text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
Manuel González de Candamo e Iriarte (July 14, 1841 – May 7, 1904) served as the 33rd President of Peru from 1903 until his death in 1904. He also served as Interim President of Peru, officially as the President of the Government Junta, from September 8, 1903, until his death the following year.
Early life and family
Born in a wealthy family, Manuel was the son of Pedro González de Candamo e Astorga (Puerto de Valparaiso, Chile, June 30, 1799 - Lima, January 22, 1866), Peruvian Ambassador - then the richest man in Peru -, and wife (1825) María de las Mercedes Iriarte e Odria; paternal grandson of Alfonso González de Candamo y Prieto (born in Asturias the son of Gaspar González de Candamo and wife Eulalia Prieto) and wife Petronila de Astorga y Urizar (born in Valparaiso) and maternal grandson of Pedro Ignacio Iriarte y Velasco-Patiño, Mine owner from Huancayo, who bought the Hacienda Lobatón in 1819 and half of the Hacienda Cónsac, and wife Paula Odria y Granados, daughter of the owners of Hacienda Rumichaca Juan Ignacio Odria and wife Manuela Granados, sister of Marcelo Granados (La Asunción de Mito, 1758 - ?), Governor of La Trinidad de Huancayo.
Manuel Candamo spend his early years in the "Colegio de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe". After graduating from high school, he was accepted in the National University of San Marcos, where he obtained a bachelor's degree on Jurisprudence.
Early political career
Pezet and the Chinchan Islands War
In 1863, Cándamo started to work for "El Comercio", one of the oldest newspapers in the capital. From there, he was a harsh critic of President Juan Antonio Pezet and the "Vivanco-Pareja Treaty", specifically for the way of how the government was handling the diplomatic crisis with Spain. For his actions, he was exiled to Chile, returning only after Mariano Ignacio Prado's successfully launched a coup against Pezet.
After the revolution, he was an active supporter of Prado during the Chincha Islands War. When the Peruvian Congress refused to recognize Prado's government, Cándamo traveled to Chile as part of the Peruvian diplomatic mission. He did not stay on Chile, and left that country for Europe and Asia.
Civilista Party
Manuel Cándamo, together with Manuel Pardo, was among the founding members of the Civilista Party. The party itself achieved public notoriety for being the first organized political party in Peru, and because it was also the first one to be composed primarily of civilians. During this period, Cándamo successfully started once again his political career and several economic businesses.
War of the Pacific and Reconstruction
After the collapse of the Peruvian Southern Armies and the imminent invasion of Lima, Cándamo took part in the defense of the city, fighting in the Battles of San Juan and Miraflores. When the city is occupied by the Chilean Army, Cándamo and several other prominent politicians are deported to Chile due to their opposition to any peace proposal that involved ceding Tarapacá, Tacna and Arica to the Chileans.
Candamo returned to Peru after the Treaty of Ancón was signed and the war over, and is once again deported for his opposition to President Miguel Iglesias and support to Andrés Avelino Cáceres. Once Iglesias is overthrown and Cáceres is in power, Candamo was elected to the Senate, reaching its presidency in 1888, 1890 and 1892.
Later political career
President of the Junta
A member of the Civilista Party, Candamo served as mayor of Lima. After Andrés Avelino Cáceres was forced to resign from the Presidency in 1894, Candamo was selected to head a "Provisional Government Junta" and to call for new elections. Nicolás de Piérola, allied with the Civilista Party, won the election.
President of the Senate
During the administration of Eduardo López de Romaña, he was elected President of the Peruvian Senate (both 1897 and 1901). This was done after the Civilista and Democratic parties reached a compromise and divided their political influence in the government.
For the Election of 1903, Cándamo was regarded as a moderate candidate and the more trusted political figure in the Civilista Party. After being elected president, Cándamo became ill and died in office. He was married to Teresa Alvarez-Calderón.
Following a brief interim government headed by Serapio Calderón, Cándamo was succeeded by his foreign minister José Pardo.
Personal life
Manuel Candamo married Teresa Álvarez-Calderón, and had two daughters. One daughter, Teresa De La Cruz, founded the convent Canonesas de La Cruz, and was given the title of Servant of God in 1981 by the Catholic Church, which means she is being considered for possible sainthood.
He was the brother-in-law of Anglo-Peruvian guano millionaire John Pablo Bryce, and thus a great-great uncle Alexandra Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn, and Natalia Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster, as well as a great uncle of Janet Mercedes Bryce, Marchioness of Milford Haven, wife of David Mountbatten, 3rd Marquess of Milford Haven.
He was the great-uncle of Clotilde de Silva y Gonzáles de Candamo (July 19, 1898 – December 12, 1978), daughter of the 10th Marquis de Arcicóllar, second wife of Hans Heinrich XV von Hochberg, Prince of Pless, and after divorce the wife of Hans Heinrich XV's son Bolko, with two children by each husband.
References
Further reading
Burke's Landed Gentry
Burke's Royal Families of the World, Europe and Latin America
Haciendas y Pueblos de Lima, Historia del Valle del Rimac
1841 births
1904 deaths
Peruvian people of Spanish descent
Presidents of Peru
Civilista Party politicians
Presidents of the Senate of Peru
Mayors of Lima |
Cinquera is a municipality in the Cabañas department of El Salvador.
Local Attractions
Hostal de Cinquera (translation: Hostel of Cinquera)
Memorial de el conflicto armado Park (translation: memorial of the armed conflict park)
las flores Park (translation: the flowers park)
Iglesia Catolica de Cinquera (translation: Catholic Church of Cinquera)
Cinquera Ecological Park
Walk through the peaceful woods of Cinquera Ecological Park, a former base for guerrilla bands during the civil war and now a serene conservation region.
The area around the small town of Cinquera, 18km from Suchitoto in northern El Salvador was afflicted by heavy fighting during the civil war, many of the inhabitants left the area and the guerrillas moved in. Their bases came under attack from the army and they took shelter within the forests landscapes. After the war, the returning population started to clear the woodland for agriculture, much to the chagrin of former rebels who respected the environment for having offered them shelter.
An ecological reserve was established to conserve what remained of the native vegetation. It also maintains various vestiges of the war such as the rebel hospital and kitchen. You can walk around the reserve with a local guide: most guides are former guerrillas and can relate many poignant tales from the wartime period. You’ll also appreciate the beauty and serenity of the countryside at peace.
References
Municipalities of the Cabañas Department |
Dabney may refer to:
Places in the United States
Dabney, Arkansas, an unincorporated community
Dabney, Indiana, an unincorporated community
Dabney, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
Dabney, North Carolina, an unincorporated community
Dabney, Texas, a former mining community
Dabney, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
Dabneys, Virginia, an unincorporated community
Dabney State Recreation Area, Oregon
Other uses
Dabney House, an undergraduate student residence at the California Institute of Technology
Dabney Oil Syndicate
Humperdink Duck, also known as Dabney Duck, is a Disney character, paternal grandfather of Donald Duck
People with the given name
Dabney Carr (Virginia assemblyman) (1743–1773), member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and brother-in-law of Thomas Jefferson
Dabney Cosby (c. 1793–1862), American architect
Dabney Coleman (born 1932), American actor
Dabney dos Santos (born 1996), Dutch footballer
Dabney L. Friedrich (born 1967), American attorney, serving as United States district court judge
Dabney H. Maury (1822–1900), U.S. Army officer and American Civil War Confederate major general
Dabney Montgomery (1923–2016), African-American World War II soldier, member of the Tuskegee Airmen, and bodyguard to Martin Luther King Jr.
People with the surname
Augusta Dabney (1918–2008), American actress
Austin Dabney (c. 1765–1830), freed slave and militiaman in the American Revolutionary War
Charles W. Dabney (1794–1871), US consul in the Azores 1826–1871, industrialist
Charles William Dabney (1855–1945), President of the University of Tennessee
Ford Dabney (1883–1958), American ragtime pianist, composer, and band leader
George Dabney (1808–1868), American educator and anti-slavery activist
John Dabney (1752–1819), postmaster, publisher and bookseller in Salem, Massachusetts
John A. Dabney (1903–1991), American general
John Bass Dabney (1766–1826), industrialist and US consul in the Azores 1806-1826
Robert Lewis Dabney (1820–1898), American minister and theologian
Sharon Dabney (born 1959), American retired sprinter
Stephanie Dabney (1958–2022), American ballerina
Ted Dabney (1937–2018), co-founder of Atari Computers
Virginius Dabney (1901–1995), American teacher, journalist, writer, and editor
Wendell Phillips Dabney (1865–1952), American musician, civil rights activist, author, newspaper editor and publisher
William Dabney (disambiguation) |
```javascript
'use strict';
var validator = require('validator');
/**
* Local Authentication Protocol
*
* The most widely used way for websites to authenticate users is via a username
* and/or email as well as a password. This module provides functions both for
* registering entirely new users, assigning passwords to already registered
* users and validating login requesting.
*
* For more information on local authentication in Passport.js, check out:
* path_to_url
*/
/**
* Assign local Passport to user
*
* This function can be used to assign a local Passport to a user who doens't
* have one already. This would be the case if the user registered using a
* third-party service and therefore never set a password.
*
* @param {Request} request
* @param {Response} response
* @param {Function} next
*/
exports.connect = function connect(request, response, next) {
var user = request.user;
var password = request.param('password');
sails.models.passport
.findOne({
protocol: 'local',
user: user.id
})
.exec(function onExec(error, passport) {
if (error) {
next(error);
} else {
if (!passport) {
sails.models['passport']
.create({
protocol: 'local',
password: password,
user: user.id
})
.exec(function onExec(error) {
next(error, user);
});
} else {
next(null, user);
}
}
})
;
};
/**
* Validate a login request
*
* Looks up a user using the supplied identifier (email or username) and then
* attempts to find a local Passport associated with the user. If a Passport is
* found, its password is checked against the password supplied in the form.
*
* @param {Request} request
* @param {string} identifier
* @param {string} password
* @param {Function} next
*/
exports.login = function login(request, identifier, password, next) {
var isEmail = validator.isEmail(identifier);
var query = {};
if (isEmail) {
query.email = identifier;
} else {
query.username = identifier;
}
sails.models.user
.findOne(query)
.populate('node')
.exec(function onExec(error, user) {
if (error) {
next(error);
} else if (!user) {
next(null, false);
} else {
sails.log("Passport:Policy:local:findUser =>",user)
sails.models.passport
.findOne({
protocol: 'local',
user: user.id
})
.exec(function onExec(error, passport) {
sails.log("Passport:Policy:local:findUserPassport:error =>",error)
sails.log("Passport:Policy:local:findUserPassport =>",passport)
if (passport) {
passport.validatePassword(password, function callback(error, response) {
if (error) {
next(error);
} else if (!response) {
next(null, false);
} else {
next(null, user);
}
});
} else {
next(null, false);
}
})
;
}
})
;
};
``` |
The Missouri Pacific Railroad , commonly abbreviated as MoPac, was one of the first railroads in the United States west of the Mississippi River. MoPac was a Class I railroad growing from dozens of predecessors and mergers. In 1967, the railroad operated 9,041 miles of road and 13,318 miles of track, not including DK&S, NO&LC, T&P, and its subsidiaries C&EI and Missouri-Illinois.
Union Pacific Corporation, the parent company of the Union Pacific Railroad, agreed to buy the Missouri Pacific Railroad on January 8, 1980. Lawsuits filed by competing railroads delayed approval of the merger until September 13, 1982. After the Supreme Court denied a trial to the Southern Pacific, the merger took effect on December 22, 1982. However, due to outstanding bonds of the Missouri Pacific, its full merger into the Union Pacific Railroad did not become official until January 1, 1997.
History
On July 4, 1851, ground was broken at St. Louis on the Pacific Railroad, the predecessor of the Missouri Pacific Railroad. The first section of track was completed in 1852; in 1865, it was the first railroad in Kansas City, after construction was interrupted by the American Civil War. In 1872, the Pacific Railroad was reorganized as the Missouri Pacific Railway by new investors after a railroad debt crisis. Because of corporate ties extending back to the Pacific Railroad, Missouri Pacific at one time advertised itself as being "The First Railroad West of the Mississippi".
Other predecessors included the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway (SLIMS), Texas and Pacific Railway (TP), Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad (C&EI), St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway (SLBM), Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway (KO&G), Midland Valley Railroad (MV), San Antonio, Uvalde and Gulf Railroad (SAU&G), Gulf Coast Lines (GC), International-Great Northern Railroad (IGN), Kansas, Nebraska & Dakota Railroad, New Orleans, Texas and Mexico Railway (NOTM), Missouri-Illinois Railroad (MI), as well as the small Central Branch Railway (an early predecessor of MP in Kansas and south-central Nebraska), and joint ventures such as the Alton and Southern Railroad (AS).
Missouri Pacific was under the control of New York financier Jay Gould from 1879 until his death in 1892. Gould developed a system extending through Colorado, Nebraska, Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana. His son George Gould inherited control upon his father's death, but lost control of the company after it declared bankruptcy in 1915. The line was merged with the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway (SLIMS) and reorganized as the Missouri Pacific Railroad in 1917. Missouri Pacific later acquired or gained a controlling interest in other lines in Texas, including the Gulf Coast Lines, International-Great Northern Railroad, and the Texas and Pacific Railway.
MoPac declared bankruptcy again in 1933, during the Great Depression, and entered into trusteeship. The company was reorganized and the trusteeship ended in 1956.
By the 1980s, the system owned 11,469 miles of rail line over 11 states bounded by Chicago to the east, Pueblo, Colorado, in the west, north to Omaha, south to the U.S.-Mexico border in Laredo, Texas, and southeast along the Gulf seaports of Louisiana and Texas. MoPac operated a fleet of more than 1,500 diesel locomotives, almost all purchased within the previous 10 years. Under the leadership of Downing B. Jenks, who became president and chief executive in 1961, the company became a pioneer in the early days of computer-guided rail technology. It was a major hauler of coal, grain, ore, autos, dry goods and shipping containers. At the time of its mega-merger in 1982, the MoPac owned more and newer locomotives and operated more track than partner Union Pacific Railroad.
On December 22, 1982, the Missouri Pacific was purchased by the Union Pacific Corporation and combined with the Western Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad to form one large railroad system. The new entity was called Pacific Rail Systems; though part of the Union Pacific Corporation, all three railroads maintained their own corporate and commercial identity. On December 1, 1989, the Missouri Kansas Texas and the Galveston, Houston & Henderson were merged into the Missouri Pacific after having been acquired by the Union Pacific Corporation in 1988.
By 1994, all motive power of the Missouri Pacific was repainted and on January 1, 1997, the Missouri Pacific was officially merged into the Union Pacific Railroad by the Union Pacific Corporation. UP continued to use the MoPac headquarters building at 210 N. 13th St. in downtown St. Louis for its customer service center until February 15, 2005. The former MoPac building has undergone rehab as apartments and is now known as Park Pacific.
In this table, "MP" includes New Orleans Texas & Mexico and all its subsidiary railroads (Beaumont Sour Lake & Western, I-GN, StLB&M, etc.) that officially merged into MP in 1956. Ton-miles for C&EI in 1970 presumably don't include the L&N portion.
By that same definition, MP operated 10,431 route-miles at the end of 1929, after A&G, SAS and Sugar Land had come under NOT&M; NO&LC operated 60 and DK&S (not subsidiary until 1931) operated 6. At the end of 1960, MP operated 9,362 route-miles, NO&LC and DK&S were the same, and M-I operated 172 miles.
"T&P" includes its subsidiary roads (A&S, D&PS, T-NM etc.); operated route-miles totaled 2,259 at the end of 1929 (after C≠, PVS and TSL had become subsidiaries) and 2,033 at the end of 1960.
Passenger train service
In the early years of the 20th century, most Missouri Pacific and St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern passenger trains were designated by number only, with little emphasis on premier name trains. This changed in May, 1915, with the inauguration of the Scenic Limited between St. Louis, Kansas City, and San Francisco. Between Pueblo, Colorado and Salt Lake City, the Scenic Limited operated through the Royal Gorge over the tracks of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. From Salt Lake City to San Francisco, the Scenic Limited operated over the Western Pacific Railroad. A second premier train, the Sunshine Special began operating on December 5, 1915, between St. Louis and San Antonio via Little Rock and Austin. Another named train, the Rainbow Special, was placed in service in July 1921 between Kansas City and Little Rock. The Sunshine Special soon eclipsed the other trains in travel volume, becoming the signature train of the Missouri Pacific Railroad. An advertising slogan in 1933 proclaimed: "It's 70-degrees in the Sunshine when it's 100-degrees in the shade," referring to the fact that the Sunshine Special was one of the first air-conditioned trains in the southwest. When new streamlined trains were delivered, the Scenic Limited and Rainbow Special names faded, but the Sunshine Special had sufficient name recognition to co-exist along with the new streamliners into the late 1950s.
In the streamliner era, the Missouri Pacific's premier passenger trains were collectively known as the Eagles. A variety of Eagle trains were operated, with the first such train inaugurated in 1940. These routes included the Missouri River Eagle (St. Louis-Kansas City-Omaha), the Delta Eagle (Memphis, Tennessee-Tallulah, Louisiana), the Colorado Eagle (St. Louis-Pueblo-Denver), the Texas Eagle (St. Louis to Texas), and the Valley Eagle (Houston-Corpus Christi-Brownsville, Texas).
Other notable MoPac trains operated included:
the Houstonian (between New Orleans and Houston);
Missourian (between St. Louis and Kansas City);
Orleanean (between Houston and New Orleans);
Ozarker (between St. Louis and Little Rock);
Pioneer (between Houston and Brownsville);
Southerner (service from Kansas City and St. Louis to New Orleans, via Little Rock);
Southern Scenic (between Kansas City and Memphis);
Sunflower (between St. Louis and Wichita); and
the Texan (between St. Louis and Fort Worth).
Missouri Pacific gained a reputation for aggressively discontinuing passenger trains after the mid-1960s. When the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) assumed passenger train operations on May 1, 1971, the only Missouri Pacific route included as part of Amtrak's basic system was its main line from St. Louis to Kansas City. This route is now served by Amtrak's Missouri River Runner (named for the fact that it runs mostly parallel to the Missouri River). On March 13, 1974, Amtrak restored passenger train service over segments of Missouri Pacific-Texas and Pacific's original Texas Eagle route between St. Louis, Little Rock, Dallas, Austin, San Antonio, and Laredo with the Inter-American. This train was renamed the Texas Eagle in 1981, resurrecting the name of the famous MoPac train. The Amtrak version runs over former MoPac and T&P trackage for much of its route.
Honorary tribute
On July 30, 2005, UP unveiled a brand new EMD SD70ACe locomotive, Union Pacific 1982, with Missouri Pacific paint and logos, as part of a new heritage program.
References
Trainweb/Screaming Eagles. "About Missouri Pacific: A Brief Overview." Accessed 2009-12-18.
Goen, Steve Allen (1997). Texas & Pacific Color Pictorial, Four Ways West Publications, La Mirada, CA.
Stout, Greg (1995). Route of the Eagles, Missouri Pacific in the Streamlined Era, White River Productions, Bucklin, MO.
Further reading
External links
Screaming Eagles
Missouri Pacific Historical Society
Sunshine Special
Union Pacific Diesel Locomotive Paint Schemes
Brief history of the Missouri Pacific
Handbook of Texas: Missouri Pacific System
Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory
Companies based in St. Louis
Predecessors of the Union Pacific Railroad
Former Class I railroads in the United States
Defunct Arkansas railroads
Defunct Colorado railroads
Defunct Illinois railroads
Defunct Kansas railroads
Defunct Louisiana railroads
Defunct Mississippi railroads
Defunct Missouri railroads
Defunct Nebraska railroads
Defunct New Mexico railroads
Defunct Oklahoma railroads
Defunct Tennessee railroads
Defunct Texas railroads
Railroads in the Chicago metropolitan area
Standard gauge railways in the United States
Railway companies established in 1872
Railway companies disestablished in 1997
Former components in the Dow Jones Transportation Average |
Rudolf Prack (2 August 1905 – 2 December 1981) was an Austrian film actor.
Selected filmography
Florentine (1937)
Prinzessin Sissy (1939) - Prince Luitpold
A Mother's Love (1939) - Felix Pirlinger - 1922
Krambambuli (1940) - Thomas Werndl
Ein Leben lang (1940) - Franz Hofbauer
Beloved Augustin (1940) - Podl Schauerhuber, Musikant
Spähtrupp Hallgarten (1941) - Oberjäger Unterkirchner
Die heimlichen Bräute (1942) - Peter Leidinger
The Golden City (1942) - Großknecht Thomas - Annas Verlobte
The Big Number (1943) - Peter Stoll
The Eternal Tone (1943) - Berthold Buchner
Die unheimliche Wandlung des Axel Roscher (1943) - Zollassistent Alex Roscher
Reise in die Vergangenheit (1943) - Michael BrantnerLehrer
Aufruhr der Herzen (1944) - Franz Atzinger
Orient Express (1944) - Franz Schulz
Leuchtende Schatten (1945)
Der weite Weg (1946) - Franz Manhardt
Glaube an mich (1946) - Hans Baumann
Liebe nach Noten (1947) - Frank Ewert
Zyankali (1948) - Polizeikommissar Tanner
The Queen of the Landstrasse (1948) - Michael von Dornberg
Everything Will Be Better in the Morning (1948) - Thomas Schott, Sportberichterstatter
Fregola (1948) - Santos
A Heart Beats for You (1949) - Martin Hellwanger, Bauer
Heimliches Rendezvous (1949) - Dr. Stefan Böhme
(1949) - Willy Lohmeyer, berühmter 6-Tage Rennfahrer
(1950) - Jonny Williams - Sekretär des Maharadschas
The Black Forest Girl (1950) - Hans Hauser - ein Maler
Mädchen mit Beziehungen (1950) - Peter Hauff
The Lady in Black (1951) - Andreas Osterwald
Engel im Abendkleid (1951)
(1951) - Johannes Burghoff, genannt Jean
The Heath Is Green (1951) - Walter Rainer - Förster
The Lady in Black (1951) - Nils Corbett
The Thief of Bagdad (1952) - Achmed
A Thousand Red Roses Bloom (1952) - Hannes Frings
Holiday From Myself (1952) - George B. Stefenson
When the Heath Dreams at Night (1952) - Peter Gelius, Sprengmeister
Shooting Stars (1952) - Werner Nordhaus
Come Back (1953) - Martin Larsen
The Emperor Waltz (1953) - Erzherzog Ludwig
When The Village Music Plays on Sunday Nights (1953) - Martin
The Private Secretary (1953) - Direktor Erich Delbrück
The Big Star Parade (1954) - Dr. Georg Roberts
Ball at the Savoy (1955) - Paul Alexander
Heimatland (1955) - Thomas Heimberg
The Congress Dances (1955) - Czar Alexander I / Uralsky
Crown Prince Rudolph's Last Love (1956) - Kronprinz Rudolf
Dany, bitte schreiben Sie (1956) - Hannes Pratt
Emperor's Ball (1956) - Reichsgraf Georg von Hohenegg
Roter Mohn (1956) - Stefan von Reiffenberg
The Simple Girl (1957) - Thomas Krauss
Heimweh... dort wo die Blumen blüh'n (1957) - Ingenieur Robert Wegner
Der Page vom Palast-Hotel (1958)
Die Landärztin vom Tegernsee (1958) - Dr. Rinner - Tierarzt
The Priest and the Girl (1958) - Walter Hartwig
(1958) - Carlo
What a Woman Dreams of in Springtime (1959) - Johannes Brandt
Aus dem Tagebuch eines Frauenarztes (1959) - Chefarzt Dr. Brückner
Du bist wunderbar (1959) - Kapitän Chris Behrens
Ein Herz braucht Liebe (1960)
The Young Sinner (1960) - Werner Ortmann
Frau Irene Besser (1961)
Vertauschtes Leben (1961) - Alexander Bertram
Mariandl (1961) - Hofrat Franz Geiger
Mariandl's Homecoming (1962) - Hofrat Franz Geiger
Schweik's Awkward Years (1964) - Major Ferdinand Hruschkowitz
Holiday in St. Tropez (1964) - Robert Engelhard
The Merry Wives of Tyrol (1964) - Musikverleger Karl-Heinz Busch
Happy-End am Wörthersee (1964) - Johannes Petermann
Call of the Forest (1965) - Ingenieur Prachner
Heidi (1965) - Pfarrer
Ein dreifach Hoch dem Sanitätsgefreiten Neumann (1969) - Erzherzog Rudolf
Frau Wirtin bläst auch gern Trompete (1970) - Archduke
Holidays in Tyrol (1971) - Dr. Madesperger
(1972) - Prof. Dr. Schott
(1973) - Raimund Anger
The Hunter of Fall (1974) - Prinzregent
Karl May (1974) - Sächsicher Justizminister
Jesus von Ottakring (1976) - Major a.D.
The Standard (1977) - Lakai - Kaiserlicher Diener im Hof
References
External links
1905 births
1981 deaths
Austrian male film actors
Austrian male television actors
Male actors from Vienna
20th-century Austrian male actors |
Southville, Kentucky is an unincorporated community in Shelby County, Kentucky. It is the location of, or nearest community to, several places listed on the National Register of Historic Places:
Carriss's Feed Store, built in 1915, at KY 55 and KY 44, Southville, (Adams, James W.), NRHP-listed
Carriss's Store, KY 714 and KY 53, Southville, (Adams, James W.), NRHP-listed
Dr. William Morris Office and House, KY 53, Southville, (Adams, James W.), NRHP-listed
References
Unincorporated communities in Shelby County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky |
No. 41 Wing of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC), later the Royal Air Force (RAF), was a division which conducted strategic bombing operations against Germany during the First World War.
History
41 Wing was created on 11 October 1917
under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Cyril Newall. It was based at Ochey in France. Its initial composition was:
No. 55 Squadron flying DH.4s
No. 100 Squadron flying F.E.2b's
No. 16 (Naval) Squadron flying O/100s.
The wing was subsequently augmented with:
No. 99 Squadron flying DH4s
No. 104 Squadron flying DH4s
Preparations for bombing missions started immediately and only six days later two flights of de Havilland aircraft conducted the Flying Corps' first long-range bombing mission. The Burbach iron foundry was hit, as were other buildings and railway lines. A week later Handley Page aircraft of the 41st Wing conducted the first night-time long range operation. Bombing continued into November, until the onset of winter weather.
No. 41 Wing was officially elevated to brigade status on 28 December 1917 as the VIII Brigade of the RFC, although the VIII Brigade did not exercise practical command until 1 February 1918. The 41st Wing continued to exist as a subordinate formation of the VIII Brigade and it received a new commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel J E A Baldwin.
Two months later on 1 April 1918, with the amalgamation of the RFC and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS), it became part of the RAF. Following the creation of the RAF's Independent Air Force, it came under the Independent Air Force's command on 6 June 1918. Following the end of the war it was probably transferred back to the Royal Air Force in the Field and was disbanded on 15 February 1919.
See also
List of Wings of the Royal Air Force
References
Military units and formations of the Royal Air Force in World War I
Military units and formations established in 1917
Royal Air Force wings
Royal Flying Corps wings
Bomber wings
1917 establishments in the United Kingdom |
The optical force is a phenomenon whereby beams of light can attract and repel each other. The force acts along an axis which is perpendicular to the light beams. Because of this, parallel beams can be induced to converge or diverge. The optical force works on a microscopic scale, and cannot currently be detected at larger scales. It was discovered by a team of Yale researchers led by electrical engineer Hong Tang.
See also
Optical lift
References
Force
Spacecraft propulsion
Aerospace engineering |
```c++
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
// Original code copyright 2014 Foxit Software Inc. path_to_url
#include "fxjs/xfa/cjx_decimal.h"
#include "xfa/fxfa/parser/cxfa_decimal.h"
CJX_Decimal::CJX_Decimal(CXFA_Decimal* node) : CJX_Content(node) {}
CJX_Decimal::~CJX_Decimal() = default;
bool CJX_Decimal::DynamicTypeIs(TypeTag eType) const {
return eType == static_type__ || ParentType__::DynamicTypeIs(eType);
}
void CJX_Decimal::defaultValue(CFXJSE_Value* pValue,
bool bSetting,
XFA_Attribute eAttribute) {
ScriptSomDefaultValue(pValue, bSetting, eAttribute);
}
void CJX_Decimal::value(CFXJSE_Value* pValue,
bool bSetting,
XFA_Attribute eAttribute) {
ScriptSomDefaultValue(pValue, bSetting, eAttribute);
}
``` |
Cho Jin-ho or Jo Jin-ho may refer to:
Cho Jin-ho (footballer) (1971–2017), South Korean football player
Cho Jin-ho (baseball) (born 1975), South Korean Major League Baseball pitcher
Jinho (Jo Jin-ho, born 1992), singer in the South Korean pop group Pentagon
Jo Jin-ho (footballer) (born 2003), South Korean football player |
```java
package com.favorites.repository;
import com.favorites.domain.UrlLibrary;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.Modifying;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.Query;
import org.springframework.data.repository.query.Param;
import javax.transaction.Transactional;
import java.util.List;
public interface UrlLibraryRepository extends JpaRepository<UrlLibrary, Long> {
List<UrlLibrary> findByCountLessThanAndLogoUrl(int count,String str);
@Transactional
@Modifying
@Query("update UrlLibrary u set u.count=u.count+1 where u.id =:id ")
int increaseCountById(@Param("id") Long id);
@Transactional
@Modifying
@Query("update UrlLibrary u set u.logoUrl = ?2 where u.id = ?1")
int updateLogoUrlById(Long id,String logoUrl);
}
``` |
Roopa (Hindi: रूपा) is a female given name in many languages of India, which means "blessed with beauty". Roopa may refer to:
Notable people named Roopa
D. Roopa, Indian police officer
Roopa (actress) (born 1960), South Indian actress.
Roopa Farooki (born 1974), British writer.
Roopa Ganguly (born 1966), Indian actress, playback singer and politician.
Roopa Iyer (born 1985), Indian film director, actor, dancer, choreographer, model and businesswoman.
Roopa Nagraj (born 1983), Emirati cricketer.
Roopa Pai (date of birth missing), Indian computer engineer, journalist and children's author
Roopa Ram (born 1954), Indian politician, member of Bharatiya Janata Party.
Roopa Rao (born 1981), Indian director.
Roopa Revathi (born 1984), Indian playback singer and violinist.
Roopa Sree (born 1970), Indian film and television actress.
Roopa Unnikrishnan (date of birth missing), Indian-born American sports shooter.
See also
Rupa
Hindu given names
Indian feminine given names
Feminine given names |
The grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, sometimes misspelled amblyrhynchus or amblyrhinchos) is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae. One of the most common reef sharks in the Indo-Pacific, it is found as far east as Easter Island and as far west as South Africa. This species is most often seen in shallow water near the drop-offs of coral reefs. It has the typical "reef shark" shape, with a broad, round snout and large eyes. It can be distinguished from similar species by the plain or white-tipped first dorsal fin, the dark tips on the other fins, the broad, black rear margin on the tail fin, and the lack of a ridge between the dorsal fins. Most individuals are less than long.
The grey reef shark is a fast-swimming, agile predator that feeds primarily on free-swimming bony fishes and cephalopods. Its aggressive demeanor enables it to dominate many other shark species on the reef, despite its moderate size. Many grey reef sharks have a home range on a specific area of the reef, to which they continually return. However, they are social rather than territorial. During the day, these sharks often form groups of five to 20 individuals near coral reef drop-offs, splitting up in the evening as the sharks begin to hunt. Adult females also form groups in very shallow water, where the higher water temperature may accelerate their growth or that of their unborn young. Like other members of its family, the grey reef shark is viviparous, meaning the mother nourishes her embryos through a placental connection. Litters of one to six pups are born every other year.
The grey reef shark was the first shark species known to perform a threat display, a stereotypical behavior warning that it is prepared to attack. The display involves a "hunched" posture with characteristically dropped pectoral fins, and an exaggerated, side-to-side swimming motion. Grey reef sharks often do so if they are followed or cornered by divers to indicate they perceive a threat. This species has been responsible for a number of attacks on humans, and should be treated with caution, especially if it begins to display. It has been caught in many fisheries and is susceptible to local population depletion due to its low reproduction rate and limited dispersal. As a result, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed this species as endangered.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker first described the grey reef shark in 1856 as Carcharias (Prionodon) amblyrhynchos, in the scientific journal Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië. Later authors moved this species to the genus Carcharhinus. The type specimen was a -long female from the Java Sea. Other common names used for this shark around the world include black-vee whaler, bronze whaler, Fowler's whaler shark, graceful shark, graceful whaler shark, grey shark, grey whaler shark, longnose blacktail shark, school shark, and shortnose blacktail shark. Some of these names are also applied to other species.
In older literature, the scientific name of this species was often given as C. menisorrah. The blacktail reef shark (C. wheeleri), native to the western Indian Ocean, is now regarded as the same species as the grey reef shark by most authors. It was originally distinguished from the grey reef shark by a white tip on the first dorsal fin, a shorter snout, and one fewer upper tooth row on each side. Based on morphological characters, vertebral counts, and tooth shapes, Garrick (1982) concluded the grey reef shark is most closely related to the silvertip shark (C. albimarginatus). This interpretation was supported by a 1992 allozyme phylogenetic analysis by Lavery.
Description
The Grey Reef Shark has a streamlined, moderately stout body with a long, blunt snout and large, round eyes. The upper and lower jaws each have 13 or 14 teeth (usually 14 in the upper and 13 in the lower). The upper teeth are triangular with slanted cusps, while the bottom teeth have narrower, erect cusps. The tooth serrations are larger in the upper jaw than in the lower. The first dorsal fin is medium-sized, and no ridge runs between the second dorsal fin and it. The pectoral fins are narrow and falcate (sickle-shaped).
The coloration is grey above, sometimes with a bronze sheen, and white below. The entire rear margin of the caudal fin has a distinctive, broad, black band. Dusky to black tips are on the pectoral, pelvic, second dorsal, and anal fins. Individuals from the western Indian Ocean have a narrow, white margin at the tip of the first dorsal fin; this trait is usually absent from Pacific populations. Grey Reef Sharks that spend time in shallow water eventually darken in color, due to tanning. Most Grey Reef Sharks are less than long. The maximum reported length is and the maximum reported weight is .
Distribution and habitat
The grey reef shark is native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In the Indian Ocean, it occurs from South Africa to India, including Madagascar and nearby islands, the Red Sea, and the Maldives. In the Pacific Ocean, it is found from southern China to northern Australia and New Zealand, including the Gulf of Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia. This species has also been reported from numerous Pacific islands, including American Samoa, the Chagos Archipelago, Easter Island, Christmas Island, the Cook Islands, the Marquesas Islands, the Tuamotu Archipelago, Guam, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, the Marianas Islands, Palau, the Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, the Hawaiian Islands, and Vanuatu.
Generally a coastal, shallow-water species, grey reef sharks are mostly found in depths less than . However, they have been known to dive to . They are found over continental and insular shelves, preferring the leeward (away from the direction of the current) sides of coral reefs with clear water and rugged topography. They are frequently found near the drop-offs at the outer edges of the reef, particularly near reef channels with strong currents, and less commonly within lagoons. On occasion, this shark may venture several kilometers out into the open ocean.
Biology and ecology
Along with the blacktip reef shark (C. melanopterus) and the whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus), the grey reef shark is one of the three most common sharks inhabiting Indo-Pacific reefs. They actively expel most other shark species from favored habitats, even species larger in size. In areas where this species co-exists with the blacktip reef shark, the latter species occupies the shallow flats, while the former stays in deeper water. Areas with a high abundance of grey reef sharks tend to contain few sandbar sharks (C. plumbeus), and vice versa; this may be due to their similar diets causing competitive exclusion. The consumptive influence of grey reef sharks on reef fish communities is likely to vary depending on whether sharks forage within the reef environment, or on pelagic resources (like they have been observed to do at Palmyra Atoll).
On the infrequent occasions when they swim in oceanic waters, grey reef sharks often associate with marine mammals or large pelagic fishes, such as sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus). One account has around 25 grey reef sharks following a large pod of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), along with 25 silky sharks (C. falciformis) and a single silvertip shark. Rainbow runners (Elagatis bipinnulata) have been observed rubbing against grey reef sharks, using the sharks' rough skin to scrape off parasites.
Grey reef sharks are themselves prey for larger sharks, such as the silvertip shark. At Rangiroa Atoll in French Polynesia, great hammerheads (Sphyrna mokarran) feed opportunistically on grey reef sharks that are exhausted from pursuing mates. Known parasites of this species include the nematode Huffmanela lata and several copepod species that attach to the sharks' skin, and juvenile stages of the isopods Gnathia trimaculata and G. grandilaris that attach to the gill filaments and septa (the dividers between each gill).
Feeding
Grey reef sharks feed mainly on bony fishes, with cephalopods such as squid and octopus being the second-most important food group, and crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters making up the remainder. The larger sharks take a greater proportion of cephalopods. These sharks hunt individually or in groups, and have been known to pin schools of fish against the outer walls of coral reefs for feeding. Hunting groups of up to 700 grey reef sharks have been observed at Fakarava atoll in French Polynesia. They excel at capturing fish swimming in the open, and they complement hunting whitetip reef sharks, which are more adept at capturing fish inside caves and crevices. Their sense of smell is extremely acute, being capable of detecting one part tuna extract in 10 billion parts of sea water. In the presence of a large quantity of food, grey reef sharks may be roused into a feeding frenzy; in one documented frenzy caused by an underwater explosion that killed several snappers, one of the sharks involved was attacked and consumed by the others.
Life history
During mating, the male grey reef shark bites at the female's body or fins to hold onto her for copulation. Like other requiem sharks, it is viviparous; once the developing embryos exhaust their supply of yolk, the yolk sac develops into a placental connection that sustains them to term. Each female has a single functional ovary (on the right side) and two functional uteri. One to four pups (six in Hawaii) are born every other year; the number of young increases with female size. Estimates of the gestation period range from 9 to 14 months. Parturition is thought to take place from July to August in the Southern Hemisphere and from March to July in the Northern Hemisphere. However, females with "full-term embryos" have also been reported in the fall off Enewetak. The newborns measure long. Sexual maturation occurs around seven years of age, when the males are long and females are long. Females on the Great Barrier Reef mature at 11 years of age, later than at other locations, and at a slightly larger size. The lifespan is at least 25 years.
Behavior
Grey reef sharks are active at all times of the day, with activity levels peaking at night. At Rangiroa, groups of around 30 sharks spend the day together in a small part of their collective home range, dispersing at night into shallower water to forage for food. Their home range is about . At Enewetak in the Marshall Islands, grey reef sharks from different parts of the reef exhibit different social and ranging behaviors. Sharks on the outer ocean reefs tend to be nomadic, swimming long distances along the reef, while those around lagoon reefs and underwater pinnacles stay within defined daytime and nighttime home ranges. Where strong tidal currents occur, grey reef sharks move against the water, toward the shore with the ebbing tide and back out to sea with the rising tide. This may allow them to better detect the scent of their prey, or afford them the cover of turbid water in which to hunt.
Little evidence of territoriality is seen in the grey reef shark; individuals tolerate others of their species entering and feeding within their home ranges. Off Hawaii, individuals may stay around the same part of the reef up to three years, while at Rangiroa, they regularly shift their locations up to . Individual grey reef sharks at Enewetak become highly aggressive at specific locations, suggesting they may exhibit dominant behavior over other sharks in their home areas.
Sociality
Social aggregation is well documented in grey reef sharks. In the northwestern Hawaiian Islands, large numbers of pregnant females have been observed slowly swimming in circles in shallow water, occasionally exposing their dorsal fins or backs. These groups last from 11:00 to 15:00, corresponding to peak daylight hours. Similarly, at Sand Island off Johnston Atoll, females form aggregations in shallow water from March to June. The number of sharks per group differs from year to year. Each day, the sharks begin arriving at the aggregation area at 09:00, reaching a peak in numbers during the hottest part of the day in the afternoon, and dispersing by 19:00. Individual sharks return to the aggregation site every one to six days. These female sharks are speculated to be taking advantage of the warmer water to speed their growth or that of their embryos. The shallow waters may also enable them to avoid unwanted attention by males.
Off Enewetak, grey reef sharks exhibit different social behaviors on different parts of the reef. Sharks tend to be solitary on shallower reefs and pinnacles. Near reef drop-offs, loose aggregations of five to 20 sharks form in the morning and grow in number throughout the day before dispersing at night. In level areas, sharks form polarized schools (all swimming in the same direction) of around 30 individuals near the sea bottom, arranging themselves parallel to each other or slowly swimming in circles. Most individuals within polarized schools are females, and the formation of these schools has been theorized to relate to mating or pupping.
Threat display
The "hunch" threat display of the grey reef shark is the most pronounced and well-known agonistic display (a display directed toward competitors or threats) of any shark. Investigations of this behavior have been focused on the reaction of sharks to approaching divers, some of which have culminated in attacks. The display consists of the shark raising its snout, dropping its pectoral fins, arching its back, and curving its body laterally. While holding this posture, the shark swims with a stiff, exaggerated side-to-side motion, sometimes combined with rolls or figure-8 loops. The intensity of the display increases if the shark is more closely approached or if obstacles are blocking its escape routes, such as landmarks or other sharks. If the diver persists, the shark may either retreat or launch a rapid, open-mouthed attack, slashing with its upper teeth.
Most observed displays by grey reef sharks have been in response to a diver (or submersible) approaching and following it from a few meters behind and above. They also perform the display toward moray eels, and in one instance toward a much larger great hammerhead (which subsequently withdrew). However, they have never been seen performing threat displays toward each other. This suggests the display is primarily a response to potential threats (i.e. predators) rather than competitors. As grey reef sharks are not territorial, they are thought to be defending a critical volume of "personal space" around themselves. Compared to sharks from French Polynesia or Micronesia, grey reef sharks from the Indian Ocean and western Pacific are not as aggressive and less given to displaying.
Human interactions
Grey reef sharks are often curious about divers when they first enter the water and may approach quite closely, though they lose interest on repeat dives. They can become dangerous in the presence of food, and tend to be more aggressive if encountered in open water rather than on the reef. There have been several known attacks on spearfishers, possibly by mistake, when the shark struck at the speared fish close to the diver. This species will also attack if pursued or cornered, and divers should immediately retreat (slowly and always facing the shark) if it begins to perform a threat display. Photographing the display should not be attempted, as the flash from a camera is known to have incited at least one attack. Although of modest size, they are capable of inflicting significant damage: during one study of the threat display, a grey reef shark attacked the researchers' submersible multiple times, leaving tooth marks in the plastic windows and biting off one of the propellers. The shark consistently launched its attacks from a distance of , which it was able to cover in a third of a second. As of 2008, the International Shark Attack File listed seven unprovoked and six provoked attacks (none of them fatal) attributable to this species.
Although still abundant in pristine sites, grey reef sharks are susceptible to localized depletion due to their slow reproductive rate, specific habitat requirements, and tendency to stay within a certain area. The IUCN has assessed the grey reef shark as endangered; this shark is taken by multispecies fisheries in many parts of its range and used for various products such as shark fin soup and fishmeal. Another threat is the continuing degradation of coral reefs from human development. There is evidence of substantial declines in some populations. Anderson et al. (1998) reported, in the Chagos Archipelago, grey reef shark numbers in 1996 had fallen to 14% of 1970s levels. Robbins et al. (2006) found grey reef shark populations in Great Barrier Reef fishing zones had declined by 97% compared to no-entry zones (boats are not allowed). In addition, no-take zones (boats are allowed but fishing is prohibited) had the same levels of depletion as fishing zones, illustrating the severe effect of poaching. Projections suggested the shark population would fall to 0.1% of pre-exploitation levels within 20 years without additional conservation measures. One possible avenue for conservation is ecotourism, as grey reef sharks are suitable for shark-watching ventures, and profitable diving sites now enjoy protection in many countries, such as the Maldives.
References
External links
"Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, Grey reef shark" at FishBase
"Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Grey Reef Shark)" at IUCN Red List
"Biological Profiles: Grey reef shark" at Florida Museum of Natural History
"Coral Reefs: Grey Reef Shark" at ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
"Species description of Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos" at Shark-References.com
grey reef shark
Marine fish of Northern Australia
Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker
grey reef shark |
Dr. Krishna Mohan Pathi (born 6 September, 1939) is an Indian orthopedic surgeon from Odisha, India, who is known for his work in Odisha's tribal areas. He treats the poor for free of cost. He is the founder of Bharadwaj Gurukul Ashram, a charitable organization that helps the poor and needy with medical treatment for the last three decades, as of 2021. On January 26, 2021, the Government of India conferred him India's fourth-highest civilian award the Padma Shri.
He was born on September 6, 1939 (Krishna Janmashtami), in Sukunda village near Berhampur in Ganjam district of the Indian state of Odisha.
He holds an MBBS from S.C.B. Medical College and Hospital. Later, he did his MS from England. As a Commonwealth Medical Fellow, he went to England in 1972 and worked at Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, Liverpool and Birmingham.
Later, Pathi returned to India and worked in Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR), Burla and Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati Medical College and Hospital, Brahmapur. When he was retired, he returned to his home village and started serving the poor for free. For over 30 years, he has been conducting bone marrow tests of the underprivileged. He has established a charitable organization called Bharadwaj Gurukul Ashram.
Recognition
In 2021, he was awarded Padma Shri by the Government of India.
He was featured in the Limca Book of Records in 1990 when he made a patient eat after 20 years. At that time he was a Professor and the Head of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery at MKCG Medical College and Hospital in 1988.
See also
List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)
References
1939 births
Living people
Indian orthopedic surgeons
Medical doctors from Odisha
Padma Shri Award |
Meliniomyces is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hyaloscyphaceae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe, Northern America and Australia.
Species:
Meliniomyces bicolor
Meliniomyces variabilis
Meliniomyces vraolstadiae
References
Hyaloscyphaceae
Helotiales genera |
John Murray Rose (14 December 1939 – 5 August 2021) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party.
Biography
Rose was born in Dunedin in 1939. He received his education at Waitahuna Primary and John McGlashan College. Afterwards, he was a farmer in Waitahuna in the Clutha District, some from Lawrence. He held roles with Federated Farmers, the Presbyterian Church, Lions Clubs International, and the Lawrence Club.
Rose married Christine Mary Fulton, the daughter of Bruce I. Fulton, on 22 October 1966. They had five daughters.
He won the Otago Central electorate in after the retirement of John Hannibal George, but was defeated by Labour's Ian Quigley in . He was one of four National Party incumbents from Otago and Southland who lost their normally blue electorate to the Labour challenger over the proposed raising of the lake levels of lakes Manapouri and Te Anau, which was opposed by the Save Manapouri campaign. Labour's election manifesto was for the lakes to remain at their natural levels.
In the 1994 Queen's Birthday Honours, Rose was awarded the Queen's Service Medal for public services. In 1999, he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He published his autobiography, More Than Meets the Eye, in 2010, with a reviewer commenting that the "political material is particularly interesting". Rose died in Dunedin on 5 August 2021.
Bibliography
References
1939 births
2021 deaths
New Zealand National Party MPs
Politicians from Dunedin
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
Recipients of the Queen's Service Medal
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1972 New Zealand general election
People educated at John McGlashan College
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
People with Parkinson's disease |
Andrejs Rastorgujevs (born 27 May 1988) is a Latvian biathlete. He has participated in three Winter Olympics, and has two individual and one relay Biathlon World Cup podium.
Career
Andrejs Rastorgujevs is a biathlete from Latvia. In the first event of 2009–10 Biathlon World Cup in Östersund he participated in 10 km sprint, where he finished 47th, but later on he was disqualified for finishing in the wrong lane. 2012-13 Biathlon World Cup was the breakthrough season for Rastorgujevs, finishing the season 36th overall. Next year he finished the season 16th overall, while earning four Top 6 finishes.
After finishing fourth four times during his career, during the last race of 2016-17 Biathlon World Cup he finally won his first podium, finishing second at the 15 km mass start in Oslo.
Rastorgujevs took part also at the 2010 Winter Olympics, where he finished 50th at the sprint and 58th at the pursuit.
In 2021, Rastorgujevs was disqualified for 18 months due to doping rules violations.
On 5 March 2023 Rastorgujevs and Baiba Bendika placed third, in the BMW IBU World Cup placed in Nové Město na Moravě, in the Single Mixed Relays and earned a first-ever Relay podium for Latvia.
Career results
Olympics
World Championships
World Cup
*Key:Points—won World Cup points; Position—World Cup season ranking.
European Championships
World Cup record
Finish in the Top 6
Shooting
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
People from Alūksne
Latvian male biathletes
Olympic biathletes for Latvia
Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Latvian Academy of Sport Education alumni
Latvian sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in biathlon |
```java
/**
* <p>
*
* path_to_url
*
* </p>
**/
package com.vip.saturn.job.console.mybatis.service;
import com.vip.saturn.job.console.mybatis.entity.ZkClusterInfo;
import java.util.List;
/**
* @author hebelala
*/
public interface ZkClusterInfoService {
List<ZkClusterInfo> getAllZkClusterInfo();
ZkClusterInfo getByClusterKey(String clusterKey);
int createZkCluster(String clusterKey, String alias, String connectString, String description, String createdBy);
int updateZkCluster(ZkClusterInfo zkClusterInfo);
int deleteZkCluster(String zkClusterKey);
}
``` |
Kamiichikawa Dam is a gravity dam located in Toyama prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control and power production. The catchment area of the dam is 44.7 km2. The dam impounds about 21 ha of land when full and can store 4850 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1959 and completed in 1964.
References
Dams in Toyama Prefecture
1964 establishments in Japan |
```xml
/*
* one or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed
* with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
*/
function shouldFetchMore(errorCode: string) {
const ERROR_CODE_PATTERN =
/task is not assigned|task is not assigned to|task is not active/gi;
return ERROR_CODE_PATTERN.test(errorCode);
}
export {shouldFetchMore};
``` |
Episode 14 may refer to:
"Episode 14" (Primeval)
"Episode 14" (Twin Peaks)
"Episode 14" (Ugly Betty episode) |
```python
from kubernetes import client, config, utils
def main():
config.load_kube_config()
k8s_client = client.ApiClient()
yaml_dir = 'examples/yaml_dir/'
utils.create_from_directory(k8s_client, yaml_dir,verbose=True)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
``` |
George Addy (born 1891) was a footballer who played in the Football League for Barnsley and Norwich City.
References
English men's footballers
Barnsley F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
English Football League players
1891 births
1971 deaths
Men's association football midfielders
People from Coverdale |
Mandura is one of the 20 Districts of Ethiopia, or woredas, in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Metekel Zone, it is bordered by Dangur in the north and northwest, by Pawe special woreda in the northeast, by Amhara Region in the east, by Dibate in the south, and by Bulen in the southwest. Towns in Mandura include Genete Mariam.
Originally Mandura and Dibate were subunits of Guangua woreda, which was part of the Metekel awraja; in the 1960s these two subunits were split off to form separate woredas in order to strengthen government control over the local Gumuz people. Remaining parts of Guangua was transferred to Amhara when that region was organized in the 1992.
Demographics
The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 40,746, of whom 21,241 were men and 19,505 were women; 7,518 or 18.45% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants practiced traditional beliefs, with 47.76% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 39.26% of the population said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 7.59% were Moslem.
Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 30,536, of whom 15,762 are men and 14,774 are women; 2,492 or 8.16% of the population are urban dwellers which is greater than the Zone average of 10.7%. With an estimated area of 1,003.76 square kilometers, Mandura has a population density of 30.4 people per square kilometer which is greater than the Zone average of 8.57.
The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 22,593 in 4,928 households, of whom 11,727 were men and 10,866 were women; 1,448 or 6.41% of its population were urban inhabitants. The four largest ethnic groups reported in Mandura were the Gumuz (87%), the Awi (8.9%) a subgroup of the Agaw, the Amhara (3.9%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.2% of the population. Gumuz is spoken as a first language by 87%, 8.4% speak Awngi, and 4.6% speak Amhara. The majority of the inhabitants practiced traditional religions, with 72.5% of the population reporting beliefs classified under that category, while 24.5% practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity. Concerning education, 5.97% of the population were considered literate, which is less than the Zone average of 18.61%; 7.26% of children aged 7–12 were in primary school; 1.74% of the children aged 13–14 were in junior secondary school; and a negligible number of the inhabitants aged 15–18 were in senior secondary school. Concerning sanitary conditions, 82.6% of the urban houses and 7.7% of all houses had access to safe drinking water at the time of the census, while 38.4% of the urban and 7.6% of all houses had toilet facilities.
Notes
Districts of Benishangul-Gumuz Region |
Josep Miquel Fernández Codina (born 2 February 1995), commonly known as Xemi, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for UCAM Murcia CF as a central or attacking midfielder.
Club career
Early career
Born in Sabadell, Barcelona, Catalonia, Xemi joined UE Cornellà's youth setup in 2012, after starting out at CF Damm and CE Sant Gabriel. He made his senior debut in the 2013–14 season at fourth level.
Xemi made his professional debut on 3 September 2014, coming on in the 71st minute of a 0–0 home draw against Real Jaén for the season's Copa del Rey first round. On 29 October 2014, he appeared for 72 minutes of a 1–4 home loss against Real Madrid in the first leg of the fourth round of the domestic cup.
After appearing more regularly during the following campaign in Segunda División B, on 28 December 2015, Xemi signed with FC Barcelona B, in the same division, until 30 June 2017.
Oxford United
On 18 July 2017, after being a regular starter in the Barcelona B-side's promotion to the second level, free agent Xemi signed a three-year contract with League One side Oxford United. He made his debut against Cheltenham Town in the first round of the 2017–18 EFL Cup, scoring in the 42nd minute, though his team would go on to lose 4–3 after extra time. His league debut was as a substitute in a League One game against AFC Wimbledon on 7 October, in which he scored the third goal in a 3–0 victory. His first League One start came in an away fixture at Southend United on 25 November 2017. On 30 January 2018, Oxford United announced that he had left the club by mutual consent.
Cornellà and Lleida Esportiu
On 31 January 2018, Xemi joined Cornellà until the end of the season. On 9 July signed a two-year contract with Lleida Esportiu.
Club statistics
Personal life
Xemi studies medicine at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. His older brother and sister are both doctors.
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
Footballers from Sabadell
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Catalonia
Men's association football midfielders
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
CF Damm players
UE Cornellà players
FC Barcelona Atlètic players
Lleida Esportiu footballers
UCAM Murcia CF players
English Football League players
Oxford United F.C. players
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in England |
Bergicourt (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography
Bergicourt is situated on the D94 road, some southwest of Amiens.
Population
See also
Communes of the Somme department
References
Communes of Somme (department) |
Carebara diversa, the East Indian harvesting ant, is a species of marauder ant widely distributed throughout Asia.
Description
Carebara diversa is a eusocial insect and individuals have continuous allometric variation in size and morphology to facilitate task allocation and partitioning of work. Minor workers are between 1.3 and 2.5 mm in length, but major workers are much larger. Between the smallest minor and largest major workers there are many intermediate forms. The largest workers can have heads approximately 12 times as large as those of their smallest counterparts. The dry weight of a large major worker can be approximately 550 times as heavy of that of its smallest counterpart. These size-related morphological differences correspond with their division of labor. For example, small, young, minor workers specialize in caring for the larvae but extend their activities as they grow older.
Minor workers have yellowish brown to reddish brown bodies. Their mandibles each have five "teeth" and their antennal scapes are short and do not exceed the posterior margin of the head. Minor workers have rectangular heads with weakly convex posterior margins in full face view
Major workers have reddish brown to blackish brown bodies. Their heads are proportionately larger and almost square with convex posterior margin in frontal view. Mandibles of major workers are large and triangular, with an acute apical "tooth". Their masticatory margins lack distinct "teeth". Their eyes are relatively small and their antennal scapes are half as long as their heads.
Behavior
Carebara diversa forms large colonies which are often found in soil or under rocks. This species preys on small animals such as insects and also collects nectivorous materials. These ants regularly form long columns for foraging and sometimes roof these trails with arcades constructed of soil particles. They use pheromone trails to maintain these lines and if these trails are obstructed it causes chaos and crowding. One study showed that 94% of individuals failed to cross an obstacle in the foraging path and that eventually the column creates a detour around such obstructions. The minors of this species are often observed to be 'hitching a ride' on the large majors so as to save energy while moving along the trail.
Differences between Carebara species and real army ants
Due to their raids, Carebara species are often compared to army ants, but there are some important differences:
Carebara species have permanent nests, while real army ants have only temporary nests (Dorylus) or form a bivouac with their own bodies (Eciton).
Colonies of real army ants have only one queen, so when she dies, the workers may try to join another colony, or the rest of the colony also dies; Carebara colonies can have many (up to 16) queens.
Carebara species perform a nuptial flight; real army-ant queens have no wings (queens and workers of the Dorylus species are even blind) and mate on soil.
In Carebara species, a new colony is established by a young queen; real army ants establish a new colony by splitting a large colony.
Carebara species not only hunt insects, but also eat fruits and grains.
Contradictory reports about aggressivity
Carebara species have been described as very aggressive when hunting or defending their nest, but there are contradictory reports about how they react to other ant species: Generally, Carebara species are said to avoid fights with other ant species (a keeper has reported he almost lost his colony to a Lasius niger invasion and watched Carebara evading smaller Pheidole pieli, but a keeper who intentionally kept C. diversa with a Crematogaster species in the same terrarium reported that Carebara workers had attacked and killed Crematogaster workers. Carebara supermajor castes can tear off human skin and can rip out flesh.
Range
Carebara diversa is widely distributed from India through Southeast Asia to Taiwan and the Philippines. Field records of it occurring in Japan are limited although it has been found on two very southern points: Okinawa Island and on Chicchi-jima Island. Specimens taken at the Camp Zama U.S. Air Force base in Kanagawa Prefecture are believed to have originated from commercial introduction from Southeast Asia.
Subspecies
Carebara diversa draco Santschi, 1920 - China
Carebara diversa ficta Forel, 1911 - China
Carebara diversa laotina Santschi, 1920 - Laos, China
Carebara diversa macgregori Wheeler, W.M., 1929 - Philippines
Carebara diversa philippina Wheeler, W.M., 1929 - Philippines
Carebara diversa standfussi Forel, 1911 - Guinea
Carebara diversa taprobanae Smith, F., 1858 - Sri Lanka
Carebara diversa tenuirugosa Wheeler, W.M., 1929 - Philippines
Carebara diversa williamsi Wheeler, W.M., 1929 - Philippines
Keeping in a formicarium
Regarded as "pseudo-army-ants", Carebara diversa and Carebara affinis are popular pets, but they are said to be very sensitive and difficult to keep; even some experienced antkeepers have lost their colonies just after a few months. One antkeeper who goes by the YouTube name AntsCanada (real name Mikey Bustos), however, has managed to successfully keep a thriving colony of this species, among the other colonies of ants in his collection.
It seems not possible to keep real army ants in a formicarium (ant farm) for a longer time because of their nomadic lifestyle, the continuous growth of the colony, and the immense need of food (some army-ant species are also highly selective when it comes to food). In trials performed by zoos and museums, the army-ant colonies died within weeks or months.
See also
List of ants of India
References
Further reading
External links
Sound recordings of Carebara diversa at BioAcoustica
Myrmicinae
Hymenoptera of Asia
Insects described in 1851 |
The Kuwait PSA Cup 2013 is the men's edition of the 2013 Kuwait PSA Cup, which is a PSA World Series event Platinum (Prize money : 190 000 $). The event took place in Kuwait City in Kuwait from 8 to 14 March. Ramy Ashour won his third Kuwait PSA Cup trophy, beating James Willstrop in the final.
Prize money and ranking points
For 2013, the prize purse was $190,000. The prize money and points breakdown is as follows:
Seeds
Draw and results
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
See also
Kuwait PSA Cup
PSA World Tour 2013
PSA World Series 2013
References
External links
Kuwait PSA Cup 2013 website
Kuwait PSA Cup 2013 Squash Site website
Squash tournaments in Kuwait
Men's Kuwait PSA Cup
Men's Kuwait PSA Cup |
Ixora nigerica is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in west tropical Africa.
References
External links
World Checklist of Rubiaceae
nigerica
Flora of Nigeria
Vulnerable plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxa named by Ronald William John Keay |
```xml
import { stringToUtf8Array } from '@proton/crypto/lib/utils'
import type { DocumentKeys, NodeMeta } from '@proton/drive-store'
import type { ServerMessageWithDocumentUpdates, ServerMessageWithEvents } from '@proton/docs-proto'
import { EventTypeEnum } from '@proton/docs-proto'
import type { LoggerInterface } from '@proton/utils/logs'
import type { GetRealtimeUrlAndToken } from '../../UseCase/CreateRealtimeValetToken'
import type { DecryptMessage } from '../../UseCase/DecryptMessage'
import type { EncryptMessage } from '../../UseCase/EncryptMessage'
import { WebsocketService } from './WebsocketService'
import type { InternalEventBusInterface, WebsocketConnectionInterface } from '@proton/docs-shared'
import { BroadcastSource } from '@proton/docs-shared'
import { Result } from '../../Domain/Result/Result'
import type { EncryptionMetadata } from '../../Types/EncryptionMetadata'
import type { DocumentConnectionRecord } from './DocumentConnectionRecord'
import { WebsocketConnectionEvent } from '../../Realtime/WebsocketEvent/WebsocketConnectionEvent'
import type { UpdateDebouncer } from './Debouncer/UpdateDebouncer'
import { DocumentDebounceMode } from './Debouncer/DocumentDebounceMode'
const mockOnReadyContentPayload = new TextEncoder().encode(
JSON.stringify({ connectionId: '12345678', clientUpgradeRecommended: true, clientUpgradeRequired: true }),
)
describe('WebsocketService', () => {
let service: WebsocketService
let eventBus: InternalEventBusInterface
let encryptMessage: EncryptMessage
let debouncer: UpdateDebouncer
let connection: WebsocketConnectionInterface
let record: DocumentConnectionRecord
let logger: LoggerInterface
const createService = () => {
eventBus = {
publish: jest.fn(),
} as unknown as jest.Mocked<InternalEventBusInterface>
encryptMessage = {
execute: jest.fn().mockReturnValue(Result.ok(stringToUtf8Array('123'))),
} as unknown as jest.Mocked<EncryptMessage>
logger = {
info: jest.fn(),
debug: jest.fn(),
error: jest.fn(),
} as unknown as jest.Mocked<LoggerInterface>
service = new WebsocketService(
{} as jest.Mocked<GetRealtimeUrlAndToken>,
encryptMessage,
{
execute: jest.fn().mockReturnValue(Result.ok(stringToUtf8Array('123'))),
} as unknown as jest.Mocked<DecryptMessage>,
logger,
eventBus,
'0.0.0.0',
)
}
beforeEach(() => {
createService()
connection = {
broadcastMessage: jest.fn(),
markAsReadyToAcceptMessages: jest.fn(),
canBroadcastMessages: jest.fn().mockReturnValue(true),
} as unknown as WebsocketConnectionInterface
debouncer = {
addUpdate: jest.fn(),
getMode: jest.fn(),
markAsReadyToFlush: jest.fn(),
} as unknown as UpdateDebouncer
record = {
connection,
keys: {
userOwnAddress: 'foo',
} as DocumentKeys,
debouncer: debouncer,
document: {} as NodeMeta,
}
service.getConnectionRecord = jest.fn().mockReturnValue(record)
})
afterEach(() => {
jest.resetAllMocks()
service.destroy()
})
describe('sendDocumentUpdateMessage', () => {
it('should add to buffer', async () => {
await service.sendDocumentUpdateMessage({} as NodeMeta, new Uint8Array())
expect(debouncer.addUpdate).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
})
describe('handleDocumentUpdateBufferFlush', () => {
it('should encrypt updates', async () => {
const encryptMock = (service.encryptMessage = jest.fn())
await service.handleDocumentUpdateDebouncerFlush({} as NodeMeta, new Uint8Array())
expect(encryptMock).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should broadcast message', async () => {
await service.handleDocumentUpdateDebouncerFlush({} as NodeMeta, new Uint8Array())
expect(connection.broadcastMessage).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should add message to ack ledger', async () => {
service.ledger.messagePosted = jest.fn()
await service.handleDocumentUpdateDebouncerFlush({} as NodeMeta, new Uint8Array())
expect(service.ledger.messagePosted).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
})
describe('onDocumentConnectionOpened', () => {
it('should retry failed messages', async () => {
service.retryFailedDocumentUpdatesForDoc = jest.fn()
service.onDocumentConnectionReadyToBroadcast(record, mockOnReadyContentPayload)
expect(service.retryFailedDocumentUpdatesForDoc).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
})
describe('onDocumentConnectionReadyToBroadcast', () => {
it('should mark connection as ready to broadcast', async () => {
service.onDocumentConnectionReadyToBroadcast(record, mockOnReadyContentPayload)
expect(connection.markAsReadyToAcceptMessages).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should mark debouncer as ready to flush', () => {
debouncer.markAsReadyToFlush = jest.fn()
service.onDocumentConnectionReadyToBroadcast(record, mockOnReadyContentPayload)
expect(debouncer.markAsReadyToFlush).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should retry failed document updates', () => {
service.retryFailedDocumentUpdatesForDoc = jest.fn()
service.onDocumentConnectionReadyToBroadcast(record, mockOnReadyContentPayload)
expect(service.retryFailedDocumentUpdatesForDoc).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should pass readiness information to eventBus', () => {
service.onDocumentConnectionReadyToBroadcast(record, mockOnReadyContentPayload)
expect(eventBus.publish).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
type: WebsocketConnectionEvent.Connected,
payload: {
document: record.document,
readinessInformation: {
connectionId: '12345678',
clientUpgradeRecommended: true,
clientUpgradeRequired: true,
},
},
})
})
it('should log error and call eventBus if content is not parsable', () => {
service.onDocumentConnectionReadyToBroadcast(record, new TextEncoder().encode('not parsable'))
expect(logger.error).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Unable to parse content from ConnectionReady message')
expect(eventBus.publish).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
type: WebsocketConnectionEvent.Connected,
payload: {
document: record.document,
readinessInformation: undefined,
},
})
})
})
describe('retryAllFailedDocumentUpdates', () => {
it('should get ledger unacknowledged updates', async () => {
service.ledger.getUnacknowledgedUpdates = jest.fn().mockReturnValue([])
service.retryFailedDocumentUpdatesForDoc({ linkId: '123' } as NodeMeta)
expect(service.ledger.getUnacknowledgedUpdates).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
})
describe('handleWindowUnload', () => {
beforeEach(() => {
service.destroy()
createService()
service.createConnection({ linkId: '123' } as NodeMeta, {} as DocumentKeys, { commitId: () => undefined })
debouncer = service.getConnectionRecord('123')!.debouncer
})
it('should not prevent leaving if no unsaved changes', async () => {
const event = { preventDefault: jest.fn() } as unknown as BeforeUnloadEvent
service.handleWindowUnload(event)
expect(event.preventDefault).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should prevent leaving if unsaved changes', async () => {
debouncer.addUpdate(new Uint8Array())
const event = { preventDefault: jest.fn() } as unknown as BeforeUnloadEvent
service.handleWindowUnload(event)
expect(event.preventDefault).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should immediately flush a buffer that has pending changes', async () => {
debouncer.flush = jest.fn()
debouncer.addUpdate(new Uint8Array())
const event = { preventDefault: jest.fn() } as unknown as BeforeUnloadEvent
service.handleWindowUnload(event)
expect(debouncer.flush).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should prevent leaving if unacked changes', async () => {
const event = { preventDefault: jest.fn() } as unknown as BeforeUnloadEvent
service.ledger.hasConcerningMessages = jest.fn().mockReturnValue(true)
service.handleWindowUnload(event)
expect(event.preventDefault).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
})
describe('flushPendingUpdates', () => {
beforeEach(() => {
service.destroy()
createService()
service.createConnection({ linkId: '123' } as NodeMeta, {} as DocumentKeys, { commitId: () => undefined })
debouncer = service.getConnectionRecord('123')!.debouncer
})
it('should immediately flush a buffer that has pending changes', async () => {
debouncer.flush = jest.fn()
debouncer.addUpdate(new Uint8Array())
service.flushPendingUpdates()
expect(debouncer.flush).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
})
describe('sendEventMessage', () => {
it('should encrypt event message', async () => {
const encryptMock = (service.encryptMessage = jest.fn().mockReturnValue(stringToUtf8Array('123')))
await service.sendEventMessage(
{} as NodeMeta,
stringToUtf8Array('123'),
EventTypeEnum.ClientHasSentACommentMessage,
BroadcastSource.AwarenessUpdateHandler,
)
expect(encryptMock).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should ignore sending ClientIsBroadcastingItsPresenceState event if not in realtime mode', async () => {
debouncer.getMode = jest.fn().mockReturnValue(DocumentDebounceMode.SinglePlayer)
await service.sendEventMessage(
{} as NodeMeta,
stringToUtf8Array('123'),
EventTypeEnum.ClientIsBroadcastingItsPresenceState,
BroadcastSource.AwarenessUpdateHandler,
)
expect(connection.broadcastMessage).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should ignore sending ClientHasSentACommentMessage event if not in realtime mode', async () => {
debouncer.getMode = jest.fn().mockReturnValue(DocumentDebounceMode.SinglePlayer)
await service.sendEventMessage(
{} as NodeMeta,
stringToUtf8Array('123'),
EventTypeEnum.ClientHasSentACommentMessage,
BroadcastSource.AwarenessUpdateHandler,
)
expect(connection.broadcastMessage).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should send ClientIsBroadcastingItsPresenceState event if in realtime mode', async () => {
Object.defineProperty(debouncer, 'isBufferEnabled', { value: false })
await service.sendEventMessage(
{} as NodeMeta,
stringToUtf8Array('123'),
EventTypeEnum.ClientIsBroadcastingItsPresenceState,
BroadcastSource.AwarenessUpdateHandler,
)
expect(connection.broadcastMessage).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should not broadcast if connection cannot send messages', async () => {
connection.canBroadcastMessages = jest.fn().mockReturnValue(false)
await service.sendEventMessage(
{} as NodeMeta,
stringToUtf8Array('123'),
EventTypeEnum.ClientIsBroadcastingItsPresenceState,
BroadcastSource.AwarenessUpdateHandler,
)
expect(connection.broadcastMessage).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
})
})
describe('handleIncomingDocumentUpdatesMessage', () => {
it('should put us into realtime mode if message is not ours', async () => {
const switchToRealtimeMode = (service.switchToRealtimeMode = jest.fn())
await service.handleIncomingDocumentUpdatesMessage(record, {
updates: {
documentUpdates: [
{
authorAddress: 'bar',
},
],
},
} as unknown as ServerMessageWithDocumentUpdates)
expect(switchToRealtimeMode).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should not put us into realtime mode if message is ours', async () => {
const switchToRealtimeMode = (service.switchToRealtimeMode = jest.fn())
await service.handleIncomingDocumentUpdatesMessage(record, {
updates: {
documentUpdates: [
{
authorAddress: 'foo',
},
],
},
} as unknown as ServerMessageWithDocumentUpdates)
expect(switchToRealtimeMode).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
})
})
describe('handleIncomingEventsMessage', () => {
it('should switch to realtime mode if event includes ClientIsRequestingOtherClientsToBroadcastTheirState', async () => {
const switchToRealtimeMode = (service.switchToRealtimeMode = jest.fn())
const events = {
events: [{ type: EventTypeEnum.ClientIsRequestingOtherClientsToBroadcastTheirState }],
} as unknown as ServerMessageWithEvents
await service.handleIncomingEventsMessage(record, events)
expect(switchToRealtimeMode).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should switch to realtime mode if event includes ClientIsBroadcastingItsPresenceState', async () => {
const switchToRealtimeMode = (service.switchToRealtimeMode = jest.fn())
const events = {
events: [{ type: EventTypeEnum.ClientIsBroadcastingItsPresenceState }],
} as unknown as ServerMessageWithEvents
await service.handleIncomingEventsMessage(record, events)
expect(switchToRealtimeMode).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should not switch to realtime mode for all other event types', async () => {
const switchToRealtimeMode = (service.switchToRealtimeMode = jest.fn())
const events = {
events: [
{ type: EventTypeEnum.ServerIsRequestingClientToBroadcastItsState },
{ type: EventTypeEnum.ServerHasMoreOrLessGivenTheClientEverythingItHas },
{ type: EventTypeEnum.your_sha256_hashIsStillActive },
{ type: EventTypeEnum.ClientIsDebugRequestingServerToPerformCommit },
{ type: EventTypeEnum.ClientHasSentACommentMessage },
{ type: EventTypeEnum.ServerIsInformingClientThatTheDocumentCommitHasBeenUpdated },
],
} as unknown as ServerMessageWithEvents
await service.handleIncomingEventsMessage(record, events)
expect(switchToRealtimeMode).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
})
it('should markAsReadyToAcceptMessages on ServerIsReadyToAcceptClientMessages', async () => {
const events = {
events: [{ type: EventTypeEnum.ServerIsReadyToAcceptClientMessages }],
} as unknown as ServerMessageWithEvents
await service.handleIncomingEventsMessage(record, events)
expect(connection.markAsReadyToAcceptMessages).toHaveBeenCalled()
})
})
describe('handleLedgerStatusChangeCallback', () => {
it('should post AckStatusChange event', () => {
service.handleLedgerStatusChangeCallback()
expect(eventBus.publish).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
type: WebsocketConnectionEvent.AckStatusChange,
payload: expect.anything(),
})
})
})
describe('encryptMessage', () => {
it('should publish encryption error event if failed to encrypt', async () => {
const document = {} as NodeMeta
encryptMessage.execute = jest.fn().mockReturnValue(Result.fail('error'))
const spy = (eventBus.publish = jest.fn())
try {
await service.encryptMessage(
stringToUtf8Array('123'),
{} as EncryptionMetadata,
document,
{} as DocumentKeys,
BroadcastSource.AwarenessUpdateHandler,
)
} catch (error) {}
expect(spy).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
type: WebsocketConnectionEvent.EncryptionError,
payload: {
document,
error: expect.any(String),
},
})
})
})
})
``` |
The National Public Order Intelligence Unit (NPOIU) was run by the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO), a private company connected to United Kingdom police intelligence, and was set up in 1999 to track green activists and public demonstrations. It has been found that much of the Unit's work was against "activists working on social justice, anti-racist, and environmental campaigns" and legitimate dissent, rather than extremist groups, with more than 1,000 political groups having been subjected to surveillance by covert officers. The work of the group has been accused as having hobbled Climate-related protest in the late 2000s in the United Kingdom and more widely.
There are links between NPOIU, ACPO, National Domestic Extremism Unit (NDEU), National Extremism Tactical Co-ordination Unit (NETCU) and the Welsh Extremism and Counter Terrorism Unit (WECTU).
Structure
Because the ACPO is a private limited company rather than a public body, it is exempt from public accountability, including freedom of information laws, even though it was funded by the Home Office and deploys police officers from regional forces.
History
Established in March 1999, the NPOIU incorporated the Animal Rights National Index, work that had previously been the responsibility of the various Special Branches. Initially operated as part of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch. and is now part of the Specialist Operations Business Group.
Purpose
On 10 November 2009, in a question in the House of Commons, MP Dai Davies (Blaenau Gwent, Independent), asked the then Secretary of State for the Home Department various questions about the National Public Order Intelligence Unit (NPOIU). In response the Minister of State for Crime and Policing, David Hanson, responded that the main purpose of the unit was to:
Provide the police service with an ability to develop a national threat assessment and profile for domestic extremism.
Support forces to reduce crime and disorder from domestic extremism.
Support a proportionate police response to protest activity.
Help forces manage concerns of communities and businesses in order to minimise conflict and disorder.
According to HM Inspectorate of Constabulary the NPOIU "performs an intelligence function in relation to politically motivated disorder (not legitimate protests) on behalf of England, Wales and Scotland." by "co-ordinat[ing] the national collection, analysis, exploitation and dissemination of intelligence on the extremist threat to public order."
Evening Standard investigative journalist Andrew Gilligan described it as "a secretive, Scotland Yard-based police taskforce" whose "role in controlling dissent is central".
Organisation
The NPOIU was based in London, either at Scotland Yard, or on the 5th Floor of Tintagel House on the bank of the River Thames. The unit has a staff of 60-70 officers and police staff, seconded from other forces, and has had its budget more than doubled in four years from £2.6 million in 2005/06 to £5.7 million in 2009/10. The unit is led by an officer of the rank of Detective Superintendent, as of 2006 this was Maria Smith of the Wiltshire Constabulary.
The NPOIU formed one branch of the National Domestic Extremism Unit (NDEU), under the control of ACPO's National Coordinator for Domestic Extremism, Detective Chief Supt Adrian Tudway. The NPOIU works in conjunction with the National Extremism Tactical Co-ordination Unit (NETCU) and the National Domestic Extremism Team (NDET).
Confidential Intelligence Unit
The Confidential Intelligence Unit was set up in 1999 through discussions held by the members of the Association of Chief Police Officers of England and Wales to observe extremist political groups throughout the UK. The section of the unit is led by an officer of the rank of Detective Chief Inspector.
Operations
Strathclyde Police were criticised by pacifist demonstrators at the Faslane nuclear submarine base after demonstrators' details were sent to the unit. Anti-genetically modified food protesters and Muslim university students have also been under surveillance by the unit.
In January 2011, it was reported that Mark Kennedy of the Metropolitan Police was one of the first officers to work as an undercover infiltrator for the NPOIU, and had spent seven years within the environmental protest movement. Kennedy later confirmed in an exclusive interview with The Mail on Sunday, arranged through PR agent Max Clifford, that he as Simon Jenkins suspected suffered a version of "Stockholm syndrome". In 2022, the Investigatory Powers Tribunal found that, regarding Kate Wilson, one of the women who had sued the police in the high court, Kennedy had “invaded the core of her private life”, “caused her mental suffering" and that he had “interfered” with her “sexual autonomy” and showed “a profound lack of respect” for her “bodily integrity and human dignity.” It found that his actions were an “abuse of the highest order.” In January 2022 the tribunal found that Kennedy had “grossly debased, degraded and humiliated” his victim and awarded her £229,000 in compensation. The tribunal described Kennedy as a "highly unreliable narrator" and stated "we do not consider we can put any weight on statements and comments he has made". Former US climate activist Harry Halpin stated that Kennedy's actions "intentionally destroyed" the global momentum building behind a climate protest movement during the late 2000s.
Takeover by the Metropolitan Police Specialist Operations Business Group
In November 2010 it was announced that the three ACPO units commanded by the National Coordinator for Domestic Extremism would be rebranded as the National Domestic Extremism Unit and brought under the control of the Metropolitan Police Business Group by mid-2011.
Following The Guardian articles about the activities and accusations of Mark Kennedy, and the collapse of the trial of six activists, a number of initiatives and changes were announced:
Acknowledging that "something had gone very wrong" in the Kennedy case to the Home Affairs Select Committee, Home Office minister Nick Herbert stated that ACPO would lose control of three teams involved in tackling domestic extremism. Herbert re-announced the already planned transfer of the units to the Metropolitan Police, with acting commissioner Tim Godwin confirming that this would occur at the earliest possible timescale.
HM Inspectorate of Constabulary announced that Bernard Hogan-Howe would lead an investigation into ACPO, to assess whether undercover operations had been "authorised in accordance with law" and "proportionate". This investigation was later expanded to become Operation Herne, first led by Pat Gallan but then transferred to Mick Creedon in February 2013 after "allegations in the media concerning the use of deceased children’s identities" were made. The report was released to limited circulation in 2015.
The Serious Organised Crime Agency announced an inquiry into the conduct of Mark Kennedy.
The Independent Police Complaints Commission announced an investigation into Nottinghamshire Police, over allegations it suppressed surveillance tapes recorded by Kennedy, the contents of which may have exonerated the six Ratcliffe activists.
See also
Forward Intelligence Team
References
Association of Chief Police Officers
National law enforcement agencies of the United Kingdom
1999 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1999 |
Little Owl was an English trained racehorse. Undefeated in his first eight completed starts over fences, he was described by Timeform as "potentially one of the most talented steeplechasers since Arkle". Particularly after winning a notably strong Cheltenham Gold Cup in 1981. However, after a series of injuries and a general drop in form, he was never to fulfill his promise and ended his career competing in hunter chases.
Background
Little Owl was a bay gelding who was purchased at the 1977 Doncaster August Sales by his trainer at the price of 2,300guineas. His Sire, Cantab, was a useful horse on the flat before switching to the jumps for trainer Ryan Price. His most notable efforts were winning the 1961 Triumph Hurdle and finishing fourth in the 1962 Champion Hurdle. A successful jumps sire, his leading progeny included Little Polveir (1989 Grand National), The Thinker (1987 Cheltenham Gold Cup), Ballyross (1978 Powers Gold Cup) and Canton (1983 Scottish Grand National). His dam, Black Spangle, was a lightly raced half sister to Little Tom - a prolific jumps winner in Ireland and France while her dam, Spangle, was a seven-time winner over hurdles. Little Owl's siblings were pointers and platers of little note.
Racing career
1977/78 season
Little Owl's career began in a juvenile hurdle on 1 March 1978 at Wetherby where he ran out an eight length winner. He followed up in two further novice events at the same venue during the spring, ending the season unbeaten in three starts.
1978/79 season
After winning a qualifier for the Coral Golden Handicap Hurdle (currently known as the Pertemps Final at Nottingham, Little Owl was sent off favourite while carrying more weight than all but one of his opponents. Despite the race being only his fifth start, he ran with credit chasing home Willie Wumpkins (ironically ridden by Jim Wilson who would become Little Owl's regular jockey) who was six years his senior. Little Owl failed to win his next three starts but regained the winning thread at Market Rasen on his first start under leading amateur Jim Wilson. While success was seemingly assured, the jockey mistook the winning post and had to be rousted along to maintain his position at the finish. No such mistake was made on his next and final outing of the season at Wetherby where, despite conceding 33lb, Little Owl won by twenty lengths from Silversmith who himself had won four races that season. While he did not race outside of handicap company, Little Owl's progression was such that he wound up being rated that season's leading staying hurdler by Timeform - ahead of Stayers' Hurdle winner, Lighter.
1979/80 season
Instead of challenging the top staying hurdlers, Little Owl was sent novice chasing and he made his seasonal debut in the Dipper Novices' Chase at Newcastle. Despite conceding experience and race fitness to all of his opponents, he jumped immaculately and comfortably prevailed by a length and a half from Peterhof, a former Triumph Hurdle winner and twice placed in the Stayers' Hurdle in what would be that horses' last start. He was less convincing in his jumping a fortnight later in the West of Scotland Pattern Novices' Chase at Ayr where he beat Irish raider Romany Count by half a length although to his credit, he was giving away 10lb over a trip short of his optimum. Little Owl was seen to better effect next time over three miles in the Reynoldstown Novices' Chase at Ascot where he was well fancied to make it three from three over fences. Again he made several mistakes, blamed on the roving television camera by his jockey, and was still eight lengths behind when Caper's Lad sadly took a fatal fall four out. While whether Little Owl would have won that day was a matter of contention, in the end, he did win the contest by twelve lengths from the average Martinstown. With a perfect record over fences, Little Owl went into the Sun Alliance Chase as a well fancied second favourite behind Edward O'Grady's 1978 Stayers' Hurdle winner Flame Gun. However, the jumping problems which dogged him throughout the season ended his race at the tenth fence.
1980/81 season
It was the Saturday before Christmas when Little Owl made a winning seasonal reappearance at Doncaster in a conditions event. A race over two and a half miles he was expected to win easily and did so by twenty lengths. He had been purchased by the Wilson family since his last start and it would be Jim Wilson who would ride Little Owl for the rest of his career. Little Owl stepped up in class for his next start in the Peter Marsh Handicap Chase at Haydock. Among his rivals were the veteran Tied Cottage, who finished eight lengths ahead in the previous season's Gold Cup before losing the race due to a drug test, Ballet Lord, winner of the previous season's Rowland Meyrick Handicap Chase and Straight Jocelyn, twice a winner already that season at Lingfield. Prior to the race, Little Owl was quoted at 14/1 for the Gold Cup alongside Tied Cottage. However, after the latter fell at the eleventh, Little Owl opened up a large lead in the back straight and with sound jumping and resolute galloping, he won by an easy fifteen lengths from Straight Jocelyn, moving towards the head of the Gold Cup market in the process. One week later, he contested the Tote Double Chase at Cheltenham and with Henry Kissinger, who had hitherto won all four completed starts, his only realistic opponent on paper, Little Owl was sent off 8/11 favourite. Due to heavy fog, not much was seen of the race itself. Nevertheless, he reportedly jumped well and in the end, won by six lengths from unfancied novice Lesley Ann (who incidentally, went on to win the Sun Alliance Chase six weeks later. Little Owl returned to Haydock for his final prep race to contest the inaugural running of the Timeform Chase. A valuable race established for novices and second season chasers, it attracted a small field and was effectively a match between Little Owl and leading northern novice Wayward Lad. In the event, Wayward Lad fell four from home leaving Little Owl to win by twelve lengths from Fairy King - a winner of two decent handicaps at Ascot and Cheltenham who was in receipt of 10lb.
1981 Cheltenham Gold Cup
In recent seasons, the Cheltenham Gold Cup was going through a spell in the doldrums. After Tied Cottage's disqualification, the previous renewal fell to Master Smudge, a horse beaten in his six previous starts and whose timeform rating of 150 was decidedly below championship standard. In 1979, the race was taken by Alverton whose fatal fall in that year's Grand National brought much bad publicity to the sport. Indeed, it wasn't since 1975 that a Gold Cup winner achieved a timeform rating of 170 or above. However, despite the absences of the likes of Venture To Cognac, Bright Highway and Border Incident, the 1981 renewal was regarded as one of the strongest fields assembled in years. The market was headed by Silver Buck who had won twelve of his thirteen previous starts including two King George VI Chases. Next in the betting was Little Owl who was joint second favourite with stablemate and dual champion hurdler Night Nurse. Dual Punchestown Chase winner and twice King George VI Chase runner up Jack Of Trumps also featured prominently alongside fellow Irish raider Tied Cottage. Other notable runners included Royal Bond (Premier Chase), 1978 victor Midnight Court, top handicapper Diamond Edge and leading hunter chaser Spartan Missile.
Tied Cottage forced a strong pace from the front but the shape of the race changed when unseating jockey Liam O'Donnell with over a circuit to go. Diamond Edge was left in the lead as they set out on their final lap and was soon joined by Night Nurse with Little Owl tracking them closely in third. Night Nurse increased the tempo and on jumping the final ditch six out, led ahead of Little Owl, Diamond Edge, Silver Buck and Spartan Missile while Royal Bond, who wasn't far behind, made a terrible blunder which put him out of contention. While Night Nurse jumped and travelled well throughout, he was joined at the third last by Little Owl and Silver Buck. The latter two began to pull away approaching the penultimate fence where Silver Buck's error gave Little Owl a clear advantage. With another fine jump over the last, Little Owl galloped resolutely up the Cheltenham hill being chased all the while by Night Nurse as Silver Buck's stamina gave way. Little Owl never looked like getting caught and held off his stablemate's challenge by a length and a half at the line. Having only his ninth start over fences at the young age of seven, Little Owl's display of sound jumping and plentiful class had writers mentioning Peter Easterby's charge in the same breath as Pendil and Captain Christy. However, given the inherent fragility of steeplechasers, Little Owl would never again attain those heights again nor would he contest another Gold Cup.
1981/82 season
Like others at Peter Easterby's Habton Grange stables, Little Owl was affected by a virus infection and his comeback was delayed until New Year's Eve for a two and a half mile handicap chase at Cheltenham. Re-opposing old rivals Royal Bond and Henry Kissinger, he began as favourite under top weight. However, he got no further than the eleventh fence when falling while disputing the lead. His second start in the three runner Fulwell Chase was shrouded in controversy after he was pulled up due to the bit slipping through his mouth. Questions were raised after large sums were placed on forecasts involving the other two runners Venture To Cognac, returning after a thirteen-month absence, and Great Dean, a 66/1 shot who'd failed to complete his previous two starts. Nevertheless, within a week, the Betting Office Licencees Association determined "there is no reason to withhold payment". In between the Kempton race and his next start at Ascot, he drifted out from 7/2 favourite to 8/1 despite assurances from his owners that nothing was amiss. It was in Ascot's Whitbread Trial Handicap Chase where he met his first defeat when completing over fences. Although disappointing, the effort was still respectable as he beaten by less than twelve lengths while giving away upwards of 19lbs to Grand National winners Aldaniti and Grittar. Little Owl returned to the track nine days later for a handicap chase at Newcastle where he took a heavy fall while not appearing to travel well. This would be his last appearance of the season and he was hobdayed over the summer.
1982/83 season
Little Owl returned to the track ten months later in the aptly named "Last Chance Chase", a minor conditions event at Nottingham, where he won in a canter. He followed up with another success nine days later where he defeated Bregawn by ten lengths in the Tommy Whittle Chase. Although it later transpired that Bregawn was running with a pulled muscle. Nevertheless, these two successes rekindled faith in Little Owl as he was sent off as 5/2 second favourite for the King George VI chase splitting Silver Buck and Wayward Lad in the betting. However, while he jumped well in the most part, he could only manage a distant fourth. His next start was in the Peter Marsh Chase, a race which he had won two years prior. Giving upwards of 10lbs away to the likes of Venture To Cognac, Lesley Ann and Ashley House (two handicap wins in past month), he wasn't disgraced in being beaten by less than ten lengths although he did fail to see out the race finishing fourth. He was out a fortnight later for the Gainsborough Chase at Sandown where he once again failed to see out the race, finishing over twenty lengths behind Observe (who went on to win that season's Cathcart Challenge Cup) and the ten year old Royal Judgement. This was his last race for the season and along with another breathing operation over the summer, he was also diagnosed with a trapped epiglottis.
1983/84 season
Little Owl's seasonal reappearance came with an attempt at successive victories in Haydock's Tommy Whittle Chase. The task was made easier when odds on favourite, Bregawn, fell three from home although he still had to play second fiddle to Prince Rowan who was no better than a decent handicapper. Not entered for the King George VI Chase, Little Owl contested the Rowland Meyrick Handicap Chase at Wetherby instead where he finished fifth behind Phil The Fluter while conceding weight all round. His final start of the season came in the Anthony Mildmay, Peter Cazalet Memorial Chase where following a first fence unseat, he tore ligaments and muscles in his hind quarters and sustained a suspected broken pelvis after galloping loose.
1984/85 season
For his final season, Little Owl joined trainer John Edwards and competed in a pair of hunter chases. In his first hunter chase, he was beaten thirty two lengths into sixth before finishing a similar distance into second behind old rival Royal Judgement at Wincanton.
Races
Full race title;- Dorothy Viscountess Portman Memorial Long Distance Handicap Hurdle
Pedigree
External links
1981 Cheltenham Gold Cup
References
1974 racehorse births
Cheltenham Festival winners
Cheltenham Gold Cup winners
National Hunt racehorses
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Thoroughbred family 4-c |
The Clouds Creek, a perennial stream that is part of the Clarence River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Clouds Creek rises in the Ellis State Forest, about west southwest of Sheas Nob, within the Great Dividing Range, south southwest of Grafton. The river flows generally to the east then north before reaching its confluence with the Nymboida River at Benabar, a locality on the Armidale Road, south of Nymboida. The river descends over its course, including descending over Clouds Creek Falls about northwest of Kurrajong Spur.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (A-K)
List of rivers of Australia
References
Rivers of New South Wales
New England (New South Wales)
Northern Tablelands |
Ion Haidu may refer to:
Ion Haidu (athlete), Romanian decathlete
Ion Haidu (footballer) (born 1942), Romanian footballer |
In abstract algebra, an abelian group is called finitely generated if there exist finitely many elements in such that every in can be written in the form for some integers . In this case, we say that the set is a generating set of or that generate .
Every finite abelian group is finitely generated. The finitely generated abelian groups can be completely classified.
Examples
The integers, , are a finitely generated abelian group.
The integers modulo , , are a finite (hence finitely generated) abelian group.
Any direct sum of finitely many finitely generated abelian groups is again a finitely generated abelian group.
Every lattice forms a finitely generated free abelian group.
There are no other examples (up to isomorphism). In particular, the group of rational numbers is not finitely generated: if are rational numbers, pick a natural number coprime to all the denominators; then cannot be generated by . The group of non-zero rational numbers is also not finitely generated. The groups of real numbers under addition and non-zero real numbers under multiplication are also not finitely generated.
Classification
The fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups can be stated two ways, generalizing the two forms of the fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups. The theorem, in both forms, in turn generalizes to the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain, which in turn admits further generalizations.
Primary decomposition
The primary decomposition formulation states that every finitely generated abelian group G is isomorphic to a direct sum of primary cyclic groups and infinite cyclic groups. A primary cyclic group is one whose order is a power of a prime. That is, every finitely generated abelian group is isomorphic to a group of the form
where n ≥ 0 is the rank, and the numbers q1, ..., qt are powers of (not necessarily distinct) prime numbers. In particular, G is finite if and only if n = 0. The values of n, q1, ..., qt are (up to rearranging the indices) uniquely determined by G, that is, there is one and only one way to represent G as such a decomposition.
The proof of this statement uses the basis theorem for finite abelian group: every finite abelian group is a direct sum of primary cyclic groups. Denote the torsion subgroup of G as tG. Then, G/tG is a torsion-free abelian group and thus it is free abelian. tG is a direct summand of G, which means there exists a subgroup F of G s.t. , where . Then, F is also free abelian. Since tG is finitely generated and each element of tG has finite order, tG is finite. By the basis theorem for finite abelian group, tG can be written as direct sum of primary cyclic groups.
Invariant factor decomposition
We can also write any finitely generated abelian group G as a direct sum of the form
where k1 divides k2, which divides k3 and so on up to ku. Again, the rank n and the invariant factors k1, ..., ku are uniquely determined by G (here with a unique order). The rank and the sequence of invariant factors determine the group up to isomorphism.
Equivalence
These statements are equivalent as a result of the Chinese remainder theorem, which implies that if and only if j and k are coprime.
History
The history and credit for the fundamental theorem is complicated by the fact that it was proven when group theory was not well-established, and thus early forms, while essentially the modern result and proof, are often stated for a specific case. Briefly, an early form of the finite case was proven by Gauss in 1801, the finite case was proven by Kronecker in 1870, and stated in group-theoretic terms by Frobenius and Stickelberger in 1878. The finitely presented case is solved by Smith normal form, and hence frequently credited to , though the finitely generated case is sometimes instead credited to Poincaré in 1900; details follow.
Group theorist László Fuchs states:
The fundamental theorem for finite abelian groups was proven by Leopold Kronecker in 1870, using a group-theoretic proof, though without stating it in group-theoretic terms; a modern presentation of Kronecker's proof is given in , 5.2.2 Kronecker's Theorem, 176–177. This generalized an earlier result of Carl Friedrich Gauss from Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (1801), which classified quadratic forms; Kronecker cited this result of Gauss's. The theorem was stated and proved in the language of groups by Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and Ludwig Stickelberger in 1878. Another group-theoretic formulation was given by Kronecker's student Eugen Netto in 1882.
The fundamental theorem for finitely presented abelian groups was proven by Henry John Stephen Smith in , as integer matrices correspond to finite presentations of abelian groups (this generalizes to finitely presented modules over a principal ideal domain), and Smith normal form corresponds to classifying finitely presented abelian groups.
The fundamental theorem for finitely generated abelian groups was proven by Henri Poincaré in 1900, using a matrix proof (which generalizes to principal ideal domains). This was done in the context of computing the
homology of a complex, specifically the Betti number and torsion coefficients of a dimension of the complex, where the Betti number corresponds to the rank of the free part, and the torsion coefficients correspond to the torsion part.
Kronecker's proof was generalized to finitely generated abelian groups by Emmy Noether in 1926.
Corollaries
Stated differently the fundamental theorem says that a finitely generated abelian group is the direct sum of a free abelian group of finite rank and a finite abelian group, each of those being unique up to isomorphism. The finite abelian group is just the torsion subgroup of G. The rank of G is defined as the rank of the torsion-free part of G; this is just the number n in the above formulas.
A corollary to the fundamental theorem is that every finitely generated torsion-free abelian group is free abelian. The finitely generated condition is essential here: is torsion-free but not free abelian.
Every subgroup and factor group of a finitely generated abelian group is again finitely generated abelian. The finitely generated abelian groups, together with the group homomorphisms, form an abelian category which is a Serre subcategory of the category of abelian groups.
Non-finitely generated abelian groups
Note that not every abelian group of finite rank is finitely generated; the rank 1 group is one counterexample, and the rank-0 group given by a direct sum of countably infinitely many copies of is another one.
See also
The composition series in the Jordan–Hölder theorem is a non-abelian generalization.
Notes
References
Reprinted (pp. 367–409) in The Collected Mathematical Papers of Henry John Stephen Smith, Vol. I, edited by J. W. L. Glaisher. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1894), xcv+603 pp.
Abelian group theory
Algebraic structures |
Christopher Hampson (born 31 March 1973) is an English ballet choreographer and director and former ballet dancer. In August 2012, Hampson succeeded Ashley Page as artistic director of Scottish Ballet, and was appointed CEO/Artistic Director in 2015.
He is a graduate of the Royal Ballet School, where he began his professional training at the age of 11. He danced professionally with the English National Ballet, reaching the rank of Soloist.
Hampson retired from dancing to pursue a career as a choreographer and director of ballets, and has since produced works for the Royal New Zealand Ballet, English National Ballet, Prague National Ballet and the Atlanta Ballet. He has also produced various works for vocational dance schools in the United Kingdom, including the Royal Ballet School, Elmhurst School for Dance and the London Studio Centre. He has also been a ballet master for the City Ballet of London.
He was named one of "25 to Watch" in 2003 by Dance Magazine.
Hampson was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2023 Birthday Honours for services to dance.
Awards
Barclays Theatre Award for Outstanding Achievement in Dance
Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for Best Classical Choreography
Nominated for Best New Dance Production, Laurence Olivier Awards 2005
References
External links
Official website
1973 births
Living people
People educated at the Royal Ballet School
English male ballet dancers
English choreographers
Ballet choreographers
People from Middleton, Greater Manchester
National Dance Award winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire |
Agnès Guillemot, born Agnès Perché (1931-2005) was a French film editor, known for her collaboration with the Nouvelle Vague directors. She edited sixteen films for Jean-Luc Godard, including Contempt (1963), Bande à part (1964) and Alphaville (1965). She also edited films for Truffaut, Jean-Charles Tacchella, Catherine Breillat and several other women directors, including Nicole Garcia, Catherine Corsini, Francesca Comencini and Paula Delsol.
Life
Agnès Perché was born on 3 December 1931 in Roubaix, Nord. She married the film director Claude Guillemot.
She died on 17 December 2005 in Paris.
References
1931 births
2005 deaths
French film editors |
The DNS root zone is the top-level DNS zone in the hierarchical namespace of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet.
Before October 1, 2016, the root zone had been overseen by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) which delegates the management to a subsidiary acting as the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Distribution services are provided by Verisign. Prior to this, ICANN performed management responsibility under oversight of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), an agency of the United States Department of Commerce. Oversight responsibility transitioned to the global stakeholder community represented within ICANN's governance structures.
A combination of limits in the DNS definition and in certain protocols, namely the practical size of unfragmented User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets, resulted in a practical maximum of 13 root name server addresses that can be accommodated in DNS name query responses. However the root zone is serviced by several hundred servers at over 130 locations in many countries.
Initialization of DNS service
The DNS root zone is served by thirteen root server clusters which are authoritative for queries to the top-level domains of the Internet. Thus, every name resolution either starts with a query to a root server or uses information that was once obtained from a root server.
The root servers clusters have the official names a.root-servers.net to m.root-servers.net. To resolve these names into addresses, a DNS resolver must first find an authoritative server for the net zone. To avoid this circular dependency, the address of at least one root server must be known for bootstrapping access to the DNS. For this purpose, operating systems or DNS servers or resolver software packages typically include a file with all addresses of the DNS root servers. Even if the IP addresses of some root servers change, at least one is needed to retrieve the current list of all name servers. This address file is called named.cache in the BIND name server reference implementation. The current official version is distributed by ICANN's InterNIC.
With the address of a single functioning root server, all other DNS information may be discovered recursively, and information about any domain name may be found.
Redundancy and diversity
The root DNS servers are essential to the function of the Internet, as most Internet services, such as the World Wide Web and electronic-mail, are based on domain names. The DNS servers are potential points of failure for the entire Internet. For this reason, multiple root servers are distributed worldwide. The DNS packet size of 512 octets limits a DNS response to thirteen addresses, until protocol extensions (see Extension Mechanisms for DNS) lifted this restriction. While it is possible to fit more entries into a packet of this size when using label compression, thirteen was chosen as a reliable limit. Since the introduction of IPv6, the successor Internet Protocol to IPv4, previous practices are being modified and extra space is filled with IPv6 name servers.
The root name servers are hosted in multiple secure sites with high-bandwidth access to accommodate the traffic load. At first, all of these installations were located in the United States; however, the distribution has shifted and this is no longer the case. Usually each DNS server installation at a given site is a cluster of computers with load-balancing routers. A comprehensive list of servers, their locations and properties is available at https://root-servers.org/. , there were 1708 root servers worldwide.
The modern trend is to use anycast addressing and routing to provide resilience and load balancing across a wide geographic area. For example, the j.root-servers.net server, maintained by Verisign, is represented by 104 () individual server systems located around the world, which can be queried using anycast addressing.
Management
The content of the Internet root zone file is coordinated by a subsidiary of ICANN which performs the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) functions. Verisign generates and distributes the zone file to the various root server operators.
In 1997, when the Internet was transferred from U.S. government control to private hands, NTIA has exercised stewardship over the root zone. A 1998 Commerce Department document stated the agency was "committed to a transition that will allow the private sector to take leadership for DNS management" by the year 2000, however, no steps to make the transition happen were taken. In March 2014, NTIA announced it will transition its stewardship to a "global stakeholder community".
According to Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, Lawrence E. Strickling, March 2014 was the right time to start a transition of the role to the global Internet community. The move came after pressure in the fallout of revelations that the United States and its allies had engaged in surveillance. The chairman of the board of ICANN denied the two were connected, however, and said the transition process had been ongoing for a long time. ICANN president Fadi Chehadé called the move historic and said that ICANN will move toward multi-stakesholder control. Various prominent figures in Internet history, not affiliated with ICANN, also applauded the move.
NTIA's announcement did not immediately affect how ICANN performs its role. On March 11, 2016, NTIA announced that it had received a proposed plan to transition its stewardship role over the root zone, and would review it in the next 90 days.
The proposal was adopted, and ICANN's renewed contract to perform the IANA function lapsed on September 30, 2016, resulting in the transition of oversight responsibility to the global stakeholder community represented within ICANN's governance structures. As a component of the transition plan, it created a new subsidiary called Public Technical Identifiers (PTI) to perform the IANA functions which include managing the DNS root zone.
Signing of the root zone
Since July 2010, the root zone has been signed with a DNSSEC signature, providing a single trust anchor for the Domain Name System that can in turn be used to provide a trust anchor for other public key infrastructure (PKI). The root zone DNSKEY section is re-signed periodically with the root zone key signing key performed in a verifiable manner in front of witnesses in a key signing ceremony.
The KSK2017 with ID 20326 is valid as of 2020.
See also
Alternative DNS root
AS112
Internet backbone
References
– Root Name Server Operational Requirements
– IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root
Further reading
External links
Root Zone File
root-servers.org
IANA's Authoritative Database of TLDs on the DNS Root Zone
ICANN's Root Server System Advisory Committee
CircleID.com, on DNS Root Servers
CAIDA.org, paper on root server location problem
CirlceID.com, More root server instances outside the U.S. than inside
List of public DNS servers Continuously verified and updated.
Root zone |
Professor (Dr.) G.S. Bajpai is an Indian professor and the incumbent Vice-Chancellor of National Law University Delhi. He was the former Registrar of the National Law University Delhi from September 2014 - May 2021. He was subsequently appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law and served in the position till February 2023.
Career
The author, researcher and administrator, Prof G S Bajpai serves as Professor of Criminology & Criminal Justice; Chair Professor at K.L Arora Chair in Criminal Law at National Law University, Delhi and also as the Chairperson at the Centre for Criminology & Victimology. He is also the Registrar, National Law University, Delhi. Before this, he was serving (2007–2011) as Professor & Chairperson at the Centre for Criminal Justice Administration, National Law Institute University, Bhopal (MP). He also had positions at the Indian Institute of Public Administration, (1989) Bureau of Police Research and Development, (1989– 1995) Punjab Police Academy, Punjab and Department of Criminology & Forensic Science, University of Saugar, M.P. He did his post-doctorate study (2004) as Commonwealth Fellow at the Department of Criminology, Leicester University, U.K.
Books
External links
NLU Delhi
References
Living people
Indian criminologists
Indian male writers
Indian social sciences writers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Loxaspilates arrizanaria is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Taiwan.
References
Moths described in 1909
Ennominae
Moths of Taiwan |
Acacia williamsonii, known colloquially as Whirrakee wattle, is a species of Acacia that is endemic to the Bendigo region of Victoria. Naturalised populations also exist in Southern and Northern NSW.
Description
The shrub typically grows to a height of around and has a bushy habit with glabrous branchlets. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The evergreen phyllodes are inclined to ascending with a narrowly linear shape and a length of and a width of and are often slightly curved. It blooms between August and September producing spherical flower-heads that contain 15–20-flowered sub-densely packed bright golden flowers. After flowering firmly chartaceous to crustaceous, black coloured seed pods form that resemble and string of beads with a length of up to and a width of with longitudinally arranged seeds inside. The shiny black seeds have an oblong to elliptic shape and a length of .
Distribution
It is endemic to parts of northern-central Victoria from around Inglewood in the south to Rushworth in the north with large populations found in the Whipstick Forest around Bendigo where it is found growing in stony gravel or clay-loam soils as a part of open Eucalyptus forest and mallee scrubland communities.
See also
List of Acacia species
References
williamsonii
Fabales of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Victoria (state) |
Mike Finley (4 July 1950 – 10 August 2020) was a writer, poet, and videographer from Youngstown, Ohio.
Publications
Why Teams Don't Work, Robbins and Finley's first collaboration, was named "Best Management Book, The Americas, 1995" by the Booz Allen Hamilton/Financial Times Global Business Book Awards. It was published in a second edition, titled The New Why Teams Don't Work, by Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2000.
In addition, Finley is author of a business/technology book of his own, Techno-Crazed (Peterson's, 1996).
Finley is a Pushcart Prize-winning author, with work appearing in the 1985 Pushcart Prize Anthology.
He has authored over 160 books, including 100 books of poetry, stories and creative nonfiction, mostly from Kraken Press. Titles include:
Instructions for Falling, Selected Works, 2018
Yukon Gold: Poemes de Terre, Selected Works, 1970-2010
Don’t Be Like The Moon, 2014
Looking for China, Selected Works, 1967-1987
Seventy Years Before the Plough, 2002
Finley was co-editor with Danny Klecko of LIEF Magazine, an online journal of arts running from 2010 to 2015 and dedicated to bright messages. Finley has collaborated on three print volumes with Klecko: Out for a Lark (2013), The Bluebeard of Happiness (2013) and A Pox on Your Blessings (2013).
Prizes
Winner, the KPV Kerouac Award, 2011
Finley's journalism, criticism, and other work appeared in Rolling Stone, St. Paul Pioneer Press, Minnesota Monthly, Paris Review, Success Magazine and Guideposts.
He was awarded a Wisconsin State Arts Fellowship for fiction in 1985.
In 2010 he published Zombie Girl, a novella about the death of his daughter Daniele Finley.
Finley managed Robots & Pirates, a small foundation providing services to young people in trouble in Minneapolis/St. Paul.
Finley lived in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 2017, he was diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer. He died at his home on August 10, 2020.
References
External links
American male poets
Poets from Minnesota
2020 deaths
People from Amherst, Ohio
Writers from Saint Paul, Minnesota
1950 births |
```ocaml
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* In addition to the permissions granted to you by the LGPL, you may combine
* or link a "work that uses the Library" with a publicly distributed version
* of this file to produce a combined library or application, then distribute
* that combined work under the terms of your choosing, with no requirement
* to comply with the obligations normally placed on you by section 4 of the
* LGPL version 3 (or the corresponding section of a later version of the LGPL
* should you choose to use a later version).
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. *)
(** Helper for global Ocaml module index into meaningful names *)
val reset : unit -> unit
val add_js_module :
?import_attributes:External_ffi_types.import_attributes -> External_ffi_types.module_bind_name -> string -> bool -> dynamic_import:bool -> Ident.t
(**
[add_js_module hint_name module_name]
Given a js module name and hint name, assign an id to it
we also bookkeep it as [External] dependency.
Note the complexity lies in that we should consolidate all
same external dependencies into a single dependency.
The strategy is that we first create a [Lam_module_ident.t]
and query it if already exists in [cache_tbl], if it already
exists, we discard the freshly made one, and use the cached one,
otherwise, use the freshly made one instead
Invariant:
any [id] as long as put in the [cached_tbl] should be always valid,
*)
(* The other dependencies are captured by querying
either when [access] or when expansion,
however such dependency can be removed after inlining etc.
When we register such compile time dependency we classified
it as
Visit (ml), Builtin(built in js), External()
For external, we never remove, we only consider
remove dependency for Runtime and Visit, so
when compile OCaml to Javascript, we only need
pay attention to for those modules are actually used or not
*)
val query_external_id_info : ?dynamic_import:bool -> Ident.t -> string -> Js_cmj_format.keyed_cmj_value
(**
[query_external_id_info id pos env found]
will raise if not found
*)
val is_pure_module : Lam_module_ident.t -> bool
val get_package_path_from_cmj :
Lam_module_ident.t -> string * Js_packages_info.t * Ext_js_file_kind.case
(* The second argument is mostly from [runtime] modules
will change the input [hard_dependencies]
[populate_required_modules extra hard_dependencies]
[extra] maybe removed if it is pure and not in [hard_dependencies]
*)
val populate_required_modules :
Lam_module_ident.Hash_set.t -> Lam_module_ident.Hash_set.t -> unit
``` |
Olenecamptus compressipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1888.
References
Dorcaschematini
Beetles described in 1888 |
Räckelwitz (German) or Worklecy (Sorbian, ) is a municipality in Bautzen district, in the state of Saxony, Germany. The municipality of Räckelwitz has a population of 1,111 (2020) and is a member of the municipal association "Am Klosterwasser" (Zarjadniski zwjazk „Při Klóšterskej wodźe“).
The municipality is in Upper Lusatia, and is part of the central area of Sorbian settlement. In 2001, 61.9% of people living in the municipality could speak Upper Sorbian.
Räckelwitz is also the name of the largest village in the municipality. The village has a population of 506. Räckelwitz is the birthplace of the well-known Sorbian author Jurij Brězan. The former prime minister of Saxony Stanislaw Tillich was born in Neudörfel/Nowa Wjeska.
History
Räckelwitz is first mentioned in a document from 1280 which calls it Rokolewicz. From 1304 there was a manor house in the village. The house's last owner, Countess Monika zu Stolberg, bequeathed it the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, and from 1903 to 2000, the former manor was a Roman Catholic hospital run by that religious order.
Location
The municipality is approx. 8 km east of the town of Kamenz and 15 km north-west of Bautzen, the capital of the local district. South of Räckelwitz are the "highlands" (Horjany) and the municipalities of Panschwitz-Kuckau and Crostwitz.
Bundesautobahn 4 passes by Räckelwitz by about 6 km to the south. The municipality is located in the west of Upper Lusatia on the edge of the West Lusatian Hills, between the pond region (Teichlandschaft) to the north, and the Lusatian Highlands to the south. Flowing east of Räckelwitz is the Klosterwasser, a tributary of the Black Elster river.
Population by village
The municipality consists of the following villages (names given in both languages, German/Sorbian), with population figures for 2010:
Dreihäuser/Horni Hajnk, 11 inh.
Höflein/Wudwor, 136 inh.
Neudörfel/Nowa Wjeska, 170 inh.
Räckelwitz/Worklecy, 494 inh.
Schmeckwitz/Smječkecy, 294 inh.
Teichhäuser/Haty, 29 inh.
Notable places
The Herrenhaus was built as a baroque manor house, a 9-axis building with one flight of stairs. Its chapel is notable as being in the style of the Beuron Art School. The Herrenhaus was turned into a hospital in the 20th century, with a total of 10,000 people born there. The 20th-century additions to the building were removed in 2009. A house in the garden is home to the Congregation of the Sisters of Divine Providence, who worked in the hospital until their retirement. The house itself contained a nursing department of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, and is planning to become a home care and retirement home. The house contains several coats of arms and monogrammed stones of the House of Stolberg, its original owners.
Education
Räckelwitz municipality has a primary school and Michał Hórnik Mittelschule, one of four remaining Sorbian Mittelschulen in Saxony.
Notable people
The following famous people come from Räckelwitz municipality:
Michał Hórnik (1833–1894), Sorbian spiritual leader and one of the main proponents of Sorbian writing in the 19th century
Jurij Brězan (1916–2006), Sorbian author
Benedikt Dyrlich (b 1950 in Neudörfel/Nowa Wjeska), author, politician and journalist
Stanislaw Tillich/Stanisław Tilich (b 1959), politician, prime minister of Saxony
Jěwa-Marja Čornakec (b 1959), author and editor of the Sorbian cultural magazine Rozhlad
Olaf Pollack (b 1973), professional cyclist
Ronny Kockel (b 1975), goalkeeper for KFC Uerdingen 05
Peggy Wagenführ (b 1976), biathlete
Tino Semmer (b 1985), footballer
Local politics
The Local Council of Räckelwitz is currently composed of 12 members, with nine men and three women having been elected. The Saxon council elections 2009/2004 produced the following results:
The local council has 12 members (Election 2014)
(CDU): 9 seats
Free Sorbians Voters' Association (FSWV) (Freie Sorbische Wählervereinigung (FSW)): 3 seats
Poll: 62,2 %
Mayor: since 1974 Franz Brußk
External links
Cornelius Gurlitt: "Räckelwitz" in Beschreibende Darstellung der älteren Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Königreichs Sachsen, 35. Heft: Amtshauptmannschaft Kamenz (Land). C. C. Meinhold, Dresden 1912, p289.
References
Populated places in Bautzen (district) |
Eidophasia dammersi is a moth of the family Plutellidae. It is found in California and Arizona in the United States.
The larvae feed on Cleome isomeris.
References
Moths described in 1934
Plutellidae |
Anatoliy Antonovich Polishchuk (, 11 January 1950 – 7 June 2016) was a Ukrainian volleyball player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1976 Summer Olympics.
In 1976, he was part of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament. He played all five matches.
External links
Sports-reference.com Profile (archived)
1950 births
2016 deaths
Ukrainian men's volleyball players
Soviet men's volleyball players
Olympic volleyball players for the Soviet Union
Volleyball players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in volleyball
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Rivne Oblast |
```php
<?php
/**
* Validate recommended versions for dependencies referenced in `readme.html`,
* based on external site support pages.
*
* @group external-http
*/
class Tests_Readme extends WP_UnitTestCase {
/**
* @coversNothing
*/
public function test_readme_php_version() {
$this->markTestSkipped(
'Temporarily disabled. Test should be re-enabled once WordPress is fully compatible with PHP 8.0+.'
);
// This test is designed to only run on trunk.
$this->skipOnAutomatedBranches();
$readme = file_get_contents( ABSPATH . 'readme.html' );
preg_match( '#Recommendations.*PHP</a> version <strong>([0-9.]*)#s', $readme, $matches );
$response_body = $this->get_response_body( 'path_to_url );
preg_match_all( '#<tr class="stable">\s*<td>\s*<a [^>]*>\s*([0-9.]*)#s', $response_body, $php_matches );
$this->assertContains( $matches[1], $php_matches[1], "readme.html's Recommended PHP version is too old. Remember to update the WordPress.org Requirements page, too." );
}
/**
* @coversNothing
*/
public function test_readme_mysql_version() {
// This test is designed to only run on trunk.
$this->skipOnAutomatedBranches();
$readme = file_get_contents( ABSPATH . 'readme.html' );
preg_match( '#Recommendations.*MySQL</a> version <strong>([0-9.]*)#s', $readme, $matches );
$response_body = $this->get_response_body( "path_to_url{$matches[1]}/en/" );
// Retrieve the date of the first GA release for the recommended branch.
preg_match( '#.*(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}), General Availability#s', $response_body, $mysql_matches );
/*
* Per path_to_url Oracle actively supports MySQL releases for 5 years from GA release.
*
* The currently recommended MySQL 8.0 branch moved from active support to extended support on 2023-04-19.
* As WordPress core may not be fully compatible with MySQL 8.1 at this time, the "supported" period here
* is increased to 8 years to include extended support.
*
* TODO: Reduce this back to 5 years once MySQL 8.1 compatibility is achieved.
*/
$mysql_eol = gmdate( 'Y-m-d', strtotime( $mysql_matches[1] . ' +8 years' ) );
$current_date = gmdate( 'Y-m-d' );
$this->assertLessThan( $mysql_eol, $current_date, "readme.html's Recommended MySQL version is too old. Remember to update the WordPress.org Requirements page, too." );
}
/**
* @coversNothing
*/
public function test_readme_mariadb_version() {
// This test is designed to only run on trunk.
$this->skipOnAutomatedBranches();
$readme = file_get_contents( ABSPATH . 'readme.html' );
preg_match( '#Recommendations.*MariaDB</a> version <strong>([0-9.]*)#s', $readme, $matches );
$matches[1] = str_replace( '.', '', $matches[1] );
$response_body = $this->get_response_body( "path_to_url{$matches[1]}-series/" );
// Retrieve the date of the first stable release for the recommended branch.
preg_match( '#.*Stable.*?(\d{2} [A-Za-z]{3} \d{4})#s', $response_body, $mariadb_matches );
// Per path_to_url#maintenance-policy, MariaDB releases are supported for 5 years.
$mariadb_eol = gmdate( 'Y-m-d', strtotime( $mariadb_matches[1] . ' +5 years' ) );
$current_date = gmdate( 'Y-m-d' );
$this->assertLessThan( $mariadb_eol, $current_date, "readme.html's Recommended MariaDB version is too old. Remember to update the WordPress.org Requirements page, too." );
}
/**
* Helper function to retrieve the response body or skip the test on HTTP timeout.
*
* @param string $url The URL to retrieve the response from.
* @return string The response body.
*/
public function get_response_body( $url ) {
$response = wp_remote_get( $url );
$this->skipTestOnTimeout( $response );
$this->assertNotWPError( $response );
$response_code = wp_remote_retrieve_response_code( $response );
$response_body = wp_remote_retrieve_body( $response );
if ( 200 !== $response_code ) {
$parsed_url = parse_url( $url );
$error_message = sprintf(
'Could not contact %1$s to check versions. Response code: %2$s. Response body: %3$s',
$parsed_url['host'],
$response_code,
$response_body
);
if ( 503 === $response_code ) {
$this->markTestSkipped( $error_message );
}
$this->fail( $error_message );
}
return $response_body;
}
}
``` |
Meskilak or Mesikila was one of the two main deities worshiped in Dilmun. The other well attested member of the pantheon of this area was Inzak, commonly assumed to be her spouse. The origin of her name is a subject of scholarly dispute. She is also attested in texts from Mesopotamia, where her name was reinterpreted as Ninsikila. A different deity also named Ninsikila was the spouse of Lisin, and might have started to be viewed as a goddess rather than a god due to the similarity of the names. Under her Mesopotamian name Meskilak appears in the myths Enki and Ninhursag and Enki and the World Order, in which she is associated with Dilmun.
In Dilmun
It is assumed Meskilak was one of the two main deities of Dilmun, the second one being Inzak, often interpreted as her spouse by researchers. An alternative proposal is that he was her son. An attested variant of Meskilak's name is Mesikila. The origin of the theonym Meskilak is not certain, and various proposals have been made by researchers. According to Gianni Marchesi, due to the fact that contacts between Mesopotamia and Dilmun go back to the Ubaid period it is plausible to assume that it was Sumerian in origin and can be translated as me-sikil-ak, "she of the pure me." Piotr Steinkeller also considers it possible that her name came from this language, and assumes that she might have developed in the Uruk period, during the "Uruk expansion." Jean-Jacques Glassner instead argues that the attested Mesopotamian explanations of her name represent ancient examples of word play or reinterpretations meant to fit local theology, and do not necessarily represent their actual etymology. According to Joan Goodnick Westenholz, the sign ak in Meskilak's name, while sometimes interpreted as a genitive ending, is more likely to be an indication of non-Sumerian origin, as in the cases of Tishpak, Inzak or Latarak. Proposed Sumerian etymologies of her name were also rejected by .
A temple dedicated to Meskilak and Inzak, the Ekarra (Sumerian: "house, exalted quay") existed somewhere in Dilmun according to Mesopotamian sources, including a list of temples and other texts. It is mentioned in an inscription from Failaka Island attributed to the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II, according to which the Mesopotamian god Shamash (from Larsa), was worshiped there as well.
Meskilak and dPA.NI.PA
According to Manfred Krebernik, the deity dPA.NI.PA, who is attested in texts from Failaka Island, might be analogous to Meskilak. The reading of her name is not certain, though possibilities such as dPa-li-ḫat as well as a phonetic reading, Panipa, have been proposed. Jean-Jacques Glassner assumes she and Meskilak were two separate goddesses who fulfilled the same role in relation to Inzak in two separate locations. dPA.NI.PA is attested in a theophoric name inscribed on a lapis lazuli seal from Failaka, Lā'û-la-dPA.NI.PA, "truly a skillful one is dPA.NI.PA," which most likely belonged to a Dilmunite princess. Another similar object refers to her as "she who knows the seed of Inzak of Agarum." Meskilak herself (or under her primary name, if the identification with dPA.NI.PA is accepted) is present in sources from this island too.
In Mesopotamia
Meskilak appears in sources from Mesopotamia as well. In texts from this area, her name could be transcribed as Ninsikila, written dNin-sikil-a ("the lady of the pure") on one of the Gudea cylinders and dNin-sikil-la in the myth Enki and Ninhursag. A deity with a homophonous name, Ninsikila, was the spouse of the Mesopotamian goddess Lisin, and it is possible that the similarity of his name to Meskilak's was in part responsible for the fact he later came to be viewed as a goddess.
An inscription on one of the cylinders of Gudea is the oldest known reference to Meskilak in a Mesopotamian source. It states that at the orders of the Mesopotamian god Ningirsu she delivered three types of wood - ḫalub, ebony and "wood of the sea" (giš-ab-ba-bi) to the aforementioned ruler for the construction of Eninnu.
The deities of Dilmun, Meskilak and Inzak, are referenced in greeting formulas in letters exchanged between Enlil-kidinnī (also known under the name Ili-liya), the governor of Nippur during the reigns of Kassite kings Burnaburiash II and Kurigalzu II, and Ilī-ippašra, possibly a Mesopotamian who came to reside in Dilmun. Both of the deities are asked to guard the life of the inhabitant of Nippur in these documents.
Meskilak also appears in the incantation series Šurpu, where she is one of the deities invoked in a passage which begins with the invocation of the god Lugala'abba, the "lord of the sea," and ends with her. The other three deities present in it are Lugalidda, Laguda and Inzak.
Associations with other deities
Manfred Krebernik argues that the equation between Inzak and Nabu in the late god list An = Anu ša amēli might indicate an analogous equation between their wives, Meskilak and Tashmetum. A bilingual hymn treats Meskilak as a male deity identical with Inzak, and identifies him as the counterpart of Nabu and spouse of a goddess named Šuluḫḫītum. It has been proposed that she might have originated as an Akkadian counterpart of Meskilak based on the reinterpretation of her name as Ninsikila, to be understood as "the one related to purification rites," though this view is not universally accepted. The name Nintilmun, "lady of Dilmun," mentioned in the Inanna section of the god list An = Anum, might also plausibly refer to Meskilak. A connection between her and Laḫamun is even more uncertain. The latter deity occurs in god lists as an alternate name of Zarpanit explained as originating in Dilmun.
It is possible that Dilmunites themselves associated Meskilak with Damgalnunna, analogously to the connection between their respective spouses Enki and Inzak.
Mythology
Meskilak appears in the myth Enki and Ninhursag under the name Ninsikila. She is introduced in the beginning of the narrative as the goddess of Dilmun, and asks Enki for help, as the land she rules over, which he assigned to her, is a desert. While it is sometimes assumed that she is synonymous with Ninhursag in this passage, this interpretation is not universally accepted. Enki promises to provide Dilmun with clear water, and subsequently does so, which is most likely meant to highlight his role as a deity associated with water. The early proposal that Dilmun is presented as a paradise in this section of the myth, initially suggested by Samuel Noah Kramer in the 1940s, is no longer considered plausible. Gianni Marchesi notes that a variant of the text known from Ur and dated to the period of Rim-Sîn I's reign emphasizes Dilmun's character as a trade hub through an additional passage in which Enki blesses Meskilak and states that her land will be the destination for precious resources from various distant locations, including Tukriš, Magan, Meluhha, Elam and Marhasi. It has been argued that the toponyms listed reflect the "contemporary commercial horizons of Babylonia." The entire section of the myth focused on Meskilak might have originally been a separate narrative.
A goddess also named Ninsikila subsequently reappears as one of the eight deities who are meant to relive Enki from the pains he was experiencing. According to Dina Katz, it is possible that a different deity than Meskilak was meant in this case, perhaps Ninsiki, who was associated with wool who appears alongside Lahar in god lists, though the copy of Enki and Ninhursag from Nippur according to her "does create the impression that the two [Ninsikilas] are the same goddess." Manfred Krebernik also assumes that the latter Ninsikila is Meskilak. The other seven deities mentioned in the same passage are Abu, Ningirida, Ninkasi, Nanshe, Azimua, Ninti and Inzak. The name Ninsikila is reinterpreted as "lady bearing hair" to reflect the problem she was meant to deal with. After Enki is healed, all the deities are assigned new roles, and she is put in charge of Magan. This toponym referred to the area corresponding to modern Oman in the third and second millennium BCE, though in the first millennium BCE it instead came to designate Egypt, with Qadû becoming the new name for the former place.
Meskilak also appears as Ninsikila in the myth Enki and the World Order, in which the eponymous god entrusts her with maintaining Dilmun. According to Dina Katz, this passage might have influenced the role she plays in the beginning of the myth Enki and Ninhursag.
References
Bibliography
External links
Enki and Ninhursag in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
Enki and the World Order in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
Mesopotamian goddesses
Dilmun |
The Jiangellaceae are the only family of the order Jiangellales, which is a part of the phylum Actinomycetota.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature and the phylogeny is based on whole-genome sequences.
References
Actinomycetia
Bacteria families |
Intersectin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITSN2 gene.
This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein which contains SH3 domains. This protein is a member of a family of proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Intersectin 2 is thought to regulate the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles and also may function in the induction of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) endocytosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene that encode three distinct isoforms. Additional variants have been found but their full length nature has not been determined.
Interactions
ITSN2 has been shown to interact with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein.
References
Further reading
EH-domain-containing proteins |
Roveredo in Piano (Western Friulian: , locally ) is a (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about northwest of Trieste and about northwest of Pordenone.
Roveredo in Piano borders the following municipalities: Aviano, Fontanafredda, Porcia, Pordenone, San Quirino.
References
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Friuli-Venezia Giulia |
Victor Holmberg (born 28 April 1987), know professionally as 1987, is a producer, songwriter and musician of solo projects. He is also a member of the Swedish electronic music duo Montauk.
Biography
In September 2013, 1987 released his debut single, "Ocean".
Discography
Albums
Härskarkonst (2015)
Singles
"Bomb" (2014)
"Michelle" (2014)
"Ocean" (2013)
"Hej då" (2015)
Remixes
Tove Styrke – "Ego" (1987 Remix)
Alice Boman – "Waiting" (1987 Remix)
Marlene – "Bon Voyage" (1987 Remix)
Lucas Nord feat. Emil Heró – "Feelings for You" (1987 Remix)
Wild at Heart – "Saving All My Tears" (1987 Remix)
Postiljonen – "All That We Had Is Lost" (1987 Remix)
Attu – "Don't Sleep" (1987 Remix)
Sportsman – "Usher" (1987 Remix)
SomethingALaMode feat. DWNTWN – "On My Mind" (1987 Remix)
As producer
Montauk - The Newsroom EP, (Brilliantine, 2011)
Sportsman - Usher EP, (Best Fit Recordings, 2013)
References
External links
1987 births
21st-century Swedish singers
Swedish pop musicians
Living people
Musicians from Stockholm
Swedish electronic musicians
Swedish pianists
Swedish male singer-songwriters
Swedish singer-songwriters
Swedish-language singers
Male pianists
21st-century pianists
21st-century Swedish male singers
Parlophone artists |
Marie Catherine Colvin (January 12, 1956 – February 22, 2012) was an American journalist who worked as a foreign affairs correspondent for the British newspaper The Sunday Times from 1985 until her death. She was one of the most prominent war correspondents of her generation, widely recognized for her extensive coverage on the frontlines of various conflicts across the globe. On February 22, 2012, Colvin was killed in an attack made by Syrian government forces, while she was covering the siege of Homs alongside the French photojournalist Remi Ochlik.
After her death, Stony Brook University established the Marie Colvin Center for International Reporting in her honor. Her family also established the Marie Colvin Memorial Fund through the Long Island Community Foundation, which strives to give donations in Marie's name in honor of her humanitarianism.
In July 2016, lawyers representing Colvin's family filed a civil action against the Syrian Arab Republic in the US District Court for the District of Columbia, claiming they had obtained proof that the Syrian government had directly ordered her assassination. In a verdict issued in 2019, the Columbia District Court found the Assad regime guilty of "extrajudicial killing", terming it as an "unconscionable crime" deliberately committed by the government, and mandated Syria to pay Colvin's family $302 million in compensation for the damages.
Early life and education
Marie Colvin was born in Astoria, Queens, New York, and grew up in East Norwich in the town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, on Long Island. Her father, William J. Colvin, was a Marine Corps veteran of WWII and an English teacher in New York City public schools. He was also active in Democratic politics in Nassau County. He served as Deputy County Executive under Eugene Nickerson. Her mother, Rosemarie Marron Colvin, was a high school guidance counselor in Long Island public schools. She had two brothers, William and Michael, and two sisters, Aileen and Catherine. She graduated from Oyster Bay High School in 1974, spending her junior year of high school abroad on an exchange program in Brazil and later attended Yale University. She was an anthropology major but took a course with the Pulitzer Prize-winning writer John Hersey.
Colvin also started writing for the Yale Daily News "and decided to be a journalist," her mother said. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in anthropology in 1978. During her time at Yale, Colvin was known for her strong personality and quickly established herself as a "noise-maker" on campus.
Career
Colvin worked briefly for a labor union in New York City, before starting her journalism career with United Press International (UPI), a year after graduating from Yale. She worked for UPI first in Trenton, then New York and Washington. In 1984, Colvin was appointed Paris bureau manager for UPI, before moving to The Sunday Times in 1985.
From 1986, she was the newspaper's Middle East correspondent, and then from 1995 was the Foreign Affairs correspondent. In 1986, she was the first to interview Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi after Operation El Dorado Canyon. Gaddafi said in this interview that he was at home when U.S. planes bombed Tripoli in April 1986, and that he helped rescue his wife and children while "the house was coming down around us". Gaddafi also said reconciliation between Libya and the United States was impossible so long as Ronald Reagan was in the White House. "I have nothing to say to him (Reagan)", he said, "because he is mad. He is foolish. He is an Israeli dog."
In May 1988, Colvin made an extended appearance on the Channel 4 discussion programme After Dark, alongside Anton Shammas, Gerald Kaufman, Moshe Amirav, Nadia Hijab and others.
Specialising in the Middle East, she also covered conflicts in Chechnya, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka and East Timor. In 1999 in East Timor, she was credited with saving the lives of 1,500 women and children from a compound besieged by Indonesian-backed forces. Refusing to abandon them, she stayed with a United Nations force, reporting in her newspaper and on television. They were evacuated after four days. She won the International Women's Media Foundation award for Courage in Journalism for her coverage of Kosovo and Chechnya. She wrote and produced documentaries, including Arafat: Behind the Myth for the BBC. She is featured in the 2005 documentary film Bearing Witness.
Colvin lost the sight in her left eye while reporting on the Sri Lankan Civil War. She was struck by a blast from a Sri Lankan Army rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) on April 16, 2001, while crossing from a Tamil Tigers-controlled area to a Government-controlled area; thereafter she wore an eyepatch. She was attacked even after calling out "journalist, journalist!" She told Lindsey Hilsum of Channel 4 News that her attacker "knew what he was doing." Despite sustaining serious injuries, Colvin, who was 45 at the time, managed to write a 3,000 word article on time to meet the deadline. She had walked over through the Vanni jungle with her Tamil guides to evade government troops; she reported on the humanitarian disaster in the northern Tamil region, including a government blockade of food, medical supplies and prevention of foreign journalist access to the area for six years to cover the war. Colvin later suffered post traumatic stress disorder and required hospitalisation following her injuries.
She was also a witness and an intermediary during the final days of the war in Sri Lanka and reported on war crimes against Tamils that were committed during this phase. Several days after her wounding, the Sri Lankan government said it would allow foreign journalists to travel in rebel-held zones. The director of Government information, Ariya Rubasinghe, stated that: "Journalists can go, we have not debarred them, but they must be fully aware of and accept the risk to their lives."
In 2011, while reporting on the Arab Spring in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, she was offered an opportunity to interview Gaddafi again, along with two other journalists that she could nominate. For Gaddafi's first international interview since the start of the war, Colvin took along Christiane Amanpour of ABC News and Jeremy Bowen of BBC News.
Colvin noted the importance of shining a light on "humanity in extremes, pushed to the unendurable", stating: "My job is to bear witness. I have never been interested in knowing what make of plane had just bombed a village or whether the artillery that fired at it was 120mm or 155mm."
Personal life
Colvin twice married journalist Patrick Bishop; both marriages ended in divorce. She also married a Bolivian journalist, Juan Carlos Gumucio, a correspondent for the Spanish newspaper El País in Beirut during the Lebanese civil war. He took his own life in February 2002 in Bolivia, following depression and alcoholism.
Colvin lived in Hammersmith, West London.
Death
In February 2012, Colvin crossed into Syria on the back of a motocross motorcycle, ignoring the Syrian government's attempts to prevent foreign journalists from entering Syria to cover the Syrian Civil War without authorization. Colvin was stationed in the western Baba Amr district of the city of Homs. Upon arriving the city, she was welcomed by local activists keen to reveal the ongoing destruction of Homs to the world. Colvin reported that pro-Assad forces were repeatedly firing on her car with grenades and machine guns, forcing her to take cover in emptied buildings. In her last article published in the Sunday Times on 19 February 2012, Colvin wrote: "The scale of human tragedy in the city is immense. The inhabitants are living in terror. Almost every family seems to have suffered the death or injury of a loved one."
Colvin made her last broadcast on the evening of February 21, appearing on the BBC, Channel 4, CNN and ITN News via satellite phone. She described "merciless" shelling and sniper attacks against civilian buildings and people on the streets of Homs by Syrian forces, expressing immense shock at the utter disregard of the government troops for the lives of the city residents. Speaking to Anderson Cooper hours before her death, Colvin described the bombardment of Homs as the worst conflict she had ever experienced. Reporting on her situation, Colvin told Cooper: "Every civilian house on this street has been hit. We're talking about a very poor popular neighborhood. The top floor of the building I'm in has been hit, in fact, totally destroyed. There are no military targets here... There are rockets, shells, tank shells, anti-aircraft being fired in parallel lines into the city. The Syrian Army is simply shelling a city of cold, starving civilians."
Alongside photojournalist Rémi Ochlik, Colvin was killed by direct shelling and rocket attacks from security forces directed at their temporary media center on February 22. Another photographer, Paul Conroy, and French journalist Edith Bouvier of Le Figaro were also injured during the attacks. The nature of the attacks arose suspicions that the Syrian government deliberately bombed the safehouses of the journalists through satellite tracking. Nine other individuals were also killed as a result of the attacks.
An autopsy conducted in Damascus by the Syrian government claimed that Colvin was killed by an "improvised explosive device filled with nails". This account was rejected by photographer Paul Conroy, who was with Colvin and Ochlik and survived the attack. Conroy recalled that Colvin and Ochlik were packing their gear when Syrian artillery fire hit their media centre.
Reactions
Journalist Jean-Pierre Perrin and other sources reported that the building had been targeted by the Syrian Army, identified using satellite phone signals. Their team had been planning an exit strategy a few hours prior.
On the evening of February 22, 2012, people of Homs mourned in the streets in honour of Colvin and Ochlik. Tributes were paid to Colvin across the media industry and political world following her death.
Colvin's personal possessions came with her. This included a backpack containing basic supplies and a 387-page manuscript by her lifelong friend, Gerald Weaver. Colvin's sister, Cathleen 'Cat' Colvin along with Sean Ryan, then foreign editor of The Sunday Times, helped to have his book published.
Colvin's funeral took place in Oyster Bay, New York, on March 12, 2012, in a service attended by 300 mourners, including those who had followed her dispatches, friends and family. She was cremated and half of her ashes were scattered off Long Island, and the other half on the River Thames, near her last home.
Civil lawsuit
In July 2016, Cat Colvin filed a civil action against the government of the Syrian Arab Republic for extrajudicial killing claiming she had obtained proof that the Syrian government had directly ordered Colvin's targeted assassination. In April 2018, the accusations were revealed on court papers filed by her family. In January 2019, an American court ruled that the Syrian government was liable for Colvin's death and ordered that they pay $300m in punitive damages. The judgement stated that Colvin was "specifically targeted because of her profession, for the purpose of silencing those reporting on the growing opposition movement in the country. [The] murder of journalists acting in their professional capacity could have a chilling effect on reporting such events worldwide. A targeted murder of an American citizen, whose courageous work was not only important, but vital to our understanding of war zones and of wars generally, is outrageous, and therefore a punitive damages award that multiples the impact on the responsible state is warranted."
In popular culture
In 2018, a film based on Colvin's life, A Private War, directed by Matthew Heineman, written by Arash Amel, and starring Rosamund Pike as Colvin, was released, based on the 2012 article "Marie Colvin's Private War" in Vanity Fair magazine by Marie Brenner. While being interviewed in 2021, Chris Terrio, who wrote the film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, stated that Lois Lane's arc in the film was inspired by Colvin.
Awards
2000 – Journalist of the Year, Foreign Press Association
2000 – Courage in Journalism, International Women's Media Foundation
2001 – Foreign Reporter of the Year, British Press Awards
2009 – Foreign Reporter of the Year, British Press Awards
2012 – Anna Politkovskaya Award, Reach All Women in War (RAW in WAR)
2012 – Foreign Reporter of the Year, British Press Awards
See also
List of journalists killed during the Syrian civil war
Girls of the Sun, a 2018 French film with the main protagonist inspired by Marie Colvin
A Private War, a 2018 American biographical film about Marie Colvin
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
The Intercept: Review of In Extremis ; photograph by Simon Townsley
References
Further reading
"On the Front Line: The Collected Journalism of Marie Colvin". HarperCollins Publishers,
External links
mariecolvin.org
|-
1956 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American women journalists
20th-century American journalists
21st-century women journalists
American expatriates in England
American newspaper reporters and correspondents
American women war correspondents
American writers with disabilities
Journalists killed in Syria
Journalists killed while covering the Syrian civil war
People from Astoria, Queens
People from Oyster Bay (town), New York
The Sunday Times people
War correspondents of the Syrian civil war
Women in 21st-century warfare
Yale College alumni
Eyepatch wearers |
Prince Chiu (born 14 April 1989) is a Taiwanese singer, actor, model, and television host. He is a member of a trio boyband, JPM, with Liao Xiao Jie/Liljay and his younger brother, Mao Di.
He is a former member of Lollipop, a Taiwanese Mandopop boyband, which consisted of six other members: Zhuang Ao Quan/Owodog, Liao Xiao Jie/Liljay, Yang Xiao Yu/Fabien, Liao Wei Lian/William, and Liu A-wei. They were all selected from Channel [V] Taiwan's reality show Bang Bang Tang (BBT 模范棒棒堂), which sought to create new male artists in the Taiwanese entertainment business.
Lollipop signed their contracts under Gold Typhoon (formerly EMI Capitol) and Channel [V] Taiwan in 2006. However, their contracts with Channel [V] Taiwan terminated at the end of 2009. From 2010-2015, Chiu worked with A Legend Star Entertainment Corp., a company founded by the former Channel [V] Taiwan director, Andy Chang. From 2015 onwards, he signed under HIM International Music.
Early life
Chiu was born in Taichung City, Taiwan on April 14, 1989. His younger brother, Mao Di, was a former member of Choc7, and is currently one of Chiu's co-members in JPM, a mandopop band under Sony Music Taiwan. He attended Zhuangjing Senior Vocational School, where he graduated high school. After graduating, he continued studying English at Hsing Wu University. He later transferred to Tungnan University.
Career
Pre-debut
Chiu was a bright student throughout his academic life. He participated in various extracurriculars, ranging from sports to school clubs.
In middle school, he joined Taiwan's track and field team and placed 9th in a 100-meter race. He also learned Taekwondo, which he achieved a red belt in.
His stage name Prince (or Wang Zi) was coined by Andy Zhang, the former Channel [V]'s director, when he took the role of a prince in a Shakespearean play in high school. When he first entered the entertainment industry, Zhang suggested the name Prince to Chiu because he thought the name was both catchy and easy to remember.
2006: Formation of Lollipop
In 2006, Chiu attended the Bang Bang Tang audition (BBT) in Taipei and was selected to be in the "Bang Bang Tang" variety show. On November 27, the six members of the boy group Lollipop were revealed. Chiu was the second member to be revealed, after Liao Xiao Jie. Lollipop officially signed a contract with EMI Capitol on December 2, 2006, and on December 9, 2006, the group performed publicly for the first time.
2007–08: Acting, Hosting, and Music debut
Lollipop's first EP, Colorful Lollipop was released on January 26, 2007, with six different covers, each featuring a member of the group. Four months later, on May 25, a second EP titled Summer's First Experience was released along with a photobook compiled with photos taken in Okinawa, as well as a DVD. Lyrics were written by Qiu and himself for the song "Summer's First Experience."
During the summer of 2007, Chiu and the other members of Lollipop made their acting debut in the drama Brown Sugar Macchiato, a collaboration with Hey Girl. The first episode was aired in Taiwan on July 15, 2007. Later, Lollipop admits on Kangxi Lai Le that the drama had been more of an introduction of the two groups instead of a major acting challenge, as the members were told to act like themselves, and that many subplots were explained only briefly due to the large number of main characters. After thirteen episodes, the drama ended on October 7, 2007. They released an official soundtrack, then, with songs from Lollipop and Hey Girl. The said television drama allowed Chiu to receive the Best Onscreen Couple with Gui Gui(Emma Wu), a member of Hey Girl.
Chiu also starred in the drama They Kiss Again as the older Ah Nuo (阿諾) or Nobu.
On September 26, 2007, Lollipop visited Hong Kong to promote their television soundtrack Brown Sugar Macchiato. This was their first overseas promotional activity ever since their debut, and a huge fan turnout caused a great commotion at the shopping mall where they were having their autograph session At the same year, Lollipop began hosting their own show Lollipop Gyashan (LOLLIPOP哪裡怕) on October 27 until April 19, 2008, when the show stopped airing.
Lollipop's debut album Gyashan (哪裡怕) was released on December 28, 2007. Gyashan entered Mandarin charts in the number one position, outselling F4's album Waiting for You – Await Your Love (在這裡等你) which was released on the same day. Liao contributed lyrics to three of the ten songs in this album. On January 26, 2008, a year after the release of their first EP, Lollipop held its debut concert at the Taipei Arena. The concert DVD was released on June 6, 2008, breaking chart records with sales rates of more than 35%. The DVD has topped the charts for a period of one month since.
2008–09: Graduation from BBT, I Am Legend Album, tours and Acting
Lollipop had been appearing regularly on Bang Bang Tang since August 14, 2006. With Channel [V]'s decision to select a new batch of boys and create a second season, Lollipop and most of the other members "graduated" from Bang Bang Tang after their last performances as members of the show. Their last official episode aired on August 29, 2008, marking the end of the first season. In total, the members of Lollipop had participated in more than 500 episodes of the show.
After graduation from Bang Bang Tang television show, Chiu had been busy filming The Legend of Brown Sugar Chivalries. He was cast as the main lead, Linghu Cong (令狐聰), with Albee Hwang from July 26 to October 18, 2008. On October 3, 2008, the original soundtrack was released by Gold Typhoon. In this album, Chiu wrote and sang the ending song for the series entitled Sorry (對不起 Dui Bu Qi). Two editions were released for the soundtrack, one being a 10,000 limited edition.
On December 6, 2008, Lollipop performed four songs with themes of wushu at the 45th Golden Horse Awards ceremony.
In 2009, Lollipop made its first lyric contributions to other artists, which are included in the mini album of the group Choc7, composed of seven members selected from the same show. Chiu wrote Too Young(太青春) and I'm Stupid(我太笨).
Lollipop's second album I am Legend was released on June 19, 2009. Chiu contributed the lyrics to three songs in the album. A concert tour in Asia with the same name commenced in Hong Kong Coliseum on July 4–5, 2009. While promoting I am Legend on several Taiwanese variety shows, including Kangxi Lai Le, 100% Entertainment, Azio Superstar, etc., Lollipop created a series of dance performances specifically for the show hosts of each show, thus completing a mini TV tour.
Aside from music career, he has also starred on his first film entitled Love (愛到底 - 第六號瀏海) with his brother, Mao Di.
Chiu lived with the other members of Lollipop from 2006 to 2009. Due to disturbances caused by fans gathering outside their apartment, Lollipop had to move several times since their debut and had once lived in an apartment rented to them by BBT show host Fan Fan in Taipei. However, at the end of 2009, Chiu has moved away from Lollipop's apartment and is now living with Liao Xiao Jie and Qiu Mao Di.
2010–11: A Legend Star contract & Formation of JPM
Lollipop's artist management contract with Channel [V] Taiwan ended at the end of 2009. Former Lollipop members, Liao and himself had been undergoing a series of secret training for the past year after they had separated with the band in 2009. On July 8, 2010, the two of them released a single entitled Dance Can Be Replaced ("舞可取代"). On September 10, they had their first concert at the Hong Kong Kowloon Bay International Trade and Exhibition Center to promote their single. In the end, their first single was successful as they received six awards at the end of the year, which includes "Popular Dance Song Award" and "Idol Award" by the "Metro Radio Mandarin Hits Music Awards Presentation", "Best Dance Song Award" and "Idol Award" by the "Seventh Hit Golden King Awards", and "Outstanding Dance Song Singers" and "Network Popular Singers" by the "Chinese Golden Melody Awards".
On the day of A Legend Star Entertainment Corp.'''s first anniversary, Chiu and Liao Xiao Jie decided to get back together and formed a new group called JPM, alongside Chiu's brother, Mao Di, on January 11, 2011. They signed a contract under A Legend Star Entertainment Corp., a company founded by former Channel [V] Taiwan director, Andy Chang. On August 26, 2011, JPM finally released their first album entitled Moonwalk. In this album, Chiu contributed to the lyrics of three songs and composer of two songs.
Besides his music career, Chiu has also been active in acting. He had 3 films in 2010 (Kung Fu Hip Hop 2, Honey PuPu, and Xi You Ji).Honey PuPu. Taiwan, 2010. Television. Moreover, he was also cast in Gloomy Salad Days in 2010, and 33 Gu Shi Guan - Fake Chocolate in 2011 as the male lead, Qiu Ke Li.33 Gu Shi Guan - Fake Chocolate. STV. Taiwan, 2011. Television.
Chiu, together with his brother, Mao Di, were also invited to join into ambassadors in the 2010 Asian Games, Guangzhou Asian Games Volunteer Hall of Fame. With their positive public image and work attitude, youthful joy and personal charm, they became the Guangzhou Asian Games volunteer spokesperson.
2012–present
On January 25, JPM released a Japanese version for Moonwalk album. The album consists of Normal Edition and First Press Limited Edition, which comes with a bonus DVD containing five music videos, one-hour music special, and interview footage.
On November 30, JPM released their second studio album entitled 365 under the same label, Sony Music Taiwan. They use "Love" as the main theme of this album. In other words, each song is used to describe different types and stages of love. In addition with the theme of love, 365 album also emphasized the "Golden Triangle" concept to capture each members' individual firm and confidence and also to represent their strong brotherhood. According to Sony Music, JPM said: "We are the Golden triangle, the best ally and best friend" (「我們是黃金鐵三角，是最好的戰友也是最好的朋友」). Demonstrating the trio's mastery of a multitude of music styles, the new album's track list includes an electro-dance K-Pop-styled titular song "365 Days" especially produced by Korean producers. Moreover, the track list also includes a solo song for each member, and a collaboration with Kimberley Chen entitled "Internet". Once again, Qiu contributed to the album as he is the lyricist of its main song, 365 days.
In August 2013, Chiu was also cast in Little Red Riding Hood and The Big Bad Wolf stage drama as "the wolf". On 22 December 2013, he launched his own fashion brand, P.STAR.
In 2017, he acted as the male lead for TV drama Attention, Love!. On 24 November 2017, Chiu released his first solo EP titled ATTENTION!.
Discography
Solo songs from JPM
"佔為己有" (For Himself) - from Moonwalk (album)
"一個人也好" (It is Fine To Be Alone) - from 365 (album)
Soundtrack contributions
2008: "對不起 Dui Bu Qi" (I'm Sorry) - from The Legend of Brown Sugar Chivalries OST
2010: "如果可以早一點 Rú Guǒ Kěyǐ zǎo yīdiǎn" (If a little earlier) - from Kung Fu Hip Hop 2 (精舞門2) OST with Chen Bo Lin and Zhou Qiqi
Singles
EP
Music compositions
Filmography
Television series
Film
Short film
Music video appearances
Theater
Television hosting
Books
2011年2月 傳奇星2011寫真記事 - Legendary Star Memo 2011
Awards and nominationsFor Lollipop and JPM awards list, see also: Lollipop Awards and JPM Awards''
References
External links
Prince Chiu at HIM International Music
1989 births
Living people
Taiwanese male dancers
Taiwanese dancers
Taiwanese male television actors
Taiwanese Mandopop singers
Musicians from Taipei
Taiwanese Mandopop singer-songwriters
Taiwanese male film actors
21st-century Taiwanese male actors
21st-century Taiwanese male singers
Taiwanese television presenters |
Lander Seynaeve (born 29 May 1992) is a Belgian professional racing cyclist.
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Belgian male cyclists
People from Pontoise
21st-century Belgian people |
The Asociación Peruana de Cricket or Cricket Peru is the official governing body of the sport of cricket in Peru. Cricket Peru is Peru's representative at the International Cricket Council and is an associate member and has been a member of that body since 2007. It is included in the ICC Americas region.
Cricket has been played in Peru for over 150 years, at the splendid Lima Cricket & Football Club (LCFC), and is now undergoing resurgence as a recently admitted Affiliate Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) and a founder member of Cricket South America (CSA), along with Argentina, Brazil and Chile.
Domestic Cricket
Peru traditionally held an 8- to 10-week season at the LCFC from February until Easter. Most of the fixtures were friendlies, and the most important regular matches on the calendar were traditionally the British Ambassador’s XI vs President of the LCFC XI and Asia vs Rest of the World. The latter is still hotly contested, while the former has been developed into a one-day cricket carnival, The Ambassador's Cup, featuring teams - and ambassadors - representing Australia, India, South Africa and UK.
The Easter holiday, which was traditionally a time for overseas touring teams to visit Lima, is now set aside for the South American Championship (SAC), a non-official, annual tournament between teams representing CSA members i.e. Argentina, Brazil, Chile & Peru, as well as invited national teams. 2014 saw the 11th staging of this tournament, with Lima hosting.
The advantage of playing cricket in Lima is that play is never lost to rain!
In November 2006, a uniquely Peruvian cricket form, Cricket Veloz, was introduced to the cricketing calendar, and the Cricket Veloz Trophy has been hotly contested every year since. Originally designed as a four-team, indoor tournament, in 2009 it was rebranded as an outdoor 6-a-side festival, with great success, fitting nicely into the 150th Anniversary celebrations of the LCFC.
National Twenty20 Championship
In 2007, the Peruvian National T20 Championship was inaugurated, with all games being played at LCFC.
The four founding teams were:
1) The Kiteflyers: the cricketing arm of a multinational local football team - with a British core - founded in 1981.
2) Eidgenossen: a team made up mainly of teachers from local British schools
Eidgenossenschaft is a German word meaning confederation. The term literally translates as "oath fellowship". An Eidgenossenschaft is a confederacy of equal partners, which can be individuals or groups such as states, formed by a pact sealed by a solemn oath. Such an alliance could be either time-limited or unlimited (or "eternal"). An important characteristic is that the partners were always considered equal, in contrast to the oath of fealty in feudal societies with their strict hierarchies. As a political term, it is used most often as a synonym for Switzerland, whose official German name is "Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft", usually translated as Swiss Confederation. An Eidgenosse is a member of an Eidgenossenschaft, and is an expression for "Swiss citizen".
3) Chak De: a team made up of Peruvian residents from the Indian subcontinent.
‘Chak De’ means ‘let’s go’ in Punjabi.
4) LCFC: members and invited players from the Lima Cricket and Football Club
Originally, the T20 Championship was played over three Sundays, with each team playing the others once. But with the success of the format, and the addition of a fifth team, Lima Indians in 2013, the competition has now been expanded into two stages - the Apertura and the Clausura - lasting for 10 weeks of the season. Accordingly, the start of the season has been moved forward to early January.
Tacna, in the south of Peru, in the late 1990s and early 2000s had a sizable Pakistani population, many of whom were involved in the importation of second-hand cars; and from this community they were able to create a team, the Tacna Tigers, which annually visited Lima to play cricket, and provided a number of players for the national side. However, changes to the free trade zone regulations governing business in Tacna, from 2011 onwards, saw the Pakistani cricket community dwindle in size.
International Cricket
Cricket Peru's men's team are known as the 'Llamas', and have competed in international competitions since 1997, usually against other Latin American national sides.
ICC Americas Division III
The Llamas competed three times in the ICC Americas Division III, an officially sanctioned ranking tournament, overseen by the International Cricket Council that offered a pathway to World League Cricket and potentially to playing in the World Cup.
1. Buenos Aires, Argentina: 12 – 16 Feb, 2008:
This was a 50-over tournament, played at different venues in Buenos Aires, featuring 5 teams - Belize, Brazil, Chile, Peru and Turks & Caicos Islands - that had a stunning climax with three teams in a position to win the tournament before the final ball of the tournament. The eventual winners were the Turks and Caicos Islands, who were promoted to Division II.
Second place went to Chile on account of their lower net run rate. Belize finished third.
Peru, captained by Harry Hildebrand, lost their first three games, but on the last day of the tournament, pulled off an upset by defeating Brazil, thereby securing fourth place, with Brazil in 5th.
2. Santiago, Chile: 9 - 12 Oct, 2009:
Again this was a 50-over tournament, played at Craighouse in Santiago, Chile, with only 4 teams: Belize, Brazil, Chile & Peru. The Llamas, under the captaincy of Miles Buesst, lost all their games to finish fourth, but came close to defeating eventual champions, Brazil, in their final match, falling 17 short chasing 253.
3. San Jose, Costa Rica: 14–18 March 2011
The format of this tournament was changed to T20, and featured 6 teams: Belize, Brazil, Chile, hosts Costa Rica, Falkland Islands and Peru, playing at Los Reyes Polo Club on the outskirts of San Jose. The shorter format suited the Llamas' style of play, and Peru, captained by Miles Buesst (and Mike Soulsby, for one match) enjoyed their most successful international tournament to date, with a record of four wins out of five, and a highly creditable 2nd-place finish. The only loss was to the eventual undefeated champions, Belize, on the first morning.
Success was based on a disciplined bowling unit of Miles Buesst, Nadeem Ahmed, Javed Iqbal, Tony Sanford and Dinesh Ekanayake, taking advantage of the low bounce of the wickets, and a large, slow outfield, backed up by good fielding, to starve batsmen of runs and force them into errors. Runs were at a premium on the two pitches used, and so batsmen had to be patient and correct to weather the initial storm of the opposition’s top bowlers, before making hay against the lesser bowlers. This approach was typified by Mike Soulsby’s masterly half century, off 63 balls, against Chile, that won him the Man of the Match award.
Seemingly low T20 scores of under a hundred against Chile and Costa Rica were easily defended, and even the free-scoring Belizean batsmen took 14 overs to score 65, losing 6 wickets along the way, and indicating that the ball would dominate the bat for most of the Championship.
This was certainly the case against Mexico, who batting first, were rolled over for 49; and then the Falkland Islands were dismissed for 22, the lowest score of the tournament, as some of Peru’s second-string bowlers came to the fore.
South American Championship
Sadly, in 2012, ICC policy changed, with the focus shifting away from High Performance Cricket to increasing Participation Numbers. This decision was driven by an economic imperative.
The ramifications for Cricket Peru were that there would no longer be any ICC-sponsored international cricket. Solace could be found in the fact that the Llamas had been participating in the bi-annual South American Championships (SAC) since 1995.
In the wake of the ICC decision to scrap the ICC Americas Div III tournament, it was decided to make the SAC an annual T20 Easter championship, with the hosting rotating between the four members of Cricket South America.
In April 2014, it was the turn of Cricket Peru to host SAC XI. For the first time, Mexico were invited to join the tournament, which they did with great enthusiasm - so much so that they actually won the tournament, defeating Chile in the final, thereby taking the trophy out of South America for the first time!
Chile had won three games out of four leading up to the Final, but Brazil, Mexico and Peru had all won two games each; and so qualification to face Chile came down to wickets lost.
Central American Championship
After the success of the expanded 2014 South American Championships in Lima, Cricket Panama were inspired to invite additional teams to their March 2015 Central American Championship (CAC) in Panama City. The invitees that accepted were Peru, Brazil and M.C.C, who took their place alongside regulars Mexico, Costa Rica, El Salvador and, of course, Panama.
Another of the CAC regulars, Belize, pulled out at the eleventh hour, and their place was taken by a Panama A side, to keep the number of teams at eight, divided into two groups of four, playing T20 games.
The Llamas first match, on March 17, was against the M.C.C, who had just been on the wrong end of a hard-fought series in Suriname, and were in no mood to be generous. Featuring a number of County players and ex-players, they racked up an imposing 200 for 8 off their 20 overs. Peru, batting second, were never in the hunt and faltered to 79, for a chastening loss.
The next game was against old sparring partners, Brazil, on March 18. Again Peru bowled first and did well to keep the Brazil score down to 141 for 8. The reply started well, with Hallett, Soulsby and Myers all making quick runs, but after a mid-innings stutter, the run rate started to climb alarmingly. Some good late innings clubbing, and hard running, from man-of-the-match Buesst (35*) and Chaplin (5*), saw Peru home with 3 balls to spare, for a famous 5-wicket victory.
The last group game was against Panama A on the morning of March 19. Batting first, Peru racked up 147 for 9 off their 20 overs, with Soulsby (39), Buesst (35) and Myers (29) the main contributors. In a mirror image of the game the day before, the Panama A reply got off to a fast start and then faltered in the middle overs, as they lost wickets and the run rate increased. However, they got over the line with 3 balls to spare, and 5 wickets in hand, thanks to some good death batting.
The upshot of these group games was that Peru came third in the group, thereby missing out on progressing to the semi-final stage. They were able to take solace in a victory, that afternoon, over Costa Rica, who had come also third in their group, to claim 5th place. Drained from the morning's narrow loss, Peru's batsman struggled to a total of 109 for 8 from their 20 overs, with Soulsby and Myers again in the runs. However, the bowlers, led by Spry (3 for 12) and Roughton (3 for 14) and backed up by some good fielding, did enough to keep the Costa Rica batting line-up down to a total of 91 all out.
This was a satisfying end to an excellent tournament, with two wins and two losses.
Amistad Cup
The development of cricket in Peru and Brazil has followed quite similar trajectories since their acceptance as Affiliate Members of the ICC in the early 2000s, with a small group of keen volunteers facing sizable geographical and cultural challenges. This has led to a close friendship off the pitch - with the sharing of ideas and resources - and a healthy rivalry on the pitch.
To encapsulate this relationship, in 2011 it was decided to inaugurate the Amistad Cup (actually a Thermos flask), which would be awarded to the winner of any men's cricket game between Peru and Brazil. The loser would be given the dubious prize of The Spork (half spoon, half fork), which was found as a hidden extra in the lid of the Thermos!
Brazil is the current holder of the Amistad Cup, having defeated Peru in the group stage of the 2015 South American Championship in Chile.
References
External links
Cricket in Peru article
Cricket administration
Cricket in Peru
Sports governing bodies in Peru |
The military reforms of the Florentine Republic were initiated by Florentine politician and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli during the short-lived Republic of Florence that lasted from 1498 to 1512 under the priest Girolamo Savonarola. In the pursuit of the republican spirit which pervaded Florence at the time, Machiavelli sought to establish a military establishment that was similar to that of ancient Rome. He was specifically focused upon the establishment of an army possessed with the discipline of the Roman legions. He sought to establish a citizen-infantry capable of taking the field against the Italian Condottieri of the day, who largely terrorized the peninsula, in addition to the chronic foreign invasions which occurred on a regular basis at this time. Broadly speaking Machiavelli would institute a series of reforms in 1506 that would create a citizen army of 20,000 men, and establish a system that would keep this citizen army in a state of readiness.
Impetus for reforms
Prior to Machiavelli's birth, Italy had been dominated by foreign kings or divided into independent duchies under the influence of the Condottieri for some time. Italy had experienced numerous revolutions. Before the Italian Wars, it had been the domain of the Holy Roman Emperors and numerous wars which seeking to take back control of Northern Italy. The independent states in Italy, lacking proper armies to field, resorted to the use of mercenaries. These caused numerous problems and Machiavelli placed no trust in these forces. He said of them at a later date: "The ruin of Italy has been caused by nothing else than by resting all her hopes for many years on mercenaries... when foreigners came they showed what they were"
For centuries Italy had been dominated by the Kings of France, Germany, Spain, and countless dukes and princes of German and French origin.
Machiavelli's position within Florence
Machiavelli is primarily known for his political discourses such as The Prince and The Art of War, but he was also a middle-ranking official of the Florentine Republic. His position allowed him access to prominent officials and assemblies, and the opportunity to persuade them to implement his reforms.
Reforms
First of all, the Florentine Republic was divided into a series of districts. The purpose of this being to have government officials travel through each district and point out men of suitable bodily strength in order that they may serve. Each man was issued a weapon – a spear and a body harness – that was a uniform in the Florentine fashion. This was entirely consistent with Machivelli's later beliefs on the subject of native strength. Each unit was assigned a captain, who was assigned a "chancellor" to perform the administrative tasks such as ensuring all correspondence was taken care of, keeping rosters, and things of that nature. In addition, several corporals were assigned to aid the captain.
Unit Hierarchy
Each unit had a roster strength of 800 men, with 150 men serving at any given time:
Captain: the man in command of the unit, rotated amongst the districts
Chancellors: performed administrative duties
Corporals: assisted the Captain in command of the unit.
Rank and file
70% of these men were armed with pikes, 10% were marksmen, and the remaining 20% were issued halberds, hog-spears, or other close combat weapons.
Problems with reforms
There were a number of problems with the reforms. From the start, Machiavelli expressed concern that the military establishment would undermine the interests of the Florentine Republic. There was only a small area outside of the city proper which Florence had much confidence in the populace's loyalty. The rest of Florence's territory had been reduced into submission by force, and could easily revolt again. Some of the fundamental premises of his citizen army were flawed.
Furthermore, captains of the units were constantly being rotated out of their units because there was fear for the Republic itself. Thus there was a relative lack of confidence in the officers by the rank and file. Furthermore, the captains had no authority to discipline their soldiers. One memorandum said:
On a deeper level, a citizen of the Roman Republic, during its slow rise under persistent defensive threat, in an agrarian society, differed greatly from a citizen of the short-lived Florentine Republic, which had already become an urban center with important commercial life and without any tradition of the discipline and sternness. The materiel and temperament of a Florentine citizen army doomed the attempt to achieve anything akin the fabled legions of the past.
References
15th century in the Republic of Florence
Military reforms
16th century in the Republic of Florence |
The 2022–23 Associate international cricket season was from approximately September 2022 to April 2023. All official twenty over matches between Associate members of the ICC were eligible to have full Twenty20 International (T20I) or Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) status, as the International Cricket Council (ICC) granted T20I status to matches between all of its members from 1 July 2018 (women's teams) and 1 January 2019 (men's teams). The season included all T20I/WT20I cricket series mostly involving ICC Associate members, that were played in addition to series covered in International cricket in 2022–23. The 2023 ACC Men's Challenger Cup and the 2023 ACC Men's Premier Cup, which formed the qualification pathway for the 2023 Asia Cup, were also played during this period.
Season overview
September
2022–23 ICC T20 World Cup EAP Qualifier A
2022 United Arab Emirates Women's Quadrangular Series
2022 ACA Africa T20 Cup
2022 ICC Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier
October
2022 Women's Pacific Cup
Indonesia in Japan
2022 Women's South American Cricket Championship
2022–23 ICC T20 World Cup EAP Qualifier B
2022 Men's South American Cricket Championship
Hong Kong women in Japan
Rwanda in Tanzania
November
Singapore women in Indonesia
2022–23 Spain Tri-Nation Series
2022 Spain Women's Pentangular Series
2022 Desert Cup T20I Series
2022–23 ICC T20 World Cup Africa Qualifier A
December
2022–23 ICC T20 World Cup Africa Qualifier B
2022 East Africa T20 Series
2022–23 Kenya Women's Quadrangular Series
2022–23 Malaysia Quadrangular Series
Philippines women in Cambodia
February
Singapore women in Cambodia
Bermuda in Argentina
2023 ACC Men's Challenger Cup
Isle of Man in Spain
2023 ICC T20 World Cup Americas Sub-Regional Qualifier
March
2022–23 Hong Kong Quadrangular Series
2023 Pacific Island Cricket Challenge (Men)
2023 Pacific Island Cricket Challenge (Women)
2023 Nigeria Invitational Women's T20I Tournament
April
Gibraltar in Portugal
2023 ACC Men's Premier Cup
2023 Victoria Series
2023 Capricorn Women's Quadrangular Series
See also
International cricket in 2022–23
Notes
References
2022 in cricket
2023 in cricket |
William Stimpson (February 14, 1832 – May 26, 1872) was a noted American scientist. He was interested particularly in marine biology. Stimpson became an important early contributor to the work of the Smithsonian Institution and later, director of the Chicago Academy of Sciences.
Biography
Stimpson was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Herbert Hathorne Stimpson and Mary Ann Devereau Brewer. The Stimpsons were of the colonial stock of Massachusetts, the earliest known member of the family being James Stimpson, who was married in 1661, in Milton. His mother died at an early age. William Stimpson's father was an ingenious inventor, and a leading merchant of Boston in the mid decades of the nineteenth century, trading as "H. & F. Stimpson, stoves and furnaces, corner of Congress and Water Streets. It was he who invented the "Stimpson range", the first sheet-iron cooking stove, famous in its day throughout New England. He also made improvements in rifles, and suggested the placing of the flange on the inside of railway car wheels instead of on the outside, as had been the custom. His son was to inherit his energy, love of social life, enthusiasm, and brilliant wit.
Stimpson's father moved from Roxbury and built a house in the village of Cambridge. When fourteen years of age he read with delight Edwin Swett's work on geology, and soon after this a copy of Augustus Addison Gould's Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts filled him with exultant enthusiasm.
He graduated from the Cambridge high school in 1848, winning the gold medal, the highest prize of the school. In September 1848 he entered the Cambridge Latin School, absorbing the mastery he displayed in the use of Latin in the description of marine animals in his Prodromus of 1857–60.
He studied under the great naturalist Louis Agassiz. He focused most of his studies on marine biology, particularly invertebrates. Starting when he was 21 years old, from 1853 to 1856, he collected various specimens in the Pacific Northwest. He then settled in Washington, D.C., where he founded the Megatherium Club at the Smithsonian Institution. At the Smithsonian, he was named the director of the department of invertebrates. When fellow club member Robert Kennicott left his post as director of the Academy of Science in Chicago, Stimpson went to that city to take his place. There he gathered one of the most extensive natural history collections in the United States. The academy was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 (later rebuilt), and almost all of Stimpson's works and specimens were lost. He died the following year of tuberculosis in Ilchester, Maryland).
Species named for him
Rare Hawaiian Goby Fish Sicydium stimpsoni Gill, 1860
Eel Bathycongrus stimpsoni Fowler, 1934
Sun Starfish Solaster stimpsoni
Stimpson coastal shrimp Heptacarpus stimpsoni
Fossil - small aquatic arthropod Acanthotelson stimpsoni Meek & Worthen
Striped sunstar Solaster stimpsoni
Clam Mercenaria stimpsoni
Yellow Cone Conus stimpsoni Dall, 1902
Eyespot Rock Shrimp Sicyonia stimpsoni Bouvier, 1905
Nudibranch mollusc Coryphella stimpsoni (Verrill 1879)
Gastropod Pteropurpura stimpsoni (A. Adams, 1863)
Gastropod Turritellopsis stimpsoni (Dall, 1919)
genus of flowering plants (family Primulaceae), Stimpsonia (C.Wright ex A.Gray, 1859 )
Bibliography
Stimpson W. (1851). Shells of New England. A revision of the synonymy of the testaceous mollusks of New England. Phillips, Samson & Co., Boston. vi + 58 pp., 2 plates.
Stimpson W. (1864). "On the structural characters of so-called melanians of North America". The American Journal of Science and Arts (2)38: 41-53.
Stimpson W. (1865). "On certain genera and families of zoophagous gastropods". American Journal of Conchology 1(1): 55-64, plates 8-9.
Stimpson W. (1865). "Diagnoses of newly discovered genera of gasteropods, belonging to the sub-fam. Hydrobiinae, of the family Rissoidae". American Journal of Conchology 1: 52-54.
Stimpson W. (1865). "Researches upon the Hydrobiinae and allied forms chiefly made upon materials in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 7(201): 1-59.
See also
European and American voyages of scientific exploration
:Category:Taxa named by William Stimpson
References
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference
External links
Stimpson biography from the Smithsonian Institution
Biography and reproductions of some of Stimpson's illustrations
William Stimpson Papers, 1852-1861 from the Smithsonian Institution Archives
https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780875807843/william-stimpson-and-the-golden-age-of-american-natural-history/#bookTabs=1
American carcinologists
Conchologists
American malacologists
1832 births
1872 deaths
Scientists from Boston
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
19th-century American zoologists
Cambridge Rindge and Latin School alumni
Tuberculosis deaths in Maryland |
Iona Preparatory School, or simply Iona Prep, is an independent, Roman Catholic, all-male, college-preparatory school located in the north end of New Rochelle, New York, in suburban Westchester County. It consists of the Upper School for Grades 9 through 12 and the Lower School (formerly Iona Grammar School) for kindergarten to grade 8. The primary and secondary schools are located on separate and nearby campuses less than a mile apart on Stratton Road. It is a privately-owned independent school without parochial affiliation and is located within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York. The school was named for the Scottish island of Iona, the school was founded in 1916 by the Congregation of Christian Brothers.
Iona Prep is the brother school to The Ursuline School, a local Catholic girls' school, and shares a history with nearby Iona University, which was founded 24 years after the Prep in 1940. The Prep and college shared a common campus at 715 North Avenue until the Upper School completed the move in 1968 to its fifth and final home on a campus at 255 Wilmot Road. It includes the formerly separate K-8 Iona Grammar School, now the Iona Prep Lower School, which is located on a separate campus of .
As of 2021, Iona Prep had an enrollment of 1,079 students – 901 in the Upper School and 182 in the Lower School. The Upper School maintains a student dress code that includes a dress shirt and tie with a blazer and dress slacks.
History
Founding
Upon invitation by Judge Martin J. Keogh, Iona Prep was founded in 1916 by the Congregation of Christian Brothers as The Iona School. Br. Joseph Ignatius Doorley – an educator from County Carlow, Ireland – served as the school's first principal. The institution was established as a Catholic school operated by the Irish Christian Brothers (as they were then known) to educate elementary and secondary school students. The founder of the Order of Christian Brothers, Edmund Ignatius Rice, remained a prominent figure in the school's educational vision. The fledgling Iona School was located at the Stern Estate on Webster Avenue in New Rochelle and rented a facility to accommodate its class of 37 students. It derived its name from the small Scottish island of Iona, known for its Gaelic monasticism that dates back to the arrival in AD 563 of missionary and abbot St. Columba, an important individual in the Christian Brothers' guiding mission.
After three years, the school had outgrown the rather modest capacity of the single building on the estate, and Iona moved to a new location. The land, which abuts the Beechmont section of New Rochelle and is bounded by North Avenue, was purchased by Br. Doorley from retired Presbyterian minister Rev. Thomas Hall for $85,000 in 1919. This land today is owned and operated by Iona College.
Expansion
The Iona School again moved to a new home in 1950, albeit this time the move was across its own campus. Its center became the building that is now Hagan Hall, home to Iona College's business school, and remained so for 17 years.
1950s to present
In February 1955, Iona Grammar School, serving pre-kindergarten through eighth grade students, relocated to its present campus on Stratton Road, the former home and estate of Harry M. Stevens, a food concessionaire who is sometimes attributed with the invention of the hot dog.
With Iona College requiring increasing space and Iona Prep undergoing continual growth, the Prep saw the need for a campus of its own. After acquiring the Matthew Carney Estate on Stratton Road, which was a third of a mile from the Iona Grammar School campus and three miles north of Iona College, Iona Prep broke ground on January 2, 1965, on the present-day campus. By 1968, the move to its current location was complete.
Due to the shared history, name, and cordial relations between the two schools, Iona Grammar was subsumed into Iona Preparatory. The combined Iona Preparatory School now operates under a unified administration across its two campuses called the Iona Prep Lower School and the Iona Prep Upper School.
Academics
Beginning in junior year, students have a number of electives from which they may choose. Additionally, each Upper School student must engage in community service throughout all four years as a requisite for graduation.
Iona Prep was named a National Blue Ribbon School by the U.S. Department of Education in 2001 and 2002, which is considered "the highest honor an American school can achieve".
The school annually produces a number of National Merit Scholars and AP Scholars.
Technology is integrated inside and outside the classroom. Since 2007, Iona Prep has used Edline for informing parents of student performance through bimonthly updates. Students can also monitor academic progress and receive and submit assignments electronically. All classrooms are equipped with Smart Board interactive whiteboard technology.
The biology, chemistry, and physics laboratories were renovated in 2011 and 2013 with state-of-the-art instruments and technology specific to each science.
Iona Prep has three tiers of academics: core, honors, and Advanced Placement and superior talent enrichment program (STEP). The following 14 Advanced Placement courses are offered annually: Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Calculus AB, Psychology, Statistics, English Language and Composition, English Literature and Composition, European History, United States History, World History, US Government and Politics, Italian Language, and Spanish Language.
In addition to the core and honors curricula, Iona offers STEP. STEP is a rigorous two-year program for the most highly qualified freshmen and sophomore students that involves a more intensive study of Latin and mandatory AP and STEP-specific classes in English and history. Advanced-level classes in science, mathematics, and foreign language are also expected.
Typically, 100% of Iona Prep's graduates go on to attend a four-year higher education institution, ranging from liberal-arts colleges to research universities and from public universities to Ivy League schools.
Service
In addition to a number of service programs in local communities, Iona Prep has several areas of interest throughout the United States and in foreign countries. One of the largest programs is the annual service trip to Lima, Peru in which students and faculty work to better the lives of disadvantaged denizens. Iona Prep also has missions in New Orleans, Washington, DC, Florida, New York City, the Dominican Republic, and at the US-Mexico border in Texas.
Extracurricular activities
Speech and debate
Iona Prep is known for its speech and debate (forensics) team. In 1999, Iona Prep was the National Forensics League Champion, and had multiple national champions in multiple events. The team has experienced continual success, being periodically ranked as first in New York State and among top schools in the United States in the National Speech and Debate Association and National Catholic Forensic League. It has produced many national finalists, particularly from 2011 to 2015.
Athletics
Iona Prep has an array of varsity and junior varsity athletic teams along with intramural teams. A member of the Catholic High School Athletic Association, the Iona Prep Gaels compete against schools from surrounding Westchester, New York City, Long Island, and Connecticut as well as against schools across New York State and the country in iterations of elimination rounds and championships.
The many sports facilities are shared by various teams. The main artificial turf field is used for competition by several of the school's teams including football and lacrosse. It is enclosed by a 400-meter track equipped with steeplechase and long jump areas as well as an electronic scoreboard and two-story press box. The rear of the school contains an updated baseball field, tennis courts, and areas for field sports. A fitness and weights room was recently renovated for use by athletes.
The sports offered by Iona Prep include:
Football
Football has long been a tradition within Iona Prep's athletics. Competition with rivals including Archbishop Stepinac High School and Saint Anthony's has driven the school's football ambitions. Dating back to coach Renzie Lamb's undefeated 1967 football team, football has been a major focus of the school's athletic spirit.
Iona Prep played New Rochelle High School annually on Thanksgiving Day in a rivalry game called the "Turkey Bowl". This tradition ended with the 2002 game (when Ray Rice was a sophomore at NRHS), due to the advent of a postseason tournament in the Catholic High School Football League and the New York State Public High School Championships.
Undefeated and one-loss seasons
1931: 8-0
1932: 9-1
1943: 5-0-2
1944: 6-0-2
1945: 7-1
1946: 8-0
1947: 8-0
1948: 6-1-1
1953: 6-1-1
1954: 7-1
1967: 8-0
1971: 7-1
2008: 12-0
CHSFL Championships
1954: 7-1
1967: 8-0
1971: 7-1 (Metropolitan Champion)
2000: AA Champion
2008: 12-0 (AAA Champion)
2016: AA Champion
Other sports
The 2009 varsity basketball team finished with a 26–2 record. Head coach Victor Quirolo, who was also Iona's varsity football coach, a team that went a perfect 12-0 and won the CHSFL AAA Championship, led his squad to victory in the City Catholic High School and the State Catholic High School Championships.
Notable alumni
Frank Abagnale (1966) - perpetrator of bank fraud in the late 1960s, portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio in the movie Catch Me If You Can.
Dick Ambrose (1971) - NFL Player, Cleveland Browns
Mark Berardo (1986) - singer-songwriter
James William Colbert Jr. (1938) - physician and academic vice president of the Medical University of South Carolina
Bud Cort (1966) - actor, best known for Harold and Maude
Tommy Dreamer (1988) - WWE & ECW pro wrestler
John P. Donohue, M.D. (1950) - pioneered the development of chemotherapy and nerve sparing surgical techniques for testicular cancer
Gerard Finneran (1955) – Member of the first United States Air Force Academy graduating class; later worked as investment banker on Wall Street but best known for involvement in 1995 air rage incident.
Pete Gaudet (1960) - former head basketball coach at Army, former assistant basketball coach at Duke University under Mike Krzyzewski
Nick Gregory (1978) - television weatherman on Fox 5 News in New York
Butch Harmon - well-known golf instructor who coached Tiger Woods, attended Iona Prep for one year (1958-'59), before he transferred to New Rochelle High School the following year
Ty Jerome (2016) - NBA point-guard for the Oklahoma City Thunder, won a national championship in 2019 with the University of Virginia
Chris Kerson - film, television, and theater actor, best known for his role in True Detective
Don McLean (1963) - musician, best known for the 1971 song, "American Pie"
John Mara (1972) - co-owner of NFL's New York Giants
Bob Mayo (1969) - keyboardist on Frampton Comes Alive
L. J. Mazzilli (transferred) - professional baseball player
Brian Moran (2006) - professional baseball player
Colin Moran (2010) - professional baseball player
Tommy Mottola (1966) - Sony executive, ex-husband of Mariah Carey
The Reverend Leo J. O'Donovan, S.J. (1952) - former President of Georgetown University
Patrick Pizzella (1972) - Deputy Secretary of Labor (2017–2021) and acting Secretary of Labor (2020), appointee in Reagan, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, Obama & Trump administrations
Alex Raymond (1927) - creator of Flash Gordon comic strip
Bill Reilly (c. 1956) - founder and chairman of Primedia.
Matt Ryan (2015) - American professional basketball player for the Minnesota Timberwolves
Brian Slocum (1999) - major league baseball player, pitches for the Pittsburgh Pirates
Donald Spoto (1959) - celebrity biographer and historian
See also
Catholic Schools in the United States
List of Christian Brothers schools
Congregation of Christian Brothers
Iona College (New York)
Education in Westchester County
References
External links
Education in New Rochelle, New York
Congregation of Christian Brothers secondary schools
Catholic secondary schools in New York (state)
Catholic elementary schools in New York (state)
Boys' schools in New York (state)
Educational institutions established in 1916
Private K-12 schools in Westchester County, New York
Preparatory schools in New York (state)
1916 establishments in New York (state) |
WLDS (1180 AM) is a radio station licensed to Jacksonville, Illinois. The station airs a Talk radio format with local news, agricultural reports and sports. It is owned by Jacksonville Area Radio Broadcasters Inc.
By day, WLDS is powered at 300 watts. But because 1180 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for WHAM Rochester, New York, WLDS must reduce power at night to 2 watts to avoid interference.
WLDS signed on the air on .
References
External links
LDS
Companies based in Morgan County, Illinois
Jacksonville, Illinois micropolitan area
1941 establishments in Illinois
Radio stations established in 1941
LDS |
Chak Bilgan is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located away from postal head office Behram, from Banga, from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch Mr Balwant Singh, an elected representative of the village. Mr Jeevon Sian keeps close borders of Punjab and London.
Demography
As of 2011, Chak Bilgan has a total number of 389 houses and population of 1822 of which 903 include are males while 919 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Chak Bilgan is 87.42%, higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 193 which is 10.59% of total population of Chak Bilgan, and child sex ratio is approximately 921 as compared to Punjab state average of 846.
Most of the people are either Jatt sikhs or Ravidassias. Other prominent family names in the village consist of Bains, Sohals and Kajla. Schedule castes form 42.70% of total population in Chak Bilgan. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 547 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Chak Bilgan which includes 480 males and 67 females. According to census survey report 2011, 91.22% workers describe their work as main work and 8.78% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.
Education
The village has a Punjabi medium, girls upper primary with secondary/higher secondary school founded in 1962. The schools provide mid-day meal as per Indian Midday Meal Scheme and the meal prepared in school premises. As per Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act the school provide free education to children between the ages of 6 and 14.
Amardeep Singh Shergill Memorial college Mukandpur and Sikh National College Banga are the nearest colleges. Lovely Professional University is away from the village.
Transport
Behram railway station is the nearest train station however, Phagwara Junction railway station is away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport which located away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is away in Amritsar.
See also
List of villages in India
References
External links
Tourism of Punjab
Census of Punjab
Locality Based PINCode
Villages in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district |
Marlanna Evans (born January 21, 1983), better known by her stage name Rapsody, is an American rapper. After signing with music producer 9th Wonder's music label It's a Wonderful World Music Group, she released a series of mixtapes and collaborated with Erykah Badu and Talib Kweli. Soon afterwards Rapsody released her debut album The Idea of Beautiful (2012). She would attain further prominence when she was featured on Kendrick Lamar's 2015 album To Pimp a Butterfly, on the track "Complexion (A Zulu Love)".
Her second album, Laila's Wisdom (2017), received critical acclaim and was nominated at the Grammy Awards for Best Rap Album and Best Rap Song. Rapsody released her third studio album, Eve on August 23, 2019 to critical acclaim from music critics. In 2020, she was featured alongside Cordae, Chika, and Busta Rhymes, on the Stevie Wonder song "Can't Put It in the Hands of Fate".
Career
Rapsody began her career at North Carolina State University, where she joined hip hop collective H2O and its spinoff group Kooley High, despite not having rapped before. The group met producer 9th Wonder in 2004, who was impressed by one of Rapsody's verses, and she would go on to make her recording debut on 9th Wonder's sophomore album, The Dream Merchant Vol. 2 which released on October 9, 2007, in which she freestyled over 9th's re-chopping of old samples he already used for other artists.
She launched her solo career in 2008 after signing with 9th Wonder's It's A Wonderful World Music Group. Her first significant career breakthrough came with the release of her mixtape Return of the B-Girl on December 7, 2010. Return of the B-Girl marked her first work with hip-hop producer, DJ Premier, and featured guests such as Mac Miller and Big Daddy Kane. She continued to build acclaim with the release of her next mixtape, Thank H.E.R. Now which showcased her storytelling abilities as she drew from personal life experiences and featured her work with a variety of critically acclaimed acts such as Marsha Ambrosius, Estelle, Raekwon, Jean Grae, Murs, and Big K.R.I.T.
Her next project, For Everything was released on November 15, 2011 and showcased her work with both newly acclaimed and established acts such as Kendrick Lamar and Freeway and a number of the tracks were featured in XXL magazine's "Bangers" section. In May 2011, Rapsody joined Mac Miller on his Incredibly Dope Tour for 15 dates. In late 2011, she toured with Phonte and 9th Wonder as a part of the Phonte & 9th Wonder Tour.
Rapsody signed with Jay-Z's record label Roc Nation in July 2016, and her debut for the label, Laila's Wisdom, was released on September 22, 2017. The album received two Grammy Award nominations for Best Rap Album and Best Rap Song.
Rapsody's third studio album, Eve, was released on August 23, 2019 to critical acclaim from music critics.
Style and philosophy
Rapsody is known for her intricate rhyme patterns, metaphors, and wordplay. She cites Jay-Z, Mos Def, Lauryn Hill, and MC Lyte as the biggest influences on her music. Her production is primarily handled by The Soul Council, the team of in-house producers at It's A Wonderful World Music Group comprising E. Jones, Ka$h Don't Make Beats, AMP, Eric G., Nottz and Khrysis. Rapsody's philosophy is "Culture Over Everything," referring to the culture of hip-hop music. She describes this phrase in an interview with Vibe Magazine where she says, "To me, it’s about culture more so than money or anything. I make music for the people of the culture we’re in; that comes first. If you touch the people first, the rest just falls into place. That’s what it means to me, just preserving and respecting the culture."
Personal life
In her younger years, she watched the MTV show Yo! MTV Raps and considered MC Lyte as one of her early influences and later stated Lauryn Hill as an all-time favorite. She grew up in the small town of Snow Hill in North Carolina. Rapsody wasn't exposed to much hip hop and would listen to what her older cousins would play in the car. She would later develop her love for hip hop when she entered college.
Her 2017 album Laila's Wisdom was named after her grandmother, Laila Ray.
In 2019, Rapsody played for the "Home" roster during the NBA All-Star Celebrity Game at the Bojangles' Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. The roster was made up of celebrities with Carolina roots. Her team won the game and she had one assist in the game while playing around 12 minutes.
Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
The Black Mamba (2012)
Beauty and the Beast (2014)
Crown (2016)
with Kooley High
Kooley High Presents... Raleigh's Finest (Mixtape) (2007)
The Summer Sessions EP (2008)
Eastern Standard Time (2010)
Kooley High Presents...David Thompson (2011)
Mixtapes
Return of the B-Girl (2010)
Thank H.E.R. Now (2011)
For Everything (2011)
She Got Game (2013)
Guest appearances
References
https://www.datpiff.com/Kooley-High-Kooley-High-Presents-Raleighs-Finest-mixtape.37187.html
External links
Jamla Records Website
Rocnation on Rapsody
1983 births
Living people
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American women musicians
American women rappers
African-American women rappers
Grammy Award winners
North Carolina State University alumni
People from Snow Hill, North Carolina
Rappers from North Carolina
Roc Nation artists
Songwriters from North Carolina
Southern hip hop musicians
African-American songwriters
21st-century women rappers |
Otbert of Liège (died 1119) was bishop of Liège at the end of the eleventh century (in office 1091–1119). He was a major figure in the financing of the First Crusade, and an expansionist.
He was a close supporter of Emperor Henry IV, accompanying him on campaigns.
In 1096 he took the whole Duchy of Godfrey of Bouillon as a pledge, for a sum of 1300 marks. He also bought the château de Couvin from Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut. At the same time he prevailed in a conflict over the comté de Brugeron, with Godfrey I of Leuven
Notes
External links
1119 deaths
Prince-Bishops of Liège
Year of birth unknown
12th-century Prince-Bishops of Liège |
A subunit vaccine is a vaccine that contains purified parts of the pathogen that are antigenic, or necessary to elicit a protective immune response. Subunit vaccine can be made from dissembled viral particles in cell culture or recombinant DNA expression, in which case it is a recombinant subunit vaccine.
A "subunit" vaccine doesn't contain the whole pathogen, unlike live attenuated or inactivated vaccine, but contains only the antigenic parts such as proteins, polysaccharides or peptides. Because the vaccine doesn't contain "live" components of the pathogen, there is no risk of introducing the disease, and is safer and more stable than vaccines containing whole pathogens.
Other advantages include being well-established technology and being suitable for immunocompromised individuals. Disadvantages include being relatively complex to manufacture compared to some vaccines, possibly requiring adjuvants and booster shots, and requiring time to examine which antigenic combinations may work best.
The first recombinant subunit vaccine was produced in the mid-1980s to protect people from Hepatitis B. Other recombinant subunit vaccines licensed include Engerix-B (hepatitis B), Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus), Flublok(influenza), Shingrix (Herpes zoster) and Nuvaxovid (Coronavirus disease 2019).
After injection, antigens trigger the production of antigen-specific antibodies, which are responsible for recognising and neutralising foreign substances. Basic components of recombinant subunit vaccines include recombinant subunits, adjuvants and carriers. Additionally, recombinant subunit vaccines are popular candidates for the development of vaccines against infectious diseases (e.g. tuberculosis, dengue)
Recombinant subunit vaccines are considered to be safe for injection. The chances of adverse effects vary depending on the specific type of vaccine being administered. Minor side effects include injection site pain, fever, and fatigue, and serious adverse effects consist of anaphylaxis and potentially fatal allergic reaction. The contraindications are also vaccine-specific; they are generally not recommended for people with the previous history of anaphylaxis to any component of the vaccines. Advice from medical professionals should be sought before receiving any vaccination.
Discovery
The first certified subunit vaccine by clinical trials on humans is the hepatitis B vaccine, containing the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus itself from infected patients and adjusted by newly developed technology aiming to enhance the vaccine safety and eliminate possible contamination through individuals plasma.
Mechanism
Subunit vaccines contain fragments of the pathogen, such as protein or polysaccharide, whose combinations are carefully selected to induce a strong and effective immune response.
Because the immune system interacts with the pathogen in a limited way, the risk of side effects is minimal.
An effective vaccine would elicit the immune response to the antigens and form immunological memory that allows quick recognition of the pathogens and quick response to future infections.
A drawback is that the specific antigens used in a subunit vaccine may lack pathogen-associated molecular patterns which are common to a class of pathogen. These molecular structures may be used by immune cells for danger recognition, so without them, the immune response may be weaker. Another drawback is that the antigens do not infect cells, so the immune response to the subunit vaccines may only be antibody-mediated, not cell-mediated, and as a result, is weaker than those elicited by other types of vaccines.
To increase immune response, adjuvants may be used with the subunit vaccines, or booster doses may be required.
Types
Protein subunit
A protein subunit is a polypeptide chain or protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with other protein molecules to form a protein complex. Large assemblies of proteins such as viruses often use a small number of types of protein subunits as building blocks. A key step in creating a recombinant protein vaccine is the identification and isolation of a protein subunit from the pathogen which is likely to trigger a strong and effective immune response, without including the parts of the virus or bacterium that enable the pathogen to reproduce. Parts of the protein shell or capsid of a virus are often suitable. The goal is for the protein subunit to prime the immune system response by mimicking the appearance but not the action of the pathogen. Another protein-based approach involves self‐assembly of multiple protein subunits into a Virus-like particle (VLP) or nanoparticle. The purpose of increasing the vaccine's surface similarity to a whole virus particle (but not its ability to spread) is to trigger a stronger immune response.
Protein subunit vaccines are generally made through protein production, manipulating the gene expression of an organism so that it expresses large amounts of a recombinant gene. A variety of approaches can be used for development depending on the vaccine involved. Yeast, baculovirus, or mammalian cell cultures can be used to produce large amounts of proteins in vitro.
Protein-based vaccines are being used for hepatitis B and for human papillomavirus (HPV). The approach is being used to try to develop vaccines for difficult-to-vaccinate-against viruses such as ebolavirus and HIV. Protein-based vaccines for COVID-19 tend to target either its spike protein or its receptor binding domain. As of 2021, the most researched vaccine platform for COVID-19 worldwide was reported to be recombinant protein subunit vaccines.
Polysaccharide subunit
Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViCPS) against typhoid caused by the Typhi serotype of Salmonella enterica. Instead of being a protein, the Vi antigen is a bacterial capsule polysacchide, made up of a long sugar chain linked to a lipid. Capsular vaccines like ViCPS tend to be weak at eliciting immune responses in children. Making a conjugate vaccine by linking the polysacchide with a toxoid increases the efficacy.
Conjugate vaccine
A conjugate vaccine is a type of vaccine which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen.
Peptide subunit
A peptide-based subunit vaccine employs a peptide instead of a full protein. Peptide-based subunit vaccine mostly used due to many reasons,such as, it is easy and affordable for massive production. Adding to that, its greatest stability, purity and exposed composition. Three steps occur leading to creation of peptide subunit vaccine;
Epitope recognition
Epitope optimization
Peptide immunity improvement
Features
When compared with conventional attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines have the following special characteristics:
They contain clearly identified compositions which greatly reduces the possibility of presence of undesired materials within the vaccine.
Their pathogenicities are minimized as only fragments of the pathogen are present in the vaccine which cannot invade and multiply within the human body.
They have better safety profiles and are suitable to be administered to immunocompromised patients.
They are suitable for mass production due to the use of recombinant technologies.
They have high stability so they can withstand environmental changes and are more convenient to be used in community settings.
However, there are also some drawbacks regarding recombinant subunit vaccines:
Addition of adjuvants is necessary during manufacturing to increase the efficacy of these vaccines.
Patients will have to receive booster doses to maintain long-term immunity.
Selection of appropriate cell lines for the cultivation of subunits is time-consuming because microbial proteins can be incompatible to certain expression systems.
Pharmacology
Vaccination is a potent way to protect individuals against infectious diseases.
Active immunity can be acquired artificially by vaccination as a result of the body's own defense mechanism being triggered by the exposure of a small, controlled amount of pathogenic substances to produce its own antibodies and memory cells without being infected by the real pathogen.
The processes involved in primary immune response are as follows:
Pre-exposure to the antigens present in vaccines elicits a primary response. After injection, antigens will be ingested by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells and macrophages, via phagocytosis.
The APCs will travel to lymph nodes, where immature B cells and T cells are present.
Following antigen processes by APCs, antigens will bind to either MHC class I receptors or MHC class II receptors on the cell surface of the cells based on their compositional and structural features to form complexes.
Antigen presentation occurs, in which T cell receptors attach to the antigen-MHC complexes, initiating clonal expansion and differentiation, and hence the conversion of naive T cells to cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) or helper T cells (CD4+).
Cytotoxic CD8+ cells can directly destroy the infected cells containing the antigens that were presented to them by the APCs by releasing lytic molecules, while helper CD4+ cells are responsible for the secretion of cytokines that activates B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
B cells can undergo activation in the absence of T cells via the B cell receptor signalling pathway.
After dendritic cells capture the immunogen present in the vaccine, they can present the substances to naive B cells, causing the proliferation of plasma cells for antibody production. Isotype switching can take place during B cell development for the formation of different antibodies, including IgG, IgE and IgA.
Memory B cells and T cells are formed post-infection. The antigens are memorised by these cells so that subsequent exposure to the same type of antigens will stimulate a secondary response, in which a higher concentration of antibodies specific for the antigens are reproduced rapidly and efficiently in a short time for the elimination of the pathogen.
Under specific circumstances, low doses of vaccines are given initially, followed by additional doses named booster doses. Boosters can effectively maintain the level of memory cells in the human body, hence extending a person's immunity.
Manufacturing
The manufacturing process of recombinant subunit vaccines are as follows:
Identification of immunogenic subunit
Subunit expression and synthesis
Extraction and purification
Addition of adjuvants or incorporation to vectors
Formulation and delivery.
Identification of immunogenic subunit
Candidate subunits will be selected primarily by their immunogenicity. To be immunogenic, they should be of foreign nature and of sufficient complexity for the reaction between different components of the immune system and the candidates to occur. Candidates are also selected based on size, nature of function (e.g. signalling) and cellular location (e.g. transmembrane).
Subunit expression and synthesis
Upon identifying the target subunit and its encoding gene, the gene will be isolated and transferred to a second, non-pathogenic organism, and cultured for mass production. The process is also known as heterologous expression.
A suitable expression system is selected based on the requirement of post-translational modifications, costs, ease of product extraction and production efficiency. Commonly used systems for both licensed and developing recombinant subunit vaccines include bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells, insect cells.
Bacterial cells
Bacterial cells are widely used for cloning processes, genetic modification and small-scale productions. Escherichia coli (E. Coli) is widely utilised due to its highly explored genetics, widely available genetic tools for gene expression, accurate profiling and its ability to grow in inexpensive media at high cell densities.
E. Coli is mostly appropriate for structurally simple proteins owing to its inability to carry out post-translational modifications, lack of protein secretary system and the potential for producing inclusion bodies that require additional solubilisation. Regarding application, E.Coli is being utilised as the expression system of the dengue vaccine.
Yeast
Yeast matches bacterial cells' cost-effectiveness, efficiency and technical feasibility. Moreover, yeast secretes soluble proteins and has the ability to perform post-translational modifications similar to mammalian cells.
Notably, yeast incorporates more mannose molecules during N-glycosylation when compared with other eukaryotes, which may trigger cellular conformational stress responses. Such responses may result in failure in reaching native protein conformation, implying potential reduction of serum half-life and immunogenicity. Regarding application, both the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and the virus-like particles (VLPs) of the major capsid protein L1 of human papillomavirus type 6, 11, 16, 18 are produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Mammalian cells
Mammalian cells are well known for their ability to perform therapeutically essential post-translational modifications and express properly folded, glycosylated and functionally active proteins. However, efficacy of mammalian cells may be limited by epigenetic gene silencing and aggresome formation (recombinant protein aggregation). For mammalian cells, synthesised proteins were reported to be secreted into chemically defined media, potentially simplifying protein extraction and purification.
The most prominent example under this class is Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells utilised for the synthesis of recombinant varicella zoster virus surface glycoprotein (gE) antigen for SHINGRIX. CHO cells are recognised for rapid growth and their ability to offer process versatility. They can also be cultured in suspension-adapted culture in protein-free medium, hence reducing risk of prion-induced contamination.
Baculovirus (insect) cells
The baculovirus-insect cell expression system has the ability to express a variety of recombinant proteins at high levels and provide significant eukaryotic protein processing capabilities, including phosphorylation, glycosylation, myristoylation and palmitoylation. Similar to mammalian cells, proteins expressed are mostly soluble, accurately folded, and biologically active. However, it has slower growth rate and requires higher cost of growth medium than bacteria and yeast, and confers toxicological risks. A notable feature is the existence of elements of control that allow for the expression of secreted and membrane-bound proteins in Baculovirus-insect cells.
Licensed recombinant subunit vaccines that utilises baculovirus-insect cells include Cervarix (papillomavirus C-terminal truncated major capsid protein L1 types 16 and 18) and Flublok Quadrivalent (hemagglutinin (HA) proteins from four strains of influenza viruses).
Extraction and purification
Throughout history, extraction and purification methods have evolved from standard chromatographic methods to the utilisation of affinity tags. However, the final extraction and purification process undertaken highly depends on the chosen expression system. Please refer to subunit expression and synthesis for more insights.
Addition of adjuvants
Adjuvants are materials added to improve immunogenicity of recombinant subunit vaccines.
Adjuvants increase the magnitude of adaptive response to the vaccine and guide the activation of the most effective forms of immunity for each specific pathogen (e.g. increasing generation of T cell memory). Addition of adjuvants may confer benefits including dose sparing and stabilisation of final vaccine formulation.
Appropriate adjuvants are chosen based on safety, tolerance, compatibility of antigen and manufacturing considerations. Commonly used adjuvants for recombinant subunit vaccines are Alum adjuvants (e.g. aluminium hydroxide), Emulsions (e.g. MF59) and Liposomes combined with immunostimulatory molecules (e.g. AS01B).
Formulation and delivery
Delivery systems are primarily divided into polymer-based delivery systems (microspheres and liposomes) and live delivery systems (gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and viruses)
Polymer-based delivery systems
Vaccine antigens are often encapsulated within microspheres or liposomes. Common microspheres made using Poly-lactic acid (PLA) and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) allow for controlled antigen release by degrading in vivo while liposomes including multilamellar or unilamellar vesicles allow for prolonged release.
Polymer-based delivery systems confer advantages such as increased resistance to degradation in GI tract, controlled antigen release, raised particle uptake by immune cells and enhanced ability to induce cytotoxic T cell responses. An example of licensed recombinant vaccine utilising liposomal delivery is Shringrix.
Live delivery systems
Live delivery systems, also known as vectors, are cells modified with ligands or antigens to improve the immunogenicity of recombinant subunits via altering antigen presentation, biodistribution and trafficking. Subunits may either be inserted within the carrier or genetically engineered to be expressed on the surface of the vectors for efficient presentation to the mucosal immune system.
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
Cannot revert to virulence meaning they cannot cause the disease they aim to protect against
Safe for immunocompromised patients
Can withstand changes in conditions (e.g. temperature, light exposure, humidity)
Disadvantages
Reduced immunogenicity compared to attenuated vaccines
Require adjuvants to improve immunogenicity
Often require multiple doses ("booster" doses) to provide long-term immunity
Can be difficult to isolate the specific antigen(s) which will invoke the necessary immune response
It is not easy to supervise conjugation chemistry which leads to noncontinuous variation
Adverse effects and contraindications
Recombinant subunit vaccines are safe for administration. However, mild local reactions, including induration and swelling of the injection site, along with fever, fatigue and headache may be encountered after vaccination. Occurrence of severe hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis is rare, but can possibly lead to deaths of individuals. Adverse effects can vary among populations depending on their physical health condition, age, gender and genetic predisposition.
Recombinant subunit vaccines are contraindicated to people who have experienced allergic reactions and anaphylaxis to antigens or other components of the vaccines previously. Furthermore, precautions should be taken when administering vaccines to people who are in diseased state and during pregnancy, in which their injections should be delayed until their conditions become stable and after childbirth respectively.
Licensed vaccines
Hepatitis B
ENGERIX-B (produced by GSK) and RECOMBIVAX HB (produced by merck) are two recombinant subunit vaccines licensed for the protection against hepatitis B. Both contain HBsAg harvested and purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are formulated as a suspension of the antigen adjuvanted with alum.
Antibody concentration ≥10mIU/mL against HBsAg are recognized as conferring protection against hepatitis B infection.
It has been shown that primary 3-dose vaccination of healthy individuals is associated with ≥90% seroprotection rates for ENGERIX-B, despite decreasing with older age. Lower seroprotection rates are also associated with presence of underlying chronic diseases and immunodeficiency. Yet, GSK HepB still has a clinically acceptable safety profile in all studied populations.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Cervarix, GARDASIL and GARDASIL9 are three recombinant subunit vaccines licensed for the protection against HPV infection. They differ in the strains which they protect the patients from as Cervarix confers protection against type 16 and 18, Gardasil confers protection against type 6, 11, 16 and 18, and Gardasil 9 confers protection against type 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58 respectively. The vaccines contain purified VLP of the major capsid L1 protein produced by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
It has been shown in a 2014 systematic quantitative review that the bivalent HPV vaccine (Cervarix) is associated with pain (OR 3.29; 95% CI: 3.00–3.60), swelling (OR 3.14; 95% CI: 2.79–3.53) and redness (OR 2.41; 95% CI: 2.17–2.68) being the most frequently reported adverse effects. For Gardasil, the most frequently reported events were pain (OR 2.88; 95% CI: 2.42–3.43) and swelling (OR 2.65; 95% CI: 2.0–3.44).
Gardasil was discontinued in the U.S. on May 8, 2017, after the introduction of Gardasil 9 and Cervarix was also voluntarily withdrawn in the U.S. on August 8, 2016.
Influenza
Flublok Quadrivalent is a licensed recombinant subunit vaccine for active immunisation against influenza. It contains HA proteins of four strains of influenza virus purified and extracted using the Baculovirus-insect expression system. The four viral strains are standardised annually according to United States Public Health Services (USPHS) requirements.
Flublok Quadrivalent has a comparable safety profile to traditional trivalent and quadrivalent vaccine equivalents. Flublok is also associated with less local reactions (RR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.90–0.98, three RCTs, FEM, I2 = 0%, low‐ certainty evidence) and higher risk of chills (RR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.03–1.72, three RCTs, FEM, I2 = 14%, low‐certainty evidence).
Herpes Zoster
SHINGRIX is a licensed recombinant subunit vaccine for protection against Herpes Zoster, whose risk of developing increases with decline of varicella zoster virus (VZV) specific immunity. The vaccine contains VZV gE antigen component extracted from CHO cells, which is to be reconstituted with adjuvant suspension AS01B.
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been conducted on the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of SHINGRIX in immunocompromised 18-49 year old patients and healthy adults aged 50 and over. These studies reported humoral and cell-mediated immunity rate ranged between 65.4 and 96.2% and 50.0%-93.0% while efficacy in patients (18-49 yo) with haematological malignancies was estimated at 87.2% (95%CI, 44.3–98.6%) up to 13 months post-vaccination with an acceptable safety profile.
COVID-19
NUVAXOVID is a recombinant subunit vaccine licensed for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Market authorization was issued on 20 December 2021. The vaccine contains the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein produced using the baculovirus expression system, which is eventually adjuvanted with the Matrix M adjuvant.
History
While the practice of immunisation can be traced back to the 12th century, in which ancient Chinese at that time employed the technique of variolation to confer immunity to smallpox infection, the modern era of vaccination has a short history of around 200 years. It began with the invention of a vaccine by Edward Jenner in 1798 to eradicate smallpox by injecting relatively weaker cowpox virus into the human body.
The middle of the 20th century marked the golden age of vaccine science. Rapid technological advancements during this period of time enabled scientists to cultivate cell culture under controlled environments in laboratories, subsequently giving rise to the production of vaccines against poliomyelitis, measles and various communicable diseases. Conjugated vaccines were also developed using immunologic markers including capsular polysaccharide and proteins. Creation of products targeting common illnesses successfully lowered infection-related mortality and reduced public healthcare burden.
Emergence of genetic engineering techniques revolutionised the creation of vaccines. By the end of the 20th century, researchers had the ability to create recombinant vaccines apart from traditional whole-cell vaccine, for instance Hepatitis B vaccine, which uses the viral antigens to initiate immune responses.
As the manufacturing methods continue to evolve, vaccines with more complex constitutions will inevitably be generated in the future to extend their therapeutic applications to both infectious and non-infectious diseases, in order to safeguard the health of more people.
Future directions
Recombinant subunit vaccines are used in development for tuberculosis, dengue fever, soil-transmitted helminths, feline leukaemia and COVID-19.
Subunit vaccines are not only considered effective for SARS-COV-2, but also as candidates for evolving immunizations against malaria, tetanus, salmonella enterica, and other diseases.
COVID-19
Research has been conducted to explore the possibility of developing a heterologous SARS-CoV receptor-binding domain (RBD) recombinant protein as a human vaccine against COVID-19. The theory is supported by evidence that convalescent serum from SARS-CoV patients have the ability to neutralise SARS-CoV-2 (corresponding virus for COVID-19) and that amino acid similarity between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike and RBD protein is high (82%).
References
Vaccines
Pharmacology |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Micronesia may face challenges not faced by non-LGBT people. Households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples, as same-sex marriage and civil unions are not recognized. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation has been illegal since 2018.
The Federated States of Micronesia encompasses more than 600 islands and about 100,000 people. The majority of the population identifies as Christian.
In 2011, Micronesia signed the "joint statement on ending acts of violence and related human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity" at the United Nations, condemning violence and discrimination against LGBT people.
Law regarding same-sex sexual activity
Same-sex sexual activity is legal. The age of consent is 14, regardless of gender and sexual orientation.
Recognition of same-sex relationships
The Federated States of Micronesia does not recognise same-sex unions in any form.
The marriage laws in Kosrae assume the partners to be of the opposite sex. Section 16.101 states: "A marriage performed in the State is valid, if: (a) The male at the time of marriage is at least eighteen years of age and the female at least sixteen years of age, and, if the female is less than eighteen years of age, the marriage has the consent of at least one of the female's parents or her guardian; [...]". Similar language is found in the Chuuk State Code.
The Constitution of Pohnpei does not address marriage, but its section on "family obligations" states: "To strengthen and retain good family relations in Pohnpei, as needed, this Constitution recognizes and protects the responsibility and authority of parents over their children".
Discrimination protections
The Federated States of Micronesia has an anti-discrimination law that includes sexual orientation, but not gender identity or intersex status. This means gay, lesbian and bisexual people are protected from discrimination in employment, education, health care and other areas of public life, but transgender and intersex people are not. According to a 2015 write-up from the United States Department of State, "there were no reports of societal violence or discrimination against homosexuals or against persons with HIV/AIDS."
In 2016, Micronesia received recommendations from five countries to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. In November 2018, the Micronesian Congress passed C.B. 20-258, which updated the country's anti-discrimination law to include sexual orientation. The bill, introduced by Speaker Wesley Simina, was supported by three of the four states (Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Yap, but opposed by Kosrae).
Section 107 of Chapter 1 of the Code of the Federated States of Micronesia reads:
Section 107. Discrimination on account of race, sex, sexual orientation, language, or religion; Equal protection.
No law shall be enacted which discriminates against any person on account of race, sex, sexual orientation, language, or religion, nor shall the equal protection of the laws be denied.
Gender identity and expression
Micronesia does not provide any administrative or legal procedures allowing transgender people to have their identified gender recognised in official documents.
According to 2017 estimates from UNAIDS, about 4.2% of the Micronesian transgender population was HIV-positive.
Military service
Currently, there is no active military for the Federated States of Micronesia, though should such a need arise, the United States is responsible for its defense per mutual agreement.
Living conditions
History
In 1989, an anthropologist recorded a case of a young girl on the island of Pohnpei named Maria who exhibited the habits of a boy and would go walking about at night looking for girls. Family and neighbors held a meeting to discuss the matter, and decided to hold a feast where they would publicly name her a boy. Her hair was cut and she was presented with male clothing, and finally was renamed Mario.
The islands of Chuuk have an indigenous term that refers to a traditional third gender alongside male and female: .
In December 2018, the country's first pride event and parade took place in the state of Pohnpei.
Societal opinions
Micronesian society tends to be conservative and the LGBT community remains discreet in general. Open displays of affection between same-sex partners may offend. Debates and discussions surrounding LGBT rights tend to be "well off the radar".
The Human Truth Foundation has listed Micronesia at rank 90 for LGBT rights. This was similar to other Pacific nations, such as Palau (86), Nauru (87) and the Marshall Islands (88).
In 2006, an evangelical pastor from The Salvation Army serving as a pastor in Micronesia decried homophobia and conversion therapy and stated his belief that sexual orientation was predetermined.
Statistics
According to 2017 estimates from UNAIDS, there were about 340 men who have sex with men (MSM) in the country.
Summary table
See also
Human rights in the Federated States of Micronesia
LGBT rights in Oceania
Notes
References
Gender in the Federated States of Micronesia
Micronesia
Human rights in the Federated States of Micronesia |
Paul Ray is an American businessman, politician, and former law enforcement officer who served as a member of the Utah House of Representatives. A member of the Republican Party, Ray represented the 13th district covering a portion of Davis County, Utah.
Early life and education
Ray was born in Peru, Indiana. He graduated from Peru High School in 1985 and took medicine courses at Indiana University from 1985 to 1988.
Career
Ray served as a police officer from 1987 to 1988 and also as the branch manager of a bank from 1988 to 1995. He works as the CEO for the Northern Wasatch Home Builders Association.
Politics
Ray was a candidate for the Utah House of Representatives in 1998 but was not elected. He joined the Utah House in 2001 and served in that position until 2003. He ran unsuccessfully for re-election in 2002. He was elected on November 2, 2004, and last elected in 2014.
Ray championed a 2019 law that prevents cities from setting up citizen review boards to oversee local police departments.
In 2021, Ray defended a gerrymandered redistricting map proposal that was heavily tilted in favor of Republicans. The map broke up Utah's liberal urban areas, thus benefiting Republicans. Ray defended the proposed boundaries as "a good balance of urban-rural mix."
Ray resigned as a representative on December 15, 2021 to take a new role as Legislative Affairs with the Utah Department of Health and Human Services. He was replaced by Karen Peterson during a special election of the Davis County Republican Party.
Personal life
Ray lives in Clinton, Utah, with his wife, Julie, and their four children.
On December 28, 2021, Ray was hospitalized for a cerebral hemorrhage and underwent surgery to alleviate bleeding in the brain.
References
External links
Official page at the Utah State Legislature
Paul Ray's Official Campaign Web Site
Paul Ray on Project Vote Smart:
Paul Ray's Campaign Website:
Paul Ray on Ballot Pedia:
Utah State Legislature biography pages: Paul Ray
1966 births
Republican Party members of the Utah House of Representatives
Living people
People from Peru, Indiana
Indiana University alumni
21st-century American politicians
Western Governors University alumni
People from Clearfield, Utah |
Chasin' Wild Trains is the thirteenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Kim Carnes. It was her first full-length album since Checkin' Out the Ghosts (1991) and her first internationally-released studio album since View from the House (1988). Carnes self-released the album in the United States through Sparky Dawg in 2004, before it received an international release through the Dutch label CoraZong on September 16, 2005.
Carnes produced ten of the twelve tracks, with Angelo Petraglia and Chuck Prophet co-producing "Lucid Dreams" and Matraca Berg co-producing "If I Was an Angel". "One Beat at a Time" and "Just to See You Smile" were both released as singles.
Writing and production
Carnes decided to record Chasin' Wild Trains after writing "One Beat At a Time" with Marc Jordan. "I went in the studio and cut it with my guys," Carnes told PopMatters. "The minute I did it, I thought [it was] time to make an album. This is going to be cut one. Everything has to measure up to this." Carnes described Chasin' Wild Trains as a "rootsy songwriter album" written with her friends and musical collaborators.
Carnes originally co-wrote "If I Was An Angel" with Matraca Berg for her album Sunday Morning to Saturday Night (1997). Berg co-produced and sang backing vocals on Carnes' new version for Chasin' Wild Trains.
"Goodnight Angel" was originally written for an unreleased companion album of songs inspired by the 2002 film We Were Soldiers. "You Made My Skin Burn" featured in the soundtrack to the 2006 film The Moguls.
Release and promotion
Carnes self-released Chasin' Wild Trains in 2004 through Sparky Dawg and sold the album to fans at her concerts. On September 16, 2005, the album was released internationally through the Dutch label CoraZong. In the following year, it was released again as a Limited Edition with live acoustic versions of "Bette Davis Eyes" and "Just to See You Smile" as bonus tracks recorded during Carnes' appearance on American Connection, a show broadcast by KRO Radio 2 in 2005. On 9 November 2005, Carnes performed "Bette Davis Eyes" and "Just to See You Smile" live on Des mots de minuit, broadcast by France 2.
The cover art for Chasin' Wild Trains features an image of Carnes taken at age 3 sitting on a toy 'honeymoon' car. She had been playing 'wedding' with her next door neighbor, David Lindley.
"One Beat At a Time" was released as a single on September 5, 2005, and "Just to See You Smile" followed in 2006. In 2022, Carnes began releasing shortened edits of selected tracks as singles, beginning with "Just to See You Smile" on September 3, followed by "Lucid Dreams" on November 25.
Critical reception
Chasin' Wild Trains received overall positive reviews from music critics. Joe Viglione of AllMusic opined that Carnes sounds like "the Eagles going acoustic", echoing the songwriting of Stevie Nicks with songs on the subject of time, dreams and angels.
In The Tennessean, Peter Cooper described the songs on Chasin' Wild Trains as "rich, with memorable melodies" and noted "If I Was an Angel" as the album's highlight. Writing for the Dutch online magazine Kinda Muzik, Jelle Schuilenburg described Chasin' Wild Trains as "simply a beautiful album", featuring songs with "a nice mix of Americana, singer-songwriter and country rock". She compared Carnes' vocals to contemporaries like Lucinda Williams and Melissa Etheridge. In Country Music Today magazine, Stephen L. Betts opined that Chasin' Wild Trains is "one of 2004's best albums in any genre". Dutch website Muziekwereld noted the "sparse solo guitars and atmospheric keys" giving Carnes' "emotional voice more space than the chilly, fashionable production of [the 1980s]". They likened the album's sound to the music of Bonnie Raitt, Van Morrison and John Coltrane, concluding that Carnes "proves how mature pop music can sound." In Break Out, a German music magazine, Birgit Bräckle wrote that Chasin' Wild Trains is a "melancholic" album with "sparsely instrumented songs, infused with Nashville country and blues influences".
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.
Musicians
Kim Carnes – lead and backing vocals, keyboards (5, 7)
Tim Lauer – keyboards (1–4, 6, 8, 9, 10), accordion (6, 11), organ (12)
Billy Panda – guitar (1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11), Ebow (2), bass (2), acoustic guitar (4), electric guitar (12)
Angelo Petraglia – guitar (2, 5), backing vocals (4)
Richard Bennett – guitar (3, 6, 8)
Tom Bukovac – electric guitar (4)
Chuck Prophet – guitar (5), bass (5), drums (5), backing vocals (5)
Greg Barnhill – guitar (6), backing vocals (6, 9)
Anders Osborne – guitar (7), drums (7), backing vocals (7)
Gary Burnette – guitar (9, 11)
Jeff Hanna – slide guitar (10)
Al Anderson – acoustic guitar (12), guitar solo (12), backing vocals (12)
Alison Prestwood – bass (3, 4, 6, 8)
Byron House – bass (9, 11)
Jeffrey Steele – bass (12)
Greg Morrow – drums (1, 9, 11)
Craig Krampf – drums (2, 8)
Tommy Harden – drums (3, 6, 12)
Dave Ellingson – percussion (6, 12)
John Catchings – cello (7)
Tammy Rogers – viola (7), violin (7)
Jonathan Yudkin – strings (9)
Matraca Berg – backing vocals (10, 11)
Kim Richey – backing vocals (11)
Technical
Kim Carnes – producer
Angelo Petraglia – producer (5), additional recording
Chuck Prophet – producer (5)
Matraca Berg – producer (10)
Scott Baggett – recording, mixing
Tim Lauer – additional recording
Josh Muncy – additional recording, assistant engineer
Billy Panda – additional recording
Eric Tonkin – additional recording
Adam Beard – assistant engineer
Erik Jaskowiak – assistant engineer
Jim DeMain – mastering
Design
Don Bailey – art direction, design
Mike Condon – live photography
Glen Rose – photography
Release history
References
2004 albums
Kim Carnes albums |
Microstoma floccosum is a species in the cup fungus family Sarcoscyphaceae. It is recognizable by its deep funnel-shaped, scarlet-colored fruit bodies bearing white hairs on the exterior. Found in the United States and Asia, it grows on partially buried sticks and twigs of oak trees.
Description
The diameter of the cup- or funnel-shaped fruit bodies is in diameter; the margins of the cup are curved inwards when young. Both the interior and exterior surfaces of the cup are scarlet red. The exterior surface is covered with stiff white hairs. Details of the hair structure may be seen with a magnifying glass: they are up to 1 mm long or more, translucent, thick-walled, rigid and more or less sword-shaped with simple, sharply diminishing bases. They are connected to the fruit body at the junction of internal tissue layers called the medullary and ectal excipulums. When the hairs come in contact with an alkali solution of 2% potassium hydroxide, the thick walls of the base of the hair first swell in size and then dissolve, releasing the contents of the internal lumen. The stem is cylindrical, and about long by 1–2 mm thick.
The species is inedible.
Microscopic characteristics
The spores are 20–30 by 14–16 µm; the asci (spore-bearing cells) are 300–350 by 18–20 µm. The paraphyses (sterile, upright, basally attached filaments in the hymenium, growing between asci) are thin, slightly thickened at the tip and contain many red granules.
Varieties
One variant species has been described, M. floccosum var. floccosum, found in China and Japan, has larger spores than typical. The fungus originally described as Microstoma floccosum var. macrosporum was recognized as an independent species in 2000 and renamed to Macrostoma macrosporum. It differs from M. floccosum by fruiting season, asci and ascospore size, and the ultrastructure of the hairs.
Similar species
Microstoma apiculosporum is a species from Taiwan that has spores with short, sharply pointed tips. Scutellinia scutellata has a shallow red cup, no stalk, and black hairs on only the edge of the cap margin. The stalked scarlet cup, Sarcoscypha occidentalis, has a shape, size and color that somewhat resemble M. floccosum, but it lacks any surface hairs, and the cup is not as deep.
Habitat and distribution
A saprobic species, Microstoma floccosum grows scattered to clustered together, attached to wood that is typically partially buried in the earth. A preference for both oak and Shagbark hickory has been noted.
Microstoma floccosum has been collected from the United States, India, China, and Japan.
References
Sarcoscyphaceae
Fungi described in 1832
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of the United States
Inedible fungi
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status |
Irène Joliot-Curie (; ; 12 September 1897 – 17 March 1956) was a French chemist, physicist and politician, the elder daughter of Pierre Curie and Marie Skłodowska–Curie, and the wife of Frédéric Joliot-Curie. Jointly with her husband, Joliot-Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 for their discovery of induced radioactivity, making them the second-ever married couple (after her parents) to win the Nobel Prize, while adding to the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. This made the Curies the family with the most Nobel laureates to date. She was also one of the first three women to be a member of a French government, becoming undersecretary for Scientific Research under the Popular Front in 1936. Both children of the Joliot-Curies, Hélène and Pierre, are also prominent scientists.
In 1945, she was one of the six commissioners of the new French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) created by de Gaulle and the Provisional Government of the French Republic. She died in Paris on 17 March 1956 from an acute leukemia linked to her exposure to polonium and X-rays.
Biography
Early life and education
Irène was born in Paris, France, on 12 September 1897 and was the first of Marie and Pierre's two daughters. Her sister was Eve. They lost their father early on in 1906 due to a horse-drawn wagon incident and Marie was left to raise them. Education was important to Marie and Irène's education began at a school near the Paris Observatory. This school was chosen because it had a more challenging curriculum than the school nearby the Curie's home. In 1906, it was obvious Irène was talented in mathematics and her mother chose to focus on that instead of public school. Marie joined forces with a number of eminent French scholars, including the prominent French physicist Paul Langevin, to form "The Cooperative", which included a private gathering of nine students that were children of the most distinguished academics in France. Each contributed to educating these children in their respective homes. The curriculum of The Cooperative was varied and included not only the principles of science and scientific research but such diverse subjects as Chinese and sculpture and with great emphasis placed on self-expression and play. Irène studied in this environment for about two years.
Irène and her sister Ève were sent to Poland to spend the summer with their Aunt Bronia (Marie's sister) when Irène was thirteen. Irène's education was so rigorous that she still had a German and trigonometry lesson every day of that break. Irène re-entered a more orthodox learning environment by going back to high school at the Collège Sévigné in central Paris until 1914. She then went onto the Faculty of Science at the Sorbonne to complete her baccalaureate, until 1916 when her studies were interrupted by World War I.
World War I
Irène took a nursing course during college to assist her mother, Marie Curie, in the field as her assistant. She began her work as a nurse radiographer on the battlefield alongside her mother, but after a few months she was left to work alone at a radiological facility in Belgium. She taught doctors how to locate shrapnel in bodies using radiology and taught herself how to repair the equipment. She moved throughout facilities and battlegrounds including two bombsites, Furnes and Ypres, and Amiens. She received a military medal for her assistance in X-ray facilities in France and Belgium.
After the war, Irène returned to the Sorbonne in Paris to complete her second baccalaureate degree in mathematics and physics in 1918. Irène then went on to work as her mother's assistant, teaching radiology at the Radium Institute, which had been built by her parents. Her doctoral thesis was concerned with the alpha decay of polonium, the element discovered by her parents (along with radium) and named after Marie's country of birth, Poland. Irène became a Doctor of Science in 1925.
Research
As she neared the end of her doctorate in 1924, Irène Curie was asked to teach the precision laboratory techniques required for radiochemical research to the young chemical engineer Frédéric Joliot, whom she would later wed. From 1928 Joliot-Curie and her husband Frédéric combined their research efforts on the study of atomic nuclei. In 1932, Joliot-Curie and her husband Frédéric had full access to Marie's polonium. Experiments were done using gamma rays to identify the positron. Though their experiments identified both the positron and the neutron, they failed to interpret the significance of the results and the discoveries were later claimed by Carl David Anderson and James Chadwick respectively. These discoveries would have secured greatness indeed, as together with J. J. Thomson's discovery of the electron in 1897, they finally replaced John Dalton's model of atoms as solid spherical particles.
However, in 1933, Joliot-Curie and her husband were the first to calculate the accurate mass of the neutron. The Joliot-Curies continued trying to get their name into the scientific community; in doing so they developed a new theory from an interesting experiment they conducted. During an experiment bombarding aluminium with alpha rays, they discovered that only protons were detected. Based on the undetectable electron and positron pair, they proposed that the protons changed into neutrons and positrons. Later in October 1933, this new theory was presented to the Seventh Solvay Conference. The Solvay Conferences consisted of prominent scientists in the physics and chemistry community. Irene and her husband presented their theory and results to their fellow scientists, but they received criticism of their finding from most of the 46 scientists attending. However they were able to build on the controversial theory later on.
In 1934, the Joliot-Curies finally made the discovery that sealed their place in scientific history. Building on the work of Marie and Pierre Curie, who had isolated naturally occurring radioactive elements, the Joliot-Curies realised the alchemist's dream of turning one element into another: creating radioactive nitrogen from boron, radioactive isotopes of phosphorus from aluminium, and silicon from magnesium. Irradiating the natural stable isotope of aluminium with alpha particles (i.e. helium nuclei) resulted in an unstable isotope of phosphorus: 27Al + 4He → 30P + 1n. This discovery is formally known as positron emission or beta decay, where a proton in the radioactive nucleus changes to a neutron and releases a positron and an electron neutrino. By then, the application of radioactive materials for use in medicine was growing and this discovery allowed radioactive materials to be created quickly, cheaply, and plentifully. The Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1935 brought with it fame and recognition from the scientific community and Joliot-Curie was awarded a professorship at the Faculty of Science.
The work that Irène's laboratory pioneered in research into radium nuclei that led a separate group of German physicists, led by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassman, to discover nuclear fission: the splitting of the nucleus itself, emitting vast amounts of energy. Lise Meitner's now-famous calculations actually disproved Irène's results to show that nuclear fission was possible.
In 1948, using work on nuclear fission, the Joliot-Curies along with other scientists created the first French nuclear reactor. The Joliot-Curies were a part of the organization in charge of the project, the Atomic Energy Commission, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA). Irène was the commissioner of the CEA and Irène's husband, Frédéric, was the director of the CEA. The reactor, Zoé (Zéro énergie Oxyde et Eau lourde) used nuclear fission to generate five kilowatts of power. This was the beginning of nuclear energy as a source of power for France.
Years of working so closely with radioactive materials finally caught up with Joliot-Curie and she was diagnosed with leukemia. She had been accidentally exposed to polonium when a sealed capsule of the element exploded on her laboratory bench in 1946. Treatment with antibiotics and a series of operations relieved her suffering temporarily but her condition continued to deteriorate. Despite this, Joliot-Curie continued to work and in 1955 drew up plans for new physics laboratories at the Orsay Faculty of Sciences, which is now a part of the Paris-Saclay University, south of Paris.
Political views
The Joliot-Curies had become increasingly aware of the growth of the fascist movement. They opposed its ideals and joined the Socialist Party in 1934, the Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes a year later, and in 1936 they actively supported the Republican faction in the Spanish Civil War. In the same year, Joliot-Curie was appointed Undersecretary of State for Scientific Research by the French government, in which capacity she helped in founding the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Frédéric and Irène visited Moscow for the two hundred and twentieth anniversary of the Russian Academy of Science and returned sympathizing with Russian colleagues. Frédéric's close connection with the Communist Party caused Irène to later be detained on Ellis Island during her third trip to the US, coming to speak in support of Spanish refugees, at the Joint Antifascist Refugee Committee's invitation.
The Joliot-Curies had continued Pierre and Marie's policy of publishing all of their work for the benefit of the global scientific community, but afraid of the danger that might result should it be developed for military use, they stopped: on 30 October 1939, they placed all of their documentation on nuclear fission in the vaults of the French Academy of Sciences, where it remained until 1949.
Joliot-Curie's political career continued after the war and she became a commissioner in the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique. However, she still found time for scientific work and in 1946 became director of her mother's Institut Curie.
Joliot-Curie became actively involved in promoting women's education, serving on the National Committee of the Union of French Women (Comité National de l'Union des Femmes Françaises) and the World Peace Council. The Joliot-Curies were given memberships to the French Légion d'honneur; Irène as an officer and Frédéric as a commander, recognising his earlier work for the resistance.
Personal life
Irène and Frédéric hyphenated their surnames to Joliot-Curie after they married in 1926. The Joliot-Curies had two children, Hélène, born eleven months after they were married, and Pierre, born in 1932.
Between 1941 and 1943 during World War II, Joliot-Curie contracted tuberculosis and was forced to spend time convalescing in Switzerland. Concern for her own health together with the anguish of her husband's being in the resistance against the German troops and her children in occupied France was hard to bear. She did make several dangerous visits back to France, enduring detention by German troops at the Swiss border on more than one occasion. Finally, in 1944, Joliot-Curie judged it too dangerous for her family to remain in France and she took her children back to Switzerland. Later in September 1944, after not hearing from Frédéric for months, Irene and her children were finally able to rejoin him.
Irène fought through these struggles to advocate for her own personal views. She was a passionate member of the feminist movement, especially regarding the sciences, and also advocated for peace. She continually applied to the French Academy of Sciences, an elite scientific organization, knowing that she would be denied. She did so to draw attention to the fact they did not accept women in the organization. Irène was also involved in many speaking functions such as the International Women's Day conference. She also played a big role for the French contingent at the World Congress of Intellectuals for Peace, which promoted the World Peace movement. In 1948, during a strike involving coal miners, Joliot-Curie reached out to Paris Newsletters to convince families to temporarily adopt the children of the coal miners during the strike. The Joliot-Curies adopted two girls during that time.
Death
In 1956, after a final convalescent period in the French Alps, Joliot-Curie was admitted to the Curie Hospital in Paris, where she died on 17 March at the age of 58 from leukemia, possibly due to radiation from polonium-210. Frédéric's health was also declining, and he died in 1958 from liver disease, which too was said to be the result of overexposure to radiation.
Joliot-Curie was an atheist and anti-war. When the French government held a national funeral in her honor, Irène's family asked to have the religious and military portions of the funeral omitted. Frédéric was also given a national funeral by the French government.
Joliot-Curie's daughter, Hélène Langevin-Joliot, went on to become a nuclear physicist and professor at the University of Paris. Joliot-Curie's son, Pierre Joliot, went on to become a biochemist at Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Notable honours
Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 for the discovery of artificial radioactivity with Frédéric Joliot-Curie.
Barnard Gold Medal for Meritorious Service to Science in 1940 with Frédéric Joliot-Curie.
Officer of the Legion of Honor.
Her name was added to the Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations erected in Hamburg, Germany.
See also
List of female Nobel laureates
Women in chemistry
Stefania Maracineanu
Timeline of women in science
Radioactive (film)
References
Further reading
Conference (Dec. 1935) for the Nobel prize of F. & I. Joliot-Curie, online and analysed on BibNum [click 'à télécharger' for English version].
External links
including the Nobel Lecture on 12 December 1935 Artificial Production of Radioactive Elements
1897 births
1956 deaths
20th-century French chemists
20th-century French physicists
20th-century French women scientists
Curie family
Deaths from cancer in France
Deaths from leukemia
French women activists
French atheists
French Nobel laureates
French people of Polish descent
French socialists
French women chemists
French women physicists
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Nuclear chemists
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 3rd class
Scientists from Paris
French socialist feminists
University of Paris alumni
Women Nobel laureates
Paris-Saclay University people |
was a village located in Higashimatsuura District, Saga Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the village has an estimated population of 2,627 and a population density of 41.77 persons per km2. The total area is 62.89 km2.
On January 1, 2006, Nanayama was merged into the expanded city of Karatsu.
Dissolved municipalities of Saga Prefecture |
A Couch in New York () is a 1996 romantic comedy film co-written and directed by Chantal Akerman. The plot centers on an anonymous exchange of apartments between a successful New York psychoanalyst (William Hurt) and a young woman from Paris (Juliette Binoche).
Plot
Henry Harriston is a psychoanalyst whose patients are driving him crazy by constantly leaving him messages during his off hours. On a whim he places an ad offering up his apartment for a housing swap. Béatrice Saulnier (Juliette Binoche) a Parisian dancer responds to his ad and without meeting the two switch apartments. Béatrice is impressed with Henry's high-tech apartment which is both beautiful and spacious. Henry meanwhile is horrified when he arrives in Béatrice's apartment and finds it filthy and messy.
Meanwhile, Henry's patients, who Henry sees at home, begin coming to his apartment seeking therapy. Béatrice begins listening to their stories, and the patients accept her as Henry's temporary replacement.
At Béatrice's apartment Henry discovers a cache of love-letters written to Béatrice by various men. Béatrice's lovers also begin showing up in her apartment and talking to Henry about their love for her. When they begin calling the apartment telling Henry how helpful he was and how they want to talk to him again he turns tail and returns to New York.
Originally intending to simply pick up his mail, Henry notices that his patients keep coming in and out of his apartment and, when he tries to enter his apartment, is pushed out by Béatrice's friend who is posing as her receptionist. Believing that Béatrice is intentionally running a scam, he goes to confront her, posing as a fake patient, John. Instead of confronting her however, he keeps up the ruse of being a patient, but is unable to talk and the session consists of Béatrice and Henry saying "Yes" back and forth at one another. Despite this, the two find themselves attracted to one another and the session ends with Béatrice suggesting that Henry, as John, come back. Henry meanwhile is convinced that Béatrice really does mean well and decides to keep up the ruse and continue seeing her.
After a particular session in which Henry talks about his distant relationship with his mother, both Henry and Béatrice begin to think they've fallen in love with one another. Henry refuses to say anything, feeling too cowardly, while Béatrice's friend tells her she cannot be involved in a relationship with a patient. Béatrice and Henry become close and continue to feel strongly towards one another. During one of their sessions the light turns off and both secretly whisper love confessions in the dark, but neither hears what the other is saying. Henry's friend urges him to run to Béatrice or write her a letter but as these are all things that Béatrice's previous lovers have done that have failed, Henry refuses. He decides that the only way the situation will be resolved is if Béatrice confesses her love to him. Instead she calls him late at night to tell him their sessions must come to an end as she is returning to Paris. Henry tells Béatrice he loves her, but she hangs up before she hears what he has said.
Henry rushes to the airport hoping to get a last minute flight to Paris. Unfortunately, the plane is overbooked. Henry decides to wait on standby. He is able to get the last ticket as one passenger has not shown up, however that ticket belonged to Béatrice, so while Henry flies to Paris, searching the plane, looking for Béatrice, Béatrice stays behind.
Eventually arriving home, Béatrice realizes she cannot go to her apart as Henry is still in her apartment and goes to stay with her neighbour. On her neighbour's terrace she sees her plants which have flourished in her absence. She strikes up a conversation with Henry, who she cannot see through the plants. He disguises his voice so she will not recognize him. Talking to Henry through the plants Béatrice confesses that she came early because she had fallen in love with one of Henry's patients, John.
Realizing that Henry and John are one and the same person, Béatrice climbs over the terrace back into her apartment and kisses Henry, telling him she loves him.
Cast
Juliette Binoche as Béatrice Saulnier
William Hurt as Henry Harriston
Stephanie Buttle as Anne
Barbara Garrick as Lizbeth Honeywell
Paul Guilfoyle as Dennis
Richard Jenkins as Campton
Kent Broadhurst as Tim
Matthew Burton as Wood
Henry Bean as Stein
Bernard Breuse as Jérôme
Adam LeFevre as restaurant patron
Boris Leskin as cab driver #1
Tiffany Frazer as Julie
Wendy Way as employee at airport
Jerry Dean as cab driver #2
Reception
The film received unfavourable reviews upon release. Akerman, Binoche and Hurt were criticised for being poor at handling both the comedic and romantic aspects of the film.
References
External links
1996 films
1996 multilingual films
1996 romantic comedy films
1990s English-language films
1990s French films
1990s French-language films
1990s German films
Belgian multilingual films
Belgian romantic comedy films
English-language Belgian films
English-language French films
English-language German films
Films about psychoanalysis
Films directed by Chantal Akerman
Films set in Paris
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Paris
French films set in New York City
French multilingual films
French romantic comedy films
French-language Belgian films
French-language German films
German multilingual films
German romantic comedy films |
The 1999 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Tar Heels played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina and competed in the Atlantic Coast Conference. The team was led by head coach Carl Torbush.
Schedule
Roster
References
North Carolina
North Carolina Tar Heels football seasons
North Carolina Tar Heels football |
McCunn is a surname, originating in Scotland but now widespread in many countries across the world.
Origins of the name
The surname is probably a variant of 'McCune', the Anglicised form of 'MacEoghainn'. The personal name 'Eoghain' is a Gaelic form of the Latin 'Eugenius', meaning 'noble', borne by a third-century bishop and martyr. Another theory suggests McCunn as a variant of 'McKeown', which comes from the Celtic 'Mac Eoin' ('Eoin' being the Irish form of John).
Family history
The first recorded bearer of the name was Gilcrist McKwnne, circa 1370, in the Calendar of the Laing Charters during the reign of King David II of Scotland. The surname was introduced to Ulster by Scottish settlers during the plantation of the province and later many McCunns emigrated during the Great Famine of Ireland. Since then, the McCunn family has spread throughout the world particularly to North America.
Notable McCunns
Hamish MacCunn (1868–1916), Scottish composer, conductor and teacher
Ruthanne Lum McCunn (born 1946), American novelist
John McCunn (1820–1872), corrupt New York judge and member of the infamous Tweed Ring
Dickson McCunn, fictitious character in John Buchan's novels Huntingtower and The Adventures of Dickson McCunn
Carl McCunn (1947–1981), American wildlife photographer
Thomas McCunn, the longest serving lifeboat at Longhope with over 300 lives saved
See also
McCune (surname)
McKeown
MacEwen
Surnames |
Catch a Rising Star is the debut album from singer John Gary, released in 1963 on the RCA Victor label. The album spent over a year on the Billboard record chart.
Track listing
Side one
"This Is All I Ask" (Gordon Jenkins)
"My Kind of Girl" (Leslie Bricusse)
"Once Upon a Time" (Charles Strouse, Lee Adams)
"Till the Birds Sing in the Morning" (Will Holt)
"Your Cheatin' Heart" (Hank Williams)
"Yellow Bird" (Alan Bergman, Marilyn Keith, Norman Luboff)
Side two
"Unchained Melody" (Alex North, Hy Zaret)
"Half as Much" (Curley Williams)
"More (Theme from Mondo Cane)" (Riz Ortolani, Nino Oliviero, Norman Newell)
"Possum Song" (John Gary)
"Somewhere Along the Way" (Kurt Adams, Sammy Gallop)
"Ebb Tide" (Carl Sigman, Robert Maxwell)
References
External links
Catch a Rising Star at AllMusic
1963 debut albums
RCA Victor albums
Albums arranged by Marty Gold
Albums conducted by Marty Gold
Albums produced by Hugo & Luigi |
Velimir Neidhardt (; born 7 October 1943) is a Croatian architect, president of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts since 2019.
Neidhardt is a professor at the University of Zagreb Faculty of Architecture, former president of the Croatian Architects’ Association (1995–1999), and a full member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (since 1991). Since June 2015, he is also a corresponding member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Neidhardt's most important work is the building of the National and University Library in Zagreb.
Major projects
Hotel Lapad (with I. Kolbach and B. Šavora; Dubrovnik, 1969)
Hotel Begova Ledina (Makarska, 1969)
Bit Pazar Shopping Centre (with I. Franić; Skopje, 1970)
Shopping Centre (Mrkonjić Grad, 1972)
City Centre (with Lj. Lulić and J. Nosso; Banja Luka, 1973–79)
New Zagreb City Centre (with L. Schwerer and B. Velnić; 1971)
French Republic Square (with I. Franić; Zagreb, 1977)
Hamma Centre (with Z. Krznarić; Algiers, 1984)
Telecommunications Building (Šibenik, 1980)
National and University Library (with M. Hržić, Z. Krznarić and D. Mance; Zagreb, 1978–95)
Zagreb urban axis (1981–85)
Ina Trgovina Building (Zagreb, 1985–89)
Exportdrvo Office Building (Zagreb, 1985)
Adriatic Pipeline Headquarters (Zagreb, 1989–91)
World Trade Centre (with Z. Krznarić and D. Mance; Zagreb, 1991)
Metropolitan axis (with Z. Krznarić and D. Mance; Zagreb, 1992)
St. John the Evangelist Church (Zagreb, 1991)
Parish Church (Zagreb, 1994)
Badel City Block (with M. Begović and D. Mance; Zagreb, 1992–96)
Croatian Government Centre (Zagreb, 1996)
References
Bibliography
External links
1943 births
Living people
Architects from Zagreb
Faculty of Architecture, University of Zagreb alumni
Academic staff of the University of Zagreb
Members of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Croatian people of German descent |
Banya is a rural locality in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia.
History
Banya is situated in the Gubbi Gubbi (Kabi) traditional Aboriginal country. The name Banya means bunya nut in the Gubbi Gubbi and Butchulla (Badtjala) languages.
On 14 June 2019 parts of the localities of Bells Creek and Meridan Plains were excised to create the localities of Banya, Corbould Park, Gagalba and Nirimba to accommodate future suburban growth in the Caloundra South Priority Development Area.
The Stockland developed estate will house more than 800 families, a primary school and child care centre with future developments of the CAMCOS Rail Corridor.
References
Suburbs of the Sunshine Coast Region
Localities in Queensland |
Shanghai South Railway Station () is an interchange station between Lines 1, 3 and 15 of the Shanghai Metro. It is the southern terminus of Line 3.
Both the metro station and the associated railway station were formerly named Xinlonghua () when Line 1 first opened on 28 May 1993. The interchange with Line 3 opened with the opening of that line on 26 December 2000. The interchange with line 15 opened on 23 January 2021.
Places nearby
Shanghai South railway station
Gallery
References
Shanghai Metro stations in Xuhui District
Line 1, Shanghai Metro
Line 3, Shanghai Metro
Line 15, Shanghai Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 1993 |
David Fifita () (born 25 February 2000) is a Tonga international rugby league footballer who plays as a er for the Gold Coast Titans in the National Rugby League (NRL).
He previously played for the Brisbane Broncos in the NRL and has played for the Indigenous All Stars, Queensland, the Prime Minister's XIII.
Early life
Fifita was born in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and is of Torres Strait Islander (Badu) descent on his mother's side and Tongan descent on his father's side.
Fifita was educated at Keebra Park State High School and his playing style had been compared to former Bronco Ben Te'o. NRL commentator Andrew Voss rated Fifita as the best young schoolboy forward he has seen in over 20 years of calling the GIO Schoolboy Cup.
Playing career
Early career
Fifita played his junior rugby league for Souths Acacia Ridge. In 2015, he was 18th man for the Queensland Under-16 rugby league team, despite being a year younger. He then competed at the ASSRL U15s Tournament, playing for Queensland U15s Schoolboys Maroons team. He was selected for the Australian U15s Schoolboys Merit team. In 2016, he was once again selected for the Queensland Under-16 rugby league team at and captained the side. He was part of the Keebra Park side, which also featured Payne Haas, that narrowly lost to Westfields Sports High School in the GIO Schoolboy Cup Final. In 2017, Fifita competed at the ASSRL U18s Tournament, playing for Queensland U18s Schoolboys team. He was chosen for the Australian U18s Schoolboys team, which toured New Zealand. Later in the year, he captained Keebra Park in the GIO Schoolboy Cup Final against Westfields Sports High School, which Keebra Park won.
2018
On 13 February 2018, extended his contract with the Brisbane Broncos to the end of the 2020 NRL season. Fifita started by the year by playing in the Queensland Cup for the Souths Logan Magpies. In Round 16 of the 2018 NRL season, Fifita made his NRL debut for the Brisbane Broncos against the Canberra Raiders, becoming the first player born in the 2000s to make his NRL debut. Fifita played 47 minutes off the interchange bench during the 26-22 comeback win at Suncorp Stadium and coach Wayne Bennett commented on his impressive debut, "I liked it because he played mistake free and that is all you can ask", "He was good and never let anybody down, He did a really good job for us." In Round 23 against the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Fifita scored his first NRL career try in Brisbane's 38–18 win at Suncorp Stadium. Fifita finished his promising NRL debut year with him playing in 11 matches and scoring 2 tries for Brisbane in the 2018 NRL season. On 17 December 2018, Fifita was selected in the 15-man emerging Queensland squad.
2019
On 15 February 2019, Fifita represented the Indigenous All Stars against the New Zealand Māori All Stars team, playing off the interchange bench and scoring a try in the 34–14 win at AAMI Park. After having some solid performances leading up to the 2019 State of Origin series, Fifita earned selection in the Queensland Maroons squad. Fifita made history as he was the first player born in the 2000s to play Origin, Queensland Coach Kevin Walters commenting about his selection, "I rang him and told him he had made the Queensland under 18 team," Walters said on Monday. "He said, 'No, I am too old for that, "I said, 'Well you better come and play Origin then.'"
On 30 September, Fifita was named on the bench for the Australia PM XIII side. On 7 October 2019, Fifita was named at second row for the U23 Junior Australian side.
2020
On 27 April, it was revealed that Fifita would be ruled out from playing indefinitely after undergoing knee surgery.
On July 25, it was announced that Fifita had signed a record three-year deal, worth over $3 million with the Gold Coast.
Fifita played nine games for Brisbane in the 2020 NRL season as the club finished last on the table for the first time ever in their history. Brisbane only managed to win only three games for the entire year out of a possible 20 matches.
2021
In round 5 of the 2021 NRL season, he scored a hat-trick in the Gold Coast's 42-16 victory over Newcastle.
In round 7 against South Sydney, he scored his second hat-trick of the year in a 30-40 loss.
On 11 May, Fifita was suspended for two matches after being found guilty of a careless high tackle during the club's round 9 victory over Wests Tigers.
Fifita played for Queensland in the first two games of the 2021 State of Origin series before being suspended for game 3.
In round 25, Fifita scored two tries for the Gold Coast in a 44-0 victory over the New Zealand Warriors.
2022
Following the Gold Coast's round 8 loss to Penrith, it was revealed that Fifita had suffered a grade 2 MCL sprain and would miss four matches. He played a total of 18 games as the Gold Coast finished 13th on the table.
2023
Fifita played in all three games of the 2023 State of Origin series for Queensland as they won the shield 2-1. On 11 August, Fifita re-signed with the Gold Coast side until the end of the 2026 NRL season.
Fifita played a total of 22 matches for the Gold Coast in the 2023 NRL season and scored eight tries as the club finished 14th on the table.
Controversy
On 9 November 2019, Fifita was arrested in Bali after an alleged altercation with a bouncer at a nightclub called La Favela. On 11 November, Fifita was released from jail after the bouncer who was allegedly assaulted accepted Fifita's apology. After Fifita left the prison, he spoke to the media saying "I want to thank everyone involved and obviously, the police. I will make a further statement later in the week".
On 13 November 2019, it was revealed by Fairfax Media that Fifita secured his freedom from the Bali jail after paying $30,000 and signing a "peace agreement". They also revealed that Fifita spent five hours in isolation immediately after his arrest. He was then presented with a local legal representative and signed over power of attorney before a Brisbane welfare officer arrived to help negotiate the peace agreement. He was also forced to urinate in a water bottle in his cell.
Brisbane Broncos CEO Paul White spoke to the media saying "I don’t know too many 19-year-old men ... of his background, who have had an experience like that, I know, having a policing background, that being in a cell is not a great experience, and being in one in a foreign country was pretty confronting. He’ll learn a big lesson".
On 27 December 2020, Fifita was arrested and later released without charge after trespassing following a night of drinking. It was reported that Fifita was invited back to the room of an unidentified female but went to the wrong room at the address with other people inside who later called the police on Fifita.
In February 2021, the NRL reopened its investigation into the trespassing situation as it was revealed that the Gold Coast had made a payment to the family where Fifita had trespassed, which is a breach of salary cap rules. In June 2021, Fifita was fined $20,000 for breaching the league's alcohol code of conduct and bringing the game into disrepute. This was in relation to the trespassing incident which happened in December 2020.
On 31 December 2022, it was reported that Fifita had been involved with a verbal altercation with Brisbane player Reece Walsh at a Gold Coast nightclub. It was alleged the pair needed to be separated by security staff.
References
External links
Brisbane Broncos profile
2000 births
Living people
Australian sportspeople of Tongan descent
Australian rugby league players
Brisbane Broncos players
Gold Coast Titans players
Queensland Rugby League State of Origin players
David
Indigenous All Stars players
Indigenous Australian rugby league players
Rugby league players from Brisbane
Rugby league second-rows
Souths Logan Magpies players
Tonga national rugby league team players
Tongan rugby league players |
Pavlevtsi is a village in Tryavna Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.
References
Villages in Gabrovo Province |
Zhang Hanxin (1 January 1936 – 1 October 2021) was a Chinese scientist specializing in fluid mechanics, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was chairman of Chinese Aerodynamics Research Society.
Biography
Zhang was born in Pei County, Jiangsu, on 1 January 1936, during the Republic of China. He secondary studied at Xuzhou No. 2 High School. In 1954, he enrolled at Tsinghua University, majoring in the Department of Hydraulic Engineering. In 1963, he did his postgraduate work at the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences under the supervision of Guo Yonghuai. At the same time, he taught at Tsinghua University. In 1972, he was despatched to the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center as a researcher.
On 1 October 2021, he died from an illness in Beijing, aged 85.
Honours and awards
1991 Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
References
1936 births
2021 deaths
People from Pei County
Scientists from Jiangsu
Tsinghua University alumni
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Aerodynamicists |
Frederick Creek may refer to:
Frederick Creek (Minnesota), a stream in Minnesota
Frederick Creek (Missouri), a stream in Missouri |
Theatresports is a form of improvisational theatre, which uses the format of a competition for dramatic effect. Opposing teams can perform scenes based on audience suggestions, with ratings by the audience or by a panel of judges. Developed by director Keith Johnstone in Calgary, Alberta, in 1977, the concept of Theatresports originated in Johnstone's observations of techniques used in professional wrestling to generate heat, or audience reaction.
Derivatives
ComedySportz, started in 1984 in Milwaukee, WI, tends to emphasise the sports competition format more than Theatresports, for example by having a referee who awards points and administers fouls. The Australian shows Thank God You're Here and TheatreGames LIVE follow a similar format to these shows. New York City's Face Off Unlimited has also adapted the concept to numerous productions. Two similar formats, Ligue nationale d'improvisation and Canadian Improv Games both also officially debuted in 1977 in Quebec and Ontario, respectively. The Canadian Improv Games had been doing competitive improv at various events as early as 1974.
See also
Theatre games
References
Sources
Johnstone, Keith (1987). Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre. Taylor & Francis. .
Johnstone, Keith (1999). Impro For Storytellers. Faber UK. (paperback).
Keith Johnstone on the origins of Theatresports and how a typical show runs.
"Theatre, English-Language". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation of Canada, 2006.
Clark, Andrew (1999). "Comedians Without a Net". Maclean's, 1999-09-08, Vol. 112, Issue 32.
Sillars, Les. "The Global Moose". Alberta Report, 1995-08-28, Vol. 22 Issue 37, pp36–37.
"Unscripted", Chris Wiebe, Alberta Views magazine, September 2005.
Further reading
Foreman, Kathleen and Martini, Clem (1996). Something Like a Drug: An Unauthorized Oral History of Theatresports. Players Press. (paperback).
External links
International Theatre sports Institute
Keith Johnstone's official website
Improvisational theatre in Canada
Theatre in Calgary
Canadian inventions
1977 introductions |
George Rex Andrews (September 21, 1808 – December 5, 1873) was a U.S. Representative from New York.
Biography
Born in Ticonderoga, New York, Andrews attended the common schools and was graduated from the Albany Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and commenced the practice of law in Ticonderoga.
Career
Andrews was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-first Congress and served from March 4, 1849, to March 3, 1851.
After his single term in Congress, Andrews abandoned politics and the legal profession altogether and moved to Oshkosh, Wisconsin, in 1852 and engaged in the timber and lumber business until his death.
Death
Anderson died in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, on December 5, 1873,(age 65 years, 72 days). He is interred at Riverside Cemetery in Oshkosh.
References
External links
1808 births
1873 deaths
Albany Law School alumni
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
People from Ticonderoga, New York
19th-century American politicians |
```ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true
module Decidim
module Accountability
module Admin
# Custom helpers, scoped to the accountability admin engine.
#
module ApplicationHelper
include Decidim::Admin::ResourceScopeHelper
include Decidim::PaginateHelper
end
end
end
end
``` |
The geology of El Salvador is underlain by rocks dating to the Paleozoic. Prior to the Pennsylvanian, sediments deposited and were intensely deformed, intruded by granite rocks and metamorphosed. Northern Central America took shape during uplift in the Triassic, large than its current area and extending east to the Nicaragua Rise. The Cayman Ridge and Bartlet Trough formed from longitudinal faults at the crest of the uplift. Deformation in the Cretaceous brought granite intrusions, particularly in what is now Nicaragua. Much of the terrain and coastline of the country is defined by volcanoes and volcanic deposits produced from the subduction of the Cocos Plate.
On the surface, rocks in El Salvador primarily date to the Pliocene and early Pleistocene and are typically volcanic. Some of the oldest surface exposures are in the Metapan area, with pre-Mesozoic monzonite together with Cretaceous marine limestone, overlain by Paleogene volcanic and terrestrial sedimentary rocks. The 650 foot thick Paleogene sandstone and conglomerate are above an unconformity with 30 feet of gray andesite, 400 feet of limestone and additional sandstone, conglomerate and calcareous shale.
El Salvador has extensive large vertebrate fossils from the Cenozoic, including mammoth, mastodon, megatherium, toxodont, bison, ground sloth and camelid remains.
In the vicinity of the eroded plain of San Salvador, rocks exposed at the surface range in age from the Miocene to the Holocene, and include nearly 100 meters of alluvium, pyroclastic material, basalt and andesite in the San Salvador Formation. This formation is underlain by the acid volcanic rocks of the Cuscatlan Formation and the andesite-basalt lavas of the Balsamo Formation.
References |
The Jewish Telegraph is a British Jewish newspaper. It was founded in December 1950 by Frank and Vivienne Harris, the parents of the current editor, Paul Harris.
Founding
Frank and Vivienne Harris founded the newspaper in their dining room in Salford in December 1950. They started with £50 and a borrowed typewriter. Frank Harris was a London freelance journalist who, on his arrival in Manchester, noticed that its only Jewish newspaper was a freesheet. He determined to establish a paid for Jewish weekly.
Expansion
Vivienne Harris oversaw the newspaper's expansion from 1950 to 2011. She established editions in Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool and Glasgow. In 1976, the Jewish Telegraph established a Leeds edition with its own editorial and advertising staff of nine, based in a local office. In 1981, the paper acquired the title of the monthly Liverpool Jewish Gazette, giving Merseyside its first Jewish weekly. The paper has its own editorial staff in Liverpool, based in offices at Harold House, the Liverpool Jewish Community Centre, which moved into the new King David Campus in September 2011. In June 1992, on the demise of the Glasgow Jewish Echo, the paper moved into Scotland within a week and began a weekly edition. A staff of four works from offices at the Glasgow Maccabi complex.
The latest addition was a website in December 1999, which is entirely updated in the early hours of every Friday morning. The website remains in the same state in 2021 that it began with in 1999.
The paper is based in Park Hill, Bury Old Road in Prestwich.
References
External links
Official website
1950 establishments in the United Kingdom
Jewish newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Newspapers established in 1950
Weekly newspapers published in the United Kingdom |
William James Gaither (born March 28, 1936) is an American singer and songwriter of Southern gospel and contemporary Christian music. He has written numerous popular Christian songs with his wife Gloria; he is also known for performing as part of the Bill Gaither Trio and the Gaither Vocal Band. In the 1990s, his career gained a resurgence (as well as the careers of other southern gospel artists), as popularity grew for the Gaither Homecoming series.
Early life
Bill Gaither was born in Alexandria, Indiana, in 1936 to George and Lela Gaither. He formed his first group the Bill Gaither Trio (consisting of Bill, his sister Mary Ann (1945–2018), and brother Danny Gaither) in 1956 while a college student at Anderson College, to which he had transferred after one year at Taylor University. He graduated from Anderson in 1959 with a major in English and a minor in music, after which he worked as an English teacher. He married the former Gloria Sickal in 1962.
Gaither earned his master's degree from Ball State in 1961,Gaither entered into the fledgling Gospel Music Association, founded in 1964, and helped organize the first Dove Awards ceremony in 1969.
He tried for a few years to manage both a music career and his full-time teaching job, but he quit his teaching job in 1967 and worked full-time in the Christian music industry. He recorded his breakthrough song "He Touched Me" in 1964.
Gaither was influenced by Southern gospel singers such as Jake Hess and Hovie Lister and by groups such as the Speers, the Statesmen, and the Happy Goodmans.
Songwriter
Gaither and his wife, Gloria, have written many songs including: "The Longer I Serve Him," "Because He Lives," "The King Is Coming," "Sinner Saved By Grace", "Something Beautiful," "He Touched Me", "It Is Finished," "Jesus, There's Something About That Name" "I'm Gonna Sing", and "Let's Just Praise The Lord." His songs have been performed by Christian artists (David Crowder Band, Carman, The Imperials, Sandi Patty, The Cathedral Quartet, The Speers and the Heritage Singers), country singers (The Statler Brothers) and pop artists (Elvis Presley). A video of a man surreptitiously recorded playing "Jesus, There's Something About That Name" on a piano in his destroyed house was shared by many people following the Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021.
Gloria Gaither often writes the lyrics while Bill writes the music, although composing is usually a collaborative project between the two. As of 2005, they had composed 600 songs and by 2012 that number had increased to over 700.
Performer
After graduating high school, Gaither took a job in 1955 at Worthington, Ohio's radio station WRFD as a member of the station's gospel quartet. Since Gaither first began singing with the Bill Gaither Trio in the 1950s, he has constantly been performing. The trio originally consisted of Bill, his brother Danny Gaither and his sister Mary Ann Gaither. In about 1964 Bill's wife, Gloria, took the place of Mary Ann. The trio sang traditional gospel songs along with original compositions by the Gaithers that gave them a more contemporary feel.
Gaither has a high bass voice (or low baritone), and often sang while playing piano with the Bill Gaither Trio.
Entrepreneurship and influence
Gaither founded the Gaither Music Company, which includes the functions of record company, concert booking (Gaither Management Group), television production, copyright management (Gaither Copyright Management), retail store, recording studio (Gaither Studios, formerly Pinebrook Studios) and telemarketing for the Gaither organization reside. He also ran the Gaither Family Resources retail center.
Included as part of the company is Live Bait Productions, an animation company run by Benjy Gaither, one of Bill's three children.
Record labels
In the 1980s, Gaither was involved with Paragon Associates, which formed a partnership with Zondervan to buy Benson Records, which is now part of Sony BMG Music Entertainment.
In 1994, Gaither and entrepreneur Leland Boren founded the Brentwood, Tennessee-based Chapel Hill Music Group, which later changed its name to Spring Hill Music Group. It was created as part of the Gaither Music Company to handle in-house productions, including the Gaither Homecoming series.
Industry Influence
Gaither has been a father figure and career booster to many younger performers in the Christian music industry, while helping to prolong the careers of those who came before him for example by producing Homecoming recordings and tours. The following are all CCM artists who either got their start or became popular while touring with the Gaithers: Mark Lowry, Michael W. Smith, Carman, Sandi Patty, Steve Green, Don Francisco, Amy Grant, Michael English, Jonathan Pierce, Karla Worley, and Cynthia Clawson.
He has maintained the Gaither Vocal Band with a variety of singers through the years, including Gary McSpadden, Steve Green, Lee Young, Jon Mohr, Larnelle Harris, Michael English, Lemuel Miller, Jim Murray, Mark Lowry, Terry Franklin, Buddy Mullins, Jonathan Pierce, Guy Penrod, David Phelps, Russ Taff, Marshall Hall, Wes Hampton, Adam Crabb, Todd Suttles and Reggie Smith. Penrod, Lowry and Hampton were the members of the Gaither Vocal Band with the longest tenure besides Bill Gaither himself. Penrod was with the group from 1995 to 2008; Lowry from 1988 to 2001; and Hampton has been with the Gaither Vocal Band since 2005. It was announced in January 2009 that Lowry, English and Phelps were rejoining the group; at the same time the announcement was made that Penrod and Hall were leaving to pursue solo careers.
Gaither's Homecoming tours, which started in 1991, brought together major stars of the southern gospel and CCM industry, sparking a revival of the genres. The tours have sold more than 1.1 million tickets across the world, and have included such notable venues as the Kennedy Center and Carnegie Hall. Pollstar listed the tour as selling more tickets in 2004 than Elton John, Fleetwood Mac or Rod Stewart. Lynda Randle, the Isaacs, Russ Taff, the Hoppers, Jessy Dixon and many more have performed on the tours.
Personal life
Bill and Gloria live in Alexandria, Indiana, and have three grown children.
Discography
Gaither Trio
Solo
2005: Bill Gaither
Gaither Vocal Band
Homecoming Series
Bibliography
(This list excludes books of music and books that are companions to his "Homecoming" series.)
2003: Gaither, Bill and Ken Abraham. It's More than Music: Life Lessons on Friends, Faith, and What Matters Most. Anderson, Indiana: Warner Books. ()
1992: Gaither, Bill and Jerry Jerkins. I Almost Missed the Sunset. Thomas Nelson (pub). ().
1997: Gaither, Bill and Jerry Jerkins. Homecoming. Zondervan. ()
2000: Gaither, Bill and Gloria Gaither. God Gave Song. Zondervan. ()
Awards and honors
Grammy Awards
1973: Best Inspirational Performance for "Let's Just Praise The Lord"; Bill Gaither Trio
1975: Best Inspirational Performance for "Jesus, We Just Want To Thank You"; Bill Gaither Trio
1991: Best Southern Gospel Album for Homecoming; Gaither Vocal Band
1999: Best Southern, Country, Or Bluegrass Gospel Album for Kennedy Center Homecoming
2001: Best Southern, Country, or Bluegrass Gospel Album for A Billy Graham Music Homecoming
2008: Best Southern, Country, Or Bluegrass Gospel Album for Lovin' Life; Gaither Vocal Band
GMA Dove Awards
1969, 1970, 1972–'77: Songwriter of the Year
1974: Song of the Year for "Because He Lives"
1976: Inspirational Album of the Year for Jesus, We Just Want to Thank You; Bill Gaither Trio
1978: Inspirational Album of the Year for Pilgrim's Progress; Bill Gaither Trio
1980: Mixed Group of the Year – Bill Gaither Trio
1986: Praise and Worship Album of the Year for I’ve Just Seen Jesus (choral)
1987: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for The Master Builder; The Cathedrals (producer)
1991: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Climbing Higher & Higher; The Cathedrals (producer)
1992: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Homecoming Gaither Vocal Band
1993: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Reunion: A Gospel Homecoming Celebration
1994: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Southern Classics; Gaither Vocal Band
1994: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "Satisfied"; Gaither Vocal Band
1995: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "I Bowed On My Knees"
1999: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Still the Greatest Story Ever Told; Gaither Vocal Band
1995: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "I Believe in a Hill Called Mount Calvary"; Gaither Vocal Band
2000: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for God is Good; Gaither Vocal Band
2001: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for I Do Believe; Gaither Vocal Band
2001: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "God Is Good All The Time"; Gaither Vocal Band
2001: Long Form Video of the Year for A Farewell Celebration; The Cathedrals (producer)
2002: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Encore; Old Friends Quartet (producer)
2002: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "He's Watching Me"; Gaither Vocal Band
2007: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Give It Away; Gaither Vocal Band
2007: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "Give It Away"; Gaither Vocal Band
2009: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Lovin' Life; Gaither Vocal Band
2010: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Reunited; Gaither Vocal Band
2010: Long Form Video of the Year for A Gospel Journey; Oak Ridge Boys (producer)
2011: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "Better Day"; Gaither Vocal Band
2011: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Greatly Blessed; Gaither Vocal Band
Other honors
1974, 1980: ASCAP Best Gospel Song of the Year
1983: Inducted into the Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame
1997: Named among the top 75 American entrepreneurs: Entrepreneur Magazine
1997: Inducted into the SGMA Hall of Fame
2000: Christian "Songwriter of the Century" (with Gloria Gaither): American Society of Composers and Publishers (ASCAP)
2006: SPEBSQSA Honorary Life Member
2010: Indiana Wesleyan University Society of World Changers inductee and honorary doctorate recipient
2012: Concert Promotor of the Year: NQC Music Awards
References
External links
Short biography at jjonline.com
[ Bill Gaither on Allmusic.com]
Interview with Bill Gaither on about.com
Profile on CanadianChristianity.com
Gaither Family Resources
1936 births
Living people
20th-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century Christians
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century Christians
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
American Christian hymnwriters
American gospel singers
American male singer-songwriters
Anderson University (Indiana) alumni
Gospel music composers
Gospel music pianists
Grammy Award winners
Members of the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)
Record producers from Indiana
People from Alexandria, Indiana
Southern gospel performers
American male non-fiction writers
American male pianists
20th-century American pianists
21st-century American pianists
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers
Singer-songwriters from Indiana |
Colette Grinevald (born 1947) is a French linguist. She earned her PhD from Harvard University in 1975 and joined the newly created Linguistics department at the University of Oregon in 1977. Grinevald has written grammars of Jakaltek Popti' and Rama and advocates for endangered languages. She contributed to UNESCO's language vitality criteria developed in 2003. Grinevald serves on Sorosoro's scientific board.
Life
Grinevald grew up in Algiers, in what was then French Algeria. She had recurrent tuberculosis as a young child. She married William Craig, then a medical student, while studying in Boston. The couple later divorced. Grinevald's children Matthias Craig and Guillaume Craig started a non-profit organization, Blue Energy.
Publications
Jacaltec : The Structure of Jacaltec by Colette Grinevald Craig 1977, Austin : University of Texas Press
References
External links
Personal web page
1947 births
Living people
Linguists from France
Women linguists
Harvard University alumni
University of Oregon faculty |
```java
/*
*
* This file is part of LibreTorrent.
*
* LibreTorrent is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* LibreTorrent is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with LibreTorrent. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
package org.proninyaroslav.libretorrent.core.model.data.entity;
import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import androidx.room.Entity;
import androidx.room.ForeignKey;
import androidx.room.Index;
@Entity(
foreignKeys = {
@ForeignKey(
entity = TagInfo.class,
parentColumns = "id",
childColumns = "tagId",
onDelete = ForeignKey.CASCADE
),
@ForeignKey(
entity = Torrent.class,
parentColumns = "id",
childColumns = "torrentId",
onDelete = ForeignKey.CASCADE
),
},
indices = {
@Index("tagId"),
@Index("torrentId"),
},
primaryKeys = {"tagId", "torrentId"}
)
public class TorrentTagInfo {
public final long tagId;
@NonNull
public final String torrentId;
public TorrentTagInfo(
long tagId,
@NonNull String torrentId
) {
this.tagId = tagId;
this.torrentId = torrentId;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this == o) return true;
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
TorrentTagInfo that = (TorrentTagInfo) o;
if (tagId != that.tagId) return false;
return torrentId.equals(that.torrentId);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
int result = (int) (tagId ^ (tagId >>> 32));
result = 31 * result + torrentId.hashCode();
return result;
}
@NonNull
@Override
public String toString() {
return "TorrentTagInfo{" +
"tagId='" + tagId + '\'' +
", torrentId='" + torrentId + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
``` |
```javascript
const { utils } = require('../../../utils');
const { WebGLKernelValue } = require('./index');
class WebGLKernelValueFloat extends WebGLKernelValue {
constructor(value, settings) {
super(value, settings);
this.uploadValue = value;
}
getStringValueHandler() {
return `const uploadValue_${this.name} = ${this.varName};\n`;
}
getSource(value) {
if (this.origin === 'constants') {
if (Number.isInteger(value)) {
return `const float ${this.id} = ${value}.0;\n`;
}
return `const float ${this.id} = ${value};\n`;
}
return `uniform float ${this.id};\n`;
}
updateValue(value) {
if (this.origin === 'constants') return;
this.kernel.setUniform1f(this.id, this.uploadValue = value);
}
}
module.exports = {
WebGLKernelValueFloat
};
``` |
```c
#include "tommath_private.h"
#ifdef MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
/* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis */
/* finds the next prime after the number "a" using "t" trials
* of Miller-Rabin.
*
* bbs_style = true means the prime must be congruent to 3 mod 4
*/
mp_err mp_prime_next_prime(mp_int *a, int t, bool bbs_style)
{
int x;
mp_err err;
bool res = false;
mp_digit res_tab[MP_PRIME_TAB_SIZE], kstep;
mp_int b;
/* force positive */
a->sign = MP_ZPOS;
/* simple algo if a is less than the largest prime in the table */
if (mp_cmp_d(a, s_mp_prime_tab[MP_PRIME_TAB_SIZE-1]) == MP_LT) {
/* find which prime it is bigger than "a" */
for (x = 0; x < MP_PRIME_TAB_SIZE; x++) {
mp_ord cmp = mp_cmp_d(a, s_mp_prime_tab[x]);
if (cmp == MP_EQ) {
continue;
}
if (cmp != MP_GT) {
if ((bbs_style) && ((s_mp_prime_tab[x] & 3u) != 3u)) {
/* try again until we get a prime congruent to 3 mod 4 */
continue;
} else {
mp_set(a, s_mp_prime_tab[x]);
return MP_OKAY;
}
}
}
/* fall through to the sieve */
}
/* generate a prime congruent to 3 mod 4 or 1/3 mod 4? */
kstep = bbs_style ? 4 : 2;
/* at this point we will use a combination of a sieve and Miller-Rabin */
if (bbs_style) {
/* if a mod 4 != 3 subtract the correct value to make it so */
if ((a->dp[0] & 3u) != 3u) {
if ((err = mp_sub_d(a, (a->dp[0] & 3u) + 1u, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
return err;
}
}
} else {
if (mp_iseven(a)) {
/* force odd */
if ((err = mp_sub_d(a, 1uL, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
return err;
}
}
}
/* generate the restable */
for (x = 1; x < MP_PRIME_TAB_SIZE; x++) {
if ((err = mp_mod_d(a, s_mp_prime_tab[x], res_tab + x)) != MP_OKAY) {
return err;
}
}
/* init temp used for Miller-Rabin Testing */
if ((err = mp_init(&b)) != MP_OKAY) {
return err;
}
for (;;) {
mp_digit step = 0;
bool y;
/* skip to the next non-trivially divisible candidate */
do {
/* y == true if any residue was zero [e.g. cannot be prime] */
y = false;
/* increase step to next candidate */
step += kstep;
/* compute the new residue without using division */
for (x = 1; x < MP_PRIME_TAB_SIZE; x++) {
/* add the step to each residue */
res_tab[x] += kstep;
/* subtract the modulus [instead of using division] */
if (res_tab[x] >= s_mp_prime_tab[x]) {
res_tab[x] -= s_mp_prime_tab[x];
}
/* set flag if zero */
if (res_tab[x] == 0u) {
y = true;
}
}
} while (y && (step < (((mp_digit)1 << MP_DIGIT_BIT) - kstep)));
/* add the step */
if ((err = mp_add_d(a, step, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
goto LBL_ERR;
}
/* if didn't pass sieve and step == MP_MAX then skip test */
if (y && (step >= (((mp_digit)1 << MP_DIGIT_BIT) - kstep))) {
continue;
}
if ((err = mp_prime_is_prime(a, t, &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
goto LBL_ERR;
}
if (res) {
break;
}
}
LBL_ERR:
mp_clear(&b);
return err;
}
#endif
``` |
Abaqa Khan (27 February 1234 – 4 April 1282, , "paternal uncle", also transliterated Abaġa), was the second Mongol ruler (Ilkhan) of the Ilkhanate. The son of Hulagu Khan and Lady Yesünčin and the grandson of Tolui, he reigned from 1265 to 1282 and was succeeded by his brother Ahmed Tekuder. Much of Abaqa's reign was consumed with civil wars in the Mongol Empire, such as those between the Ilkhanate and the northern khanate of the Golden Horde. Abaqa also engaged in unsuccessful attempts at invading Syria, which included the Second Battle of Homs.
Life
Abaqa was born in Mongolia on 27 February 1234, son of Ilkhanate founder Hulagu Khan. Abaqa was a Buddhist. A favoured son of Hulagu, he was made governor of Turkestan.
Hulagu died from illness in 1265. Before his death, he had been negotiating with the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos to add a daughter of the Byzantine imperial family to Hulagu's number of wives. Michael VIII had selected his illegitimate daughter Maria Palaiologina, who was dispatched in 1265, escorted by the abbot of Pantokrator monastery, Theodosius de Villehardouin. Historian Steven Runciman relates how she was accompanied by the Patriarch Euthymius of Antioch. Since Hulagu died before she arrived, she was instead married to Hulagu's son, Abaqa. He received her hand in marriage when he was installed as Ilkhan. When Hulagu's wife Doquz Khatun also died in 1265, the role of spiritual leader transferred to Maria, who was called "Despina Khatun" by the Mongols.
It was Abaqa who decided that the permanent location for the Ilkhanate capital would be Tabriz, which was in the northwestern grasslands that the Mongols preferred.
Abaqa took power four months after the death of his father, and then spent the next several months redistributing fiefs and governorships.
Some of the coins from Abaqa's era display the Christian cross, and bear in Arabic the Christian inscription "In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, only one God".
Military campaigns
Golden Horde
Since Hulagu's reign, the Mongols of the Ilkhanate had been at war with the Mongols of the Golden Horde. This continued into Abaqa's reign, and the Golden Horde invaded the Ilkhanate in the Spring after his accession. The invasion was partly due to an alliance between the Golden Horde and the Egyptian Mamluks. As part of this alliance, the Golden Horde attempted to distract Abaqa through attacks on his territories so as to keep him from invading Mamluk-held Syria. The hostilities continued until the death of the Golden Horde's khan, Berke, in 1267. The Great Khan Kublai attempted to intervene to stop the civil war, and due to his influence, the Golden Horde's new khan, Möngke Temür did not launch a major invasion into Abaqa's territory. However, Möngke Temür still established an alliance with the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Baibars promising that he would attack Abaqa and share any conquered territories. But, at the same time, Möngke Temür sent envoys to congratulate Abaqa when the Ilkhan defeated Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq. In 1270, he allowed Mengu-Timur to collect his revenues from workshops in Iran.
Chagataids
Ögedei's grandson Kaidu, Batu's grandson Mengu-Timur and Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate formed an alliance against Kublai Khan and Abaqa in Talas. They appointed Kaidu a ruler of Central Asia. The resulting Kaidu–Kublai war which started in 1268 would carry on until the end of the century.
In 1270, Baraq Khan of the Chagatai Khanate tried to annex Iran, which resulting in an attack on Abaqa who was in the city of Herat. However, Abaqa was able to launch a successful defence and also defeated Baraq's relative Teguder in Georgia. In the following year, he retaliated by sending an army against the Chagatai Khanate. They plundered Bukhara and surrounding areas. There were small conflicts between Abaqha and the Qara'unas who were under the control of Chagatai nobles until 1280.
Nizari Ismailis
Invasions of Syria
Diplomatic relations with Christians
Abaqa was one in a long line of Mongol rulers who attempted to secure Western co-operation against the Muslim Mamluks. He corresponded with Pope Clement IV during 1267-1268, and reportedly sent a Mongol ambassador to western Europe in 1268, trying to form a Franco-Mongol alliance between his forces, those of the West, and those of his father-in-law Michael VIII. He received responses from Rome and from James I of Aragon, though it is unclear if this was what led to James' unsuccessful expedition to Acre in 1269. Abaqa is recorded as having written to the Aragonese king, saying that he was going to send his brother, Aghai, to join the Aragonese when they arrived in Cilicia. Abaqa also sent embassies to Edward I of England, and in 1274 sent a Mongol delegation to Pope Gregory X at the Second Council of Lyons, where Abaqa's secretary Rychaldus read a report to the assembly, reminding them of Hulagu's friendliness towards Christians, and assuring them that Abaqa planned to drive the Muslims from Syria. But neither this diplomatic mission, nor two further embassies to Europe in 1276 and 1277, brought any tangible results.
Campaign during the Ninth Crusade (1271)
In 1260 Bohemond VI of Antioch was persuaded by his father-in-law, Hetoum I of Armenia, to voluntarily submit to Mongol authority while Abaqa's father Hulagu was in power, making Antioch and Tripoli vassal states of the Ilkhanate. In 1268, the Mamluk leader Baibars captured Antioch, and Bohemond obtained a truce with Baibars in order to avoid losing Tripoli.
In response to the fall of Antioch, Edward I of England arrived in Acre in 1271, trying to lead a new Crusade. It was ultimately considered a military failure, but Edward was able to eventually secure a truce with the Mamluks before he had to return to England.
When Edward arrived in Acre, he had sent an embassy to Abaqa, led by Reginald Rossel, Godefroi of Waus and John of Parker, requesting military assistance from the Mongols. Abaqa was occupied with other conflicts in Turkestan but responded positively to Edward's request, sending 10,000 Mongol horsemen under general Samagar from the occupation army in Seljuk Anatolia to Syria:
The Mongols, including some auxiliary Seljuk troops, ravaged the land from Aleppo southward. Though the force was relatively small, they triggered an exodus of the Muslim population (who remembered the previous campaigns of the Mongol general Kitbuqa) as far south as Cairo. Edward, for his part, was never able to muster his own forces to coordinate actions with the Mongols or even achieve any military victories, so Abaqa's forces eventually withdrew. When Baibars mounted a counter-offensive from Egypt on 12 November 1271, the Mongols had already retreated beyond the Euphrates.
Campaigns of 1280–1281
The Mamluk leader Baibars died in 1277. During 1280 and 1281, Abaqa promoted new attacks against Syria. In September 1280, the Mongols occupied Baghras and Darbsak, and took Aleppo on October 20. The Mongols sent envoys to Acre to request military support for their campaign, but the Crusaders were still in a 10-year truce with the Mamluks. The Vicar of the Patriarch declined Abaqa's request, saying that the city was suffering from hunger, and that the king of Jerusalem was embroiled in another war. The King of Cyprus Hugh III and Bohemond VII mobilised their armies, but could not intervene because the Mamluks had already positioned themselves between them and the Mongols.
Abaqa and Leo III urged the Franks to start a new Crusade, but only the Hospitallers and Edward I (who could not come for lack of funds) responded favourably. The Hospitallers of Marqab made combined raids into the Buqaia, and won several engagements against the Sultan Qalawun, raiding as far as the Krak des Chevaliers in October 1280, and defeating the Mamluk army of the Krak in February 1281.
The Mongols finally retreated, pledging to come back for the winter of 1281. They informed the Franks that they would bring 50,000 Mongol horsemen and 50,000 Mongol infantry, but apparently this pledge did not receive a response.
Campaign of Autumn 1281
The Egyptian Muslims had respected a 10-year truce with the Crusaders which began in 1271. On 3 May 1281, the new Muslim sultan Qalawun signed a new 10-year truce with the barons of Acre and a second 10-year truce with Bohemond VII of Tripoli, on 16 July 1281.
The announced Mongol invasion started in September 1281. They were joined by the Armenians under Leo III, and by about 200 Hospitalier knights from the fortress of Marqab<ref>The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, p. 253: The fortress of Marqab was held by the Knights Hospitallers, called al-osbitar by the Arabs, "These monk-knights had supported the Mongols wholeheartedly, going so far as to fight alongside them during a fresh attempted invasion in 1281."</ref> who considered they were not bound by the truce with the Mamluks.
On 30 October 1281, 50,000 Mongol troops, together with 30,000 Armenians, Georgians, Greeks and the Frankish Hospitalier Knights of Marqab, fought against the Muslim leader Qalawun at the Second Battle of Homs, but were beaten back.
Death and succession
Abaqa died at Hamadan on 4 April 1282, probably in a state of delirium tremens. This illness was probably caused by too much consumption of alcohol, a habit common to many Mongol leaders. However, in 1285, his minister of finance Shams ad-Din Juvayni was accused of having had him poisoned.
After Abaqa's death, his widow Maria fled back to Constantinople where her father, apparently wishing to spare his capital the fate that befell Baghdad, tried to marry her off again to another Mongol khan. Maria would not accept the offer, became a nun, and in about 1285 founded the church of Panagia Mouchliotissa.
Abaqa was succeeded by his brother Tekuder, who despite his earlier conflicts with the Egyptian Mamluks, had converted to Islam. Tekuder reversed Abaqa's pro-Christian policies and proposed an alliance with the Mamluk Sultan Qalawun, who resumed attacks on Frankish territory, capturing the northern fortress of Margat in 1285, Lattakia in 1287, and Tripoli in 1289. In 1284, Abaqa's son Arghun led a successful revolt, backed by Kublai. Arghun had his uncle Tekuder executed and took power himself, returning to the pro-Christian policies of Abaqa.
A younger son, Gaykhatu, assumed the throne in 1291.
Family
Abaqa had sixteen consorts and children with several of them:
Inherited from Hulagu:
Öljei Khatun, mother of Möngke Temür
Tuqtani (or Toqiyatai) (d. 20 February 1292) — former concubine, raised to be a khatun, was given Dokuz Khatun's encampment
Principal wives:
Dorji Khatun
Nukdan Khatun — from Tatar tribe; replaced Dorji after her death
Eltuzmish Khatun — daughter of Qutlugh Timur Güregen of Khonggirad, sister of Taraghai Güregen; replaced Nukdan after her death
Padishah Khatun — daughter of Qutb-ud-din Muhammad, ruler of Kirman and Kutlugh Turkan; was given Yesunchin Khatun's (d. January/February 1272) encampment
Mertei Khatun — sister of Taghai Timur (renamed Musa) of Khongirad (son of Shigu Güregen, son of Alchi Noyan; and Tümelün Bekhi, daughter of Genghis Khan and Borte)
Arghun
Gaykhatu
Buchin Khatun
Todai Khatun — a lady from Khongirad, who afterwards married Tekuder and after him Arghun
Yul Qutlugh Khatun — married firstly to Eljidei Qushchi, married secondly to Emir Elbasmish
Taghai Khatun — married firstly to Ahmad, brother of Qunchuqbal, married secondly to Doladi Idachi;
Despina Khatun — daughter of Michael VIII Palaiologos
Theodora Ara Qutlugh (Byzantine Greek: Θεοδώρα Ἀραχαντλούν)
Buluqhan Khatun (died 20 April 1286) — a lady from the Bayaut tribe
Malika Khatun — married to Toghan, son of Nogai Yarghuchi of Bayaut
Concubines:
Bulughachin Aghachi
Qaitmish Egachi — a lady from the Öngüd tribe
Bulujin Egachi
Oljath Khatun — married firstly to Vakhtang II of Georgia, married secondly to David VIII of Georgia
El Qutlugh Khatun — married to Ghurbatai Güregen of the Hushin tribe
Shirin Egachi
Altai Egachi
Kawkabi Egachi
Toghanchuq Khatun (died 1291) — married to Nawruz, son of Arghun Aqa
Notes
References
Roux, Jean-Paul, Histoire de l'Empire Mongol, Fayard,
Runciman, Steven (1987 (first published in 1952-1954)). A History of the Crusades 3''. Penguin Books. .
External links
Khan genealogy
The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Il-Khanate)
1234 births
1282 deaths
Il-Khan emperors
13th-century monarchs in Asia
Lord Edward's crusade
13th-century Buddhists
Mongolian Buddhist monarchs |
Ádám Komlósi (; born 6 December 1977 in Budapest) is a Hungarian football player who currently plays for Debreceni VSC.
Club career
In 2002/03, he won the Hungarian championship for the first time with MTK Hungaria FC.
After a disappointing 6th-place finish in the Hungarian championship in 2003/04, he moved on to Debreceni VSC who finished 3rd in that season.
Since his move to the Debrecen side, Ádám won 3 Hungarian championship in a row from 2005 to 2007.
International career
In season 2003/04, he was called up by Lothar Matthäus in the Hungarian national squad.
After Mathaeus departure, Péter Bozsik became the head coach of the national team and Ádám Komlósi was again selected to play in international friendlies matches against New Zealand and England. However, in the second match Ádám Komlósi was injured and replaced by Vilmos Vanczák and since then was much less present with the national side.
National team
Komlósi making his debut on 18 February 2004, in Paphos against Armenia.
(Statistics correct as of 16 August 2009)
International matches
External links
Ádám Komlósi at UEFA.com
http://www.dvsc.hu
http://www.mtkhungaria.hu
1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Budapest
Hungarian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Hungary men's international footballers
Hungary men's youth international footballers
Hungary men's under-21 international footballers
Kazincbarcikai SC footballers
Budapesti VSC footballers
MTK Budapest FC players
Debreceni VSC players |
The Church of Colo —— is a Catholic church located in the town of Colo, Quemchi commune, on the Chiloé Archipelago, southern Chile.
The Church of Colo was declared a National Monument of Chile in 1999 and is one of the 16 Churches of Chiloé that were declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites on 30 November 2000.
The church was built from wood around 1890 and remains in good condition. Its patron saint is St Anthony, also the patron saint of the Church of Vilupulli, whose feast day is celebrated on June 13.
See also
Churches of Chiloé
References
Wooden churches in Chile
Churches in Chiloé Archipelago
World Heritage Sites in Chile
Colonial architecture in Chile
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1890
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Chile |
Charles Pierre Henri Rieu (June 8, 1820 – March 19, 1902) was a Swiss orientalist, for many years Professor of Arabic in London and Cambridge.
Biography
Rieu was born in Geneva, the son of soldier and politician Jean-Louis Rieu. He studied at Bonn University, where he studied Arabic under Georg Freytag and Johann Gildemeister, and Sanskrit with Christian Lassen. He received his doctorate in 1843. He entered the British Museum in 1847, and after twenty years of service, a new post, that of Keeper of Oriental Manuscripts, was created for him.
He was a Professor of Arabic and Persian at University College London. In 1895 he was made professor of Arabic in the University of Cambridge, with the full title "Sir Thomas Adams Professor of Arabic", in succession to Robertson Smith.
Rieu died in London on 19 March 1902. He was the father of E. V. Rieu and of Sir Louis Rieu.
Publications
Rieu completed in 1871 the second part, dealing with Arabic manuscripts, of the Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum orientalium, which had been begun by William Cureton, and he issued a supplementary volume in 1894.
He also drew up a Catalogue of the Turkish Manuscripts (1888) and a Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts (4 vols, 1879–95), the latter being a storehouse of information on the books and their authors.
References
1820 births
1902 deaths
Swiss Arabists
University of Bonn alumni
Swiss orientalists
Sir Thomas Adams's Professors of Arabic
Writers from Geneva
Employees of the British Museum
Academics of University College London |
Frederick Francis John Greenfield (10 May 1850 – 25 October 1900) was an English cricketer and Anglican priest.
Greenfield was born in Gorakhpur, Bengal Presidency, and was educated at Hurstpierpoint and Peterhouse, Cambridge. He played cricket for Sussex and was twice club captain in the periods 1876 to 1878 and 1881 to 1882. He also played for Cambridge University from 1874 to 1876 and was captain in 1876. He appeared in 85 first-class matches from 1873 to 1884 as a right-handed batsman who bowled right arm slow with a roundarm action. He scored 2,549 runs with a highest score of 126 and took 111 wickets with a best performance of seven for 26.
Greenfield was ordained as a Church of England priest in 1879 and after various curacies was chaplain of the Poor Law Union in the district of Cuckfield, West Sussex, from 1884 to 1891, and also of the Sussex county lunatic asylum from 1885 to 1890. He then moved to South Africa and was headmaster of a school near Dundee, Natal, from 1896 until 1900 when, during the Second Boer War, he was taken prisoner by the Boers, was robbed of everything and died of pleurisy.
References
1850 births
1900 deaths
British people in colonial India
English cricketers
Sussex cricketers
Sussex cricket captains
Cambridge University cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
People educated at Hurstpierpoint College
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
19th-century English Anglican priests
Second Boer War prisoners of war
Second Boer War casualties
Deaths from pleurisy |
```objective-c
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#ifndef INCLUDE_CPPGC_PLATFORM_H_
#define INCLUDE_CPPGC_PLATFORM_H_
#include <memory>
#include "cppgc/source-location.h"
#include "v8-platform.h" // NOLINT(build/include_directory)
#include "v8config.h" // NOLINT(build/include_directory)
namespace cppgc {
// TODO(v8:10346): Create separate includes for concepts that are not
// V8-specific.
using IdleTask = v8::IdleTask;
using JobHandle = v8::JobHandle;
using JobDelegate = v8::JobDelegate;
using JobTask = v8::JobTask;
using PageAllocator = v8::PageAllocator;
using Task = v8::Task;
using TaskPriority = v8::TaskPriority;
using TaskRunner = v8::TaskRunner;
using TracingController = v8::TracingController;
/**
* Platform interface used by Heap. Contains allocators and executors.
*/
class V8_EXPORT Platform {
public:
virtual ~Platform() = default;
/**
* \returns the allocator used by cppgc to allocate its heap and various
* support structures. Returning nullptr results in using the `PageAllocator`
* provided by `cppgc::InitializeProcess()` instead.
*/
virtual PageAllocator* GetPageAllocator() = 0;
/**
* Monotonically increasing time in seconds from an arbitrary fixed point in
* the past. This function is expected to return at least
* millisecond-precision values. For this reason,
* it is recommended that the fixed point be no further in the past than
* the epoch.
**/
virtual double MonotonicallyIncreasingTime() = 0;
/**
* Foreground task runner that should be used by a Heap.
*/
virtual std::shared_ptr<TaskRunner> GetForegroundTaskRunner() {
return nullptr;
}
/**
* Posts `job_task` to run in parallel. Returns a `JobHandle` associated with
* the `Job`, which can be joined or canceled.
* This avoids degenerate cases:
* - Calling `CallOnWorkerThread()` for each work item, causing significant
* overhead.
* - Fixed number of `CallOnWorkerThread()` calls that split the work and
* might run for a long time. This is problematic when many components post
* "num cores" tasks and all expect to use all the cores. In these cases,
* the scheduler lacks context to be fair to multiple same-priority requests
* and/or ability to request lower priority work to yield when high priority
* work comes in.
* A canonical implementation of `job_task` looks like:
* \code
* class MyJobTask : public JobTask {
* public:
* MyJobTask(...) : worker_queue_(...) {}
* // JobTask implementation.
* void Run(JobDelegate* delegate) override {
* while (!delegate->ShouldYield()) {
* // Smallest unit of work.
* auto work_item = worker_queue_.TakeWorkItem(); // Thread safe.
* if (!work_item) return;
* ProcessWork(work_item);
* }
* }
*
* size_t GetMaxConcurrency() const override {
* return worker_queue_.GetSize(); // Thread safe.
* }
* };
*
* // ...
* auto handle = PostJob(TaskPriority::kUserVisible,
* std::make_unique<MyJobTask>(...));
* handle->Join();
* \endcode
*
* `PostJob()` and methods of the returned JobHandle/JobDelegate, must never
* be called while holding a lock that could be acquired by `JobTask::Run()`
* or `JobTask::GetMaxConcurrency()` -- that could result in a deadlock. This
* is because (1) `JobTask::GetMaxConcurrency()` may be invoked while holding
* internal lock (A), hence `JobTask::GetMaxConcurrency()` can only use a lock
* (B) if that lock is *never* held while calling back into `JobHandle` from
* any thread (A=>B/B=>A deadlock) and (2) `JobTask::Run()` or
* `JobTask::GetMaxConcurrency()` may be invoked synchronously from
* `JobHandle` (B=>JobHandle::foo=>B deadlock).
*
* A sufficient `PostJob()` implementation that uses the default Job provided
* in libplatform looks like:
* \code
* std::unique_ptr<JobHandle> PostJob(
* TaskPriority priority, std::unique_ptr<JobTask> job_task) override {
* return std::make_unique<DefaultJobHandle>(
* std::make_shared<DefaultJobState>(
* this, std::move(job_task), kNumThreads));
* }
* \endcode
*/
virtual std::unique_ptr<JobHandle> PostJob(
TaskPriority priority, std::unique_ptr<JobTask> job_task) {
return nullptr;
}
/**
* Returns an instance of a `TracingController`. This must be non-nullptr. The
* default implementation returns an empty `TracingController` that consumes
* trace data without effect.
*/
virtual TracingController* GetTracingController();
};
/**
* Process-global initialization of the garbage collector. Must be called before
* creating a Heap.
*
* Can be called multiple times when paired with `ShutdownProcess()`.
*
* \param page_allocator The allocator used for maintaining meta data. Must stay
* always alive and not change between multiple calls to InitializeProcess. If
* no allocator is provided, a default internal version will be used.
*/
V8_EXPORT void InitializeProcess(PageAllocator* page_allocator = nullptr);
/**
* Must be called after destroying the last used heap. Some process-global
* metadata may not be returned and reused upon a subsequent
* `InitializeProcess()` call.
*/
V8_EXPORT void ShutdownProcess();
namespace internal {
V8_EXPORT void Fatal(const std::string& reason = std::string(),
const SourceLocation& = SourceLocation::Current());
} // namespace internal
} // namespace cppgc
#endif // INCLUDE_CPPGC_PLATFORM_H_
``` |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.