on, and was entering the water.
Eventually, the police recovered the dead body of a European off Castle Peak on 31 July, which was washed up presumably from the wreck of the Ying King, but no one was able to recognise him. The following morning four fishermen were charged before the local magistracy for stealing a gold watch and chain from the dead body of a European. Detective Sgt. Terrett, who was in Court recognised the stolen items as belonging to Capt. Page, who had purchased them at Messrs. Ullman's, in Queen's Road Central. A cigar cutter attached to the chain, was another source of his identification.
The Court found that the Ying King was lost through the typhoon, and that all reasonable precautions had been taken. Captain Page, an Australian, and together with three European passengers were all drowned. Captain Page's wife had sailed for Sydney with their little child three months earlier.
The SS Eastern and other steamers
Capt. McArthur, of the SS Eastern, after his 1908 Hong Kong typhoon saga, stated that every one had experienced the very strong force of the wind. At the height of the typhoon, the Eastern was resting at anchor, and the crew had to crawl on their hands and knees to the bow of the vessel, apparently no one could stand up against the powerful wind. There was a second buoy beside her. The steamer Chihli was also seen having difficulties. The Eastern was lucky to go through the challenging ordeal without much damage, even though at one point of time, it risked being hit by another drifting vessel.
The Juteopolis sailing vessel had two of her masts blown overboard and the top gallant mast was hanging over the stern. On the southern part of Stonecutters Island, the Pocahontas and Lai-Sang were ashore, and on the eastern side of the Island the Schuylkill had grounded. Quite a few vessels were also blown ashore, including the seagoing steamer Aeolus. Also a river steamer Sunon sank at the wharf.
The steamer Asia was listing, and the Persia was ashore near Hung Hom Bay, lying on a mud shoal. The Tai Wan steamer was damaged by a collision with the Aeolus. Also the steamer Neil McLeod was reported to have crashed into the Tai Wan steamer and her sixteen crew members went on board the Tai Wan before the Neil McLeod drifted away, and eventually went ashore at Capsuimun.
The Katherine Park, a British steamer, broke away from Kowloon Bay and drifted off North Point, and her anchors got entangled with the telegraph cables which held her until the storm had ceased. At Kowloon Docks eleven launches and three junks had foundered, and a few lighters belonging to the Cement Works had also gone to the bottom. The torpedo boat destroyer Whiting was ashore at Lyemun, but was able to be refloated after the storm.
The low wall at Arsenal Street was nearly washed away, and 14 cargo boats and sampans that did not get to the Causeway Bay Typhoon Shelter, were smashed on the Praya promenade wall. A number of police and civilians were present at the time, and through their joint efforts, were able to save fifty people from this cargo fleet.
At the Tung Tai Tseung Kee shipyard (a local firm of engineers and shipbuilders), a small steamer under construction was smashed against the Praya wall and badly damaged. It was first lifted bodily onto the Praya promenade, but later carried back into the water again by the terrific waves.
The Naval Yard was fully loaded and filled with police and marine launches. There was an accident when Police Sergeant Boole entered the Naval Yard with his No. 1 police launch. The shelter space was not sufficient, in consequence of which much damage was done upon his entry. A sudden lurch to port sent the police sergeant and his crew overboard, and they had to swim for their lives and luckily they all made it to land safely.
There were 70 native craft wrecked when they could not get to the shelter in time. Seven steam launches sank, and seven were blown onto shore. Ten cargo lighters sank, several went aground, and seven were damaged before the typhoon went on to Canton, where massive destruction was also caused.
Heroes of the storm, the "Gallant Bluejackets"
Among the many heroic actions reported, a crew member of noticed a nearby junk in peril at about 11:40 pm, and after a quick consultation a cutter was promptly lowered with twelve rowers and a steersman, under Torpedo Officer McLaughlin. When the battleship kept its searchlight going in the dark and with an effort of about twenty minutes they succeeded in reaching the junk in distress. Their further efforts to rescue the six Chinese boatmen there were done with success. But the remaining task to come back to shore was a difficult one, and a continuous effort of 45 minutes was required to take them back to the pier.
Upon their approach to Douglas Pier a rope was thrown to them, and the rescued boatmen and the crew were hauled safely ashore – however a small Chinese boy who lay unconscious at the bottom of the cutter had been left behind. When the young lad was discovered to be missing a bluejacket determined to return to the cutter and rescue him. Right after both were safely on shore, the cutter crashed into the pier and sank. All the rescued and rescuers were then brought to St George's Club after 1:15 am where everything possible was provided for their comfort.
Property damage
The property damage in the City was not generally not large in individual cases, yet the aggregate would be very extensive and the total loss was viewed as very considerable. In the week of 18–25 July, Hong Kong posted a record of 16.2 inches rainfall. The continued wet weather in July 1908 being combined with the fury of a storm, was possibly responsible for some building collapses in the Colony.
The greatest damage to property was done at Kingsclere private hotel, where a portion of the beautiful building was in ruins. A tall chimney fell with an alarming noise at Kingsclere, in Kennedy Road, carrying with it all the roof over three rooms on the top floor and part of the walls. The resident of the room, Mr Hunt, of Messrs. Shewan, Tomes, and Company, who was in the Colony for about three months, apparently rose from the bed to look out, but hearing the big noise overhead. He reckoned that something was wrong and immediately sought refuge under the bed. Then the crash came. The debris fell on the bed and filled the room, but luckily enough, the bed legs stood the strain and gave Mr Hunt a chance to breathe. But the weight on his body and legs was great, and he suffered in pain. A rescue team was early on the scene under the command of Police Chief Inspector Baker, and it took the fire brigade no less than four hours to rescue Mr Hunt. They worked with no little danger by reason of the unsupported wall which risked falling at any time. They rescued the unfortunate young man and sent him to the Government Civil Hospital to treat his internal injuries.
Another serious collapse was at the offices of the King's Buildings after a chimney broke in the roof and forced its way through four floors. The place was completely wrecked, but fortunately there was no loss of life. The upper floor, occupied by Messrs. Jebsen and Company, collapsed, and the whole floor fell through into Meyer and Company's office, the accumulation descending into the lower floor office of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company.
Queen's College also had its roof of the assembly hall partly carried away, with their center wooden beams being thrown away like matches. The roof of their north-west classrooms were severely damaged.
In addition to the accident which happened to Mr Hunt at Kingsclere, there were numerous instances of injuries to people during the storm. One of the firemen proceeding to Kingsclere rescue had a narrow escape, nearly hit by a branch of a tree falling on his head, only with his helmet saving him from serious head injury. Police Sgt. Clark was injured by a falling door and Police Sgt. Devney hurt his hand and foot by falling. Mr F. Wills, chief engineer of the SS Barra fell off a wharf at Kennedytown and received back injuries, and being treated in the Government Civil Hospital.
Weather reports from ships received by wireless telegraphy
The new time-ball tower on Signal Hill (also known as Blackhead Point) had been set up in 1908 at Tsim Sha Tsui to replace the previous time-ball tower at the Marine Police Station at Tsim Sha Tsui. In 1908, there was an introduction and wider use of wireless signals on radio broadcasting for Hong Kong vessel weather reports.
Tax imposed on Hong Kong shipping for a second typhoon shelter
Hong Kong sources stated that the government proposed in the Legislative Council meeting on 6 August 1908 to impose on all river steamers a tax of five-sixths of a cent, per ton register, and two cents per registered tonnage on all other ships (excluding British and other warships) entering the Hong Kong waters to contribute to a construction fund for this second typhoon shelter.
Upon the recommendation of the Typhoon Refuge Committee (including the six shipping representatives from the P&O Company; Jardine, Matheson & Co.; Butterfield and Swire, Gibb, Livingston & Co.; David Sassoon & Co.; and Shewan, Tomes & Co.) who recorded their opinion that this new typhoon refuge was necessary and that it should be constructed at Mongkoktsui (Yau Ma Tei), in case the craft from the west could not get to Causeway Bay shelter in time of a strong gale.
According to the report, the number of vessels counted outside the Causeway Bay shelter on the morning of 28 July, included 98 junks, 38 European lighters in Kowloon Bay, Hung Hom Bay, off Yaumati and behind Stonecutters, and 200 sampans were also counted off Yaumati. There were also 112 native craft and four European lighters in Chinwan Bay. The report concluded that had there been a second typhoon shelter at Mongkoktsui, all these 452 vessels as well as a large number of sampans could have found safe refuge there.
Apparently, some shipping firms staged strong protest against this proposed tax. The aggregate tonnage of British shipping in Hong Kong in 1907 was about 6 million tons, and those of foreign ships were about 5.5 million tons. The proposed construction cost of the second typhoon shelter was HK$1.5 million. However, the Hong Kong Legislative Council eventually approved the construction of the second typhoon shelter in Mongkoktsui in 1909.
References
External links
The Hong Kong Typhoon. The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 4 August 1908, Page 5 quoting the Hong Kong Daily Press of 29 July 1908
Typhoon in Hong Kong. Devastation by Land and Water Described. The Straits Times, 4 August 1908, Page 8
Loss of the Ying King. Typhoon Experiences. Narrative of the Survivors. The Register (Adelaide, SA : Monday 31 August 1908) Page 6
The Hong Kong Typhoon. Experiences of the Eastern. The Register (Adelaide, SA : Monday 31 August 1908) Page 6
"The Hong Kong Typhoon. An Incident" Bush Advocate, Volume XXI, Issue 59, 8 September 1908, Page 7
HK MetS Bulletin, Volume 15, Numbers 1/2, 2005 Figure 1b. HK Meteorological signals 1907. (page 9)
1908 Weather reports from ships were received by wireless telegraphy
New Typhoon Refuge. Hong Kong Tax. The Register (Adelaide, SA : Monday 31 August 1908) page 6
Images
1908 Signal Tower, Blackhead Point, Kowloon (尖沙咀訊號山)
HMS Astraea (light cruiser of 4,360 tons and 320 feet, serving in Hong Kong between 1906–1908)
Hong Kong Naval Yard
Kingsclere Private Hotel, Kennedy Road
St. George's and King's Building, Hong Kong Harbour c.1900
Hong Kong Harbour 1908
1908
1908 in Hong Kong
Pre-1940 Pacific typhoon seasons
1908 natural disasters
1908 meteorology |
Marseille Provence XV is a defunct French rugby union club, founded in 2000. The team played at the Stade Roger Couderc in Marseille, France.
The club debuted in Fédérale 3 (third amateur division) in the 2000–01 season. They were promoted after the 2001–02 season to Fédérale 2, and went up again in 2003 to Fédérale 1, though they went back down to Fédérale 2 for two seasons, they were promoted back up to Fédérale 1 for the 2006–07 season.
After that season, the club merged with another local club, Vitrolles de Rugby à XV. The new club, Marseille Vitrolles Rugby, began its life in Fédérale 2 in 2007–08, and earned promotion to Fédérale 1 for 2008–09. Marseille Vitrolles play at Marseille Provence's former home ground.
Honors
Fédérale 3:
Champions: 2001-02
Famous players
Marc de Rougemont
Trivia
Stade Vélodrome, is a Marseille stadium that the national team use.
The city of Marseille will host numerous games during the 2007 Rugby World Cup
See also
List of rugby union clubs in France
External links
Rugby union clubs in France
Sport in Marseille
2000 establishments in France
Rugby clubs established in 2000
2007 disestablishments in France
Rugby clubs disestablished in 2007 |
Greek Watergate may refer to:
the Greek wiretapping case 2004–05
the 2022 Greek wiretapping scandal |
A "main road" may refer to:
A major road in a town or village, or in a country area.
A highway
A trunk road, especially in British English
Main Road may refer to:
Main Road, Hobart, Australia
Main Road, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
Main Road (M)1.10 (Serbia)
Main Road (M)1.9 (Serbia)
Main Road (M)1 (Serbia)
Main Road (St. Marys, Georgia), listed on the NRHP in Camden County, Georgia, U.S.
Main roads (Lesotho), the main roads of Lesotho
See also
Department of Main Roads (disambiguation)
Main Central Road, Kerala, India
Main North Road, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Main Park Road, Miami-Dade County, Florida, U.S.
Main South Road, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Maine Road, a former football stadium in Moss Side, Manchester, England, UK
Maine Road F.C. a soccer team in Manchester, England, UK
Main (disambiguation)
Main Street (disambiguation) |
525th (Antrim) Coast Regiment, Royal Artillery (TA) was a volunteer coastal defence unit of Britain's Territorial Army from 1937 until 1956. It was the first Territorial Army unit to be raised in Northern Ireland.
Origin
Originally raised in March 1937 as 188th (Antrim) Independent Heavy Battery, Royal Artillery, an independent coast defence battery with its HQ at 32 Great Victoria Street, Belfast, this was the first Territorial Army (TA) unit to be formed in Northern Ireland. Previously, all part-time auxiliary units in the province were part of the Supplementary Reserve, derived from the former Militia. The Antrim Artillery Militia had been placed in suspended animation in 1919; nevertheless the new unit claimed to continue its heritage.
World War II
When mobilised on the outbreak of war in September 1939 188 (Antrim) Bty was responsible for manning four 6-inch guns at the 'Defended Port of Belfast'.
On 1 March 1940, 188 Bty was expanded to a full regiment, with 188 and 200 Btys, initially as the Antrim Heavy Regiment, RA, but redesignated on 14 July 1940 as 525th (Antrim) Coast Regiment, RA, with A and B Btys. As the war progressed the regiment had the following organisation:
Regimental Headquarters (RHQ)
A Bty at Grey Point Fort– became 113 Bty 1 April 1941
B Bty at Kilroot – became 114 Bty 1 April 1941
C Bty at Orlock Point – formed 11 February 1941; became 115 Bty 1 April 1941
380 Bty at Magilligan Point, near Londonderry – formed 22 February 1941
381 Bty at Larne – formed 22 February 1941
By the time the UK's coast defences reached their height in September 1941 the regiment was manning the following:
Belfast – 6 x 6-inch
Larne – 2 x 6-inch
Londonderry – 2 x 6-inch, 1 x 12-pounder
There were no further changes during the war. On 1 June 1945 RHQ and the three TA batteries (114, 115, 116) began entering 'suspended animation' (completing the process on 22 June), while the two war-formed batteries (380, 381) were disbanded.
Postwar
When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947 the regiment reformed as 429 (Antrim) Coast Regiment.
The coast artillery branch of the RA was abolished during 1956 and on 1 October the regiment was converted to Royal Engineers (RE) and redesignated as 146 (Antrim Artillery) Field Engineer Regiment, RE:
255 Field Squadron
256 Field Squadron
259 Field Squadron
260 Corps Field Park Squadron – independent from 1961
The TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) in 1967, when the regiment was consolidated with 591 Independent Field Sqn to form 74 Engineer Regiment (Volunteers), consisting of:
112 (Antrim Fortress) Field Sqn
114 (Antrim Artillery) Field Sqn
272 Field Sqn
This regiment was disbanded 1 April 1994 and reduced to 74 Independent Fd Sqn, RE (Vol), at Bangor, County Down, which in turn was disbanded on 1 July 1999, when its history and traditions were transferred to 85 (Ulster) Signal Squadron of 40 (Ulster) Signal Regiment in the Royal Corps of Signals. Until it was disbanded in 2009 this squadron claimed a lineage back to the Antrim Militia of 1793.
Insignia
From 1947 to 1956, 429 Coast Rgt wore an embroidered supplementary shoulder title 'ANTRIM' in red on blue beneath the standard RA title on the battledress blouse. From about 1953 the regiment adopted a special gilt or anodised gold collar badge consisting of the Hand of Ulster within a strap inscribed 'ANTRIM ARTILLERY', surmounted by a crown. This continued to be worn after the conversion to RA in 1956.
Honorary Colonel
Viscount Masserene & Ferrard, DSO, Lord Lieutenant of Antrim, was appointed Honorary Colonel of 188 Bty on 14 August 1937.
Footnotes
Notes
References
Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, ISBN 1-85753-080-2.
J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, .
Cliff Lord & Graham Watson, Royal Corps of Signals: Unit Histories of the Corps (1920–2001) and its Antecedents, Solihull: Helion, 2003, ISBN 1-874622-92-2.
Col K. W. Maurice-Jones, The History of Coast Artillery in the British Army, London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1959/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-845740-31-3.
Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018, Tiger Lily Books, 2018, ISBN 978-171790180-4.
External Sources
British Army units from 1945 on
Royal Artillery 1939–45.
Military units and formations established in 1940
525
Military units and formations in Belfast |
The 2022–23 Canisius Golden Griffins men's ice hockey season was the 43rd season of play for the program, the 25th at the Division I level, and the 20th in the Atlantic Hockey conference. The Golden Griffins represented Canisius College and were coached by Trevor Large, in his 6th season.
Season
Canisius got off to a slow start, only winning two of their first 10 games. Neither the team's primary starter, Jacob Barczewski, nor the backup, John Hawthorne played particularly well but the weren't receiving much help from the defense. Early in the season, Canisius was routinely getting outshot in their games by allowing the opposition to assail their cage. To make matters worse, the offense failed to capitalize in several games where the goaltenders turned in decent performances. The Griffins didn't seem to shake out of their funk until November when they swept a series from defending league champion American International.
In early December, the team got a surprise victory by taking down league-leading RIT in overtime. Unfortunately, the rematch showed that the team still had a ways to go as Canisius was swamped 4–10 by the Tigers. Due to the closure of the Buffalo airport, caused by heavy snowfall, the series with Air Force on December 30-31 was postponed. It was later rescheduled for February 13 and 14 and, as a result, the series with Sacred Heart was pushed back a day to February 18-19.
The Griffins kept plugging away and got stronger on both offense and defense as the season went along. The team pulled itself up into the top half of league standings with a strong finish. After another split with RIT, Canisius went 6–2 over the final four weeks to reach 4th in the Atlantic Hockey standings, earning themselves a home site for the quarterfinals.
Against Army, the Griffins continued the trend of allowing a bevy of chances. The Black Knights fired 37 chances on goal to 27 for Canisius, however, Barczewski was strong in net and only allowed two to get past him. A 5-goal output from the offense was more than enough to give the Golden Griffins a leg up in the series, however, the scoring flagged in the rematch. Canisius was badly outshot and wasted a masterful performance in goal when Barczewski stopped the first 34 chances that came his way. Army scored on their 35th attempt, unfortunately, it came in overtime and tied the series at 1-all. With their season on the line, Canisius fought back in the rubber match and finished with the shot advantage. Barczewski again allowed nothing past him in regulation and, since he got some goal support this time, helped finish off Army with his second shutout of the season.
Canisius faced a scrappy Niagara club that punched above its record in the semifinals. The Griffs offense was a bit sluggish and could only manage a single goal, leading to a 1–2 defeat. Ordinarily that would have been the end of Canisius' season, however, Atlantic Hockey had changed the playoff format for this season and turned the semifinal round into a best-of-three series. With Barczewski remaining a rock in goal, the offense returned for the rest of the series and the trio of Keaton Mastrodonato, Ryan Miotto and David Melaragni combined for 10 points to lead Canisius to their second title game in three seasons.
Only Holy Cross stood in the way of the Griffins second trip to the NCAA tournament and the team could not have asked for a better performance by the defense. Canisius allowed just 24 shots from the Crusaders and Barczewski stopped them all. A second period goal from Nick Bowman was all the offense the team needed and two empty-net marker sealed the game, sending the Golden Griffins to the tournament.
As the team with the lowest-ranking, Canisius was given the 16th and final seed for the tournament. As a result, they were set to play the nation's top team, Minnesota. Knowing that they needed to play a near-perfect game if they had a chance at upsetting the vaunted Gophers, Canisius played well at the start of the game. While they took a penalty in the first 5 minutes and allowed a Minnesota power play goal, The Griffins tied the game just 3 minutes later to make sure that they kept contact with the Gophers. Early in the second period, Nick Bowman gave the Griffins the lead on a highlight-reel goal. Canisius continued to play well but couldn't stop the Minnesota offense from scoring twice before the end of the period. As they entered the third Canisius was just a shot away from tying the game. While they had also been outshout, it was a relatively small gap of just 15–19. The Griffins were well positioned for a potential upset but they would have to continue to play the Gophers tough over the final 20 minutes. Unfortunately, freshman Stefano Bottini got a bit too reckless and, when he went to hit Jackson LaCombe in the corner, left his feet and hit the Gopher defenseman in the head. Bottini received a match penalty and handed the Gophers a 5-minute power play. It took less than a minute for Minnesota to make Canisius pay and they ended up scoring twice on the man-advantage. With the game now getting away from them, Canisius had to abandon any real defensive system they had and try to score three goals in the final 15 minutes. However, all that did was allowed the highly-talented Gophers to pour on an avalanche of goals and bury the Griffins. Minnesota scored a further 4 goals, ending the game with 8 unanswered markers to walk away with a win.
Departures
Recruiting
Roster
As of 1 August 2022.
Standings
Schedule and results
|-
!colspan=12 style=";" | Regular Season
|-
!colspan=12 style=";" |
|-
!colspan=12 style=";" |
Scoring statistics
Goaltending statistics
Rankings
Note: USCHO did not release a poll in weeks 1, 13, or 26.
Awards and honors
References
Canisius Golden Griffins men's ice hockey seasons
Canisius
Canisius
Canisius
Canisius |
Bor-Kosobulat () is a rural locality (a selo) in Shadrukhinsky Selsoviet, Uglovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 87 as of 2013. It was founded in 1884. There are 2 streets.
Geography
Bor-Kosobulat is located 31 km northwest of Uglovskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pavlovka is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Uglovsky District, Altai Krai |
Annie Sinclair Cunningham (October 29, 1832 – February 17, 1897) was a Scottish-born American religious worker. Mrs. Cunningham was one of the founders of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church. She was president of the Washington Presbytery Mission Society for a number of years, one of the secretaries of the Chautauqua Missionary institute, and served as a leader in local works of charity. While in Scotland, she was chosen president of the Missionary Association of the World.
Early years and education
Annie Campbell Fraser Sinclair was born in the West Highlands, Scotland, October 29 (or October 27), 1832. Her father, Rev. John C. Sinclair, a Presbyterian clergyman, used to preach in a church in Charlotte, N.C. Her mother's maiden name was Mary Julia MacLean, she being a descendant of the Duart and Lochbuy houses. The parents were married in 1822. There were nine children, of whom Cunningham was the fifth. Only five of the number lived to mature age. While the children were young, the parents emigrated to Nova Scotia, and removed a few years later to Prince Edward Island, where ten years were spent by her father in home missionary work.
To secure a more liberal education for their children, the family went to Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1852, where Cunningham was admitted to the girls' high School. Young as she was when the family left Scotland, Cunningham could read and speak two languages, Gaelic and English, though she had never been to school, except the home school in the manse. At the age of eleven, she made a public profession of her faith and became a member of the church of which her father was the pastor. When her two brothers, James and Alexander Sinclair, were ready to study theology, choice was made of the Western Theological Seminary, in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, and the family removed to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1854.
Career
In 1858, at Bridgewater, Pennsylvania, she married Dr. Rev. David Avers Cunningham, who was at the time pastor of the Presbyterian Church, of Bridgewater. There, their only child was born and buried. In 1864, Dr. Cunningham was called to Philadelphia, where he was for twelve years a pastor. During those twelve years, there came a period of great activity among the women of the various denominations. When the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church was organized in 1870, she was one of its founders, and remained an officer for some years. The Woman's Christian Association of Philadelphia came into existence about the same time. Cunningham was the first chairman of its nominating committee, and was thus intimately associated with Christian women of every name in the city. She was for a time an officer in the organization of the women of Philadelphia for the Centennial Exposition of 1876.
From early womanhood to later years, she was a successful Bible-class teacher. In 1876, Dr. Cunningham accepted a call to the First Presbyterian Church of Wheeling, West Virginia. New work was found there with capable women ready to be organized for Christian labor, and for fifteen years, she was the president of a missionary society which included all the women and children of the thirty-nine churches in the Presbytery of Washington. For nearly ten years, she was one of the secretaries of the Chautauqua Missionary Institute, in which women of all denominations meet annually. She was an enthusiastic admirer of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, and completed the course of reading in 1888.
Later years and death
She had been suffering for several years from internal trouble. Since she returned from Edinburgh, Scotland, where she was one of the United States delegates to the Evangelical Alliance, her condition continued to grow more serious, and within the last few weeks of her life, a surgical operation was considered necessary. She did not survive the operation, and died February 17, 1897. In 2004, she was inducted into the Wheeling Hall of Fame for her work in religion and education.
References
Attribution
External links
1832 births
1897 deaths
Presbyterian religious workers
19th-century Scottish women
19th-century Scottish clergy
19th-century Scottish people
Scottish Presbyterians
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century
Scottish Christian religious leaders |
Oncidium flexuosum is a species of orchid found from eastern and southern Brazil to north-central Argentina.
References
External links
flexuosum
Orchids of Argentina
Orchids of Brazil |
is a passenger railway station in the city of Sakuragawa, Ibaraki, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).
Lines
Iwase Station is served by the Mito Line, and is located 29.6 km from the official starting point of the line at Oyama Station.
Station layout
The station consists of one side platform and one island platform, connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station is staffed
Platforms
History
Iwase Station was opened on 16 January 1889. From 1918 to 1987 it was also a terminal station for the now defunct Tsukuba Railway Tsukuba Line. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 918 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).
Surrounding area
former Iwase Town Hall
Iwase Post Office
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
JR East Station Information
Railway stations in Ibaraki Prefecture
Mito Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1889
Sakuragawa, Ibaraki |
A raft guide is a trained professional capable of leading commercial while water rafting trips. Most raft guides are employed by commercial outfitters who run either multi or single day trips.
Training
Typically first year raft guides are required to undergo a training program often run by the company or a professional guide training school before beginning to guide commercial trips. This training utilizes classroom and on-river experience to train students in rigging and maneuvering vessels; river flow and hazards; scouting and running rapids; and river rescue and emergency procedures. Trainees are generally required to have a minimum of Basic First Aid and CPR certifications. Professional river guides often have additional advanced certifications such as International Rafting Federation-GTE, Wilderness First Aid, Wilderness First Responder, Swift Water Rescue, White Water Rescue or Emergency Medical Technician. River rafting is an adventure sport in which expeditions are taken down rivers. Raft guides are also usually required to obtain a food handlers license, as preparing food is a large component of being a guide.
Training may include such skills as:
Teamwork and leadership skills
Safety on the river - hand signals
Boating gear and equipment
Commercial river operations
Customer service - safety talks and guide "chatter"
Whitewater paddling techniques
River etiquette guidelines
Problems, emergencies, advanced river rescues
Knots and riggings
Natural and the local history of the river
Meal Preparation
Description
A typical raft guide is usually in his or her twenties, but can range in age from late teens to late sixties. The majority of raft guides are seasonal employees and work during the spring and summer months when rivers are flowing at their best levels. However during the seasonal winter months, some raft guides will continue to work by traveling to countries with warmer climates where commercial rafting exists.
A raft guide's primary job is to navigate an inflatable raft with passengers (crew) down a river in a safe and enjoyable manner. This requires that they continually assess and manage risks during the trip. A skilled raft guide is able to recognize river features and understand their effects on a raft, and what is required to navigate among or around these features with passengers. On rapids where the potential risk of injury is high, it is the guides responsibility to keep the raft from overturning (flipping) or passengers from falling overboard.
An important part of the job is delivering the "Safety Talk". Before a trip, raft guides brief customers on potential hazards they may face on the water. Every raft guide has their own delivery style. Some safety talks include a lot of corny jokes (summer teeth) and others explain the dangers of the river in detail (foot entrapment). Most rookie guides will listen to veteran guides' talks and take bits and pieces of each to create their own. A good safety talk should cover equipment (PFD, paddle, helmet), how to self-rescue in event of a swim, how to pull people back into the boat, and learning hand signals. Guides will also go over what to do in the event of a flip, wrap, or strainer. These three main hazards are very important to know in order to stay safe. Safety talks can also include discussions such as "Leave No Trace", and plants and animals to watch out for.
Types of guiding
Oar Guiding is where the guide maneuvers the raft with oars from either the stern or middle of the raft. On multi-day trips it is common to have a center oar rig where clients do not paddle, and where gear is stored. Guides oar guiding will use techniques such as 'walking the oars' through flat sections or 'holding a star' when stern rigged through large waves. Oar Guides generally have more control over their raft than paddle guides, but oar rigged rafts are dangerous when flipping and hard to re-right making them less versatile in big water rafting. Oar boats are often rigged to carry all of the gear for a trip. Oars are typically made of wood, but sometimes plastic.
Paddle Guiding is the most common type of high adventure guiding where the guide sits in the stern of the boat with a one bladed guide stick (paddle). Using draws, prys, the guide can influence the direction of the boat, along with using different paddling commands for their crew. Paddle guiding is the most fun form of rafting. Guests usually enjoy paddle guiding the most as they feel like they really have control over what is going on in the boat.
Bow Guiding is where two guides are in the boat, one in the stern and one in the bow. This can be done in a stern rigged boat, or a raft where both guides are paddle guiding. It is usually only done over short stretches of whitewater that require a lot of maneuvering for safe passage. Bow guides use techniques such as 'spearing' through large waves, and bow draws to quickly change the direction of the boat. Unlike stern guides the bow guide will never pry with their paddle, instead they will change the orientation of their hands to maintain a power grip in both directions.
Compensation
Guide compensation can vary a great deal by type and length of the trip. In North America guides are typically paid by the day. They are also known to receive gratuities from their clients and the summation of a trip.
References
External links
Salary.Com Dream Job: White Water Raft Guide
Information and Resources for Raft Guides
New York Times article on Whitewater School
Jobs
Rafting
Guides |
```c++
//
// This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
// LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
#include <caffe2/torch/csrc/jit/backends/xnnpack/serialization/serializer.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/backends/xnnpack/serialization/schema_generated.h>
#include <sstream>
namespace torch {
namespace jit {
namespace xnnpack {
namespace delegate {
using namespace fb_xnnpack;
void XNNSerializer::serializeAddNode(
uint32_t input1_id,
uint32_t input2_id,
uint32_t output_id,
uint32_t flags) {
const auto addNode =
CreateXNNAdd(_builder, input1_id, input2_id, output_id, flags);
const auto flatbufferNode =
CreateXNode(_builder, XNodeUnion::XNNAdd, addNode.Union());
_nodes.push_back(flatbufferNode);
}
size_t XNNSerializer::serializeData(const uint8_t* data_ptr, size_t num_bytes) {
size_t constant_buffer_idx = 0;
// Handling the tensor _values with data
if (data_ptr != nullptr) {
// steps:
// 1. creating flatbuffer byte-vector for tensor data
auto storage = _builder.CreateVector(data_ptr, num_bytes);
// 2. put it in the common buffer
constant_buffer_idx = _constantBuffer.size();
_constantBuffer.emplace_back(CreateBuffer(_builder, storage));
// 3. record size into bufferSizes
_bufferSizes.push_back(num_bytes);
assert(_bufferSizes.size() == _constantBuffer.size());
}
return constant_buffer_idx;
}
void XNNSerializer::serializeTensorValue(
uint32_t xnn_datatype,
size_t num_dims,
std::vector<size_t> dims,
size_t data_buffer_idx,
uint32_t external_id,
uint32_t flags,
uint32_t id_out) {
std::vector<uint32_t> serialized_dims;
serialized_dims.reserve(dims.size());
for (auto dim : dims) {
serialized_dims.push_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(dim));
}
const auto tensorValue = CreateXNNTensorValueDirect(
_builder,
XNNDatatype(xnn_datatype),
num_dims,
&serialized_dims,
data_buffer_idx,
external_id,
flags,
id_out);
const auto flatbufferValue =
CreateXValue(_builder, XValueUnion::XNNTensorValue, tensorValue.Union());
_values.push_back(flatbufferValue);
}
std::string XNNSerializer::finishAndSerialize(
std::vector<uint32_t> input_ids,
std::vector<uint32_t> output_ids,
size_t num_extern_ids) {
auto xnnGraph = CreateXNNGraphDirect(
_builder,
_version_sha1,
&_nodes,
&_values,
num_extern_ids,
&input_ids,
&output_ids,
&_constantBuffer,
&_bufferSizes);
_builder.Finish(xnnGraph);
std::stringstream ss;
ss.write(
reinterpret_cast<char*>(_builder.GetBufferPointer()), _builder.GetSize());
return ss.str();
}
} // namespace delegate
} // namespace xnnpack
} // namespace jit
} // namespace torch
``` |
Asuroides atricraspeda is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1914. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Kenya and Sierra Leone.
References
Moths described in 1914
Nudariina
Moths of Africa
Insects of West Africa |
Gartland is a village in the municipality of Grong in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located on the northwestern side of the river Namsen about north of the municipal center, Medjå. The village sits along the main European route E6 and the Nordland Line. Directly across the river are the farm areas of Elstad and Rosset. The main sources of income for residents of Gartland is agriculture, forestry, and salmon fishing during the summer. Gartland is a scarcely populated area of about fifteen farms. There is one store in the area which sells building materials.
In earlier days, the village of Gartland had a general store, post office, school, and Gløshaug Church (the old church for the southern part of the parish of Harran). Now, only the church which is situated on a hill above Gartland, is still in use. The river Namsen is known for excellent salmon fishing. In the 1800s and 1900s, several Englishmen (some of those were noblemen) owned houses along the river at Gartland, where they lived during their stay in Grong. One was Thomas Merthyr Guest, a man of considerable wealth. He bought two Gartland farms and in 1873 the old Gløshaug Church. Grong municipality wanted to tear down the old church and build a new church for Harran, but instead Mr. Guest restored it. The new Harran Church was put up at Fiskum in the village of Harran. Mr. Guest's widow sold the church in 1908 to a local farmer who in turn in 1910 gave the church to the municipality.
Name
The meaning of the name Gartland (or historically "Galtland") is uncertain. Some think it is derived from the old name for the local river "Galta" or "Garta" (now called Gartlandselva), which flows down into the main river Namsen. Others consider that "Galta" is a form of the male name Galti. In that case, "land" means a large area of land, so Gartland may mean "Galtes land".
References
Villages in Trøndelag
Grong |
The TACAM R-1 (Tun Anticar pe Afet Mobil R-1 – "Anti-tank gun on R-1 mobile gun carriage") was a small tank destroyer for use by Romania during World War II. It was designed on 22 November 1943 at the request of the Romanian General Staff. Fourteen R-1 vehicles were to be rearmed with 45 mm 20-K guns. Although this vehicle was designed to be used only for security duties, the project was cancelled because it was eventually regarded as a waste of badly needed industrial capacity, the 45 mm gun having been obsolete against most Soviet tanks by then.
See also
R-1 tank
other TACAM tank destroyers
Notes
References
Mark Axworthy, Cornel Scafeș, Cristian Crăciunoiu,Third Axis. Fourth Ally. Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941-1945, Arms and Armour, London, 1995.
Tank destroyers of Romania
World War II tank destroyers
World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Romania |
648 Pippa is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. Photometric measurements made from the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory during 2012 gave a light curve with a period of 9.263 ± 0.001 hours and a variation in brightness of 0.31 ± 0.03 in magnitude. This is inconsistent with a period estimate of 5.2 ± 0.3 made in 2004. It was named after Pippa, the title character in Gerhardt Hauptmann's novel Und Pippa tanzt.
References
External links
000648
Discoveries by August Kopff
Named minor planets
000648
19070911 |
Hans-Georg Jaunich (born 18 October 1951 in Schwaan) is a former East German handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
He was a member of the East German handball team which won the gold medal. He played three matches and scored one goal.
References
External links
profile
1951 births
Living people
German male handball players
Handball players at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic handball players for East Germany
Olympic gold medalists for East Germany
Olympic medalists in handball
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit
People from Rostock (district)
Sportspeople from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
People from Bezirk Rostock
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
East German male handball players |
Electric grid security in the US refer to the activities that utilities, regulators, and other stakeholders play in securing the national electricity grid. The American electrical grid is going through one of the largest changes in its history, which is the move to smart grid technology. The smart grid allows energy customers and energy providers to more efficiently manage and generate electricity. Similar to other new technologies, the smart grid also introduces new concerns about security.
Utility owners and operators (whether investor-owned, municipal, or cooperative) typically are responsible for implementing system improvements with regards to cybersecurity. Executives in the utilities industry are beginning to recognize the business impact of cybersecurity.
The electric utility industry in the U.S. leads a number of initiatives to help protect the national electric grid from threats. The industry partners with the federal government, particularly the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation, and federal intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
Electric grids can be targets of military or terrorist activity. When American military leaders created their first air war plan against the Axis in 1941, Germany's electric grid was at the top of the target list.
Issue overview
The North American electrical power grid is a highly connected system. The ongoing modernization of the grid is generally referred to as the "smart grid". Reliability and efficiency are two key drivers of the development of the smart grid. Another example is the ability for the electrical system to incorporate renewable energy sources such as wind power and geothermal power. One of the key issues for electric grid security is that these ongoing improvements and modernizations have created more risk to the system. As an example, one risk specifically comes from the integration of digital communications and computer infrastructure with the existing physical infrastructure of the power grid.
According to the academic journal IEEE Security & Privacy Magazine, "The smart grid . . . uses intelligent transmission and distribution networks to deliver electricity. This approach aims to improve the electric system's reliability, security, and efficiency through two-way communication of consumption data and dynamic optimization of electric-system operations, maintenance, and planning."
Government oversight
In the U.S., the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is in charge of the cybersecurity standards for the bulk power system. The system includes systems necessary for operating the interconnected grid.
Investor-owned utilities operate under a different authority, state public utility commissions. This falls outside of FERC's jurisdiction.
Cybersecurity
In 2016, members of the Russian hacker organization "Grizzly Steppe" infiltrated the computer system of a Vermont utility company, Burlington Electric, exposing the vulnerability of the nation's electric grid to attacks. The hackers did not disrupt the state's electric grid, however. Burlington Electric discovered malware code in a computer system that was not connected to the grid.
As of 2018, two evolutions are taking place in the power economic sector. These evolutions could make it harder for utilities to defend from a cyber threat. First, hackers have become more sophisticated in their attempts to disrupt electric grids. "Attacks are more targeted, including spear phishing efforts aimed at individuals, and are shifting from corporate networks to include industrial control systems." Second, the grid is becoming more and more distributed and connected. The growing "Internet of Things" world could make it so that every device could be a potential vulnerability.
Terrorist attack risk
As of 2006, over 200,000 miles of transmission lines that are 230 kV or higher existed in the United States. The main problem is that it is impossible to secure the whole system from terrorist attacks. The scenario of such a terrorist attack, however, would be minimal because it would only disrupt a small portion of the overall grid. For example, an attack that destroys a regional transmission tower would only have a temporary impact. The modern-day electric grid system is capable of restoring equipment that is damaged by natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, ice storms, and earthquakes in a generally short period of time. This is due to the resiliency of the national grid to such events. "It would be difficult for even a well-organized large group of terrorists to cause the physical damage of a small- to moderate-scale tornado."
Potential solutions
Today the utility industry is advancing cybersecurity with a series of initiatives. They are partnering with federal agencies. The goal is to improve sector-wide resilience to both physical and cyber threats. The industry is also working with National Institute of Standards and Technology, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation, and federal intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
In 2017, electric companies spent $57.2 billion on grid security.
In September 2018, Brien Sheahan, chairman and CEO of the Illinois Commerce Commission and a member of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Nuclear Energy Advisory Committee, and Robert Powelson, a former Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) commissioner, wrote in a published piece in Utility Dive that cyberthreats to the national power system require stronger national standards and more collaboration between levels of government. Recent to their article, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security confirmed that Russian hackers targeted the control room's of American public utilities. The electric distribution system has become more and more networked together and interconnected. Critical public services depend on the system: water delivery, financial institutions, hospitals, and public safety. To prevent disruption to the network, Sheahan and Powelson recommended national standards and collaboration between federal and state energy regulators.
Some utility companies have cybersecurity-specific practices or teams. Baltimore Gas and Electric conducts regular drills with its employees. It also shares cyber-threat related information with industry and government partners. Duke Energy put together a corporate incident response team that is devoted to cybersecurity 24 hours a day. The unit works closely with government emergency management and law enforcement.
Some states have cybersecurity procedures and practices:
New Jersey: Utilities are required to put together comprehensive cybersecurity plans.
Pennsylvania: Utilities must keep physical and cybersecurity, emergency response and business continuity plans. They also have to report severe cyberattacks.
Texas: The state's public utility commission conducts annual security audits.
In December 2018, U.S. Senators Cory Gardner and Michael Bennet introduced legislation intended to improve grid security nation-wide. The bills would create a $90 million fund that would be distributed to states to develop energy security plans. The legislation would also require the U.S. Energy Department to identify any vulnerabilities to cyberattacks in the nation's electrical power grid.
In March 2019, Donald Trump issued an executive order that directed federal agencies to prepare for attacks involving an electromagnetic pulse. In May 2020, he issued an executive order that bans the use of grid equipment manufactured by a foreign adversary.
Electricity Subsector Coordinating Council
The Electricity Subsector Coordinating Council (ESCC) is the main liaison organization between the federal government and the electric power industry. Its mission is to coordinate efforts to prepare for, and respond to, national-level disasters or threats to critical infrastructure. The ESCC is composed of electric company CEOs and trade association leaders from all segments of the industry. Its federal government counterparts include senior administration officials from the White House, relevant cabinet agencies, federal law enforcement, and national security organizations.
See also
Smart grids by country
References
Further reading
Campbell, Richard J. "Electric Grid Cybersecurity." Congressional Research Service. 2018-09-04.
Katz, Jeff. "10 Grid Security Considerations for Utilities." SecurityIntelligence. 2016-11-10.
"Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity." National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2014-02-12.
Gheorghiu, Iulia. "What are utilities doing about the growing need for grid security?" UtilityDIVE. 2018-05-22.
"Growing cyber threats demand comprehensive grid security." IBM.
Public utilities
Computer security
Electric power |
The Cross Straits, Hong Kong & Macau Football Competition for the Youth () is an annual football competition co-organised by the Chinese Football Association, the Hong Kong Football Association, the Macau Football Association and the Chinese Taipei Football Association. It was first organized in 2011 in Wuhan, Hubei. Each year the four football associations will compete with each other in a chosen host city. The tournament is organised for under-16 group.
Past Results
References
Youth association football competitions for international teams
Annual sporting events in China
Youth football in China |
The Robeline Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church on Texas Street (Louisiana Highway 6) in Robeline, Louisiana.
It was built in 1883 in Gothic Revival style and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
It was deemed locally significant as the only example of a Gothic Revival church in Natchitoches Parish.
References
Methodist churches in Louisiana
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
Carpenter Gothic church buildings in Louisiana
Churches completed in 1883
Churches in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana |
Freeway Insurance Services America, LLC, or Freeway Insurance, is an American insurance agency with over 500 retail locations in the United States. The company sells primarily non-standard auto insurance, which is required for new and higher risk drivers. The company's headquarters is in Huntington Beach, California.
History
Freeway Insurance was founded in 1987 by Kelly Turton in Orange County, California. Initially, the company’s focus was private passenger automobile insurance, which was then acquired by Westline Corp., which was then acquired by Confie, one of the largest privately held insurance brokers in the United States and a portfolio company of private equity firm ABRY Partners, in 2008. Freeway Insurance has expanded through acquisitions made by Confie, including Colyer Insurance, DeFranco Insurance, CW Baker Insurance, and Lewiston Insurance.
In 2021, Freeway Insurance became a sponsor for Trackhouse Racing Team’s No. 99 Chevrolet Camaro, driven by Daniel Suarez in the NASCAR Cup Series. Freeway Insurance has also partnered with the California DMV to register and document vehicles.
In April 2021, Alliant insurance agreed to buy Confie, which includes Freeway Insurance.
Operations
Freeway predominantly sells within the non-standard auto insurance market. As of 2020, it sells home owners and renter’s insurance, health insurance, and motorcycle insurance. Freeway Insurance also provides insurance to high-risk drivers with poor driving records. There are 503 Freeway Insurance locations in the United States, with retail offices in 22 states.
Since 2008, Freeway Insurance has operated in English and Spanish, and nearly 50% of its customers identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino. Freeway reports that nearly 70 percent of their insurance agents are multilingual. Freeway predominantly sells within the non-standard auto insurance market.
In 2021, Freeway Insurance announced they would begin offering franchise opportunities to further develop their retail locations in the United States.
Sponsorships
In 2021, Freeway Insurance began a motorsports sponsorship with a partnership with Trackhouse Racing and NASCAR driver Daniel Suárez. In February 2022, Freeway Insurance announced it would be the primary sponsor of Daniel Suárez for five events during the 2022 NASCAR Cup Series.
Freeway Insurance has also been an official partner of the LA Galaxy Major League Soccer team since 2021.
References
American companies established in 1987
Insurance companies of the United States
Financial services companies based in California
Privately held companies based in California |
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