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Mondovì Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Mondovì, Province of Cuneo, Piedmont, northern Italy, dedicated to Saint Donatus of Arezzo. It is the seat of the bishops of Mondovì.
History and description
Several buildings were used over the centuries for the cathedral of the diocese. The first was the pieve of San Donato (12th century), which was replaced at the beginning of the 16th century by a new Renaissance church, which was demolished by order of Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, in 1574. The church of San Francesco was then declared the cathedral, to be replaced in its turn by the present one, which was built between 1743 and 1753 to designs by the architect Francesco Gallo, and consecrated ten years later by Bishop Michele Casati.
The cathedral is well-supplied with works of art, many of them from its predecessor buildings. Among them are the altar of the Renaissance church (1507), now kept in the chapter room; an ancient bust of Pope Pius V donated by Pope Pius XI in 1872; and various paintings of the 17th and 18th centuries by Piedmontese and Lombard artists. The painted decorations and the stucco work were executed in the mid-19th century. The presbytery and the main altar are decorated with large frescoes: in the apse is the Martyrdom of San Donato by Paolo Emilio Morgari; in the cupola the Glorification of Saint Pius V; in the presbytery the Coronation of the Virgin. The Chapel of Suffrage is a very fine example of the Rococo style of the 18th century, with an alabaster crucifix of the end of that century.
See also
Roman Catholic Diocese of Mondovì
Notes and references
External links
Website of the Diocese of Mondovì: cathedral
Website of the Comune of Mondovì: cathedral
Il Proprietario: La cattedrale di Mondovì
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Italy
Cathedrals in Piedmont
Churches in the province of Cuneo
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1753
18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Mondovì |
Peter Wright, known professionally as "Souleo" is an American curator, writer and events producer who previously produced public programs at the Newark Museum and SAGE.
Among the shows he's curated are: a 2013 show of Melvin Van Peebles' work at Strivers Gardens Gallery, a 2016 show at Rush Arts Gallery about the role of buttons, the 2020 show Styling: Black Expression, Rebellion and Joy through Fashion, a show about Dionne Warwick's tweets, and
a 2021 show, Showing Out: Fashion in Harlem, about the history of the Harlem Institute of Fashion and the Black Fashion Museum.
References
American art curators
1985 births
Living people |
Joan Mary Sheldon (born 29 April 1943) is an Australian politician. She was a Liberal Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1990 to 2004, representing the electorates of Landsborough (1990–1992) and then Caloundra (1992–2004). She was the state Liberal leader from 1991 to 1998, and served as Deputy Premier in the Borbidge government from 1996 to 1998.
Early life
Sheldon was born in Bundaberg, Queensland, and attended St Bernadette's Primary School and Soubirous College. She studied physiotherapy at the University of Queensland and subsequently studied for a time at Trinity College London. Sheldon operated a physiotherapy practice in Brisbane from 1978 to 1984, when she moved to Caloundra.
Politics
A long-time member of the Liberal Party, she contested and won preselection for the National-held seat of Landsborough upon the 1990 resignation of former Premier Mike Ahern. She won an upset victory after Labor declined to stand a candidate, winning a 15% swing in her favour. In November 1991, she defeated Denver Beanland for the Liberal leadership, becoming the first female party leader in Queensland.
Leader of the Liberals (1991–98)
An ally of Liberal state president Paul Everingham, she was seen as less hostile to the National Party than her predecessor.
Sheldon led the party to a resounding defeat in the 1992 state election, losing a seat to Labor amidst high-profile tensions with the National Party.
She supported proposals for a merger or coalition in the wake of the loss, and subsequently led the Liberal Party back into coalition with the National Party in November 1992, after nine years apart.
She subsequently served as Shadow Treasurer under Borbidge in the lead-up to the 1995 state election, which resulted in a one-seat victory for Labor. The result was reversed in February 1996 when a court-ordered by-election resulted in a Liberal victory, and the Liberal-National Coalition gained office with the support of an independent. Sheldon was thus sworn in as Deputy Premier and Treasurer under Borbidge and became the first woman in Queensland to hold these roles. During the transition period of 19 to 26 February 1996, she held several ministries including Attorney-General.
After the Borbidge Ministry lost office after the 1998 election Sheldon stood down as Liberal leader, with former deputy David Watson succeeding her.
Post Leadership (1998–04)
She remained on the backbench until 1999 when she became Shadow Minister for The Arts, Fair Trading and Consumer Affairs which after June 2000 became Shadow Minister for Employment, Training and Industrial Relations and The Arts.
From April 2003 from when the Coalition agreement with the Nationals was reinstated to her retirement from the assembly in February 2004, she served as Shadow Minister for Tourism and Shadow Minister for the Arts.
Post Politics
Sheldon was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2005 Australia Day Honours for "service to the Queensland Parliament, to support for a range of cultural organisations, and to issues affecting women".
References
1943 births
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Queensland
Living people
Deputy Premiers of Queensland
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Treasurers of Queensland
Attorneys-General of Queensland
21st-century Australian politicians
Women members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Members of the Order of Australia
Women deputy opposition leaders
21st-century Australian women politicians |
Brian Thomas Bogusevic (Serbian Latin: Brian Bogušević; born February 18, 1984) is an American professional baseball former outfielder and broadcaster. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Houston Astros, Chicago Cubs, and Philadelphia Phillies and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Orix Buffaloes.
College career
Bogusevic was a two-way star player for Tulane University, playing in the outfield and also used as a starting pitcher. He was also a two-way player in high school, a three-year letterman at Chicago's De La Salle Institute for coach Brad Esposito pitching and playing outfield. In 2004, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League. While playing for the Green Wave, he was named to the All-Tournament Team in the 2005 Conference USA Tournament.
Professional career
Houston Astros
He was drafted 24th overall in the 2005 MLB Draft by the Houston Astros as a starting pitcher. He remained a pitcher in the Houston Astros organization until mid- before converting to an outfielder. In 2008, he was selected to play in the Arizona Fall League as an outfielder.
On August 16, 2011, he became the 26th player in MLB History to hit an "ultimate grand slam," a pinch-hit walk-off home run which won the game by one run.
Bogusevic reprised his old pitching role for one game in 2012, a June 7 relief appearance against the St. Louis Cardinals. Entering a 12–2 blowout, Bogusevic pitched the 9th inning and surrendered two runs. He featured a 90 mph fastball.
On November 3, Bogusevic elected to become a free agent after being outrighted off the 40-man roster.
Chicago Cubs
On November 21, 2012, Bogusevic signed a minor league deal with the Chicago Cubs. He was allocated to the minors on March 22, 2013, in spite of hitting .410 in spring training. The fifth outfielder was Dave Sappelt, who won the job because of his platooning ability. He was the Iowa Cubs Opening Day first baseman and went 3–5 with an RBI and a run in his debut. Through April, he was hitting .420 with 10 RBI and 16 runs. Through May he was hitting .367 with 5 HR, 20 RBI and 32 runs. On June 25, Bogusevic was called up by Chicago. At the time, Bogusevic was hitting .319 with 10 HR, 32 RBI and 50 runs in 78 games with Iowa. He made his Chicago debut on June 26, going 2–4 with a walk. When Ryan Sweeney went on the disabled list with fracture ribs, Bogusevic took over in center field. However, on July 14, Bogusevic suffered an injury of his own, and was replaced by Junior Lake. After rehabbing in Arizona, Bogusevic returned on August 19, replacing the recently traded David DeJesus. Bogusevic was splitting time with Darnell McDonald in left field with Lake in center field, but when Sweeney returned on September 1, he pushed Lake to left field, and Lake and Bogusevic split time there. In 47 games with Chicago, Bogusevic hit .273 with 6 HR, 16 RBI and 18 runs.
Miami Marlins
On December 12, 2013, the Cubs traded Bogusevic to the Miami Marlins for outfielder Justin Ruggiano. He was designated for assignment on March 30, 2014. Bogusevic elected free agency in October 2014.
Philadelphia Phillies
On November 1, 2014, Bogusevic signed a minor-league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. He split between the 2015 season between the AAA Lehigh Valley IronPigs and the Phillies. Bogusevic hit .296 with 12 HR and 57 RBI for Lehigh Valley in 118 games, and .259 with 2 HR and 5 RBI for Philadelphia in 22 games. After being outrighted off the Phillies' 40-man roster, he became a free agent in October 2015.
Orix Buffaloes
Bogusevic signed with the Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball for the 2016 season. He appeared in 60 games for the Buffaloes in 2016, and hit .187 with three home runs and 18 RBI.
Boston Red Sox
On January 7, 2017, Bogusevic returned to the MLB by signing a minor league contract with the Boston Red Sox that included an invitation to spring training. Bogusevic hit .278/.331/.467 with 12 home runs and 40 RBI for the Pawtucket Red Sox, the Red Sox Triple–A affiliate. Bogusevic did not appear in a big league game in 2017. He elected free agency following the season on November 6.
Post-playing career
On April 14, 2019, he was a substitute postgame anchor for the Astros.
References
External links
Brian Bogusevic at Astros Daily
Brian Bogusevic Milb.com Page
Brian Bogusevic Tulane Player Page
1984 births
Living people
Águilas Cibaeñas players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
American people of Serbian descent
Arizona League Cubs players
Baseball pitchers
Baseball players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Baseball players from Chicago
Chicago Cubs players
Corpus Christi Hooks players
De La Salle Institute alumni
Falmouth Commodores players
Gulf Coast Marlins players
Houston Astros players
Indios de Mayagüez players
Iowa Cubs players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Lexington Legends players
Major League Baseball outfielders
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders
Oklahoma City RedHawks players
Orix Buffaloes players
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Pawtucket Red Sox players
People from Oak Lawn, Illinois
People from Palos Heights, Illinois
Philadelphia Phillies players
Round Rock Express players
Salem Avalanche players
Scottsdale Scorpions players
Toros del Este players
Tri-City ValleyCats players
Tulane Green Wave baseball players
United States national baseball team players
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games |
Royal Marines Association Football Club was a football club based in Lympstone, near Exmouth in Devon, England, the committee and players were all serving or retired Royal Marines. At the end of the 2011–12 season, the club withdrew from the South West Peninsula League Premier Division and folded, due to increased operational commitments.
Honours
League honours
South West Peninsula League Division One East
Champions (1): 2009–10
See also
Royal Marines Football Association
References
Association football clubs established in 2008
Association football clubs disestablished in 2012
Marines
Defunct football clubs in Devon
South West Peninsula League
Football Z
Defunct football clubs in England
2008 establishments in England
2012 disestablishments in England |
United Nations Security Council resolution 1602, adopted unanimously on 31 May 2005, after recalling resolutions 1545 (2004), 1565 (2004), 1577 (2004) and 1596 (2005) on the situation in Burundi, the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Operation in Burundi (ONUB) for a period of six months until 1 December 2005.
Resolution
Observations
The Security Council reiterated its support for the Peace and Reconciliation Agreement signed in Arusha in 2000, calling on the relevant parties to honour their commitments under the agreement. It highlighted positive developments that had taken place since the ONUB mission was deployed, including the approval of a constitution in a referendum and the signing of a peace agreement between President Domitien Ndayizeye and leader of the Palipehutu-FNL rebel group. Furthermore, the imminent holding of elections was welcomed, along with reform of the security sector, and the greater participation of women in politics was encouraged.
Meanwhile, all violence, violations of human rights and the massacre of civilians at Gatumba were condemned. The Council considered that ending impunity was essential for bringing peace to the African Great Lakes region.
Acts
Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council called on Burundian parties to ensure the stability of the country through the transitional period and national reconciliation. It awaited a report of the Secretary-General Kofi Annan's report concerning the role of the United Nations and Burundi and how it could support the peace process, including a possible restructuring of ONUB's mandate and strength. Additionally, the Council looked forward to the Secretary General's proposal to establish a post-transitional support mechanism in Burundi.
Finally, the Security Council welcomed ONUB's attempts to implement the zero-tolerance sexual exploitation policy, and the Secretary-General was asked to report on the situation in Burundi at regular intervals.
See also
Burundi Civil War
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1601 to 1700 (2005–2006)
United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi
References
External links
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
1602
2005 in Burundi
1602
1602
1602
May 2005 events |
The following highways are numbered 655:
United States
Canada
Alberta Highway 655
Saskatchewan Highway 655 |
Artificial pancreas may refer to any of the various technologies that seek to replicate the endocrine functions of the pancreas:
Automated insulin delivery systems, the most common meaning of "artificial pancreas" as diabetes mellitus is the most common disease of pancreatic dysfunction
Pancreatic islet cell replacement technologies, including those designed to eliminate the requirement for immunosuppression in patients who receive islet cell transplants
Automated glucose clamps |
```xml
import { mockStore, screen, simpleRender } from 'test-utils';
import { fAccounts } from '@fixtures';
import { ClaimState, ClaimType, ITxValue } from '@types';
import { truncate } from '@utils';
import { ClaimTable } from '../components/ClaimTable';
function getComponent() {
return simpleRender(<ClaimTable type={ClaimType.UNI} />, {
initialState: mockStore({
dataStoreState: {
claims: {
claims: {
[ClaimType.UNI]: [
{
address: fAccounts[0].address,
state: ClaimState.UNCLAIMED,
amount: '403' as ITxValue
},
{
address: fAccounts[2].address,
state: ClaimState.CLAIMED,
amount: '403' as ITxValue
}
]
},
error: false
}
}
})
});
}
describe('ClaimTable', () => {
test('render the table', async () => {
getComponent();
expect(screen.getByText(new RegExp(truncate(fAccounts[0].address), 'i'))).toBeDefined();
});
test("don't show claimed addresses", () => {
getComponent();
expect(screen.queryByText(new RegExp(truncate(fAccounts[2].address), 'i'))).toBeNull();
});
});
``` |
Rupert Thomas (November 21, 1890 – February 28, 1956) was an American sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
References
1890 births
1956 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1912 Summer Olympics
American male sprinters
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Track and field athletes from Kansas City, Missouri |
Calgary-Peigan is a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada. The district will be one of 87 districts mandated to return a single member (MLA) to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting. It was contested for the first time in the 2019 Alberta election.
Geography
The district is located in eastern Calgary, containing the western part of Dover, the neighbourhoods of Ogden, Riverbend, Quarry Park, Douglasdale and Douglasglen, the northern part of McKenzie Lake, and the former hamlet of Shepard. It is bounded on the west by the Bow River and stretches to the eastern edge of Calgary, also including the sprawling industrial subdivisions around the CPR lands and Ralph Klein Park. It is named for Peigan Trail SE, which forms part of its northern boundary.
History
The district was created in 2017 when the Electoral Boundaries Commission recommended abolishing Calgary-Fort and shifting the boundaries of Calgary-Hays southward. Calgary-Peigan was formed from most of Calgary-Fort, the northern neighbourhoods of Calgary-Hays, and a small part of Calgary-Acadia (the neighbourhood of Riverbend). As Fort Calgary was moved to the district of Calgary-Buffalo, the name Calgary-Fort could no longer be used.
Electoral results
References
Alberta provincial electoral districts
Politics of Calgary |
Nie Zaiping () from the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, China was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for the IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society in 2013 for leadership in engineering and education in electromagnetics.
References
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Academic staff of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Chinese engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Hakan Çıtak (born 2 March 1999) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for the amateur club Develi Spor.
Professional career
Çıtak made his professional debut with Kayserispor in a 3–0 Süper Lig loss to Galatasaray on 10 November 2018.
References
External links
1999 births
Footballers from Istanbul
Living people
Turkish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Kayserispor footballers
Süper Lig players |
```objective-c
/*
*
* This file is part of FFmpeg.
*
* FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
*
* FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
*/
#ifndef AVDEVICE_OPENGL_ENC_SHADERS_H
#define AVDEVICE_OPENGL_ENC_SHADERS_H
#include "libavutil/pixfmt.h"
static const char * const FF_OPENGL_VERTEX_SHADER =
"uniform mat4 u_projectionMatrix;"
"uniform mat4 u_modelViewMatrix;"
"attribute vec4 a_position;"
"attribute vec2 a_textureCoords;"
"varying vec2 texture_coordinate;"
"void main()"
"{"
"gl_Position = u_projectionMatrix * (a_position * u_modelViewMatrix);"
"texture_coordinate = a_textureCoords;"
"}";
/**
* Fragment shader for packet RGBA formats.
*/
static const char * const FF_OPENGL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_RGBA_PACKET =
#if defined(GL_ES_VERSION_2_0)
"precision mediump float;"
#endif
"uniform sampler2D u_texture0;"
"uniform mat4 u_colorMap;"
"varying vec2 texture_coordinate;"
"void main()"
"{"
"gl_FragColor = texture2D(u_texture0, texture_coordinate) * u_colorMap;"
"}";
/**
* Fragment shader for packet RGB formats.
*/
static const char * const FF_OPENGL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_RGB_PACKET =
#if defined(GL_ES_VERSION_2_0)
"precision mediump float;"
#endif
"uniform sampler2D u_texture0;"
"uniform mat4 u_colorMap;"
"varying vec2 texture_coordinate;"
"void main()"
"{"
"gl_FragColor = vec4((texture2D(u_texture0, texture_coordinate) * u_colorMap).rgb, 1.0);"
"}";
/**
* Fragment shader for planar RGBA formats.
*/
static const char * const FF_OPENGL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_RGBA_PLANAR =
#if defined(GL_ES_VERSION_2_0)
"precision mediump float;"
#endif
"uniform sampler2D u_texture0;"
"uniform sampler2D u_texture1;"
"uniform sampler2D u_texture2;"
"uniform sampler2D u_texture3;"
"varying vec2 texture_coordinate;"
"void main()"
"{"
"gl_FragColor = vec4(texture2D(u_texture0, texture_coordinate).r,"
"texture2D(u_texture1, texture_coordinate).r,"
"texture2D(u_texture2, texture_coordinate).r,"
"texture2D(u_texture3, texture_coordinate).r);"
"}";
/**
* Fragment shader for planar RGB formats.
*/
static const char * const FF_OPENGL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_RGB_PLANAR =
#if defined(GL_ES_VERSION_2_0)
"precision mediump float;"
#endif
"uniform sampler2D u_texture0;"
"uniform sampler2D u_texture1;"
"uniform sampler2D u_texture2;"
"varying vec2 texture_coordinate;"
"void main()"
"{"
"gl_FragColor = vec4(texture2D(u_texture0, texture_coordinate).r,"
"texture2D(u_texture1, texture_coordinate).r,"
"texture2D(u_texture2, texture_coordinate).r,"
"1.0);"
"}";
/**
* Fragment shader for planar YUV formats.
*/
static const char * const FF_OPENGL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_YUV_PLANAR =
#if defined(GL_ES_VERSION_2_0)
"precision mediump float;"
#endif
"uniform sampler2D u_texture0;"
"uniform sampler2D u_texture1;"
"uniform sampler2D u_texture2;"
"uniform float u_chroma_div_w;"
"uniform float u_chroma_div_h;"
"varying vec2 texture_coordinate;"
"void main()"
"{"
"vec3 yuv;"
"yuv.r = texture2D(u_texture0, texture_coordinate).r - 0.0625;"
"yuv.g = texture2D(u_texture1, vec2(texture_coordinate.x / u_chroma_div_w, texture_coordinate.y / u_chroma_div_h)).r - 0.5;"
"yuv.b = texture2D(u_texture2, vec2(texture_coordinate.x / u_chroma_div_w, texture_coordinate.y / u_chroma_div_h)).r - 0.5;"
"gl_FragColor = clamp(vec4(mat3(1.1643, 1.16430, 1.1643,"
"0.0, -0.39173, 2.0170,"
"1.5958, -0.81290, 0.0) * yuv, 1.0), 0.0, 1.0);"
"}";
/**
* Fragment shader for planar YUVA formats.
*/
static const char * const FF_OPENGL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_YUVA_PLANAR =
#if defined(GL_ES_VERSION_2_0)
"precision mediump float;"
#endif
"uniform sampler2D u_texture0;"
"uniform sampler2D u_texture1;"
"uniform sampler2D u_texture2;"
"uniform sampler2D u_texture3;"
"uniform float u_chroma_div_w;"
"uniform float u_chroma_div_h;"
"varying vec2 texture_coordinate;"
"void main()"
"{"
"vec3 yuv;"
"yuv.r = texture2D(u_texture0, texture_coordinate).r - 0.0625;"
"yuv.g = texture2D(u_texture1, vec2(texture_coordinate.x / u_chroma_div_w, texture_coordinate.y / u_chroma_div_h)).r - 0.5;"
"yuv.b = texture2D(u_texture2, vec2(texture_coordinate.x / u_chroma_div_w, texture_coordinate.y / u_chroma_div_h)).r - 0.5;"
"gl_FragColor = clamp(vec4(mat3(1.1643, 1.16430, 1.1643,"
"0.0, -0.39173, 2.0170,"
"1.5958, -0.81290, 0.0) * yuv, texture2D(u_texture3, texture_coordinate).r), 0.0, 1.0);"
"}";
static const char * const FF_OPENGL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_GRAY =
#if defined(GL_ES_VERSION_2_0)
"precision mediump float;"
#endif
"uniform sampler2D u_texture0;"
"varying vec2 texture_coordinate;"
"void main()"
"{"
"float c = texture2D(u_texture0, texture_coordinate).r;"
"gl_FragColor = vec4(c, c, c, 1.0);"
"}";
#endif /* AVDEVICE_OPENGL_ENC_SHADERS_H */
``` |
Apostrof (Romanian for "Apostrophe") is a monthly literary magazine published in Cluj-Napoca, Romania under the Romanian Writers' Union patronage. It was founded in 1990 by Babeş-Bolyai University professor Marta Petreu, who is also its editor in chief and main columnist. Among its regular contributors are literary critics Irina Petraş, Ştefan Borbély, and Florin Manolescu.
Apostrof is especially noted for publishing dossiers on 20th century Transylvanian intellectuals, many of whom were subject to censorship by the communist authorities, and for detailing their contribution to Romanian literature. It also publishes regular book chronicles.
History
The magazine was established in 1990, one year after the Romanian Revolution toppled communist rule. According to the Moldovan magazine Revista Sud-Est, it met with financial difficulties during several periods of its existence, and, in 2004, briefly closed down.
Apostrof has published dossiers on prominent literary figures who are associated with Transylvania and whose work, in many cases, was not accessible to the public under communism. These include poet and philosopher Lucian Blaga, literary critics Mircea Zaciu, Ion Negoițescu and Nicolae Balotă, and dramatist Ion Desideriu Sârbu. According to Revista Sud-Est: "Natives of this area, [the dossiers' subjects] are also resounding names that have coverage throughout Romanian literature."
In June 2005, it was also involved in a public awareness campaign over construction work carried out in Lancrăm, which threatened to harm a historical site and, it argued, went against Lucian Blaga's last wish (by disrupting the access from Blaga's grave to the Red Ravines area).
See also
List of magazines in Romania
References
External links
Official site
1990 establishments in Romania
Literary magazines published in Romania
Magazines established in 1990
Mass media in Cluj-Napoca
Monthly magazines published in Romania
Romanian-language magazines |
The sixth season of Without a Trace began airing in United States on September 27, 2007. Twelve episodes had been completed before the WGA Strike. A further six episodes were produced after the end of the strike, making this the shortest season of Without a Trace at 18 episodes.
This season included a cross-over with CSI: Crime Scene Investigation involving Jack and Gil Grissom tracking a serial killer from Las Vegas to New York. This established Without a Trace as part of the same fictional universe as the tetralogy of CSI shows and Cold Case.
The sixth season of Without a Trace was not released on DVD in region 1 until May 7, 2013, but was first released in region 2 in Germany on November 20, 2009 on and in the UK on July 5, 2010.
Cast
Anthony LaPaglia as FBI Missing Persons Unit Special Agent John Michael "Jack" Malone
Poppy Montgomery as FBI Missing Persons Unit Special Agent Samantha "Sam" Spade
Marianne Jean-Baptiste as FBI Missing Persons Unit Special Agent Vivian "Viv" Johnson
Enrique Murciano as FBI Missing Persons Unit Special Agent Danny Taylor
Roselyn Sánchez as FBI Missing Persons Unit Special Agent Elena Delgado
Eric Close as FBI Missing Persons Unit Special Agent Martin Fitzgerald
Episodes
References
Without a Trace seasons
2007 American television seasons
2008 American television seasons |
Lei Chen-Tzu, also known as Lei Jen Zu, is the name of a supernatural Chinese hero. Lei Chen-Tzu, though not born a dragon, took on the form of a dragon when his adoptive father Wen Wang – the god of literature – was taken prisoner, in order to save him.
References
Zhou dynasty |
Evangelista Latino Enrico Vanni OFMCap (28 December 1878 – 9 May 1962) was an Italian Bishop and missionary who served as the Apostolic Vicar of Arabia from 1916 to 1927 and the Archbishop of Agra from 1937 to 1955. He also served as the Titular Archbishop of Tenedus from 1916 to 1955 and Titular bishop of Bizya from 1955 until his death.
Life
Evangelista Latino Enrico Vanni was born in Usella, a hamlet of Cantagallo, on 28 December 1878, from a poor and very religious family; Vanni knew from a very young age his determination to enter the seminary.
Priestly Ministry
On 15 March 1894, he took his first vows and received his Alb in the convent of Cortona. A year later, he made his simple profession and the solemn one on 8 December 1898.
On 21 June 1901, he was ordained a priest. He then taught for three years in the Seraphic College of Montevarchi, dedicating himself to preaching at the same time.
However, his greatest desire was to go on a mission. On 8 October 1905, the General Minister of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin sent him to India, to the Archdiocese of Agra. First opened by the Jesuits in 1579 and then entrusted to the Capuchins in the beginning of the 19th century, subsequently transformed into an Apostolic Vicariate, Agra then had been elevated to an archdiocese by Pope Leo XIII in 1886. That was a time of significant transformation, from a missionary point of view. In the general chapter of 9 May 1884, it was announced that each mission should be entrusted to a Capuchin province. Between 1890 and 1891, the General Curia of the order began negotiations with the Tuscan Province to entrust it with the care of the mission in Agra; a vast territory with 20 million inhabitants, of which about 12000 are Catholics. Vanni arrived in 1905, already 35 Tuscan Capuchins were on a mission. The extraordinary abilities of the young Capuchin emerged immediately. He was the vice-rector of St. Peter's College in Agra, an assistant chaplain in Bareilly, superior of the convent of Barlowgany in Mussoorie, and as a priest of the cathedral of Agra.
Episcopal Ministry
His value to engage with the masses did not go unnoticed in Rome, and on 15 April 1916, Pope Benedict XV appointed him Apostolic Vicar of Arabia and Titular bishop of Tenedo. With humility, he considered himself incapable of holding such a serious office, He received his Episcopal Ordination on 21 September 1916, from the Metropolitan Archbishop of Agra, Carlo Giuseppe Gentili, co-consecrating the Coadjutor Bishop of Allahabad, Giuseppe Angelo Poli and the Bishop of Ajmer, Fortunat-Henri Caumont.
The situation of the Apostolic Vicariate of Arabia was profoundly different from the Indian mission. Alongside the difficulties of language and relations with the Muslims, it was necessary to change the method of evangelization. Vanni understood that, in order to transmit the Catholic message, it was necessary to act in the world of education and social intervention; orphanages, schools, hospitals were the places of missionary activity. The unfavorable climate in Aden and the Somali Coast, and a worsening of his health conditions forced Vanni to return to Italy and renounce the Vicariate in January 1927.
After a period of convalescence in Prato, he obtained permission to return to India. Although he desired to be a simple missionary, in July 1928, Pope Pius XI appointed him Coadjutor bishop of Agra. He succeeded as Archbishop on 21 August 1937. The Real India, as Gandhi claimed, was that of the villages; it was therefore, necessary to evangelize; to create new schools, and through the construction of churches and houses in smaller centers, to reopen the Sardanha seminary. The years of World War II were challenging; Vanni's objectives, therefore, suffered an abrupt halt. After the end of the conflict, he resumed his work as an evangelizer with renewed vigor; a dozen new schools were established, new missionaries arrived, and in 1949, the seminary reopened. In 1952 Vanni reccived Bartolomeo Evangelisti from Porretta as coadjutor.
Retirement
On 21 November 1955, Pope Pius XII accepted his resignation from the Archdiocese of Agra for health reasons and appointed him Titular bishop of Bizia. The fruits of his labor were immediate. On 20 February of the following year, Pope Pius XII established the Diocese of Meerut, entrusting it to the Tuscan Capuchins, while the Archdiocese of Agra was entrusted to the Indian Capuchins, the seminary opened by Vanni undoubtedly given good results. Vanni remained in Meerut, as a simple missionary, surrounded by the affection of all.
Death
Vanni, died in Dehra Dun, at the foothills of the Himalayans on 9 May 1962 at the age of 83.
References
|-
Bishops appointed by Pope Benedict XV
1878 births
1962 deaths
People from the Province of Prato
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
Apostolic vicars
Italian Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in India
Capuchin bishops
Roman Catholic bishops in the Middle East
Cantagallo, Tuscany
Catholic missionaries in Arabia
Apostolic Vicariate of Arabia
Catholic Church in the Arabian Peninsula |
```html
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<a name="boost.log.add_console_lo_idp41249184"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
<div class="refnamediv">
<h2><span class="refentrytitle">Function add_console_log</span></h2>
<p>boost::log::add_console_log</p>
</div>
<h2 xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" class="refsynopsisdiv-title">Synopsis</h2>
<div xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" class="refsynopsisdiv"><pre class="synopsis"><span class="comment">// In header: <<a class="link" href="../../utilities.html#header.boost.log.utility.setup.console_hpp" title="Header <boost/log/utility/setup/console.hpp>">boost/log/utility/setup/console.hpp</a>>
</span>
<span class="identifier">shared_ptr</span><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">sinks</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">synchronous_sink</span><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">sinks</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">text_ostream_backend</span> <span class="special">>></span>
<span class="identifier">add_console_log</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre></div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a name="idp119078448"></a><h2>Description</h2>
<p>The function constructs sink for the <code class="computeroutput">std::clog</code> stream and adds it to the core</p>
<p>This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody><tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Returns:</span></p></td>
<td><p>Pointer to the constructed sink. </p></td>
</tr></tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="path_to_url" target="_top">path_to_url
</p>
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``` |
Michael Killisch-Horn (died 16 February 2019) was an Austrian politician who served as a Member of Parliament between 1986 and 1990.
References
1940s births
2019 deaths
Austrian politicians |
Chris Blair may refer to:
Chris Blair (badminton) (born 1978), New Zealand badminton player
Chris Blair (sportscaster), American radio sportscaster
Chris Blair (rugby league) (born 1964), Australian rugby league footballer
Chris Blair (American football), wide receiver |
Rancho Novato was a Mexican land grant in present day Marin County, California given in 1839 by Governor Juan Alvarado to Fernando Feliz (or Felix). The grant extended along San Pablo Bay, from Black Point to Rancho San Jose, and included the land that now encompasses the city of Novato.
History
Fernando De La Trinidad Feliz (May 30, 1795, Los Angeles, California – November 12, 1859, Hopland, California), who was a regidor (town councilman) at the Pueblo of San José in 1831, received the two square league grant in 1839.
In 1844, Feliz was grantee of Rancho Sanel in Mendocino County, California, and sold Rancho Novato to Jacob P. Leese, and moved to Rancho Sanel. In 1846, Leese sold Rancho Novato to Bezer Simmons, who erected a large wooden house on it in 1850. In 1846, Capt. Bezer Simmons also bought Rancho San Diego Island (now Coronado) from Pedro C. Carillo. Simmons assigned the rancho to his creditors: Bezer J. Simmons, Benjamin F[ranklin]. Simmons (Bezer Simmons’ brother), W. W. Parker, S. Needham, John H. Allen, Andrew McCabe, James Johnson, and Halleck, Peachy & Billings.
With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Novato was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to his creditors in 1866.
James Johnson and Andrew McCabe bought out the other creditors, and in 1857 sold Rancho Novato to Francis DeLong and Joseph Sweetser. Francis C. DeLong (June 10, 1808, Cornwall, Vermont – February 11, 1885, Novato) came to California in 1850, and opened a grocery store in San Francisco. He and Joseph Sweetser, a former merchant, became business partners. Sweetser and De Long planted a large orchard of apple, pear, and apricot trees along the banks of Novato Creek. In 1879 Sweetser and DeLong dissolved their partnership, with Sweetser selling all of his holdings to DeLong except for one square mile that is today's downtown Novato.
See also
Ranchos of California
List of Ranchos of California
References
California ranchos
Ranchos of Marin County, California |
The Boston School of Oratory was a private institution in Boston, Massachusetts, founded in 1879 by Robert R. Raymond, a dramatic reader. It succeeded the Boston University School of Oratory, which had sometimes been informally known by the same name.
History
In 1873, Boston University opened a School of Oratory headed by Lewis Baxter Monroe as dean. In its second year, Robert R. Raymond joined the faculty as Delineator of Shakespearian Character. By its last year, it had over 100 students, and its graduates included Georgia Cayvan and Leland T. Powers. In 1979, following the death of Monroe, the university decided to close the school. That same year, Raymond organized a new school in the same building as the old one and named it the Boston School of Oratory (BSO). A private venture, it continued the legacy of Monroe and attracted some of the same faculty. The school taught the Delsarte method of dramatic expression.
In 1884, Raymond relinquished leadership of the BSO due to failing health and turned it over to Moses True Brown, who had held the chair of oratory at Tufts College. By the mid 1890s, the school had grown to around 70 students pursuing studies that lasted between one and three years. Among the faculty were Florence Adelaide Fowle Adams, who headed the Department of Pantomime, and Hamlin Garland, who headed the Department of Literature.
In 1893, the school moved to new quarters in the Back Bay near Copley Square. The following year, it was bought by the Emerson College of Oratory.
Notable alumni
Sarah Lord Bailey (1856–1922), elocutionist and teacher
References
Defunct schools of the performing arts in the United States
Defunct schools in Massachusetts
1873 establishments in the United States |
The SPIN operating system is a research project implemented in the computer programming language Modula-3, and is an open source project. It is designed with three goals: flexibility, safety, and performance. SPIN was developed at the University of Washington.
The kernel can be extended by dynamic loading of modules which implement interfaces that represent domains. These domains are defined by Modula-3 INTERFACE. All kernel extensions are written in Modula-3 safe subset with metalanguage constructs and type safe casting system. The system also issued a special run-time extension compiler.
One set of kernel extensions provides an application programming interface (API) that emulates the Digital UNIX system call interface. This allows Unix applications to run on SPIN.
References
External links
Free software operating systems
Microkernel-based operating systems
Microkernels
1994 software |
The Unicorn is a MRAP used by the Sri Lankan military based on the Buffel, which is made by the Sri Lanka Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
Production history
Initial research into producing a "Blast Protected Vehicle" armoured personnel carrier was led by then Major Jayantha de Silva, who was concerned by the destruction and use of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) that the Tamil rebels began using on military troop transport vehicles. These IEDs became rampant in the north and eastern provinces with the escalation of the Sri Lankan Civil War. The many experiments he carried out showed that explosive force dissipates in proportions to the distance travelled.
The research led to the production of vehicles based on a TATA commercial truck chassis with a strong metal hull about two metres from ground level in 1983, which was known under the name Yaka. It resulted in the backing of then-Minister for National Security, Hon Lalith Athulathmudali, who co-opted all engineering firms in Sri Lanka to build the vehicles to the specifications drafted by Major de Silva. The project was then handed over to the Electrical and Mechanical Engineers of the Army.
When the rebels found that their IEDs were ineffective, they stopped using them and the production of these vehicles ceased. The rebels began using them again about two years later, and as the Army found itself short of suitable vehicles, a few consignments of the South African-made Buffel vehicles were imported, even though they provided protection only against land mines and proved ineffective against the IEDs. Further development continued in 1985, by both the Sri Lanka Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (SLEME) of the Sri Lanka Army and the General Engineering Wing of the Sri Lanka Air Force Both designs were based on the South African Buffels which had been bought in 1985.
The air force developed its own APC for the SLAF Regiment in small numbers. SLEME developed the Unicorn Mark I by 1987, which, too, were produced in large numbers by SLEME for the Sri Lanka Army and for the other services as well.
Combat history
It was known to be used in the 1990s during the civil war.
Design
A distinct feature of the Unicorn was that the driver-passenger compartment was undivided. According to soldiers in the battlefield, this feature made communication among the two sections easier than that in a Buffel where the driver was separated from the passengers.
Variants
There were several models that were developed as a result of continuous upgrading based on combat requirements. These include Unicorn Mark I to Mark VI.
Production continued until 2000 with a total of 93 Unicorns being produced by SLEME with the Mark VI being produced.
While production was largely stopped for the more advanced Unibuffel upgraded and modified ambulance variant of the Mark VI designed in 2010 entered mass production in 2016.
Operators
: It's reported that 105 Unicorns are in active service.
Special Task Force : Five Unicorns handed to the STF.
See also
Unibuffel
Avalon MPV
UniCOLT
References
Further reading
Surviving the Ride: A Pictorial History of South African-Manufactured Mine-Protected Vehicles by Steve Camp & Helmoed Römer Heitman
Wheeled armoured personnel carriers
Post–Cold War military equipment of Sri Lanka
Armoured personnel carriers of the Cold War
Military vehicles introduced in the 1980s
Vehicles of Sri Lanka |
John Goodall Snetsinger (October 13, 1833 – December 9, 1909) was an Ontario merchant and political figure. He represented Cornwall in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1872 to 1879 and Cornwall and Stormont in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal from 1896 to 1900.
He was born in Cornwall Township in Upper Canada in 1833. He owned a gristmill and general store in the town of Moulinette. Snetsinger served as reeve for the township in 1869. He was elected to the Ontario legislature in an 1872 by-election and reelected in 1875. In 1896, he was elected to the federal parliament. He successfully lobbied the federal government for a small railway station on the Grand Trunk Railway line in Moulinette. He died in New York City in 1909 while visiting.
He was the maternal grandfather and a significant presence in the upbringing of travel writer M. Wylie Blanchet.
The town of Moulinette was permanently flooded during the building of the Saint Lawrence Seaway.
References
Heritage Highlights of Cornwall Township, Historical Society of Cornwall Township (1984)
1833 births
1909 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
Liberal Party of Canada MPs |
Anthony Veke (born c. 1977) is the premier of Guadalcanal Province of the Solomon Islands. He succeeded Bartholomew Vavanga following a no-confidence vote in 2016; he was elected by the Provincial assembly in a vote of twelve to nine (he ran against Rolland Seleso).
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Solomon Islands politicians |
Benjamin Franklin Jonas (July 19, 1834December 21, 1911) was an American politician who was a Democratic U.S. Senator from Louisiana and an officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was the third Jew to serve in the Senate. Jonas was also the last Jewish Senator from the Deep South until Jon Ossoff won his seat in Georgia in 2021.
Life and career
He was born in Williamsport, Grant County, Kentucky to Abraham Jonas (1801–1864), a merchant and lawyer, and Louisa Block. As a boy, he moved with his parents to Quincy, Illinois, where his father became a Republican state legislator and postmaster, and was acquainted with Abraham Lincoln. (In 1864, Lincoln appointed the widowed Mrs. Jonas postmaster in succession to her late husband.)
Benjamin attended the public schools in Quincy. In 1853, he moved to New Orleans, Louisiana; his maternal uncle, Abraham Block, was well known there, being an important figure in the nearby Red River settlements. He studied law at the University of Louisiana (now Tulane University). In 1855, he graduated, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in New Orleans.
Despite his family's strong Republican connections, Benjamin Jonas cast his lot with the South in the Civil War. In 1862 he enlisted in the Confederate States Army. He was a member of Fenner's Battery, and Adjutant of a Battalion of Artillery in
Hood's Corps in the Army of Tennessee. He served till the end of the war, rising to the rank of major.
After the war, he returned to New Orleans and became active in state politics as a Democrat. In 1865, he was elected to the state House of Representatives, and served until 1868.
In 1872, he was elected to the State Senate, but declined to take the seat. In 1875, he was appointed city attorney of New Orleans, and served until 1879. He was again elected state Representative in 1876.
In 1879, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, and served from March 4, 1879 to March 4, 1885. In the 46th Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. He sought another term in 1884, but was not re-elected.
In 1885, he was appointed Collector of the port of New Orleans, serving until 1889. He then resumed the practice of law.
Jonas died in New Orleans on December 21, 1911, and was buried in Dispersed of Judah Cemetery (listed in Historic Cemeteries of New Orleans).
He was the second Jewish U.S. Senator from Louisiana, the first having been Judah P. Benjamin (1853–1861), and the third Jewish Senator overall, the others being Benjamin and David Levy Yulee of Florida (1845–1851, 1855–1861). However, both Yulee and Benjamin married Christian wives, and did not openly practice Judaism afterward. Jonas was the first practicing Jew in the Senate. Jonas was also the first Ashkenazi Jew in the Senate; while the two previous Jewish senators were of Sephardic descent, as were the majority of U.S. Jews at the time.
See also
List of Jewish members of the United States Congress
References
Sources
Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
1834 births
1911 deaths
Jewish American military personnel
American people of English-Jewish descent
Democratic Party members of the Louisiana House of Representatives
Confederate States Army officers
People of Louisiana in the American Civil War
Jewish United States senators
Democratic Party United States senators from Louisiana
Jewish Confederates
19th-century American politicians
Jewish American state legislators in Louisiana |
Eupnigodes megocephala, the big-headed grasshopper, is a species of slant-faced grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in the western United States
References
Gomphocerinae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1897 |
```php
<?php
/*************************************************************************
Generated via "php artisan localization:missing" at 2018/04/26 11:05:24
*************************************************************************/
return array (
//==================================== Translations ====================================//
'action' => 'Akcja',
'affiliates' => 'Wsplnicy',
'attendees' => 'Uczestnicy',
'back_to_login' => 'back_to_login',
'back_to_page' => 'Wr Do :page',
'cancel' => 'Anuluj',
'customize' => 'Dostosuj',
'dashboard' => 'Panel Sterowania',
'days' => 'dni',
'disable' => 'Wycz',
'disabled' => 'Wyczony',
'drag_to_reorder' => 'Przecignij by zmieni kolejno',
'edit' => 'Edytuj',
'enable' => 'Wcz',
'enabled' => 'Wczony',
'error_404' => 'Wyglda na to, e strona ktrej szukasz nie istnieje, lub zostaa przesunita.',
'event_dashboard' => 'Panel Sterowania Wydarzenia',
'event_page_design' => 'Wygld Strony Wydarzenia',
'export' => 'Eksport',
'general' => 'Gwne',
'hello' => 'Witaj',
'hours' => 'godziny',
'main_menu' => 'Menu Gwne',
'manage' => 'Zarzdzaj',
'message' => 'Wiadomo',
'minutes' => 'minuty',
'months_short' => '|Sty|Lut|Mar|Kwi|Maj|Cze|Lip|Sie|Wrz|Pa|Lis|Gru|',
'no' => 'Nie',
'order_form' => 'Formularz Zamwienia',
'orders' => 'Zamwienia',
'promote' => 'Promuj',
'save_changes' => 'Zapisz zmiany',
'save_details' => 'Zapisz',
'service_fees' => 'Opaty Serwisowe',
'social' => 'Spoecznoci',
'submit' => 'Wylij',
'success' => 'Sukces',
'ticket_design' => 'Wygld Biletw',
'tickets' => 'Bilety',
'thank_you' => 'Thank you',
'total' => 'razem',
'TOP' => 'GRA',
'whoops' => 'Ups!',
'yes' => 'Tak',
/*
* Lines below will turn obsolete in localization helper, it is declared in app/Helpers/macros.
* If you run it, it will break file input fields.
*/
'upload' => 'Zaaduj',
'browse' => 'Przegldaj',
//================================== Obsolete strings ==================================//
'LLH:obsolete' =>
array (
'months_long' => 'Stycze|Luty|Marzec|Kwiecie|Maj|Czerwiec|Lipiec|Sierpie|Wrzesie|Padziernik|Listopad|Grudzie',
),
);
``` |
The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Adriana Lima, Alessandra Ambrosio, Lily Aldridge, Lais Ribeiro, Elsa Hosk, Jasmine Tookes, Sara Sampaio, Martha Hunt, Taylor Hill, Stella Maxwell, Romee Strijd, and Josephine Skriver. Behati Prinsloo and Candice Swanepoel both missed this year's show due to their pregnancies. The show also featured PINK spokesmodels Rachel Hilbert, Zuri Tibby and Grace Elizabeth.
The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2016 was recorded in Paris, France at the Grand Palais. The show featured musical performances by Lady Gaga, The Weeknd, and Bruno Mars. Angel Jasmine Tookes was wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra: The Bright Night Fantasy Bra worth $3,000,000.
Fashion show segments
Segment 1: The Road Ahead
Segment 2: Mountain Romance
Segment 3: Pink Nation
Segment 4: Secret Angel
Segment 5: Dark Angel
Segment 6: Bright Night Angel
Finale
Adriana Lima and Elsa Hosk led the finale.
Index
References
External links
Official Site
Victoria's Secret
2016 in fashion |
On 18 July 2016, Riaz Khan Ahmadzai, a 17-year-old refugee from Afghanistan, stabbed and injured five people on and outside a train near Würzburg, Germany. He was shot dead by police soon afterwards, after attacking a police tactical unit with an axe. Investigations revealed he was in contact with members of the Islamic State.
Attack
At about 21:00 local time, on a train traveling on the line between Treuchtlingen and Würzburg, a youth, armed with a hatchet and a knife, stabbed random passengers, injuring a family of four Hong Kongers, two critically. The knifeman then went out of the train, stabbing a woman who was walking her dog, hitting her with the axe twice in the face, seriously injuring her. The perpetrator was located by the police about from the train. The attacker tried to flee and was shot dead by the SEK police tactical unit after they confronted him and he tried to attack them with the hatchet. He reportedly shouted "Allahu Akbar!" during the attack, according to Oliver Platzer, a spokesman for the Bavarian Interior Ministry. Public prosecutor Erik Ohlenschlagern said police heard the attacker call out "Allahu Akbar!" in a recorded emergency call from a witness' mobile phone.
On 20 July, it was announced that Attorney General Peter Frank had taken over the investigation, because of the suspicion that the attacker was a member of Islamic State.
Victims
Five people were wounded in the attack. Four were members from the same family: a woman, her boyfriend and her parents, and were all tourists from Hong Kong. A fifth victim, attacked outside the train, was a local German woman. Fourteen witnesses were treated for shock.
Perpetrator
Riaz Khan Ahmadzai, born on 6 April 1999 (), also known as Muhammad Riyad, was reported to be a 17-year-old Afghan male who arrived in Germany as an unaccompanied child refugee in 2015. He first lived in a refugee camp in Ochsenfurt, then for two weeks with a foster family in Gaukönigshofen southwest of Ochsenfurt, both in the district Würzburg. Prosecutors learnt the perpetrator wanted to avenge the death of a friend who had been killed in Afghanistan. Authorities later discovered evidence showing that Ahmadzai was in contact with a suspected Islamic State member and had originally been asked to drive a car into a crowd of people. Ahmadzai declined this suggestion as he was not able to drive the car. Instead, he told his contact that he would plan and carry out a train attack.
Die Welt reported that "he was a devout Muslim," but was not perceived as fanatical. Amaq News Agency published a two-and-a-half minute video, allegedly of him speaking in Pashto, proclaiming himself a soldier of the Caliphate, threatening further ISIL attacks in "every village, city and airport" and holding a knife. German officials were checking if the man in the video was in fact the attacker. The Chief of the German Chancellery, Peter Altmaier, told ZDF television, "The security authorities expect that this video is in all likelihood authentic".
Police found a hand-painted ISIL flag at his foster family's home, along with a letter he appeared to have written to his father, which they said read: "And now pray for me that I can get revenge on these non-believers, pray for me that I go to heaven."
Reactions
Authorities temporarily closed the train line between Ochsenfurt and Würzburg-Heidingsfeld.
Bavarian Interior Minister Joachim Herrmann said, "There are witnesses that suggest there may be an Islamic background to this but that is far from clear at this point." Both he and Landeskriminalamt spokesman Fabian Hench declined to confirm the attacker said "Allahu Akbar". Herrmann said it did not appear the victims were targeted for being Chinese. On 21 July, Herrmann demanded stricter control of the German borders. People without valid papers had to be adhered and checked at the border. "We can't let it slide this way anymore", Herrmann said. Hermann also criticised slow asylum proceedings. No fingerprints were taken of the perpetrator and no hearing of him took place.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel condemned the attack as an "incredibly cruel act" and promised that everything would be done by the authorities to prevent further attacks.
Rolf Tophoven, director of the Crisis Prevention Institute in Essen told Le Monde that the perpetrator was "integrated" and wasn't known to police or intelligence agencies. He said he appeared to have been radicalised overnight, perhaps through frustration, hopelessness and online ISIL propaganda, and that the case appeared similar to that of Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, who committed the 2016 Nice truck attack, or Omar Mateen of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, because of their lack of direct connection to ISIL.
Amaq News Agency, an online presence associated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, citing an "inside source", said the attacker was "a soldier of the Islamic State who executed the operation in response to calls to target nations in the coalition fighting the Islamic State".
Hong Kong Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying has condemned the attack as he dispatched a team of immigration officers to accompany the victims’ relatives to Germany. The Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in Berlin dispatched staff to visit the injured. Leung said he was saddened by the incident and expressed his sympathy.
The attack was linked to the European migrant crisis, and was reported to have raised more questions about Angela Merkel's open-door refugee policy. The attack was compared to a knife attack at Hanover main station earlier that year on 26 February.
Former federal minister Renate Künast of the Green Party was ridiculed by police union chief Rainer Wendt as a "parliamentary smart aleck" for asking why the perpetrator was shot dead instead of arrested alive.
See also
List of Islamist terrorist attacks
List of terrorist incidents in July 2016
2021 Würzburg stabbing
Munich knife attack
Reutlingen knife attack
Immigration and crime in Germany
2017 Düsseldorf axe attack
References
2016 in Bavaria
2016 in rail transport
History of rail transport in Germany
ISIL terrorist incidents in Germany
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2016
July 2016 crimes in Europe
July 2016 events in Germany
Mass stabbings in Germany
Stabbing attacks in 2016
Terrorist incidents in Germany in 2016
Terrorist incidents involving knife attacks
Islamic terrorism in Germany
History of Würzburg
Refugees in Germany
Knife attacks
Axe attacks
2016 crimes in Germany |
Hellenistic astrology is a tradition of horoscopic astrology that was developed and practiced in the late Hellenistic period in and around the Mediterranean Basin region, especially in Egypt. The texts and technical terminology of this tradition of astrology were largely written in Greek (or sometimes Latin). The tradition originated sometime around the late 2nd or early 1st century BC, and then was practiced until the 6th or 7th century AD. This type of astrology is commonly referred to as "Hellenistic astrology" because it was developed in the late Hellenistic period, although it continued to be practiced for several centuries after the end of what historians usually classify as the Hellenistic era.
History
The origins of much of the astrology that would later develop in Asia, Europe and the Middle East are found among the ancient Babylonians and their system of celestial omens that began to be compiled around the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE. This system later spread either directly or indirectly through the Babylonians to other areas such as China and Greece where it merged with preexisting indigenous forms of astrology. It came to Greece initially as early as the middle of the 4th century BC, and then around the late 2nd or early 1st century BC after the Alexandrian conquests this Babylonian astrology was mixed with the Egyptian tradition of Decanic astrology to create horoscopic astrology. This system is labeled as "horoscopic astrology" because, unlike the previous traditions, it employed the use of the ascendant, otherwise known as the horoskopos ("hour marker") in Greek, and the twelve celestial houses which are derived from it. The focus on the natal chart of the individual, as derived from the position of the planets and stars at the time of birth, represents the most significant contribution and shift of emphasis that was made during the Hellenistic tradition of astrology. This new form of astrology quickly spread across the ancient world into Europe, and the Middle East.
Additionally, some authors such as Vettius Valens and Paulus Alexandrinus took into account the Monomoiria, or individual degrees of a horoscope.
This complex system of astrology was developed to such an extent that later traditions made few fundamental changes to the core of the system, and many of the same components of horoscopic astrology that were developed during the Hellenistic period are still in use by astrologers in modern times.
Mythical origins
Several Hellenistic astrologers ascribe its creation to a mythical sage named Hermes Trismegistus. Hermes is said to have written several major texts which formed the basis of the art or its evolution from the system of astrology that was inherited from the Babylonians and the Egyptians. Several authors cite Hermes as being the first to outline the houses and their meaning, and thus the houses are usually thought to date back to the very beginning of the Hellenistic tradition and indeed they are one of the major defining factors which separate Hellenistic astrology and other forms of horoscopic astrology from Babylonian astrology and other traditions in different parts of the world. This system of horoscopic astrology was then passed to another mythical figure named Asclepius to whom some of the Hermetic writings are addressed.
According to Firmicus Maternus, the system was subsequently handed down to an Egyptian pharaoh named Nechepso and his priest Petosiris. They are said to have written several major textbooks which explicated the system and it is from this text that many of the later Hellenistic astrologers draw from and cite directly. This system formed the basis of all later forms of horoscopic astrology.
Astrology in Hellenistic Egypt
In 525 BCE Egypt was conquered by the Persians, so there is likely to have been some Mesopotamian influence on Egyptian astrology. Arguing in favor of this, Barton gives an example of what appears to be Mesopotamian influence on the zodiac, which included two signs – the Balance and the Scorpion, as evidenced in the Dendera Zodiac (in the Greek version the Balance was known as the Scorpion’s Claws).
After the occupation by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, Egypt came under Greek rule and influence. The city of Alexandria was founded by Alexander after the conquest and during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, the scholars of Alexandria were prolific writers. It was in 'Alexandrian Egypt' that Babylonian astrology was mixed with the Egyptian tradition of Decanic astrology to create Horoscopic astrology. This contained the Babylonian zodiac with its system of planetary exaltations, the triplicities of the signs and the importance of eclipses. Along with this it incorporated the Egyptian concept of dividing the zodiac into 36 decans of ten degrees each, with an emphasis on the rising decan, the Greek system of planetary gods, sign rulership, and the four elements.
The decans were a system of time measurement according to the constellations. They were led by the constellation Sothis or Sirius. The risings of the decans in the night were used to divide the night into ‘hours’. The rising of a constellation just before sunrise (its heliacal rising) was considered the last hour of the night. Over the course of the year, each constellation rose just before sunrise for ten days. When they became part of the astrology of the Hellenistic Age, each decan was associated with ten degrees of the zodiac. Texts from the 2nd century BCE list predictions relating to the positions of planets in zodiac signs at the time of the rising of certain decans, particularly Sothis.
Particularly important in the development of horoscopic astrology was the astrologer and astronomer Ptolemy, who lived in Alexandria in Egypt. Ptolemy's work the Tetrabiblos laid the basis of the Western astrological tradition. The earliest Zodiac found in Egypt dates to the 1st century BCE, the Dendera Zodiac.
According to Firmicus Maternus (4th century), the system of horoscopic astrology was given early on to an Egyptian pharaoh named Nechepso and his priest Petosiris. The Hermetic texts were also put together during this period and Clement of Alexandria, writing in the Roman era, demonstrates the degree to which astrologers were expected to have knowledge of the texts in his description of Egyptian sacred rites:
This is principally shown by their sacred ceremonial. For first advances the Singer, bearing some one of the symbols of music. For they say that he must learn two of the books of Hermes, the one of which contains the hymns of the gods, the second the regulations for the king's life. And after the Singer advances the Astrologer, with a horologe in his hand, and a palm, the symbols of astrology. He must have the astrological books of Hermes, which are four in number, always in his mouth.
Astrology in Greece
The conquest of Asia by Alexander the Great exposed the Greeks to the cultures and cosmological ideas of Syria, Babylon, Persia and central Asia. Greek overtook cuneiform script as the international language of intellectual communication and part of this process was the transmission of astrology from Cuneiform to Greek. Sometime around 280 BCE, Berossus, a priest of Bel from Babylon, moved to the Greek island of Kos in order to teach astrology and Babylonian culture to the Greeks. With this, what Campion calls, 'the innovative energy' in astrology moved west to the Hellenistic world of Greece and Egypt.
According to Campion, the astrology that arrived from the East was marked by its complexity, with different forms of astrology emerging. By the 1st century BCE two varieties of astrology were in existence, one that required the reading of horoscopes in order to establish precise details about the past, present and future, the other being theurgic, meaning literally 'god-work', and emphasised the soul's ascent to the stars. While they were not mutually exclusive, the former sought information about the life, while the latter was concerned with personal transformation, where astrology served as a form of dialogue with the divine.
Astrology in Rome
Like so much else, astrology came to Rome due to Greek influence. Among the Greeks and Romans, Babylonia or Chaldea was so identified with astrology that "Chaldaean wisdom" became the synonym of divination through the planets and stars. Astrologers became very much in vogue in Imperial Rome. Indeed, the emperor Tiberius had had his destiny predicted for him at birth, and so surrounded himself with astrologers such as Thrasyllus of Mendes. According to Juvenal 'there are people who cannot appear in public, dine or bathe, without having first consulted an ephemeris'. Claudius, on the other hand favored augury and banned astrologers from Rome altogether. It is perhaps not surprising, that in the course of time, to be known as a "Chaldaean" carried with it frequently the suspicion of charlatanry and of more or less willful deception. One of the more famous examples of Roman literature concerning astrology is the poem Astronomica, written in the first century AD by Marcus Manilius.
Transmission
Hellenistic astrology was practiced from the 2nd century BCE until around the 7th century CE when Europe entered the Middle Ages. Astrology was then passed to and further developed by individuals working within the Islamic Empire from the 7th to the 13th century.
See also
Astrotheology
Babylonian astrology
Claudius Ptolemy
Critodemus
Tetrabiblos
Dorotheus of Sidon
Hephaistio of Thebes
Julius Firmicus Maternus
Marcus Manilius
Paulus Alexandrinus
Rhetorius
Vettius Valens
Petosiris to Nechepo
Epigenes of Byzantium
References
Sources
External links
Project Hindsight - publishes English language translations of Hellenistic astrology texts.
The Hellenistic Astrology Website - Promotes the study of the history, philosophy, and techniques of Hellenistic astrology.
2nd-century BC establishments
7th-century disestablishments
Astrology
Astrology by tradition
Egyptian calendar |
Nasha () is 2013 Indian teen erotic film directed by Amit Saxena. The film is the Bollywood debut of Shivam Patil and Poonam Pandey. Upon release, Nasha gained negative critical response. It cost approximately to make and grossed a little over at the box office. The movie was controversial because of alleged inappropriate content, sexualism and nudity.
Plot
The film is set in Panchgani, a hill station in India and follows a boy named Saahil (Shivam Patil) and his friends who pull pranks on the students at their school by taking off their pants and exposing nudes to make girls surprised in front of them. The students are punished later that day. Saahil has a girlfriend called Tia. During the summer break, he and his friends are introduced to Anita (Poonam Pandey) who is the new dramatics teacher. She decides to make them perform a play. All the boys in the group fall for her beauty and persona. But its Saahil who gets the most intrigued by her. Slowly, he realises he cannot think of anything but her. As rehearsals of the play go on, he innocently starts to fantasize about having fun with her.
One day while rehearsing for the play, Anita's boyfriend Samuel turns up at home and surprises her. Anita and Sam are a happy couple which makes Saahil envious and unhappy. Later one night, while returning from a movie, seeing Sam and Anita cuddle in the car makes him uncomfortable and he tells Sam to stop the car and walks back home. Sam seeing Saahil's emotions tells Anita that Saahil loves her which Anita laughs over. Over the next few days, Sam to prove his point starts teasing Saahil which makes Saahil angry and one day while having a race, Sam purposefully pushes Saahil who gets hurt. Anita scolds Sam for behaving like a child. Saahil's friends now realising that Saahil has feelings for Anita start teasing him by passing comments about Anita and Sam. Saahil gets offended when he hears them say that Sam and Anita are having sex every night, and gets into a brawl with his friend. Angry and suspicious, he goes to Anita's home in the night and enters the house through the window. He's shocked to see Anita and Sam having sex. Heart broken, he is about to leave when he accidentally pushes a table which makes a noise. Anita comes out to check and is shocked seeing Saahil while Saahil sees Anita naked. The next morning, Saahil comes to Anita's house for the rehearsal. But Anita, extremely furious with him for what he did last night, scolds him and tells him to get out of the play. Because of this incident, Tia also has a very emotional break up with Saahil.
A few days later, Anita gets a phone call from the police station. There she learns that Sam had taken one of her students (who also is Saahil's friend) to a rave party. Police had conducted a raid where she was caught, and Sam somehow escaped. On arriving back home, Anita confronts Sam, in which they end up having a fight, and Sam being drunk, slaps Anita and leaves her. Saahil learns about the fight and goes to meet her the next morning. Both reconcile. In the evening, he takes some home-made biryani to Anita's place to make her feel better, only to find Sam there, talking to Anita. He is again hurt, and leaves. Anita sees him going. The next day, Anita goes to Saahil's place and meets his uncle and father. Upon seeing Saahil as he comes out to check who has come, she apologises to him and takes him out for a cup of coffee. Here, she tells him that things are finally over between her and Samuel, which turns Saahil's mood around.
A few days later, Anita along with Saahil's friends come to his house to celebrate Saahil's birthday. After the party, he goes to her house with a wine bottle. They celebrate together, drink, and happen to kiss. But Anita realising her mistake, stops him and asks him to leave. Anita now knows that she has begun to love Saahil, who is heartbroken upon being literally thrown out of the house. Later, Saahil's uncle and father meet Anita to ask her what the matter with Saahil is, and Anita simply assures them that things will be back to normal in a few days. Anita then resigns from her job at school and informs Saahil. Saahil reaches her house in a desperate attempt to stop her, where a highly emotional showdown takes place between them, and they finally make love. She also confesses her love for him .
Later, after Anita leaves Panchgani, Saahil reads her letter to him stating that they have to part ways as what happened between them is not right. And in the future, if they're meant to meet again, they would meet in another time and place, as different individuals. She tells him to forget her. Saahil breaks down with a sense of finality as he finishes reading the letter. Later, he goes to meet his friends where he reconciles with all of them including Tia, as he looks back at this entire experience of his with a new, mature perspective.
Cast
Poonam Pandey as Anita
Shivam Patil as Saahil
Vishal Bhonsle as Samuel "Sam"
Mohit Chauhan as Saahil's uncle
Ranbir Chakma as Tenzin
Nation Chakma as Entertainer
Sheetal Singh as Tia
Rohan Khurana as Sunny
Chirag Lobo as Saahil's friend
Soundtrack
Promotion
The posters from the film angered few people of Mahim area in Mumbai. A group of protesters tore the posters and set them on fire on 20 July 2013. The general secretary of Shiv Sena Chitrapat has objected to Pandey's skin showing in the advertisements, saying, "We find the poster highly vulgar and derogatory and won't allow such hoardings."
Reception
Critical response
Nasha received largely negative critical response, with Dnaindia gave 2 out of 5 rating. BollywoodLife also rated it 2 out of 5 star. MumbaiMirror gave 3 out of 5 stars and stated that "Nasha unselfishly makes an attempt to stay away from unnecessary sex and tell a story, but ultimately, like school in summer, it's not got class." However, Rediff.com stated as "Nasha gives you a nice hangover" giving 3 out of 5 star.
Box office
Film had opened with around 3.5–40 million net in the opening weekend. After the weekend, the film made around 75 million by the sixth day.
References
External links
2013 films
Indian sex comedy films
2010s Hindi-language films
Nudity in film
Indian teen romance films
Film controversies in India
Films set in Maharashtra
Indian erotic drama films
Obscenity controversies in film |
Bogus is a Ruby API library used for minimizing risks involved in isolated unit testing. It was initially released in July 2012 by rubygems.org. Through Bogus, a piece of code can be tested in a fast and safe manner, without any actual integration with external programs. Bogus cannot mock or stub methods not present in the required external environment.
Features
Ruby provides various features to achieve the required testing framework.
Fakes
Fakes are lightweight objects that mock actual objects' interface. In order to test a class in isolation, usually some test doubles or anonymous objects are used in place of integrated classes with required methods stubbed in it. But there is a problem with this approach, If the class is changed in between, those changes are not reflected in mock objects and tests run without any integration exceptions. Fakes resolve this problem as they will have exact interface of real collaborator and will raise an exception whenever the actual class is modified.
Fakes can be implemented using the following methodologies.
Faking existing classes
A fake is created by calling fake method:
Syntax:
fake(fake_name, options) { ClassToCopy }
"fake_name" is the name of the created fake and can be used to identify the fake while using contract tests. if it is omitted then an anonymous fake is created. A fake provides options to return an instance or a copy of class depending on the requirement. Fakes can be applied to stub methods as well.
Global configuration
Fakes avoid the need of stubbing and eliminate much of configuration things like (as: :class / as: :instance). Regardless, this type of configuration should be added to fake definitions, and the more collaborators one has, there will be more duplication. Bogus deals with this problem by introducing DSL to configure fakes in a single place, thus unifying its use in all the tests. Stubbed methods can be overridden using fake macros or fake helper functions.
Nameless test doubles
Anonymous test doubles can be used as intermediate steps while migrating objects from another testing library. They help in observing methods without mocking them. Methods can be stubbed:
with any number of arguments
in an initialize method
inline
to invoke arbitrary methods
Replacing classes
Usually dependency injections are used to make the composition of classes easy and make the code more modular. Replacement of classes with fakes avoids this requirement. Different fake names can be given to created fake classes.
Duck type faking
A system may have multiple classes implementing a single function. This complicates the selection of an implementation for that particular scenario. Bogus solves this problem by creating a duck type for classes.
Syntax to create a duck type:
make_duck(Class 1, Class 2, Class 3)
Bogus simplifies it further by creating duck types automatically when more than one class are returned from fake. Indeed, it does it in global configuration as well.
Contract tests
In order to verify that exception handling is done as expected in the fake stub, a sample test should be written for the mock object. This test is not written by Bogus, but it reminds the developer to do so.
verify_contract(object) method records all the interceptions made with the real class, and fails the test if any scenario recorded on a fake object that has been forgotten to be tested.
Whenever an object is mocked, stubbed or spied, a contract is specified on input/output parameters. Bogus automatically verifies whether the contract is satisfied or not. They fail when mocked or stubbed methods are not called on real objects. Contract tests not only check whether correct number of parameters are passed but also makes sure that the object is tested with right arguments.
Contract verification can be identified correctly only when passed block of code or arguments are idempotent and without any side effects.
Stubbing
In addition to fakes, bogus allows stubs in the cases where the inversion of control principle is not used. They follow two conditions:
The method that is being stubbed should exist.
The passing parameters need to be consistent. It retains the method signature.
The syntax is similar to that of ruby stubbing:# RR syntax
stub(object).method_name { return_value }
# Bogus syntax
stub(object).method_name(any_args) { return_value } The main difference between fakes and stubbing is that in fakes, method call can be verified before stubbing. But in stubbing, to verify that a method call has occurred, stubbing beforehand is necessary.
Safe mocking
Mocks are used to test an object in isolation. These help to find out if there is proper communication between the object and its collaborators. Mocks are like stubs in the way that the object and the method being mocked need to exist.
Syntax:mock(object).method_name(*args) { return_value }
Spies
When the code is being tested, the message transmission and reception is a vital part. This is verified using spies. They are used to specify what needs to happen in the ideal case. Spies verify that a method is called before stubbing it.
Argument matchers
Argument matchers are helpful when the details of the passing arguments are not as important as knowing if the method is being called or not. Instead of the actual arguments, some matchers like wildcard entries or regular expressions can be used.
Configuration options
Bogus configuration syntax:Bogus.configure do |c|
c.search_modules = [Object]
c.fake_ar_attributes = true
end
Search_modules
By default, Bogus does not maintain a namespace. Therefore, during the search for a particular class(to resolve a class name), the search is performed on all of the identifiers. In order to narrow down the search space, Search_modules can be customized to include a particular module of classes. For example:Bogus.configure do |c|
c.search_modules << Bar
endHere, 'Bar' is a module which contains a set of classes where the search has to be performed.
Fake_ar_modules
This feature deals with the ActiveRecord::Base class. Here, the Active Record is a module and Base is one of its classes. Active Record's attributes are not explicit. Their modification is done in the database directly. The Base class is a special class that has methods it responds to but doesn't explicitly mention as its own methods. Therefore, when such a method is faked, it raises an error because the method does not exist for the class. For example,class BlogPost < ActiveRecord::Base
end
blog_post = BlogPost.new
blog_post.respond_to?(:name) # => true
blog_post.method(:name) # raises NameErrorTo avoid this problem, fake_ar_modules is set to true. Then fakes can be created with no error.
RSpec Mocks vs Bogus
Bogus isolates objects while unit testing i.e., it does not require any information of classes or objects involved in testing object method, whereas Rspec Mocks require additional information regarding objects used in testing object. One major advantage of using bogus over Rspec Mocks is that Bogus provides safe stubbing.
Version history
References
Sources
https://www.relishapp.com/bogus/bogus/v/0-1-6/docs/getting-started
https://github.com/psyho/bogus
https://github.com/groyoh/bogus
https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/projects/bogus
https://packages.debian.org/sid/ruby/ruby-bogus
http://gunpowderlabs.com/blog/write-safer-tests-with-bogus/
https://coderwall.com/p/d1dksg/safe-stubbing-with-bogus
http://bogus-wrug-2013-07.herokuapp.com/#59
External links
Mocha
Rspec-mocks
Faker
Test-Unit
Jasmine
Ruby (programming language) |
Mark Dean (born December 30, 1971) is a former Bahamian professional basketball player who had eleven-year career in Europe and Israel.
References
1971 births
Living people
Power forwards (basketball)
Bahamian men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Nassau, Bahamas
Bahamian expatriate basketball people in France
Bahamian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Saint-Étienne Basket players
Bahamian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Ironi Ashkelon players
APOEL B.C. players
KK MZT Skopje players
Bnei Hertzeliya basketball players
Maccabi Haifa B.C. players
Klosterneuburg Dukes players
S.L. Benfica basketball players
Colorado Buffaloes men's basketball players
Bahamian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Bahamian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Bahamian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Bahamian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Bahamian expatriate sportspeople in North Macedonia
Bahamian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Expatriate basketball people in Austria
Expatriate basketball people in Israel
Expatriate basketball people in North Macedonia
Expatriate basketball people in Cyprus
Expatriate basketball people in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate basketball people in Portugal
Expatriate basketball people in Germany |
Left Unity may refer to:
Left Unity (UK), a UK political party founded in 2013
Left Unity (European Parliament), a grouping in the European Parliament which existed from 1989 to 1994
Workers' Party of Spain – Communist Unity, a tendency within the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
See also
United front
Popular front |
```css
@keyframes elementor-animation-buzz-out {
10% {
transform: translateX(3px) rotate(2deg);
}
20% {
transform: translateX(-3px) rotate(-2deg);
}
30% {
transform: translateX(3px) rotate(2deg);
}
40% {
transform: translateX(-3px) rotate(-2deg);
}
50% {
transform: translateX(2px) rotate(1deg);
}
60% {
transform: translateX(-2px) rotate(-1deg);
}
70% {
transform: translateX(2px) rotate(1deg);
}
80% {
transform: translateX(-2px) rotate(-1deg);
}
90% {
transform: translateX(1px) rotate(0);
}
100% {
transform: translateX(-1px) rotate(0);
}
}
.elementor-animation-buzz-out:active,
.elementor-animation-buzz-out:focus,
.elementor-animation-buzz-out:hover {
animation-name: elementor-animation-buzz-out;
animation-duration: 0.75s;
animation-timing-function: linear;
animation-iteration-count: 1;
}
``` |
Dow Henry Drukker (February 7, 1872 – January 11, 1963) was an American Republican Party politician from New Jersey who represented the state's 7th congressional district from 1914 to 1919.
Biography
He was born in Sneek, Netherlands, and immigrated to the United States with his parents, who settled in Grand Rapids, Michigan the same year. He attended the public schools of Grand Rapids and then moved to New Jersey in 1897 and settled in Passaic, New Jersey. He worked as a businessman and banker and served as a member of the Passaic County Board of Chosen Freeholders from 1906–1913, serving as director 1908-1912.
Drukker was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-third Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Robert Gunn Bremner. He was reelected to the Sixty-fourth and Sixty-fifth Congresses and served from April 7, 1914, to March 3, 1919. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1918. After leaving Congress, he was the publisher of the Herald-News of Passaic-Clifton 1916-1963 and became president of the Union Building and Investment Co., in 1909. He was knighted as an Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau by Queen Juliana for services rendered in the great flood of 1953. He resided in Clifton, New Jersey and Lake Wales, Florida until his death in Lake Wales in 1963. He was buried in Cedar Lawn Cemetery in Paterson, New Jersey.
References
Dow H. Drukker election in the New York Times
External links
1872 births
1963 deaths
County commissioners in New Jersey
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Politicians from Passaic, New Jersey
People from Sneek
Politicians from Clifton, New Jersey
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey
Burials at Cedar Lawn Cemetery |
Mercedes Carolina Toledo Salazar (born 17 May 1989) is a Venezuelan swimmer. She competed in the women's 200 metre breaststroke event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships.
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
Venezuelan female swimmers
Place of birth missing (living people)
South American Games silver medalists for Venezuela
South American Games bronze medalists for Venezuela
South American Games medalists in swimming
Competitors at the 2018 South American Games
Swimmers at the 2011 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2015 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2019 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2023 Pan American Games
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Venezuela
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in swimming
Competitors at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games
Female breaststroke swimmers
Pan American Games competitors for Venezuela
20th-century Venezuelan women
21st-century Venezuelan women |
```objective-c
//your_sha256_hash-----------
#ifndef HttpH
#define HttpH
//your_sha256_hash-----------
#include <memory>
//your_sha256_hash-----------
struct ne_session_s;
struct ne_request_s;
struct ne_ssl_certificate_s;
struct ssl_st;
//your_sha256_hash-----------
class THttp;
typedef void __fastcall (__closure * THttpDownloadEvent)(THttp * Sender, __int64 Size, bool & Cancel);
typedef void __fastcall (__closure * THttpErrorEvent)(THttp * Sender, int Status, const UnicodeString & Message);
//your_sha256_hash-----------
extern const int BasicHttpResponseLimit;
//your_sha256_hash-----------
class THttp
{
public:
THttp();
~THttp();
void Get();
void Post(const UnicodeString & Request);
bool IsCertificateError();
__property UnicodeString URL = { read = FURL, write = FURL };
__property UnicodeString ProxyHost = { read = FProxyHost, write = FProxyHost };
__property int ProxyPort = { read = FProxyPort, write = FProxyPort };
__property TStrings * RequestHeaders = { read = FRequestHeaders, write = FRequestHeaders };
__property UnicodeString Response = { read = GetResponse };
__property RawByteString ResponseRaw = { read = FResponse };
__property TStrings * ResponseHeaders = { read = FResponseHeaders };
__property __int64 ResponseLength = { read = GetResponseLength };
__property __int64 ResponseLimit = { read = FResponseLimit, write = FResponseLimit };
__property THttpDownloadEvent OnDownload = { read = FOnDownload, write = FOnDownload };
__property THttpErrorEvent OnError = { read = FOnError, write = FOnError };
__property UnicodeString Certificate = { read = FCertificate, write = FCertificate };
private:
UnicodeString FURL;
UnicodeString FProxyHost;
int FProxyPort;
RawByteString FResponse;
__int64 FResponseLimit;
std::unique_ptr<Exception> FException;
THttpDownloadEvent FOnDownload;
THttpErrorEvent FOnError;
UnicodeString FHostName;
UnicodeString FCertificateError;
TStrings * FRequestHeaders;
TStrings * FResponseHeaders;
UnicodeString FCertificate;
static int NeonBodyReader(void * UserData, const char * Buf, size_t Len);
int NeonBodyReaderImpl(const char * Buf, size_t Len);
void SendRequest(const char * Method, const UnicodeString & Request);
UnicodeString GetResponse();
__int64 GetResponseLength();
void InitSslSession(ssl_st * Ssl, ne_session_s * Session);
static int NeonServerSSLCallback(void * UserData, int Failures, const ne_ssl_certificate_s * Certificate);
int NeonServerSSLCallbackImpl(int Failures, const ne_ssl_certificate_s * Certificate);
};
//your_sha256_hash-----------
#endif
``` |
Măgureni is a commune in Prahova County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Cocorăștii Caplii, Lunca Prahovei and Măgureni. At the 2002 census, 6,630 inhabitants were counted, all but three of whom were ethnic Romanians. 97.3% of inhabitants were Romanian Orthodox, and 2.6% were Adventist.
Natives
Justin Capră (1933–2015), engineer and inventor
References
Communes in Prahova County
Localities in Muntenia |
```java
/*
*
*/
package io.debezium.connector.binlog;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.ByteOrder;
/**
* A simple parser API for binlog-based connector geometry data types.
*
* @author Omar Al-Safi
* @author Robert Coup
* @author Chris Cranford
*/
public class BinlogGeometry {
// WKB constants from path_to_url
private static final int WKB_POINT_SIZE = (1 + 4 + 8 + 8); // fixed size
// WKB for a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY object
// 0x010700000000000000
private static final byte[] WKB_EMPTY_GEOMETRYCOLLECTION = { 0x01, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 };
/**
* Open Geospatial Consortium Well-Known-Binary representation of the Geometry.
* path_to_url
*/
private final byte[] wkb;
/**
* Coordinate reference system identifier. While it's technically user-defined, the standard/common values
* in use are the EPSG code list path_to_url null if unset/unknown
*/
private final Integer srid;
/**
* Create a BinlogGeometry using the supplied wkb, note this should be the cleaned wkb
*
* @param wkb the Well-Known binary representation of the coordinate in the standard format
*/
private BinlogGeometry(byte[] wkb, Integer srid) {
this.wkb = wkb;
this.srid = srid;
}
/**
* Create a BinlogGeometry from the original byte array from binlog event
*
* @param mysqlBytes he original byte array from binlog event
*
* @return a {@link BinlogGeometry} which represents a BinlogGeometry API
*/
public static BinlogGeometry fromBytes(final byte[] mysqlBytes) {
ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(mysqlBytes);
buf.order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
// first 4 bytes are SRID
Integer srid = buf.getInt();
if (srid == 0) {
// Debezium uses null for an unset/unknown SRID
srid = null;
}
// remainder is WKB
byte[] wkb = new byte[buf.remaining()];
buf.get(wkb);
return new BinlogGeometry(wkb, srid);
}
/**
* Returns the standard well-known binary representation.
*
* @return {@link byte[]} which represents the standard well-known binary
*/
public byte[] getWkb() {
return wkb;
}
/**
* Returns the coordinate reference system identifier (SRID)
* @return srid
*/
public Integer getSrid() {
return srid;
}
/**
* Returns whether this geometry is a 2D POINT type.
* @return true if the geometry is a 2D Point.
*/
public boolean isPoint() {
return wkb.length == WKB_POINT_SIZE;
}
/**
* Create a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY BinlogGeometry
*
* @return a {@link BinlogGeometry} which represents a BinlogGeometry API
*/
public static BinlogGeometry createEmpty() {
return new BinlogGeometry(WKB_EMPTY_GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, null);
}
}
``` |
William Beckley may refer to:
William Beckley (Carmelite) (died 1438), English Carmelite
William Beckley (actor) (1930–2015), British American actor
See also
William Buckley (disambiguation) |
Maniq language may refer to two languages spoken by the Maniq people (Mani'):
Ten'edn
Kensiu language |
Pradosia lactescens is a species of large tree in the family Sapotaceae. It is endemic to the Atlantic forests of Brazil, and is most commonly known by the name buranhém. The species is cauliflorous, with red flowers being followed by small, edible, yellow fruit.
References
Flora of Brazil
lactescens |
Sonchus brachyotus is an Asian species of plant in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of northern Asia, found in Japan, Korea, China, Russia, Mongolia, Thailand, Kazakhstan, Caucasus, Kyrgyzstan, etc.
Sonchus brachyotus is a perennial herb up to 100 cm tall. It produces flat-topped arrays of several flower heads, each head with 170-300 yellow ray flowers but no disc flowers. It grows on grassy slopes on mountains and alongside rivers.
References
brachyotus
Flora of temperate Asia
Flora of tropical Asia
Indomalayan realm flora
Plants described in 1838
Taxa named by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle |
```c++
// The this pointer points to CMainFrame class which extends the CFrameWnd class.
if (!m_wndToolBar.CreateEx(this, TBSTYLE_TRANSPARENT) ||
!m_wndToolBar.LoadToolBar(IDR_MAINFRAME, uiToolbarColdID, uiMenuID,
FALSE /* Not locked */, 0, 0, uiToolbarHotID))
{
TRACE0("Failed to create toolbar\n");
return -1; // fail to create
}
``` |
Suburbiac is the second album released by indie rock band Dolour. It was released on October 29, 2002. The album was produced by Aaron Sprinkle and Shane Tutmarc.
Track listing
All songs by Shane Tutmarc (BMI)
"Menage a Trois"
"Suburbiac"
"So Done with You"
"A Billion Odd People"
"Iceland"
"Get Yourself Together"
"Highway Hypnosis"
"Rest Your Head"
"Chasing the Wrong Girl Home"
"Baggage"
"Too Old for Fantasy"
Musicians
Shane Tutmarc - vocals, guitar, piano, synth, bass; drums (tracks 3, 4, 10)
Aaron Sprinkle - guitar, synth, drum loops, vocals
Phil Peterson - cello, string bass, trumpet, vocals
Joey Sanchez - drums (tracks 1, 5)
Noah Weaver - synth (track 3)
Kevin Barrans - theremin (track 4)
Paul Mumaw - drums (tracks 6, 9, 11)
Jason Holstrom - saxophone (track 9)
Peter Sali - mandolin (track 11)
References
2002 albums
Dolour albums |
Events from the year 1787 in France.
Incumbents
Monarch: Louis XVI
Events
February
22 February - The Assembly of Notables is held
November
7 November - Louis XVI signs the Edict of Versailles, giving religious freedom to non-Catholics in France.
21 November - The Treaty of Versailles (1787) is signed between Louis XVI and the Vietnamese prince Nguyễn Ánh.
Births
24 January - Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville
2 February - Charles Etienne Boniface
8 February - Théodore Basset de Jolimont
2 May - Martial de Guernon-Ranville
1 August - Edmond de Talleyrand-Périgord
15 August - Francois Sudre
Deaths
13 February - Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes
See also
References
1780s in France |
Victor Earl Schwenk (October 26, 1924 – March 14, 2016) was an American gridiron football coach and executive. He served as the head football at Occidental College in Los Angeles from 1960 to 1963, compiling a record of 23–12. Schwenk was the general manager for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL) in 1966 and the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL) from 1968 to 1972. He died in 2016.
Head coaching record
College
References
1924 births
2016 deaths
American football ends
Edmonton Elks general managers
Los Angeles Rams coaches
National Football League general managers
New Orleans Saints executives
Occidental Tigers football coaches
Occidental Tigers football players
High school football coaches in California
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Players of American football from Los Angeles
Players of Canadian football from Los Angeles
Players of American football from Dayton, Ohio
Players of Canadian football from Dayton, Ohio
Sports coaches from Los Angeles |
Arere Anentia (1931–1979) was a long-distance runner from Kenya.
Anentia competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics, but failed to advance past 5000 metres heats. He won 3 miles at the 1958 AAA Championships
At the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, he finished third in the 6 miles race. By this result he became the first Kenyan athlete to win a medal at any intercontinental championships, together with Bartonjo Rotich, who won bronze medal over 440 Yards Hurdles. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics and finished 19th over 10000 metres and was to participate the marathon race, but did not start.
References
External links
Biography of Arere Anentia
1931 births
1979 deaths
Kenyan male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Kenya
Athletes (track and field) at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Kenya
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Medallists at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games |
Carl Wilhelm Borchardt (22 February 1817 – 27 June 1880) was a German mathematician.
Borchardt was born to a Jewish family in Berlin. His father, Moritz, was a respected merchant, and his mother was Emma Heilborn. Borchardt studied under a number of tutors, including Julius Plücker and Jakob Steiner. He studied at the University of Berlin under Lejeune Dirichlet in 1836 and at the University of Königsberg in 1839. In 1848 he began teaching at the University of Berlin.
He did research in the area of the arithmetic-geometric mean, continuing work by Gauss and Lagrange. He generalised the results of Kummer on diagonalising symmetric matrices, using determinants and Sturm functions. He was also an editor of Crelle's Journal from 1856 to 1880, during which time it was known as Borchardt's Journal.
He died in Rüdersdorf, Germany. His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof III der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. III of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.
See also
Cayley's formula
References
1817 births
1880 deaths
Algebraists
19th-century German mathematicians
19th-century German Jews
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Berlin
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
University of Königsberg alumni
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Mathematicians from the Kingdom of Prussia |
Héctor Mendéz is an Argentine former rugby union footballer and coach. He works as a psychiatrist.
He had 2 caps for Argentina, in 1967, scoring 1 try, 4 points in aggregate. He was nominated joint-coach, with New Zealand Alex Wyllie, of the "Pumas", previously of the 1999 Rugby World Cup finals, but he resigned few days later.
External links
Héctor Mendéz International Statistics
Living people
Argentine rugby union players
Argentine rugby union coaches
Argentina international rugby union players
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Aap Ki Khatir is an Indian Hindi romantic comedy film directed by Dharmesh Darshan, starring Akshaye Khanna and Priyanka Chopra in lead roles. It also stars Ameesha Patel, Dino Morea, Sunil Shetty and Anupam Kher. It is based on 2005 American movie The Wedding Date. It was released throughout India and internationally in late August 2006.
Upon release, the film received mixed reviews.
Plot
Anu (Priyanka Chopra), a London based NRI who is living in India after her boyfriend Danny (Dino Morea) ditched her at the altar. Now, she has come back to London to be a part of her sister Shirani's (Ameesha Patel) marriage, to the New York-based, Gujarati businessman Kunal Shah (Suniel Shetty), who is also Danny's best friend.
In a plan to get back to Danny and to make him jealous, Anu convinces her colleague Aman (Akshaye Khanna), to accompany her to the wedding as her new beau. Incidentally, Shirani was also involved with Danny earlier, which resulted in heartbreak for her too, as everyone learns of Danny's womanizing ways. Arjun Khanna (Anupam Kher) is the father of Shirani. Betty (Lilette Dubey), Anu's mother, married Arjun after her first husband died when Anu was little.
As time passes by, Aman finds Anu fascinating and later it develops into a fondness between the two. How Anu and Aman's relationship undergoes a change during the course of these incidents forms the crux of the story.
It turns out that Danny had used Kunal to get to Shirani and he believes that they can still be together. Shirani keeps trying to tell Danny that she loves Kunal. Anu reacts with Aman in an unfriendly way but later they form a friendship that in time turns into love. When Anu finds out about Danny's relationship with Shirani, she breaks down knowing that everyone knew (even Aman) but didn't tell her. She tells Aman to go away but Kunal (who thinks of Aman as a friend) convinces him to stay for his sake (Aap ki khatir). The truth is revealed to everyone and then they believe that Anu loves Aman. Anu's parents convince her to go after Aman but she is too late as he has already left. When Shirani tells Kunal about Danny, he is heartbroken and chases Danny away. While chasing Danny, he finds Aman going away and he convinces Aman to ask Anu again for her love. He agrees and makes Kunal realize that he and Shirani are also meant to be together and to marry Shirani. Anu ends up marrying Aman and Kunal accepts Shirani happily after knowing the truth.
Cast
Suniel Shetty as Kunal P.Shah
Akshaye Khanna as Aman Mehra
Dino Morea as Danny Grover
Ameesha Patel as Shirani A.Khanna
Priyanka Chopra as Anu A.Khanna
Bhumicka Singh as Nikki
Anupam Kher as Arjun Khanna, Shirani's and Anu's father
Lillete Dubey as Betty Khanna, Anu and Shirani's mother
Tiku Talsania as Praful Shah, Kunal's father
Kamini Khanna as Kunal's mother
Mona Punjabi as Chachi
Ananya Sharma as Sushi bua
Release
Critical reception
Anupama Chopra of India Today titled it as Out of steam and concluded that it is a move from wedding to divorce stories by Bollywood. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it 2 stars out of 5, describing movie as a mediocre product that has some lively moments, but a weak second half and a climax that throws a wet blanket.
Box office
According to Box Office India, this movie collected 13.23 crores on a budget of 16 crores during its lifetime.
Soundtrack
The music is composed by Himesh Reshammiya, and the lyrics are penned by Sameer. The album has sixteen tracks, including seven remixes and two reprise tracks.
Track listing
References
External links
2006 films
Indian remakes of American films
2000s Hindi-language films
2006 romantic comedy films
Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya
Films shot in London
Films directed by Dharmesh Darshan
Hindi-language romantic comedy films
Indian romantic comedy films |
Complement 3 (C3) through its interaction with factors B and D (adipsin) generates C3a. In the human body, C3a is rapidly cleaved by carboxypeptidase B or carbxyopeptidase N, that remove the carboxyl-terminal arginine to generate C3adesArg. Thus, most of plasmatic C3a is present in C3adesArg form. C3adesArg is more commonly named ASP or acylation-stimulating-protein due to its marked stimulating action on triacylglycerol synthesis in human adipocytes and skin fibroblasts. ASP is also known for its augmentation of glucose transport and inhibiting action on hormone-sensitive lipase. Because of these actions, it is linked to the pathogenesis of obesity, having been demonstrated to be present at increased levels in patients with obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2 and coronary artery disease.
ASP lis a ligand for C5L2, a G-protein-coupled receptor.
The view of C3a/C3adesArg as an acylation stimulating activity is not universally accepted. The evidence is discussed in a recent review.
References
Further reading
Proteins
Hormones
Cytokines
Hormones of adipose tissue |
HMS Spartan was an cruiser of the Royal Navy constructed in 1891. The design was a variant of the . The ships had quick firing guns which were effective as a broadside, but less so when attempting to fire fore or aft.
In late 1899 she had a refit, and when completed in early February 1900 she was placed in the A division of the Devonport Fleet reserve.
From 1907 she was placed on harbour duty. In 1921 she became part of the Royal Navy torpedo school at Devonport, HMS Defiance, which was based in floating obsolete ships, and named for the first ship which had housed the school. Spartan became Defiance II in August 1921. She was sold for scrapping on 26 June 1931.
Notes
References
navalhistory ship specifications
Apollo-class cruisers
Ships built by Armstrong Whitworth
Ships built on the River Tyne
1891 ships |
The Men's 50 metre free pistol event at the 2013 SEA Games took place on 13 December 2013 at the North Dagon Shooting Range in Yangon, Myanmar.
The event consisted of two rounds: a qualifier and a final. In the qualifier, each shooter fired 60 shots with a pistol at 50 metres distance. Scores for each shot were in increments of 1, with a maximum score of 10.
The top 8 shooters in the qualifying round moved on to the final round. The final consists of 2 strings of 3 shots, after which for every two additional shots, the lowest scoring finalist will be dropped. This continues until only two finalists left making the final two shots for the gold. The Final two shooters would have total 20 shots. These shots scored in increments of 0.1, with a maximum score of 10.9.
Schedule
All times are Myanmar Standard Time (UTC+06:30)
Qualification round
Final
References
Shooting at the 2013 SEA Games |
John Moffatt Chambers (6 December 1901 – 1 July 1983) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He was inducted into the Geelong Hall of Fame in 2011.
A strong marking ruckman, Chambers was cleared to Geelong in 1924, having been on Essendon's list.
Chambers was a half forward flanker in the Geelong team which won the 1925 VFL Grand Final, their first ever premiership.
In 1926 Chambers represented Victoria in an interstate match against Western Australia in Perth.
Chambers kicked a career best 28 goals in 1928, from 18 games, to finish as Geelong's leading goal-kicker.
Chambers had a son, John Chambers, who played Sheffield Shield cricket for Victoria as a batsman.
References
External links
1901 births
1983 deaths
Geelong Football Club players
Geelong Football Club premiership players
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
VFL/AFL premiership players
People from Broadmeadows, Victoria |
The Practice Effect is a novel by David Brin, written in 1984. The story involves a world in which entropy works in reverse.
Plot summary
A scientist by the name of Dennis Nuel is working at, and attending, an institute of scientific research and pioneering work into the fictional scientific field of "Zievatronics", the manipulation of Time and Space. After the death of his mentor, however, he is taken off the project and another professor takes over.
After a time, the device that has been created to move through space and time, known as the "Zievatron" encounters operational problems and is fixed to the co-ordinates of a world that appears to be very similar to the Earth in most respects, and Dennis is re-recruited to help fix it. He volunteers to be sent to the other world in order to fix the other part of the Zievatron. On arriving to this planet, he finds the Zievatron dismantled and critical parts of it missing. Of the three surveillance robots sent through to this planet, he finds two have also been broken apart. After a while, he finds the last robot, intact and still functioning, and uses it to view any recorded images that might help him identify what it was that happened to the Zievatron.
In this world, instead of objects wearing out as you use them, they improve. This is referred to as the Practice Effect. For example, swords get sharper with use, baskets get stronger the more things they carry, mirrors, furniture and decorations look more attractive the more they are looked at. The downside to this being that an object's condition deteriorates over time if not put to use. Under this system, members of society's higher strata employ servants to Practice their own possessions to perfection.
It is eventually discovered that the Practice Effect is the result of an elusive, biologically-engineered creature known as a Krenegee Beast that causes a change in a law of thermodynamics. This creature emits a field under which the Practice Effect works. The closer one is to the Krenegee Beasts, the more efficient the Practice that is done. The Practice Effect can take many months before an object reaches its maximum point of "practice", but the process is sped up if one is under a Felthesh Trance. The presence of a Krenegee Beast speeds up the process more than a Felthesh Trance.
Table of contents
The chapter titles are all jokes, some puns, most in Latin with one (ch. 6) in French. The translations are included.
Sooee generis – "'Sooee' is a classic call farmers would use to summon pigs for a meal. Pixolet resembles a pig. Hence "Sooee Generis" is a one-of-a-kind pig."
Cogito, ergo tutti frutti – "'Cogito, Ergo Tutti Fruitti' refers to a flavor of ice cream and hence stands for "I think, therefore I scream," which is spelled out in the chapter."
Nom de Terre – tr. 'name of the land' but in the context of the chapter a play on 'Nom de Guerre'. This is also a pun on 'pomme de terre' the french word for potato which translates directly to, apple of the earth. The name of the planet being 'Tater' a common slang for potato. Making the nomme de terre a pomme de terre.
The best way to Carnegie Hall – (... is practice)
Transom dental – a play on 'transcendental' "'Transom Dental' - refers to the chapter's chief event, practicing dental floss into a cutting tool that lets characters escape over a wall. A transom was a window that would open part way over an office door to let in air. Hence the phrase "I got in over the transom" meant "I used an unconventional means to pass over a barrier." Combining that with dental floss offers a pun on 'transcendental' surpassing an obstacle."
Ballon d'essai – trial balloon
Pundit Nero – Pandit Nehru, first Prime Minister of India.
"Eurekaarrgh" – a more accurate variation of 'eureka' A portmanteau of eureka and arrgh, a commonly used distressed scream in literature
Discus jestus – majesty Disc. An alternate Latin meaning, in the chapter context: "Quoit Jester" = "Court Jester"
Sic biscuitus disintegratum – or 'this is how the cookie crumbles'
Et two toots – or 'Et tu, Brute?'
Semper ubi sub ubi – tr. 'always where under where' but in the context of the chapter, 'always wear underwear'
Reception
Algis Budrys found the novel's premise appealing, praising Brin's "really first-rate SFnal idea," but its execution disappointing, leaving little of interest but plot details once the central mystery was explained at the novel's midpoint, "and as a plotsmith Brin is just another guy." The SF Encyclopedia considers it "less successful" than Brin's series work, and notes that its premise is "oddly Lamarckian". Charlie Jane Anders, however, has cited it as a work that will "make [the reader] more passionate about science".
References
1984 American novels
Novels by David Brin
American science fiction novels
1984 science fiction novels
Novels set on fictional planets
Bantam Books books |
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences may refer to:
an academic division or unit of a larger university; sometimes called College of Arts and Sciences
a stand-alone college offering liberal arts and sciences studies such as in a Liberal arts college |
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of certain proteins. Examples include silk, hair/fur (including wool) and feathers. The animal fibers used most commonly both in the manufacturing world as well as by the hand spinners are wool from domestic sheep and silk. Also very popular are alpaca fiber and mohair from Angora goats. Unusual fibers such as Angora wool from rabbits and Chiengora from dogs also exist, but are rarely used for mass production.
Not all animal fibers have the same properties, and even within a species the fiber is not consistent. Merino is a very soft, fine wool, while Cotswold is coarser, and yet both Merino and Cotswold are types of sheep. This comparison can be continued on the microscopic level, comparing the diameter and structure of the fiber. With animal fibers, and natural fibers in general, the individual fibers look different, whereas all synthetic fibers look the same. This provides an easy way to differentiate between natural and synthetic fibers under a microscope.
Silk
Silk is a "natural" protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons made by the larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity. Rearing of silks is called sericulture. Degummed fibers from B. mori are 5-10 μm in diameter. The shimmering appearance for which silk is prized comes from the fibers' triangular prism-like cross-sectional structure which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles.
The length of the silk fiber depends on how it has been prepared. Since the cocoon is made of one strand, if the cocoon is unwound carefully the fibers can be very long.
Spider silk is the strongest natural fiber known. The strongest dragline silk is five times stronger than steel and three times tougher than Kevlar. It is also highly elastic, the silk of the ogre-faced spider can be stretched six times its original length without damage. As of 2005, there is no synthetic material in production that can match spider silk, but it is actively being sought by the U.S. military for such applications as body armor, parachutes and rope. Genetically engineered goats have been raised to produce spider silk in their milk at a cost of around $1,500 per gram.
Wool
Wool is fiber derived from animal fur. Sheep are the principal source of wool, but fiber made from the hair of other mammals, such as goats, alpacas, and rabbits, may also be called wool.
Alpaca
Alpaca fiber is sourced from alpacas. It is warmer than sheep's wool and lighter in weight. It is soft, fine, glossy, and luxurious. The thickness of the quality fiber is between 12-29 micrometers. Most alpaca fiber is white, but it also comes in various shades of brown and black. The most common type of alpaca fiber comes from a Huacaya.
Angora
Angora wool or Angora fiber refers to the down coat produced by the Angora rabbit. There are many types of Angora rabbits - English, French, German, and Giant. Angora is prized for its softness, thin fibers of around 12-16 micrometers for quality fiber, and what knitters refer to as a halo (fluffiness). The fiber felts very easily. Angora fiber comes in white, black, and various shades of brown.
Bison
Bison fibers refer to the soft undercoat of the American Bison. The coat of the bison protects the animal during harsh winter conditions, and consists of a coarse shiny overcoat, a coarse bulky midcoast, and a short dense undercoat. The undercoat is composed of fine, hollow guard hairs (average diameter of 59 micrometers) and down (average 18.5 micrometers). Downy fibers are typically chosen for textile applications. Bison fibers are grey or red-brown and about 2.5 cm long.
Cashmere
Cashmere wool is wool obtained from the Cashmere goat. Cashmere is characterized by its luxuriously soft fibers, with high napability and loft. In order for a natural goat fiber to be considered Cashmere, it must be under 18.5 micrometers in diameter and be at least 3.175 centimeters long. It is noted as providing a natural light-weight insulation without bulk. Fibers are highly adaptable and are easily constructed into fine or thick yarns, and light to heavy-weight fabrics.
Mohair
Mohair is a silk-like fabric or yarn made from the hair of the Angora goat. It is both durable and resilient. It is notable for its high luster and sheen, and is often used in fiber blends to add these qualities to a textile. Mohair also takes dye exceptionally well.
Sheep's wool
Wool has two qualities that distinguish it from hair or fur: it has scales which overlap like shingles on a roof and it is crimped; in some fleeces the wool fibers have more than 20 bends per inch. Wool varies in diameter from below 17 micrometers to over 35 micrometers. The finer the wool, the softer it will be, while coarser grades are more durable and less prone to pilling.
Qiviut
Qiviut is the fine underwool of the muskox. Qiviut fibers are long (about 5 to 8 cm), fine (between 15 and 20 micrometers in diameter), and relatively smooth. It is approximately eight times warmer than sheep's wool and does not felt or shrink.
Fiber from other animals
Hand spinners also use fiber from animals such as llamas, camels, yak, and possums. These fibers are generally used in clothing.
Hair from animals such as horses is also an animal fiber. Horsehair is used for brushes, the bows of musical instruments and many other things. Along with mink hair, it's also a common choice for eyelash extensions and similar cosmetics. The best artists brushes are made from Siberian weasel, many other fibers are used including ox hair and hog bristle. Camel-hair brushes are usually made from squirrel, cheaper ones from pony, but never camels. Chiengora is dog hair.
Wool from a wide range of animals can be used for handicrafts and garments. The table below lists a variety of animal fibers and the approximate average diameter of each.
See also
Animal products
References |
Megaustenia is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Ariophantinae of the family Ariophantidae.
Species
Megaustenia annhiae (Thach & F. Huber, 2017)
Megaustenia balansai (Mabille, 1889)
Megaustenia birmanica (Philippi, 1847)
Megaustenia cochinchinensis (Morelet, 1866)
Megaustenia fragilis (Möllendorff, 1901)
Megaustenia heliciformis (L. Pfeiffer, 1855)
Megaustenia huberi (Thach, 2016)
Megaustenia imperator (A. Gould, 1859)
Megaustenia inusitata (Godwin-Austen, 1898)
Megaustenia khyoungensis (Godwin-Austen, 1888)
Megaustenia malefica (J. Mabille, 1887)
Megaustenia messageri (Bavay & Dautzenberg, 1909)
Megaustenia praestans (Gould, 1843)
Megaustenia rondonyi (H. Fischer, 1898)
Megaustenia siamensis (Haines, 1855)
Megaustenia tongkingensis (Möllendorff, 1901)
Megaustenia unguiculus (Morelet, 1865)
Species brought into synonymy
Megaustenia russeola (Morelet, 1865): synonym of Durgella russeola (Morelet, 1865) (unaccepted combination)
Megaustenia siamense (Haines, 1855): synonym of Megaustenia siamensis (Haines, 1855) (incorrect gender of species name)
Megaustenia tecta (Souleyet, 1852): synonym of Macrochlamys tecta (Souleyet, 1852)
References
Theobald, W. (1857). Notes on the distribution of some of the land and freshwater shells of India: Part I. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 26 (4): 245–254. Calcutta.
Solem, A. (1966). Some non-marine mollusks from Thailand, with notes on classification of the Helicarionidae. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis, 24: 1–110, 3 plates.
Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017
External links
Cockerell, T. D. A. (1912). The genera Cryptogirasia and Cryptosoma. The Nautilus. 26(9): 70.
Ariophantidae |
The Paramount Television Network was a venture by American film corporation Paramount Pictures to organize a television network in the late 1940s. The company built television stations KTLA in Los Angeles and WBKB in Chicago; it also invested $400,000 in the DuMont Television Network, which operated stations WABD in New York City, WTTG in Washington, D.C., and WDTV in Pittsburgh. Escalating disputes between Paramount and DuMont concerning breaches of contract, company control, and network competition erupted regularly between 1940 and 1956, and culminated in the dismantling of the DuMont Network. Television historian Timothy White called the clash between the two companies "one of the most unfortunate and dramatic episodes in the early history of the television industry."
The Paramount Television Network aired several programs, including the Emmy Award-winning children's series Time for Beany. Filmed in Hollywood, the programs were distributed to an ad-hoc network of stations across the United States. The network signed affiliation agreements with more than 50 television stations in 1950; despite this, most of Paramount's series were not widely viewed outside the West Coast. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which filed suit against Paramount for antitrust violations, prevented the studio from acquiring additional television stations. Paramount executives eventually gave up on the idea of a television network, and continued to produce series for other networks. In 1995, after four decades of television production for other companies, Paramount re-entered the broadcast network field when the company and Chris-Craft Industries launched the United Paramount Network (UPN), a television network that operated until 2006. Paramount's longtime television division is now owned by CBS Studios, and it has since founded a second version of Paramount Television under Viacom ownership. Both of these (along with the former WDTV, now KDKA-TV) are now part of Paramount Global.
Origins
William Wadsworth Hodkinson founded American film corporation Paramount Pictures in 1914. Famous Players–Lasky Corporation acquired the company in 1916 and by the 1920s Paramount became a key player in Hollywood. The company founded or acquired many film production and exhibition properties; among these were the 2,000-screen theater chain United Paramount Theatres (UPT), newsreel service Paramount News, the Famous Players theater chain in Canada and animation studio Famous Studios. The company became one of the "big five" Hollywood studios. By the 1940s, however, Paramount was the target of several antitrust lawsuits by the federal government, culminating with U.S. vs. Paramount Pictures, et al. (1948), which found that Paramount and other studios conducted monopolistic practices. Due to this Supreme Court decision, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) forced Paramount to sell off its theater division in 1949.
As early as 1937, executives at Paramount Pictures were interested in the new medium of television. The following year, Paramount purchased a minority interest in DuMont Laboratories, a pioneer in early television technology founded by Dr. Allen B. DuMont. Relations between Paramount and DuMont staff were strained by 1940, when Paramount, without DuMont, opened Chicago television station WBKB and Los Angeles station KTLA. Dr. DuMont claimed that the original 1937 acquisition proposal required that Paramount would expand its television interests "through DuMont". Paramount representative Paul Raibourn denied that any such restriction was ever discussed (a 1953 examination of the original draft document vindicated DuMont on this point). The stock in DuMont, coupled with the Chicago and Los Angeles stations, gave Paramount full or partial ownership of four of the first nine television stations in the United States.
DuMont Laboratories launched the DuMont Television Network in 1946. Despite Paramount's partial ownership of DuMont, Paramount's two stations never aired television programs from DuMont's television network (with the exception of KTLA, which ran DuMont programs for one year from 1947 to 1948), and competed against DuMont's affiliates in Los Angeles and Chicago. According to authors Auter and Boyd, Paramount's construction of KTLA and WBKB and its subsequent launch of the Paramount Television Network "undercut" DuMont, a company it had invested in.
KTLA began commercial broadcasts on January 22, 1947; its first evening broadcast was hosted by Bob Hope and featured Kirk Douglas, William Bendix, Dorothy Lamour, William Demarest, Ray Milland and Cecil B. DeMille. KTLA was the first commercial television station to sign on west of the Mississippi River. Although other Los Angeles television stations operated experimentally and eventually received commercial licenses, KTLA had a head start as the first commercially-licensed station in Los Angeles. The revenue stream from commercials helped to fund more professional programming, therefore generating a large viewership; a 1949 audience estimate from the C. E. Hooper company indicated that KTLA was broadcasting 28 of the top 30 television series in Los Angeles. The popularity of KTLA's local programs opened up the possibility that they would become national hits if released to other stations across the country.
Launch
Paramount's television division, Television Productions, Inc., created the Paramount Television Network in 1948. A full-page advertisement announcing the newly created network, with KTLA as the flagship station, ran in Billboard on May 22 of that year. Filming of programs took place at KTLA; a coaxial cable link between KTLA and KFMB-TV in San Diego transmitted a live signal to San Diego viewers. Other television stations across the United States received Paramount programs via kinescope recording for airing; these filmed series allowed stations to "fill in" their schedules during hours when ABC, NBC, CBS and DuMont were not broadcasting shows, or when station managers preferred Paramount's filmed offerings to those of the four networks. Station managers at WBKB-TV in Chicago also had plans to distribute their own kinescoped programs.
Paramount management planned to acquire additional owned-and-operated stations ("O&Os"); the company applied to the FCC for additional stations in San Francisco, Detroit and Boston. Officials at the FCC, however, denied Paramount's applications. A few years earlier, the federal regulator had placed a five-station cap on all television networks: no network was allowed to own more than five VHF television stations. Paramount was hampered by its minority stake in the DuMont Television Network. Although both DuMont and Paramount executives stated that the companies were separate, the FCC ruled that Paramount's partial ownership of DuMont meant that DuMont and Paramount were in theory branches of the same company. Since DuMont owned three television stations and Paramount owned two, the federal agency ruled neither network could acquire additional television stations. The FCC requested that Paramount relinquish its stake in DuMont, but Paramount refused. According to television historian William Boddy, "Paramount's checkered antitrust history" helped convince the FCC that Paramount controlled DuMont. Both television networks suffered as a result, with neither company being able to acquire five O&Os. Meanwhile, CBS, ABC and NBC had each acquired the maximum of five stations by the mid-1950s.
Author Timothy White has called Paramount's efforts to launch its own television service, which directly competed with the DuMont Television Network, an unwise decision – Paramount in effect was competing with itself. The resulting ill feelings between Paramount's and DuMont's executives continued to escalate throughout the early 1950s, and the lack of cooperation hindered both entities' network plans. According to White, by 1953, even the public pretense of cooperation between Paramount and DuMont was gone.
Programs
The Paramount Television Network aired several television series during its years of operations. The following is a partial list:
Adventures in Music – hosted by the "godfather of exotica", Korla Pandit, playing the Novachord and Hammond Organ
Armchair Detective – a half-hour crime reenactment series produced at KTLA that aired on CBS and Paramount stations
Bandstand Revue – a 30-minute-long music program sponsored by Ralston Purina
Dixie Showboat – a weekly country and western musical variety program
Frosty Frolics – an ice skating show that also briefly aired (for four weeks) on ABC
Harry Owens' Royal Hawaiians – a series featuring Hawaiian music which aired in Los Angeles and San Francisco and later moved to the CBS television network
Hollywood Opportunity – a talent show
Hollywood Reel – a Hollywood gossip program narrated by Hollywood columnist Erskine Johnson
Hollywood Wrestling – an early professional wrestling series
Latin Cruise – a musical series starring Bobby Ramos
Magazine of the Week – a women's program
Meet Me in Hollywood – a man on the street interview series that was broadcast from the famed intersection of Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street
Movietown, RSVP – a charades program
Olympic Wrestling – another professional wrestling series
Sandy Dreams – a children's program that also briefly aired on ABC stations
The Spade Cooley Show – a variety program hosted by Spade Cooley and that featured Dick Lane, Anita Aros, Phil Gray, and Kay Cee Jones
Time for Beany – a children's series that received an Emmy Award in 1949, in the category Best Children's Show
Yer Ole Buddy – a comedy program
Various press releases indicated that other KTLA series would be offered on the network. There is no indication, however, that the following series aired outside Los Angeles:
Girls Only – a comedy/drama starring Mary Gordon as an aging ex-actress with four young female charges
The Ina Ray Hutton Show – a series featuring bandleader Ina Ray Hutton
The Lawrence Welk Show – a musical program starring Lawrence Welk that moved to ABC in summer 1955
Mayfair Mystery House – a 39-episode drama filmed in England
Spade Cooley's Western Varieties – another series featuring Spade Cooley
Staff
Paul Raibourn served as the president of Paramount Television Productions. Raibourn was also appointed vice president of Paramount Pictures Corporation, and, due to Paramount's minority interest in DuMont, was installed as treasurer of the DuMont Television Network. This appointment created another point of conflict between Paramount and DuMont. According to Leonard Goldenson, president of ABC during this era, Raibourn "constantly nitpicked and needled [Allen DuMont] over the smallest expenditures. DuMont came to the point where, psychologically, he thought he couldn't do anything without Raibourn's approval." Raibourn trimmed DuMont's budgets at a time when the network should have been expanding. Goldenson credits Raibourn as one of the reasons ABC eventually became a successful, established television network while the DuMont network failed: "the name of the television game is programs. If you won't put money into programs, you won't succeed."
Klaus Landsberg, a German immigrant, produced many Paramount Television Network series; he also served as one of the company's vice presidents and as KTLA's general manager. Other Paramount executives included George T. Shupert, Paramount Television Productions' program sales executive; Burt Balaban, programming executive; John Howell, sales executive; and Bernard Goodwin, a director and vice president of Paramount Television Productions.
Affiliates
During the 1940s and 1950s, television networks in the United States were restricted to owning no more than five local VHF television stations. This system, which evolved from similar FCC regulations governing radio, resulted in executives of television networks forming alliances with local station owners in order to air network programs across the U.S. These alliances were codified in network affiliation contracts; Paramount Television Network staff required affiliate station managers to sign a network contract even if the station only aired one Paramount program. At its peak in late 1950, the Paramount Television Network was distributing five television series a week to over 40 affiliated television stations. Most Paramount stations were in the United States, but at least two were Canadian stations.
During this era, American television programs were either broadcast live to local television stations via microwave relay and AT&T's coaxial cable service or were recorded on kinescope and delivered through the mail to local stations. The live broadcast method was expensive, but was preferred by executives at each of the four major U.S. television networks (ABC, NBC, CBS and DuMont); in 1954, DuMont alone spent $3 million on live television broadcasts. The major networks sent kinescopes to stations when live transmissions were not possible. "Film networks", which sent out only prerecorded material, also existed; kinescopes were cheap to produce and cost little to mail. Paramount's television service was a hybrid of the two systems, with a live connection between KTLA and KFMB-TV in San Diego, and other affiliates broadcasting programs from kinescope recordings. Paramount executives considered a live connection between Los Angeles and San Francisco too expensive. Uniquely, Paramount's The Harry Owens Show was broadcast live in Los Angeles and San Francisco by having the program's performers and crew commute via airplane between the two stations for sequential performances.
The table below lists stations that carried Paramount Television Network programs, including the company's two owned-and-operated stations, KTLA and WBKB. DuMont's three VHF stations, WABD, WTTG and WDTV, which aired little or no Paramount programming but which the FCC ruled were O&Os of the same entity, also appear in this list. Also included are DuMont's two short-lived UHF licenses: KCTY-TV – which only operated for a few months, and WHK-TV – which never signed on. A number of stations carried Armchair Detective, Sandy Dreams and Frosty Frolics when those programs aired on CBS and ABC. Stations that aired those programs as part of an ABC or CBS affiliation are not shown in the table below.
End of network
In May 1951, ABC chairman Edward J. Noble and United Paramount Theatres president Leonard Goldenson announced a proposed merger between their companies. The plan was to merge ABC and its five television stations with United Paramount Theatres, a company only recently spun off from Paramount Pictures. UPT also owned the network's Chicago station, WBKB; that station would have to be sold in order for the merged company to stay under the five-station cap. Because the proposed merger involved the sale of a television station, it required the approval of the FCC, which opened a hearing on the issue that August. The proposed deal was complex, and would affect many parties involved in television broadcasting, including Paramount, DuMont, and CBS (CBS executives wanted to purchase WBKB). During the hearing, Allen DuMont asked the FCC to force Paramount to sell its share of the DuMont Network. He stated that Paramount in effect owned two television networks, the PTN and DuMont; the FCC had similarly forced NBC to sell off one of its two radio networks eight years earlier due to concerns about multi-network ownership. Paramount executives, however, denied ever having operated a television network. Evidence presented against Paramount included network affiliation contracts and advertisements for the Paramount Television Network from 1951. Despite Paramount executives' testimony, advertisements for the Paramount Television Network ran as late as 1952.
After a grueling 18-month trial, the federal agency allowed the ABC-UPT merger, but never ruled on Paramount's partial ownership of a second network; Paramount was allowed to retain its shares in DuMont. Leo Resnick, hearing examiner for the Commission, concluded that Paramount did not control DuMont, but the FCC rejected this portion of Resnick's findings, restricting Paramount and DuMont to a total of five stations. The commissioners had not forgotten Paramount's previous antitrust violations, and believed Paramount executives were attempting to control television by operating two television networks. According to White, the FCC's ruling "ensured that television broadcasting would be controlled by the same three companies that had dominated radio broadcasting, thus fostering a lack of diversity in both station and network ownership".
The February 1953 merger of ABC and United Paramount Theatres lead to the divestiture of WBKB (now WBBM-TV), which was sold to CBS. Paramount retained KTLA and applied to the FCC for a new station in Boston, but the construction permit was never granted. By this time, Paramount's television arm was called Paramount TV Productions, Incorporated; Paramount ceased using the PTN name. The company continued to distribute programs nationally, however, and continued to sign network affiliation agreements with local television stations.
With just one owned-and-operated station, Paramount's program service never gelled into a true television network; television historians such as Alex McNeil (1996) consider Paramount programs syndicated rather than network series. While the Paramount series Hollywood Wrestling and Time For Beany were widely seen on stations across the United States, most other Paramount television programs aired in only a handful of markets (another exception, Hollywood Reel, aired in fourteen major cities in 1950).
Paramount's revenues were much smaller than those of a true television network, and gradually Paramount began losing program sponsors or ended production on formerly-popular television series. American Vitamin Corporation, Paramount's sponsor for both The Spade Cooley Show and Frosty Frolics, pulled its $25,000 weekly sponsorship in October 1951. In June 1953, it was announced that Time For Beany and Paramount Television Productions were "calling it a day". Paramount ended production of its flagship series in October 1953; rival Los Angeles station KTTV and independent distributor Consolidated Television respectively took over production and distribution of Time For Beany. Independent distributor Cinema-Vue took over Hollywood Wrestling. By late 1955, Billboard reported the Paramount Network consisted of just 15 stations airing Bandstand Revue. Billboard called this a "sort of" network. Management changes at KTLA, coupled with low local ratings, caused the cancellation of Bandstand Revue in October 1956. Klaus Landsberg, who had produced many of the series for KTLA, died in September 1956 and the new station manager made what Billboard called "sweeping changes" at the station.
By the autumn of 1955, Hollywood insiders were predicting that Paramount would launch a major television network using KTLA and the DuMont stations as charters. Articles reported that Paramount was seeking television scripts, and was constructing theaters and studios that rivaled those of ABC, CBS and NBC. In a dramatic move, Paramount's board of directors seized control of DuMont Laboratories in a boardroom coup in August 1955. Paramount executives replaced DuMont's board of directors, Dr. DuMont was removed as president of the company, and DuMont Network operations ceased the following year. However, no combined Paramount-DuMont network ever materialized; according to television historian Timothy White, by this time "a television network was no longer among Paramount's plans for exploitation of the small screen"; some of the primary and secondary affiliates, and even some of the programming of both networks, migrated to the emerging, similarly loosely-scheduled NTA Film Network. Paramount sold its interest in DuMont (by this time renamed as the "Metropolitan Broadcasting Company") in 1959; the sale ended Paramount's first ventures into network television.
Paramount's later involvement with television
Despite Paramount's failure to build a national broadcast television network, the company retained KTLA, and executives at Paramount continued to toy with the idea of entering the television medium once more. Paramount sold its library of shorts and cartoons in separate deals to U.M. & M. TV Corporation, Associated Artists Productions and Harvey Comics (the Superman cartoons were already sold to National Comics when Paramount's license to Superman expired). In 1957, Paramount sold most of its pre-1950 sound live action feature film library to EMKA, Ltd., a subsidiary of MCA. The live action films would end up with what became Universal Television after MCA bought Universal Pictures in 1962. KTLA was eventually sold to Golden West Broadcasters, a company owned by actor and singer Gene Autry, for $12 million in 1964.
After acquiring Desilu Productions in 1967, the company continued to produce series for the "big three" broadcast networks. Among them were Here's Lucy, Mission: Impossible and Mannix for CBS; The Brady Bunch, The Odd Couple and Happy Days for ABC; and (in later years) Family Ties and Cheers for NBC.
In 1978, Paramount CEO Barry Diller planned to launch the Paramount Television Service, a new "fourth television network"; its programs would have aired only one night a week. 30 "Movies of the Week" would have followed Star Trek: Phase II on Saturday nights. This plan was aborted when head of Gulf and Western Industries (Paramount's parent company at the time), Charles Bluhdorn, canceled the project for fear of bleeding money; as a result, Paramount made the decision to transform Phase II into Star Trek: The Motion Picture. Despite this failure, Diller would eventually launch a successful fourth network, when in late 1986, he joined the Rupert Murdoch-owned News Corporation to create the Fox network, which went on to be one of the most successful networks in the country.
In the 1980s, Paramount became increasingly involved with original syndicated programming in the U.S., with such successful series being Entertainment Tonight, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Friday the 13th: The Series and The Arsenio Hall Show, all of which were among the most popular syndicated series broadcast during that decade; with the continuing success of the Star Trek franchise (notably, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine) and the purchase of television station owner TVX Broadcast Group (which owned independent stations in several large and mid-sized markets), the groundwork for a new network venture was laid.
On January 16, 1995, Paramount launched a new broadcast television network, the United Paramount Network (UPN), in a programming partnership with Chris-Craft Industries; Viacom (which acquired Paramount Pictures and its related holdings in 1994) would acquire 50% interest in the network in 1996 and acquire Chris-Craft's remaining stake in 2000. During its 11-year existence, UPN never made a profit; The New Yorker reported that the network had lost $800 million during its first five years of operation. UPN ceased operations in September 2006, when it merged with the WB Television Network to form The CW Television Network. Today, Paramount's television division is part of the Paramount Global subsidiary CBS Studios.
References
Further reading
Lev, Peter (2006). The Fifties: Transforming the Screen, 1950–1959. pp. 128–129. University of California Press .
Defunct television networks in the United States
Paramount Pictures
Paramount Television
Entertainment companies based in California
Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Television channels and stations established in 1948
Television channels and stations disestablished in 1956
1948 establishments in California
1956 disestablishments in California |
Tork Mahalleh-ye Alalan (, also Romanized as Tork Maḩalleh-ye Ālālān; also known as Tork Maḩalleh) is a village in Asalem Rural District, Asalem District, Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 194, in 44 families.
References
Populated places in Talesh County |
The Sweeney is a 1970s British television police drama focusing on two members of the Flying Squad, a branch of the Metropolitan Police specialising in tackling armed robbery and violent crime in London. It stars John Thaw as Detective Inspector Jack Regan and Dennis Waterman as his partner, Detective Sergeant George Carter. It was produced by the Thames Television subsidiary Euston Films for broadcast on the ITV network in the UK between 2 January 1975 and 28 December 1978.
The programme's title comes from the real-world Cockney rhyming slang nickname "Sweeney Todd" used to refer to the Flying Squad by London's criminal fraternity in the mid 20th century.
The popularity of the series in the UK led to two feature films, Sweeney! (1977) and Sweeney 2 (1978), both starring Thaw and Waterman, and a later film, The Sweeney (2012), starring Ray Winstone as Regan and Ben Drew as Carter.
Background
The Sweeney was developed from a one-off TV drama entitled Regan which served as the pilot episode for the series. Regan is a 90-minute television film written by Ian Kennedy Martin for the Thames Television anthology series Armchair Cinema (see Armchair Theatre) in 1974. The part of Jack Regan was written for John Thaw, who was a friend of Ian Kennedy Martin, with whom he had worked on the TV drama series Redcap in the 1960s. Dennis Waterman was cast after his performance in the Special Branch episode "Stand and Deliver", also produced by Euston Films.
The Regan film was seen as having series potential from the very beginning. After it scored highly in the ratings, work began on the development of the series proper. Ian Kennedy Martin saw the subsequent series as being mainly studio-based, with more dialogue and less action but producer Ted Childs, inspired in part by Get Carter (1971) and The French Connection (1971), disagreed. Following this battle for creative control, Ian Kennedy Martin parted company with the project. His shoes as series writer were filled by his brother Troy Kennedy Martin, Roger Marshall, Ranald Graham and Trevor Preston.
Every writer on the series was given guidelines, "Each show will have an overall screen time (minus titles) of 48 minutes 40 seconds. Each film will open with a teaser of up to 3 minutes, which will be followed by the opening titles. The story will be played across three acts, each being no more than 19 minutes and no fewer than 8 minutes in length. Regan will appear in every episode, Carter in approximately 10 out of 13 episodes. In addition to these main characters, scripts should be based around three major speaking parts, with up to ten minor speaking parts".
Most TV police dramas had shied away from showing officers as fallible. The series shows a somewhat more realistic side of police life, depicting them as flawed human beings, some with a disregard for authority, rules and the "system". Police officers in The Sweeney are ready and willing to meet violence with violence when dealing with London's hardened criminals and are prone to cut corners and bend the law in pursuit of their prey, as long as it gets the right result. Until The Sweeney, the violent reality of policing was largely ignored by British television. The series broke new ground for TV drama and incorporated self-awareness and genre-referential humour. This is evident in episodes such as 2.7 "Golden Fleece" when Regan brandishes a lollipop at Carter and says "who loves ya, baby" in a nod to hit US crime series Kojak (1973–78); or in 2.10 "Trojan Bus" when Regan whistles the theme-tune to the BBC's sedate police series Dixon of Dock Green (1955–76) after a particularly elementary piece of detective work.
The series also captured the zeitgeist as it was made during a dark period for the real-world Flying Squad. During the mid-1970s Flying Squad officers were publicly censured for being involved in bribery, corruption and for having excessively close links with the criminal fraternity. This reality served as a backdrop to the series and it is reflected in the mood, tone and story lines of The Sweeney. Detective Chief Superintendent Kenneth Drury, the Flying Squad's real-life commander, was convicted on five counts of corruption and imprisoned for eight years. Twelve other officers were convicted and many more resigned. In the late 1970s, this and other scandals led to a massive internal investigation into the activities of the Metropolitan and City of London Police lead by Dorset Police, codenamed Operation Countryman. All of this may have inspired parts of the plot of Sweeney 2.
Cast and characters
Main characters
The two main protagonists are Detective Inspector Jack Regan (John Thaw) and Detective Sergeant George Carter (Dennis Waterman). The third is Detective Chief Inspector Frank Haskins (Garfield Morgan), their boss and a senior Flying Squad officer.
Jack Regan
John Thaw stars as Detective Inspector John "Jack" Albert Regan, a tough police officer, often frustrated by Scotland Yard's red tape. Originally from Manchester (like Thaw himself), he has been in London for several years. He occasionally refers to his northern roots (his poor upbringing, his father's work on the Manchester Ship Canal), which prompts banter from George Carter, a Londoner, such as humming "The Red Flag". A heavy drinker and smoker (comically, he is sometimes seen stealing other people's cigarettes), Regan has some success with women; although not as much as Carter, or in one episode, Detective Chief Inspector Haskins. He has an ex-wife, Kate, and daughter, Susie, who live in Ruislip.
Regan may be tough but he is also a decent man, seen to help out an ex-informer whose son is kidnapped in 4.9 "Feet of Clay"; and his sympathetic pushing enables his boss Haskins to ask for help when his wife goes missing after a breakdown, in 4.13 "Victims"; it's Regan who finds her. Regan will bend the rules in order to achieve the desired result: for example, fabricating evidence, arranging for a criminal to be kidnapped, illegally entering private property and threatening to lie about being attacked by a prisoner in order to get information. Despite this he has his own very strong moral code. He's unwilling to cheat for personal gain, delivers a blistering attack on a corrupt copper, and refuses to take bribes.
Although he is seen driving various cars himself throughout the series, Regan usually travels by squad car with police driver. He drives what is presumably his own car, a green 1974 Ford Capri (Mk II) 3.0 Ghia (PTW 475M), in episode 1.13 "Abduction".
George Carter
Dennis Waterman plays Detective Sergeant George Hamilton Carter who comes from south London. In the series' timeline, George was in the Flying Squad prior to events in Regan, but quit for family reasons (cf. Regan and 1.5 "Jigsaw"). Carter is not as aggressive as Regan and usually plays the "good cop" role. He is married to Alison Carter, a schoolteacher, but is widowed when she is murdered in episode 2.5 "Hit and Run". He is a former amateur boxer, as shown in the pilot Regan, and is described as having professional boxing potential in episode 2.1 "Chalk and Cheese". Like Regan, he enjoys a drink, and follows football. After the death of his wife Carter is shown dating women in several episodes.
Frank Haskins
Garfield Morgan plays Detective Chief Inspector Frank Haskins. He is married and has three children, all at boarding school, and is Regan's immediate superior. Prior to the series timeline, the character had done "National Service in the Signals Corps in a minor intelligence role" (as revealed in episode 2.9 "Stay Lucky, Eh?"). He is frequently seen at odds with Regan, preferring more conventional "by-the-book" policing methods. (Though is still willing and able to "mix it" with villains on the street, giving Regan and Carter physical and/or armed support several times.)
The main episodes featuring Haskins are 2.7 "Golden Fleece", in which he is set up to be the victim of a corruption inquiry, and 4.13 "Victims", in which his wife, Doreen, suffers a mental breakdown.
During the first three series, Haskins appears in the opening titles of every episode whether or not the character appears in the actual story.
Haskins is absent at the start of the fourth and final series due to Garfield Morgan's other professional commitments, but he returns a few episodes in. Correspondingly, there are two versions of the fourth series opening titles, one with, and one without, Haskins.
Other recurring characters
The Squad
The series introduces several other Squad officers over the years including: Detective Sergeant Matt Mathews (John Flanagan); Detective Sergeant Kent (Carl Rigg); Detective Constable Thorpe (Martin Read); Detective Constable Jellineck (James Warrior); Detective Constable Gerry Burtonshaw (Nick Brimble); Detective Sergeant Tom Daniels (John Alkin).
Regan's squad car comes with an "authorised" police driver. In the first series Regan has a variety of drivers including Len (Jack McKenzie), Fred (Denis DeMarne) and Brian Cooney (Billy Murray). Episode 1.7 "The Placer" introduces the character of Bill (Tony Allen) who becomes Regan's regular driver, although he plays a peripheral, non-speaking role in most episodes. Tony Allen subsequently worked as wardrobe manager for many of John Thaw's later projects.
When Haskins is absent, other senior officers step in to manage the squad, including Detective Chief Inspector Stephen Quirk (Bill Maynard) and Detective Chief Inspector Anderson (Richard Wilson), sarcastically referred to as "Andy Pandy" by Regan, Carter, and other Squad officers.
Other more senior officers include: Detective Chief Superintendent Maynon (Morris Perry), a semi-regular throughout the series and more willing than Haskins to bend the rules to get a result (later promoted to Commander); Detective Superintendent Grant (T.P. McKenna); Detective Chief Superintendent Braithwaite (Benjamin Whitrow). Colin Douglas features as an unnamed Commander in series 1, with Michael Latimer as Commander Jackman in series 2.
The relationship between Squad officers is largely informal. Regan is always referred to as "Guv'nor", or just "Guv". He invariably calls Carter and the other Squad members by their first names, or occasionally nicknames. Carter, as Regan's assigned Sergeant, is frequently addressed as "Skipper" or "Skip". When off duty, Regan and Carter are friends and drinking buddies, so in private Carter calls him "Jack". This is all in accordance with widespread police convention. Everyone calls DCI Haskins simply "Haskins" (or Mister Haskins), though Regan occasionally calls him by his first name, "Frank".
The Cars
The cars used in The Sweeney became just as important to the series as any of the human characters.
The most iconic car in the series is NHK 295M, a metallic copper-bronze ("Tawny Metallic") 1974 Ford Consul 3000 GT V6 (often mistaken for a Granada Mk1). As well as being the main squad car used to get Regan and Carter around London, it also features in the opening titles of series 1-3 (driven by stuntman Joe Wadham).
Other squad cars featured include an onyx green 1973 Ford Granada 3.0 Ghia (Mk1) (NHK 292M), a blue 1974 Ford Cortina 2000 XL (Mk3) (NHK 296M) (usually shown as Carter's car, but occasionally doubling as a Panda car with a light bar added to the roof), a bronze 1976 Ford Granada (Mk1) 3.0 Ghia X (RHJ 997R). The main squad cars were supplied for filming by Ford from their press fleet at no cost, and the producers were specifically told that the cars were not to be damaged. Such was the prominence of the company's cars in the series, it was jokingly referred to as "The Ford Squad". In later episodes Ford updated the cars, providing a metallic silver Mk1 Ford Granada S 3.0 V6 (NWC 301P), a silver 1978 Ford Granada (Mk2) 2.8iS (VHK 491S) and a silver Ford Cortina (Mk4) 2.0 GL (PNO 548R), among others.
A jupiter red Granada (UAY 272S) was due to be used for filming in season four but it suffered bodywork damage while being delivered to Euston Films and was replaced.
The series is infamous for featuring Jaguars as the criminal's car of choice. Jaguar S-types in particular were regularly deployed throughout the series as getaway cars, most notably in episode 1.10 "Stoppo Driver". A blue/grey S-type DWD 606C is used in the series 1-3 opening titles, pursued and chased down by the Squad in NHK 295M.
One reason cited for the regular appearance of Jaguars is that they were favoured by the stunt drivers as being the "safest" cars to use. The same few cars would be used and re-used, crashed, fixed up, and resprayed numerous times. According to Kevin Whately, John Thaw claimed that he had witnessed the regency red 1960 Jaguar Mark 2 (registration 248 RPA) used in Inspector Morse being written off several times while filming The Sweeney. Apparently, the car was in real-life a "polished up wreck" and would often break down during filming.
A red Fiat 850 coupé (UJB 92G) makes cameo appearances in several episodes: typically, it is parked at the side of the road as the action takes place around it. One theory is that the car belonged to a crew member who tried to include it as an in-joke in as many episodes as possible.
Family
Other featured characters include the close family of the three leads.
Regan's ex-wife Kate (Janet Key) appears in the pilot Regan and in episode 1.13 "Abduction". Their daughter Susie (Jennifer Thanisch) appears most notably in "Abduction".
Carter's wife Alison (Stephanie Turner) is seen attempting to prise him away from the Squad in episode 1.5 "Jigsaw", while her hostility toward Regan is apparent in 1.13 "Abduction". She is murdered in episode 2.5 "Hit and Run". In the DVD commentary for "Abduction", it is claimed that Alison was written out because actress Stephanie Turner was asking for too much money to continue to appear in the series. Stephanie Turner went on to appear in Juliet Bravo, also devised and part-written by Ian Kennedy Martin.
Doreen Haskins (Sheila Reid) features in the penultimate episode 4.12 "Victims", which deals with her deteriorating mental health and the impact of police work on family life. One of Haskins' three children, Richard, also appears in this episode.
Guest stars
Guest stars in the show included:
Joss Ackland
Tony Anholt
Coral Atkins
Lynda Bellingham
Hywel Bennett
Brian Blessed
James Booth
Donald Burton
Simon Callow
Cheryl Campbell
Tony Caunter
Warren Clarke
George Cole ɫ
Kenneth Colley
James Cosmo
John Rhys-Davies
Vernon Dobtcheff
Diana Dors
Colin Douglas
Lesley-Anne Down
Rosemarie Dunham
Michael Elphick
Arthur English
Norman Eshley
Derek Francis
Ronald Fraser
Prunella Gee
Sheila Gish
Peter Glaze
Julian Glover
Brian Hall
Cheryl Hall
Edward Hardwicke
Tina Heath
Ian Hendry
Del Henney
Paul Henry
Julian Holloway
John Hurt
Ken Hutchison
Barrie Ingham
David Jackson
Geraldine James
Peter Jeffrey
Paul Jones
John Junkin
Roy Kinnear
Ronald Lacey
Alan Lake
Lynda La Plante
George Layton
Maureen Lipman
Sue Lloyd
David Lodge
Kenny Lynch
John Lyons
T. P. McKenna
Philip Madoc
Alfred Marks
Judy Matheson
Bill Maynard
Malcolm McFee
Warren Mitchell
Morecambe and Wise ɫ̩ɫ̩
Lee Montague
Patrick Mower
Billy Murray
Alex Norton
Jim Norton
Daphne Oxenford
Nicola Pagett
Geoffrey Palmer
Moira Redmond
Michael Ripper
Maurice Roëves
Sheila Ruskin
Tony Selby
Nadim Sawalha
George Sewell
Catherine Schell
Anne Stallybrass
Tony Steedman
Gwen Taylor
Stephanie Turner
Patrick Troughton
Peter Vaughan
Colin Welland
Diana Weston
Geoffrey Whitehead
Margaret Whiting
Richard Wilson
Stuart Wilson
John Woodnutt
Robert Gillespie(thin ice)
Tony Aitken(thin ice)
June Brown(Ep1)
ɫGeorge Cole and Dennis Waterman went on to star in Minder.
ɫ̩ɫ̩Morecambe and Wise appeared in return for Thaw and Waterman appearing on their show.
Many up-and-coming actors also appeared in the show during its run, such as:
June Brown
John Challis
Carol Drinkwater
Christopher Ellison
Janet Ellis
Richard Griffiths
Karl Howman
Sally Knyvette
Patrick Malahide
Andrew Paul
Sandy Ratcliff
Ray Winstone
Production
The Sweeney strived for authenticity and social realism. This ethos was reflected in most aspects of production, from the storylines, casting, locations and most importantly the dialogue. As well as the series title, cockney rhyming-slang gave extra colour to the dialogue, including ‘poppy’ (money), ‘bottle’ (courage) and ‘grass’ (informer). Criminal and police slang was also used, including 'ringer' (a car thief, also a stolen car with fake plates), 'stoppo' (a getaway car), 'snout' (informant), 'factory' (police station/office), 'fence' (selling stolen goods, also someone who sells stolen goods) and 'fireman' (someone who deals with problems). Many of these slang terms were brought to a wider audience for the first time in The Sweeney, some even entered popular use, but the terms have remained part of the British crime drama landscape.
The Sweeney was shot on 16 mm film, allowing producers to use much smaller and more agile camera crews than shooting on videotape. This made it possible to shoot almost entirely on location for exteriors and interiors, helping to give the series a startling degree of realism and elevating London as a character of its own. Using film also allowed directors to feature many more action sequences. Directors Tom Clegg, Terry Green, Douglas Camfield, David Wickes, Mike Vardy and William Brayne were among the group of "guerrilla filmmakers" that realised the episodes. What they and the crews delivered is a fast-paced series, depicting the Squad's relentless battle against armed robbery; but it also includes a substantial degree of humour. For the period it has a high degree of on-screen violence, and it is not unknown for several deaths to occur in an episode.
Each episode had a budget of £266,000 with an eight-and-a-half-week production schedule: two weeks' pre-production (for casting, finding locations etc.), two weeks' shooting, four weeks' picture editing (the first two weeks of which overlapped with the shoot), two weeks' sound editing and two-and-a-half days' dubbing.
The filming of each episode normally took 10 working days, shooting about five minutes of edited screen time per day. Due to this, the number of different filming locations had to be restricted to 10, i.e. one location per day. At the Euston Films production office in Colet Court, Hammersmith, a standing set of the Flying Squad offices was constructed which provided an alternative option for when inclement weather restricted the day's shooting. Two days would normally be spent filming on the set, equalling 10 minutes of any episode being set in the offices. Shooting took place through the spring, summer, autumn and winter months; exterior night shooting was expensive, and was limited to three minutes of external night material in any episode.
Filming location
Most of the locations used for filming The Sweeney were around the west London area—in particular, Acton, Chiswick, Shepherd's Bush, Hammersmith, Fulham, Earl's Court, Kensington & Chelsea and Notting Hill districts, close to the Euston Films HQ at Colet Court in Hammersmith. The London Docklands, derelict at the time, were ideal for filming location sequences. The opening titles were filmed in Colet Gardens. However, other notable locations in London, the South East of England and further afield were also used for filming the show's episodes and included:
Chertsey/Penton Hook Lock, Surrey - "Thin Ice", "Bad Apple", "On the Run", "Feet of Clay" & "Jack or Knave?".
Battersea - "Jigsaw", "Stoppo Driver", "Faces", "Trap", "Trojan Bus", "Country Boy", "Visiting Fireman", "Tomorrow Man", "May" & "Victims", "Chalk & Cheese" (Craven Arms, Lavender Hill)
Bermondsey - "Regan".
Black Park Country Park, Wexham, Buckinghamshire - "Regan", "Payoff", "On the Run" & "Hearts & Minds".
Dulwich - "Regan", "Ringer".
Dulwich Hamlet F.C. "Ringer".
Gozo/Maltese Archipelago - "Sweeney 2".
Earl's Court - "Bait" (Cromwell Crescent & Logan Place).
Earlsfield - Garratt Lane and Garratt Snooker Club - "Supersnout".
Hammersmith - "Jackpot".
Heathrow - "Golden Boy", "Stoppo Driver" & "Tomorrow Man".
Kingston upon Thames - "Hit and Run" & "Trojan Bus".
Ladbroke Grove - "Hard Men"
Maida Vale - "Night Out". (The Warrington Hotel)
Peckham - "Ringer".
Potters Bar "Big Spender".
Putney/Putney Bridge "Contact Breaker", "Abduction" "Taste of Fear" & "Sweeney 2".
Queens Park Rangers F.C., Loftus Road - "I Want the Man!".
Raynes Park - "Big Spender", "Golden Fleece" & "Victims".
Richmond (River Lane; Leonard Gold's house) -"The Bigger They Are"
Roehampton - "Queen's Pawn", "Golden Fleece" (Bank of England Sports Centre), "Victims" & "Sweeney 2" (Danebury Avenue/Alton Estate).
Sandown Park Racecourse, Esher, Surrey - "Big Spender".
Shepherd's Bush - "Jackpot".
Southall Gas Works - "Faces".
Southwark - "Ringer".
Staines, - "The Placer".
Tooting Bec - "Abduction" (Trinity Road & Tooting Bec Tube Station).
Twickenham - "The Placer", "Golden Fleece" (Twickenham Stadium) & "Bad Apple".
Uxbridge - "Thou Shalt Not Kill" (Brunel University) & "Bad Apple".
Wandsworth - "Queens Pawn", "Jigsaw", "Abduction", "Country Boy", "Tomorrow Man", "May", "Drag Act" & "Sweeney 2".
White City - "May" (White City Stadium).
Wimbledon - "Contact Breaker" (Wimbledon Stadium), "Stay Lucky, Eh?" "May", "Lady Luck" & "Money, Money, Money".
Wokingham, Berkshire - "Thin Ice".
Series overview
Episodes
Series 1 (1975)
Series 2 (1975)
Series 3 (1976)
Series 4 (1978)
Films
The cinematic versions of The Sweeney feature the same actors and characters as the TV series, however both films have levels of swearing, violence, sex and nudity that would not have been possible on television at the time.
Sweeney! (1977)
In Sweeney!, Regan and Carter become involved in a plot which shares similarities to the 1963 Profumo affair and British actor Barry Foster features as an American socialite loosely based on Stephen Ward. Made in 1976, and released in 1977, the film appears to be set in 1979. On screen and in-film references include the line "The same damned speech you made in 1978" and a large banner at the OPEC delegates meeting features the convention's logo and the year "1979". This suggests that the events of the film occur after the end of the television series chronologically, assuming series 4 is set in 1978 as broadcast.
Sweeney 2 (1978)
In Sweeney 2, Regan and Carter are on the trail of particularly violent armed criminals. The gang has carried out several successful bank and payroll robberies all over London and killed anyone that gets in their way, even their own members. Regan and Carter are assigned the case as a last order from Detective Chief Superintendent Jupp (Denholm Elliott) before he resigns to face allegations of corruption in the courts.
2012 Reboot
In director Nick Love's film, the characters from the original series are re-imagined, and the setting and action are moved to the early 21st Century. The Sweeney (2012) stars Ray Winstone as Regan, Ben Drew as Carter and Damian Lewis as Haskins.
In the UK, The Guardian's Steve Rose gave Nick Love's film a one star review, saying that "rather than upgrading the 1970s TV favourite, it (the 2012 film) treats it like a stolen car – to be stripped down, resprayed and erased of identifying features. Only the brand name has been retained."
The 2012 film was remade in France as The Squad (2015), also known as The Sweeney: Paris.
Music
The title theme music and end credit reprise were both written by Harry South, a key figure in British jazz during the 1950s and 1960s.
Dave Gelly writing in The Guardian called South's title music "the most emblematic TV theme of its day".
Incidental and background music for the series was selected from off-the-shelf production music libraries, including De Wolfe, KPM, Bruton and Chappell. In 2001 a soundtrack album Shut it! The Music of The Sweeney was released and in contains a large selection of the incidental music used in the programme, some augmented with classic pieces of dialogue from various episodes. Also included on the album is the main title theme music from the first feature film, Sweeney!.
Books
Nine books were written and released in 1977 published by Futura Publications Ltd.
The Sweeney
Regan and the Manhattan File
Regan and the Deal of the Century
Regan and the Lebanese Shipment
Regan and the Human Pipeline
Regan and the Bent Stripper
Regan and the Snout Who Cried Wolf
Regan and the Venetian Virgin
Regan and the High Rollers
The first three books were written by Ian Kennedy Martin, the rest by Joe Balham. The plots of the books are not taken from any of the television episodes; overall, the tone of the books differs somewhat from the television series in that Regan is usually depicted as working alone, and his relationship with Carter is distinctly unfriendly.
Popular culture
In 1977, the BBC responded to the success of The Sweeney on ITV and commissioned its own hard-hitting police series, Target. It was heavily criticised for the levels of violence and the BBC cancelled it after just two series.
The repeat of the episode "Selected Target" on 21 December 1978 recorded the highest viewing figure of the series, with 19.05 million people watching. This coincided with a 24-hour strike at the BBC.
The Sweeney is mentioned in the song "Wow!" by Kate Bush.; and "Cool For Cats" by Squeeze.
In the orange-tinted photographs that are shown in the closing credits for Series 1–3, an enlarged set of fingerprints is displayed on a board behind Detective Chief Inspector Haskins.
Reference is made to The Sweeney in the Black Books episode "The Blackout".
Regan and Carter appear briefly as part of a stakeout operation in one of the novelizations of the TV series The Professionals.
Scotland Yard's real Flying Squad lost an important surveillance technique when The Sweeney exposed their use of the roadside tents erected by telephone engineers, who would place them over open manholes in the street to protect them from the weather. These tents are frequently shown in the series as hideaways for keeping a covert eye on suspects.
A two-part 1998 instalment of Diagnosis: Murder, "Obsession", features lead villains named Carter Sweeney and Regan Sweeney.
The creators of the show Life on Mars and its sequel, Ashes to Ashes, have often stated that The Sweeney was a big influence on both programmes.
To date, only one episode of The Sweeney has been shown on the BBC. It was shown on 31 May 1993 as part of the "Cops On The Box" segment of BBC Two's "Crime And Punishment" season. The episode broadcast was "Supersnout". It was introduced by Shaw Taylor, better known for his Police 5 series on ITV.
In the UK, repeats were shown on UK Gold and Channel 5 in the 1990s. In the 2020s, episodes are repeated most weekdays on ITV4.
Detectives on the edge of a nervous breakdown
The 1993 Comic Strip film Detectives on the Edge of a Nervous Breakdown features a character introduced as "Shouting George from The Weeny" (played by Jim Broadbent).
Comics
In 1977 and 1978, publishers Brown Watson (who specialised in annuals based on TV series) published two editions of The Sweeney Annual featuring a mix of comic strips (some with art by Brian Lewis) and illustrated text stories, interspersed with occasional features on the TV series, articles about policing, puzzles and (in the 1978 annual) an interview with John Thaw and Dennis Waterman.
In the early 1980s, the comic Jackpot featured a strip called "The Teeny Sweeney" which was originally drawn by J. Edward Oliver. A trio of schoolboys played at being plain-clothes policemen, with two of them looking like little versions of Regan and Carter. They even had "Flying Squad" written on the side of their cartie. Their attempts at being helpful, however, almost always ended in disaster.
TV Advert
A TV ad for the Nissan Almera car in the late 1990s had two characters similar to Carter and Regan racing through London to deal with a "bank job". A suspicious group of men have entered a bank dressed as painters. As "Carter" races the car through the streets, "Regan" keeps bellowing at him and others to "Shut it!"
At one stage, "Regan" shouts "Mark it!", which is slang for following a suspect, but in this case, means "market" as "Carter" drives erratically through a market place. "Carter" tells "Regan" to stop shouting, to which "Regan" barks the reply "I can't!".
When they burst into the bank, it turns out that the men are genuine painters and that "Regan", their guv (or boss), is there to tell them that they have the wrong sort of white paint(!) "Carter" says, "Think we'd better go back to the yard, guv, and get some more." "Shut up!"
One of the painters talks in a squeaky-like voice and is called "Squealer", which is slang for informant.
Home releases
The complete TV series of The Sweeney was released by Network on 14 DVDs in 2005. This release did not include the pilot film Regan or either of the two feature films.
Regan was released on DVD in November 2005.
Both films, Sweeney! and Sweeney 2, have also been released on DVD.
In 2007 Network released an 18-disc box-set containing Regan, all four television series and both feature films. The box-set also contains exclusive extras, listed below:
Regan:
Introduction by Ian Kennedy-Martin.
Commentary with Dennis Waterman, producer Ted Childs and director Tom Clegg.
Series One:
Interview with creator Ian Kennedy-Martin.
Commentaries with Dennis Waterman, Garfield Morgan, producer Ted Childs, writers Trevor Preston and Troy Kennedy-Martin, directors Tom Clegg and David Wickes and editor Chris Burt.
"Thick as Thieves" episode and "Special Branch" episode.
Episode introductions by guest stars Warren Mitchell, Wanda Ventham, Prunella Gee, John Forgeham, Billy Murray, Tony Selby and Dudley Sutton.
Restoring The Sweeney
Series Two:
Interview with stunt arranger Peter Brayham.
"Wild Boys" featurette.
The Sweeney annual PDF.
Interview with writer Roger Marshall.
"Golden Fleece" episode script PDF.
Episode introductions by guest stars Bill Maynard, Gwen Taylor, James Booth, Ken Hutchison and Lynda Bellingham.
Sweeney! film trailer with introduction by Lynda Bellingham.
Sweeney! film promotional gallery.
Series Three:
"Redcap" episode.
"Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show" 1976 sketch.
"Strange Report" episode.
Episode introductions by guest stars Geraldine James, Steven Pacey, George Sweeney, Nadim Sawalha, Tina Heath and John Lyons.
"ITV – This is Your Life" clip from 1976 Thames trailer.
"Evening News Film Awards" clip.
The Sweeney 1977 Annual PDF
Series Four:
"The Electric Theatre Show" interviews with John Thaw, Dennis Waterman and Ted Childs.
"This is Your Life – John Thaw" extract.
"This is Your Life – Dennis Waterman" extract.
Series 4 textless titles with dual sound.
Episode introductions by guest stars James Warrior, George Sewell, Jenny Runacre, Nick Stringer, Gary Morecambe and Peter Wight.
Sweeney film trailer with introduction by Ken Hutchison and James Warrior.
Sweeney 2 promotional gallery PDF.
Out-takes.
The Sweeney 1978 Annual PDF.
Stills gallery Extract from "Behind the Sunshine" PDF, recounting the making of "Hearts and Minds".
Sweeney! and Sweeney 2:
Commentary on Sweeney! with Ted Childs, Ranald Graham and David Wickes.
Commentary on Sweeney 2 with Ted Childs and Tom Clegg.
Textless material.
These extras are exclusive to the boxset.
All four series one are now available as Region 1 (North America) DVDs.
Blu-ray Release
In 2012, the first series was released on high-definition Blu-ray by Network. For this release the original 16 mm film negatives were scanned in HD and comprehensively restored by BBC Studios and Post Production.
The pilot episode Regan was also given a Blu-ray release by Network at roughly the same time.
In September 2018, Network confirmed via Twitter that Blu-ray releases of Series 2 to 4 had been abandoned due to "lack of demand".
References
Further reading
Manuel Alvarado and John Stewart, Made for Television: Euston Films Limited. London: Methuen/BFI, 1985. .
Robert Fairclough and Mike Kenwood, Sweeney! The Official Companion. London: Reynolds & Hearn Ltd., 2002. . (review).
Dennis Waterman, Reminder. Hutchinson, 2000. .
Martin Day and Keith Topping, Shut It! Virgin Books, 1999. .
Mike Kenwood and George Williams, Fags, Blags, Slags & Jags: the Sweeney. The Unofficial Companion to the TV Series, 1998. No ISBN.
Troy Kennedy Martin, "Four of a Kind", in: H.R.F. Keating, ed., Crime Writers. London: BBC, 1978. .
Andrew Pixley, "The Sweeney: Compulsive Viewing", in: Prime Time Magazine, issue 13. London: WTVA ("Wider Television Access"), circa 1984. .
External links
The Sweeney at Nostalgia Central
The Sweeney ranked
Ian Kennedy-Martin, The Sweeney: a preamble
David Wickes: The Sweeney
1975 British television series debuts
1978 British television series endings
1970s British crime television series
1970s British police procedural television series
1970s British workplace drama television series
British detective television series
English-language television shows
ITV crime dramas
Robbery in television
Television shows produced by Thames Television
Television series by Euston Films
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Television shows adapted into films
Television shows adapted into novels
Television shows set in London |
The Judges of the Supreme Court of Norfolk IslandSupreme Court of Norfolk Island are generally appointed from among Justices of the Federal Court who may sit on the Australian mainland or they may convene the court on Norfolk Island depending on the type of matter they may be dealing with.
Supreme Court sittings are generally conducted on a circuit court basis with Judges attending on Norfolk Island where the volume of work may be sufficient to justify the travel or where a regular court sitting has not been convened for some time or where the law governing a particular matter may require that the court be convened on Norfolk Island and not elsewhere (e.g. most criminal law matters except sexual offences which may now be tried off-island).
The Court staff are generally resident on Norfolk Island.
List of Judges (including Chief Justices)
References
Supreme Court of Norfolk Island |
Scandinavica: An international journal of Scandinavian studies is a semiannual journal of Scandinavian studies.
Scandinavian studies
Biannual journals
European studies journals
Academic journals established in 1962 |
Christian Stray (14 January 1894 – 31 July 1981) was a Norwegian lawyer and politician for the Liberal Party.
He was born in Christianssand as a son of timber merchant and shipowner Thorkild Marthinius Stray (1852–1912) and his wife Marie Nodeland (1859–1947). He finished his secondary education at Christianssand Cathedral School in 1912, and graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1919. From 1918 to 1919 he chaired the student's society Juristforeningen. In between he had served in the Royal Norwegian Navy, and held the rank of premier lieutenant from 1918. From 1919 to 1920 he was a subeditor of newspaper Norske Intelligenz-Seddeler, and from 1920 to 1923 he was a secretary in the Ministry of Justice and auxiliary judge in Sunnfjord District Court. In 1923 he settled in Arendal as an attorney; from 1927 a barrister with access to work with Supreme Court cases.
In March 1921 in Sandnes he married Sigrid Kluge. In 1924 they had the daughter Signe Marie; she married later Chief Justice Rolv Ryssdal in 1954.
Stray became involved in politics while studying. He was deputy mayor of Tromøy from 1928 to 1931, and mayor from 1931 to 1934. He was then a regular member of the municipal council from 1934 to 1945. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Aust-Agder in 1933 and 1936, serving two terms. He was a member of the Standing Committee on Justice. In 1939 he became a national board member of the Liberal Party. His position was suspended in 1940, as Parliament and all political parties save Nasjonal Samling were prohibited, as a part of the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany. Stray himself was arrested by the Nazis on 22 February 1944. After some time in Kristiansand prison, he was incarcerated at Grini concentration camp from 11 March to 7 September. He was released then, but the Nazis intended to arrest him again on 1 November the same year. However, because of Stray's health at the time, it was decided to keep him in house arrest. He was liberated at the war's end in May 1945.
After the war he returned as mayor of Tromøy from 1956 to 1959. He was also chairman of the committee that prepared the Tromøy Bridge from 1938 to 1961, as well as of the board in the Arendal newspaper Agderposten. He was the sole owner of the newspaper for many years, having started in 1936 when he, together with two associates, took over Agderposten by buying shares in the company with the same name. It was inherited by his daughter. He died in July 1981.
References
1894 births
1981 deaths
Politicians from Kristiansand
People from Arendal
People educated at Kristiansand Cathedral School
20th-century Norwegian lawyers
Mayors of places in Aust-Agder
Members of the Storting
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian resistance members
Grini concentration camp survivors
Stray family |
Jonathan Haskel (born 13 August 1963) is a British economist, and professor of economics at Imperial College Business School.
Haskel currently serves as board member of the UK Statistics Authority, a member of the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee and a member of the Financial Conduct Authority Competition Decisions Committee and the Payment System Regulator Enforcement and Competition Decisions Committee.
Early life
Haskel is the son of Simon Haskel and the grandson of Isaac Haskel. He was educated at King's College School. He studied Economics at the University of Bristol (BSc) and at the London School of Economics (MSc and PhD), with his PhD under the supervision of Christopher Pissarides.
Academic career
Prior to joining Imperial College London, Haskel was a professor and head of the economics department at Queen Mary University of London.
Haskel has taught at the University of Bristol and London Business School and been a visiting professor at the Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, US; Stern School of Business, New York University, US; and visiting researcher at the Australian National University.
Haskel is a professor of economics at Imperial College Business School, specialising in innovation and productivity.
Other roles
In February 2016 he was appointed as a non-executive director of the UK Statistics Authority.
In September 2015, Haskel has been appointed as a member of the Financial Conduct Authority Competition Decisions Committee and the Payment System Regulator Enforcement and Competition Decisions Committee.
In May 2018, it was announced that Haskel would become a member of the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee (MPC), replacing Ian McCafferty from 1 September. There were four women on the five-person shortlist. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2018 Birthday Honours.
Publications
Capitalism Without Capital: The Rise of the Intangible Economy (co-author, Stian Westlake)
Personal life
He is married to the artist Sue Haskel, and they have two daughters.
References
External links
https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.haskel personal page at Imperial College Business School
https://ideas.repec.org/e/pha161.html RePEc research papers
Living people
Monetary Policy Committee members
British economists
Academics of Imperial College London
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
1963 births
People educated at King's College School, London
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Alumni of the London School of Economics |
The Sava Hills () are the eastern part of the Slovene Prealps. They are oriented in the east-west direction and are located to the north and south of the Sava River in central and eastern Slovenia, among the Ljubljana Basin to the west, the Celje Basin to the north, the Lower Carniola valley system and the Krško Basin to the south, and the Sotla Hills to the east. They cover an area of and are the largest Slovenian mesoregion.
The region has an average elevation of only , and an average inclination of 16.6°. It is water-rich, because the ground contains copious impermeable rocks, particularly sandstone and conglomerate at lower elevations, whereas at higher elevations, it mainly consists of limestone and dolomite. Predominantly deciduous forest covers almost two thirds of the area. The Sava flows through its central part from the west to the east. Notable rises along it are Kum () to the south of the Sava, Mount Čemšenik (), Javor (), and Mrzlica () to the north of the Sava and to the west of the Savinja River, and Bohor () and Lisca () to the north of the Sava and the east of the Savinja. The Savinja flows through the hills transversely from the Celje Basin and joins the Sava at Zidani Most.
About 135,000 people live in the Sava Hills. The settlements Litija in the Litija Basin and Trbovlje, Zagorje ob Savi, and Hrastnik in the narrow Central Sava Valley are known by their mining and timber rafting past and the energetics industry. The town of Radeče at the beginning of the wider Lower Sava Valley is known after paper industry. Other economic activities in the region are services, forestry, and livestock production. A railroad links places along the Sava and another one links places along the Savinja, both joining at Zidani Most. Since 2005, a highway crosses the northern Sava Hills and connects the Ljubljana Basin and the Celje Basin through the Trojane Tunnel. A historically important old road crosses them over the Trojane Pass ().
References
External links
Hills of Slovenia
Sava basin
Natura 2000 in Slovenia |
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The Cold Lands is a 2013 drama film directed by Tom Gilroy. It stars Silas Yelich as Atticus Garfield, Lili Taylor as his mother Nicole, and Peter Scanavino as Carter.
The film premiered in February 2013 at the Berlin Film Festival and was screened at various festivals throughout 2013 and 2014.
Plot
After 11-year-old Atticus Garfield's (Silas Yelich) mother Nichole (Lili Taylor) dies suddenly, Atticus runs away from home to live in the Catskills by himself, surviving on whatever he can find. While dealing with his mother's death and living alone in the wilderness, Atticus encounters a hippie named Carter (Peter Scanavino), who sells necklaces at festivals and lives in his car. The two become dependent on each other, though neither is comfortable with the alliance.
Cast
Silas Yelich as Atticus Garfield
Lili Taylor as Nicole
Maggie Low as Maggie
Peter Scanavino as Carter
Nick Sandow as Foreman
John Ventimiglia as Jackson
Trace Henderson as Addison
Jonathan Gatt as Cashier
Deb Monteith as EMT
Peter Rufa as Grillman
Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 64% based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 6.35/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
The A.V. Club reviewer Emily VanDerWerff gave The Cold Lands a B− rating, stating, "There are the bones of the stereotypical “loser has his life turned around by a kid” story here, but Gilroy takes all of this to a more realistic, more interesting place, and he manages to find an ending for the story that offers a touch of optimism but doesn't feel like a cheat."
Accolades
Nashville Film Festival - 2013, Special Jury Prize - Promising Actor (Silas Yelich)
São Paulo International Film Festival - 2013, Best Feature Film (Nominated)
Soundtrack
Michael Stipe has worked with Director/Screenwriter Tom Gilroy on a variety of projects for decades. Stipe agreed to create the soundtrack for The Cold Lands'', which was his first work since R.E.M. disbanded in 2011. However, the final original score heard in the film was composed by Hahn Rowe, known for his work with the band Hugo Largo. The song heard in the opening and closing credits is "Rhymes of an Hour" by Mazzy Star.
References
External links
2013 films
American drama films
2013 drama films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films |
Ugo Mulas (28 August 1928 – 2 March 1973) was an Italian photographer noted for his portraits of artists and his street photography.
Life and work
Ugo Mulas was born on August 28, 1928, in Pozzolengo, province of Brescia. He began his studies in law in 1948 in Milan, but left to take art courses at the Brera Fine Arts Academy. Soon, he started shooting reports on life of Milan's suburbs. Upon joining the regulars at the legendary "Jamaica" bar, he became part of the art and fashion community. In 1954 he was asked to cover the Venice Biennale, his first professional assignment. He went on to photograph every Venice Biennale through 1972 and to document his work in an art book. Mulas worked for such Italian publications as Settimo Giorno, Rivista Pirelli, Domus, Vogue.
Mulas also did commercial work for advertising campaigns including clients such as Pirelli and Olivetti. In 1959 in Florence, he discovered Veruschka who later became a well-known model and artist. While covering the Spoleto Festival in 1962, he befriended sculptor Alexander Calder, who later became a major subject of Mulas' photography and writings.
While photographing the 1964 Venice Biennale, Mulas met several American artists, art critics, and the art dealer Leo Castelli. This meeting led to his travel to New York City and his documentation of the Pop art scene. This trip to New York and Mulas' resulting book and exhibits, New York, the New Art Scene became his best known work. The exhibit included enlargements of Mulas' contact sheets and environmental portraits of Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Barnett Newman and Roy Lichtenstein. In the 1960s, he also worked in graphic design and wrote art books.
In the late 1960s, Mulas became interested in theater and worked on many productions at Milan's Piccola Scala Theater and Teatro Comunale di Bologna. His photography of that period was full of experiments, in the shootings of that time he "played" with the composition, plot, framing, looking for a new artistic language. Mulas was described by his contemporaries as a man who, through photography, tried to understand the depths of human souls.
In 1970, Mulas started working on the series La Verifiche that turned out to be his last — he was diagnosed with cancer in the same year. In early 1973, Mulas released his last book La Photographie, where he collected and summed up all his ideas and thoughts on art and photography. Aged 45, Mulas died in Milan on March 2, 1973.
Legacy
The indie band, Spoon chose Mulas' 1963 portrait of American sculptor Lee Bontecou for their 2007 CD, Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga.
Publications
New York; the new art scene. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967.
David Smith in Italy. By David Smith and Mulas. Charta, 1997. .
Vent'anni di Biennale, 1954–1972. Mondadori, 1988. .
Calder. By Mulas and H. Harvard Arnason. Studio, 1971. .
Calder. By Mulas. Milan: Officina Libraria, 2008. .
References
General references
Ugo Mulas. By Germano Celant. Federico Motta Editore, 1993. .
External links
Portrait photographers
Photographers from Milan
1928 births
1973 deaths
Brera Academy alumni |
Pugny () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Moncoutant-sur-Sèvre.
See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department
References
Former communes of Deux-Sèvres |
Kim Seung-kew (also Kim Seung-gyu; born July 20, 1944, in Gwangyang, Korea) is a South Korean politician, lawyer and jurist who had served as the Minister of Justice from July 2004 to July 2005, and became the Director of the National Intelligence Service on July 5, 2005.
Kim Seung-kew was born in Gwangyang city of South Jeolla Province of the Republic of Korea. He finished schooling at Suncheon city Mesan High School, and graduated from the Seoul National University, Law Department, BL.
Career
1970 - 12th Korean Bar,
1999 - Head of Public Prosecutors' Office at Suwon,
2001 - 42nd Deputy Minister of Justice of Korea,
2002 - Vice Chief Public Prosecutor of the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office of Korea,
2002 - Chief Public Prosecutor of the Pusan Higher Public Prosecutor's Office,
2004 - 56th Minister of Justice of Korea,
2005 - 27th Director of the National Intelligence Service of Korea.
At the moment - LOGOS Law Firm.
See also
Politics of South Korea
Government of South Korea
References
1944 births
Living people
People from South Jeolla Province
20th-century South Korean lawyers
Seoul National University School of Law alumni
Justice ministers of South Korea
Directors of the National Intelligence Service (South Korea)
South Korean prosecutors |
```xml
import 'rxjs-compat/add/operator/windowToggle';
``` |
William Frank Reichenbach Jr. (born November 30, 1949) is an American jazz trombonist and composer. He is the son of Bill Reichenbach, who was the drummer for Charlie Byrd from 1962 to 1973. He is best known as a session musician for television, films, cartoons, and commercials. He primarily specializes in playing the bass trombone, however, he is also proficient in playing other instruments such as the tenor trombone, contrabass trombone, euphonium, and tuba.
In 1997 he recorded a solo album, Special Edition, where he is featured on tenor as well as bass trombone.
Early life and career
Reichenbach Jr. was born and raised in Takoma Park, Maryland. He began playing in high school for bands in the Washington, D.C. area, and also sat in with his father's group, where he played with Milt Jackson, Zoot Sims, and others.
He went to Rochester, New York to study at the Eastman School of Music with the legendary teacher Emory Remington, and after graduating, joined the Buddy Rich band.
In 1975, he decided to relocate to Los Angeles, where he would play with the Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band and the Don Menza Big Band and Sextet in the mid/late 1970s. After his move, he became known for music for television and film.
He played trombone on The Wiz and, with the Seawind Horns including Jerry Hey, on Michael Jackson's albums Off the Wall and Thriller. He also acted as a composer for Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue.
Bill Reichenbach is a Greenhoe Trombones Performing Artist, performing on a GC5-2R-TIS Bass Trombone with Tuning-in-Slide.
Collaborations
Heartbreaker - Dolly Parton (1978)
Songbird - Barbra Streisand (1978)
...Too - Carole Bayer Sager (1978)
Prisoner - Cher (1979)
Bad Girls - Donna Summer (1979)
Minnie - Minnie Riperton (1979)
We're the Best of Friends - Peabo Bryson, Natalie Cole (1979)
Brenda Russell - Brenda Russell (1979)
Off the Wall - Michael Jackson (1979)
This Time - Al Jarreau (1980)
9 to 5 and Odd Jobs - Dolly Parton (1980)
One Bad Habit - Michael Franks (1980)
Bi-Coastal - Peter Allen (1980)
21 at 33 - Elton John (1980)
Breakin' Away - Al Jarreau (1981)
What Cha' Gonna Do for Me - Chaka Khan (1981)
Betty Wright - Betty Wright (1981)
Love All the Hurt Away - Aretha Franklin (1981)
Secret Combination - Randy Crawford (1981)
Donna Summer - Donna Summer (1982)
Thriller - Michael Jackson (1982)
Heartbreak Express - Dolly Parton (1982)
Stay with Me Tonight - Jeffrey Osborne (1983)
Jarreau - Al Jarreau (1983)
Swordfishtrombones - Tom Waits (1983)
Patti Austin - Patti Austin (1984)
High Crime - Al Jarreau (1984)
A Private Heaven - Sheena Easton (1984)
The Heart of the Matter - Kenny Rogers (1985)
Mathematics - Melissa Manchester (1985)
Hold Me - Laura Branigan (1985)
Like a Rock - Bob Seger (1986)
Swing Street - Barry Manilow (1987)
Richard Marx - Richard Marx (1987)
The Rumour - Olivia Newton-John (1988)
One Love: One Dream - Jeffrey Osborne (1988)
Heart's Horizon - Al Jarreau (1988)
Naked to the World - Teena Marie (1988)
The Best Years of Our Lives - Neil Diamond (1988)
In the City of Angels - Jon Anderson (1988)
Land of Dreams - Randy Newman (1988)
As Good as It Gets - Deniece Williams (1988)
Can't Fight Fate - Taylor Dayne (1989)
Special Love - Deniece Williams (1989)
Kiss Me with the Wind - Brenda Russell (1990)
Unforgettable... with Love - Natalie Cole (1991)
Real Love - Lisa Stansfield (1991)
The Hunter - Jennifer Warnes (1992)
World Falling Down - Peter Cetera (1992)
In Tribute - Diane Schuur (1992)
Change Your World - Michael W. Smith (1992)
Rendezvous - Christopher Cross (1992)
Duets - Elton John (1993)
Dreams Beyond Control - Spyro Gyra (1993)
Wagamama na Actress - Miho Nakayama (1993)
That Secret Place - Patti Austin (1994)
The Tattooed Heart - Aaron Neville (1995)
Dreaming of You - Selena (1995)
This Is The Time: The Christmas Album - Michael Bolton (1996)
Falling into You - Céline Dion (1996)
Lisa Stansfield - Lisa Stansfield (1997)
Across from Midnight - Joe Cocker (1997)
Standing Together - George Benson (1998)
A Christmas to Remember - Amy Grant (1999)
Snowfall on the Sahara - Natalie Cole (1999)
Tomorrow Today - Al Jarreau (2000)
Love, Shelby - Shelby Lynne (2001)
Cry - Faith Hill (2002)
All I Got - Al Jarreau (2002)
Reason - Melanie C (2003)
The Evening of My Best Day - Rickie Lee Jones (2003)
Rock Swings - Paul Anka (2005)
B.B. King & Friends: 80 - B.B. King (2005)
It's Time - Michael Bublé (2005)
Cool Yule - Bette Midler (2006)
Harps and Angels - Randy Newman (2008)
One of the Boys - Katy Perry (2008)
Home Before Dark - Neil Diamond (2008)
The Boy Who Knew Too Much - Mika (2009)
Patrizio - Patrizio Buanne (2009)
Illuminations - Josh Groban (2010)
To Be Loved - Michael Bublé (2013)
Paradise Valley - John Mayer (2013)
Storytone - Neil Young (2014)
It's the Girls! - Bette Midler (2014)
Standards'' - Seal (2017)
References
External links
1949 births
American session musicians
American television composers
American jazz trombonists
Male trombonists
Living people
People from Takoma Park, Maryland
Eastman School of Music alumni
Jazz musicians from Maryland
21st-century trombonists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians |
Canworthy Water () is a settlement in northeast Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated beside the River Ottery at approximately seven miles (11 km) northeast of Camelford.
Canworthy Water is mainly in the civil parish of Warbstow (Detached), with parts north of the River Ottery in Jacobstow civil parish.
The original village of Canworthy () is north of the river Ottery and the more modern, and subsequently larger village, Canworthy Water () is located on the river.
References
Villages in Cornwall |
```objective-c
/* -*- mode: C++; c-basic-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*- */
// vim: ft=cpp:expandtab:ts=8:sw=4:softtabstop=4:
#ident "$Id$"
/*
COPYING CONDITIONS NOTICE:
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
published by the Free Software Foundation, and provided that the
following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain this COPYING
CONDITIONS NOTICE, the COPYRIGHT NOTICE (below), the
DISCLAIMER (below), the UNIVERSITY PATENT NOTICE (below), the
PATENT MARKING NOTICE (below), and the PATENT RIGHTS
GRANT (below).
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce this COPYING
CONDITIONS NOTICE, the COPYRIGHT NOTICE (below), the
DISCLAIMER (below), the UNIVERSITY PATENT NOTICE (below), the
PATENT MARKING NOTICE (below), and the PATENT RIGHTS
GRANT (below) in the documentation and/or other materials
provided with the distribution.
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
02110-1301, USA.
COPYRIGHT NOTICE:
TokuDB, Tokutek Fractal Tree Indexing Library.
DISCLAIMER:
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
UNIVERSITY PATENT NOTICE:
The technology is licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, and the Research
Foundation of State University of New York at Stony Brook under
United States of America Serial No. 11/760379 and to the patents
and/or patent applications resulting from it.
PATENT MARKING NOTICE:
This software is covered by US Patent No. 8,185,551.
This software is covered by US Patent No. 8,489,638.
PATENT RIGHTS GRANT:
"THIS IMPLEMENTATION" means the copyrightable works distributed by
Tokutek as part of the Fractal Tree project.
"PATENT CLAIMS" means the claims of patents that are owned or
licensable by Tokutek, both currently or in the future; and that in
the absence of this license would be infringed by THIS
IMPLEMENTATION or by using or running THIS IMPLEMENTATION.
"PATENT CHALLENGE" shall mean a challenge to the validity,
patentability, enforceability and/or non-infringement of any of the
PATENT CLAIMS or otherwise opposing any of the PATENT CLAIMS.
Tokutek hereby grants to you, for the term and geographical scope of
the PATENT CLAIMS, a non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free,
irrevocable (except as stated in this section) patent license to
make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import, transfer, and
otherwise run, modify, and propagate the contents of THIS
IMPLEMENTATION, where such license applies only to the PATENT
CLAIMS. This grant does not include claims that would be infringed
only as a consequence of further modifications of THIS
IMPLEMENTATION. If you or your agent or licensee institute or order
or agree to the institution of patent litigation against any entity
(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
THIS IMPLEMENTATION constitutes direct or contributory patent
infringement, or inducement of patent infringement, then any rights
such litigation is filed. If you or your agent or exclusive
licensee institute or order or agree to the institution of a PATENT
CHALLENGE, then Tokutek may terminate any rights granted to you
*/
#ident "The technology is licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, and the Research Foundation of State University of New York at Stony Brook under United States of America Serial No. 11/760379 and to the patents and/or patent applications resulting from it."
#if !defined(HA_TOKUDB_H)
#define HA_TOKUDB_H
#include <db.h>
#include "hatoku_cmp.h"
#define HA_TOKU_ORIG_VERSION 4
#define HA_TOKU_VERSION 4
//
// no capabilities yet
//
#define HA_TOKU_CAP 0
class ha_tokudb;
typedef struct loader_context {
THD* thd;
char write_status_msg[200];
ha_tokudb* ha;
} *LOADER_CONTEXT;
//
// This object stores table information that is to be shared
// among all ha_tokudb objects.
// There is one instance per table, shared among threads.
// Some of the variables here are the DB* pointers to indexes,
// and auto increment information.
//
class TOKUDB_SHARE {
public:
void init(void);
void destroy(void);
public:
char *table_name;
uint table_name_length, use_count;
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
THR_LOCK lock;
ulonglong auto_ident;
ulonglong last_auto_increment, auto_inc_create_value;
//
// estimate on number of rows in table
//
ha_rows rows;
//
// estimate on number of rows added in the process of a locked tables
// this is so we can better estimate row count during a lock table
//
ha_rows rows_from_locked_table;
DB *status_block;
//
// DB that is indexed on the primary key
//
DB *file;
//
// array of all DB's that make up table, includes DB that
// is indexed on the primary key, add 1 in case primary
// key is hidden
//
DB *key_file[MAX_KEY +1];
rw_lock_t key_file_lock;
uint status, version, capabilities;
uint ref_length;
//
// whether table has an auto increment column
//
bool has_auto_inc;
//
// index of auto increment column in table->field, if auto_inc exists
//
uint ai_field_index;
//
// whether the primary key has a string
//
bool pk_has_string;
KEY_AND_COL_INFO kc_info;
//
// we want the following optimization for bulk loads, if the table is empty,
// attempt to grab a table lock. emptiness check can be expensive,
// so we try it once for a table. After that, we keep this variable around
// to tell us to not try it again.
//
bool try_table_lock;
bool has_unique_keys;
bool replace_into_fast;
rw_lock_t num_DBs_lock;
uint32_t num_DBs;
pthread_cond_t m_openclose_cond;
enum { CLOSED, OPENING, OPENED, CLOSING, ERROR } m_state;
int m_error;
int m_initialize_count;
uint n_rec_per_key;
uint64_t *rec_per_key;
};
typedef struct st_filter_key_part_info {
uint offset;
uint part_index;
} FILTER_KEY_PART_INFO;
typedef enum {
lock_read = 0,
lock_write
} TABLE_LOCK_TYPE;
// the number of rows bulk fetched in one callback grows exponentially
// with the bulk fetch iteration, so the max iteration is the max number
// of shifts we can perform on a 64 bit integer.
#define HA_TOKU_BULK_FETCH_ITERATION_MAX 63
class ha_tokudb : public handler {
private:
THR_LOCK_DATA lock; ///< MySQL lock
TOKUDB_SHARE *share; ///< Shared lock info
#ifdef MARIADB_BASE_VERSION
// MariaDB version of MRR
DsMrr_impl ds_mrr;
#elif 50600 <= MYSQL_VERSION_ID && MYSQL_VERSION_ID <= 50699
// MySQL version of MRR
DsMrr_impl ds_mrr;
#endif
// For ICP. Cache our own copies
Item* toku_pushed_idx_cond;
uint toku_pushed_idx_cond_keyno; /* The index which the above condition is for */
bool icp_went_out_of_range;
//
// last key returned by ha_tokudb's cursor
//
DBT last_key;
//
// pointer used for multi_alloc of key_buff, key_buff2, primary_key_buff
//
void *alloc_ptr;
//
// buffer used to temporarily store a "packed row"
// data pointer of a DBT will end up pointing to this
// see pack_row for usage
//
uchar *rec_buff;
//
// number of bytes allocated in rec_buff
//
ulong alloced_rec_buff_length;
//
// same as above two, but for updates
//
uchar *rec_update_buff;
ulong alloced_update_rec_buff_length;
uint32_t max_key_length;
uchar* range_query_buff; // range query buffer
uint32_t size_range_query_buff; // size of the allocated range query buffer
uint32_t bytes_used_in_range_query_buff; // number of bytes used in the range query buffer
uint32_t curr_range_query_buff_offset; // current offset into the range query buffer for queries to read
uint64_t bulk_fetch_iteration;
uint64_t rows_fetched_using_bulk_fetch;
bool doing_bulk_fetch;
bool maybe_index_scan;
//
// buffer used to temporarily store a "packed key"
// data pointer of a DBT will end up pointing to this
//
uchar *key_buff;
//
// buffer used to temporarily store a "packed key"
// data pointer of a DBT will end up pointing to this
// This is used in functions that require the packing
// of more than one key
//
uchar *key_buff2;
uchar *key_buff3;
uchar *key_buff4;
//
// buffer used to temporarily store a "packed key"
// data pointer of a DBT will end up pointing to this
// currently this is only used for a primary key in
// the function update_row, hence the name. It
// does not carry any state throughout the class.
//
uchar *primary_key_buff;
//
// ranges of prelocked area, used to know how much to bulk fetch
//
uchar *prelocked_left_range;
uint32_t prelocked_left_range_size;
uchar *prelocked_right_range;
uint32_t prelocked_right_range_size;
//
// individual DBTs for each index
//
DBT_ARRAY mult_key_dbt_array[2*(MAX_KEY + 1)];
DBT_ARRAY mult_rec_dbt_array[MAX_KEY + 1];
uint32_t mult_put_flags[MAX_KEY + 1];
uint32_t mult_del_flags[MAX_KEY + 1];
uint32_t mult_dbt_flags[MAX_KEY + 1];
//
// when unpacking blobs, we need to store it in a temporary
// buffer that will persist because MySQL just gets a pointer to the
// blob data, a pointer we need to ensure is valid until the next
// query
//
uchar* blob_buff;
uint32_t num_blob_bytes;
bool unpack_entire_row;
//
// buffers (and their sizes) that will hold the indexes
// of fields that need to be read for a query
//
uint32_t* fixed_cols_for_query;
uint32_t num_fixed_cols_for_query;
uint32_t* var_cols_for_query;
uint32_t num_var_cols_for_query;
bool read_blobs;
bool read_key;
//
// transaction used by ha_tokudb's cursor
//
DB_TXN *transaction;
// external_lock will set this true for read operations that will be closely followed by write operations.
bool use_write_locks; // use write locks for reads
//
// instance of cursor being used for init_xxx and rnd_xxx functions
//
DBC *cursor;
uint32_t cursor_flags; // flags for cursor
//
// flags that are returned in table_flags()
//
ulonglong int_table_flags;
//
// count on the number of rows that gets changed, such as when write_row occurs
// this is meant to help keep estimate on number of elements in DB
//
ulonglong added_rows;
ulonglong deleted_rows;
uint last_dup_key;
//
// if set to 0, then the primary key is not hidden
// if non-zero (not necessarily 1), primary key is hidden
//
uint hidden_primary_key;
bool key_read, using_ignore;
bool using_ignore_no_key;
//
// After a cursor encounters an error, the cursor will be unusable
// In case MySQL attempts to do a cursor operation (such as rnd_next
// or index_prev), we will gracefully return this error instead of crashing
//
int last_cursor_error;
//
// For instances where we successfully prelock a range or a table,
// we set this to true so that successive cursor calls can know
// know to limit the locking overhead in a call to the fractal tree
//
bool range_lock_grabbed;
bool range_lock_grabbed_null;
//
// For bulk inserts, we want option of not updating auto inc
// until all inserts are done. By default, is false
//
bool delay_updating_ai_metadata; // if true, don't update auto-increment metadata until bulk load completes
bool ai_metadata_update_required; // if true, autoincrement metadata must be updated
//
// buffer for updating the status of long insert, delete, and update
// statements. Right now, the the messages are
// "[inserted|updated|deleted] about %llu rows",
// so a buffer of 200 is good enough.
//
char write_status_msg[200]; //buffer of 200 should be a good upper bound.
struct loader_context lc;
DB_LOADER* loader;
bool abort_loader;
int loader_error;
bool num_DBs_locked_in_bulk;
uint32_t lock_count;
bool fix_rec_buff_for_blob(ulong length);
bool fix_rec_update_buff_for_blob(ulong length);
uchar current_ident[TOKUDB_HIDDEN_PRIMARY_KEY_LENGTH];
ulong max_row_length(const uchar * buf);
int pack_row_in_buff(
DBT * row,
const uchar* record,
uint index,
uchar* row_buff
);
int pack_row(
DBT * row,
const uchar* record,
uint index
);
int pack_old_row_for_update(
DBT * row,
const uchar* record,
uint index
);
uint32_t place_key_into_mysql_buff(KEY* key_info, uchar * record, uchar* data);
void unpack_key(uchar * record, DBT const *key, uint index);
uint32_t place_key_into_dbt_buff(KEY* key_info, uchar * buff, const uchar * record, bool* has_null, int key_length);
DBT* create_dbt_key_from_key(DBT * key, KEY* key_info, uchar * buff, const uchar * record, bool* has_null, bool dont_pack_pk, int key_length, uint8_t inf_byte);
DBT *create_dbt_key_from_table(DBT * key, uint keynr, uchar * buff, const uchar * record, bool* has_null, int key_length = MAX_KEY_LENGTH);
DBT* create_dbt_key_for_lookup(DBT * key, KEY* key_info, uchar * buff, const uchar * record, bool* has_null, int key_length = MAX_KEY_LENGTH);
DBT *pack_key(DBT * key, uint keynr, uchar * buff, const uchar * key_ptr, uint key_length, int8_t inf_byte);
#if TOKU_INCLUDE_EXTENDED_KEYS
DBT *pack_ext_key(DBT * key, uint keynr, uchar * buff, const uchar * key_ptr, uint key_length, int8_t inf_byte);
#endif
bool key_changed(uint keynr, const uchar * old_row, const uchar * new_row);
int handle_cursor_error(int error, int err_to_return, uint keynr);
DBT *get_pos(DBT * to, uchar * pos);
int open_main_dictionary(const char* name, bool is_read_only, DB_TXN* txn);
int open_secondary_dictionary(DB** ptr, KEY* key_info, const char* name, bool is_read_only, DB_TXN* txn);
int acquire_table_lock (DB_TXN* trans, TABLE_LOCK_TYPE lt);
int estimate_num_rows(DB* db, uint64_t* num_rows, DB_TXN* txn);
bool has_auto_increment_flag(uint* index);
int write_frm_data(DB* db, DB_TXN* txn, const char* frm_name);
int verify_frm_data(const char* frm_name, DB_TXN* trans);
int remove_frm_data(DB *db, DB_TXN *txn);
int write_to_status(DB* db, HA_METADATA_KEY curr_key_data, void* data, uint size, DB_TXN* txn);
int remove_from_status(DB* db, HA_METADATA_KEY curr_key_data, DB_TXN* txn);
int write_metadata(DB* db, void* key, uint key_size, void* data, uint data_size, DB_TXN* txn);
int remove_metadata(DB* db, void* key_data, uint key_size, DB_TXN* transaction);
int update_max_auto_inc(DB* db, ulonglong val);
int remove_key_name_from_status(DB* status_block, char* key_name, DB_TXN* txn);
int write_key_name_to_status(DB* status_block, char* key_name, DB_TXN* txn);
int write_auto_inc_create(DB* db, ulonglong val, DB_TXN* txn);
void init_auto_increment();
bool can_replace_into_be_fast(TABLE_SHARE* table_share, KEY_AND_COL_INFO* kc_info, uint pk);
int initialize_share(const char* name, int mode);
void set_query_columns(uint keynr);
int prelock_range (const key_range *start_key, const key_range *end_key);
int create_txn(THD* thd, tokudb_trx_data* trx);
bool may_table_be_empty(DB_TXN *txn);
int delete_or_rename_table (const char* from_name, const char* to_name, bool is_delete);
int delete_or_rename_dictionary( const char* from_name, const char* to_name, const char* index_name, bool is_key, DB_TXN* txn, bool is_delete);
int truncate_dictionary( uint keynr, DB_TXN* txn );
int create_secondary_dictionary(
const char* name,
TABLE* form,
KEY* key_info,
DB_TXN* txn,
KEY_AND_COL_INFO* kc_info,
uint32_t keynr,
bool is_hot_index,
toku_compression_method compression_method
);
int create_main_dictionary(const char* name, TABLE* form, DB_TXN* txn, KEY_AND_COL_INFO* kc_info, toku_compression_method compression_method);
void trace_create_table_info(const char *name, TABLE * form);
int is_index_unique(bool* is_unique, DB_TXN* txn, DB* db, KEY* key_info, int lock_flags);
int is_val_unique(bool* is_unique, uchar* record, KEY* key_info, uint dict_index, DB_TXN* txn);
int do_uniqueness_checks(uchar* record, DB_TXN* txn, THD* thd);
void set_main_dict_put_flags(THD* thd, bool opt_eligible, uint32_t* put_flags);
int insert_row_to_main_dictionary(uchar* record, DBT* pk_key, DBT* pk_val, DB_TXN* txn);
int insert_rows_to_dictionaries_mult(DBT* pk_key, DBT* pk_val, DB_TXN* txn, THD* thd);
void test_row_packing(uchar* record, DBT* pk_key, DBT* pk_val);
uint32_t fill_row_mutator(
uchar* buf,
uint32_t* dropped_columns,
uint32_t num_dropped_columns,
TABLE* altered_table,
KEY_AND_COL_INFO* altered_kc_info,
uint32_t keynr,
bool is_add
);
// 0 <= active_index < table_share->keys || active_index == MAX_KEY
// tokudb_active_index = active_index if active_index < table_share->keys, else tokudb_active_index = primary_key = table_share->keys
uint tokudb_active_index;
public:
ha_tokudb(handlerton * hton, TABLE_SHARE * table_arg);
~ha_tokudb();
const char *table_type() const;
const char *index_type(uint inx);
const char **bas_ext() const;
//
// Returns a bit mask of capabilities of storage engine. Capabilities
// defined in sql/handler.h
//
ulonglong table_flags(void) const;
ulong index_flags(uint inx, uint part, bool all_parts) const;
//
// Returns limit on the number of keys imposed by tokudb.
//
uint max_supported_keys() const {
return MAX_KEY;
}
uint extra_rec_buf_length() const {
return TOKUDB_HIDDEN_PRIMARY_KEY_LENGTH;
}
ha_rows estimate_rows_upper_bound();
//
// Returns the limit on the key length imposed by tokudb.
//
uint max_supported_key_length() const {
return UINT_MAX32;
}
//
// Returns limit on key part length imposed by tokudb.
//
uint max_supported_key_part_length() const {
return UINT_MAX32;
}
const key_map *keys_to_use_for_scanning() {
return &key_map_full;
}
double scan_time();
double read_time(uint index, uint ranges, ha_rows rows);
// Defined in mariadb
double keyread_time(uint index, uint ranges, ha_rows rows);
// Defined in mysql 5.6
double index_only_read_time(uint keynr, double records);
int open(const char *name, int mode, uint test_if_locked);
int close(void);
void update_create_info(HA_CREATE_INFO* create_info);
int create(const char *name, TABLE * form, HA_CREATE_INFO * create_info);
int delete_table(const char *name);
int rename_table(const char *from, const char *to);
int optimize(THD * thd, HA_CHECK_OPT * check_opt);
int analyze(THD * thd, HA_CHECK_OPT * check_opt);
int write_row(uchar * buf);
int update_row(const uchar * old_data, uchar * new_data);
int delete_row(const uchar * buf);
#if MYSQL_VERSION_ID >= 100000
void start_bulk_insert(ha_rows rows, uint flags);
#else
void start_bulk_insert(ha_rows rows);
#endif
int end_bulk_insert();
int end_bulk_insert(bool abort);
int prepare_index_scan();
int prepare_index_key_scan( const uchar * key, uint key_len );
int prepare_range_scan( const key_range *start_key, const key_range *end_key);
void column_bitmaps_signal();
int index_init(uint index, bool sorted);
int index_end();
int index_next_same(uchar * buf, const uchar * key, uint keylen);
int index_read(uchar * buf, const uchar * key, uint key_len, enum ha_rkey_function find_flag);
int index_read_last(uchar * buf, const uchar * key, uint key_len);
int index_next(uchar * buf);
int index_prev(uchar * buf);
int index_first(uchar * buf);
int index_last(uchar * buf);
int rnd_init(bool scan);
int rnd_end();
int rnd_next(uchar * buf);
int rnd_pos(uchar * buf, uchar * pos);
int read_range_first(const key_range *start_key,
const key_range *end_key,
bool eq_range, bool sorted);
int read_range_next();
void position(const uchar * record);
int info(uint);
int extra(enum ha_extra_function operation);
int reset(void);
int external_lock(THD * thd, int lock_type);
int start_stmt(THD * thd, thr_lock_type lock_type);
ha_rows records_in_range(uint inx, key_range * min_key, key_range * max_key);
uint32_t get_cursor_isolation_flags(enum thr_lock_type lock_type, THD* thd);
THR_LOCK_DATA **store_lock(THD * thd, THR_LOCK_DATA ** to, enum thr_lock_type lock_type);
int get_status(DB_TXN* trans);
void init_hidden_prim_key_info(DB_TXN *txn);
inline void get_auto_primary_key(uchar * to) {
tokudb_pthread_mutex_lock(&share->mutex);
share->auto_ident++;
hpk_num_to_char(to, share->auto_ident);
tokudb_pthread_mutex_unlock(&share->mutex);
}
virtual void get_auto_increment(ulonglong offset, ulonglong increment, ulonglong nb_desired_values, ulonglong * first_value, ulonglong * nb_reserved_values);
bool is_optimize_blocking();
bool is_auto_inc_singleton();
void print_error(int error, myf errflag);
uint8 table_cache_type() {
return HA_CACHE_TBL_TRANSACT;
}
bool primary_key_is_clustered() {
return true;
}
bool supports_clustered_keys() {
return true;
}
int cmp_ref(const uchar * ref1, const uchar * ref2);
bool check_if_incompatible_data(HA_CREATE_INFO * info, uint table_changes);
#ifdef MARIADB_BASE_VERSION
// MariaDB MRR introduced in 5.5, API changed in MariaDB 10.0
#if MYSQL_VERSION_ID >= 100000
#define COST_VECT Cost_estimate
#endif
int multi_range_read_init(RANGE_SEQ_IF* seq,
void* seq_init_param,
uint n_ranges, uint mode,
HANDLER_BUFFER *buf);
int multi_range_read_next(range_id_t *range_info);
ha_rows multi_range_read_info_const(uint keyno, RANGE_SEQ_IF *seq,
void *seq_init_param,
uint n_ranges, uint *bufsz,
uint *flags, COST_VECT *cost);
ha_rows multi_range_read_info(uint keyno, uint n_ranges, uint keys,
uint key_parts, uint *bufsz,
uint *flags, COST_VECT *cost);
int multi_range_read_explain_info(uint mrr_mode, char *str, size_t size);
#else
// MySQL MRR introduced in 5.6
#if 50600 <= MYSQL_VERSION_ID && MYSQL_VERSION_ID <= 50699
int multi_range_read_init(RANGE_SEQ_IF *seq, void *seq_init_param,
uint n_ranges, uint mode, HANDLER_BUFFER *buf);
int multi_range_read_next(char **range_info);
ha_rows multi_range_read_info_const(uint keyno, RANGE_SEQ_IF *seq,
void *seq_init_param,
uint n_ranges, uint *bufsz,
uint *flags, Cost_estimate *cost);
ha_rows multi_range_read_info(uint keyno, uint n_ranges, uint keys,
uint *bufsz, uint *flags, Cost_estimate *cost);
#endif
#endif
// ICP introduced in MariaDB 5.5
Item* idx_cond_push(uint keyno, class Item* idx_cond);
#if TOKU_INCLUDE_ALTER_56
public:
enum_alter_inplace_result check_if_supported_inplace_alter(TABLE *altered_table, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info);
bool prepare_inplace_alter_table(TABLE *altered_table, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info);
bool inplace_alter_table(TABLE *altered_table, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info);
bool commit_inplace_alter_table(TABLE *altered_table, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info, bool commit);
private:
int alter_table_add_index(TABLE *altered_table, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info);
int alter_table_drop_index(TABLE *altered_table, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info);
int alter_table_add_or_drop_column(TABLE *altered_table, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info);
int alter_table_expand_varchar_offsets(TABLE *altered_table, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info);
int alter_table_expand_columns(TABLE *altered_table, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info);
int alter_table_expand_one_column(TABLE *altered_table, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info, int expand_field_num);
int alter_table_expand_blobs(TABLE *altered_table, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info);
void print_alter_info(TABLE *altered_table, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info);
int setup_kc_info(TABLE *altered_table, KEY_AND_COL_INFO *kc_info);
int new_row_descriptor(TABLE *table, TABLE *altered_table, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info, uint32_t idx, DBT *row_descriptor);
public:
#endif
#if TOKU_INCLUDE_ALTER_55
public:
// Returns true of the 5.6 inplace alter table interface is used.
bool try_hot_alter_table();
// Used by the partition storage engine to provide new frm data for the table.
int new_alter_table_frm_data(const uchar *frm_data, size_t frm_len);
#endif
private:
int tokudb_add_index(
TABLE *table_arg,
KEY *key_info,
uint num_of_keys,
DB_TXN* txn,
bool* inc_num_DBs,
bool* modified_DB
);
void restore_add_index(TABLE* table_arg, uint num_of_keys, bool incremented_numDBs, bool modified_DBs);
int drop_indexes(TABLE *table_arg, uint *key_num, uint num_of_keys, KEY *key_info, DB_TXN* txn);
void restore_drop_indexes(TABLE *table_arg, uint *key_num, uint num_of_keys);
public:
// delete all rows from the table
// effect: all dictionaries, including the main and indexes, should be empty
int discard_or_import_tablespace(my_bool discard);
int truncate();
int delete_all_rows();
void extract_hidden_primary_key(uint keynr, DBT const *found_key);
void read_key_only(uchar * buf, uint keynr, DBT const *found_key);
int read_row_callback (uchar * buf, uint keynr, DBT const *row, DBT const *found_key);
int read_primary_key(uchar * buf, uint keynr, DBT const *row, DBT const *found_key);
int unpack_blobs(
uchar* record,
const uchar* from_tokudb_blob,
uint32_t num_blob_bytes,
bool check_bitmap
);
int unpack_row(
uchar* record,
DBT const *row,
DBT const *key,
uint index
);
int prefix_cmp_dbts( uint keynr, const DBT* first_key, const DBT* second_key) {
return tokudb_prefix_cmp_dbt_key(share->key_file[keynr], first_key, second_key);
}
void track_progress(THD* thd);
void set_loader_error(int err);
void set_dup_value_for_pk(DBT* key);
//
// index into key_file that holds DB* that is indexed on
// the primary_key. this->key_file[primary_index] == this->file
//
uint primary_key;
int check(THD *thd, HA_CHECK_OPT *check_opt);
int fill_range_query_buf(
bool need_val,
DBT const *key,
DBT const *row,
int direction,
THD* thd,
uchar* buf,
DBT* key_to_compare
);
#if TOKU_INCLUDE_ROW_TYPE_COMPRESSION
enum row_type get_row_type() const;
#endif
private:
int read_full_row(uchar * buf);
int __close();
int get_next(uchar* buf, int direction, DBT* key_to_compare, bool do_key_read);
int read_data_from_range_query_buff(uchar* buf, bool need_val, bool do_key_read);
// for ICP, only in MariaDB and MySQL 5.6
#if defined(MARIADB_BASE_VERSION) || (50600 <= MYSQL_VERSION_ID && MYSQL_VERSION_ID <= 50699)
enum icp_result toku_handler_index_cond_check(Item* pushed_idx_cond);
#endif
void invalidate_bulk_fetch();
void invalidate_icp();
int delete_all_rows_internal();
void close_dsmrr();
void reset_dsmrr();
#if TOKU_INCLUDE_WRITE_FRM_DATA
int write_frm_data(const uchar *frm_data, size_t frm_len);
#endif
#if TOKU_INCLUDE_UPSERT
private:
int fast_update(THD *thd, List<Item> &update_fields, List<Item> &update_values, Item *conds);
bool check_fast_update(THD *thd, List<Item> &update_fields, List<Item> &update_values, Item *conds);
int send_update_message(List<Item> &update_fields, List<Item> &update_values, Item *conds, DB_TXN *txn);
int upsert(THD *thd, List<Item> &update_fields, List<Item> &update_values);
bool check_upsert(THD *thd, List<Item> &update_fields, List<Item> &update_values);
int send_upsert_message(THD *thd, List<Item> &update_fields, List<Item> &update_values, DB_TXN *txn);
#endif
public:
// mysql sometimes retires a txn before a cursor that references the txn is closed.
// for example, commit is sometimes called before index_end. the following methods
// put the handler on a list of handlers that get cleaned up when the txn is retired.
void cleanup_txn(DB_TXN *txn);
private:
LIST trx_handler_list;
void add_to_trx_handler_list();
void remove_from_trx_handler_list();
private:
int do_optimize(THD *thd);
int map_to_handler_error(int error);
public:
void rpl_before_write_rows();
void rpl_after_write_rows();
void rpl_before_delete_rows();
void rpl_after_delete_rows();
void rpl_before_update_rows();
void rpl_after_update_rows();
bool rpl_lookup_rows();
private:
bool in_rpl_write_rows;
bool in_rpl_delete_rows;
bool in_rpl_update_rows;
};
#if TOKU_INCLUDE_OPTION_STRUCTS
struct ha_table_option_struct {
uint row_format;
};
struct ha_index_option_struct {
bool clustering;
};
static inline bool key_is_clustering(const KEY *key) {
return (key->flags & HA_CLUSTERING) || (key->option_struct && key->option_struct->clustering);
}
#else
static inline bool key_is_clustering(const KEY *key) {
return key->flags & HA_CLUSTERING;
}
#endif
#endif
``` |
The Gerchberg–Saxton (GS) algorithm is an iterative phase retrieval algorithm for retrieving the phase of a complex-valued wavefront from two intensity measurements acquired in two different planes. Typically, the two planes are the image plane and the far field (diffraction) plane, and the wavefront propagation between these two planes is given by the Fourier transform. The original paper by Gerchberg and Saxton considered image and diffraction pattern of a sample acquired in an electron microscope.
It is often necessary to know only the phase distribution from one of the planes, since the phase distribution on the other plane can be obtained by performing a Fourier transform on the plane whose phase is known. Although often used for two-dimensional signals, the GS algorithm is also valid for one-dimensional signals.
The pseudocode below performs the GS algorithm to obtain a phase distribution for the plane "Source", such that its Fourier transform would have the amplitude distribution of the plane "Target".
Pseudocode algorithm
Let:
FT – forward Fourier transform
IFT – inverse Fourier transform
i – the imaginary unit, √−1 (square root of −1)
exp – exponential function (exp(x) = ex)
Target and Source be the Target and Source Amplitude planes respectively
A, B, C & D be complex planes with the same dimension as Target and Source
Amplitude – Amplitude-extracting function:
e.g. for complex z = x + iy, amplitude(z) = sqrt(x·x + y·y)
for real x, amplitude(x) = |x|
Phase – Phase extracting function:
e.g. Phase(z) = arctan(y / x)
end Let
algorithm Gerchberg–Saxton(Source, Target, Retrieved_Phase) is
A := IFT(Target)
while error criterion is not satisfied
B := Amplitude(Source) × exp(i × Phase(A))
C := FT(B)
D := Amplitude(Target) × exp(i × Phase(C))
A := IFT(D)
end while
Retrieved_Phase = Phase(A)
This is just one of the many ways to implement the GS algorithm. Aside from optimizations, others may start by performing a forward Fourier transform to the source distribution.
See also
Phase retrieval
Fourier optics
Holography
Computer-generated holography
Adaptive-additive algorithm
References
External links
Dr W. Owen Saxton's pages ,
Applications and publications on phase retrieval from the University of Rochester, Institute of Optics
A Python-Script of the GS by Dominik Doellerer
MATLAB GS algorithms ,
Digital signal processing
Physical optics
Articles with example pseudocode |
24 teams competed in the 2006 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, with two places allocated for the hosts, Japan and the titleholder, Brazil. In the qualification process for the 2006 FIVB World Championship, the Five FIVB confederations were allocated a share of the 22 remaining spots.
Confederation qualification processes
The distribution by confederation for the 2006 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship was:
Asia and Oceania (AVC): 5 places (+ Japan qualified automatically as host nation for a total of 6 places)
Africa (CAVB): 2 places
Europe (CEV): 9 places
South America (CSV) 2 places (+ Brazil qualified automatically as the defending champions for a total of 3 places)
North America (NORCECA): 4 places
AVC
(First Round)
(Second Round, Playoff Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(Second Round, Playoff Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(Second Round, Playoff Round)
(First Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
CAVB
(Second Round)
(First Round)
(Second Round)
(Second Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round)
CEV
(First Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(Second Round, Third Round, Playoff Round)
(Second Round)
(Second Round, Third Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(First Round, Second Round, Third Round)
(Second Round, Third Round)
(Third Round)
(Second Round, Third Round)
(Third Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(Third Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round)
(Third Round, Playoff Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(Third Round)
(Second Round, Third Round, Playoff Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(Third Round)
(First Round)
(Third Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(Third Round)
(Second Round, Third Round)
(Second Round, Third Round, Playoff Round)
CSV
(First Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
NORCECA
(First Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(First Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(Second Round)
(Second Round)
(First Round)
(First Round)
(First Round, Second Round)
(Second Round)
References
External links
FIVB
2006 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship
FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship qualification |
Kathryn Osterman (May 5, 1883 – August 29, 1956) was an American comic vaudeville actress on stage and in silent films.
Early life
Kathryn Osterman was born in Toledo, Ohio, one of the six daughters of M. D. Osterman and Margarete O'Connor Osterman. Several of her sisters were also actresses, including Lillian Osterman and Anna Belmont.
Career
Stage
In a 1915 article for Green Book magazine, Osterman wrote, "I have been on the stage for years and years — so long I won't tell about it — and every succeeding season has opened up new and wonderful realms of knowledge to me, and has taught me how little I knew before." Her stage appearances, mostly in touring companies, included roles in The Girl in the Taxi, What Happened to Jones (1897), Miss Petticoats (1903), Piff, Paff, Pouf (1905), The Girl Who Looks Like Me (1907), The Night of the Play (1908-1909), and Modest Suzanne (1912). She also appeared in vaudeville.
Screen
She appeared short silent films, including The Art of Making Up (1900), Strictly Fresh Eggs (1901), The Unfaithful Wife (1903) Making a Welsh Rabbit (1903), A Search for Evidence (1903), The Widow (1903), The Rose (1903), The Girl at the Window (1903), Lucky Kitten (1903), Chicks to Order (1903), In My Lady's Boudoir (1903), He Loves Me, He Loves Me Not (1903), and The Lost Child (1904). In 1915 she joined the World Comedy Stars Film Corporation to make silent comedy short films, including Housekeeping Under Cover, and The Bludgeon (1915).
Legal issues
In 1901, Osterman sued a tobacco company for using her likeness in a print advertisement, without permission. In 1903, actress Josephine Victor sued Osterman and her husband over a casting dispute.
Personal life
Kathryn Osterman married theatrical manager Jacob J. Rosenthal in 1898. Their son Jack Osterman (1902-1939) was an actor. She also helped to raise her granddaughter, Kathryn Jacqueline Osterman. She was widowed in 1923, and lost her only son to pneumonia in 1939; she died in 1956, in New York City, aged 73 years.
References
External links
A 1912 photograph of Kathryn Osterman, in the J. Willis Sayre Collection of Theatrical Photographs, University of Washington Libraries.
A 1915 photograph of Kathryn Osterman, by Arnold Genthe, in the Arnold Genthe Collection, Library of Congress.
1883 births
1956 deaths
American actresses
Actors from Toledo, Ohio |
The following is a partial list of the buildings on the campus of Marquette University located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.
Academic buildings
The 1700 Building, the university's northwesternmost building, houses classroom and office space for Marquette's physician assistant graduate program.
Eckstein Hall, completed in 2010, is the new home of Marquette's law school. In addition to classrooms and faculty offices, the law school has a four-story "library without borders," two mock court rooms, a cafeteria, a workout facility, a conference center, and a small parking structure.
Engineering Hall, first opened in 2011, houses classrooms, labs, and faculty offices for the College of Engineering. The building has a Silver LEED certification, due in part to a green roof with solar panels and primarily LED lighting.
Haggerty Hall, First built in 1941, Haggerty Hall features a first-floor study area, the Engineering Student Success Center, remodled classrooms, modern materials labs, computer labs and several other teaching and research facilities. The lower level features a Deburring and Surface Finishing Research Lab and an Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory. The first floor is home to the Engineering Student Success Center, Advanced Systems and Assembly Manufacturing Lab, and the Medical Imaging Lab. The second floor is mainly administrators offices. The third floor has the Electric Machines and Drives Lab. The fourth floor has a Biohazard level II lab, Hydraulics Lab, Waves and Signals Lab, Marquette Embedded Systems lab, and the Computational Vision and Sensing Systems Lab.
Olin Engineering Center, Connected to Haggerty Hall, the Olin Engineering Center is a four-level facility with engineering labs and offices. The third floor houses the Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering Center. The fifth floor has the GasDay Lab.
Johnston Hall houses the Diederich College of Communication. Built at the turn of the 20th century, the fledgling Marquette College almost went bankrupt to build this until Robert A. Johnston, a local confectioner, donated just over $100,000 to save the project. For a short while, Johnston Hall housed the entire College, including the Jesuit faculty. The now ivy-covered building once featured an observatory for astronomy students. Student Media is located in Johnston Hall.
Marquette Hall, built in 1924, is the four-story building that originally served as Marquette's Science Building with offices, classrooms and labs. In 1976, it was renamed Marquette Hall in honor of the University's namesake. One of the most widely recognized buildings on campus, Marquette Hall was the home to several offices, including Undergraduate Admissions until they moved to their new location in the newly completed Zilber Hall. The four-story building contains three lecture halls with 300 seats each. In the tower of Marquette Hall is the university carillon, a set of 48 bells that are played every Wednesday and for special events.
The Marquette School of Dentistry building houses Wisconsin's only dental school. Completed in 2002, the building holds pre-clinical labs, classrooms, and a community dental clinic.
The John P. Raynor, S.J. Library, completed in 2003, is named for one of Marquette's former presidents. The library contains many of J. R. R. Tolkien's original manuscripts, and serves as one of the main study areas on campus.
See also Marquette University Special Collections and University Archives
Sensenbrenner Hall previously housed the law school. One of the oldest buildings on campus, it is known for its stained-glass windows and traditional design, especially in the Howard B. Eisenberg Memorial Hall. Marquette's law library, which featured contrasting modern architecture, was located next to Sensenbrenner Hall. In 2010, the Law School moved into Eckstein Hall. Today, this building is home to office space for the Helen Way Klingler College of Arts and Sciences.
Administrative buildings
The 707 Building is an administrative building that houses the Marquette University College of Professional Studies offices as well as the university's service-learning and ROTC offices.
Alumni Memorial Union (AMU, for short), the student union, is at the center of campus. The five-story brick building, completed in 1990, contains a ballroom for 800 guests, offices for student organizations, a coffee shop called "Brew Bayou", the university's information center, a post office, a branch US Bank, a game room, a cafeteria, and the campus gift shop. An adjacent auditorium is connected to the AMU by a covered promenade. Also part of the AMU is the Chapel of the Holy Family, which holds a student Mass each Sunday night.
Zilber Hall is a student services building. Completed in late fall 2009, Zilber Hall houses the Office of Student Financial Aid, the Office of the Bursar, the Office of the Registrar, and the Office of Admissions.
Athletic facilities
The Al McGuire Center, named for the legendary Marquette basketball coach, was opened in 2004 and is home to the women's volleyball and basketball teams and serves as the practice facility and administrative offices for the men's basketball team.
Valley Fields, used for men's and women's soccer, men's and women's track and field, and club athletics, is located across the Menomonee River in the Menomonee Valley, just south of the main campus. It is currently undergoing a renovation to add covered bleachers and other facility improvements.
Other facilities
Gesu Church, completed in 1894, is considered the spiritual center of the campus, but is not affiliated with the university. The Jesuit parish was designed by architect Henry C. Koch in the Gothic art style. Student-organized Masses are held each Sunday in Gesu Church, along with the annual Mass of the Holy Spirit, a traditional celebration at many Jesuit education institutions to begin the school year. In 1994, the Provincial of the Wisconsin Province of the Society of Jesus decided to separately incorporate Gesu as an Archdiocesan Parish, sponsored by the Society of Jesus.
The Patrick and Beatrice Haggerty Museum of Art features more than 8,000 works from the old masters to contemporary art works from such artists as Salvador Dalí, Marc Chagall, Keith Haring and Roberto Matta.
The St. Joan of Arc Chapel is the only medieval chapel in the Western Hemisphere. Originally built in France in the 15th century, the chapel was donated to the university by Mr. and Mrs. Marc Rojtman in 1964. The building was relocated to the U.S., first to New York, then to Milwaukee, where it was reconstructed piece by piece in 1966. Today, the St. Joan of Arc Chapel hosts daily weekday masses.
The Union Sports Annex is a restaurant and meeting space for students, especially during men's basketball season. "The Annex" is almost entirely underground and includes a restaurant, bar, sports court, and bowling lanes. In 2003, ESPN columnist Jim Caple called the Union Sports Annex the "best place to watch a game."
References
External links
Marquette University campus map
Marquette University
Marquette University
Marquette University |
Sverker 21 is a tool steel manufactured by Uddeholms AB. It is primarily used for Cold Work applications such as blanking, piercing, cropping, bending, forming and cutting. It's a proprietary equivalent to D2 [tool steel].
International standards comparison chart
Chemical composition
Properties
Sverker 21 is characterized by high compressive strength, high
surface hardness after hardening, good though-hardening properties and high wear
resistance (abrasive type of wear profile). These characteristics combine to give a steel
suitable for the manufacture of medium run tooling for applications where abrasive
wear is dominant and the risk of chipping or cracking is not so high, e.g. for blanking and
forming of thinner, harder work materials.
Application areas
It is a 12% chromium steel suitable for medium production volume tooling where the production materials cause abrasive wear and the risk of chipping is not so high.
Other Uddeholm Cold Work Steels
Arne,
Caldie,
Calmax,
Rigor,
Sleipner,
Sverker 3,
Unimax,
Vanadis 4 Extra,
Vanadis 6,
Vanadis 10,
Vanadis 23,
Vancron 40,
UHB 11,
Formax,
Holdax,
References
Steels |
Charlie is a line of women's and men's fragrances produced by the American cosmetic and perfume house Revlon.
On June 16, 2022, its parent, Revlon, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
Advertising
Charlie, named after Charles Revson, was released in 1973. It was originally launched to compete with Estée, a fragrance released by Estée Lauder. Ad campaigns for the scent featured models Shelley Hack, Charly Stember, and, notably, Naomi Sims, making Sims the first African American woman in history to be featured in a cosmetic company's advertising. Television ads featured Shelley Hack and jingles sung by Bobby Short and Mel Tormé. Young, working women were set as the target audience, and the ads were said to represent the "new woman" of the era. Hack and Stember wore pantsuits by Ralph Lauren and were the first women to wear pants in fragrance ads. The response proved to be profitable for Revlon, as Charlie became the world's top selling perfume within three years. However, a later ad, showing a female model patting a male model on the backside, was controversial. While some praised the ad as being "playful" and representing "female self-sufficiency," others called it "sexist" and "in poor taste." Subsequent advertising in later decades featured Lauren Hutton, Sharon Stone and Cindy Crawford, with jingles sung by Little Richard. Oprah Winfrey dedicated a segment of her talk show in 2007 to discuss the impact of Charlie advertising featuring Hack as her guest. Winfrey stated that the ads inspired her. She wanted to be "confident and fabulous" like the "Charlie girl". Hack agreed, saying "It was a time when women were changing. Women looked at [the ad] and said 'I want to be like that.'"
Fragrance composition
Charlie is classified as a floral-aldehyde fragrance. It is composed of citrus, bergamot, hyacinth, green leaf, tarragon, peach, and aldehyde top notes, cyclamen, carnation, orris root, lily of the valley, jasmine and rose middle notes, and sandalwood, musk, vanilla, oakmoss, and cedar base notes.
Additional fragrances for women
Spin-off women's fragrances with the Charlie name included:
Charlie Blue (1973)
Charlie Oriental (1989)
Charlie Red (1993)
Charlie White (1994)
Charlie Gold (1995)
Charlie Express (1995)
Charlie Sunshine (1997)
Charlie White Musk (1997)
Charlie Silver (1998)
Charlie Instinct (2000)
Charlie Crystal Chic (2008)
Charlie Pink Sparkle (2008)
Charlie Little Secrets (2008)
Charlie Secret (2009)
Charlie Real (2009)
Charlie Pink (2009)
Charlie Black (2009)
Charlie Passion (2009)
Charlie Enchant (2012)
Charlie Shimmer (2013)
Charlie Divine (2015)
Charlie Rio Rebel (2016)
Charlie Sexy (2018)
Some lines also included complementary bath and body products. Currently, Charlie Red is only in production in Australia and Italy and Spain. Charlie Blue, White, Gold, Silver, Secret, Real, Pink, Black, and Passion are only available in Italy, while Charlie Crystal Chic, Pink Sparkle, and Little Secrets are only sold in South Africa. Production of Charlie Red and Charlie White was discontinued in North America in 2011, leaving the original Charlie as the only fragrance still available in this market.
All Charlie fragrances are available in the United Kingdom.
Additional fragrances for men
Charlie Men (1974) (no longer in production)
Chaz (no longer in production)
Notes
References
Groom, Nigel. The New Perfume Handbook. New York: Blackie Academic & Professional, 1997.
Sengupta, Subroto. Brand Positioning: Strategies for Competitive Advantage. New Delhi: McGraw-Hill, 2005.
Perfumes
Revlon brands
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2022 |
Riffians or Rifians (; singular: , ) are a Berber ethnic group originally from the Rif region of northeastern Morocco (includes the autonomous city of Spain, Melilla). Communities of Riffian immigrants are also found in southern Spain, Netherlands and Belgium as well as elsewhere in Western Europe. They are overwhelmingly Sunni Muslims, but retain their pre-Islamic traditions such as high status for Riffian women.
According to Irina Casado i Aijon, Riffians have traditionally organized themselves under "patrilineality and patrilocality principles". The oldest man in the household commands authority and responsibility for decisions, while women jointly care for the young and sick without any discrimination. Like other Berbers, temporary migration is an accepted tradition. The Riffians have been a significant source of Moroccan emigrants into some European countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.
Riffians speak Tarifit, which belongs to the Zenati group of Berber languages. The languages spoken depend on the region, with many Riffians who speak a Berber language also speaking Moroccan Arabic or Spanish. Nineteen groups or social units of Riffians are known: five in the west along the Mediterranean coast which speak Riffian and Moroccan Arabic, seven in the centre of which one speaks mainly Moroccan Arabic and rest Riffian, five in the east and two in the southeastern desert area also speak the Riffian language.
They have inhabited an impoverished and an eroded, deforested, poorly irrigated region. Poverty rate and infant mortality rates among Riffians has been high, according to a study published in 1980 by Terri Joseph. The Riffians have lived a largely settled, agricultural lifestyle, using hand tools, oxen and cattle to plow the steeply terraced land in their valleys. Horticultural produce along with sheep and goat meat, cheese, and milk provide the traditional sustenance. Some practice sardine-seining along the Mediterranean coast.
Riffians have experienced numerous wars over their history. Some of their cultural traditions reflects and remembers this history, such as the singing and dancing of Ayara Liyara, Ayara Labuya, which literally means "Oh Lady oh Lady, oh Lady Buya" and is accompanied by izran (couplets) and addjun (tambourine tapping). This tradition, states Hsain Ilahiane, is linked to the 11th-century destruction and deaths of the Riffian fathers during the raid by the Almoravid leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin. In more modern times, the Rif War caused numerous deaths of Riffian people and of Spanish as well as French soldiers. The Rif War witnessed the use of chemical weapons in the 1920s by the Spanish army.
In 1958, some Riffians revolted against the government. In the decades that followed, the Rif region has witnessed popular demonstrations and demands for better education, healthcare and job opportunities. A resurgent Riffian popular movement in 2010, their protests in 2013 and protests in 2017 for hogra – a humiliating treatment by an abusive state, has drawn public attention, as well as claims of brutal suppression by Moroccan authorities.
Tribes and tribal groups
The Riffians are divided into these tribes and tribal groups:
Ait Ammart
Ait Boufrah
Ait Bouyahyi
Ait Gmil
Ait Itteft
Ait Medzoui
Ait Ourish
Ait Said
Ait Stout
Ait Tafersit
Ait Temsamane
Ait Touzine
Ait Waryaghar
Ibaqouyen
Ibdarsen
Igzenayen
Ikebdanen
Iqer'iyen
Mestassa
Targuist
People of Riffian descent
Anwar Elyounoussi
M'hamed Ababou
Mohamed Ababou
Ahmed Aboutaleb
Ibrahim Afellay
Ismail Aissati
Selim Amallah
Mohamed Amekrane
Sellam Amezian
Mohammed Ameziane
Nordin Amrabat
Sofyan Amrabat
Oussama Assaidi
Mohamed Aujjar
Farid Bang
Jamal Ben Saddik
Aziz Bouhaddouz
Nourdin Boukhari
Khalid Boulahrouz
Ali Boussaboun
Mohammed Boutasaa
Faldir Chahbari
Mohamed Choukri
Anouar Diba
Hicham El Guerrouj
Najat El Hachmi
Munir El Haddadi
Mounir El Hamdaoui
Ali El Khattabi
Ilyas El Omari
Omar Elabdellaoui
Mohamed ibn Abdelkrim El-Khattabi
Mohammed El Yaagoubi
Ilias Ennahachi
Marouane Fellaini
El Mortada Iamrachen
Oussama Idrissi
Mohamed Ihattaren
Khalid Izri
Zakaria Labyad
Abdelouafi Laftit
Fouzi Lekjaa
Lijpe
Ali Lmrabet
Ahmed Marcouch
Mohamed Medbouh
Munir Mohamedi
Morad
Nassi
Achraf Ouchen
Adel Taarabt
Tahar Tamsamani
Driss Temsamani
Mohamed Touchassie
Najat Vallaud-Belkacem
Nasser Zefzafi
Mohammed Ziane
Salima Ziani
Hakim Ziyech
Zakaria Zouggary
See also
Ghomara language.
Senhaja de Srair language.
Senhaja de Srair in Central Rif.
Ghomara in Western Rif.
Jbala in Western Rif.
Beni Iznasen in Eastern Rif.
Beni Snous Tlemcen, Western Algeria.
References
External links
Berber peoples and tribes
Berbers in Morocco
Indigenous peoples of North Africa
Ethnic groups in Morocco
Muslim communities in Africa
Riffian people |
Janelle James is an American comedian, actress, and writer. She is best known for her role as Ava Coleman in the ABC television series Abbott Elementary, for which she won a Screen Actors Guild Award, and an NAACP Image Award, in addition to nominations for two Primetime Emmy Awards, and a Golden Globe Award.
Her writing credits include Black Monday, and she acted on the programs Crashing, Corporate, and Central Park. Her debut comedy album Black and Mild was released in 2017. She was named one of Varietys 10 Comics to Watch for 2020.
Career
Stand-up and television
While in high school, James stood in line for 12 hours to audition for one of the three annual renditions of MTV's Wanna Be a VJ, which ran from 1998 to 2000. James began her career in 2009 at an open mic she attended while living in Champaign, Illinois. She described her style of comedy as "just talking shit" and her stand-up includes a range of topics such as the Trump administration, motherhood, being a woman over 35, and dating. James named Bill Burr, Hadiyah Robinson, John Early, Wanda Sykes, Richard Pryor, and Kareem Green as favorite comedians.
In 2016, James' work was recognized by Just for Laughs and Brooklyn magazine. She gained wider prominence as the opening act for Chris Rock's 2017 Total Blackout tour. That year, she released her debut comedy album, Black and Mild. The show was recorded at Acme Comedy Company in Minneapolis.
She performed on Netflix's 2018 comedy series The Comedy Lineup. She was also slated to perform at the network's inaugural Netflix Is a Joke comedy festival based in Los Angeles in 2020.
James was a staff writer for The Rundown with Robin Thede (2017) and the Showtime comedy Black Monday, and also acted in a recurring role on the show. She has also appeared on the shows Crashing, Corporate, and is both a writer and voice actor for Central Park. She was a featured comic on Netflix's The Standups in 2021.
She gained wide prominence in her role as a main cast member on the ABC comedy Abbott Elementary. Her performance as the self-involved principal Ava Coleman has been hailed by critics. James garnered award nominations including a Primetime Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, a TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy, a Golden Globe Award, and a Critics' Choice Award.
In 2022, James hosted the ABC game show The Final Straw. She hosted the 2023 Writers Guild of America Awards.
Podcasts
In 2019 she hosted Strong Black Laughs, an interview podcast featuring a variety of established Black comedians, including Luenell and Sherri Shepherd. She hosted You In Danger, Gurl, a comedy podcast about relationship red flags and bizarre dating experiences, in 2020.
Personal life
James was raised in St. Thomas and moved to the United States mainland when she was 16. She resides in Brooklyn, New York and has two sons.
Discography
2017: Black and Mild
Filmography
Television
Film
Awards and nominations
2016 – Brooklyn's 50 Funniest People
2016 – Just for Laughs New Faces
2020 – Variety's 10 Comics to Watch
References
External links
Official website
Living people
American women comedians
American women screenwriters
21st-century American actresses
Comedians from New York City
American women podcasters
American podcasters
American stand-up comedians
African-American female comedians
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people
American people of Virgin Islands descent
American people of Caribbean descent
People from Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands |
The 1969 Canadian Ladies Curling Association Championship the Canadian women's curling championship was held from February 24 to 27, 1969 at the Fort William Curling and Athletic Club in Fort William, Ontario.
Team Saskatchewan, who was skipped by Joyce McKee won the event by finishing the round robin with a 8-1 record. This was Saskatchewan's second championship and second for Joyce McKee's rink with her first coming in .
This was the second time that the championship came down to a "winner take all" final draw (the first was in ) as both Ontario and Saskatchewan entered their matchup in with identical 7–1 records in round robin play. Ontario jumped out to a 4–1 lead after four ends, but Saskatchewan rallied with singles in four straight ends to take a 5–4 lead after eight ends. A single by Ontario in the ninth tied things up at 5 heading into the final end. Saskatchewan, with hammer in the final end scored one to clinch the championship by a 6–5 score.
The Quebec rink became the second team ever to finish round robin play winless joining the rink.
The tournament set a then record for most extra end games in one tournament with eight. This shattered the mark set the of five.
Teams
The teams are listed as follows:
Round robin standings
Final Round Robin standings
Round robin results
All draw times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (UTC-05:00).
Draw 1
Monday, February 24, 2:30 pm
Draw 2
Monday, February 24, 8:00 pm
Draw 3
Tuesday, February 25, 9:30 am
Draw 4
Tuesday, February 25, 8:00 pm
Draw 5
Wednesday, February 26, 9:30 am
Draw 6
Wednesday, February 26, 2:30 pm
Draw 7
Wednesday, February 26, 8:00 pm
Draw 8
Thursday, February 27, 9:30 am
Draw 9
Thursday, February 27, 8:00 pm
References
Canadian Ladies Curling Association Championship, 1969
Scotties Tournament of Hearts
Sports competitions in Thunder Bay
Curling in Northern Ontario
Canadian Ladies Curling Association Championship
Canadian Ladies Curling Association Championship
Canadian Ladies Curling Association Championship |
Kutuleh Hasan (, also Romanized as Kūtūleh Hasan) is a village in Gol Gol Rural District, in the Central District of Kuhdasht County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 64, in 14 families.
References
Populated places in Kuhdasht County |
James Hoggan may refer to:
James Hoggan (athlete)
James Hoggan (public relations expert) |
The 2016 Osnabrück Football Summer was a summer football friendly tournament organized by VfL Osnabrück and Match IQ. All matches were played at hosts Osnabrück's Osnatel-Arena, they were joined by Borussia Mönchengladbach (Germany), Cardiff City (England) and FC St. Pauli (Germany).
Overview
All matches lasted 60 minutes. Games that ended in a draw after 60 minutes were decided by a penalty shoot-out.
Participants
Standings
The tournament included four sixty-minute matches, with a penalty shoot-out deciding any games that ended level.
Matches
Goalscorers
Media coverage
References
External links
2016–17 in English football
2016–17 in German football
2016–17 in Welsh football |
Torrey Pines State Beach is a public beach located in the San Diego, California community of Torrey Pines, south of Del Mar and north of La Jolla. Coastal erosion from the adjacent Torrey Pines State Reserve makes for a picturesque landscape. It is a local favorite among surfers and remains a quintessential Southern California beach. Occurrences of bioluminescence in the waters near the beach have been noted.
The beach is at the base of a series of 300-foot sandstone cliffs of white and golden stone, with a greenish layer sometimes visible at the very bottom. At the north end of the beach the cliffs end and Los Peñasquitos Lagoon, a salt marsh estuary, empties into the ocean. A county highway crosses the entrance, with limited free parking along the beach.
Ecology
The beach area supports a number of avifaunal (bird) species in addition to the marine biota. Soledad Valley, which includes the notable coastal marsh, Los Peñasquitos Lagoon, is cut by a coastal stream which discharges into the Pacific Ocean at Torrey Pines State Beach. The endangered nominal subspecies of Torrey Pine, Pinus torreyana torreyana, is found only on the small coastal strips north and south of Torrey Pines State Beach.
Surf
Waves ranging from the low 3-footers to the high 6-8 footers can be found on the north side of Torrey Pines State Beach. The Northern side of the beach has a Surfer/Surfing side while the Southern side hosts swimming, body boarding, etc. There is a red/yellow flag on the north part of the beach showing the boundary between the surfing side and body boarding side. A good rule of thumb is to occasionally check where the flag is as it moves from time to time during the day.
The beach is usually not very crowded in the early hours of the day, when primarily surfers and body boarders are present. During that time, the boundary of the surfing and body boarding areas is not as strictly enforced, as long as common courtesy is being used on both sides. The most popular part of the beach is the swimming area.
See also
List of beaches in San Diego County
List of California state parks
List of California State Beaches
References
External links
Official Torrey Pines State Beach website
Torrey Pines State Reserve website
Beaches of Southern California
California State Beaches
Parks in San Diego County, California
Surfing locations in California
Geography of San Diego
Places with bioluminescence
Beaches of San Diego County, California |
Internet censorship in India is done by both central and state governments. DNS filtering and educating service users in suggested usages is an active strategy and government policy to regulate and block access to Internet content on a large scale. Also measures for removing content at the request of content creators through court orders have become more common in recent years. Initiating a mass surveillance government project like Golden Shield Project is also an alternative discussed over the years by government bodies.
Overview
OpenNet Initiative report
The OpenNet Initiative classified India as engaged in "selective" Internet filtering in the political, conflict/security, social, and Internet tools areas in 2011. ONI describes India as:
Reporters Without Borders "countries under surveillance"
In March 2012, Reporters Without Borders added India to its list of "countries under surveillance", stating that:
Freedom House report
Freedom House's Freedom on the net 2022 report gives India a Freedom on the Net status of "Partly Free" with a rating of 51 (0-100, lower is better), increased from 41 in 2017. Its Obstacles to Access was rated 13 (0-25 scale), Limits on Content was 21 (0-32 scale) and Violations of User Rights was 17 (0-40 scale). India was ranked 37th out of 70 countries rated in the report.
The Freedom on the Net 2017 report gives India the same status of "Partly Free" with a rating of 41 (scale from 0 to 100, lower is better). Its Obstacles to Access was rated 12 (0–25 scale), Limits on Content was rated 9 (0–35 scale) and Violations of User Rights was rated 20 (0–40 scale). India was ranked 26th out of the 65 countries included in the report.
The Freedom on the Net 2012 report says:
India's overall Internet Freedom Status is "Partly Free", unchanged from 2009.
India has a score of 39 on a scale from 0 (most free) to 100 (least free), which places India 20 out of the 47 countries worldwide that were included in the 2012 report. India ranked 14 out of 37 countries in the 2011 report.
India ranks third out of the eleven countries in Asia included in the 2012 report.
Prior to 2008, censorship of Internet content by the Indian government was relatively rare and sporadic.
Following the November 2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai, which killed 171 people, the Indian Parliament passed amendments to the Information Technology Act (ITA) that expanded the government's censorship and monitoring capabilities.
While there is no sustained government policy or strategy to block access to Internet content on a large scale, measures for removing certain content from the web, sometimes for fear they could incite violence, have become more common.
Pressure on private companies to remove information that is perceived to endanger public order or national security has increased since late 2009, with the implementation of the amended ITA. Companies are required to have designated employees to receive government blocking requests, and assigns up to seven years' imprisonment to private service providers—including ISPs, search engines, and cybercafes—that do not comply with the government's blocking requests.
Internet users have sporadically faced prosecution for online postings, and private companies hosting the content are obliged by law to hand over user information to the authorities.
In 2009, the Supreme Court ruled that bloggers and moderators can face libel suits and even criminal prosecution for comments posted on their websites.
Prior judicial approval for communications interception is not required and both central and state governments have the power to issue directives on interception, monitoring, and decryption. All licensed ISPs are obliged by law to sign an agreement that allows Indian government authorities to access user data.
Background
In June 2000, the Indian Parliament created the Information Technology (IT) Act to provide a legal framework to regulate Internet use and commerce, including digital signatures, security, and hacking. The act criminalises the publishing of obscene information electronically and grants police powers to search any premises without a warrant and arrest individuals in violation of the act. A 2008 amendment to the IT Act reinforced the government's power to block Internet sites and content and criminalised sending messages deemed inflammatory or offensive.
Internet filtering can also be mandated through licensing requirements. For example, ISPs seeking licences to provide Internet services with the Department of Telecommunications (DOT) "shall block Internet sites and/or individual subscribers, as identified and directed by the Telecom Authority from time to time" in the interests of "national security". Licence agreements also require ISPs to prevent the transmission of obscene or otherwise objectionable material.
In 2001, the Bombay High Court appointed a committee to oversee issues relating to online pornography and Cybercrime. The Court invited the petitioners, Jayesh Thakkar and Sunil Thacker, to make recommendations on cyber laws. The committee published a report which analyses the key issues and made recommendations regarding areas such as the licensing of cyber cafés, putative identity cards for cyber cafe visitors, that minors use computers in public spaces, and the maintenance of IP logs by cyber cafes. The committee also recommended that internet service providers keep correct time logs and records.
The report also addressed the protection of children from adult websites and advised internet service providers to provide parental control software for every Internet connection. The committee also identified lack of technical knowledge in the police as a problem. The report was well received by the courts, and its recommendations are being implemented the police and cyber cafés. The Cyber Crime Investigation Cell was set up pursuant to a recommendation made by the committee.
In 2003, the Government of India established the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-IN) to ensure Internet security. Its stated mission is "to enhance the security of India's Communications and Information Infrastructure through proactive action and effective collaboration". CERT-IN is the agency that accepts and reviews requests to block access to specific websites. All licensed Indian ISPs must comply with CERT-IN decisions. There is no review or appeals process. Many institutions, including the Ministry of Home Affairs, courts, the intelligence services, the police and the National Human Rights Commission, may call on it for specialist expertise. By stretching the prohibition against publishing obscene content to include the filtering of Web sites, CERT-IN was empowered to review complaints and act as the sole authority for issuing blocking instructions to the Department of Telecommunications (DOT). Many have argued that giving CERT-IN this power through executive order violates constitutional jurisprudence holding that specific legislation must be passed before the government can encroach on individual rights.
"I am mystified by our government's approach both to the internet and to the millions of Indians using it. It does not adhere to the values of our republic and democracy. This matter needs to be addressed urgently, for which I propose to file a PIL in the Supreme Court. Don't kill the freedom of speech, change the IT Rules", says Rajeev Chandrasekhar, Member of Parliament.
Timeline of censorship
Dawn website (1999)
Immediately after the Kargil War in 1999, the website of the Pakistani daily newspaper Dawn was temporarily blocked from access within India by Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited, a government-owned telecommunications company which at the time had monopoly control of the international internet gateways in India. Rediff, a media news website, claimed that the ban was instigated by the Indian government, and then published detailed instructions as to how one could bypass the filter and view the site.
Yahoo Groups (2003)
In September 2003, Kynhun, a Yahoo group linked to the "Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council" (an illegal, minor separatist group from Meghalaya), which discussed the case of the Khasi tribe was banned. The Department of Telecommunications asked Indian ISPs to block the group, but difficulties led to all Yahoo! groups being banned for approximately two weeks.
Websites blocked (2006)
In July 2006, the Indian government ordered the blocking of 17 websites, including some hosted on the Geocities, Blogspot and Typepad domains. Initial implementation difficulties led to these domains being blocked entirely. Access to sites on these domains other than those specifically banned was restored by most ISPs after about a week.
Orkut and Indian law enforcement agreement (2007)
In 2007, Indian law enforcement entered an agreement with the then popular social networking site Orkut to track down what it deems defamatory content which, in their example, includes content critical of Bal Thackeray.
2011
New IT rules adopted
The "IT Rules 2011" were adopted in April 2011 as a supplement to the 2000 Information Technology Act (ITA). The new rules require Internet companies to remove within 36 hours of being notified by the authorities any content that is deemed objectionable, particularly if its nature is "defamatory," "hateful", "harmful to minors", or "infringes copyright". Cybercafé owners are required to photograph their customers, follow instructions on how their cafés should be set up so that all computer screens are in plain sight, keep copies of client IDs and their browsing histories for one year, and forward this data to the government each month.
Websites banned
In March 2011, the Government banned several websites, Typepad, Mobango, Clickatell for some time without warning.
On 21 July 2011, all file hosting websites were blocked by ISPs to prevent copyright infringement of the film Singham, causing anger amongst Internet users. This ban was later lifted.
On 24 December 2011, Reliance Communications, a widely used ISP, again blocked access to file-sharing sites, having obtained a John Doe order from a Delhi court to help protect the movie Don 2 several days before its release. The block was lifted on 30 December 2011.
Pre-screening of Internet content
On 5 December 2011, The New York Times India Ink reported that the Indian government had asked several social media sites and internet companies, including Google, Facebook and Yahoo!, to "prescreen user content from India and to remove disparaging, inflammatory or defamatory content before it goes online". Top officials from the Indian units of Google, Microsoft, Yahoo and Facebook had several meetings with Kapil Sibal, India's acting telecommunications minister to discuss the issue in recent months, India Ink reported. In one meeting, Sibal asked these companies "to use human beings to screen content, not technology", the article said.
On 6 December 2011, communications minister of India Kapil Sibal held a press conference confirming the India Ink story. "We have to take care of the sensibilities of our people," Mr. Sibal told more than 100 reporters during a press conference on the lawn at his home in New Delhi. "Cultural ethos is very important to us."
On 7 December 2011, The Times of India revealed that the search engine Google was asked to remove around 358 items by the Government of India out of which 255 items were said to criticise the government as per a Google transparency report. The government had asked Google to remove 236 items from Orkut and 19 items from YouTube for the same reason, it added. Other reasons include defamation (39 requests), privacy and security (20 requests), impersonation (14 requests), hate speech (8 requests), pornography (3 requests) and national security (1 request). Google admitted that 51 per cent of the total requests were partially or fully complied with. The news of banning and blocking objectionable content on the internet was seen negatively by many Indian netizens and #IdiotKapilSibal trended on Twitter after netizens expressed the outrage over the move. It was seen as a way to block websites criticising the government. In an interview to NDTV, Kapil Sibal responded by saying that most of the content being asked to be removed was pornographic in nature and involved deities, which could have caused communal disharmony. While Kapil Sibal claimed that the government wanted to remove pornographic content, Google transparency report published by Google claims that the content that included protests against social leaders or used offensive language in reference to religious leaders were not removed. Google on its transparency report states
Google on this matter has also said that
While presently there are talks going on between the government and officials of internet companies like Google and Facebook, there is no consensus on this issue.
Ban on Cartoons Against Corruption
In 2011, a nationwide anti corruption movement India Against Corruption gathered pace in the leadership of a veteran Gandhian Anna Hazare demanding Jan Lokpal Bill. Political cartoonist Aseem Trivedi joined the crusade and started a cartoon based campaign, Cartoons Against Corruption to support the movement with his art. He launched a website www.cartoonsagainstcorruption.com consisting of his sharp anti-corruption cartoons targeting corrupt system and the politicos. He displayed his cartoons in the MMRDA ground, Mumbai during the hunger strike of Anna Hazare.
Aseem Trivedi was exhibiting his political cartoons from Cartoons Against Corruption in the anti-corruption protest at the MMRDA grounds, when his website was suspended by Crime Branch, Mumbai. It was only 27 December, the first day of the protest, when he received an email from BigRock, the domain name registrar with which his website was registered, saying, "We have received a complaint from Crime Branch, Mumbai against domain name 'cartoonsagainstcorruption.com' for displaying objectionable pictures and texts related to flag and emblem of India. Hence we have suspended the domain name and its associated services."
The site was suspended after a complaint to the Mumbai Crime Branch by a Mumbai-based advocate and congress leader, R.P. Pandey. The complaint stated that "defamatory and derogatory cartoons" were displayed as posters during Mr. Hazare's hunger strike in Mumbai. Noting that the posters were created by Aseem Trivedi and "are believed to be made at the instance of Shri Anna Hazare", the complaint requested "strict legal action in the matter".
Following his website's ban, Aseem Trivedi uploaded all the cartoons to a blog he quickly created.
2012
Delhi court summons
In January 2012, a Delhi court issued summonses to Google and Facebook headquarters for objectionable content. This was followed by the Delhi High Court saying that websites such as Google and Facebook were liable for the content, posted on their platform by users, as they benefited from the content. Google responded to both the Court and the Minister for Communication and IT Kapil Sibal, stating that it was impossible to pre-screen content. A plea was made by an educationist citing any sanctions against the online services will directly affect the fundamental right and will be against public interest. The Delhi Court also allowed Yahoo's case to be heard separately after it appealed citing it did not host any objectionable content and does not fall under the social networking site category.
Websites blocked
Starting 3 May 2012, a number of websites including Vimeo, The Pirate Bay, Torrentz and other torrent sites were allegedly blocked by Reliance Communications, on orders from Department of Telecom without any stated reasons or prior warnings.
Reliance DNS servers compromised
In May 2012, Anonymous India (AnonOpsIndia), a branch of the hacktivist group Anonymous, hacked the servers of Reliance Communications to protest the blocking of Vimeo, The Pirate Bay, Torrentz and other torrent sites. The ISP Reliance Communications stated that it simply followed a court order. The group also hacked Reliance DNS servers preventing direct access to Twitter, Facebook and many other websites in India on 26 May 2012 for allegedly blocking its Twitter handle @OpIndia_Revenge. They went on to warn the Government to restore all the blocked websites till 9 June 2012, and has planned a nationwide protests on the same date. After this hack, Anonymous also released a list of websites that had been blocked by Reliance without any orders from the government, raising questions of private and unaccountable censorship by telecom providers.
Annulment motion in Parliament against 2011 IT rules
An annulment motion against the Information Technology (Inter-mediaries Guidelines) Rules, 2011 moved by Member of Parliament (MP) P. Rajeev of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in the Rajya Sabha, was the first serious attempt by internet freedom activists to get the Information Technology Act, 2000 discussed and reviewed by the country's lawmakers. Not unexpectedly, the motion (specifically against the rules governing intermediaries – clause (zg) of subsection (2) of Section 87 read with subsection (2) of Section 79 of the IT Act, 2000) was not carried. However, the discussion that preceded it at least demonstrated the concerns of parliamentarians about what internet freedom activists have termed the "draconian" provisions of the IT Act.
Save Your Voice campaign
Save Your Voice is a movement against Internet censorship in India. It was founded by cartoonist Aseem Trivedi and journalist Alok Dixit in January 2012. The movement opposes the Information Technology Act of India and demands democratic rules for the governance of Internet. The campaign is targeted at the draconian rules framed under the Information Technology Act, 2000.
Madras High Court: Entire websites cannot be blocked
On 15 June 2012, the Madras High Court has passed an order saying that entire websites cannot be blocked on the basis of "John Doe" orders. The High Court order reads:
The High court provided this clarification after being approached by a consortium of Internet Service Providers. The order has been welcomed by the Indian media and net users.
Domain hosting sites
Starting in July 2012 several domain hosting sites were banned. When opening these sites, a message saying that these sites have been blocked by the Department of Telecommunications or court order is displayed. Sites such as Buydomains.com, Fabulous.com, and Sedo.co.uk were blocked.
Censorship following Assam violence
Between 18 and 21 August 2012 the Government of India ordered more than 300 specific URLs blocked. The blocked articles, accounts, groups, and videos were said to contain inflammatory content with fictitious details relating to Assam violence and supposedly promoting the North East exodus. These specific URLs include the domains of Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, BlogSpot, WordPress, Google Plus, Wikipedia, Times of India, and other websites. Many of the blocked URLs are Indian right wing activism against corruption.
This raised questions about freedom of speech in the largest democracy in the world. It also raised questions about the censorship of people and posts debunking rumors. The Economic Times called it levels of censorship "that have not so far been seen in India". Over four days from 18 August, the Government of India issued directives to Internet Service Providers to block the Twitter accounts of two Delhi-based journalists – Kanchan Gupta and Shiv Aroor – and Pravin Togadia. The government also blocked the website of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and several other right-wing websites. In addition, articles from Wikipedia, and news reports of violence in Assam on the websites of The Times of India, Firstpost, The Daily Telegraph and Al-jazeera were blocked. A petition was created to oppose Internet censorship in India by the Indian diaspora in the US.
Telecom Minister's website defaced
In November 2012, Anonymous India defaced Indian Telecom Minister Kapil Sibal's constituency website in protest against an amendment to the Information Technology Act and the recent crackdown on netizens for comments posted online.
BSNL website defaced
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited's (BSNL) website, www.bsnl.co.in, was hacked by Anonymous India on 13 December 2012. They defaced the website with a picture stating that they protest against section 66A of the IT Act and in support of cartoonist Aseem Trivedi and Alok Dixit. The duo have gone on a hunger striker to protest against Section 66A.
2013
39 websites blocked
In an order dated 13 June 2013, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) directed Indian Internet service providers (ISPs) to block 39 websites. The order did not specify a reason or law under which the websites were blocked. Most are web forums, where Internet users share images and URLs to pornographic files. However, some of the websites are also image and file hosts, mostly used to store and share files that are not pornographic. While watching or distributing child pornography is illegal in India, watching adult pornography is not. The blocked websites are hosted outside India and claim to operate under the U.S. rule that requires performers to be over 18 years of age.
2014
File sharing and file hosting sites banned
In an order dated 23 June 2014, the Delhi High Court upon a request made by Sony Entertainment ordered 472 file sharing and file hosting websites blocked, including The Pirate Bay, Google Docs, Google Videos, and Google's URL shorterner (goo.gl). This is contrary to the 2012 Madras High Court orders which blocked only URLs referencing web pages with illegal content, rather than entire websites. However, it was reported on 7 July 2014 that an updated court order blocks just 219 sites. Included are many file storage and torrent websites, but no Google sites.
Whistle blower Savukku's site blocked by Judge C T Selvam
In an interim order on the petition filed by news reader Mahalaxmi, Justice Cyril Selvam blocked the entire website www.savukku.net. This order on 28 February 2014 directly contradicts an earlier order by Madras High Court on 15 April 2012 against banning entire website instead of specific URLs.
Earlier in Feb, savukku.net had exposed the tapes of conversations between DMK MP Kanimozhi and former Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) Jaffer Sait, Jaffer Sait and Kalaignar TV's former director Sharad Kumar, and DMK President M Karunanidhi's Secretary K.Shanmuganathan and Jaffer Sait.
Judge C T Selvam is considered to be close to Karunanidhi's family.
The Department of Telecommunications ordered blocking of 32 websites including the Internet Archive, GitHub, Dailymotion and Vimeo, as they could host terror content relating to ISIS but the sites are no longer blocked as of 1 January 2015 as the order had been reversed and the unblocking process has begun on compliant websites.
2015
Porn ban
On 1 August 2015, 857 pornographic sites were blocked under section 79 3(b) of Information Technology Act, 2000, to restrict access to pornographic content. This list was given to government officials by petitioner Kamlesh Vaswani on 17 October 2014 in Supreme Court of India. The original list was generated by Suresh Kumar Shukla, founder of Filternet Foundation which makes pornography-blocking software and contained popular sites. The block was ordered by the government Department of Telecom on 31 July 2015. A copy of the order is available through media websites.
The ban was lifted on 5 August the same year, by Department of Telecommunications. Porn is major internet traffic (as high as 70%) and telecom companies were losing revenue. Additionally people criticised the law enforcement (section 67 of IT Act 2000).
2016
In August 2016, some Bollywood studios came up with a public education message that black money generated from pre-release of their content through offline markets are sourced for terrorism, though sources were not clear. Reports show that piracy losses are significantly high.
In September 2016, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare told a court that Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo! had agreed to censor all information on their search engines related to prenatal sex discernment in order to comply with the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994.
2017
In August 2017, the Madras High Court ordered that the Internet Archive be blocked in India, following complaints by film studios who alleged that the service had been used to disseminate copyright-infringing copies of its films.
2018
Reinstating porn ban
In October 2018, the government directed Internet service providers to block 827 websites that host pornographic content following an order by the Uttarakhand High Court, effectively reinstating the previously rescinded 2015 porn ban. While the Uttarakhand High Court had asked to block 857 websites, the Ministry of Electronics and IT (Meity) also removed from 30 portals without any pornographic content listings. The court asked the Department of Telecom (DoT) to ban pornographic websites in India, citing an incident from Dehradun where a 10th standard girl was raped by four of her seniors. The accused later told Police that they did so after watching pornographic content on the web. As per, directions of Uttarakhand High Court and Regulations of DoT, Internet Service Providers of India banned pornographic websites across the country.
2019
Between January and October the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology revealed that the ministry issued the blocking orders for 20 websites in a response to an RTI query filed by SFLC India a Delhi-based not-for-profit legal services organisation.
During the same period, the ministry ordered social media platforms to take down 3433 URLs, under Section 69A of India's Information Technology Act to block users and posts across Social Media Platforms. An Indian court ordered Facebook, Twitter, and Google to remove government flagged content globally, not just in India.
In February, Indian government had proposed giving itself new powers, under the new proposed rules, Indian officials could demand Facebook, Google, Twitter, TikTok, WhatsApp and others to remove posts or videos that the officials deem unlawful or invasion of privacy and could trace a message to their original senders.
Over 130 complaints around the country from users appeared about blocked access to VPN, proxy sites. There were also reports of platforms like Telegram, Reddit and SoundCloud being inaccessible. There was no official word by the DoT for why were these platforms blocked, a common practice of the DoT which has a record of being non-transparent about the blockings.
2020
In June 2020, in retaliation for a military clash between Indian and Chinese troops in a disputed territory along their shared border between Ladakh and western China, the Indian government banned around 60 mobile apps published by Chinese companies. This most notably included TikTok, WeChat, and mobile games such as PUBG Mobile. The stated reason for the bans were to protect the sovereignty, integrity, and security of India, and protect its citizens from software that was "stealing and surreptitiously transmitting users’ data in an unauthorised manner to servers outside India". Apar Gupta, executive director of the Internet Freedom Foundation, said the censorship was absent from well-defined national security criteria and has "impacted more Indians than any before". The Indian Express said that the loss of revenue may drive Indian TikTok stars to rival platforms. The Times of India published an editorial supporting the block.
Around 40 websites operated by the pro-Khalistan outfit Sikh For Justice (SFJ) were blocked in response to SFJ starting registrations on its websites for Referendum 2020. India does not recognize "Right to Self Determination". There were several reports of the search engine DuckDuckGo being inaccessible for the Indian users.
In July, environmental groups leading the movement against the Indian Government's new Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 2020 Draft reported that their websites were inaccessible to users in India. Fridays for Future India, and several other environmental collectives reported that their websites were blocked/taken down, for reasons unknown to them, without any prior notice of any sorts.
During the curfew in Jammu and Kashmir after revocation of its autonomous status on 5 August 2019, the Indian government approached Twitter to block accounts which were spreading anti-India content.
2021
Twitter during farmers' protests
In early February, Twitter refused to comply with orders from the Indian government to ban over a thousand accounts related to farmers' protests. The government threatened Twitter employees with up to seven years of jail if the company fails to remove certain accounts that the government alleged to be spreading misinformation.
Subsequently, on 10 February 2021 the company took action on more than 500 accounts and also reduced the visibility of several hashtags that violated Twitter's rules. Twitter also said that accounts belonging to news media outlets, journalists, activists or politicians were not taken down.
Later, at the end of the month, the government issued new rules aimed at social media companies to comply with local laws. Under these rules, the social media companies are required to publish a compliance report every month detailing the complaints and the actions they took on them.
Government's handling of COVID-19 pandemic
In late April, citizens were angry with the government's poor performance in handling the COVID-19 pandemic and took it to social media to express their dissatisfaction. The government has made an emergency order to Twitter to take down tweets from high-profile users that criticised its handling of the pandemic. Twitter has complied and withheld these tweets for users in India.
Twitter labelling BJP politicians' tweets
In May, Twitter labelled tweets as "manipulated media" from several BJP politicians including Sambit Patra, its spokesperson. In the tweet, he claimed that Congress was using a "toolkit" to derail the government's efforts of handling the pandemic. However, fact-checking has debunked the claim. The government has expressed strong objections over the labels saying Twitter acted prejudicially and asked the company to remove the labels in the interest of "fairness and equity."
Subsequently, Delhi Police has visited Twitter's Delhi and Gurgaon offices to seek more information. After an hour, the police has vacated the premises as the offices were closed and no employees were present to engage with. In a statement, the Delhi Police has disputed calling the search event as "raiding." Reportedly, the police did not hold a search warrant.
Twitter expressed concerns for its employees, intimidation tactics by the police and potential threat to freedom of expression in India. It also said it was particularly concerned over the rule where the compliance officer, to be set up by social media companies with over five million users under new social media rules, is criminally liable for the content on the platform. It has requested the government a three-month extension to enforce the new requirements. In a RTI reply to the Internet Freedom Foundation the Ministry of Electronics and IT said it did not have powers to direct Twitter to not label these tweets as misleading.
2022
In 2022, under national security grounds, new regulations were implemented by CERT-In to require the retention of customer data by VPN, web hosting, and cloud service providers for five years. Some VPN providers, such as ExpressVPN and Surfshark, announced that they would no longer use servers under Indian jurisdiction in order to preserve the privacy of their customers.
2023
In April 2023, new regulations were enacted that will require online intermediaries to censor and remove content that is deemed to be false or misleading by a body appointed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
Blocked websites
The process of blocking websites in India is quite non-transparent and the government does not maintain a public list of all the websites that have been blocked.
Over the years, the government has banned thousands of websites and URLs in the country with the help of internet service providers or under the directive of the courts. For example, in August 2015, the government banned at least 857 sites for their pornographic contents and in June 2016, the government further banned over 200 URLs for providing 'Escort Services'.
In August 2015, the Central government of India ordered TRAI and internet service providers based in India to ban domestic and international porn websites. In response, nearly 857 websites were blocked. Star India Pvt. Ltd., an entertainment company owned by 21st Century Fox have successfully gained authorization through hoodwinking the court. They can now force ISPs to block entire websites to tackle Internet piracy and sharing for their copyrighted content. This was gained through falsifying data that these sites are uploading videos when it is a user centered activity and covering up the fact each of these websites have active departments to regulate any sorts of infringement and misuse of their services. Prathiba M Singh, who had represented Star India, cited poor resources of media giants like Star India, for targeting these domains without block expiry period and their legal team termed these sites as "rogue sites" and expressed delight in their successive filing from 2014 and incognito win to violate freedom of trade on the Internet at least in India. Though some critics say this would be lifted eventually by seeing the fallacy as in similar previous cases. Many has raised there voice through social media that the proceedings being overly suspicious and was gained for an alternate means, which is aimed for profiting rather than the initial spike of alleged piracy of these copyrighted contents and strengthening an ongoing practice of bottle-necking the internet users to forced payment and culture of on-demand online access to content. This has happened in the same week were media personnel's filter-free over indulgences to manipulate ongoing cases and political statements without any guidelines were appalled by Lawyers in the country.
In 2016, India also put forwarded a new plan to control internet usage of its netizens. Accessing or pop-ups from ad services or malware infection of websites banned in India might invite 3 years of jail sentence and a fine of . Until now, URLs and websites were blocked using DNS-filtering. This means the DNS of the blocked site was added to a list maintained by the internet service provider and whenever a user tried connecting to that site, the DNS server of the service provider would block that request. Officials suspect netizens are circumventing these measures knowingly or unknowingly. The government also intends to provide broad educational information classes, provide free operating systems with utilities for malware, free access to internet, and for computerized activities of daily life as a primary method. Currently, the government is joining hands with media content providers and internet service providers like big companies Tata Communications and Airtel to manage a number of internet gateways in India. Though many legal, technical and social action groups consider this as a threatening approach. Many social action groups say that these as inappropriate time and money spend while real issues like unemployment, access to education, freedom of practicing religion, women and children safety, drug use are ever rising. Lawyers with technical background say this might be warning message and DNS filtering is a better practice for enforcing Anti-piracy laws in current India. Some of them are also wary about how will these actions get reflected in terms hostility towards human rights, implications of these fines, profiteering stakeholders agendas, is it the government's first step to a long-term plan "monitoring the whole world wide web" as China does. Many of these services are malvertising, click away access and pops ups, how does the government intend to tackle these issues and problems with the current plan that is heavily in favor of corporation's margin and doesn't cater to its users needs. Other groups express their fear and uneasiness whether these will lead to emergency era like arrests where anything that government bodies believe is an "offence under the laws of India, including but not limited to under Sections 63, 63-A, 65 and 65-A of the Copyright Act, 1957".
Warning that allegedly created for TATA and Airtel users with threats implied beyond normal DoT remainder and block message shows as:
Current situation that have led to this sudden moves is reported to be by influence of film studios in India and courts who have regularly issued orders in the favor for them. Often these are done with the contracted lawyers of film studios approach courts in regular intervals ahead and after a movie's release seeking preventive blocks on the URLs they compile and list. This lists in reality are unprofessionally and "poorly compiled and often block is sought on full websites just on the basis of whims and fancies". "Once this order are issued, the copies of the order along with the list of URLs to be blocked go to DoT, which then they pass an order to internet service providers to block these sites". Once a URL is blocked it remains blocked, even years after the release of the film without an expiry. Patent lawyers also suggest to make practical changes in its laws according to the current e-environment like making materials accessible within six months to one year and protecting the content from manipulation and creative infringement of the same under copyright laws to lessen the current piracy problems.
In a response to an RTI application by SFLC India, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology stated that 14221 websites/URLs were blocked between 2010 and 2018. In 2011, journalist Tanul Thakur created the Dowry Calculator, a satirical website on the dowry system. In 2018, the website was blocked by the Government of India, which was challenged by Mr. Thakur with legal assistance by the Internet Freedom Foundation (IFF) in November 2019 before the Delhi High Court, as illegal and unconstitutional. The case came up for hearing on 21 March 2022, and the Court recorded Mr. Thakur's submissions that he was not given an opportunity to be heard before the website was blocked. It has directed the Union of India to provide the entire case record, and asked the Union of India to consider giving Mr. Thakur a post-decisional hearing, including an opportunity to take corrective measures, if necessary.
In February 2022, the website of VideoLAN, the developers of the free and open-source media player software VLC Media Player, was blocked by most Indian ISPs. It was reported that the block may have been related to a cyberattack by a Chinese group, which had been using compromised versions of VLC as a payload for malicious software. In October 2022, VideoLAN, with assistance from the IFF, filed a legal notice seeking information on the block, which they accused of breaching the site blocking rules by not providing notice or an opportunity for a hearing. While information on the block was not published, the block was lifted in November 2022.
Internet shutdowns
India leads the world, in the list of Internet Shutdowns. In 2018, as reported by Access Now, out of 196 documented Internet Shutdowns globally, India accounted for 134 of them. The reasons for the shutdowns range from protests and political unrest to elections and exams. Internet Shutdowns have often helped the government to throttle dissent and mass-public gatherings. Aside from the socio-political impact, ICRIER estimates that between 2012 and 2017, 16,315 hours of Internet shutdown in India cost the economy approximately $3.04 billion. It was estimated that internet shutdowns caused US$2.8 billion of damage to India's economy in 2020, causing harm to businesses, teaching and healthcare. Between 2012 and 2017, the economic damage was estimated at US$3 billion. In 2021, India recorded total 317.5 hours of internet shutdown and 840 hours of Bandwidth throttling costing $582.8 million.
List of banned phone apps
This is a list of notable applications that have been banned in India pursuant to section 69-A of the Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Blocking of Access of Information by Public) Rules, 2009.
On 2 September 2020 Indian government release another list of 118 apps.
Locations
Jammu and Kashmir
Before revocation of autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir, the Internet services were shut down as part of curfew and complete communications blackout including cable TV, landlines and cellphones on 4 August 2019. The Internet was restored on 25 January 2020, when the government allowed people of Kashmir to access the internet on 2G with whitelisted websites. It was over a year later in February 2021 when access to high speed internet was restored across Jammu and Kashmir. This blockade and other frequent internet shutdowns in the region have been termed by a local human rights group as amounting to digital apartheid. Many students got affected because they could not study properly on online classes during lockdown because the internet speed was too slow. Broadband services were set to be restored the same day, but because of technical error BSNL could not restore it till 5 March 2020. Broadband was restored with full access whereas mobile internet at 2G. The State government shut down the Internet on 17–18 March 2014 in Jammu and Kashmir to stop separatists from addressing a United Nations Human Rights Council sideline event via video link in Geneva. Internet access was shut down again for mobile and landline broadband in July 2016 against the backdrop of protests.
The state government of Jammu and Kashmir on 26 April 2017 ordered the various Internet service providers (ISPs) operating in the valley to block access to 22 social networking websites for one month saying among other things, "endangering public life and property and causing unrest/ disharmony in the state". Pertinently, the order was passed by exercising the powers conferred under the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 which technically became obsolete when the Government of India decided to stop all telegraph services in the country. As a result of this censorship, people living in the valley have resorted to circumvention tactics in the form of using web proxies, VPNs among other things. The popularity of these tactics have compelled the government to block access to Android Play Store among other services for some time in a bid to prevent citizens from getting access to these services.
The banned services include widely used services like Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp but also the list includes websites like QQ, Baidu, Qzone, which are not used outside of mainland China. Xanga, a website featured in the list, shut down in 2013. These websites mostly being in Mandarin has people concerned that the censorship has been an attempt to suppress dissent only by all means necessary, as opposed to their claim of "maintaining peace and harmony".
Rajasthan
Internet was suspended in 4 districts of Rajasthan in October 2021, following violent protests.
Internet was suspended across Rajasthan in view of the Rajasthan Administrative services exam, in October 2021.
Internet servies across Rajasthan were suspended to prevent cheating in the teachers recruitment exam, in September 2021.
Internet services were blocked in the state for days amid religious tensions in the aftermath of the murder of Kanhaiya Lal, this was done to stop the spread of the beheading video.
Gujarat
The State Government of Gujarat shut down the Internet in Vadodara, Gujarat from 27 September 2014 for 3 days due to communal clashes between two communities, even though only the central government has the power to shut down the Internet under the Information Technology Act, 2000 and that, in addition, under a declared state of emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution of India when freedom of speech and expression is suspended. No formal announcement was made regarding this by the city police or the Internet service providers.
When the Patidar reservation agitation turned violent on 25 August 2015, the internet services on mobile phones and broadband were restricted as certain social media platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook were blocked for six days from 26 August 2015 to 31 August 2015 across the state.
Nagaland
The State Government of Nagaland shut down the Internet for the entire state, from 7 March 2015 for 48 hours due to the mob lynching of a man.
Both SMS and internet/data services were suspended in Nagaland from 30 January 2017, which were restored on 20 February 2017 after being blocked for 20 days. The block was initiated to prevent the spread of violence in the state. This situation came up when two Naga tribal bodies had served a three-day ultimatum to Zeliang to step down following the government's decision to hold local body elections with 33% reservation for women in 12 towns across the state and the death of two persons in clashes between the police and protestors at Dimapur, the commercial hub of Nagaland, on the night of 31 January 2017.
Manipur
The State Government of Manipur shut down the Internet of some service providers, who provide Internet through mobile technology 2G/3G/4G in Manipur from 1 September 2015 evening, to 8 September 2015 afternoon due to agitation over the passing of three bills. Police and protesters clashed in different areas of Churachandpur district as mobs went on a rampage attacking residences of Ministers, MLAs and MPs.
The government ordered the respective Deputy Commissioner (DC) to shut down mobile data service in Imphal West and Imphal East district from 17 December 2016 till further order. On 18 December 2016, Home department of Government of Manipur was ordered to shutdown all mobile data services and SMS in Manipur from 10:00 on 18 December 2016, to 10:00 on 30 December 2016.
The government ordered all forms of telecom services, except voice calls, to be suspended for five days in Manipur with effect from Thursday night (19 July 2018) to prevent anti-national and anti-social messages on social media. Raghumani Singh, Special Secretary (Home)Manipur, in an order issued in the name of the Governor said the prohibition is imposed under Rule II of the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017.
For second time in 2018 the government ordered to shut down mobile data services in Manipur for five days, with effect from 21 September 2018, the prohibition was imposed under Rule II of the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017. An order issued by Special Secretary (Home) Raghumani said the step was taken to prevent spread of rumors, "which might have serious repercussion for the law and order situation in the entire state of Manipur."
For the third time under the leadership of CM N. Biren Singh in 2019 the state government ordered to shut down mobile data services in Manipur for five days, amidst protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill which took effect from 11 February 2019 at midnight. District Magistrate for Imphal West Naorem Praveen Singh also barred cable news channels from “transmission of agitation or protest” indefinitely “until further orders”, under Section 19 of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 which prohibits transmission of agitation or protests which may lead to violence.
Internet and mobile data services were restored after an order in the name of the Governor issued by Raghumani Singh, Special Secretary (Home)Manipur, at 14:00 on 13 February 2019. The CAB was not tabled on Rajya Sabha as the law and order situation improved and come back to normalcy.
On 16 March 2020, the Government of Manipur issued an ordered signed by H. Gyan Prakash, in the name of Governor of Manipur to suspend Internet services for 3 days in view to avoid the usage of social media networks which might lead to escalation of an incident between two communities at Chasad village of Kamjong district. Internet services were restored the next day reducing the period of suspension to one day.
On 06 Aug 2022, the Government of Manipur issued an ordered signed by H. Gyan Prakash, in the name of Governor of Manipur to suspend Internet Mobile services for 5 days in view to avoid the usage of social media networks which might lead to escalation of tense situation and volatile law order situation in the State of Manipur. On 09 Aug 2022 the Government of Manipur issued an ordered signed by H. Gyan Prakash in view of the positive development, the suspension was relaxed.
Andhra Pradesh
The State Government of Andhra Pradesh shut down the internet in Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh on 25 May 2022 due to violent protests regarding the name change of Konaseema district where Amalapuram is located.
See also
Censorship in India
Information Technology Act, 2000
Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India
References
Internet censorship in India
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Elis Ingemar Eliasson (born 30 March 1939) is a Swedish Liberal People's Party politician with a long and diverse career, having served as government minister, county governor, member of the Parliament and royal court official.
Education and career
Ingemar Eliasson was born in the village of Visnums-Kils, in Värmland County's Kristinehamn Municipality. He holds a Master of Science in business and economics.
In 1976, Eliasson became Undersecretary of State, and served as such until 1980, when he became Minister of Employment. Following a career as member of the Parliament from 1982 where he was parliamentary leader of the Liberal People's Party from 1985 until 1990. At 1990 he became Governor of Värmland County, serving as such until 2002. On 1 September the next year, Eliasson was appointed Marshal of the Realm, the highest-ranking post he held. As Marshal of the Realm, Eliasson was responsible for the organization of the royal household and reported directly to King Carl XVI Gustaf. Having resigned the court office on 1 January 2010, he now functions as chancellor of the orders of chivalry.
In 2003, Eliasson chaired a Commission of Inquiry into the 1945 disappearance and subsequent death of the diplomat Raoul Wallenberg. His stated mission is to summarize Wallenberg's service in Hungary, his work, and legacy.
Honors and awards
In 2006, the Swedish Council of America presented Eliasson with the Great Swedish Heritage Award in Karlstad, for promoting knowledge and understanding of the Swedish culture and the Swedish heritage in the United States. On 28 January 2010, the King awarded him H. M. The King's Medal, the 12th (largest) size with chain, at the Stockholm Palace.
References
External links
|-
1939 births
Living people
Governors of Värmland County
Liberals (Sweden) politicians
Marshals of the Realm
Members of the Riksdag from the Liberals (Sweden)
Order of the Polar Star
Swedish Ministers for Employment
People from Kristinehamn Municipality |
"The Me Decade and the Third Great Awakening" is an essay by American author Tom Wolfe, in which Wolfe coined the phrase Me' Decade", a term that became common as a descriptor for the decade of the 1970s. The essay was first published as the cover story in the August 23, 1976 issue of New York magazine and later appeared in his collection Mauve Gloves & Madmen, Clutter & Vine.
In one of the essay's most famous passages, exemplifying his style of description, Wolfe called Jimmy Carter a "Missionary lectern-pounding Amen ten-finger C-major-chord Sister-Martha-at-the-Yamaha-keyboard loblolly piney-woods Baptist."
Origin of the term Me' Decade"
The term "'Me' Decade" describes a general new attitude of Americans in the 1970s, in the direction of atomized individualism and away from communitarianism, in clear contrast with social values prevalent in the United States during the 1960s.
Wolfe asserts the disappearance of the socioeconomic class he calls the "proletariat", in parallel with the concurrent appearance of an American "lower middle class". He cites the economic boom of postwar America as affording the average American a new sense of self-determination and individuation associated with the widespread economic prosperity. Wolfe describes the resulting abandoning of communal, progressive, and New Deal-style politics as "taking the money and running". He traces the preoccupation with self and self-development back to the aristocratic European gentry. Wolfe states that the "chivalric tradition" and the philosophy behind "the finishing school" are inherently dedicated to the building and forming of personal character and conduct.
Wolfe believes that the counterculture of the 1960s and the New Left school of thought promoted a recovery of the self in a flawed and corrupt America, a philosophy extended in the 1970s with a spreading idea that use of the drug LSD, commonly known as "acid", would unveil a true and real self. He describes the revelatory experience of hallucinogens as similar to, even competitive with, religious ecstasy, transforming the religious climate in America. Wolfe chronicles the American periods of Christian revival known as the First and Second Great Awakenings, to which he analogizes the 1970s and their dominant social trends. He argues that the "Me" Decade of the 1970s is a "Third Great Awakening".
Criticism
In his influential 1979 book The Culture of Narcissism, cultural historian Christopher Lasch states that Wolfe "inadvertently provides evidence that undermines a religious interpretation of the "consciousness movement"" and quotes Wolfe as saying "most people, historically, have not lived their lives as if thinking "I have only one life to live". Instead they lived as if they were living their ancestors' and their offspring's lives".
See also
Mauve Gloves & Madmen, Clutter & Vine
Counterculture of the 1960s
Self-help
Great Awakening
References
External links
The "Me" Decade and the Third Great Awakening, New York
1976 essays
Essays by Tom Wolfe
Individualism
Works originally published in New York (magazine) |
Corfu (, Kerkyra) is a major island in Greece.
Corfu, Kerkyra, Korkyra or Corcyra may also refer to:
Places
Corfu, a major island in Greece
Corfu (city), the capital city of the island
Corfu (regional unit), an administrative unit created in 2011
Corfu Prefecture, a former administrative unit (1864–2010)
Corfu Province, a former administrative unit (1864–2006)
Corcyre, a former French department (1797–1799)
Korkyra (polis), the ancient city which preceded Corfu
Corfu, New York, a village in the United States
Corfu, Washington, an unincorporated community
Corfu Slide, a geological formation in the United States
Corcyra Nigra or Korkyra Melaina, ancient name of Korčula island, in Croatia
Korčula (town), on the island
Ecclesiastical sees
Metropolis of Corfu, Paxoi and the Diapontian Islands, an Eastern Orthodox see, part of the Church of Greece
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Corfu, Zakynthos, and Cephalonia
People
Korkyra (mythology), nymph associated with the island
, Christian martyr of the 1st century, daughter of the Roman governor of Corfu
Haim Corfu (1921–2015), Israeli politician
Robert Corfou (born 1942), French football manager
Ships
Three warships of the Hellenic Navy have worn this name:
, customs steamboat (1885–1897)
(1943–1973), former BYMS-2172 minesweeper of the Royal Navy, sold to the Hellenic Navy in 1946
(built 2004), Zubr-class LCAC
(1931–1961), British ocean liner
Corfu Diamond, ferry, name of MV Avrasya (1953–1997) during part of her life
(1915–1956), Russian, Soviet & Bulgarian Fidonisy-class destroyer
Other
Corcyra (moth), a genus of snout moth
See also
Siege of Corfu (disambiguation)
Corcyra (disambiguation) |
Maaveeran () is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language superhero film directed by Madonne Ashwin and produced by Arun Viswa. The film stars Sivakarthikeyan and Aditi Shankar in the lead roles, while Saritha, Mysskin, Monisha Blessy, Yogi Babu and Sunil play supporting roles.
The film was announced in July 2022. Principal photography began the following August and wrapped in June 2023. The music was composed by Bharath Sankar, while the cinematography and editing were handled by Vidhu Ayyanna and Philomin Raj.
Maaveeran was released theatrically worldwide on 14 July 2023 to positive reviews from critics and became a commercial success at the box office.
Plot
Sathya is a comic book artist who writes and illustrates a comic strip about a brave warrior named Maaveeran for the Tamil newspaper Dhina Thee. However, he is also a coward who is unable to stand up for himself, ever since his father was killed several years ago in his fight against the existing system. He allows an employee at Dhina Thee to take credit for Maaveeran due to his cowardice. Nila, a sub-editor at the paper, takes a stand on Sathya's behalf, securing him the same job that he was being exploited for. Eventually, both become good friends.
Sathya and his family, comprising his widowed mother, Eshwari, and younger sister, Raji, along with his neighbors, are forced to move out of their slum and relocate to a high-rise apartment building by the Government of Tamil Nadu to improve their living conditions. But within a few hours of moving in, the apartment's flaws get exposed as a result of shoddy construction, crumbling walls due to unstable foundation, broken doors, poorly installed windows, and the ceiling falling apart. Eshwari confronts the contractor, Dhanraj, as well as the local councilor Paguthi, refusing to accept the uninhabitable conditions. Still, Sathya implores his mother to "adjust" to the conditions, instead showing his frustration via Maaveeran comic strips. Eventually, when Raji is sexually harassed by Dhanraj and Sathya is unable to do anything about it, a livid Eshwari vents out her frustration on Sathya and his cowardice and throws away all of his Maaveeran strips as well as his drawing material.
Distraught, Sathya attempts suicide by trying to jump from the top floor of the apartment, but just as he has second thoughts about doing so, the shoddy construction makes way and he slips and falls, suffering a serious head injury. It is at this juncture that Sathya, on regaining consciousness, begins to experience the presence of a mysterious voice. The newfound voice, speaking like the narrator of the Maaveeran strip, takes precedence over Sathya's actions, compelling him to follow its suggestions when making decisions in his life, ranging from trivial matters to significant choices. In the course of the voice's guidance, Sathya crosses swords with the corrupt Housing Minister, M. N. Jeyakodi, whose department is responsible for building the apartment and whom the voice claims as Sathya's "worst enemy". Sathya, due to the voice's guidance, unwillingly takes on Jeyakodi, Dhanraj, Paguthi, and their men to further expose the apartment's poor construction. This makes him a hero in the eyes of the apartment dwellers, including Eshwari and Raji.
Jeyakodi's Secretary and best friend, Paramu, comes to know of the mysterious voice guiding Sathya and Sathya's reluctance to fight Jeyakodi and decides to use it to benefit Jeyakodi. He convinces Sathya to reveal on live television the voice forcing him to fight Jeyakodi and claim that the apartment construction is bad, claiming that Jeyakodi would leave him alone if he did so. This causes Sathya to be framed as a "mentally unstable" person, and his family is thrown out of the apartment, leaving them homeless. Further, Jeyakodi refuses to forgive Sathya and brutally beats him up, but Sathya refuses to fight back, despite the voice telling him to do so. Finally, Sathya dies. After he wakes up again, the voice stops, claiming that Sathya betrayed his family and the apartment dwellers for his gain.
Sathya returns to see his family homeless and feels guilty for the same. On Nila's advice, he decides to "create his own story" and take on Jeyakodi as well as expose the apartment's construction, even though the voice is no longer guiding him. In the process, he is willingly kidnapped by Jeyakodi and taken to his go-down, in the hopes of procuring the evidence of the unsafe construction of the apartment complex. Paramu is killed by Jeyakodi when he advises him to reveal to the public that the apartment can collapse any time and also evacuate the dwellers as failing to do so would cost him the upcoming election. Jeyakodi's men throw Paramu's body into the sea and Sathya drowns himself. After Sathya comes back alive, he begins to hear the mysterious voice again, this time much to his happiness. He returns to the apartment, where he unsuccessfully tries to convince the dwellers to evacuate the apartment as it would collapse any moment.
Jeyakodi arrives at the apartment and mocks Sathya, prompting him to challenge Jeyakodi to stay in the apartment if he is fully sure that it will not collapse. Jeyakodi refuses to do so, which makes the apartment dwellers believe Sathya and they all evacuate, just in time before the apartment starts collapsing, with the apartment sign falling on Jeyakodi, crushing him to death. Sathya then realises that one of the dwellers, his neighbor's daughter, Ilavarasi, is still trapped in the apartment, and rushes to save her. While he manages to save her, at the same time, the apartment collapses with Sathya still inside. In the aftermath of the collapse, the dwellers all search for Sathya. He is found beneath the rubbble wreckage, but is seemingly dead.
Two years later, with another government in place, the apartment is being rebuilt, this time being built keeping the dwellers in loop and with a good and strong construction. It is also revealed that Sathya miraculously survived the apartment collapse and still works for Dhina Thee, writing and illustrating Maaveeran, but the incident has left him permanently deaf. However, his reflexes have sharpened as well. Ilavarasi approaches Sathya with a question about his survival and it becomes clear that the enigmatic voice has once again reappeared, breathing life back into Sathya in the aftermath of the apartment collapse.
Cast
Voice cast
Vijay Sethupathi as narrator for Sathya.
Production
Development
In December 2021, reports said that Sivakarthikeyan signed a new film with Madonne Ashwin, who directed Mandela, under Vels Films International, and the film will start shooting in July 2022. An official announcement of the film was made by the team in July 2022 with a teaser and a first look poster. The announcement stated that the title would be Maaveeran, the film is directed by Madonne Ashwin, produced by Arun Viswa under Shanthi Talkies, Bharath Shankar will compose the music and Vidhu Ayyanna will handle the cinematography. A muhurat puja was held on 3 August in Chennai.
Casting
Sivakarthikeyan played a cartoonist named Sathya, who starts hearing a voice in his head after an accident. In June 2022, Mysskin was reported to play the antagonist. His commitments to the film was confirmed in August. He played the role as the antagonist in the film as Jeyakodi, a politician. Kiara Advani was reported to play the lead female, however, in August, Aditi Shankar was announced playing the lead female role, doing so for second time after Viruman (2022). She played the role as Nila, Sathya's love interest and the sub-editor for newspaper company Dina Thee. Along with Aditi, Saritha was also announced doing a role in the film. She was last seen in Ceylon (2013), marking Maaveeran as her 10-years comeback to the film industry. She played Eshwari, the mother of Sathya and Raji. Yogi Babu played as an construction worker named Kumar. Maaveeran marked the eighth collaboration of Yogi Babu and Sivakarthikeyan. Telugu-actor Sunil played the role as Paramu, Jeyakodi's personal assistant. The film marked his first Tamil film. Monisha Blessy played Raji, Sathya’s sister and Eshwari's daughter. The film marked her acting debut. Vijay Sethupathi was cast as the voice in Sathya's head, and charged no remuneration.
Filming
Principal photography began in start of August 2022. The first schedule happened in Chennai for a month and had completed all the major portions. In November, 40 percent of the shooting was done. In March 2023, the final schedule started in Pondicherry. In the very same month, Sivakarthikeyan finished shooting his portions. Principal photography wrapped after shooting some patch works by 3 June.
Post-production
Sivakarthikeyan started dubbing his portions in late-May 2023 and finished in early-June. Aditi started dubbing for her portions in early-June.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack and background score were composed by Bharath Sankar in his first collaboration with Sivakarthikeyan and second with Madonne after Mandela. The audio rights were bagged by Saregama. The first single "Scene Ah Scene Ah" was released on 17 February 2023, on the occasion of Sivakarthikeyan's birthday. The second single "Vannarapettayila" was released on 14 June, and the third single "Vaa Veera" on 7 July.
Release
Maaveeran released theatrically on 14 July 2023. The film was initially scheduled for release on 11 August 2023, however, to avoid a box office clash with Jailer, the makers preponed it to 14 July. The distribution rights for the film in Tamil Nadu were bought by Red Giant Movies and in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana state's by Asian Cinemas.
Home media
The streaming rights of the film were acquired by Amazon Prime Video for 33 crore, while the satellite rights were sold to Sun TV Network. The film began streaming on Amazon Prime Video from 11 August 2023.
Reception
Maaveeran received positive reviews from critics.
Soundarya Athimuthu of The Quint gave 4 out of 5 and wrote that "'Sivakarthikeyan’s well-crafted fantasy action entertainer." M Suganth of The Times of India gave the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "Sivakarthikeyan shines in an engaging but overlong fantasy entertainer." Janaki K. of India Today gave the film 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "Maaveeran is yet another solid entertainer that makes you enjoy and retrospect. It brings forth prevailing issues, such as corruption, poverty and petty politics. But, it is also a character study of how people will have to revolt for their basic rights."
Swami Ji Bhuvanesh Chandar of The Hindu wrote "Maaveeran is a story about the inner voice that asks you to do the right thing, driving home a point to those who turn a blind eye until the waves crash their homes; Siva aces this high-concept actioner that also respects commercial cinema sensibilities." Kirubhakar Purushothaman of The Indian Express gave the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "Sivakarthikeyan’s superhero film is good but predictable." Swathi P Ajith of Onmanorama wrote "All in all, Maaveeran is an immensely captivating and enjoyable film, which can arguably be seen as Sivakarthikeyan's comeback in Tamil cinema."
Sowmya Rajendran of The News Minute gave the film 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "Sivakarthikeyan’s superhero film is simple and mostly fun." P Sangeetha of OTTplay gave the film 3.5 out of 5, stating, "Madonne Ashwin's Maaveeran is laced with a gripping screenplay, hilarious one-liners, mass moments and some fantastic performances. While the role of Sathya seems to be tailor-made for Sivakarthikeyan, Yogi Babu, Mysskin and Saritha's performances, too, pack a punch. And needless to say, Vijay Sethpathi's voiceover elevates the film to a different level. In short, Maaveeran is a delight to watch."
Sudhir Srinivasan of Cinema Express gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, stating, "It's a time in our cinema when talented filmmakers like Madonne Ashwin are showing that they are unafraid of punching up." Priyanka Sundar of Firstpost rated the film 3.5 out of 5, stating, "Director Madonne Ashwin has taken a simple story of a man finding courage during dark times and made it into a comedy that left the theatre echoing rousing cheers and loud laughter." Ashwin Ram of MovieCrow gave the film 3.5 out of 5, stating, "Cracker of an entertainer that is packaged with theatre moments throughout but never goes out of the story. Second half could have been crisper, yet a paisa-vasool flick with many interesting elements." Ananda Vikatan gave the film 45 out of 100.
References
External links
2020s superhero films
2020s Tamil-language films
Films about comics
Indian superhero films |
, also known as Zatoichi Meets the One-Armed Swordsman and The Blind Swordsman Meets His Equal, is a 1971 Japanese-Hong Kong chambara / wuxia crossover by Japanese film director Kimiyoshi Yasuda and Chinese film director Hsu Tseng Hung. The film stars Shintaro Katsu as the blind swordsman Zatoichi and Jimmy Wang Yu as the "One-Armed Swordsman" Wang Kang. It is a crossover of the long-running Zatoichi series and the One-Armed Swordsman film series.
The Chinese edit of the film reportedly featured a different ending where Wang Kang was victorious in the final duel, rather than Zatoichi.
Plot
While traveling the Japanese countryside the blind masseur Zatoichi (Shintaro Katsu) comes across the One Armed Swordsman, Wang Kang (Jimmy Wang Yu), who is in hiding and protecting a child from a corrupt Japanese priest and a group of yakuza. Zatoichi and Wang Kang, each from very different worlds yet heroic swordsman in their own right, at first seem to get along but a language barrier and a series of misunderstanding leads Kang to distrust Ichi. Soon the two heroes are at each other throats while each attempts to stop the true villains from taking the child.
Cast
Shintaro Katsu as Zatoichi
Jimmy Wang Yu as Wang Kang
Yūko Hama as Osen
Michie Terada as Oyone
Kōji Nanbara as Kakuzen
Tokue Hanasawa as Yosaku
Shinsuke Minami as Henoichi
Shirō Itō as Shinshichi
Toru Abe as Boss Tōbei
Cheung Yik as Li Xiangrong
Wang Ling as Li Yumei
Production
Yoshinobu Nishioka - Art director
References
External links
Zatoichi Meets The One-Armed Swordsman at Hong Kong Cinemagic
1971 films
1971 action films
Hong Kong action films
1970s Japanese-language films
Films about amputees
Films directed by Kimiyoshi Yasuda
Films set in China
Films set in Japan
Kung fu films
Hong Kong martial arts films
Wuxia films
Zatoichi films
1970s Hong Kong films
1970s Japanese films |
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