text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
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Amdoparvovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Parvoviridae in the subfamily Parvovirinae. Mustelids (minks, ferrets, and foxes), skunk, and raccoons serve as natural hosts. There are five species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include progressive disorder of immune system.
Taxonomy
The following five species are assigned to the genus:
Carnivore amdoparvovirus 1
Carnivore amdoparvovirus 2
Carnivore amdoparvovirus 3
Carnivore amdoparvovirus 4
Carnivore amdoparvovirus 5
Structure
Viruses in the genus Amdoparvovirus have non-enveloped protein particles with T=1 icosahedral symmetry. They are around 18 to 26 nm in diameter and contain a single linear single-stranded DNA genome around 4.8 kb in length.
Life cycle
Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediate clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the rolling-hairpin model. DNA templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus may exit the host cell by vesicular trafficking following nuclear pore export or be released following cell lysis.
Mustelids, skunk, and raccoons serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are oral and respiratory.
References
External links
Parvovirinae
Virus genera |
is a Japanese idol, singer and actor. He is a member of the Johnny's boyband Kis-My-Ft2 and has acted in multiple high-profile television and film productions.
Discography
For Yuta Tamamori's discography as a member of Kis-My-Ft2, see Kis-My-Ft2#Discography.
Filmography
Films
Television dramas
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! Broadcast dates
! Broadcastingcompany
! Role
|-
|
| March 28, 2009
| NTV
| Reita Takasugi
|-
|
| April–June 2011
| Fuji TV
| Yūji Yanagisawa
|-
|
| July–September 2011
| TBS
| Ren Katsuragi
|-
|
| Ep. 1, 2;12, January 19, 2012
| TBS
| Yōichirō Kuraki
|-
|
| April–June 2012
| TBS
| Noboru Ebina
|-
|
| January–March 2013
| TV Asahi
| Ken
|-
|
| July–September 2013
| TBS
| Kyōnosuke Kawamura / Takeshi Kawamura
|-
|
| April 5, 2014
| Fuji TV
| Masashi Akita
|-
|
| July–September 2014
| TV Asahi
| Ken
|-
|Zeni no Sensou
|January - March 2015
|Fuji TV
|Shiraishi Kotaro
|-
|Seishun Tantei Haruya
|October 2015
|NTV
|Asagi Haruya
|-
|Reverse
|April 2017
|TBS
|Kosuke Asami
|-
|Juuyou Sankonin Tantei
|October–December 2017
|TV asahi
|Kei Maneki
|-
|Grand Maison Tokyo (:ja:グランメゾン東京)
|October–December 2019
|TBS
|Shōhei Hirako
|-
|GuraGura Maison Tokyo (グラグラメゾン東京)
|October–December 2019
|Paravi
|Shōhei Hirako
|-
|Oh! My Boss! Koi wa Bessatsu de (オー！マイ・ボス！恋は別冊で)
|January–March 2021
|TBS
|Junnosuke Horai
|-
|Nice Flight!
|July–September 2022
|TV asahi
|Sui Kurata
|-
|Inori no Karte: Kenshūi no Nazotoki Shinsatsu Kiroku (祈りのカルテ 研修医の謎解き診察記録)
|October–December 2022
|NTV
|Ryōta Suwano
|-
|}
Dubbing Elemental'' (Wade Ripple)
References
External links
Kis-My-Ft2 profile — Johnny's Net
Kis-My-Ft2 profile — Avex
1990 births
Living people
Johnny & Associates
Japanese idols
Japanese male pop singers
21st-century Japanese male actors
Singers from Tokyo
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese male singers |
Veronica of the Passion (1 October 1823 – 11 November 1906) was a Roman Catholic nun who founded the Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel, a religious congregation for women based in India.
Life
She was born as Sophie Leeves in 1823 in Constantinople, to Henry Daniel Leeves, an Anglican chaplain to the British Embassy there, and to Sophia Mary Haultain, the daughter of a Colonel in the British army.
When Leeves was in her teens a change came over her. She spent long hours in prayers. "Easter Tuesday ended in a dark night" she wrote. "I blew out the last candles. The house was still. Suddenly a clear but soft voice broke the stillness and I heard these words distinctly 'My peace I leave you; My peace I give you'. Then all was still again, the night as well as my heart".
Leeves felt drawn to the Roman Catholic Church, especially the sacraments of Confession and Holy Communion. Leeves and others were annoyed at this. She broke off her engagement to a naval officer.
Leeves was received into the Catholic Church on 2 February 1850 in Malta. The following year, she went to France where she entered the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Apparition, which had been founded in 1836 by Emily de Vialar. After completing the novitiate, she was professed as a member of the congregation on 14 September 1851 and received the name Veronica of the Passion.
In 1863 Veronica was assigned to teach at the congregation's foundation in India, sent at the request of the bishop Marie Antony, who had appealed to France for assistance to hand over the education of youth to religious. As a preliminary step he had bought a house at Calicut (now Kozhikode) in 1860 and fitted it up for a convent and at the request of the people opened a school there on 1 April 1862, calling it St. Joseph's School. Veronica and Mary Joseph, after a long and tiring voyage and a brief halt at Mangalore, arrived there on 27 April 1862, and took charge of the school. She served as the first Superior of the convent and spent two years teaching at both Mangalore and Kozhikode.
It was there that Veronica met the priest Marie Ephrem of the Sacred Heart Garrelon. He, along with the other Discalced Carmeltite friars who provided pastoral care for western India, had long envisioned a group of teaching Sisters to provide an education to the women and girls of the region. The friar felt that Veronica was an excellent candidate to lead this effort, which coincided with her own inner call to join the Carmelite Order.
After much reflection and anguish, Veronica accepted the call to start such a foundation. She left the Sisters of St. Joseph and returned to France, where she entered the Discalced Carmel of Pau as a novice. After her profession, Veronica embarked on the formation of a small group of European women who had joined to start the foundation in India, living in a house in Bayonne. They officially formed the Congregation of the Sisters of the Carmelite Third Order Regular, known as the "Apostolic Carmel", on 16 July 1868, the feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel.
A small group of three sisters left for India, under the leadership of Mary of the Angels, who served as the first Superior General and Mistress of novices of the new congregation. They arrived in India on 19 November 1870, about the same time as Ephrem was appointed as the local bishop. Shortly after their arrival, the sisters opened the St. Ann School for Girls.
In 1873, Veronica returned to her own monastery, the Carmel of Pau, where she died on 16 November 1906, at the age of 83.
On 5 September 1892, the congregation Veronica helped to found became formally affiliated with the Discalced Carmelite Order. It has grown and now has branches in various parts of India, Sri Lanka, Kuwait, Pakistan, Kenya, Rome and Bahrain. The Congregation is governed under six Provinces and centrally administered by the General Team from the General Motherhouse, Bangalore, with Agatha Mary as the present Superior General since 2008.
Veronica's cause of canonization was taken up by the Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel in 1997. Veronica has been declared Venerable by the Holy See in July 2014.
Writings
Veronica left an Autobiography, a large number of letters and some Regulations for the nuns of the third order of St Teresa.
Carmel in India, London, Burns and Oates, 1895 (new edition at Mangalore, 1964).
Vie merveilleuse de Sœur Marie de Jésus crucifié, Montpellier, 1903.
Bibliography
Marie des Anges: A short history of the apostolic Carmel, 1890
Mary Candida AC: The apostolic Carmel; seed time, Bangalore, 1974.
Mary Carol AC: A strange destiny: the life of Mother Mary Veronica of the Passion, foundress of the Apostolic Carmel, Bangalore, 1988.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20090206212923/http://providenceghss.com/mother.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20091017011601/http://www.holyangelsschoolcbse.org/objectives.htm
St. Joseph's Anglo-Indian Girls' Higher Secondary School "Our History"
1823 births
1906 deaths
Discalced Carmelite nuns
Venerated Carmelites
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
19th-century British Roman Catholic nuns
19th-century French nuns
Founders of Catholic religious communities
19th-century venerated Christians
20th-century venerated Christians
People from Istanbul
Venerated Catholics by Pope Francis
20th-century French nuns |
Komaru (小丸) may refer to:
Komaru Castle, Japanese castle
Komaru Naegi, Danganronpa character
Mount Komaru, mountain in Japan |
Cornelis Johannes van Houten (18 February 1920 – 24 August 2002) was a Dutch astronomer, sometimes referred to as Kees van Houten.
Early life and education
Born in The Hague, he spent his entire career at Leiden University except for a brief period (1954–1956) as a research assistant at Yerkes Observatory.
Family
He married fellow astronomer Ingrid Groeneveld (who became Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld) and together they became interested in asteroids. They had one son, Karel.
Work as astronomer
In a jointly credited trio with Tom Gehrels and Ingrid, he was an extremely prolific discoverer of many thousands of asteroids. Gehrels did a sky survey using the 48-inch Schmidt telescope at Palomar Observatory and shipped the plates to the van Houtens at Leiden Observatory, who analyzed them for new asteroids. The trio are jointly credited with several thousand discoveries. When the orbit of an asteroid is determined, it can be classified as an Apollo asteroid (e.g. 1862 Apollo), an Amor asteroid (e.g. 1221 Amor) or a Trojan asteroid (e.g. 55701 Ukalegon).
Statistics of asteroids were scarcely known until the 1950s when C. J. and I. van Houten made them their lives' dedication in the Yerkes-McDonald Survey and the Palomar-Leiden surveys . The van Houtens did not just do most of the work, but they also took care of bias problems in an exemplary manner."
He also studied the radial velocities of close binary stars. He never retired, but remained active and published articles until his death, on asteroids and eclipsing binaries. The main-belt asteroid
1673 van Houten was named in his honor.
See also
Ida Barney
Palomar–Leiden survey
References
External links
Obituary
1920 births
2002 deaths
Discoverers of asteroids
20th-century Dutch astronomers
Leiden University alumni
Academic staff of Leiden University
Scientists from The Hague |
San Pedro de Pegas is a locality located in the municipality of Bustillo del Páramo, in León province, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 87.
Geography
San Pedro de Pegas is located 37km west-southwest of León, Spain.
References
Populated places in the Province of León |
The Silent Baron is a 2021 Nigerian action drama film produced and directed by Ifeanyi Ukaeru and Richard Omos Iboyi in collaboration with the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency under the production company of Ekwe Nche Entertainment Limited to celebrate the United Nations Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking. The film stars Ejike Asiegbu, Sani Muazu, Ngozi Nwosu, Nancy Isime, Enyinna Nwigwe, Anthony Munjaro, and Doris Ifeka.
Premiere
The Premiere of the film took place on 26 June 2021, the United Nations Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking at Silverbird Entertainment Centre, Abuja. In attendance were the Vice President of Nigeria, Professor Yemi Osinbajo, Chairman, the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency, Buba Marwa. Adamawa North Senatorial District representative Sen. Ishaku Abbo, member representing Adamawa Central Senatorial District Senator Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed (Binani), Director-General of the National Council For Arts and Culture, Otunba Olusegun Runsewe, Former Chairperson of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) Farida Waziri and Secretary of NDLEA, Barr. Shedrack Haruna.
Synopsis
Anselm is a drug dealer who employs young ladies in his illicit drug trafficking business. He deceitfully lures a lady into a relationship only to use her as a courier. Anselm encounters Frank, a highly disciplined NDLEA officer saddle with the responsibility of making sure that Nigeria is not decertified by the American Drug Administration as a result of increased flow of drug activities
Cast
Adunni Ade
Anthony Monjaro
Enyinna Nwigwe
Jibola Dabo
Nancy Isime
Ngozi Nwosu
Doris Ifeka
Ejike Asiegbu
Priscilla Okpara
References
2021 action drama films
Nigerian action drama films
English-language Nigerian films
2020s English-language films |
The 1936 Iowa gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1936. Democratic nominee Nelson G. Kraschel narrowly defeated Republican nominee George A. Wilson with 48.56% of the vote.
Primary elections
Primary elections were held on June 1, 1936.
Democratic primary
Candidates
Nelson G. Kraschel, incumbent Lieutenant Governor
Richard F. Mitchell, Associate Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court
Results
Republican primary
Candidates
George A. Wilson, former State Senator
John M. Grimes
George R. Call
Results
General election
Candidates
Major party candidates
Nelson G. Kraschel, Democratic
George A. Wilson, Republican
Other candidates
Wallace M. Short, Farmer–Labor
Ted Fitch, Prohibition
J. P. Russell, Socialist
Results
References
1936
Iowa
Gubernatorial |
Aburina morosa is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
References
Moths described in 1920
Calpinae
Moths of Africa |
Velika Hubajnica (; in older sources also Velika Hubanjica, ) is a settlement west of Studenec in the Municipality of Sevnica in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.
References
External links
Velika Hubajnica on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Sevnica |
Events
6 January – Rob Elliott now takes over from John Burgess as host of Wheel of Fortune, after the failed attempt last year with long-time Sale of the Century quizmaster Tony Barber as host. The programme starts 1997 without Adriana Xenides, as she takes a long- term leave as the letter turner due to a cancerous breakdown. She would return to the puzzleboard in July. Her place is filled by ex-Perfect Match hostess Kerrie Friend. After a notable absence throughout 1996 due in part to hosting Family Feud for the last remainder of the year, John Deeks returns to the booth as announcer – the position had been held by David Day in Adelaide, and Ron E Sparks in Sydney.
3 February – Australian drama serial Heartbreak High switches over to air on ABC at 6:00 pm from Monday to Thursdays.
31 March – A brand new Australian game show called Burgo's Catch Phrase hosted by former Wheel of Fortune presenter John Burgess starts screening on Nine Network.
13 June – Australian children's television series Bananas in Pyjamas appears for the first time in Singapore on Channel 5.
26 June – British sitcom Mr. Bean starring Rowan Atkinson as the titular character switches over to the Seven Network a year after finishing up on the ABC.
29 June – The 1993 film In the Line of Fire starring Clint Eastwood and John Malkovich premieres on the Nine Network.
1 July – Prime Television comes to Mildura, ending a monopoly on commercial television held by STV-8 since 1965.
8 July – Ownership of Australia Television International moves from ABC to Seven Network.
8 July – American animated series Hey Arnold! makes its debut on ABC.
11 July – American-Canadian children's animated series Arthur debuts on ABC. The series is still broadcast on ABC Kids as of 2022.
4 August – Judge Judy makes it debut on Network Ten.
1 September – Cult Sitcom The Adventures of Lano and Woodley starring comedians Colin Lane and Frank Woodley premieres on the ABC.
September – Jo Beth Taylor resigns as host of Australia's Funniest Home Video Show as part of the show's biggest hosts in history – she is replaced by Getaway reporter, Catriona Rowntree, and then axed.
22 September – A reboot of the classic Australian 1980s sitcom Kingswood Country called Bullpitt! once again starring Ross Higgins as Ted Bullpitt airs on Seven Network.
11 October – In Neighbours, Helen Daniels dies in her sleep at a family get together. The last ever of the original 1985 cast members Anne Haddy departs the series, she died two years later after a long illness.
12 October – American sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond debuts on the Seven Network.
1 November – TCN-9 stages the first trial of digital television in the Southern Hemisphere.
16 November – The 1994 Film Forrest Gump starring Tom Hanks premieres on the Nine Network.
23 November – American animated comedy series King of the Hill screens on the Seven Network at 7:30 pm.
3 December – American supernatural fiction, fantasy, action, horror series Buffy the Vampire Slayer debuts on the Seven Network.
20 December – American animated comedy series South Park airs on SBS. It also became the network's highest rating series to date.
December – Prime Television acquires the rights to Canal 9 in Argentina.
The funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales is broadcast live on the ABC and all commercial free-to-air television channels.
The Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras is televised for the first time on commercial television.
Channels
New channels
1 June – Ovation Channel
1 July – Odyssey Channel
1 September – The LifeStyle Channel
7 September – Movie Extra
Rebranded channels
20 March – MTV Australia (was ARC Music Channel)
18 April – Channel V Australia (was Red)
7 September – Movie One (was The Movie Network)
Debuts
Domestic
International
Subscription television
Domestic
International
Subscription premieres
This is a list of programs which made their premiere on Australian subscription television that had previously premiered on Australian free-to-air television. Programs may still air on the original free-to-air television network.
International
Changes to network affiliation
This is a list of programs which made their premiere on an Australian television network that had premiered on another Australian television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after having premiered on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.
Domestic
International
Television shows
ABC
Mr. Squiggle and Friends (1959–1999)
Four Corners (1961–present)
Seven Network
Wheel of Fortune (1981–1996, 1996–2003, 2004–2008)
Home and Away (1988–present)
Blue Heelers (1994–2006)
The Great Outdoors (1993–present)
Today Tonight (1995–present)
Nine Network
Today (1982–present)
Sale of the Century (1980–2001)
A Current Affair (1971–1978, 1988–present)
Hey Hey It's Saturday (1971–1999)
Midday (1985–1998)
60 Minutes (1979–present)
Australia's Funniest Home Video Show (1990–2000, 2000–2004, 2005–present)
The AFL Footy Show (1994–present)
The NRL Footy Show (1994–present)
Water Rats (1996–2001)
Burgo's Catch Phrase (1997–2001, 2002–2004)
The Price is Right (1993–1998, 2003–2005, 2012)
Network Ten
Neighbours (Seven Network 1985, Network Ten 1986–present)
GMA with Bert Newton (1991–2005)
Ending / Resting this year
See also
1997 in Australia
List of Australian films of 1997
References |
```html
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<title>websocket::stream::accept (6 of 6 overloads)</title>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h6 class="title">
<a name="beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream.accept.overload6"></a><a class="link" href="overload6.html" title="websocket::stream::accept (6 of 6 overloads)">websocket::stream::accept
(6 of 6 overloads)</a>
</h6></div></div></div>
<p>
Respond to a WebSocket HTTP Upgrade request.
</p>
<h7><a name="beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream.accept.overload6.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream.accept.overload6.synopsis"></a></span><a class="link" href="overload6.html#beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream.accept.overload6.synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h7><pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../../concepts/Body.html" title="Body"><span class="bold"><strong>Body</strong></span></a><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">></span>
<span class="keyword">void</span>
<span class="identifier">accept</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">http</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">request</span><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Body</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">http</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_fields</span><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span> <span class="special">>></span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&</span> <span class="identifier">req</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">error_code</span><span class="special">&</span> <span class="identifier">ec</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<h7><a name="beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream.accept.overload6.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream.accept.overload6.description"></a></span><a class="link" href="overload6.html#beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream.accept.overload6.description">Description</a>
</h7><p>
This function is used to synchronously send the HTTP response to an HTTP
request possibly containing a WebSocket Upgrade. The call blocks until
one of the following conditions is true:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
The response finishes sending.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
An error occurs on the stream.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
This function is implemented in terms of one or more calls to the next
layer's <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">read_some</span></code> and
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">write_some</span></code> functions.
</p>
<p>
If the stream receives a valid HTTP WebSocket Upgrade request, an HTTP
response is sent back indicating a successful upgrade. When this call
returns, the stream is then ready to send and receive WebSocket protocol
frames and messages. If the HTTP Upgrade request is invalid or cannot
be satisfied, an HTTP response is sent indicating the reason and status
code (typically 400, "Bad Request"). This counts as a failure.
</p>
<h7><a name="beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream.accept.overload6.h2"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream.accept.overload6.parameters"></a></span><a class="link" href="overload6.html#beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream.accept.overload6.parameters">Parameters</a>
</h7><div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
Name
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Description
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">req</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
An object containing the HTTP Upgrade request. Ownership is
not transferred, the implementation will not access this object
from other threads.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ec</span></code>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Set to indicate what error occurred, if any.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="path_to_url" target="_top">path_to_url
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<div class="spirit-nav">
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</div>
</body>
</html>
``` |
Urrúnaga (in Basque and officially Urrunaga) is a council of Villarreal de Álava, in the province of Álava, Basque Country (Spain).
The following localities belong to this council:
Urrúnaga (in basque and officially Urrunaga).
Navarrete (in basque and officially Nafarrate).
Demography
The current population of Urrúnaga is 108 inhabitants.
References
Populated places in Álava |
The Midway Service Station at 38797 U.S. Highway 70 in Kenna in Roosevelt County, New Mexico, was built in 1938. It has also been known as Old Kenna Store. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
It is a former Phillips 66 gas station, and it included a drugstore and soda fountain. In 2004 there were stock pens nearby, and the population of Kenna was 14.
The service station, built in 1938, consists of two buildings. The main one has a girder-supported canopy over gas pump islands. It has a stepped brick parapet above the canopy. As of 2004, it hosted a store area and a leased post office; the latter space was formerly the Kenna Bank & Trust Company and still includes a bank vault with a Mosler Safe Co. safe.
The second structure is a car repair garage with two wood and glass roll up doors, which is set back on the property.
References
External links
National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
Mission Revival architecture in New Mexico
Buildings and structures completed in 1938
Roosevelt County, New Mexico
New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties
Gas stations on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico |
The Medicare Part D coverage gap (informally known as the Medicare donut hole) was a period of consumer payments for prescription medication costs that lied between the initial coverage limit and the catastrophic coverage threshold when the consumer was a member of a Medicare Part D prescription-drug program administered by the United States federal government. The gap was reached after a shared insurer payment - consumer payment for all covered prescription drugs reached a government-set amount, and was left only after the consumer had paid full, unshared costs of an additional amount for the same prescriptions. Upon entering the gap, the prescription payments to date were re-set to $0 and continued until the maximum amount of the gap was reached or the then current annual period lapses. In calculating whether the maximum amount of gap had been reached, the "True-out-of-pocket" costs (TrOOP) were added together.
A health insurance company provided this explanation about TrOOP: "TrOOP includes the amount of your Initial Deductible (if any) and your co-payments or co-insurance during the Initial Coverage stage. While the Donut Hole includes what you pay when you fill a prescription and of the 75% Donut Hole discount on brand-name drugs, it includes the 70% Donut Hole Discount paid by the drug manufacturer. The additional 5% Donut Hole discount on brand-name drugs and the 75% Donut Hole discount on generics do not count toward TrOOP as they are paid by your Medicare Part D plan."
TrOOP also included payments made for a consumer's drugs by any of the following programs or organizations: "Extra Help" from Medicare; Indian Health Service; AIDS drug assistance programs; most charities; and most State Pharmaceutical Assistance Programs (SPAPs).
Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 gradually phased out the coverage gap, eliminating it in 2020.
Details
In 2006, the first year of operation for Medicare Part D, the doughnut hole in the defined standard benefit covered a range in true out-of-pocket expenses (TrOOP) costs from $750 to $3,600. (The first $750 of TrOOP comes from a $250 deductible phase, and $500 in the initial coverage limit, in which the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) covers 75 percent of the next $2,000.) In the first year of operation, there was a substantial reduction in out-of-pocket costs and a moderate increase in medication utilization among Medicare beneficiaries, although there was no evidence of improvement in emergency department use, hospitalizations, or preference-based health utility for those eligible for Part D.
The dollar limits increase yearly.
2020 Medicare Part D Standard Drug Benefit
The following table shows the Medicare benefit breakdown (including the doughnut hole) for 2020.
The costs shown in the table above represent 2020 defined standard Medicare Part D prescription drug plan parameters released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in April 2017. Individual Medicare Part D plans may choose to offer more generous benefits but must meet the minimum standards established by the defined standard benefit.
The 2020 Medicare Part D standard benefit includes a deductible of $435 (amount beneficiaries pay out of pocket before insurance benefits kick in) and 25% coinsurance, up to $6,350. The catastrophic stage is reached after $6,350 of out-of-pocket spending, then beneficiaries pay 5% of the total drug cost or $3.60 (for generics) and $8.95 (for brand-name drugs), whichever is greater.
2020 Donut Hole Discount:
Part D enrollees will receive a 75% Donut Hole discount on the total cost of their brand-name drugs purchased while in the Donut Hole. The discount includes a 70% discount paid by the brand-name drug manufacturer and a 5% discount paid by your Medicare Part D plan. The 70% paid by the drug manufacturer combined with the 25% you pay, count toward your TrOOP or Donut Hole exit point. For example: If you reach the Donut Hole and purchase a brand-name medication with a retail cost of $100, you will pay $25 for the medication, and receive $95 credit toward meeting your 2020 total out-of-pocket spending limit.
Medicare Part D beneficiaries who reach the Donut Hole will also pay a maximum of 25% co-pay on generic drugs purchased while in the Coverage Gap (receiving a 75% discount).
For example: If you reach the 2020 Donut Hole, and your generic medication has a retail cost of $100, you will pay $25. The $25 that you spend will count toward your TrOOP or Donut Hole exit point.
Low Income Subsidy
The Low-Income Subsidy (LIS), also known as "Extra Help" provides additional cost-sharing and premium assistance for eligible low-income Medicare Part D beneficiaries with incomes below 150% of the Federal Poverty Level and limited assets. Individuals who qualify for the Low-Income Subsidy (LIS) or who are also enrolled in Medicaid do not have a coverage gap.
To qualify for the LIS, Medicare beneficiaries must qualify for full Medicaid benefits, be enrolled in Medicare Savings Programs (MSP), and receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI). These individuals automatically qualify for the subsidy and do not have to apply separately. Others may qualify after applying through their state Medicaid programs or through the Social Security Administration (SSA) and fulfil income and asset requirements. In a marketplace review conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2010, only 40% of eligible low-income beneficiaries who did not automatically qualify for the LIS actually received it.
The majority of Medicare beneficiaries who qualify for the LIS will pay no premiums or deductibles and no more than $8.25 for each drug that their plan covers. In addition, beneficiaries with Extra Help are not penalized for late enrollment in a Part D plan. LIS recipients also benefit from a Continuous Special Enrollment Period to join or switch plans during any time of the year. They do not need to wait for the formal Annual Enrollment Period. Any changes made to their plans will be applied the following month.
Impact on Medicare beneficiaries
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services estimates that more than a quarter of Part D participants stop following their prescribed regimen of drugs when they hit the doughnut hole.
Every Part D plan sponsor must offer at least one basic Part D plan. They may also offer enhanced plans that provide additional benefits. For 2008, the percentage of stand-alone Part D (PDP) plans to offer some form of coverage within the doughnut hole rose to 29 percent, up from 15 percent in 2006. The percentage of Medicare Advantage/Part D plans (MA-PD) plans offering some form of coverage in the coverage gap is 51 percent, up from 28 percent in 2006. The most common forms of gap coverage cover generic drugs only.
Among Medicare Part D enrollees in 2007 who were not eligible for the low-income subsidies, 26 percent had spending high enough to reach the coverage gap. Fifteen percent of those reaching the coverage gap (four percent overall) had spending high enough to reach the catastrophic coverage level. Enrollees reaching the coverage gap stayed in the gap for just over four months on average.
According to a study done in 2007, premiums for plans offering gap coverage are roughly double those of defined standard plans. The average monthly premium for stand-alone Part D plans (PDPs) with basic benefits that do not offer gap coverage is $30.14. The average monthly premium for plans that do offer some gap coverage is $63.29. In 2007, eight percent of beneficiaries enrolled in a PDP chose one with some gap coverage. Among beneficiaries in MA-PD plans, enrollment in plans offering gap coverage was 33 percent (up from 27 percent in 2006).
Phase-out
The Affordable Care Act (ACA), which was passed in 2010, ensured that the coverage gap or, so-called "doughnut hole", would be closing for patients on Medicare Part D. From 2017 to 2020, brand-name drug manufacturers and the federal government will be responsible for providing subsidies to patients in the doughnut hole.
In an effort to close the coverage gap, in 2010, the Affordable Care Act provided a $250 rebate check for individuals whose drug expenses took them into the doughnut hole. The United States Department of Health and Human Services began mailing rebate checks in 2010. Starting in 2011 until 2020, the coinsurance paid for prescriptions while in the coverage gap will decrease at a rate of 7% annually until beneficiaries will pay no more than 25% of the drug cost for their generic and brand name prescription purchases. For instance, a 50% mark down off brand-name medications financed by the manufacturer and a 7% markdown off generic drugs by the government was introduced in 2011 for patients in the doughnut hole. These reductions on generic drug costs will continue to incrementally rise at a rate of 7% until 2019. The following year in 2020, an extra cost reduction will be imposed at 12%, equating to a total of 75% of the generic drug cost covered. Similarly, for brand name drugs, the government will provide a subsidy at a rate of 2.5% beginning in 2013 and escalating to 25% in 2020. Thus, by 2020, Medicare Part D patients will only be responsible for paying 25% of the cost of covered generic and brand name prescription medications following payment of their deductible that year. Moreover, once patients enter the catastrophic threshold, they are only responsible for 5% of the drug cost.
As of January 1, 2020, the coverage gap has closed.
References
External links
cms.gov, the official website of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
Medicare at cms.gov
Medicare.gov — the official website for people with Medicare
How Stuff Works – Medicare
Drug policy of the United States
Medicare and Medicaid (United States)
Pharmaceuticals policy |
Joseph Daniell Hoague (February 18, 1918 – January 4, 1991) was a professional American football player in the National Football League (NFL) with the Pittsburgh Steelers, and later the Philadelphia-Pittsburgh Steagles, and the Boston Yanks. Prior to joining the NFL, Hoague played college football at Colgate University.
Early career
Hoague began his athletic career while attending The Governor's Academy, the oldest boarding school in the United States. There he played five varsity sports serving as captain of the baseball team his senior year. In his junior year, Hoague played football, hockey, and baseball; as a senior, he competed in football, basketball, winter track, and baseball. While at the school he was also awarded the Academy’s most honored prize, the Morse Flag, for earning the highest respect of the faculty.
College
Hoague graduated in 1937 and so afterwards attended Colgate University. At Colgate, he was a three-year letterman and honorable All-American. He was inducted into the Colgate University Hall of Honor in 1990.
Pro football
After college, he was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 13th round (111th overall) of the 1941 NFL Draft. His rights were transferred to the Pittsburgh Steelers due to the events later referred to as the Pennsylvania Polka. He played in two seasons with the Steelers. However, he was later called up to fight in World War II. He was drafted into the United States Navy and was out of football until 1946, when he played one last season with the Boston Yanks. However, before he left for the Navy, Steagles coach Walt Kiesling placed Hoague in the line-up once last time in a game against the Chicago Bears.
Coaching career
In 1980, Hoague was named to the National High School Association Hall of Fame for his dedication to coaching football at Melrose High School in Melrose, Massachusetts. Hoague achieved a combined record of 200 victories as a high school football coach at Melrose, Natick and Taunton High Schools. He also received recognition by his induction into the Massachusetts Football Coaches Hall of Fame.
References
External links
Governor's Academy profile
Friends of Melrose Football
Last Team Standing
1918 births
1991 deaths
Sportspeople from Brookline, Massachusetts
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Players of American football from Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Boston Yanks players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Steagles players and personnel
Colgate Raiders football players
The Governor's Academy alumni |
Sherri Littlefield (born Sherri Nienass; January 24, 1987) also known as Sherri Nienass Littlefield, is an American artist, photographer, curator and art dealer. She is most known for her elaborate curatorial projects, and as the former director of Foley Gallery in the Lower East Side of Manhattan.
In 2016, Littlefield founded treat gallery, a collaborative project that helps nonprofits and underrepresented artists through contemporary art.
Personal life
Sherri was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, raised in Central Florida and graduated from Eau Gallie High School in 2005. Littlefield identifies as Christian, is a practicing Lutheran, and attends Lutheran Church Missouri Synod church Our Saviour New York. Littlefield is friends with musicians Melanie Penn and Ben Platt the latter of which performed songs from his debut solo album Sing to Me Instead in early 2019 at Foley Gallery. Littlefield is a fan of WWE, and attended WrestleMania 36.
In 2014, she married former music therapist turned editor and writer Andrew Littlefield in Atlanta, Georgia. Their wedding colors were garnet and gold, the official colors of Florida State University. Together, they currently reside in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York.
Education
Littlefield graduated with a BS in studio art in 2009 from Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida, where she was a member of Marching Chiefs and classmates with multi-media and installation artist Rachel Rossin. She received her master's degree in fine arts in emerging media from the University of Central Florida in 2012. American interdisciplinary artist Wanda Raimundi-Ortiz served on her graduate thesis committee. Littlefield was honored as a 30 under 30 recipient in 2016 for "recognition as an outstanding young alumni who strives for greatness in her professional and personal life."
After a summer internship at Tandem Press, in Madison, Wisconsin, Littlefield completed graduate school at UCF.
Career
Littlefield moved to Atlanta, Georgia, and began working at the Savannah College of Art and Design. She moved to New York City in 2015. From 2015 - 2018, Sherri worked at Parsons School of Design.
In 2016, Littlefield launched treat gallery, a project that donates a portion of sales to local non-profits and charities. In a 2016 interview, Littlefield cited Patrick and Holly Kahn, founders of Snap! Orlando, and Matthew Deleget, artist and founder of Minus Space as inspirations due to their ability to "put their families first but have a deep love for their community and career."
Since 2018, Sherri has served on the board for the NY chapter of the American Society of Media Photographers. As of 2020, she is the Fine Art Chair. Littlefield aims to use her skills toward positive causes.
Sherri Littlefield was a judge for the 2019 Photo District News The Curator Photo Contest, alongside Flowers Gallery director Brent Beamon, Bruce Silverstein director Frances Jakubek and Jackson Fine Art director Coco Conroy.
Littlefield has described her own art as "empathetic, comical and sympathetic" and "a celebration and commentary on the beauty industry and contemporary consumerism."
In 2019, Littlefield began a documentary project, using Snapchat Spectacles titled Calling Men, which depicted men catcalling her on the streets. Through the use of special glasses (developed by Snapchat), Littlefield is able to subtly photograph her cat-callers with her sunglasses in a less confrontational/direct way than a typical camera allows. The images she captures speak both to the frequency and severity of this universally shared female experience.
As of June 2020, Littlefield is the Director of ClampArt.
Curatorial exhibition record
Littlefield creates and exhibits personal art while simultaneously curating art fairs and exhibitions. Most notably, she was among the youngest curators at The 2019 edition of The Photography Show, an established and competitive Photography Fair presented by AIPAD (an acronym for the Association of International Photography Art Dealers.) During PULSE Art Fair's 15th anniversary, Littlefield presented a colorful, large scale exhibition featuring work by over 60 artists, with proceeds benefitting the onePULSE Foundation, a non-profit linked to building a memorial regarding the PULSE nightclub shootings in Orlando, Florida.
2020 Center For Book Arts, New York, NY
2019 PULSE Art Fair, Miami Beach, FL
Satellite Art Show, New York, NY
The Photography Show presented by AIPAD, New York, NY
Foley Gallery, New York, NY
Satellite Art Show at SXSW, Austin, TX
2018 Aqua Art Miami, Miami Beach, FL
2016 Court Tree Collective, Brooklyn, NY
References
1987 births
Living people
Artists from Milwaukee
Artists from New York City
Florida State University alumni
University of Central Florida alumni
American women curators
American curators
21st-century American women artists |
Nice as Fuck (NAF) is an all-female indie rock supergroup made up of Jenny Lewis (from Rilo Kiley), Erika Forster (of Au Revoir Simone), and Tennessee Thomas (of the Like). The band first performed at a rally for U.S. presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in April 2016 and went on to make their television debut in July 2016 on a live episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert during the 2016 Republican National Convention.
The band's self-titled first LP was released on June 24, 2016. The group toured with the Watson Twins and M. Ward.
Discography
Albums
Nice as Fuck (2016)
Single
"Door" (2016)
Music videos
"Door" (2016)
"Guns" (2016)
References
All-female punk bands
American indie rock groups
Musical groups established in 2016
Musical groups disestablished in 2016 |
Ryan Klein (born 15 June 1997) is a South African-born Dutch cricketer. He has played for the Netherlands national cricket team since 2021. He is a right-arm fast-medium bowler.
Personal life
Klein was born in Cape Town, South Africa. He holds a Dutch passport through descent. His younger brother Kyle represented the Netherlands national under-19 cricket team at the 2019 ICC U19 Cricket World Cup Europe Qualifier.
Domestic career
Klein made his first-class debut on 17 October 2019, for Western Province in the 2019–20 CSA 3-Day Provincial Cup. He made his List A debut on 27 October 2019, for Western Province in the 2019–20 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge.
In the Netherlands, Klein has played Topklasse cricket for HBS Craeyenhout and Voorburg Cricket Club.
International career
In May 2021, Klein was named in Netherlands' A squad for their tour of Ireland. In January 2022, Klein was named in the Dutch One Day International (ODI) squad for their series against Afghanistan in Qatar. He made his ODI debut on 23 January 2022, for the Netherlands against Afghanistan. The following month, he was named in the Dutch Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for their tour of New Zealand. In August 2022, Klein was again named in the Dutch T20I squad, this time for a home series also against New Zealand. He made his T20I debut on 4 August 2022, for the Netherlands against New Zealand.
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
Dutch cricketers
Netherlands One Day International cricketers
Netherlands Twenty20 International cricketers
South African cricketers
Western Province cricketers
Cricketers from Cape Town |
Hypoglycin may refer to:
Hypoglycin A
Hypoglycin B |
```xml
import { ComponentProps } from 'react';
import EthereumApp from '@ledgerhq/hw-app-eth';
import { simpleRender, waitFor } from 'test-utils';
import SignTransaction from '@features/SendAssets/components/SignTransaction';
import { fTxConfig } from '@fixtures';
import { translateRaw } from '@translations';
import { WalletId } from '@types';
import { getHeader } from './helper';
const defaultProps: ComponentProps<typeof SignTransaction> = {
txConfig: {
...fTxConfig,
senderAccount: {
...fTxConfig.senderAccount,
address: '0x31497f490293cf5a4540b81c9f59910f62519b63',
wallet: WalletId.LEDGER_NANO_S
}
},
onComplete: jest.fn()
};
const getComponent = () => {
return simpleRender(<SignTransaction {...defaultProps} />);
};
jest.mock('@ledgerhq/hw-transport-u2f');
describe('SignTransactionWallets: Ledger', () => {
beforeEach(() => {
jest.useFakeTimers();
jest.setTimeout(60000);
});
it('Can handle Ledger signing', async () => {
const { getByText } = getComponent();
const selector = getHeader(WalletId.LEDGER_NANO_S);
expect(getByText(selector)).toBeInTheDocument();
await waitFor(
() =>
expect(defaultProps.onComplete).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashcfcd089a95ec6e7d9674604b'
),
{ timeout: 60000 }
);
});
it('shows error message', async () => {
// @ts-expect-error Not overwriting all functions
(EthereumApp as jest.MockedClass<typeof EthereumApp>).mockImplementation(() => ({
signTransaction: jest.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('foo')),
getAddress: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ address: fTxConfig.senderAccount.address })
}));
const { getByText } = getComponent();
await waitFor(
() =>
expect(
getByText(translateRaw('SIGN_TX_HARDWARE_FAILED_1'), { exact: false })
).toBeInTheDocument(),
{ timeout: 60000 }
);
});
});
``` |
Burden is a city in Cowley County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 512.
History
In 1879, in anticipation of the coming of the Kansas City, Lawrence and Southern Railroad, the town of Burden was surveyed and laid out by a town company including Robert F. Burden, for whom the town is named. The railroad, whose name changed to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, arrived on February 1, 1882.
The early buildings included a general store, drug store, and post office. The post office, called Burdenville until 1884, was established in 1879. The first newspaper, printed in 1880, was the Enterprise with a circulation in 1882 of 900. A school which had been located one mile north of the town site was relocated to the town in the summer of 1881.
Burden was a station and shipping point on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 535 people, 195 households, and 145 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 234 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.2% White, 1.7% Native American, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.7% of the population.
There were 195 households, of which 40.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.6% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.22.
The median age in the city was 33.2 years. 31.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% were from 25 to 44; 21% were from 45 to 64; and 15.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.3% male and 49.7% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 564 people, 210 households, and 158 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 236 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 93.26% White, 0.18% African American, 2.48% Native American, 1.42% from other races, and 2.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.95% of the population.
There were 210 households, out of which 37.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.2% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.3% were non-families. 21.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.12.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 32.6% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $26,641, and the median income for a family was $33,833. Males had a median income of $29,821 versus $17,656 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,549. About 8.1% of families and 12.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.5% of those under age 18 and 14.4% of those age 65 or over.
Education
The community is served by Central USD 462 public school district. The Central High School mascot is Central Raiders.
Prior to school unification, the Burden Raiders won the Kansas State High School class B Baseball championship in 1955. Central High School won the 3A State Championship in Football in 1987 and 2A State Championship in the Scholars Bowl in 2011.
References
Further reading
External links
Burden - Directory of Public Officials
Burden city map, KDOT
Cities in Kansas
Cities in Cowley County, Kansas |
```yaml
auto_save: false
display_label_popup: true
store_data: true
keep_prev: false
keep_prev_scale: false
keep_prev_brightness: false
keep_prev_contrast: false
logger_level: info
flags: null
label_flags: null
labels: null
file_search: null
sort_labels: true
validate_label: null
default_shape_color: [0, 255, 0]
shape_color: auto # null, 'auto', 'manual'
shift_auto_shape_color: 0
label_colors: null
shape:
# drawing
line_color: [0, 255, 0, 128]
fill_color: [0, 0, 0, 64]
vertex_fill_color: [0, 255, 0, 255]
# selecting / hovering
select_line_color: [255, 255, 255, 255]
select_fill_color: [0, 255, 0, 64]
hvertex_fill_color: [255, 255, 255, 255]
point_size: 8
ai:
default: 'EfficientSam (accuracy)'
# main
flag_dock:
show: true
closable: true
movable: true
floatable: true
label_dock:
show: true
closable: true
movable: true
floatable: true
shape_dock:
show: true
closable: true
movable: true
floatable: true
file_dock:
show: true
closable: true
movable: true
floatable: true
# label_dialog
show_label_text_field: true
label_completion: startswith
fit_to_content:
column: true
row: false
# canvas
epsilon: 10.0
canvas:
fill_drawing: true
# None: do nothing
# close: close polygon
double_click: close
# The max number of edits we can undo
num_backups: 10
# show crosshair
crosshair:
polygon: false
rectangle: true
circle: false
line: false
point: false
linestrip: false
ai_polygon: false
ai_mask: false
shortcuts:
close: Ctrl+W
open: Ctrl+O
open_dir: Ctrl+U
quit: Ctrl+Q
save: Ctrl+S
save_as: Ctrl+Shift+S
save_to: null
delete_file: Ctrl+Delete
open_next: [D, Ctrl+Shift+D]
open_prev: [A, Ctrl+Shift+A]
zoom_in: [Ctrl++, Ctrl+=]
zoom_out: Ctrl+-
zoom_to_original: Ctrl+0
fit_window: Ctrl+F
fit_width: Ctrl+Shift+F
create_polygon: Ctrl+N
create_rectangle: Ctrl+R
create_circle: null
create_line: null
create_point: null
create_linestrip: null
edit_polygon: Ctrl+J
delete_polygon: Delete
duplicate_polygon: Ctrl+D
copy_polygon: Ctrl+C
paste_polygon: Ctrl+V
undo: Ctrl+Z
undo_last_point: Ctrl+Z
add_point_to_edge: Ctrl+Shift+P
edit_label: Ctrl+E
toggle_keep_prev_mode: Ctrl+P
remove_selected_point: [Meta+H, Backspace]
show_all_polygons: null
hide_all_polygons: null
toggle_all_polygons: T
``` |
Pau Casals i Defilló (Catalan: ; 29 December 187622 October 1973), known in English by his Castilian Spanish name Pablo Casals, was a Spanish and Puerto Rican cellist, composer, and conductor. He made many recordings throughout his career of solo, chamber, and orchestral music, including some as conductor, but he is perhaps best remembered for the recordings he made of the Cello Suites by Bach. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy (though the ceremony was presided over by Lyndon B. Johnson).
Biography
Childhood and early years
Casals was born in El Vendrell, Tarragona, Spain. His father, Carles Casals i Ribes, was a parish organist and choirmaster. He gave Casals instruction in piano, songwriting, violin, and organ. He was also a very strict disciplinarian. When Casals was young his father would pull the piano out from the wall and have him and his brother, Artur, stand behind it and name the notes and the scales that his father was playing. At the age of four, Casals could play the violin, piano and flute; at the age of six he played the violin well enough to perform a solo in public. His first encounter with a cello-like instrument was from witnessing a local travelling Catalan musician, who played a cello-strung broom handle. Upon request, his father built him a crude cello, using a gourd as a sound-box. When Casals was eleven, he first heard the real cello performed by a group of traveling musicians, and decided to dedicate himself to the instrument.
His mother, Doña Pilar Defilló de Casals, was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, to parents who were Catalan immigrants in Puerto Rico. In 1888, she took her son to Barcelona, where he was enrolled in the Escola Municipal de Música. There he studied cello, theory, and piano. In 1890, when he was 13, he found a tattered copy of Bach's six cello suites in a second-hand sheet-music store in Barcelona. He spent the next 13 years practicing them every day before he would perform them in public for the first time. Casals would later make his own version of the six suites. He made prodigious progress as a cellist; on 23 February 1891 he gave a solo recital in Barcelona at the age of fourteen. He graduated from the Escola with honours five years later.
Youth and studies
In 1893, Spanish composer Isaac Albéniz heard him playing in a trio in a café and gave him a letter of introduction to the Count Guillermo Morphy, the private secretary to María Cristina, the Queen Regent of Spain. Casals was asked to play at informal concerts in the palace, and was granted a royal stipend to study composition at the Madrid Royal Conservatory in Madrid with Víctor Mirecki. He also played in the newly organised Quartet Society.
In 1895, he traveled to Paris, where, having lost his stipend, he earned a living by playing second cello in the theatre orchestra of the Folies Marigny. In 1896, he returned to Spain and received an appointment to the faculty of the Escola Municipal de Música in Barcelona. He was also appointed principal cellist in the orchestra of Barcelona's opera house, the Liceu. In 1897 he appeared as soloist with the Madrid Symphony Orchestra, and was awarded the Order of Carlos III from the Queen.
International career
In 1899, Casals played at The Crystal Palace in London, and later for Queen Victoria at Osborne House, her summer residence, accompanied by Ernest Walker. On 12 November, and 17 December 1899, he appeared as a soloist at Lamoureux Concerts in Paris, to great public and critical acclaim. He toured Spain and the Netherlands with the pianist Harold Bauer from 1900 to 1901; in 1901/02 he made his first tour of the United States; and in 1903 toured South America.
On 15 January 1904, Casals was invited to play at the White House for President Theodore Roosevelt. On 9 March of that year he made his debut at Carnegie Hall in New York, playing Richard Strauss's Don Quixote under the baton of the composer. In 1906, he became associated with the talented young Portuguese cellist Guilhermina Suggia, who studied with him and began to appear in concerts as Mme. P. Casals-Suggia, although they were not legally married. Their relationship ended in 1912.
The New York Times of 9 April 1911 announced that Casals would perform at the London Musical Festival to be held at the Queen's Hall on the second day of the Festival (23 May). The piece chosen was Haydn's Cello Concerto in D and Casals would later join Fritz Kreisler for Brahms's Double Concerto for Violin and Cello.
In 1914, Casals married the American socialite and singer Susan Metcalfe; they were separated in 1928, but did not divorce until 1957.
Although Casals made his first recordings in 1915 (a series for Columbia), he would not release another recording until 1926 (on the Victor label).
Back in Paris, Casals organized a trio with the pianist Alfred Cortot and the violinist Jacques Thibaud; they played concerts and made recordings until 1937. Casals also became interested in conducting, and in 1919 he organized, in Barcelona, the Pau Casals Orchestra and led its first concert on 13 October 1920. With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, the Orquesta Pau Casals ceased its activities.
Casals was an ardent supporter of the Spanish Republican government, and after its defeat vowed not to return to Spain until democracy was restored. Casals performed at the Gran Teatre del Liceu on 19 October 1938, possibly his last performance in Spain before his exile.
In the last weeks of 1936, he stayed in Prades, a small village in France near the Spanish border, where Casals would settle in 1939, in Pyrénées-Orientales, an historically Catalan region. Between 1939 and 1942 he made sporadic appearances as a cellist in the unoccupied zone of southern France and in Switzerland. He was mocked by the Francoist press, which wrote articles deriding him as "a donkey", and was fined one million pesetas for his political views. So fierce was his opposition to Francoist Spain that he refused to appear in countries that recognized the Spanish government. He made a notable exception when he took part in a concert of chamber music in the White House on 13 November 1961, at the invitation of President John F. Kennedy, whom he admired. On 6 December 1963, Casals was awarded the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Throughout most of his professional career, he played on a cello that was labeled and attributed to "Carlo Tononi ... 1733" but after he had been playing it for 50 years it was discovered to have been created by the Venetian luthier Matteo Goffriller around 1700. Casals acquired it in 1913. He also played another cello by Goffriller dated 1710, and a Tononi from 1730.
Prades Festivals
In 1950, he resumed his career as conductor and cellist at the Prades Festival in Conflent, organized in commemoration of the bicentenary of the death of Johann Sebastian Bach; Casals agreed to participate on condition that all proceeds were to go to a refugee hospital in nearby Perpignan.
Puerto Rico
Casals traveled extensively to Puerto Rico in 1955, inaugurating the annual Casals Festival the next year. In 1955, Casals married as his second wife long-time associate :es:Francesca Vidal i Puig, who died that same year. In 1957, at age 80, Casals married 20-year-old Marta Montañez y Martinez. He is said to have dismissed concerns that marriage to someone 60 years his junior might be hazardous by saying, "I look at it this way: if she dies, she dies." Pau and Marta made their permanent residence in the town of Ceiba, and lived in a house called "El Pessebre" (The Manger). He made an impact in the Puerto Rican music scene by founding the Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra in 1958, and the Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico in 1959.
Later years
Casals appeared in the 1958 documentary film Windjammer. In the 1960s, Casals gave many master classes throughout the world in places such as Gstaad, Zermatt, Tuscany, Berkeley, and Marlboro. Several of these master classes were televised.
On 13 November 1961, he performed in the East Room at the White House by invitation of President Kennedy at a dinner given in honor of the Governor of Puerto Rico, Luis Muñoz Marín. This performance was recorded and released as an album.
Casals was also a composer. Perhaps his most effective work is La Sardana, for an ensemble of cellos, which he composed in 1926. His oratorio El Pessebre was performed for the first time in Acapulco, Mexico, on 17 December 1960. He also presented it to the United Nations during their anniversary in 1963. He was initiated as an honorary member of the Epsilon Iota chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity at Florida State University in 1963. He was later awarded the fraternity's Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award in 1973.
One of his last compositions was the "Hymn of the United Nations". He conducted its first performance in a special concert at the United Nations on 24 October 1971, two months before his 95th birthday. On that day, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, U Thant, awarded Casals the U.N. Peace Medal in recognition of his stance for peace, justice and freedom. Casals accepted the medal and made his famous "I Am a Catalan" speech, where he stated that Catalonia had the first democratic parliament, long before England did.
In 1973, invited by his friend Isaac Stern, Casals arrived at Jerusalem to conduct the youth orchestra and the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra.
The Jerusalem Music Center in Mishkenot Sha'ananim was inaugurated by Casals shortly before his death. The concert he conducted with the youth orchestra at the Jerusalem Khan Theater was the last concert he conducted.
Casals' memoirs were taken down by Albert E. Kahn, and published as Joys and Sorrows: Pablo Casals, His Own Story (1970).
Death
Casals died in 1973 at Auxilio Mutuo Hospital in Hato Rey, Puerto Rico, at the age of 96, from complications of a heart attack he had had three weeks earlier. He did not live to see the end of the Francoist State, which occurred two years later, but he was posthumously honoured by the Spanish government under King Juan Carlos I which in 1976 issued a commemorative postage stamp depicting Casals, in honour of the centenary of his birth. In 1979 his remains were interred in his hometown of El Vendrell, Tarragona. In 1989, Casals was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
Legacy
In 1959, American writer Max Eastman wrote of Casals:He is by common consent the greatest cellist that ever lived. Fritz Kreisler went farther and described him as "the greatest man who ever drew a bow."
The southern part of the highway C-32 in Catalonia, Spain, is named Autopista de Pau Casals.
The International Pau Casals Cello Competition is held in Kronberg and Frankfurt am Main, Germany, under the auspices of the Kronberg Academy once every four years, starting in 2000, to discover and further the careers of the future cello elite, and is supported by the Pau Casals Foundation, under the patronage of his widow, Marta Casals Istomin. One of the prizes is the use of one of the Gofriller cellos owned by Casals. The first top prize was awarded in 2000 to Claudio Bohórquez.
Australian radio broadcaster Phillip Adams often fondly recalls Casals' 80th birthday press conference where, after complaining at length about the troubles of the world, he paused to conclude with the observation: "The situation is hopeless. We must take the next step".
In Puerto Rico, the Casals Festival is still celebrated annually. There is also a museum dedicated to the life of Casals located in Old San Juan. On 3 October 2009, Sala Sinfónica Pau Casals, a symphony hall named in Casals' honour, opened in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The $34 million building, designed by Rodolfo Fernandez, is the latest addition to the Centro de Bellas Artes complex. It is the new home of the Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra.
Prades, France, is home to another Pablo Casals Museum located inside the public library. Many of the artist's memorabilia and precious documents are there: photos, concert outfits, authentic letters, original scores of the Pessebre, interview soundtracks, films, paintings, a cello, and his first piano.
In Tokyo, the Casals Hall opened in 1987 as a venue for chamber music. Pau Casals Elementary School in Chicago is named in his honor. I.S. 181 in the Bronx is also named after Casals.
Casals' motet , composed in 1932, is frequently performed today.
In Pablo Larraín's 2016 film Jackie, Casals is played by Roland Pidoux.
In 2019, Casal's album Bach Six Cello Suites was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Partial discography
1926–1928: Casals, Jacques Thibaud and Alfred Cortot – the first trios of Schubert, Schumann and Mendelssohn, the Beethoven Archduke, Haydn's G major and Beethoven's Kakadu Variations (recorded in London)
1929, Brahms: Double Concerto with Thibaud and Cortot conducting Casals' own orchestra.
1929: Dvorak and Brahms Concerti
1929: Beethoven: Fourth Symphony (Recorded in Barcelona)
1930: Beethoven: Cello Sonata Op. 69, with
1936–1939: Bach: Cello Suites
1936: Beethoven: Cello Sonata Op. 102 No. 1; and Brahms: Cello Sonata Op. 99, both with Mieczysław Horszowski.
1936: Boccherini: Cello Concerto in B-flat; and Bruch: Kol Nidrei – London Symphony conducted by Landon Ronald.
1937: Dvořák: Cello Concerto – Czech Philharmonic conducted by George Szell.
1939: Beethoven: Cello Sonatas Nos. 1, 2, and 5, with Mieczysław Horszowski.
1945: Elgar and Haydn Cello Concertos – BBC Symphony conducted by Sir Adrian Boult.
1950: The first of the Prades Festival recordings on Columbia, including:
Bach: Sonatas for Viola da Gamba, BWV 1027–1029, with Paul Baumgartner
Schumann: Fünf Stücke im Volkston, with Leopold Mannes
Schumann: Cello Concerto, with Casals conducting from the cello.
1951: At the Perpignan Festival, including:
Beethoven: Cello Sonata Op. 5 No. 2, and three sets of Variations, with Rudolf Serkin
Beethoven: Trios, Op. 1 No. 2, Op. 70 No. 2, Op. 97, and the Clarinet Op. 11 transcription; also
Schubert: Trio No. 1, D.898, all with Alexander Schneider and Eugene Istomin.
1952: At Prades, including:
Brahms: Trio Op. 8, with Isaac Stern and Myra Hess
Brahms: Trio Op. 87, with Joseph Szigeti and Myra Hess
Schumann: Trio Op. 63, and Schubert: Trio No. 2, D.929, both with Alexander Schneider and Mieczysław Horszowski
Schubert: C major Quintet, with Isaac Stern, Alexander Schneider, Milton Katims, and Paul Tortelier
Brahms: Sextet No. 1, again with Stern, Schneider, and Katims, plus Milton Thomas and Madeline Foley
1953: At Prades, including:
Beethoven: Cello Sonatas Nos. 1, 3, 4, and 5, with Rudolf Serkin
Beethoven: Trios Op. 1 No. 1, and Op. 70 No. 1, with Joseph Fuchs and Eugene Istomin
Schumann: Cello Concerto in A minor, Op. 129, with Eugene Ormandy conducting the Festival orchestra
1954: At Prades (all live performances), including:
Beethoven: Cello Sonata No. 5, and Op. 66 Variations, with Mieczysław Horszowski
Beethoven: Trios Op. 70 No. 1, and Op. 121a, with Szymon Goldberg and Rudolf Serkin
1955: At Prades (all live performances), including:
Brahms: Trios Nos. 1–3, with Yehudi Menuhin and Eugene Istomin
Brahms: Clarinet Trio Op. 114, with clarinetist David Oppenheim and Eugene Istomin
Beethoven: Trio Op. 70 No. 2, with Szymon Goldberg and Rudolf Serkin
1956: At Prades (all live performances), including:
Bach: Sonata BWV 1027 for Viola da Gamba, with Mieczysław Horszowski
Schumann: Trio No. 2, with Yehudi Menuhin and Mieczysław Horszowski
Schumann: Trio No. 3, with Sándor Végh and Rudolf Serkin
1958: At Beethoven-Haus in Bonn (all live performances), including:
Beethoven: Sonata Op. 5 No. 1, with Wilhelm Kempff
Beethoven: Sonatas Op. 5 No. 2, Op. 102 No. 2, and the Horn Op. 17 transcription, with Mieczysław Horszowski
Beethoven: Trios Op. 1 No. 3, and Op. 97, with Sándor Végh and Mieczysław Horszowski
Beethoven: Trio Op. 70 No. 1, with Sándor Végh and Karl Engel
1959: At Prades (all live performances), including:
Haydn: "Farewell" Symphony (No. 45) and Mozart "Linz" Symphony (No. 36)
Beethoven: Trio Op. 1 No. 3, with Yehudi and Hephzibah Menuhin
Schubert: String Quintet, with the Budapest String Quartet
1960: At the Festival Casals in Puerto Rico
Dvořák: Concerto in B Minor for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 104, with Alexander Schneider conducting (live recording released by Everest Records)
1961: Mendelssohn: Piano Trio No. 1 with Alexander Schneider and Mieczysław Horszowski (Recorded live 13 November 1961 at the White House)
1963: Beethoven: Eighth Symphony
1963: Mendelssohn: Fourth Symphony, at Marlboro
1964–65: Bach: Brandenburg Concerti, at Marlboro
1966: Bach: Orchestral Suites, at Marlboro
1969: Beethoven: First, Second, Fourth, Sixth ("Pastorale"), and Seventh Symphonies
1974: El Pessebre (The Manger) oratorio
References
Further reading
Pablo Casals, Robert Baldock, Northeastern University Press, Boston (1992),
Pablo Casals, a Biography, H. L. Kirk, Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York (1974),
"Pablo Casals : l'indomptable", Biography, Henri Gourdin, Editions de Paris – Max Chaleil, Paris, (2013).
Conversations with Casals. With an Introduction by Pablo Casals. With an Appreciation by Thomas Mann, J. Ma. Corredor, E. P. Dutton, New York (1957)
Joys and Sorrows; Reflections by Pablo Casals as Told to Albert E. Kahn, Pablo Casals, Simon and Schuster, New York (1973)
Pablo Casals, Lillian Littlehales, W. W. Norton, New York (1929)
Song of the Birds. Sayings, Stories and Impressions of Pablo Casals, Compiled, Edited and with a foreword by Julian Lloyd Webber, Robson Books, London (1985).
Just Play Naturally. An Account of Her Study with Pablo Casals in the 1950s and Her Discovery of the Resonance between His Teaching and the Principles of the Alexander Technique, Vivien Mackie (in Conversation with Joe Armstrong), Boston-London 1984–2000, Duende Edition(2006). .
Arnold Schoenberg Correspondence. A Collection of Translated and Annotated Letters Exchanged with Guido Adler, Pablo Casals, Emanuel Feuermann, and Olin Downes, Egbert M. Ennulat, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (1991).
The Memoirs of Pablo Casals, Pablo Casals as Told to Thomas Dozier, Life en Espanol, New York (1959).
Cellist in Exile. A Portrait of Pablo Casals, Bernard Taper, McGraw-Hill, New York (1962).
Casals, Photographed by Fritz Henle, American Photographic Book Publishing Co., Garden City (1975). .
Virtuoso, Harvey Sachs, Thames and Hudson, New York (1982), chapter six, pp. 129–151 is devoted to Pablo Casals. .
"La jeune fille et le rossignol", Henri Gourdin, Editions du Rouergue, (2009) [around the arrival of Pablo Casals in Prades and the beginning of his exile from Spain].
La violoncelliste, Henri Gourdin, Éditions de Paris – Max Chaleil, Paris, (2012) [reconstitution of Casals' life in Prades under German occupation – 1940–1944].
"La jeune fille et le rossignol", Historia, no. 739, July 2008.
"Un écrivain fasciné par Pau Casals", Le Violoncelle , no. 32, September 2009, pp. 16–19.
"La musique à l'heure de l'occupation : l'engagement politique de Pau Casals", Le Violoncelle , no. 44, September 2012, pp. 18–19.
"Lutherie. De la courge au Goffriller : Les violoncelles de Pau Casals", Le Violoncelle , no. 45, December 2012, pp. 24–25.
"Une biographie de Pau Casals", Le Violoncelle , no. 48, September 2013, pp. 14–16.
"Biographie : Pau Casals, l'indomptable", L'Accent Catalan, no. 80, January–February 2014, p. 33.
"Casals vivant", Classica, no. 159, February 2014, p. 132.
"Passion Casals", Diapason, no. 623, April 2014.
External links
Pau Casals Foundation
Casals Festival, San Juan, Puerto Rico
Festival Casals de Prades Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales, France
Pablo Casals recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
Discography and bibliography
Free recordings at International Music Score Library Project
Trio with Alfred Cortot and Jacques Thibaud – Performances records, Recordings and discography (Youngrok Lee's Classical Music page)
26-minute video of Casals exiled in Prada, including concert Suite n.1 J.S.Bach. YouTube and Vimeo
Interview with Marta Casals Istomin 16 June 2012, Wigmore Hall
"A Day in the Life" podcast on Casals and Franco
1876 births
1973 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Spanish male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century conductors (music)
Catalan classical cellists
Composers from Catalonia
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
Spanish classical cellists
Spanish conductors (music)
Spanish music educators
Spanish expatriates in Puerto Rico
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medallists
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Academic staff of the École Normale de Musique de Paris
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Madrid Royal Conservatory alumni
Bach conductors
Male conductors (music)
Burials in the Province of Tarragona
People from Baix Penedès
Columbia Records artists |
Lee Go-eun (born November 6, 2009) is a South Korean actress. Lee starred as daughter of Lee Jang-woo's character in the Korean drama Rosy Lovers (2015).
Career
In January 2022, Lee Go-eun signed an exclusive contract with Big Smile Entertainment.
Filmography
Television series
Film
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Lee Go-eun at Naver
2009 births
Living people
South Korean child actresses
South Korean television actresses
South Korean film actresses
IHQ (company) artists
Actresses from Incheon |
Brock O'Hurn (born August 19, 1991), is an American model, actor, fitness trainer, and producer. He gained recognition through his Instagram account for popularizing the man bun. He has also founded two companies, O'Hurn Media Inc. and Outlaw Logic Pictures (2021).
Early life
O'Hurn was born in Sacramento, California, the second oldest of cleaning company owner Paige (née Hillenbrand) and Adam Hurn, who separated when he was nine years old. He has four siblings, sisters Aspyn and Carly, and brothers Dagan and Drake. He is of English, Irish, French and German descent. Brock added the O' because he says his family's original name in Ireland was O'Hearn and he wanted to get back to its roots. O'Hurn attended nine different schools in Orange County, Palm Springs, and San Bernardino, California, causing his education to suffer. O'Hurn discovered bodybuilding during his sophomore year in high school after being dissatisfied with his body, weighing at at the time.
At the age of 12, he knew he wanted to become an actor. O'Hurn starred in his first play as "Jack" from 'Jack and the Beanstalk'.
O'Hurn swept floors and bagged bread at a bakery. After graduation, O'Hurn briefly worked with his uncle's company that installed heating and cooling systems before getting a job in Mission Viejo, Orange County for Abercrombie & Fitch and subsequently working as a salesman for True Religion, which taught him the value of customer service and helped him overcome his natural shyness.
In an 2015 interview with Buzzfeed, he said: "Don't get me wrong. I like Abercrombie. There's nothing wrong with them. They're awesome. It's just... That wasn't my dream, you know. That's not my goal. That's not what I was passionate about."
He used to manage a moving company with his brother, when he was 18.
O'Hurn started training clients online in 2015, charging $100 to $150 for a month's worth of programs, which is what he was living on when he moved to Los Angeles.
Career
O'Hurn gained international fame through his Instagram account where he was recognized for his height, physique and for popularizing the man bun. He admitted that he was confused by the sudden fame saying, "I was like, 'Is this a joke? Do I just have to keep lifting people? This is my life?'" His mother's boyfriend, David "Dave" Harris, is his manager and also the Vice President of his company O'Hurn Media Inc. since January 2016.
In 2015, he worked for LG Electronics to model for their LG Tone Active Headphones. O'Hurn worked with Tyler Perry in his 2016 film Boo! A Madea Halloween, making his acting debut as frat boy Horse. He reprised the role in the sequel Boo 2! A Madea Halloween (2017). He also stars in Perry's television series Too Close to Home.
In 2020, he worked as the cover model for the books and audiobooks "Blood of Zeus" and "Heart of Fire", the "Blood of Zeus" book series by Meredith Wild and Angel Payne.
The third book and audiobook "Fate of Storms" was released in 2021, where he also worked as a cover model.
He played the role of "Chris" in the 2021 horror movie 'The Resort', where he also loved working as a producer.
In June 2021, he founded Outlaw Logic Pictures, a production and media company based out of Los Angeles, CA.
Philanthropy
O'Hurn supports the Black lives matter movement. In an interview with the "Muscle and Health" magazine he said 'at least one thousand of us gathered to ride [motorcycles] for change'. He also supports the Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption and local charities.
In 2019, he supported the "Million Dollar Vegan" charity that was going to donate $1,000,000, if they could collect enough signatures to make the pope become a vegan. He partnered with the LAFD for another charity.
Personal life
Since he started with fitness at the age of 15, he has been working out every day, sometimes twice a day. He has been living in Hollywood for at least 8 years, when the first place he moved into was a room from a friend on Hollywood Boulevard. He also enjoys reading and riding his Harley Davidson.
Film
Television
Music video
References
External links
Living people
1991 births
Male models from California
21st-century American male actors
Male actors from California
American male film actors
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of French descent
American people of German descent |
Przewale is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tyszowce, within Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately west of Tyszowce, north-east of Tomaszów Lubelski, and south-east of the regional capital Lublin.
References
Przewale |
Gianpaolo Mondini (born 15 July 1972 in Faenza) is an Italian former road bicycle racer. He won the 18th stage in the 1999 Tour de France and the 2003 Italian National Time Trial Championship.
Doping
In 2002 Mondini was sacked from US Postal after police found EPO and growth hormones in his hotel room during 2001 Giro d'Italia. He admitted using illegal substances.
Major results
1996
1st Stage 7 Tour de Pologne
2nd Overall Hofbrau Cup
1997
1st Overall Tour of Sweden
1st Stage 1
1st Stage 5 Circuit de Lorraine
10th Giro dell'Emilia
1998
1st GP Industria Artigianato e Commercio Carnaghese
3rd Giro d'Oro
1999
1st Stage 18 Tour de France
1st Stage 1 Tour de Pologne
1st Stage 5 Tour of Japan
8th LuK Challenge
2000
1st Omloop van de Vlaamse Scheldeboorden
8th E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
2003
1st Time trial, National Road Championships
9th Firenze–Pistoia
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
See also
List of doping cases in cycling
References
External links
Results at Tour de France for Gianpaolo Mondini
1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Faenza
Italian male cyclists
Italian Tour de France stage winners
Doping cases in cycling
Cyclists from Emilia-Romagna |
Novoselivka () is a village in Izmail Raion of Odesa Oblast of Ukraine. It belongs to Kiliia urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.
References
Villages in Izmail Raion
Kiliia urban hromada |
Mehmet Metiner (born March 5, 1960; Adıyaman) is a Turkish-Kurdish journalist, writer, and politician. He started his political career as an Islamist but joined many parties during his career.
Personal life
Mehmet Metiner was born on March 5, 1960, in the Kahta district of Adıyaman, as the child of Kurdish couple Bedir and Nazı Metiner. Graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Letters. He was the editor-in-chief of the journals "Girişim", "Yeni Zemin" and "Sahne", which increased his popularity among Islamists.
He began his career by joining Necmettin Erbakan's Welfare Party in 1995 until it was banned in 1998. He joined the Virtue Party right after. He would leave the Virtue Party in 2000, a year before it also got banned by the Turkish government. In 2000, he joined the mostly Kurdish HADEP but would leave it in less than a year. From 2001 until 2011, he remained without a party. In 2011, he entered the parliament as an AKP deputy. He participated in the 2011, June 2015 and November 2015 Turkish general elections. He was a candidate for deputy from the AKP in the 2018 Turkish general elections, but was not nominated. Earlier in his career he served as the advisor of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Recai Kutan, Chairman of the Virtue Party, when he was the Provincial President of the Welfare Party and the mayor of the metropolitan municipality. He served as the vice chairman of HADEP from 2000 to 2001. He was elected as AKP Adıyaman deputy in the elections held in 2011. Mehmet Metiner started to write for the Pro-AKP Star newspaper as of 30 December 2014. In the elections held in 2015, he was elected as the AKP Istanbul deputy.
References
1960 births
Living people
Turkish Kurdish politicians |
Terefundus cuvierensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
Description
Distribution
References
Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. pp. 196–219 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1919
Pagodulinae |
Our American Cousin is a 2008 opera in three acts by American composer Eric Sawyer with libretto by poet John Shoptaw. The opera depicts the assassination of Abraham Lincoln from the standpoint of the actors presenting Tom Taylor's play of the same name at Ford's Theatre at the end of the American Civil War. It aims to offer something new in the realm of American contemporary opera, an American myth told in an unfamiliar way, with both poetic and musical language drawing from the past but refracted through the present.
The opera's narrative is the collaborative invention of Shoptaw and Sawyer, freely imagined within the framework of the documented historical event and adapted plot of the original comedy. Its three acts comprise the backstage events prior to the play, the play itself, and the rupture of the stage drama by the assassination and its aftermath.
Performance history
The world premiere of the fully staged opera occurred on June 20, 2008, in Northampton, Massachusetts, at the Academy of Music Theater, the city's 800-seat 1892 opera house, one of the oldest municipally-owned theaters in the nation and not unlike Ford's Theatre. The performance featured the Boston Modern Orchestra Project conducted by Gil Rose. Principal performers included Janna Baty as Laura Keene, Drew Poling as Ned Emerson, Alan Schneider as Harry Hawk, Aaron Engebreth as Jack Matthews, and Tom O'Toole as John Wilkes Booth. Stage direction was by Carole Charnow, general director of Opera Boston.
The opera had been previously performed in a concert version on March 31, 2007, at Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts, with the same principals as above along with the Amherst College Concert Choir.
Recording
A recording of the opera was released in 2008 on the BMOP/Sound label by the Boston Modern Orchestra Project. In a review of the CD Robert Carl noted "...this is one of the freshest, most ambitious new American operas I've heard in ages. Instead of taking up once again some cinematic or literary retread, it actually dares to use original material. And it also dares to take up historical events and musical tropes without succumbing to mere costume drama… I appreciate, admire, and enjoy Sawyer's voice. And I hope this is only the first of Shoptaw's librettos. As a first collaboration, the result is stunning."
Roles
Synopsis
Act 1
As the cast of the comic play Our American Cousin assembles backstage, aging actor Ned Emerson spins out a comparison of theater to war, while leading man Harry Hawk broods over a letter informing him of the death of a friend he hired to be his substitute in battle. Character villain Jack Matthews banters with John Wilkes Booth, who appears backstage to present him with a sealed letter announcing news "that has not come to pass." Knowing Booth has concocted violent and subversive scenes in the past, an alarmed Matthews hides the letter in his pocket. As they arrive, groups of theatergoers give voice to their thoughts, while backstage a last-minute rehearsal erupts into a scuffle just as the company manager/leading lady Laura Keene enters to deliver a stern admonishment to the actors. At the sound of "Hail to the Chief" Keene walks onstage to welcome Abraham and Mary Lincoln, exhorting the audience to put war behind them and forget their cares for the evening of entertainment.
Act 2
As the theater curtain rises on an English country estate, Mary Dundreary (Laura Keene) is helping her forgetful father, Lord Dundreary (Ned Emerson), to locate a misplaced letter, which turns out to be from a backwoods American cousin, Asa Dundreary (Harry Hawk), announcing his imminent visit to Dundreary Manor to settle some "ancient business." Overhearing news of the visit of a presumably wealthy American, Lady Mountchessington schemes with her daughter Gussy to secure Asa's hand in marriage. Arriving as if on cue, Asa confounds the pair with a coarse tale of "herding possum" on the frontier. Abraham Lincoln laughs heartily at the frontiersman's mannerisms, so comically resonant with his own public persona. The villainous Solicitor Coyle (Jack Matthews) informs Lord Dundreary that he now holds the deed to the family estate, and that only his daughter's hand in marriage will forestall ruin. As the family assembles for dinner, Asa is smitten with Mary Dundreary and instantly detects Coyle's plans. The rivals jockey for seats at a lavish dinner table as underfed soldiers from the theater audience look on with indignation.
Act 3
As Mary Dundreary leads an adoring Asa on a tour of her modern dairy, Asa spins a yarn of a deathbed bequest by his stepfather of sufficient money to save the Dundreary estate. Mary rushes off to tell her father of their salvation. Conversing quietly in their box, Abraham and Mary Lincoln look to their future after the presidency, while Booth, outside, rehearses for the assassination. Asa encounters the still eager Mountchessingtons, and having sacrificed his fortune to save the estate, declares himself penniless. As they escape from Asa's comic scorns, a shot is heard. Booth leaps from the presidential box and wields a knife at the paralyzed Hawk before fleeing. While the actors attempt to continue the play, Laura Keene tries to calm the crowd, which instead erupts calling for mercy and justice. Within the presidential box, Mary prepares for a life of mourning while a surgeon tends to Lincoln. Laura Keene, seeing the dying President lying on the bare floor, takes his head on her lap and cradles it. Matthews remembers Booth's letter in his pocket, and he and Hawk set fire to it just as the police arrive to arrest them for questioning. While Laura Keene is left to wander the stage wondering the value of her life in the theater, a shadowy figure approaches to ask her when the play will resume. Recognizing Lincoln in the figure, Keene exclaims "Don't you really know what happened?" Upon Lincoln's silence, the audience chorus give a cryptic reply in the form of a recitation of the names of Civil War battlegrounds.
References
External links
English-language operas
2008 operas
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Operas set in the United States
Operas about politicians
Operas
Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln |
Tang Dez-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Tang Dez-e Soflá) is a village in Sardasht Rural District, Sardasht District, Dezful County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 13, in 4 families.
References
Populated places in Dezful County |
Filipe André Paula da Rocha (born 19 May 1972), known as Filó, is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a centre-back, and a current manager.
He played mostly for Espinho, while also representing Paços de Ferreira in the Primeira Liga and Penafiel in the second tier. As a manager, he briefly led Paços in the top flight in 2019, and worked with six teams in the second division.
Playing career
Born in Espinho, Filó spent most of his career in three spells with hometown club S.C. Espinho, totalling 66 Primeira Liga games and one goal for them and F.C. Paços de Ferreira. Most of his career was in the second tier, with 178 games and 9 goals for Espinho and F.C. Penafiel.
Coaching career
In 2006, Filó began coaching A.D. Lousada in the third tier, and remained at that level or lower in subsequent seasons. On 4 April 2012 he was given his first professional job at Associação Naval 1º de Maio, 4th-placed in the second tier.
After a full season in charge of S.C. Freamunde also in the second division, he resigned in August 2015 after not winning any of the first three games of the new campaign. On 21 June 2016, he was appointed at newly relegated C.F. União. Six months later he was dismissed with the team in 17th, having lost eight out of 20 games, and replaced by José Viterbo.
After working at C.D. Aves' under-23 team, Filó returned to the senior game on 13 October 2018, succeeding Dito at S.C. Covilhã. He took the team to sixth place in his only season before leaving to former club Paços de Ferreira – newly promoted to the Primeira Liga – in May 2019. After four games – a draw and three losses, one goal scored and eight conceded – he lost his job on 1 September.
On 12 November 2019, Filó returned to the second tier, succeeding Filipe Martins at 12th-placed C.D. Feirense. After finishing the season six points behind promoted S.C. Farense, he was given a new contract in July 2020.
In January 2021, Filó was given a 15-day suspension and a €1,785 fine for threatening the fourth official at half-time against U.D. Oliveirense. He was dismissed on 29 March after a four-game winless streak, though the team were in third.
On 2 October 2021, Filó returned to Covilhã. He managed for just four games – split equally between draws and losses – before resigning on 30 November due to a relative's ill health.
On 5 January 2022, Filó was announced as the new head coach of Penafiel, who were 8th in the second tier. On 1 June, having finished in 7th, he renewed for another year. He was dismissed on 30 January 2023, with the team in 12th after 17 games and seven points above the relegation places.
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
People from Espinho, Portugal
Footballers from Aveiro District
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
F.C. Penafiel players
F.C. Paços de Ferreira players
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Segunda Divisão players
Portuguese football managers
Primeira Liga managers
Liga Portugal 2 managers
A.D. Lousada managers
U.S.C. Paredes managers
F.C. Paços de Ferreira managers
C.D. Feirense managers
S.C. Covilhã managers
F.C. Penafiel managers |
Susan Lisa Rosenberg (born October 5, 1955) is an American activist, writer, advocate for social justice and prisoners' rights. From the late 1970s into the mid-1980s, Rosenberg was active in the far-left terrorist May 19th Communist Organization ("M19CO") which, according to a contemporaneous FBI report, "openly advocate[d] the overthrow of the U.S. Government through armed struggle and the use of violence". M19CO provided support to an offshoot of the Black Liberation Army, including in armored truck robberies, and later engaged in bombings of government buildings, including the 1983 Capitol bombing.
After living as a fugitive for three years, Rosenberg was arrested in 1984 while in possession of a large cache of explosives and firearms, including automatic weapons. She had also been sought as an accomplice in the 1979 prison escape of Assata Shakur and in the 1981 Brink's robbery that resulted in the deaths of two police officers and a guard, although she was never charged in either case. Convicted after a trial on the weapons and explosives charges, Rosenberg was sentenced to 58 years' imprisonment.
She spent 16 years in prison, during which she became a poet, author, and AIDS activist. Her sentence was commuted to time served by President Bill Clinton on January 20, 2001, his final day in office.
Early life
Rosenberg was born into a middle-class Jewish family in Manhattan. Her father was a dentist and her mother a theatrical producer. She attended the progressive Walden School and later went to Barnard College at Columbia University. She left Barnard and became a drug counselor at Lincoln Hospital in The Bronx, eventually becoming licensed in the practice of Chinese medicine and acupuncture. She also worked as an anti-drug counselor and acupuncturist at health centers in Harlem, including the Black Acupuncture Advisory of North America.
Activism and imprisonment
In an interview with the radio show Democracy Now, Rosenberg said that she was "totally and profoundly influenced by the revolutionary movements of the '60s and '70s". She became active in feminist causes, and worked in support of the Puerto Rican independence movement and the fight against the FBI's COINTELPRO program. Rosenberg joined the May 19th Communist Organization, a female-led clandestine group working in support of the Black Liberation Army and its offshoots (including assistance in armored truck robberies), the Weather Underground and other revolutionary organizations.
Rosenberg was charged with a role in bombings at the U.S. Capitol, the U.S. National War College and the New York Patrolmen's Benevolent Association building, but these charges were dropped as part of a plea deal by other members of her group.
Arrested in November 1984 for possession of over 750 lbs of explosives, after three years underground following the Brink's robbery, Rosenberg was convicted in March 1985 by a federal jury in New Jersey and given a 58-year-sentence. Supporters said this was sixteen times the national average for such offenses. Her lawyers contended that, had the case not been politically charged, Rosenberg would have received a five-year sentence.
Rosenberg was one of the first two inmates of the High Security Unit (HSU), an isolation unit in the basement of the Federal Correctional Institution (currently the Federal Medical Center) in Lexington, Kentucky. Allegations were made that the unit was an experimental underground political prison that practiced isolation and sensory deprivation. The women were subject to 24-hour camera surveillance and frequent strip searches, and were given only limited access to visitors or to exercise. After touring the unit, the American Civil Liberties Union denounced it as a "living tomb", and Amnesty International called it "deliberately and gratuitously oppressive". After a lawsuit was brought by the ACLU and other organizations, the unit was ordered closed by a federal judge in 1988 and the prisoners transferred to regular cells.
Rosenberg was transferred to various prisons around the country, including FCI Coleman, Florida, FCI Dublin, California and, finally, FCI Danbury, Connecticut. In prison, she devoted herself to writing and to AIDS activism, and obtained a master's degree from Antioch University. Speaking at a 2007 forum, Rosenberg said that writing "became the mechanism by which to save my own sanity". She added that she began writing partly because the intense isolation of prison was threatening to cut her off completely from the real world and that she did not want to lose her connection to that world.
Release
Rosenberg's sentence was commuted by President Bill Clinton on January 20, 2001, his last day in office, to the more than 16 years' time served. Her commutation produced a wave of criticism by police and New York elected officials.
After her release, Rosenberg became the communications director for the American Jewish World Service, an international development and human rights organization, based in New York City. She also continued her work as an anti-prison activist, and taught literature at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. After teaching for four semesters there as an adjunct instructor, the CUNY administration, responding to political pressure, forced John Jay College to end its association with Rosenberg, and her contract with the school was allowed to expire without her being rehired.
In 2004, Hamilton College offered her a position to teach a for-credit month-long seminar, "Resistance Memoirs: Writing, Identity and Change". Some professors, alumni and parents of students objected and as a result of the ongoing protests, she declined the offer.
As of 2020, Rosenberg serves as vice chair of the board of directors of Thousand Currents, a non-profit foundation that raises funds and provides institutional support for grassroots groups, particularly in the Global South.
Writing
In 2011, Rosenberg published a memoir of her time in prison called, An American Radical: A Political Prisoner In My Own Country. Kirkus Reviews said of the book, "Articulate and clear-eyed, Rosenberg's memoir memorably records the struggles of a woman determined to be the agent of her own life."
See also
Bill Clinton pardon controversy
List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States
Prison abolition movement
Terrorism in the United States
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Susan Rosenberg papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections
1955 births
Living people
American activists
American communists
20th-century American Jews
American political writers
Barnard College alumni
American people imprisoned on charges of terrorism
Jewish socialists
Members of the Weather Underground
Prisoners and detainees of New Jersey
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
Recipients of American presidential clemency
Walden School (New York City) alumni
21st-century American Jews |
Gert Haucke (1929–2008) was a German film and television actor.
Partial filmography
Rumpelstilzchen (1960) as Haushofmeister
Das Glück läuft hinterher (1963) as Bedeutender Mann
(1965, TV film), as Rüttig, Concentration Camp Commandant
(1966), as Arthur
(1968, TV miniseries), as William Brother
Death in the Red Jaguar (1968), as Kit Davis
Eine große Familie (1970, TV film), as Weinmüller
Der Kommissar: Lisa Bassenges Mörder (1971, TV series episode), as Herr Fechtner
Ludwig: Requiem for a Virgin King (1972), as Baron Freyschlag
The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of (1972), as Zuhälter Karl Concon
(1973, TV miniseries), as Emil Manzow
Tatort: Kressin und die zwei Damen aus Jade (1973, TV series episode), as Göbel
(1974), as Oberverwalter Engelweich
(1974), as Schlachter-Karl
Der kleine Doktor: Ein Holländer in Paris (1974, TV series episode), as Kees van der Donck
Krankensaal 6 (1974), as Sergejytsch
Assassination in Davos (1974), as Wilhelm Gustloff
Tadellöser & Wolff (1975, TV miniseries), as Dr. Fink
(1975), as Schöffe Vater
Derrick: Alarm auf Revier 12 (1975, TV series episode), as Ross
By Hook or by Crook (1975)
A Lost Life (1976), as Kommissar Weber
The Old Fox: Die Dienstreise (1977, TV series episode), as Rudi Stallmann
(1978, TV series), as Dienstmann Kiesow
Der Geist der Mirabelle (1978, TV film), as Kallesen
(1980, TV film), as Standartenführer
(1981, TV film), as Jean Quirin de Forcade
Wir (1982, TV film) (based on We, the 1921 Russian novel by Yevgeny Zamyatin), as S-4710
Bananen-Paul (1982), as Oppositionsführer
The Old Fox: Teufelsküche (1982, TV series episode), as Werner Prott
(1983, TV film), as Prof. Mühlheim
Die Supernasen (1983), as Direktor Heinrich Sasse
(1984), as Herr Hillermann
(1985), as Hauswirt
Seitenstechen (1985), as Mr. Böhm
(1986), as Grueter
Der Landarzt (1987–2004, TV series, 110 episodes), as Bruno Hanusch (final appearance)
(1988), as Professor Alois Schönberg
(1988), as Vater Kranich
Adrian und die Römer (1989), as Heinz Schikaneder
Derrick: Wie kriegen wir Bodetzki? (1989, TV series episode), as Bodetzki
Ein Fall für zwei: Zyankali (1989, TV series episode), as Fackelmann
The Man Inside (1990), as Heinz Herbert Schultz
(1991, TV film), as Alfons Lappas
Ein Fall für zwei: Tod frei Haus (1991, TV series episode), as Dr. Hanstädter
Der König von Dulsberg (1994, TV film), as Berger
: Inkasso (1994, TV series episode), as Gustav Schweiger
Tatort: : Tödliche Freundschaft (1995, TV series episode), as Nowak
Blutige Spur (1995, TV film), as Kommissar Watzke
Ein Fall für zwei: Miese Tricks (1996, TV series episode), as Wolfgang Preute
(1995), as Brüderle
Diebinnen (1996)
Rosa Roth: Nirgendwohin (1996, TV series episode), as Kasunke
Großstadtrevier: Brennende Probleme (1997, TV series episode), as Jakob Meier
Der Ermittler (2001–2002, TV series, 2 episodes), as Dr. Tschupka
References
External links
1929 births
2008 deaths
Male actors from Berlin
German male film actors
German male television actors
20th-century German male actors
Rundfunk im amerikanischen Sektor people |
The Ekola is a friction idiophone of the Ovambo People of Namibia. The instrument consists of two to four calabashes, sewn and plastered together in sequence from largest to smallest to form a linked series of resonating chambers. The largest calabash has a hole on its top. A notched palm rib extends over the length of the calabashes. Sound is produced by placing the Ekola on the ground so that the hole in the resonating chamber faces up, and alternately rubbing across the palm rib's notches with one short thick stick and a bundle of several long, thin sticks. In traditional Ovambo societies, only healers of the Third Gender ovashengi were allowed to play it.
History
For most of its existence, the Ekola seems to have been limited in its use to particular rituals or private formal occasions, so that knowledge of its existence outside of Ovambo culture has been fleeting and intermittent. For example, after Italian missionary Giovanni Cavazzi published a drawing of the instrument in 1694, it was seemingly lost to outsiders until the 1930s when it was rediscovered by Scottish ethnomusicologist Percival Kirby. Having come across a strange instrument in an exhibition in Windhoek, Kirby brought it to his Ovambo associates, who after much persuasion reluctantly identified the instrument and told him its context.
Cultural context
The Ekola was traditionally played in ceremonies, outside of earshot of women, by , an Ovambo term for a gender caste of male homosexuals. Among its ritual uses was to accompany a song initiating men into ovashengi status, calling them away from their masculine gender role and into a lifelong feminine one.
According to University of Namibia historian Wolfram Hartmann, "the of the Unkwambi, a subgroup of the Ovambo, are respected as healers, or . Among another Ovambo subgroup, the Oukwanyama, the are not treated as well; however, they are the only Oukwanyama members entitled to play the ekola, a special music[al] instrument".
While close familiarity with the Ekola was thus always limited, its status as 'a secret instrument' seems to have been a product of the homophobia that European colonialism enforced upon the Ovambo and other African people. Since the instrument was central in rituals centered around forms of sexual and gender expression forbidden by colonial regimes, even acknowledging recognition of it could risk attracting the attention of colonial religious and judicial authorities.
References
Musical instruments
Ovambo
Namibian culture |
Philip Nicholas Furbank FRSL (; 23 May 1920 – 27 June 2014) was an English biographer, critic and academic. His most significant biography was the well-received life of his friend E. M. Forster.
Career
After Reigate Grammar School, Furbank entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge. After graduating with a First in English, he served in the army. He became a corporal in the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers and was in Italy in 1945. He returned to Emmanuel as a teaching Fellow in 1947. While in Cambridge Furbank became a close friend of the novelist E. M. Forster, and also of the mathematician Alan Turing, whose literary executor he would become.
Furbank moved to London in 1953 and worked as an editor and librarian. He contributed reviews to The Listener. In 1972 he became a professor of the Open University
In 1960 in London he married the poet and critic Patricia Beer. The marriage was dissolved by 1964 when she remarried.
Works
Furbank's best known work was his sympathetic and widely acclaimed biography E. M. Forster: A Life. Forster had recognised that a biography was inevitable and had originally asked the novelist William Plomer to write one. Plomer found it impossible to describe Forster's sexuality and Furbank was asked instead. Forster's old college, King's College, made Furbank a fellow for the two years before Forster's death in 1970 to support the writing and the biography was published in two parts in 1977 and 1978.
Furbank won a Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism for his Diderot: A Critical Biography (1992). He also edited the works of Daniel Defoe and made major contributions to the question of attributions to Defoe in A Critical Bibliography of Daniel Defoe, The Canonisation of Daniel Defoe, and A Political Biography of Daniel Defoe all co-written with W. R. Owens. Furbank also helped oversee the publication of Alan Turing's collected works.
Furbank's other books include ones on the poet Mallarmé and the painter Poussin, Italo Svevo: The Man and the Writer (1966) and Behalf (1999) on political thought.
References
Faber & Faber page
Notes
External links
List of works by Furbank on worldcat.org Retrieved on 6 January 2011
Misreading Gulliver's Travels
English literary critics
English biographers
1920 births
2014 deaths
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Academics of the Open University
Alan Turing
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
20th-century British biographers
The New York Review of Books people
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers soldiers |
```kotlin
package mega.privacy.android.app.presentation.shares.incoming
import android.view.MenuItem
import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModel
import androidx.lifecycle.viewModelScope
import dagger.hilt.android.lifecycle.HiltViewModel
import de.palm.composestateevents.consumed
import de.palm.composestateevents.triggered
import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.MutableStateFlow
import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.asStateFlow
import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.catch
import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.collectLatest
import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.update
import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
import mega.privacy.android.app.extensions.updateItemAt
import mega.privacy.android.app.presentation.clouddrive.OptionItems
import mega.privacy.android.app.presentation.data.NodeUIItem
import mega.privacy.android.app.presentation.mapper.HandleOptionClickMapper
import mega.privacy.android.app.presentation.shares.incoming.model.IncomingSharesState
import mega.privacy.android.app.presentation.time.mapper.DurationInSecondsTextMapper
import mega.privacy.android.app.presentation.transfers.starttransfer.model.TransferTriggerEvent
import mega.privacy.android.shared.original.core.ui.utils.pop
import mega.privacy.android.shared.original.core.ui.utils.push
import mega.privacy.android.shared.original.core.ui.utils.toMutableArrayDeque
import mega.privacy.android.data.mapper.FileDurationMapper
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.node.FileNode
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.node.FolderNode
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.node.Node
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.node.NodeChanges
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.node.NodeId
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.node.shares.ShareNode
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.preference.ViewType
import mega.privacy.android.domain.entity.user.UserChanges
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.GetCloudSortOrder
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.GetNodeByIdUseCase
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.GetOthersSortOrder
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.GetParentNodeUseCase
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.GetRootNodeUseCase
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.MonitorContactUpdates
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.account.MonitorRefreshSessionUseCase
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.contact.AreCredentialsVerifiedUseCase
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.contact.GetContactVerificationWarningUseCase
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.network.MonitorConnectivityUseCase
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.node.IsNodeInRubbishBinUseCase
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.node.MonitorNodeUpdatesUseCase
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.offline.MonitorOfflineNodeUpdatesUseCase
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.shares.GetIncomingShareParentUserEmailUseCase
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.shares.GetIncomingSharesChildrenNodeUseCase
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.viewtype.MonitorViewType
import mega.privacy.android.domain.usecase.viewtype.SetViewType
import timber.log.Timber
import javax.inject.Inject
/**
* ViewModel associated to IncomingSharesComposeFragment
*
* @param getRootNodeUseCase Fetch the root node
* @param monitorNodeUpdatesUseCase Monitor node updates
* @param monitorContactUpdatesUseCase Monitor contact updates
* @param getParentNodeUseCase [GetParentNodeUseCase] To get parent node of current node
* @param isNodeInRubbishBinUseCase [IsNodeInRubbishBinUseCase] To get current node is in rubbish
* @param getIncomingSharesChildrenNodeUseCase [GetIncomingSharesChildrenNodeUseCase] To get children of current node
* @param getCloudSortOrder [GetCloudSortOrder] To get cloud sort order
* @param getOthersSortOrder [GetOthersSortOrder] To get others sort order
* @param monitorViewType [MonitorViewType] Check view type
* @param setViewType [SetViewType] To set view type
* @param handleOptionClickMapper [HandleOptionClickMapper] Handle option click click mapper
* @param monitorRefreshSessionUseCase [MonitorRefreshSessionUseCase] Monitor refresh session
* @param fileDurationMapper [FileDurationMapper] To map file duration
* @param monitorOfflineNodeUpdatesUseCase [MonitorOfflineNodeUpdatesUseCase] Monitor offline node updates
* @param monitorConnectivityUseCase [MonitorConnectivityUseCase] Monitor connectivity
* @param durationInSecondsTextMapper [DurationInSecondsTextMapper] To map duration in seconds to text
* @param getContactVerificationWarningUseCase [GetContactVerificationWarningUseCase] Get contact verification warning
* @param areCredentialsVerifiedUseCase [AreCredentialsVerifiedUseCase] Check if credentials are verified
* @param getIncomingShareParentUserEmailUseCase [GetIncomingShareParentUserEmailUseCase] Get incoming share parent user email
*/
@HiltViewModel
class IncomingSharesComposeViewModel @Inject constructor(
private val getNodeByIdUseCase: GetNodeByIdUseCase,
private val getRootNodeUseCase: GetRootNodeUseCase,
private val monitorNodeUpdatesUseCase: MonitorNodeUpdatesUseCase,
private val monitorContactUpdatesUseCase: MonitorContactUpdates,
private val getParentNodeUseCase: GetParentNodeUseCase,
private val isNodeInRubbishBinUseCase: IsNodeInRubbishBinUseCase,
private val getIncomingSharesChildrenNodeUseCase: GetIncomingSharesChildrenNodeUseCase,
private val getCloudSortOrder: GetCloudSortOrder,
private val getOthersSortOrder: GetOthersSortOrder,
private val monitorViewType: MonitorViewType,
private val setViewType: SetViewType,
private val handleOptionClickMapper: HandleOptionClickMapper,
private val monitorRefreshSessionUseCase: MonitorRefreshSessionUseCase,
private val fileDurationMapper: FileDurationMapper,
private val monitorOfflineNodeUpdatesUseCase: MonitorOfflineNodeUpdatesUseCase,
private val monitorConnectivityUseCase: MonitorConnectivityUseCase,
private val durationInSecondsTextMapper: DurationInSecondsTextMapper,
private val getContactVerificationWarningUseCase: GetContactVerificationWarningUseCase,
private val areCredentialsVerifiedUseCase: AreCredentialsVerifiedUseCase,
private val getIncomingShareParentUserEmailUseCase: GetIncomingShareParentUserEmailUseCase,
) : ViewModel() {
private val _state = MutableStateFlow(IncomingSharesState())
/**
* Immutable State flow
*/
val state = _state.asStateFlow()
init {
checkContactVerification()
refreshNodes()
monitorChildrenNodes()
monitorContactUpdates()
checkViewType()
monitorRefreshSession()
monitorOfflineNodes()
monitorConnectivity()
}
private fun monitorContactUpdates() {
val changesToObserve = setOf(
UserChanges.AuthenticationInformation,
UserChanges.Firstname,
UserChanges.Lastname,
UserChanges.Alias
)
viewModelScope.launch {
monitorContactUpdatesUseCase().collectLatest { updates ->
Timber.d("Received contact update")
if (updates.changes.values.any { it.any { change -> changesToObserve.contains(change) } }) {
refreshNodesState()
}
}
}
}
private fun monitorConnectivity() {
viewModelScope.launch {
monitorConnectivityUseCase().collect {
_state.update { state -> state.copy(isConnected = it) }
}
}
}
private fun monitorRefreshSession() {
viewModelScope.launch {
monitorRefreshSessionUseCase().collect {
setPendingRefreshNodes()
}
}
}
/**
* This method will monitor view type and update it on state
*/
private fun checkViewType() {
viewModelScope.launch {
monitorViewType().collect { viewType ->
_state.update { it.copy(currentViewType = viewType) }
}
}
}
/**
* This will monitor node updates from [MonitorNodeUpdatesUseCase] and
* will update [IncomingSharesState.nodesList]
*/
private fun monitorChildrenNodes() {
viewModelScope.launch {
runCatching {
monitorNodeUpdatesUseCase().catch {
Timber.e(it)
}.collect {
checkIfNodeIsDeleted(it.changes)
checkIfLeftFromShare(it.changes)
}
}.onFailure {
Timber.e(it)
}
}
}
private fun monitorOfflineNodes() {
viewModelScope.launch {
monitorOfflineNodeUpdatesUseCase().collect {
setPendingRefreshNodes()
}
}
}
private fun checkContactVerification() {
viewModelScope.launch {
val isContactVerificationOn = getContactVerificationWarningUseCase()
_state.update {
it.copy(isContactVerificationOn = isContactVerificationOn)
}
}
}
private fun checkIfSelectedFolderIsSharedByVerifiedContact() =
viewModelScope.launch {
runCatching {
if (_state.value.isContactVerificationOn) {
val showBanner = if (_state.value.isInRootLevel) {
false
} else {
val email =
getIncomingShareParentUserEmailUseCase(NodeId(_state.value.currentHandle))
val verified =
email?.let { areCredentialsVerifiedUseCase(it) } ?: run { false }
!verified
}
_state.update { it.copy(showContactNotVerifiedBanner = showBanner) }
}
}.onFailure {
Timber.e(it)
}
}
private fun checkIfLeftFromShare(changes: Map<Node, List<NodeChanges>>) {
changes.forEach { (node, _) ->
if (node is FolderNode) {
val isLeftFromShare =
!node.isIncomingShare && state.value.openedFolderNodeHandles.size == 1
if (isLeftFromShare && _state.value.currentHandle == node.id.longValue) {
performBackNavigation()
}
}
}
setPendingRefreshNodes()
}
/**
* This will check if node is deleted from incoming share by the owner
* @param nodeId [NodeId] of node
* @return [Boolean] true if node is deleted
*/
private suspend fun isNodeDeleted(nodeId: NodeId) =
isNodeInRubbishBinUseCase(nodeId) || getNodeByIdUseCase(nodeId) == null
/**
* This will update current handle if any node is deleted from incoming share and
* moved to rubbish bin
* we are in same screen else will simply refresh nodes with parentID
* @param changesMap [Map] of [Node], list of [NodeChanges]
*/
private suspend fun checkIfNodeIsDeleted(changesMap: Map<Node, List<NodeChanges>>) {
changesMap.forEach { (node, changes) ->
if (node is FolderNode
&& (node.isInRubbishBin || NodeChanges.Remove in changes)
&& state.value.currentHandle == node.id.longValue
) {
val handleStack = state.value.openedFolderNodeHandles.toMutableArrayDeque()
while (handleStack.isNotEmpty() && isNodeDeleted(NodeId(handleStack.last()))) {
handleStack.pop()
}
_state.update {
it.copy(openedFolderNodeHandles = handleStack)
}
handleStack.lastOrNull()?.let { parent ->
setCurrentHandle(parent)
} ?: run {
goBackToRootLevel()
}
return
}
}
setPendingRefreshNodes()
}
/**
* Returns the count of nodes in the current folder
*/
fun getNodeCount() = _state.value.nodesList.size
private fun setPendingRefreshNodes() {
_state.update { it.copy(isPendingRefresh = true) }
}
/**
* Updates the current Handle [IncomingSharesState.currentHandle]
*
* @param handle The new node handle to be set
*/
fun setCurrentHandle(
handle: Long,
updateLoadingState: Boolean = false,
refreshNodes: Boolean = true,
) =
viewModelScope.launch {
val handleStack =
_state.value.openedFolderNodeHandles
.toMutableArrayDeque()
.apply {
push(state.value.currentHandle)
}
_state.update {
it.copy(
currentHandle = handle,
isLoading = if (updateLoadingState) true else it.isLoading,
openedFolderNodeHandles = handleStack,
updateToolbarTitleEvent = triggered
)
}
if (refreshNodes)
refreshNodesState()
}
/**
* Get the current node handle
*/
fun getCurrentNodeHandle() = _state.value.currentHandle
/**
* Refreshes the nodes
*/
fun refreshNodes() {
viewModelScope.launch {
runCatching {
refreshNodesState()
}.onFailure {
Timber.e(it)
}
}
}
/**
* This method will handle the sort order change event
*/
fun onSortOrderChanged() {
setPendingRefreshNodes()
}
private suspend fun refreshNodesState() {
val currentHandle = _state.value.currentHandle
val isRootNode = _state.value.isInRootLevel
/**
* When a folder is opened, and user clicks on Shares bottom drawer item, clear the openedFolderNodeHandles
*/
if (isRootNode && state.value.openedFolderNodeHandles.isNotEmpty()) {
_state.update {
it.copy(
isLoading = true,
openedFolderNodeHandles = emptyList(),
)
}
}
val childrenNodes = getIncomingSharesChildrenNodeUseCase(currentHandle)
val sortOrder = if (isRootNode) getOthersSortOrder() else getCloudSortOrder()
checkIfSelectedFolderIsSharedByVerifiedContact()
val nodeUIItems = getNodeUiItems(childrenNodes)
_state.update {
it.copy(
nodesList = nodeUIItems,
isLoading = false,
sortOrder = sortOrder,
currentNodeName = getNodeByIdUseCase(NodeId(currentHandle))?.name,
updateToolbarTitleEvent = triggered
)
}
}
/**
* Get current tree depth
*/
fun incomingTreeDepth() =
if (_state.value.isInRootLevel) 0 else _state.value.openedFolderNodeHandles.size
/**
* This will map list of [Node] to [NodeUIItem]
*/
private fun getNodeUiItems(nodeList: List<ShareNode>): List<NodeUIItem<ShareNode>> {
with(state.value) {
return nodeList.mapIndexed { index, node ->
val isSelected = selectedNodes.find { it.id.longValue == node.id.longValue } != null
val fileDuration = if (node is FileNode) {
fileDurationMapper(node.type)?.let { durationInSecondsTextMapper(it) }
} else null
NodeUIItem(
node = node,
isSelected = if (nodesList.size > index) isSelected else false,
isInvisible = if (nodesList.size > index) nodesList[index].isInvisible else false,
fileDuration = fileDuration,
)
}
}
}
/**
* Navigate back to the Incoming Shares Root Level hierarchy
*/
fun goBackToRootLevel() {
_state.update {
it.copy(
accessedFolderHandle = null,
currentHandle = -1L,
updateToolbarTitleEvent = triggered
)
}
refreshNodes()
}
/**
* Removes the current Node from the Set of opened Folder Nodes in UiState
*/
private fun removeCurrentNodeFromUiStateSet() {
val handleStack =
_state.value.openedFolderNodeHandles
.toMutableArrayDeque()
.apply { pop() }
_state.update {
it.copy(
isLoading = true,
openedFolderNodeHandles = handleStack,
)
}
}
/**
* Goes back one level from the Incoming Shares hierarchy
*/
fun performBackNavigation() {
viewModelScope.launch {
runCatching {
handleAccessedFolderOnBackPress()
getParentNodeUseCase(NodeId(_state.value.currentHandle))?.id?.longValue?.let { parentHandle ->
removeCurrentNodeFromUiStateSet()
setCurrentHandle(parentHandle)
// Update the Toolbar Title
_state.update { it.copy(updateToolbarTitleEvent = triggered) }
} ?: run {
if (state.value.openedFolderNodeHandles.isEmpty()) {
// Exit Incoming Shares if there is nothing left in the Back Stack
_state.update {
it.copy(
openedFolderNodeHandles = emptyList(),
exitIncomingSharesEvent = triggered
)
}
} else {
goBackToRootLevel()
}
}
}.onFailure {
Timber.e(it)
}
}
}
/**
* Checks and updates State Parameters if the User performs a Back Navigation event, and is in
* the Folder Level that user immediately accessed
*/
private fun handleAccessedFolderOnBackPress() {
if (_state.value.currentHandle == _state.value.accessedFolderHandle) {
_state.update {
it.copy(
isAccessedFolderExited = true,
accessedFolderHandle = null,
)
}
}
}
/**
* Performs specific actions upon clicking a Folder Node
*
* @param folderHandle The Folder Handle
*/
fun onFolderItemClicked(folderHandle: Long) {
viewModelScope.launch {
setCurrentHandle(folderHandle, true)
}
}
/**
* Mark handled pending refresh
*
*/
fun markHandledPendingRefresh() {
_state.update { it.copy(isPendingRefresh = false) }
}
/**
* Select all [NodeUIItem]
*/
fun selectAllNodes() {
val updatedState = _state.value.nodesList.map {
it.copy(isSelected = true)
}
val selectedNodes = updatedState.map { it.node }.toSet()
val totalSelectedFiles = updatedState.filterIsInstance<FileNode>().size
val totalSelectedFolders = selectedNodes.size - totalSelectedFiles
_state.update {
it.copy(
isInSelection = true,
nodesList = updatedState.toList(),
selectedNodes = selectedNodes,
totalSelectedFileNodes = totalSelectedFiles,
totalSelectedFolderNodes = totalSelectedFolders,
)
}
}
/**
* Clear All [NodeUIItem]
*/
fun clearAllNodes() {
viewModelScope.launch {
val clearedNodes = clearNodeUiItemList()
_state.update {
it.copy(
nodesList = clearedNodes,
totalSelectedFileNodes = 0,
totalSelectedFolderNodes = 0,
isInSelection = false,
selectedNodes = emptySet(),
optionsItemInfo = null
)
}
}
}
/**
* Clear the selections of items from NodesUiList
*/
private fun clearNodeUiItemList(): List<NodeUIItem<ShareNode>> {
return _state.value.nodesList.map {
it.copy(isSelected = false)
}
}
/**
* This method will handle Item click event from NodesView and will update
* [state] accordingly if items already selected/unselected, update check count
*
* @param nodeUIItem [NodeUIItem]
*/
fun onItemClicked(nodeUIItem: NodeUIItem<ShareNode>) {
val index =
_state.value.nodesList.indexOfFirst { it.node == nodeUIItem.node }
if (_state.value.isInSelection) {
updateNodeInSelectionState(nodeUIItem = nodeUIItem, index = index)
}
}
/**
* This method will handle Long click on a NodesView and check the selected item
*
* @param nodeUIItem [NodeUIItem]
*/
fun onLongItemClicked(nodeUIItem: NodeUIItem<ShareNode>) {
// Turn off selection if the node is unverified share
val index =
_state.value.nodesList.indexOfFirst { it.node == nodeUIItem.node }
updateNodeInSelectionState(nodeUIItem = nodeUIItem, index = index)
}
/**
* This will update [NodeUIItem] list based on and update it on to the UI
* @param nodeUIItem [NodeUIItem] to be updated
* @param index Index of [NodeUIItem] in [state]
*/
private fun updateNodeInSelectionState(nodeUIItem: NodeUIItem<ShareNode>, index: Int) {
nodeUIItem.isSelected = !nodeUIItem.isSelected
val selectedNodes = state.value.selectedNodes.toMutableSet()
if (state.value.selectedNodes.contains(nodeUIItem.node)) {
selectedNodes.remove(nodeUIItem.node)
} else {
selectedNodes.add(nodeUIItem.node)
}
val newNodesList =
_state.value.nodesList.updateItemAt(index = index, item = nodeUIItem)
val totalSelectedFiles = selectedNodes.filterIsInstance<FileNode>().size
val totalSelectedFolders = selectedNodes.size - totalSelectedFiles
_state.update {
it.copy(
totalSelectedFileNodes = totalSelectedFiles,
totalSelectedFolderNodes = totalSelectedFolders,
nodesList = newNodesList,
isInSelection = selectedNodes.isNotEmpty(),
selectedNodes = selectedNodes,
optionsItemInfo = null
)
}
}
/**
* This method will toggle view type
*/
fun onChangeViewTypeClicked() {
viewModelScope.launch {
when (_state.value.currentViewType) {
ViewType.LIST -> setViewType(ViewType.GRID)
ViewType.GRID -> setViewType(ViewType.LIST)
}
}
}
/**
* Handles option info based on [MenuItem]
* @param item [MenuItem]
*/
fun onOptionItemClicked(item: MenuItem) {
viewModelScope.launch {
val optionsItemInfo = handleOptionClickMapper(
item = item,
selectedNodeHandle = state.value.selectedNodeHandles
)
if (optionsItemInfo.optionClickedType == OptionItems.DOWNLOAD_CLICKED) {
_state.update {
it.copy(
downloadEvent = triggered(
TransferTriggerEvent.StartDownloadNode(optionsItemInfo.selectedNode)
)
)
}
} else {
_state.update {
it.copy(optionsItemInfo = optionsItemInfo)
}
}
}
}
/**
* Consume download event
*/
fun consumeDownloadEvent() {
_state.update {
it.copy(downloadEvent = consumed())
}
}
/**
* Download file triggered
*/
fun onDownloadFileTriggered(triggerEvent: TransferTriggerEvent) {
_state.update {
it.copy(
downloadEvent = triggered(triggerEvent)
)
}
}
/**
* Consumes the Exit Incoming Shares Event
*/
fun consumeExitIncomingSharesEvent() {
_state.update { it.copy(exitIncomingSharesEvent = consumed) }
}
/**
* Consumes the Update Toolbar Title Event
*/
fun consumeUpdateToolbarTitleEvent() {
_state.update { it.copy(updateToolbarTitleEvent = consumed) }
}
/**
* Checks if the User has left the Folder that was immediately accessed
*
* @return true if the User left the accessed Folder
*/
fun isAccessedFolderExited() = _state.value.isAccessedFolderExited
/**
* Resets the value of [IncomingSharesState.isAccessedFolderExited]
*/
fun resetIsAccessedFolderExited() =
_state.update { it.copy(isAccessedFolderExited = false) }
}
``` |
Jemima Emma Maxwell Spence (born 6 July 2006) is an English cricketer who currently plays for Kent and South East Stars. She plays as a right-handed batter and wicket-keeper.
Domestic career
Spence first played for the Kent senior team in 2021, in the Women's London Championship, scoring 66 in her first match against Sussex. She was named as Kent's Emerging Player of the Year at the end of the 2021 season. She went on to play for Kent in the 2022 Women's Twenty20 Cup, scoring 71 runs at an average of 17.75 in four matches.
Spence was named in the South East Stars Academy squad in 2021. She was again named in the academy squad in 2022, and made 111* for the side against Sunrisers Academy in August 2022. She was promoted to the senior squad in September 2022, and made her debut for South East Stars on 11 September, scoring 26 against Central Sparks in the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy. Spence top-scored for South East Stars in the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy play-off against Southern Vipers, scoring 45*. In 2023, she played nine matches for South East Stars, all in the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy, scoring 80 runs.
International career
In October 2022, Spence was selected as a non-travelling reserve in the England Under-19 squad for the 2023 ICC Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup.
References
External links
2006 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Kent women cricketers
South East Stars cricketers |
Aussie Gold is a television programme on Foxtel's The Comedy Channel, created and executive produced by Darren Chau, produced by Anthony Warrington, and hosted by Australian comedian Frank Woodley. The show hosts a programming block celebrating the very best in Australian comedy. The weekly programme has also featured special editions such as ANZAC Gold and the 20th Anniversary celebrations of Fast Forward.
An Aussie Gold promo starring Peter Helliar won Silver at the 2011 Australian Promax Awards.
Featured programming
The Comedy Company
Jimeoin
Big Girl's Blouse
Blankety Blanks
Fast Forward
Kingswood Country
The Adventures of Lano and Woodley
We Can Be Heroes: Finding The Australian of the Year
The Norman Gunston Show
The Games
Mother and Son
References
External links
Television programming blocks in Australia
2000s Australian comedy television series
The Comedy Channel original programming
2008 Australian television series debuts |
Chaetocrepis besckii is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae, the only species in the genus Chaetocrepis.
References
Licininae
Monotypic Carabidae genera
Beetles described in 1857 |
```java
/*
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
package com.oracle.truffle.tools.profiler.test;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import org.graalvm.polyglot.Context;
import org.graalvm.polyglot.Engine;
import org.graalvm.polyglot.Source;
import org.graalvm.polyglot.Value;
import org.graalvm.polyglot.proxy.ProxyExecutable;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
import com.oracle.truffle.api.test.GCUtils;
import com.oracle.truffle.tools.profiler.CPUSampler;
import com.oracle.truffle.tools.profiler.StackTraceEntry;
public class CPUSamplerMultiContextTest {
public static final String FIB = """
function fib(n) {
if (n < 3) {
return 1;
} else {
return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2);
}
}
function main() {
return fib;
}
""";
public static final String FIB_15_PLUS = """
function fib15plus(n, remainder) {
if (n < 15) {
return remainder(n);
} else {
return fib15plus(n - 1, remainder) + fib15plus(n - 2, remainder);
}
}
function main() {
return fib15plus;
}
""";
@Test
public void testSamplerDoesNotKeepContexts() throws IOException {
ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
try (Engine engine = Engine.newBuilder().out(out).option("cpusampler", "histogram").build()) {
List<WeakReference<Context>> contextReferences = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 27; i++) {
try (Context context = Context.newBuilder().engine(engine).build()) {
contextReferences.add(new WeakReference<>(context));
Source src = Source.newBuilder("sl", FIB, "fib.sl").build();
Value fib = context.eval(src);
fib.execute(29);
}
}
GCUtils.assertGc("CPUSampler prevented collecting contexts", contextReferences);
}
Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("Sampling Histogram. Recorded (\\d+) samples");
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(out.toString());
int histogramCount = 0;
while (matcher.find()) {
histogramCount++;
Assert.assertTrue("Histogram no. " + histogramCount + " didn't contain any samples.", Integer.parseInt(matcher.group(1)) > 0);
}
Assert.assertEquals(27, histogramCount);
}
static class RootCounter {
int fibCount;
int fib15plusCount;
}
@Test
public void testMultiThreadedAndMultiContextPerThread() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, IOException {
try (Engine engine = Engine.create(); ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10)) {
AtomicBoolean runFlag = new AtomicBoolean(true);
CPUSampler sampler = CPUSampler.find(engine);
int nThreads = 5;
int nSamples = 5;
Map<Thread, RootCounter> threads = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
List<Future<?>> futures = new ArrayList<>();
CountDownLatch fibLatch = new CountDownLatch(nThreads);
Source src1 = Source.newBuilder("sl", FIB_15_PLUS, "fib15plus.sl").build();
Source src2 = Source.newBuilder("sl", FIB, "fib.sl").build();
for (int i = 0; i < nThreads; i++) {
futures.add(executorService.submit(() -> {
threads.putIfAbsent(Thread.currentThread(), new RootCounter());
AtomicBoolean countedDown = new AtomicBoolean();
while (runFlag.get()) {
try (Context context1 = Context.newBuilder().engine(engine).build(); Context context2 = Context.newBuilder().engine(engine).build()) {
Value fib15plus = context1.eval(src1);
Value fib = context2.eval(src2);
ProxyExecutable proxyExecutable = (n) -> {
if (countedDown.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
fibLatch.countDown();
}
return fib.execute((Object[]) n);
};
Assert.assertEquals(514229, fib15plus.execute(29, proxyExecutable).asInt());
}
}
}));
}
fibLatch.await();
for (int i = 0; i < nSamples; i++) {
Map<Thread, List<StackTraceEntry>> sample = sampler.takeSample();
for (Map.Entry<Thread, List<StackTraceEntry>> sampleEntry : sample.entrySet()) {
RootCounter rootCounter = threads.get(sampleEntry.getKey());
for (StackTraceEntry stackTraceEntry : sampleEntry.getValue()) {
if ("fib".equals(stackTraceEntry.getRootName())) {
rootCounter.fibCount++;
}
if ("fib15plus".equals(stackTraceEntry.getRootName())) {
rootCounter.fib15plusCount++;
}
}
}
}
runFlag.set(false);
for (Future<?> future : futures) {
future.get();
}
for (Map.Entry<Thread, RootCounter> threadEntry : threads.entrySet()) {
Assert.assertTrue(nSamples + " samples should contain at least 1 occurrence of the fib root for each thread, but one thread contained only " + threadEntry.getValue().fibCount,
threadEntry.getValue().fibCount > 1);
Assert.assertTrue(nSamples + " samples should contain at least 10 occurrences of the fib15plus root, but one thread contained only " + threadEntry.getValue().fib15plusCount,
threadEntry.getValue().fib15plusCount > 10);
}
}
}
}
``` |
Woodboro is an unincorporated community located in the town of Woodboro, Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. Woodboro is located on U.S. Route 8 and the Canadian National Railway west-southwest of Rhinelander.
References
Unincorporated communities in Oneida County, Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin |
The Indang–Alfonso Road is a , two-to-five lane, tertiary road that connects the municipalities of Indang and Alfonso in Cavite, Philippines.
Alternative names
At the poblacion of Indang and Alfonso, the road has local alternative names. In Indang, it locally known as R. Jeciel, A. Mabini, J. Dimabiling, and Binambangan Streets, while in Alfonso, it is locally known as Avinante Road and Mabini Street, respectively. Its section between the Alfonso poblacion and Tagaytay–Nasugbu Highway is also known as Luksuhin–Mangas Road and Mangas–Alfonso Road.
Intersections
References
External links
Department of Public Works and Highways
Roads in Cavite |
Prorva Channel, Prorva Canal, or Prorva branch is a channel in the Danube delta, in Ukraine. It is part a natural branch of the Danube delta, part canal constructed in 1957 by the Soviet Union.
According to an official report of the Ukrainian Ministry of Ecology, "Since 1958 the navigable waterway through the Prorva Branch had become the main channel for cargo transportation in the Ukrainian part of the Danube Delta", while the Bystroye Channel was reserved for military use until 1992 (and the Bystroye saw only occasional merchant traffic thereafter).
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Prorva (alongside other Ukrainian waterways) became neglected, and transportation on it stopped around 1994-1997 due to silting, leaving Ukraine without its own deep-water canal between the Danube and the Black Sea. According to Ukrainian NGO International Centre for Policy Studies, dredging of the Prorva amounted to removing over 200,000 cubic meters annually after its opening, but by the mid-1980s that volume had increased twenty-fold.
Its reestablishment is among the suggestions to restore Ukrainian waterways, as an alternative to the controversial Bystroye Canal project.
References
Canals in Ukraine
Distributaries of the Danube
Canals opened in 1957 |
Helen Hemphill (born July 1, 1955) is an author in the Children's Literature genre.
Biography
Helen Delane Hemphill was born in Bridgeport, Texas on July 1, 1955. She received her BA from Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls in 1977. She also earned her MFA in Writing for Children & Young Adults from Vermont College and MA in English Literature from Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee.
Hemphill lives with her family in Nashville, Tennessee.
Career
Helen Hemphill worked for 20 years in advertising and public relations prior to her second career in teaching. She taught 6th grade language arts for four years at Oak Hill School in Nashville, was a writer in residence for Franklin Road Academy in Nashville (2009-2010), an adjunct instructor at Peabody College at Vanderbilt University (2010-2011), and directed The Whole Novel Workshop for the Highlights Foundation (2012-2013). She is a trainer for The Six Traits Writing model and a teaching fellow for the National Writing Project.
She has three books so far in her career as an author, all published by Front Street, an imprint of Boyds Mills Press. Her first book was Long Gone Daddy, published in 2006. Her next book, Runaround, was published in 2007. Her latest book, The Adventurous Deeds of Deadwood Jones, was published in 2008. Hemphill is currently working on a YA thriller.
Published works
Long Gone Daddy (2006): After a rift with his preacher father, 14-year-old narrator Harlan Q Stank apprentices with a local mortician. The boy meets his grandfather, Harlan O, for the first time in his employer's basement where the old man lies smiling on the cooling table, having suffered a fatal heart attack. After learning that an inheritance of $50,000 and an Eldorado convertible await, provided that the body arrives back in Sin City for burial, Harlan Q talks Paps into driving Grandfather back. The two embark on a road trip in the church station wagon with the casketed Grandfather inside. The pair pick up Warrior (aka Warren Ducklo), a handsome 19-year-old aspiring actor due to a flat tire. Warrior, who has Buddhist leanings, and Paps argue back and forth about their religious viewpoints, which serves to emphasize Harlan Q's struggle to be free of his father.
Runaround (2007): Eleven-year-old Sassy learned everything she knows about love comes from her True Confessions magazines. handsome neighbor, Boon, she wants more details. Neither her widowed father, her old-maid housekeeper, nor her gorgeous sister, Lula, will give her more information on the subject. Lula, who has no problem in the boyfriends department, sets up Sassy for embarrassment, so Sassy vows revenge. She is going to win the handsome boy next door, Boon, and teach Lula a lesson while she is at it.
The Adventurous Deeds of Deadwood Jones (2008): This novel was inspired by the famous "dime novels" about "Deadwood Dick" written by Edward L. Wheeler and the autobiography of African American cowboy Nat Love, whom Wheeler loosely based his stories on. Prometheus Jones runs afoul of two rednecks who refuse to let a black man, even a born freeman, keep a horse he won with a raffle ticket. As soon as things go south, Prometheus jumps on the horse with his cousin Omer and leaves town. The pair joins a Texas cattle drive heading for Deadwood, South Dakota. What follows is a classic, well-researched Wild West yarn set in the days of Manifest Destiny, Indian wars, and the gold rush.
Awards and nominations
Long Gone Daddy
2007 Teddy Award - Writers' League of Texas
Books for the Teen Age - New York Public Library
Best of the Fest - Texas Book Festival - Austin Magazine
Runaround
Top Ten Youth Romances - Booklist
Starred Review - Booklist
Starred Review - Library Media Connections
The Adventurous Deeds of Deadwood Jones
VOYA 2009 Top Shelf Fiction - Middle School Readers
Nominated - 2011 Beehive Book Awards - Children's Literature Association of Utah
Best Books of 2009 - Nebraska Library Association
Virginia M. Law Award for the “most distinguished book for young adults on Texas History”
Best Children's Books - Bank State College
Kansas State Reading Circle 2009 Recommended Reading List
Nominated - 2009 SIBA Book Award
Winter 2008-2009 Kid's Indie Next List
References
External links
Author's Website
Children's Literature Network
Boyds Mills Press
Publishers Weekly
21st-century American novelists
American women novelists
American children's writers
American writers of young adult literature
Midwestern State University alumni
Vermont College of Fine Arts alumni
Belmont University alumni
Living people
1955 births
American women children's writers
21st-century American women writers
Women writers of young adult literature
People from Bridgeport, Texas |
Harana is a village in Rajgarh district in the state of Madhya Pradesh in India. It belongs to Bhopal Division.
Geographical
It is located 41 km to the south of District headquarters Rajgarh. 25 km from Sarangpur. 124 km from State capital Bhopal. Nearby villages to Harana include Panda (3 km), Bhatkhedi (7 km), Dhamanda (8 km), Bhumka (9 km), Simrol (10 km). Harana is surrounded by Nalkheda Tehsil to the west, Moman Badodia Tehsil to the south, Khilchipur Tehsil to the north, and Zirapur Tehsil to the east. Nearby cities include Sarangpur, Pachore, Shujalpur, and Shajapur.
This place is in the border of the Rajgarh District and Shajapur District. Shajapur District Moman Badodia is south of this place.
Demographics
India census, Harana had a population of 2,471. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Harana has an average literacy rate of 57.79%, lower than the state average of 69.32%: male literacy is 75.66%, and female literacy is 39.52%. In Harana, 12.18% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Religious/Devotional places around Harana
Nearby villages
Schools in Harana
References
Villages in Rajgarh district |
```go
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package monitoring
import (
"fmt"
"strings"
"sync"
"k8s.io/klog/v2"
)
// InertMetricFactory creates inert metrics for testing.
type InertMetricFactory struct{}
// NewCounter creates a new inert Counter.
func (imf InertMetricFactory) NewCounter(name, help string, labelNames ...string) Counter {
return &InertFloat{
labelCount: len(labelNames),
vals: make(map[string]float64),
}
}
// NewGauge creates a new inert Gauge.
func (imf InertMetricFactory) NewGauge(name, help string, labelNames ...string) Gauge {
return &InertFloat{
labelCount: len(labelNames),
vals: make(map[string]float64),
}
}
// NewHistogram creates a new inert Histogram.
func (imf InertMetricFactory) NewHistogram(name, help string, labelNames ...string) Histogram {
return &InertDistribution{
labelCount: len(labelNames),
counts: make(map[string]uint64),
sums: make(map[string]float64),
}
}
// NewHistogramWithBuckets creates a new inert Histogram with supplied buckets.
// The buckets are not actually used.
func (imf InertMetricFactory) NewHistogramWithBuckets(name, help string, _ []float64, labelNames ...string) Histogram {
return imf.NewHistogram(name, help, labelNames...)
}
// InertFloat is an internal-only implementation of both the Counter and Gauge interfaces.
type InertFloat struct {
labelCount int
mu sync.Mutex
vals map[string]float64
}
// Inc adds 1 to the value.
func (m *InertFloat) Inc(labelVals ...string) {
m.Add(1.0, labelVals...)
}
// Dec subtracts 1 from the value.
func (m *InertFloat) Dec(labelVals ...string) {
m.Add(-1.0, labelVals...)
}
// Add adds the given amount to the value.
func (m *InertFloat) Add(val float64, labelVals ...string) {
m.mu.Lock()
defer m.mu.Unlock()
key, err := keyForLabels(labelVals, m.labelCount)
if err != nil {
klog.Error(err.Error())
return
}
m.vals[key] += val
}
// Set sets the value.
func (m *InertFloat) Set(val float64, labelVals ...string) {
m.mu.Lock()
defer m.mu.Unlock()
key, err := keyForLabels(labelVals, m.labelCount)
if err != nil {
klog.Error(err.Error())
return
}
m.vals[key] = val
}
// Value returns the current value.
func (m *InertFloat) Value(labelVals ...string) float64 {
m.mu.Lock()
defer m.mu.Unlock()
key, err := keyForLabels(labelVals, m.labelCount)
if err != nil {
klog.Error(err.Error())
return 0.0
}
return m.vals[key]
}
// InertDistribution is an internal-only implementation of the Distribution interface.
type InertDistribution struct {
labelCount int
mu sync.Mutex
counts map[string]uint64
sums map[string]float64
}
// Observe adds a single observation to the distribution.
func (m *InertDistribution) Observe(val float64, labelVals ...string) {
m.mu.Lock()
defer m.mu.Unlock()
key, err := keyForLabels(labelVals, m.labelCount)
if err != nil {
klog.Error(err.Error())
return
}
m.counts[key]++
m.sums[key] += val
}
// Info returns count, sum for the distribution.
func (m *InertDistribution) Info(labelVals ...string) (uint64, float64) {
m.mu.Lock()
defer m.mu.Unlock()
key, err := keyForLabels(labelVals, m.labelCount)
if err != nil {
klog.Error(err.Error())
return 0, 0.0
}
return m.counts[key], m.sums[key]
}
func keyForLabels(labelVals []string, count int) (string, error) {
if len(labelVals) != count {
return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid label count %d; want %d", len(labelVals), count)
}
return strings.Join(labelVals, "|"), nil
}
``` |
Pterolophia ministrata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1865.
References
ministrata
Beetles described in 1865 |
```smalltalk
Class {
#name : 'ClyMethodsInProtocolGroupProviderTest',
#superclass : 'ClyMethodGroupProviderTest',
#category : 'Calypso-SystemQueries-Tests-Domain',
#package : 'Calypso-SystemQueries-Tests',
#tag : 'Domain'
}
{ #category : 'running' }
ClyMethodsInProtocolGroupProviderTest >> classSampleWhichHasGroup [
^ClyClass1FromP1Mock
]
{ #category : 'running' }
ClyMethodsInProtocolGroupProviderTest >> groupProviderClass [
^ClyMethodsInProtocolGroupProvider
]
{ #category : 'tests' }
ClyMethodsInProtocolGroupProviderTest >> testCreateGroupsForEveryProtocol [
| groups query |
self buildGroupsFor: ClySubclassN1OfClass1FromP1Mock.
groups := builtGroups select: [ :each | each isKindOf: ClyMethodsInProtocolGroup ].
self assertCollection: (groups collect: [ :group | group protocol ]) hasSameElements: ClySubclassN1OfClass1FromP1Mock protocolNames.
query := groups first methodQuery.
self assert: query class equals: ClyMethodsInProtocolQuery.
self assert: query scope equals: (ClyClassScope of: ClySubclassN1OfClass1FromP1Mock)
]
``` |
```c++
// 2001-11-26 Benjamin Kosnik <bkoz@redhat.com>
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library. This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
// any later version.
// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// with this library; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free
// Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307,
// USA.
// 22.2.2.1.1 num_get members
#include <locale>
#include <sstream>
#include <testsuite_hooks.h>
// XXX This test is not working for non-glibc locale models.
// { dg-do run { xfail *-*-* } }
#ifdef _GLIBCPP_USE_WCHAR_T
void test01()
{
using namespace std;
typedef istreambuf_iterator<wchar_t> iterator_type;
bool test = true;
// basic construction
locale loc_c = locale::classic();
locale loc_hk("en_HK");
locale loc_fr("fr_FR@euro");
locale loc_de("de_DE");
VERIFY( loc_c != loc_de );
VERIFY( loc_hk != loc_fr );
VERIFY( loc_hk != loc_de );
VERIFY( loc_de != loc_fr );
// cache the numpunct facets
const numpunct<wchar_t>& numpunct_c = use_facet<numpunct<wchar_t> >(loc_c);
const numpunct<wchar_t>& numpunct_de = use_facet<numpunct<wchar_t> >(loc_de);
const numpunct<wchar_t>& numpunct_hk = use_facet<numpunct<wchar_t> >(loc_hk);
// sanity check the data is correct.
const string empty;
char c;
bool b1 = true;
bool b0 = false;
long l1 = 2147483647;
long l2 = -2147483647;
long l;
unsigned long ul1 = 1294967294;
unsigned long ul2 = 0;
unsigned long ul;
double d1 = 1.02345e+308;
double d2 = 3.15e-308;
double d;
long double ld1 = 6.630025e+4;
long double ld2 = 0.0;
long double ld;
void* v;
const void* cv = &ul2;
// cache the num_get facet
wistringstream iss;
iss.imbue(loc_de);
const num_get<wchar_t>& ng = use_facet<num_get<wchar_t> >(iss.getloc());
const ios_base::iostate goodbit = ios_base::goodbit;
const ios_base::iostate eofbit = ios_base::eofbit;
ios_base::iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
// bool, simple
iss.str(L"1");
iterator_type os_it00 = iss.rdbuf();
iterator_type os_it01 = ng.get(os_it00, 0, iss, err, b1);
VERIFY( b1 == true );
VERIFY( err & ios_base::eofbit );
iss.str(L"0");
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, b0);
VERIFY( b0 == false );
VERIFY( err & eofbit );
// bool, more twisted examples
iss.imbue(loc_c);
iss.str(L"true ");
iss.clear();
iss.setf(ios_base::boolalpha);
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, b0);
VERIFY( b0 == true );
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
iss.str(L"false ");
iss.clear();
iss.setf(ios_base::boolalpha);
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, b1);
VERIFY( b1 == false );
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
// long, in a locale that expects grouping
iss.imbue(loc_hk);
iss.str(L"2,147,483,647 ");
iss.clear();
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, l);
VERIFY( l == l1 );
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
iss.str(L"-2,147,483,647++++++");
iss.clear();
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, l);
VERIFY( l == l2 );
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
// unsigned long, in a locale that does not group
iss.imbue(loc_c);
iss.str(L"1294967294");
iss.clear();
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, ul);
VERIFY( ul == ul1);
VERIFY( err == eofbit );
iss.str(L"0+++++++++++++++++++");
iss.clear();
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, ul);
VERIFY( ul == ul2);
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
// ... and one that does
iss.imbue(loc_de);
iss.str(L"1.294.967.294+++++++");
iss.clear();
iss.width(20);
iss.setf(ios_base::left, ios_base::adjustfield);
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, ul);
VERIFY( ul == ul1 );
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
// double
iss.imbue(loc_c);
iss.str(L"1.02345e+308++++++++");
iss.clear();
iss.width(20);
iss.setf(ios_base::left, ios_base::adjustfield);
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, d);
VERIFY( d == d1 );
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
iss.str(L"+3.15e-308");
iss.clear();
iss.width(20);
iss.setf(ios_base::right, ios_base::adjustfield);
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, d);
VERIFY( d == d2 );
VERIFY( err == eofbit );
iss.imbue(loc_de);
iss.str(L"+1,02345e+308");
iss.clear();
iss.width(20);
iss.setf(ios_base::right, ios_base::adjustfield);
iss.setf(ios_base::scientific, ios_base::floatfield);
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, d);
VERIFY( d == d1 );
VERIFY( err == eofbit );
iss.str(L"3,15E-308 ");
iss.clear();
iss.width(20);
iss.precision(10);
iss.setf(ios_base::right, ios_base::adjustfield);
iss.setf(ios_base::scientific, ios_base::floatfield);
iss.setf(ios_base::uppercase);
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, d);
VERIFY( d == d2 );
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
// long double
iss.str(L"6,630025e+4");
iss.clear();
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, ld);
VERIFY( ld == ld1 );
VERIFY( err == eofbit );
iss.str(L"0 ");
iss.clear();
iss.precision(0);
iss.setf(ios_base::fixed, ios_base::floatfield);
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, ld);
VERIFY( ld == 0 );
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
// const void
iss.str(L"0xbffff74c,");
iss.clear();
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, v);
VERIFY( &v != &cv );
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
#ifdef _GLIBCPP_USE_LONG_LONG
long long ll1 = 9223372036854775807LL;
long long ll2 = -9223372036854775807LL;
long long ll;
iss.str(L"9.223.372.036.854.775.807");
iss.clear();
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, ll);
VERIFY( ll == ll1 );
VERIFY( err == eofbit );
#endif
}
// 2002-01-10 David Seymour <seymour_dj@yahoo.com>
// libstdc++/5331
void test02()
{
using namespace std;
bool test = true;
// Check num_get works with other iterators besides streambuf
// output iterators. (As long as output_iterator requirements are met.)
typedef wstring::const_iterator iter_type;
typedef num_get<wchar_t, iter_type> num_get_type;
const ios_base::iostate goodbit = ios_base::goodbit;
const ios_base::iostate eofbit = ios_base::eofbit;
ios_base::iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
const locale loc_c = locale::classic();
const wstring str(L"20000106 Elizabeth Durack");
const wstring str2(L"0 true 0xbffff74c Durack");
istringstream iss; // need an ios, add my num_get facet
iss.imbue(locale(loc_c, new num_get_type));
// Iterator advanced, state, output.
const num_get_type& ng = use_facet<num_get_type>(iss.getloc());
// 01 get(long)
// 02 get(long double)
// 03 get(bool)
// 04 get(void*)
// 01 get(long)
long i = 0;
err = goodbit;
iter_type end1 = ng.get(str.begin(), str.end(), iss, err, i);
wstring rem1(end1, str.end());
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
VERIFY( i == 20000106);
VERIFY( rem1 == L" Elizabeth Durack" );
// 02 get(long double)
long double ld = 0.0;
err = goodbit;
iter_type end2 = ng.get(str.begin(), str.end(), iss, err, ld);
wstring rem2(end2, str.end());
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
VERIFY( ld == 20000106);
VERIFY( rem2 == L" Elizabeth Durack" );
// 03 get(bool)
// const string str2("0 true 0xbffff74c Durack");
bool b = 1;
iss.clear();
err = goodbit;
iter_type end3 = ng.get(str2.begin(), str2.end(), iss, err, b);
wstring rem3(end3, str2.end());
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
VERIFY( b == 0 );
VERIFY( rem3 == L" true 0xbffff74c Durack" );
iss.clear();
err = goodbit;
iss.setf(ios_base::boolalpha);
iter_type end4 = ng.get(++end3, str2.end(), iss, err, b);
wstring rem4(end4, str2.end());
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
VERIFY( b == true );
VERIFY( rem4 == L" 0xbffff74c Durack" );
// 04 get(void*)
void* v;
iss.clear();
err = goodbit;
iss.setf(ios_base::fixed, ios_base::floatfield);
iter_type end5 = ng.get(++end4, str2.end(), iss, err, v);
wstring rem5(end5, str2.end());
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
VERIFY( b == true );
VERIFY( rem5 == L" Durack" );
}
// libstdc++/5280
void test03()
{
#ifdef _GLIBCPP_HAVE_SETENV
// Set the global locale to non-"C".
std::locale loc_de("de_DE");
std::locale::global(loc_de);
// Set LANG environment variable to de_DE.
const char* oldLANG = getenv("LANG");
if (!setenv("LANG", "de_DE", 1))
{
test01();
test02();
setenv("LANG", oldLANG ? oldLANG : "", 1);
}
#endif
}
// Testing the correct parsing of grouped hexadecimals and octals.
void test04()
{
using namespace std;
bool test = true;
unsigned long ul;
wistringstream iss;
// A locale that expects grouping
locale loc_de("de_DE");
iss.imbue(loc_de);
const num_get<wchar_t>& ng = use_facet<num_get<wchar_t> >(iss.getloc());
const ios_base::iostate goodbit = ios_base::goodbit;
ios_base::iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
iss.setf(ios::hex, ios::basefield);
iss.str(L"0xbf.fff.74c ");
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, ul);
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
VERIFY( ul == 0xbffff74c );
iss.str(L"0Xf.fff ");
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, ul);
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
VERIFY( ul == 0xffff );
iss.str(L"ffe ");
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, ul);
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
VERIFY( ul == 0xffe );
iss.setf(ios::oct, ios::basefield);
iss.str(L"07.654.321 ");
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, ul);
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
VERIFY( ul == 07654321 );
iss.str(L"07.777 ");
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, ul);
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
VERIFY( ul == 07777 );
iss.str(L"776 ");
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, ul);
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
VERIFY( ul == 0776 );
}
// libstdc++/5816
void test05()
{
using namespace std;
bool test = true;
double d = 0.0;
wistringstream iss;
locale loc_de("de_DE");
iss.imbue(loc_de);
const num_get<wchar_t>& ng = use_facet<num_get<wchar_t> >(iss.getloc());
const ios_base::iostate goodbit = ios_base::goodbit;
ios_base::iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
iss.str(L"1234,5 ");
err = goodbit;
ng.get(iss.rdbuf(), 0, iss, err, d);
VERIFY( err == goodbit );
VERIFY( d == 1234.5 );
}
// path_to_url
void test06()
{
bool test = true;
const char* tentLANG = std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "ja_JP.eucjp");
if (tentLANG != NULL)
{
std::string preLANG = tentLANG;
test01();
test02();
test04();
test05();
std::string postLANG = std::setlocale(LC_ALL, NULL);
VERIFY( preLANG == postLANG );
}
}
#endif
int main()
{
#ifdef _GLIBCPP_USE_WCHAR_T
test01();
test02();
test03();
test04();
test05();
test06();
#endif
return 0;
}
// Kathleen Hannah, humanitarian, woman, art-thief
``` |
The 2021–22 season is Raków Częstochowa's third consecutive campaign in the Ekstraklasa, the top-flight of Polish football. In addition to the domestic league, the club is competing in the Polish Cup, the Polish SuperCup, and the inaugural edition of the UEFA Europa Conference League.
On 17 July 2021, Raków Częstochowa defeated reigning Ekstraklasa title holders Legia Warsaw in penalties in the Polish SuperCup.
On 2 May 2022, Raków defeated Lech Poznań 3–1 and secured its second consecutive Polish Cup.
First-team squad
Transfers
In
Pre-season and friendlies
Competitions
Overall record
Ekstraklasa
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
Polish Cup
Polish SuperCup
UEFA Europa Conference League
Second qualifying round
Third qualifying round
Play-off round
Squad statistics
Goal scorers
Clean sheets
Notes
References
External links
Raków Częstochowa
Raków Częstochowa
Raków Częstochowa |
The 2004 E3 Prijs Vlaanderen was the 47th edition of the E3 Harelbeke cycle race and was held on 27 March 2004. The race started and finished in Harelbeke. The race was won by Tom Boonen of the Quick-Step team.
General classification
References
2004 in Belgian sport
2004 |
High-resolution schemes are used in the numerical solution of partial differential equations where high accuracy is required in the presence of shocks or discontinuities. They have the following properties:
Second- or higher-order spatial accuracy is obtained in smooth parts of the solution.
Solutions are free from spurious oscillations or wiggles.
High accuracy is obtained around shocks and discontinuities.
The number of mesh points containing the wave is small compared with a first-order scheme with similar accuracy.
General methods are often not adequate for accurate resolution of steep gradient phenomena; they usually introduce non-physical effects such as smearing of the solution or spurious oscillations. Since publication of Godunov's order barrier theorem, which proved that linear methods cannot provide non-oscillatory solutions higher than first order (, ), these difficulties have attracted much attention and a number of techniques have been developed that largely overcome these problems. To avoid spurious or non-physical oscillations where shocks are present, schemes that exhibit a Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) characteristic are especially attractive. Two techniques that are proving to be particularly effective are MUSCL (Monotone Upstream-Centered Schemes for Conservation Laws), a flux/slope limiter method (, , , , ) and the WENO (Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory) method (, ). Both methods are usually referred to as high resolution schemes (see diagram).
MUSCL methods are generally second-order accurate in smooth regions (although they can be formulated for higher orders) and provide good resolution, monotonic solutions around discontinuities. They are straightforward to implement and are computationally efficient.
For problems comprising both shocks and complex smooth solution structure, WENO schemes can provide higher accuracy than second-order schemes along with good resolution around discontinuities. Most applications tend to use a fifth order accurate WENO scheme, whilst higher order schemes can be used where the problem demands improved accuracy in smooth regions.
The method of holistic discretisation systematically analyses subgrid scale dynamics to algebraically construct closures for numerical discretisations that are both accurate to any specified order of error in smooth regions, and automatically adapt to cater for rapid grid variations through the algebraic learning of subgrid structures (). A web service analyses any PDE in a class that may be submitted.
See also
Godunov's theorem
Sergei K. Godunov
Total variation diminishing
Shock capturing method
References
translated US Joint Publ. Res. Service, JPRS 7226, 1969.
Numerical differential equations
Computational fluid dynamics |
Abell 3742 is a galaxy cluster located around 200 million light-years (61 Mpc) from Earth in the constellation Indus. The cluster's brightest member is the elliptical galaxy NGC 7014. Abell 3742 is located in the Pavo–Indus Supercluster and is one of three major clusters along with Abell 3656 and Abell 3698.
See also
Abell catalogue
List of Abell clusters
Galaxy cluster
References
Indus (constellation)
Galaxy clusters
Pavo-Indus Supercluster
3742
Abell richness class 0 |
Freuler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Charles Freuler, Swiss rower
John R. Freuler (1872–1958), American businessman
Remo Freuler (born 1992), Swiss footballer
Rick Freuler, American aerospace engineer
Urs Freuler (born 1958), Swiss cyclist |
María Inés Silva Vila (1926-1991) was a Uruguayan writer. She was associated with the Generación del 45.
Life
María Inés Silva Vila was born on 23 November 1926 in Salto, Uruguay. She started as a short story writer, writing for newspapers and magazines including Marcha, Escrito, Asir and Mundo Uruguayo. Her stories were collected in The Hand of Snow (1951). In 1963 she won the First Municipal Prize for Narrative with The Beach and Other Stories, versions of which were published as Happiness and Other Sorrows (1964). In 1969 she published her first novel, Cancan Jump, and in 1971 her second novel, Rebels of 800, a historical novel reconstructed from original documents.
During the 1970s she was a theater critic for the newspaper Ya. In 1976 she took part in the El Club del Libro publishing initiative to translate, adapt and compile classic works of Latin American literature.
She died in Montevideo on 10 August 1991.
Works
La mano de nieve [The Hand of Snow], 1951.
Felicidad y otras tristezas [The Beach and Other Stories], 1964
Salto Cancán [Cancan Jump], 1969
Los rebeldes del 800 [The Rebels of 800], 1971.
References
1926 births
1991 deaths
Uruguayan short story writers
Uruguayan novelists
Uruguayan women writers |
Monument to Vasily Chapaev – is a monument to Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev in Samara, installed in Chapaev Square in front of the drama theatre.
History
The monument was erected in 1932 to commemorate 15th anniversary of October Revolution and was designed by architect Iosif Langbard and sculptor Matvey Manizer (who also created monuments to Valerian Kuybishev and Vladimir Lenin in Samara). Manizer was the first sculptor in the history of the Soviet art who decided to attempt creating a multi-figure equestrian sculpture. Amongst the figures are a commissar, a Bashkir soldier, a partisan peasant, a Tatar soldier in a torn shirt, a female in headscarf, a sailor and Chapaev on horseback with a sabre. Characters of the monument are based on real participants of the civil war.
To help create Chapaev’s facial features Manizer used as a model Chapaev’s son, Alexander, who looked much like his father. To create the character of the Red Army Bashkir soldier, raising from the ground, the sculptor used as a model a student of Leningrad Military Medical Academy and Bashkir poet Gaisa Yusupov.
At the time of the monument creation it was one of the biggest in the country (height 10m, base 17 x 22m). The pedestal, plated with polished black labradorite, contains a plaque with a quote from Vladimir Lenin:Fight till the last drop of blood, comrades! Hold on to every sliver of land! Persevere till the very end! Victory is close, - victory will be ours! Weight of the bronze, used for casting, was 12 tonnes, figures are 1.5 times the average human height.
Copy
The monument was made in Leningrad, before its shipment it was seen by Kirov, who asked its author to make a copy for Leningrad. A copy of the monument was made in 1933, it is now in Saint Petersburg in a square in front of Budyonny Military Academy of the Signal Corps.
References
Links
Monument to Vasily Chapaev
Monument to Vasily Chapaev and his army
Monuments and memorials built in the Soviet Union
Monuments and memorials in Samara Oblast
Outdoor sculptures in Russia
1932 establishments in Russia
Equestrian statues in Russia
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Samara Oblast |
The Privilegium pro Slavis ("Privilege for the Slavs") is a privilege granted to the Slovaks in Žilina. (; ), Kingdom of Hungary, by the King Louis I during his visit there in 1381. According to this privilege, Slovaks and Germans each occupied half of the seats in the city council and the mayor should be elected each year, alternating between those nationalities. It was issued after the complaints of Slovak citizens that the Germans refused to respect this old custom. The privilege was preserved from duplication in 1431.
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Slovakia in the Kingdom of Hungary
Žilina
Medieval Slovakia |
The Overland Campaign, also known as Grant's Overland Campaign and the Wilderness Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during May and June 1864, in the American Civil War. Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, general-in-chief of all Union armies, directed the actions of the Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, and other forces against Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Although Grant suffered severe losses during the campaign, it was a strategic Union victory. It inflicted proportionately higher losses on Lee's army and maneuvered it into a siege at Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia, in just over eight weeks.
Crossing the Rapidan River on May 4, 1864, Grant sought to defeat Lee's army by quickly placing his forces between Lee and Richmond and inviting an open battle. Lee surprised Grant by attacking the larger Union army in the Battle of the Wilderness (May 5–7), resulting in many casualties on both sides. Unlike his predecessors in the Eastern Theater, Grant did not withdraw his army following this setback but instead maneuvered to the southeast, resuming his attempt to interpose his forces between Lee and Richmond; Lee's army was able to get into position to block this maneuver. At the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House (May 8–21), Grant repeatedly attacked segments of the Confederate defensive line, hoping for a breakthrough but the only results were again many losses for both sides.
Grant maneuvered again, meeting Lee at the North Anna River (Battle of North Anna, May 23–26). Here, Lee held clever defensive positions that provided an opportunity to defeat portions of Grant's army but illness prevented Lee from attacking in time to trap Grant. The final major battle of the campaign was waged at Cold Harbor (May 31 – June 12), in which Grant gambled that Lee's army was exhausted and ordered a massive assault against strong defensive positions, resulting in disproportionately heavy Union casualties. Resorting to maneuver a final time, Grant surprised Lee by stealthily crossing the James River, threatening to capture the city of Petersburg, the loss of which would doom the Confederate capital. The resulting siege of Petersburg (June 1864 – March 1865) led to the eventual surrender of Lee's army in April 1865 and the end of the Civil War.
The campaign included two long-range raids by Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan. In a raid toward Richmond, Confederate cavalry commander Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart was mortally wounded at the Battle of Yellow Tavern (May 11). In a raid attempting to destroy the Virginia Central Railroad to the west, Sheridan was thwarted by Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton at the Battle of Trevilian Station (June 11–12), the largest cavalry battle of the war.
Background
Military situation
In March 1864, Grant was summoned from the Western Theater, promoted to lieutenant general, and given command of all Union armies. He chose to make his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, although Meade retained formal command of that army. Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman succeeded Grant in command of most of the western armies. Grant and President Abraham Lincoln devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of the Confederacy from multiple directions: Grant, Meade, and Benjamin Butler against Lee near Richmond, Virginia; Franz Sigel in the Shenandoah Valley; Sherman to invade Georgia, defeat Joseph E. Johnston, and capture Atlanta; George Crook and William W. Averell to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia; and Nathaniel Banks to capture Mobile, Alabama. This was the first time the Union armies would have a coordinated offensive strategy across a number of theaters.
Although previous Union campaigns in Virginia targeted the Confederate capital of Richmond as their primary objective, this time the goal was to capture Richmond by aiming for the destruction of Lee's army. Lincoln had long advocated this strategy for his generals, recognizing that the city would certainly fall after the loss of its principal defensive army. Grant ordered Meade, "Wherever Lee goes, there you will go also." Although he hoped for a quick, decisive battle, Grant was prepared to fight a war of attrition. He meant to "hammer continuously against the armed force of the enemy and his resources until by mere attrition, if in no other way, there should be nothing left to him but an equal submission with the loyal section of our common country to the constitution and laws of the land." Both Union and Confederate casualties could be high, but the Union had greater resources to replace lost soldiers and equipment.
Opposing forces
Despite Grant's superior numbers, he had manpower challenges. Following their severe beating at the Battle of Gettysburg the previous year, the I Corps and the III Corps had been disbanded and their survivors reallocated to other corps, which damaged unit cohesion and morale. Because he was operating on the offensive in enemy territory, Grant had to defend his bases of supply and the lines extending from them to his army in the field; it was principally for this reason that Grant chose to maneuver repeatedly around Lee's right flank during the campaign, relying on waterborne supply lines instead of the railroads, such as the Orange and Alexandria, in Virginia's interior. Furthermore, since many of his soldiers' three-year enlistments were about to expire, they were naturally reluctant to participate in dangerous assaults. To deal with these challenges, Grant supplemented his forces by reassigning soldiers manning the heavy artillery batteries around Washington, D.C., to infantry regiments.
Battles
The Wilderness (May 5–7, 1864)
The Overland Campaign began as Grant's forces crossed the Rapidan River on May 4, 1864. Grant's objective was to force an engagement with Lee, outside of his Mine Run fortifications, by either drawing his forces out or turning them. Lee, displaying the audacity that characterized his generalship, moved out as Grant desired, but more quickly than Grant anticipated; Union forces had insufficient time to clear the area known as the Wilderness, a tangle of scrub brush and undergrowth in which part of the Battle of Chancellorsville had been fought the previous year. By forcing a fight here, Lee effectively neutralized the Union's advantage in artillery. He ordered Ewell's Corps to advance on the Orange Turnpike, A.P. Hill's in parallel on the Orange Plank Road, and James Longstreet's from the distant Gordonsville.
Early on May 5, Warren's V Corps was advancing south toward the Plank Road when Ewell's Corps appeared in the west on the Turnpike. Meade halted his army and directed Warren to attack if the Confederates were a small, isolated group. Ewell's men erected earthworks on the western end of the clearing known as Saunders Field. Warren requested a delay from Meade so that Sedgwick's VI Corps could be brought in on his right and extend his line. By 1 p.m., Meade was frustrated by the delay and ordered Warren to attack before Sedgwick could arrive. The brigade of Brig. Gen. Romeyn B. Ayres had to take cover in a gully to avoid enfilading fire. The brigade of Brig. Gen. Joseph J. Bartlett made better progress to Ayres's left and overran the position of Brig. Gen. John M. Jones, who was killed. However, since Ayres's men were unable to advance, Bartlett's right flank was now exposed to attack, and his brigade was forced to flee back across the clearing.
To the left of Bartlett, the Iron Brigade, commanded by Brig. Gen. Lysander Cutler, struck a brigade of Alabamians commanded by Brig. Gen. Cullen A. Battle. Although initially pushed back, the Confederates counterattacked with the brigade of Brig. Gen. John B. Gordon, tearing through the line and forcing the Iron Brigade to flee. Near the Higgerson farm, the brigades of Col. Roy Stone and Brig. Gen. James C. Rice attacked the brigades of Brig. Gen. George P. Doles's Georgians and Brig. Gen. Junius Daniel's North Carolinians. Both attacks failed under heavy fire, and Crawford ordered his men to pull back. Warren ordered an artillery section into Saunders Field to support his attack, but it was captured by Confederate soldiers, who were pinned down and prevented by rifle fire from moving the guns until darkness. In the midst of hand-to-hand combat at the guns, the field caught fire and men from both sides were shocked as their wounded comrades burned to death. The lead elements of Sedgwick's VI Corps reached Saunders Field at 3 p.m., by which time Warren's men had ceased fighting. Sedgwick attacked Ewell's line in the woods north of the Turnpike and both sides traded attacks and counterattacks that lasted about an hour before each disengaged to erect earthworks.
A.P. Hill's approach on the Plank Road that afternoon was detected, and Meade ordered the VI Corps division of Brig. Gen. George W. Getty to defend the important intersection with the Brock Road. Getty's men arrived just before Hill's and the two forces skirmished briefly, ending with Hill's men withdrawing a few hundred yards west of the intersection. Meade sent orders to Hancock directing him to move his II Corps north to come to Getty's assistance. As the Union men approached the position of Maj. Gen. Henry Heth, they were pinned down by fire from a shallow ridge to their front. As each II Corps division arrived, Hancock sent it forward to assist, bringing enough combat power to bear that Lee was forced to commit his reserves, the division commanded by Maj. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox. Fierce fighting continued until nightfall with neither side gaining an advantage.
On May 6, Hancock's II Corps attacked Hill at 5 a.m., overwhelming the Third Corps with the divisions of Wadsworth, Birney, and Mott; Getty and Gibbon were in support. Lee had assured Hill that Longstreet's Corps would arrive to reinforce Hill before dawn, but moving cross-country in the dark, they made slow progress and lost their way at times. Ewell's men on the Turnpike had attacked first, at 4:45 a.m., but continued to be pinned down by attacks from Sedgwick's and Warren's corps and could not be relied upon for assistance. Before a total collapse, however, reinforcements arrived at 6 a.m., Brig. Gen. John Gregg's 800-man Texas Brigade, the vanguard of Longstreet's column. General Lee, caught up in the excitement, began to move forward with the advancing brigade. As the Texans realized this, they halted, refusing to move forward unless Lee remained in the rear.
Longstreet counterattacked with the divisions of Maj. Gen. Charles W. Field and Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw. The Union troops fell a few hundred yards back from the Widow Tapp farm. At 10 a.m., Longstreet's chief engineer reported that he had explored an unfinished railroad bed south of the Plank Road and that it offered easy access to the Union left flank. Longstreet's aide, Lt. Col. Moxley Sorrel, and the senior brigade commander, Brig. Gen. William Mahone, struck at 11 a.m. with four brigades. At the same time, Longstreet resumed his main attack, driving Hancock's men back to the Brock Road, but the momentum was lost when Longstreet was wounded by his own men, putting him out of action until October.
At the Turnpike, inconclusive fighting continued for most of the day. Early in the morning, Brig. Gen. John B. Gordon scouted the Union line and recommended to his division commander, Jubal Early, that he conduct a flanking attack, but Early dismissed the venture as too risky and did not approve it until that evening. Gordon's attack made good progress against inexperienced New York troops, but eventually the darkness and the dense foliage took their toll as the Union flank received reinforcements and recovered.
On the morning of May 7, Grant chose maneuver instead of further attacks. By moving south on the Brock Road, he hoped to reach the crossroads at Spotsylvania Court House, which would interpose his army between Lee and Richmond, forcing Lee to fight on ground more advantageous to the Union army. He ordered preparations for a night march on May 7 that would reach Spotsylvania, to the southeast, by the morning of May 8. Unfortunately for Grant, inadequate cavalry screening allowed Lee's army to reach the crossroads before sufficient Union troops arrived to contest it.
Spotsylvania Court House (May 8–21)
At dawn on May 8, Fitzhugh Lee's cavalrymen staked out a defensive line on a low ridge that they dubbed "Laurel Hill." Reinforcements from Anderson arrived just as Warren's men pulled up within 100 yards to the north. Assuming only cavalry blocked his path, Warren ordered an immediate attack. Multiple attacks by the divisions of the V Corps were repulsed with heavy casualties. In the afternoon, Sedgwick's VI Corps arrived near Laurel Hill and extended Warren's line to the east. By 7 p.m., both corps began a coordinated assault but were repulsed by heavy fire. They attempted to move around Anderson's right flank, but were surprised to find that divisions from Ewell's Second Corps had arrived in that sector to repulse them again.
Generals Meade and Sheridan had quarreled about the cavalry's performance throughout the campaign and their failures May 7–8 brought Meade's notorious temper to a boil. Sheridan told Meade that he could "whip Stuart" if Meade let him. Meade reported the conversation to Grant, who replied, "Well, he generally knows what he is talking about. Let him start right out and do it." Meade deferred to Grant's judgment and issued orders to Sheridan to "proceed against the enemy's cavalry." Sheridan's entire command of 10,000 cavalrymen departed the following day. They engaged with (and mortally wounded) Stuart at the Battle of Yellow Tavern on May 11, threatened the outskirts of Richmond, refitted near the James River, and did not return to the army until May 24. Grant and Meade were left without cavalry resources during the critical days of the battle to come.
Over the night of May 8–9, the Confederates erected a series of earthworks more than long, highlighted by an exposed salient known as the "Mule Shoe" extending more than a mile (1.6 km) in front of the main trench line. At about 9 a.m., Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick was inspecting his VI Corps line when he was shot through the head by a Confederate sharpshooter's bullet, dying instantly. He was replaced by Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright.
Grant ordered Hancock to cross the Po River and attack the Confederates' left flank, driving them back toward Burnside's position near the Ni River, while the rest of his command, in the center, watched for an opening to attack there as well. Hancock's II Corps advanced across the Po, but he delayed his attack until the morning. This error was fatal to Grant's plan. That night, Lee moved two divisions of Jubal Early's corps from Spotsylvania Court House into position against Hancock. On the morning of May 10, Grant ordered Hancock to withdraw north of the Po, leaving a single division in place to occupy the Confederates in that sector, while the rest of his army was to attack at 5 p.m. across the entire Confederate line. At 2 p.m., Jubal Early decided to attack the division, which retreated across the Po without being captured, destroying the bridges behind them.
While Hancock was in the Po sector, Warren requested permission from Meade to attack Laurel Hill at 4 p.m., uncoordinated with the rest of Grant's attack. Again the Laurel Hill line repulsed the Union troops with heavy losses. Grant was forced to postpone his 5 p.m. coordinated assault until Warren could get his troops reformed. Not informed of the delay, Brig. Gen. Gershom Mott of the II Corps moved his division forward at 5 p.m. toward the tip of the Mule Shoe. When his men reached the open field, Confederate artillery ripped them to shreds, and they retreated. At around 6 p.m., Col. Emory Upton led a group of 12 hand-picked regiments, about 5,000 men in four battle lines, against an identified weak point on the west side of the Mule Shoe. The plan was for Upton's men to rush across the open field without pausing to fire and reload, reaching the earthworks before the Confederates could fire more than a couple of shots. The plan worked well initially, but Generals Lee and Ewell were quick to organize a vigorous counterattack with brigades from all sectors of the Mule Shoe. No Union supporting units arrived. Upton's men were driven out of the Confederate works, and he reluctantly ordered them to retreat.
Despite his reverses on May 10, Grant had reason for optimism because of the partial success of Upton's innovative assault. He planned to use the same tactics with Hancock's entire corps. On the Confederate side, Lee received some intelligence reports that made him believe Grant was planning to withdraw toward Fredericksburg. If this happened, he wanted to follow up with an immediate attack. Concerned about the mobility of his artillery to support the potential attack, he ordered that the guns be withdrawn from Allegheny Johnson's division in the Mule Shoe to be ready for a movement to the right. He was completely unaware, of course, that this was exactly the place Grant intended to attack. Johnson requested to Ewell that his artillery be returned, but somehow the order did not reach the artillery units until 3:30 a.m. on May 12, 30 minutes before Hancock's assault was planned to start.
Hancock's assault started at 4:35 a.m. on May 12 and easily crashed through the Confederate works. Despite the initial success at obliterating much of the Mule Shoe salient, there was a flaw in the Union plan—no one had considered how to capitalize on the breakthrough. The 15,000 infantrymen of Hancock's II Corps had crowded into a narrow front about a half mile wide and soon lost all unit cohesion, becoming little more than an armed mob. Following the initial shock, the Confederate leadership at all levels began to react well to the Union onslaught and reinforcements were rushed in to stem the tide.
As Hancock bogged down, Grant sent in reinforcements, ordering both Wright and Warren to move forward. The VI Corps division of Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Neill headed for the western leg of the Mule Shoe, at the point where it turned to the south. This sector of the line, where the heaviest fighting of the day would occur, became known as the "Bloody Angle." Heavy rain began to fall, and both sides fought on the earthworks slippery with both water and blood. Warren's attack at Laurel Hill began on a small scale around 8:15 a.m. For some of his men, this was their fourth or fifth attack against the same objective and few fought with enthusiasm. They were repulsed again. Burnside advanced against the eastern leg of the Mule Shoe before dawn, materially aiding Hancock's breakthrough. At 2 p.m., Grant and Lee coincidentally ordered simultaneous attacks in this stalemated sector. The advance by Union Brig. Gen. Orlando B. Willcox's division was stopped as Brig. Gen. James H. Lane's brigade moved forward and hit them in the flank.
Throughout the afternoon, Confederate engineers scrambled to create a new defensive line 500 yards further south at the base of the Mule Shoe, while fighting at the Bloody Angle continued day and night with neither side achieving an advantage. At 4 a.m. on May 13, the exhausted Confederate infantrymen were notified that the new line was ready, and they withdrew from the original earthworks unit by unit. The combat they had endured for almost 24 hours was characterized by an intensity of firepower never previously seen in Civil War battles, as the entire landscape was flattened, all the foliage destroyed. May 12 was the most intensive day of fighting during the battle, with Union casualties of about 9,000, Confederate 8,000; the Confederate loss includes about 3,000 prisoners captured in the Mule Shoe.
Despite the significant casualties of May 12, Grant was undeterred. He planned to reorient his lines and shift the center of potential action to the east of Spotsylvania, where he could renew the battle. He ordered the V and VI Corps to move behind the II Corps and take positions past the left flank of the IX Corps. On the night of May 13–14, the corps began a difficult march in heavy rain. Grant notified Washington that, having endured five days of almost continuous rain, his army could not resume offensive operations until they had 24 hours of dry weather. The weather finally cleared on May 17. Grant ordered the II Corps and the VI Corps to attack against the Mule Shoe area again at sunrise, May 18. Unfortunately for the Union plan, the former Confederate works were still occupied by Ewell's Second Corps and they had used the intervening time to improve the earthworks and the obstacles laid out in front of them. Unlike on May 12, they were not caught by surprise. As Hancock's men advanced, they were caught up in abatis and subjected to artillery fire so devastating that infantry rifle fire was not necessary to repulse the attack. Wright and Burnside had no better luck in supporting attacks.
Grant decided to abandon the Spotsylvania area. He ordered Hancock's II Corps to march to the railroad line between Fredericksburg and Richmond, and then turn south. With luck, Lee might take the bait and follow, seeking to overwhelm and destroy the isolated corps. In that case, Grant would chase Lee with his remaining corps and strike him before the Confederates could entrench again. Before Hancock began to move, Lee ordered Ewell to conduct a reconnaissance in force to locate the northern flank of the Union army. Ewell fought near the Harris farm with several units of Union heavy artillery soldiers who had recently been converted to infantry duty before he was recalled by Lee. Grant's intended advance of Hancock's corps was delayed by the Harris farm engagement, so the troops did not begin their movement south until the night of May 20–21. Lee did not fall into Grant's trap of attacking Hancock, but traveled on a parallel path to the North Anna River.
Yellow Tavern (May 11)
For the early days of the campaign—the Wilderness and the approach to Spotsylvania Court House—Meade had employed Sheridan's Cavalry Corps primarily in the traditional role of screening and reconnaissance, whereas Sheridan saw the value of wielding his force as an independently operating offensive weapon for wide-ranging raids into the rear areas of the enemy. On May 8, Sheridan told Meade that if his command were freed to operate as an independent unit, he could defeat "Jeb" Stuart. Grant was intrigued and convinced Meade of the value of Sheridan's request.
On May 9, over 10,000 of Sheridan's troopers rode to the southeast with 32 artillery pieces to move behind Lee's army. The column, which at times stretched for over , reached the Confederate forward supply base at Beaver Dam Station that evening. Sheridan's men destroyed numerous railroad cars and six locomotives of the Virginia Central Railroad, destroyed telegraph wires, and rescued almost 400 Union soldiers who had been captured in the Wilderness.
Stuart moved his 4,500 troopers to get between Sheridan and Richmond. The two forces met at noon on May 11 at Yellow Tavern, an abandoned inn located north of Richmond. Not only did the Union outnumber the Confederates by three divisions to two brigades, it had superior firepower—all were armed with rapid-firing Spencer carbines. The Confederate troopers tenaciously resisted from the low ridgeline bordering the road to Richmond, fighting for over three hours. A countercharge by the 1st Virginia Cavalry pushed the advancing Union troopers back from the hilltop as Stuart, mounted on horseback, shouted encouragement. As the 5th Michigan Cavalry streamed in retreat past Stuart, he was shot, and he died in Richmond the following day. The fighting kept up for an hour after Stuart was wounded, Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee taking temporary command.
Meadow Bridge (May 12)
After Yellow Tavern, Sheridan led his troops southward towards Richmond on May 11, carefully feeling his way through the abandoned outer defensive works. He kept up his movement down the Brook Pike, not realizing that he was boxing himself into a potential trap. Sheridan found himself only two and half miles from his objective, but saw that the intermediate defenses in his front swarmed with enemy troops. His left flank was against the swollen Chickahominy, and Confederate cavalry threatened his rear, hoping to capture the Union force.
Sheridan decided to force a crossing of the river at Meadow Bridge, where the Virginia Central Railroad crossed the river. He assigned the Michigan brigade of Brig. Gen. George A. Custer, part of Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt's division, to seize the span and the high bluffs beyond. The rest of Sheridan's command had to hold the Confederates at bay while Custer executed his orders. The rearguard of Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg's division was assailed on three sides when it was light enough for a brigade of Confederate infantry to sally forth from the fortifications and attack. Soon, other Confederates, including Richmond citizens hastily pressed into military service, joined in the efforts to break through the rear lines. James H. Wilson's men were initially pushed back in some confusion, but Gregg had concealed a heavy line of skirmishers armed with repeating carbines in a brushy ravine. His men poured forth a destructive fire, halting the final Confederate advances, assisted by some of Wilson's men who turned the flank of the attacking column. Federal horse artillery made sure that the Confederate infantry no longer was a threat, and three mounted cavalry regiments skirmished with approaching enemy cavalry, turning them aside and protecting the rear.
In the meantime, Custer's 5th Michigan Cavalry used snipers to suppress Confederate rifle fire while several daring dismounted troopers crossed the damaged railroad bridge, hopping from railroad tie to tie while menaced by persistent enemy artillery fire. Followed by the 6th Michigan, they succeeded in the early afternoon in clearing the north bank of the Chickahominy and gaining a foothold on the Confederate side of the river. Custer's men pinned down remaining threatening enemy units and captured two artillery pieces, while pioneers energetically planked the bridge to provide safe passage for large numbers of men and horses. By mid-afternoon, Merritt's entire division had crossed and engaged the Confederate hasty works on Richmond Heights, driving the defenders back to Gaines's Mill. By 4 p.m., the rest of Sheridan's cavalry had crossed the river.
Sheridan destroyed the Virginia Central Bridge in his wake to prevent further pursuit. After his men had rested, Sheridan brushed aside the remaining Confederate resistance in the area and marched his column to Mechanicsville. They bivouacked that night at Gaines's Mill, which was burned the following morning by some of the stragglers; Sheridan ordered a bucket brigade to douse the flames. Upon reaching Bottom's Bridge over the Chickahominy, they found it had also been damaged and rested there for the night while it was repaired. By this time, Sheridan's men were suffering from hunger and it was becoming urgent that they reach Union lines. On May 14, he led his men to Haxall's Landing on the James River, linking up with Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler's force, ending his raid. After resupplying with Butler, Sheridan's men returned to join Grant at Chesterfield Station on May 24.
Sheridan's raid was an overall tactical success, having killed Jeb Stuart at Yellow Tavern and beaten Fitzhugh Lee at Meadow Bridge, all with relatively minimal casualties—about 625 men for the entire raid, compared to 800 Confederate. From a strategic standpoint, however, the raid deprived General Grant of the cavalry resources that would have been helpful at Spotsylvania Court House and his subsequent advance to the North Anna River, and there are lingering questions about whether Sheridan should have attempted to assault the city of Richmond. In the latter case, Sheridan believed it would not have been worth the risk in casualties and he recognized that the chances of holding the city for more than a brief time would be minimal; any advantages would primarily result from damage to Confederate morale.
North Anna (May 23–26)
As the armies started their movements from Spotsylvania, the odds between them had become closer. Grant's army totaled approximately 68,000 men, depleted from the start of the campaign by battle losses, illnesses, and expired enlistments. Lee's was about 53,000. For the first time in the campaign he received sizable reinforcements, including three of the four brigades in Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett's division (about 6,000 men) from the James River defenses and two brigades (2,500 men) of Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge's command from the Shenandoah Valley.
Grant's objective following Spotsylvania was the North Anna River, about south, and the important railroad intersection just south of it, Hanover Junction. Grant knew that Lee could probably beat him in a straight race to the North Anna, so he devised a stratagem that might be a successful alternative. He designated Hancock's II Corps to head southeast from Spotsylvania to Milford Station, hoping that Lee would take the bait and attack this isolated corps. If he did, Grant would attack him with his three remaining corps; if he did not, Grant would have lost nothing and his advance element might reach the North Anna before Lee could.
Hancock's corps of 20,000 men started marching the night of May 20–21. He was surprised to encounter some of Pickett's men at Milford Station on May 21, from which he inferred correctly that Lee was being reinforced. Rather than risk his corps in a fight in an isolated location, he decided to terminate his maneuver. Lee was still in the dark about Grant's intentions and was reluctant to disengage prematurely from the Spotsylvania Court House line. He cautiously extended Ewell's Corps to the Telegraph Road and notified Breckinridge, who was en route to join Lee, to stop at Hanover Junction and defend the North Anna River line until Lee could join him. Meanwhile, Grant started the rest of his corps on their marches. Lee ordered Ewell to march south on the Telegraph Road, followed by Anderson's Corps, and A.P. Hill's Corps on parallel roads to the west. Lee's orders were not urgent; he knew that Ewell had to march over relatively good roads, versus Hancock's over inferior roads.
On the morning of May 23, Warren and Hancock approached the North Anna. There were no significant fortifications to their front. Lee had misjudged Grant's plan, assuming any advance against the North Anna would be a mere diversion, while the main body of Grant's army continued its flanking march to the east. At the Chesterfield Bridge crossing the Telegraph Road, a small South Carolina brigade under Col. John W. Henagan had created a dirt redoubt, and there was a small party guarding the railroad bridge downstream, but all the other river crossings were left undefended. Grant had been presented with a golden opportunity if he moved quickly enough to take advantage of it.
Hancock's men, led by the division of Maj. Gen. David B. Birney, overwhelmed Henagan's small force, which fled across the bridge. Union sharpshooters discouraged Confederate attempts to burn the bridge. Hancock's men did not cross the bridge and seize ground to the south because Confederate artillery was laying down heavy fire against them. At Jericho Mills, Warren found the river ford unprotected and established a beachhead south of the river. General Lee convinced his Third Corps commander, A.P. Hill, that Warren's movement was simply a feint, so Hill sent only a single division, commanded by Maj. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox, to deal with Warren's supposedly minor threat. The Union troops were taken by surprise and their right flank was beaten back, but they were supported by three batteries of artillery, which slowed the Confederate advance until Union reinforcements arrived to end the brief battle. The next morning, Lee expressed his displeasure at Hill's performance: "General Hill, why did you let those people cross here? Why didn't you throw your whole force on them and drive them back as Jackson would have done?"
By the evening of May 23, Lee finally understood that a major battle was developing in this location and began to plan his defensive position. He and his chief engineer devised a solution: a five-mile (8 km) line that formed an inverted "V" shape with its apex on the river at Ox Ford, the only defensible crossing in the area. On the western line of the V, reaching southwest to anchor on Little River, was the corps of A.P. Hill; on the east were Anderson and Ewell, extending through Hanover Junction and ending behind a swamp. Lee's men worked nonstop overnight to complete the fortifications. The new position represented a significant potential threat to Grant. By moving south of the river, Lee hoped that Grant would assume that he was retreating, leaving only a token force to prevent a crossing at Ox Ford. If Grant pursued, then Lee hoped the pointed wedge of the inverted V would split Grant's army and Lee could concentrate on interior lines to defeat one wing; the other Union wing would have to cross the North Anna twice to support the attacked wing.
On the morning of May 24, Hancock's II Corps crossed the Chesterfield Bridge with Maj. Gen. John Gibbon's division in the lead. Grant had begun to fall into Lee's trap. Seeing the ease of crossing the river, he assumed the Confederates were retreating. He wired to Washington: "The enemy have fallen back from North Anna. We are in pursuit."
The only visible opposition to the Union crossing was at Ox Ford, which Grant interpreted to be a rear guard action, and ordered Burnside's IX Corps to deal with it. Burnside's division under Brig. Gen. Samuel W. Crawford marched downriver to Quarles Mill and seized the ford there. Burnside ordered Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden's division to cross over at the ford and follow the river's southern bank to Ox Ford and attack the Confederate position from the west. Crittenden's lead brigade was under Brig. Gen. James H. Ledlie, who was known for excessive drinking of alcohol in the field. Intoxicated and ambitious, Ledlie decided to attack the Confederate position with his brigade alone. Encountering the Confederate earthworks manned by Brig. Gen. William Mahone's division, Ledlie's men were immediately repulsed. Crittenden sent word to Ledlie not to attack until the full division had crossed the river, but Ledlie, by now completely drunk, ordered a charge. The Confederates waited to open fire until they were at close range, and the effect was to drive Ledlie's leading men into ditches for protection. Two Massachusetts regiments rallied, but Mahone's Mississippi troops stepped out of their works and shot them down. Despite his miserable performance, Ledlie received praise from his division commander that his brigade "behaved gallantly." He was promoted to division command after the battle and his drunkenness in the field continued to plague his men, culminating in his humiliating failure at the Battle of the Crater in July, after which he was relieved of command, never to receive another assignment. Hancock's II Corps began pushing south from Chesterfield Bridge at about the same time that Ledlie was initially crossing the river, but the combined divisions of Maj. Gens. John Gibbon and David B. Birney could not break the Confederate line.
Although the Union army had done precisely what Lee had hoped it would do, Lee's plan came to naught. The morning of the river crossing, Lee suddenly suffered a debilitating attack of diarrhea and was forced to remain in his tent, bedridden. Unfortunately, he had not sufficiently empowered a subordinate commander to take over during his illness. Lee lamented in his tent, "We must strike them a blow—we must never let them pass again—we must strike them a blow." But Lee lacked the means to execute his plan. Grant identified the situation he faced with a divided army and ordered his men to stop advancing and to build earthworks of their own.
A significant command change occurred on the evening of May 24. Grant and Meade had had numerous quarrels during the campaign about strategy and tactics and tempers were reaching the boiling point. Grant mollified Meade somewhat by ordering that Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside and his IX Corps would henceforth report to Meade's Army of the Potomac, rather than to Grant directly. Although Burnside was a more senior major general than Meade, he accepted the new subordinate position without protest.
On May 25, light skirmishing occurred between the lines and Union soldiers occupied themselves by tearing up 5 miles of the Virginia Central Railroad, a key supply line from the Shenandoah Valley to Richmond. Grant's options were limited. The slaughter at Spotsylvania Court House ruled out the option of frontal attacks against the Confederate line and getting around either Confederate flank was infeasible. However, the Union general remained optimistic. He was convinced that Lee had demonstrated the weakness of his army by not attacking when he had the upper hand. He wrote to the Army's chief of staff, Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck: "Lee's army is really whipped. ... I may be mistaken but I feel that our success over Lee's army is already assured."
Wilson's Wharf (May 24)
One of a series of protective outposts guarding supply lines for Union Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler's Bermuda Hundred Campaign was a fort at Wilson's Wharf, at a strategic bend in the James River in eastern Charles City, overlooked by high bluffs. Its garrison of predominantly United States Colored Troops (USCT) under Brig. Gen. Edward A. Wild had a frightening reputation among Southerners. His soldiers freed and recruited slaves and in one case whipped a plantation owner who had a reputation for harshness to his slaves. The Richmond newspapers denounced these activities and put intense pressure on the government of Jefferson Davis to put a stop to Wild's depredations. Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry division was ordered to "break up this nest and stop their uncivilized proceedings." Lee took 2,500 men and one cannon on a 40-mile march from Atlee's Station to reach Wilson's Wharf.
At 1:30 p.m. on May 24 Lee demanded the surrender of the garrison. He promised that the black soldiers would be taken to Richmond and treated as prisoners of war, but if they did not surrender, he would not be "answerable for the consequences." Wild and his men interpreted this to mean that some of the men would be returned to their former masters and others would be tried by state authorities for inciting insurrection. Wild sent back a written reply that said "We will try it" and told the two officers sent by Lee, "Take the fort if you can."
Brig. Gen. Williams C. Wickham's Confederate brigade moved east of the fort, while Col. John Dunovant of the 5th South Carolina Cavalry demonstrated on the western end of the fort. Dunovant's men advanced as far as the ditch and abatis, but were driven back by heavy fire. Wickham's men rushed forward across an open field and were met by interlocking fields of musket fire, canister rounds from two 10-pound Parrott rifles, and naval gunfire from the gunboat USS Dawn. Lee ordered his men to withdraw to Charles City Court House and the next morning they rode back to Atlee's Station.
Casualties were relatively light and the action had little effect on the outcome of the war, but the North scored a propaganda victory. It was the first significant combat encounter between the Army of Northern Virginia and black soldiers, who had fought well in a defensive battle against a larger attacking force. Southerners, unwilling to acknowledge their defeat against a predominantly African-American force, claimed that six gunboats and substantial numbers of white Union soldiers were involved in the action.
Across the Pamunkey (May 27–29)
As he did after the Wilderness and Spotsylvania, Grant now planned to leave the North Anna in another wide swing around Lee's flank, marching east of the Pamunkey River to screen his movements from the Confederates. He ordered (on May 22) that his supply depots at Belle Plain, Aquia Landing, and Fredericksburg be moved to a new base at Port Royal, Virginia, on the Rappahannock River. (Six days later the supply base was moved again, from Port Royal to White House on the Pamunkey.) If Grant had decided to move directly south, he would have been forced to cross three rivers, the Little River, the New Found, and the South Anna, minor obstacles that Lee would have to navigate instead.
Before he could move, however, Grant was faced with the problem of disengaging from Lee's army. Not only were the armies closely situated, Grant's first had to withdraw north over the North Anna, during which it would be very vulnerable to attack. Grant decided on a series of deceptive measures to disguise his intentions. On May 26, he sent a cavalry division under Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson to Little River, probing the western end of the Confederate line, while at the same time men from the cavalry divisions of Brig. Gens. Alfred T. A. Torbert and David McM. Gregg were sent to the Little Page Bridge and Taylor's Ford on the Pamunkey, 10 miles upriver from Grant's intended crossing points. Lee, who was still in his tent suffering from the diarrhea that had incapacitated him during the North Anna battle, was fooled by Grant's actions and assumed that the Union general would be moving west for the first time in the campaign.
The Union infantry withdrew stealthily after dark on May 26 and by the morning of May 27 all were safely north of the North Anna. Burnside's IX Corps and Hancock's II Corps stayed in place to guard the river crossings while Warren's V Corps and Wright's VI Corps, led by Sheridan's cavalry, began their march toward crossings near Hanovertown, about 34 miles to the southeast. Once Lee recognized that his opponent had departed, he moved his army swiftly in response. His three corps marched south along the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad, and then overland, heading for Atlee's Station on the Virginia Central Railroad, a point only 9 miles north of Richmond. There, his men would be well-positioned behind a stream known as Totopotomoy Creek to defend against Grant if he moved against the railroads or Richmond. He also sent a small brigade of North Carolina cavalry down the southern bank of the Pamunkey to scout and harass the Union advance wherever possible. During the march, Lee's illness forced him to ride in a carriage. Ewell was also laid up with a similar illness and rode in an ambulance. His condition was serious enough that he was temporarily replaced in command by Maj. Gen. Jubal Early.
On May 27, Union cavalry established a bridgehead over Dabney's Ford on the south side of the Pamunkey River. Brig. Gen. George A. Custer's Michigan cavalry brigade scattered the mounted Confederate pickets guarding the ford and an engineer regiment constructed a pontoon bridge. Custer's men fought a brisk engagement north of Salem Church against Confederate cavalry under Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, the 1st Maryland under Col. Bradley T. Johnson and the brigade of North Carolinians under Col. John A. Baker. The Confederates withdrew under the pressure of superior numbers. The rest of Torbert's division then crossed the river, followed by Gregg's cavalry division and a division of Union infantry.
Lee knew that his best defensive position against Grant would be the low ridge on the southern bank of Totopotomoy Creek, but he was not certain of Grant's specific plans. If Grant was not intending to cross the Pamunkey in force at Hanovertown, the Union army could outflank him and head directly to Richmond. Lee ordered cavalry under Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton to make a reconnaissance in force, break through the Union cavalry screen, and find the Union infantry.
Haw's Shop (May 28)
At 8 a.m. on May 28, Hampton rode off from Atlee's Station. As more of Grant's infantry crossed the pontoon bridge over the Pamunkey, Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg led his cavalry division probing west from Hanovertown, searching for Lee, while Brig. Gen. Alfred T. A. Torbert's division began to picket along Crump's Creek in the direction of Hanover Court House. Three miles west of Hanovertown, and a mile beyond a large blacksmith shop called Haw's Shop, Gregg's troopers ran into Hampton at Enon Church, finding the Confederate cavalrymen dismounted in a wooded area, hurriedly erecting breastworks made of logs and rails, and well covered by artillery. Brig. Gen. Henry E. Davies Jr., deployed pickets from the 10th New York Cavalry to Hampton's front, but they were driven back. The Confederates deployed in line in shallow rifle pits faced with log and fence-rail breastworks. Before Hampton could attack the approaching Union cavalry, Col. J. Irvin Gregg's brigade arrived and moved to the right of Davies's men, extending his flank. A Confederate mounted charge, followed by dismounted troopers, was repulsed. Hampton fed in the green troops of the 4th South Carolina on his right and they met Davies's next charge with their longer range Enfield rifles, killing or wounding 256 men. Union return fire was heavy as well, because the troopers were armed with seven-shot Spencer repeating carbines.
As Davies's first attack ground to a halt and the attack of Irvin Gregg's brigade failed to dislodge the Confederates, David Gregg sent for reinforcements from Sheridan, who released two brigades from Torbert's division. Torbert's reserve brigade under Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt extended Gregg's line to the right, thwarting a flanking maneuver attempted by Hampton with Chambliss's newly arrived brigade. There was plenty of infantry nearby that could have been called for reinforcements, with Hancock's II Corps dug in about one mile to the north, and there are disagreements between Sheridan's memoirs and historians about whether he asked for such reinforcements.
Torbert's other brigade, under Brig. Gen. George A. Custer, dismounted and deployed in a long, double-ranked line of battle, as if they were infantrymen. Custer inspired his men by staying mounted as he led them forward. Receiving heavy rifle and artillery fire, 41 of the Union cavalrymen fell in the attack. Meanwhile, a mistaken identification of some dismounted Union cavalrymen as infantry concerned Hampton and he gave the order to begin withdrawing. (Hampton had also just received intelligence from prisoners on the location of two Union corps that had crossed the Pamunkey, which meant that his reconnaissance mission had been successfully completed.) As the Confederate brigades withdrew, Custer took advantage of the situation by charging forward for a final attack. Davies's brigade joined the attack and the remaining Confederate line fell apart into a rout, but by nightfall Hampton's cavalry was safely west of Totopotomoy Creek.
The Battle of Haw's Shop lasted for over seven hours and was the bloodiest cavalry battle since Brandy Station in 1863. It was an unusual battle in comparison to previous cavalry engagements in the Eastern Theater because it was fought predominantly by dismounted cavalry, many of which were protected by earthworks. Both sides claimed victory. Sheridan bragged that his men had driven Hampton from the field and had again demonstrated their superiority over the Confederate cavalry. Hampton, however, had prevented Sheridan from learning the disposition of Lee's army while delaying the Union advance for seven hours, and General Lee received the valuable intelligence he had sought. He now knew that Grant had crossed the Pamunkey in force, although he was still unclear on the next steps that Grant might take and therefore waited for further developments.
Totopotomoy Creek/Bethesda Church (May 28–30)
As Lee's army stood in entrenchments behind Totopotomoy Creek, they were short on men. Lee requested that General P.G.T. Beauregard send him reinforcements from his 12,000-man army, sitting relatively idle as they bottled up Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler's army at Bermuda Hundred. Beauregard initially refused Lee's request, citing the potential threat from Butler. Lee was determined despite this disappointment. He wrote to President Davis, "If General Grant advances tomorrow I will engage him with my present force."
On May 29, Grant's army advanced southwest to confront Lee. Since most of his cavalry was occupied elsewhere, he decided to use infantry for a reconnaissance in force. Hancock's II Corps followed the Richmond–Hanovertown Road (also known as Atlee Station Road) to Totopotomoy Creek. Finding that Lee was firmly entrenched on the far bank, Hancock's men began digging in. Warren's V Corps extended the II Corps line to the left. Wright's VI Corps was sent northwest from Hanovertown toward Hanover Court House. Burnside's IX Corps was in reserve near Haw's Shop and Sheridan's Cavalry Corps was far to the Union left, near Old Church. The Confederate line, from left to right, consisted of the corps of A.P. Hill, Breckinridge's independent division, and the corps of Anderson and Early. No action beyond minor skirmishing occurred during the day.
Grant began a general advance on May 30. Wright's corps was to move south against A.P. Hill on the Confederate left, while Hancock attacked across the creek against Breckinridge in the center, and Warren moved west toward Early along Shady Grove Road. Wright's advance became bogged down in the swampy land near Crump's Creek, delaying his VI Corps until late in the day. Hancock's skirmishers captured some of Breckinridge's rifle pits, but made little progress against the main Confederate line. Meade ordered Burnside's reserve corps to assist Hancock, but they arrived too late in the day to affect the battle. On the Union left, Warren moved the rest of his V Corps across the creek and began probing west. Lee ordered Early's corps, which was entrenched across Warren's path, to attack the V corps with the assistance of Anderson's corps. Early planned to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes on a flanking march along Old Church Road, turning north at Bethesda Church, and following paths that his cavalry had precut through the underbrush to smash into Warren's rear areas.
As the V corps moved forward slowly, Warren became concerned about the safety of his left flank. He directed Crawford's division to move south along a farm track to Old Church Road, where they erected simple breastworks. Crawford sent forward the brigade of Col. Martin Davis Hardin, men of the Pennsylvania Reserves whose enlistments were due to expire that day. Rodes's men marched directly into Hardin's brigade at about noon and routed them. Crawford's entire division formation collapsed, exposing the V Corps' left flank. Unfortunately for the Confederates, Rodes lost control of his men, who ran beyond their objectives and descended into confusion. Warren began shifting his corps to face south toward Early.
Maj. Gen. Stephen Dodson Ramseur of Early's corps, newly promoted to division command, recklessly charged the Union artillery at 6:30 p.m. Gordon's division was still deploying and could not support the attack. Rodes's men were too occupied with protecting the Confederate right to assist. The only brigade that attacked was Pegram's, commanded by Col. Edward Willis. They advanced through a severe crossfire of rifle and cannon fire and were able to close within 50 yards of the Union position before Willis was mortally wounded and the brigade fell back to its starting point.
Meade ordered a general assault across the line to relieve pressure on Warren, but none of his corps commanders were in positions to comply immediately. However, Warren's men had extricated themselves from their predicament without additional assistance. The repulse of Ramseur's division discouraged Early and he ordered his corps to withdraw a short distance to the west. He blamed Anderson for not arriving in time to assist, but the soldiers blamed Ramseur, who had ordered the charge without sufficient reconnaissance.
Of more concern to Lee than Early's failed attack was intelligence he received that reinforcements were heading Grant's way. Just as Hoke's division was leaving Bermuda Hundred, the 16,000 men of Maj. Gen. William F. "Baldy" Smith's XVIII Corps were withdrawn from Butler's Army of the James at Grant's request and they were moving down the James River and up the York to the Pamunkey. If Smith moved due west from White House Landing to Cold Harbor, 3 miles southeast of Bethesda Church and Grant's left flank, the extended Federal line would be too far south for the Confederate right to contain it. Lee sent his cavalry under Fitzhugh Lee to secure the crossroads at Cold Harbor.
On May 31 Hancock's II Corps again crossed Totopotomoy Creek, but found that the Confederate defense line stood well behind the actual creek bed. Grant realized that the strength of the Confederate position meant another stalemate was at hand. He began shifting his army southward toward Cold Harbor on the night of May 31.
Old Church/Matadequin Creek (May 30)
As the infantry of the two armies fought at Bethesda Church on May 30, Sheridan began to receive requests for assistance from Warren, who was concerned that his isolated advanced position on the left flank of the Union army put him at risk. Sheridan initially paid little attention to Warren's requests because he still harbored ill feelings from arguments the two generals had had at Spotsylvania, but as Warren's requests became more urgent, Sheridan agreed to screen roads leading to Warren's left flank, assigning the task to his division under Brig. Gen. Alfred T. A. Torbert, who delegated the responsibility to the brigade of Col. Thomas C. Devin, which was encamped at the Old Church crossroads. He placed his brigade in a good defensible position on the north bank of Matadequin Creek and sent a squadron to a forward position at the Barker farm, south of the creek.
Meanwhile, unbeknownst to Sheridan, Lee was concerned about the critical road intersection at Old Cold Harbor, only six miles from Richmond. He dispatched Brig. Gen. Matthew C. Butler's brigade of 2,000 troopers from Mechanicsville to determine whether the intersection was threatened. At 3 p.m., an attack by Butler overwhelmed the Union pickets, who fought a vigorous delaying action to prevent the South Carolinians from crossing over the creek. Devin deployed three regiments in line, Butler two, with one in reserve.
Torbert ordered the rest of his division to move up. Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt's reserve brigade was the first to arrive, and fought dismounted with the Confederates into a temporary stalemate.
The stalemate was broken by the arrival of the Union brigade under Brig. Gen. George A. Custer. His attack flanked the Confederates on both ends of the line. As Butler's men fled to the rear, his reserve regiment, the 7th South Carolina, counterattacked in an attempt to maintain the line. The superior Union numbers and firepower—the Michiganders were armed with Spencer repeating rifles—carried the day. The Union troopers pursued the retreating Confederates with enthusiasm. Butler eventually rallied his men at Old Cold Harbor and Torbert's men bivouacked about 1.5 miles northeast of the intersection.
Although Butler had successfully gathered the information that Robert E. Lee needed, for the second time in three days—Haw's Shop and Matadequin Creek—the Confederate cavalry had been driven back by their Union counterparts, and in both cases Custer's brigade had provided the crucial force needed to prevail. The door was open for Sheridan's capture of the important Old Cold Harbor crossroads the next day.
Cold Harbor (May 31 – June 12)
The cavalry forces that had fought at Old Church continued to face each other on May 31. Lee sent a cavalry division under Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee to reinforce Butler and secure the crossroads at Old Cold Harbor and ordered Anderson's First Corps to shift right from Totopotomoy Creek to support the cavalry. The lead brigade of Hoke's division also reached the crossroads to join Butler and Fitzhugh Lee. At 4 p.m. Torbert and elements of Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg's cavalry division drove the Confederates from the Old Cold Harbor crossroads and began to dig in. As more of Hoke's and Anderson's men streamed in, Union cavalry commander Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan became concerned and ordered Torbert to pull back toward Old Church. Grant continued his interest in Old Cold Harbor as an avenue for Smith's arrival and ordered Wright's VI Corps to move in that direction from his right flank on Totopotomoy Creek, and he ordered Sheridan to return to the crossroads and secure it "at all hazards." Torbert returned at 1 a.m. and was relieved to find that the Confederates had failed to notice his previous withdrawal.
Robert E. Lee's plan for June 1 was to use his newly concentrated infantry against the small cavalry forces at Old Cold Harbor, but his subordinates did not coordinate correctly. Anderson did not integrate Hoke's division with his attack plan and left him with the understanding that he was not to assault until the First Corps' attack was well underway, because the Union defenders were disorganized as well. Wright's VI Corps had not moved out until after midnight and was on a march. Smith's XVIII Corps had mistakenly been sent to New Castle Ferry on the Pamunkey River, several miles away, and did not reach Old Cold Harbor in time to assist Torbert.
Anderson's attack was poorly coordinated and driven back by the heavy firepower of the Union cavalry's Spencer repeating carbines. By 9 a.m. Wright's lead elements arrived at the crossroads, but Wright decided to delay Grant's intended attack until after Smith arrived, which occurred in the afternoon, and the XVIII Corps men began to entrench on the right of the VI Corps. At 6:30 p.m. the attack that Grant had ordered for the morning finally began. Both Wright's and Smith's corps moved forward. Wright's men made little progress south of the Mechanicsville Road, recoiling from heavy fire. North of the road, Brig. Gen. Emory Upton's brigade also met with heavy fire from Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Clingman's brigade and fell back to its starting point. To Upton's right, the brigade of Col. William S. Truex found a gap in the Confederate line through a swampy, brush-filled ravine. As Truex's men charged through the gap, Clingman swung two regiments around to face them, and Anderson sent in Brig. Gen. Eppa Hunton's brigade from his corps reserve. Truex became surrounded on three sides and was forced to withdraw.
While action continued on the southern end of the battlefield, the three corps of Hancock, Burnside, and Warren were occupying a 5-mile line that stretched southeast to Bethesda Church, facing the Confederates under A.P. Hill, Breckinridge, and Early. At the border between the IX and V Corps, two divisions of Early's Corps—Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes on the left, Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon on the right—attacked at 7 p.m. Warren later described this attack as a "feeler", and despite some initial successes, both Confederate probes were repulsed.
Although the June 1 attacks had been unsuccessful, Meade believed that an attack early on June 2 could succeed if he was able to mass sufficient forces against an appropriate location. He and Grant decided to target Lee's right flank. Meade ordered Hancock's II Corps to shift southeast from Totopotomoy Creek and assume a position to the left of Wright's VI Corps. Once Hancock was in position, Meade would attack on his left from Old Cold Harbor with three Union corps in line, totaling 31,000 men: Hancock's II Corps, Wright's VI Corps, and Baldy Smith's XVIII Corps. Meade also ordered Warren and Burnside to attack Lee's left flank in the morning "at all hazards," convinced that Lee was moving troops from his left to fortify his right.
Hancock's men marched almost all night and arrived too worn-out for an immediate attack that morning. Grant agreed to let the men rest and postponed the attack until 5 p.m., and then again until 4:30 a.m. on June 3. But Grant and Meade did not give specific orders for the attack, leaving it up to the corps commanders to decide where they would hit the Confederate lines and how they would coordinate with each other. No senior commander had reconnoitered the enemy position. Robert E. Lee took advantage of the Union delays to bolster his defenses. When Hancock departed Totopotomoy Creek, Lee was free to shift Breckinridge's division to his far right flank. He also moved troops from A. P. Hill's Third Corps, the divisions of Brig. Gens. William Mahone and Cadmus M. Wilcox, to support Breckinridge, and stationed cavalry under Fitzhugh Lee to guard the army's right flank. The result was a curving line on low ridges, long, with the left flank anchored on Totopotomoy Creek, the right on the Chickahominy River, making any flanking moves impossible. Lee's engineers used their time effectively and constructed the "most ingenious defensive configuration the war had yet witnessed."
At 4:30 a.m. on June 3, the three Union corps began to advance through a thick ground fog. Massive fire from the Confederate lines quickly caused heavy casualties, and the survivors were pinned down. The most effective performance of the day was on the Union left flank, where Hancock's corps was able to break through a portion of Breckinridge's front line and drive those defenders out of their entrenchments in hand-to-hand fighting. However, nearby Confederate artillery turned the entrenchments into a death trap for the Federals. Breckinridge's reserves counterattacked these men from the division of Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow and drove them off. Hancock's other advanced division, under Brig. Gen. John Gibbon, became disordered in swampy ground and could not advance through the heavy Confederate fire. One of Gibbon's men, complaining of a lack of reconnaissance, wrote, "We felt it was murder, not war, or at best a very serious mistake had been made."
In the center, Wright's corps was pinned down by the heavy fire and made little effort to advance further, still recovering from their costly charge on June 1. On the Union right, Smith's men advanced through unfavorable terrain and were channeled into two ravines. When they emerged in front of the Confederate line, rifle and artillery fire mowed them down. The artillery fire against Smith's corps was heavier than might have been expected because Warren's V Corps to his right was reluctant to advance and the Confederate gunners in Warren's sector concentrated on Smith's men instead. The only activity on the northern end of the field was by Burnside's IX Corps, facing Jubal Early. He launched a powerful assault at 6 a.m. that overran the Confederate skirmishers but mistakenly thought he had pierced the first line of earthworks and halted his corps to regroup before moving on, which he planned for that afternoon.
At 7 a.m. Grant advised Meade to vigorously exploit any successful part of the assault. Meade ordered his three corps commanders on the left to assault at once, without regard to the movements of their neighboring corps. But all had had enough. Hancock advised against the move. Smith, calling a repetition of the attack a "wanton waste of life," refused to advance again. Wright's men increased their rifle fire but stayed in place. By 12:30 p.m. Grant conceded that his army was done. He wrote to Meade, "The opinion of the corps commanders not being sanguine of success in case an assault is ordered, you may direct a suspension of further advance for the present." Estimates of casualties that morning are from 3,000 to 7,000 on the Union side, no more than 1,500 on the Confederate.
Grant and Meade launched no more attacks on the Confederate defenses at Cold Harbor. Although Grant wired Washington that he had "gained no decisive advantage" and that his "losses were not severe," he wrote in his Personal Memoirs that he regretted for the rest of his life the decision to send in his men. The two opposing armies faced each other for nine days of trench warfare, in some places only yards apart. The trenches were hot, dusty, and miserable, but conditions were worse between the lines, where thousands of wounded Federal soldiers suffered horribly without food, water, or medical assistance. Grant was reluctant to ask for a formal truce that would allow him to recover his wounded because that would be an acknowledgment he had lost the battle. He and Lee traded notes across the lines from June 5 to June 7 without coming to an agreement, and when Grant formally requested a two-hour cessation of hostilities, it was too late for most of the unfortunate wounded, who were now bloated corpses. Grant was widely criticized in the Northern press for this lapse of judgment.
Crossing the James (June 12–18)
Grant realized he was again in a stalemate with Lee and additional assaults at Cold Harbor were not the answer. He planned three actions to make some headway. First, in the Shenandoah Valley, Maj. Gen. David Hunter was making progress against Confederate forces, and Grant hoped that by interdicting Lee's supplies, the Confederate general would be forced to dispatch reinforcements to the Valley. Second, on June 7 Grant dispatched his cavalry under Sheridan to destroy the Virginia Central Railroad near Charlottesville. Third, he planned a stealthy operation to withdraw from Lee's front and move across the James River. He planned to cross to the south bank of the river, bypassing Richmond, and isolate the capital by seizing the railroad junction of Petersburg to the south. Lee reacted to the first two actions as Grant had hoped. He pulled Breckinridge's division from Cold Harbor and sent it toward Lynchburg to parry Hunter. By June 12 he followed this by assigning Jubal Early permanent command of the Second Corps and sending them to the Valley as well. And he sent two of his three cavalry divisions in pursuit of Sheridan, leading to the Battle of Trevilian Station.
On June 9, Meade ordered the construction of a new line of entrenchments in the army's rear, extending northward from Elder Swamp to Allen's Mill Pond. On June 11, the construction was complete and he issued orders for a movement to the James River, beginning after dark on June 12. (Also on June 11, Lee ordered Early's Second Corps to depart for Charlottesville, likewise on June 12.) As night fell on June 12, Hancock's II Corps and Wright's VI Corps took up positions on the new entrenchment line. Warren's V Corps cleared the roads heading south, advancing over Long Bridge and White Oak Swamp Bridge, taking up a blocking position just east of Riddell's Shop, facing toward Richmond while Burnside's IX Corps and Smith's XVIII Corps withdrew from the original line of entrenchments. The cavalry brigade of Col. George H. Chapman, part of Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson's division, which did not accompany Sheridan on his raid, screened the roads heading toward Richmond. Burnside headed south, followed by Wright and Hancock. Smith's XVIII Corps marched to White House, where on the morning of June 13 they embarked on steamers for Bermuda Hundred. They arrived at Point of Rocks on the Appomattox River the night of June 14.
While Lee remained unaware of Grant's intentions, Union army engineers constructed the longest pontoon bridge of the war. It stretched over deep water, crossing the James from Weyanoke to Windmill Point at Flowerdew Hundred. Work started at 4 p.m. on June 15 and was completed seven hours later. Although most of Grant's infantry crossed the river by boats, the IX Corps, one division of VI Corps, the animals and supply wagons, and a part of the artillery crossed on the bridge on June 15 and 16. By the morning of June 17, more than 100,000 men, 5,000 wagons and ambulances, 56,000 horses and mules, and 2,800 head of cattle had crossed the river without alerting the Confederates. Before the entire army had crossed, Smith's XVIII Corps, followed by Hancock's II Corps, became engaged in the next campaign, Richmond–Petersburg (the siege of Petersburg), with attacks on Petersburg on June 15.
Trevilian Station (June 11–12)
Sheridan and two cavalry divisions left on June 7 for their raid against the Virginia Central Railroad and to link up with Hunter. In the first two days, plagued by heat and humidity, and by irregular mounted raiding parties, the Federal column advanced only about 40 miles. Scouts passed word of Sheridan's movements to Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton, the senior Confederate cavalry commander, on the morning of June 8. He correctly guessed that the Union targets were the railroad junctions at Gordonsville and Charlottesville, and knew that he would have to move quickly to block the threat. His division and the division of Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee began to move in pursuit early on June 9. Although the Federals had a two-day head start, the Confederates had the advantage of a shorter route (about 45 miles versus 65) and terrain that was more familiar to them. By the evening of June 10, both forces had converged around Trevilian Station. The Federals had crossed over the North Anna River at Carpenters Ford and camped at locations around Clayton's Store.
At dawn on June 11, Hampton devised a plan in which he would split his divisions across the two roads leading to Clayton's Store and converge on the enemy at that crossroads, pushing Sheridan back to the North Anna River. Hampton took two of his brigades with him from Trevilian with his third remaining on his left to prevent flanking. The other division, under Fitzhugh Lee, was ordered to advance from Louisa Court House, making up the right flank. While the Confederates began their advance, Sheridan started his. Two brigades of Brig. Gen. Alfred T. A. Torbert's division moved down the road to Trevilian Station while a third advanced toward Louisa Court House. The first contact occurred on the Trevilian Road as the South Carolinians of Brig. Gen. Matthew C. Butler's brigade clashed with Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt's skirmish line. Hampton dismounted his men and pushed the skirmishers back into the thick woods, expecting Fitzhugh Lee to arrive on his right at any minute. However, Hampton was severely outnumbered and soon he was forced back. Eventually Col. Gilbert J. Wright's Confederate brigade joined in the close-quarter fighting in the thick brush, but after several hours they also were pushed back within sight of Trevilian Station.
After a brief clash on the Confederate right flank between Fitzhugh Lee and the advancing brigade of Brig. Gen. George A. Custer, Custer led his brigade on a road southwest to Trevilian Station. He found the station totally unguarded, occupied only by Hampton's trains—supply wagons, caissons containing ammunition and food, and hundreds of horses. The 5th Michigan Cavalry captured the lot, but left Custer cut off from Sheridan, and in their pursuit of the fleeing wagons, lost a number of their own men and much of their bounty. One of Wright's regiments, the 7th Georgia, got between Custer's force and Trevilian Station. Custer ordered the 7th Michigan to charge, driving the Georgians back. Hampton now learned of the threat in his rear area and sent in three brigades. Suddenly Custer was virtually surrounded, his command in an ever-shrinking circle, as every side was charged and hit with shells. Sheridan heard the firing from Custer's direction and realized he needed help. He charged with two brigades, pushing Hampton's men back all the way to the station, while a third brigade swung into Fitzhugh Lee's exposed right flank, thus pushing him back. Hampton fell back to the west, Lee to the east, and the battle ended for the day with the Federals in possession of Trevilian Station.
That night, Fitzhugh Lee maneuvered south to link up with Hampton to the west of Trevilian Station. Sheridan learned that General Hunter was not headed for Charlottesville as originally planned, but to Lynchburg. He also received intelligence that Breckinridge's infantry had been sighted near Waynesboro, effectively blocking any chance for further advance, so he decided to abandon his raid and return to the main army at Cold Harbor.
On June 12, the Union cavalry destroyed Trevilian Station, several railcars, and about a mile of track on either side of the station. Concerned about the Confederates hovering near his flank, at about 3 p.m. Sheridan sent Torbert's division on a reconnaissance west on the Gordonsville and Charlottesville roads. They found Hampton's entire force in an L-shaped line behind some log breastworks two miles northwest of Trevilian. The Union cavalrymen launched seven assaults against the apex and shorter leg of the "L", but were repulsed with heavy losses. Two brigades of Fitzhugh Lee's division swung around to hit the Union right flank with a strong counterattack. The battle ended about 10 p.m. and the Union withdrew late in the night. It had been the bloodiest and largest all-cavalry engagement of the war. Sheridan, burdened with many wounded men, about 500 prisoners, and a shortage of ammunition, decided to withdraw. He planned a leisurely march back to Cold Harbor, knowing that Hampton would be obliged to follow and would be kept occupied for days, unavailable in that time to Robert E. Lee.
Saint Mary's Church (June 24)
Following the Battle of Trevilian Station, Sheridan's cavalry began to return on June 13 from their unsuccessful raid. They crossed the North Anna at Carpenter's Ford and then headed on the Catharpin Road in the direction of Spotsylvania Court House. On June 16 the column passed through Bowling Green and, traveling along the north bank of the Mattaponi River, arrived at King and Queen Court House on June 18. Hampton's Confederate cavalry left Trevilian Station and followed Sheridan on roughly parallel roads to the south.
While Sheridan's men were off on their raid, Grant's army had begun moving from Cold Harbor to cross the James River. In conjunction with this move, Grant ordered that his principal supply base be moved from White House on the Pamunkey River to City Point on the James. Sheridan learned that the White House depot had not yet been broken up, so he sent his wounded, prisoners, and African-Americans who had been following his column, to White House under escort on June 19, and then marched back to Dunkirk, where he could cross the Mattaponi.
On June 20, Fitz Lee attempted to attack the Union supply depot at White House, but Sheridan's arrival relieved the garrison there. On June 21, Sheridan crossed over the Pamunkey River, leading 900 wagons toward the James River. On June 24, Torbert's division escorted the wagons as Gregg's division followed a parallel route, protecting the right flank. At about 8 a.m., Gregg's division pushed back Confederate pickets to the north and entrenched to the west of Samaria Church (identified in Federal reports as St. Mary's Church). From 3 to 4 p.m., Hampton's five brigades attacked Gregg's two. The pressure was too great on the Union cavalrymen and they began to withdraw down the road to Charles City Court House.
Gregg's division escaped relatively intact and the supply wagons were unmolested. Having been blocked by Hampton's cavalry, Sheridan withdrew on June 25 and moved through Charles City Court House to Douthat's Landing, where the trains crossed the James on flatboats. His cavalry followed on June 27 and 28. The Confederate cavalry attempted to position themselves for another attack, but the Union force was too strong and the Southern horsemen were too worn out. Hampton received orders from Robert E. Lee to continue quickly to Petersburg to deal with the Wilson-Kautz Raid against railroads south of the city. His men crossed the James on a pontoon bridge at Chaffin's Bluff, also on June 27 and 28.
Sheridan's raid to Trevilian Station and back to the Army of the Potomac achieved mixed results. He successfully diverted Confederate attention from Grant's crossing of the James, but was unsuccessful in his objective of cutting the Virginia Central Railroad, a critical supply line to the Confederate capital and Lee's army. He also suffered relatively heavy casualties—particularly in his officer corps—and lost a large number of his horses to battle and heat exhaustion. And yet Sheridan claimed his raid was an undeniable victory. In his 1866 official report on operations he wrote, "The result was constant success and the almost total annihilation of the rebel cavalry. We marched when and where we pleased; were always the attacking party, and always successful."
The results of Hampton's cavalry activities against Sheridan were also mixed, but are usually seen in a more positive light than Sheridan's. He had succeeded in protecting the railroads and, indirectly, Richmond. He achieved tactical victories on the second day of Trevilian Station and against Gregg at Samaria Church, but failed to destroy the Union cavalry or its trains. In August, he was named commander of the Cavalry Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, filling the position that had remained open since the death of J.E.B. Stuart.
Aftermath
Grant's crossing of the James altered his original strategy of attempting to drive directly on Richmond, and led to the siege of Petersburg. After Lee learned that Grant had crossed the James, his worst fear was about to be realized—that he would be forced into a siege in defense of the Confederate capital. Petersburg, a prosperous city of 18,000, was a supply center for Richmond, given its strategic location just south of the capital, its site on the Appomattox River that provided navigable access to the James River, and its role as a major crossroads and junction for five railroads. Since Petersburg was the main supply base and rail depot for the entire region, including Richmond, the taking of Petersburg by Union forces would make it impossible for Lee to continue defending the Confederate capital. This represented a change of strategy from that of Grant's Overland Campaign, in which confronting and defeating Lee's army in the open was the primary goal. Now, Grant selected a geographic and political target and knew that his superior resources could besiege Lee there, pin him down, and either starve him into submission or lure him out for a decisive battle. Lee at first believed that Grant's main target was Richmond and devoted only minimal troops under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to the defense of Petersburg as the siege of Petersburg began.
The Overland Campaign was a thrust necessary for the Union to win the war, and although Grant suffered a number of setbacks, the campaign turned into a strategic success for the Union. By engaging Lee's forces and not permitting them to escape, Grant forced Lee into an untenable position. But this came at a high cost. The campaign was the bloodiest in American history: approximately 55,000 casualties on the Union side (of which 7,600 were killed), 33,600 (4,300 killed) on the Confederate. Lee's losses, although lower in absolute numbers, were higher in percentage (over 50%) than Grant's (about 45%), and more critically, while Grant could expect reinforcements to replace his army's losses, Lee largely could not. His losses were irreplaceable. Furthermore, the public interprets the results of the campaign based on these casualty lists. Earl Hess states, "The observer should not be fooled by the gory assaults that riveted everyone's attention from Spotsylvania onward—the Overland Campaign was at its heart a campaign of maneuver...Grant's most significant achievement in the Overland Campaign was not capturing territory or reducing the fighting of strength of the Army of Northern Virginia by 50%; rather, it lay in robbing Lee of the opportunity to launch large scale offensives against the Army of the Potomac."
Estimates vary as to the casualties for the entire campaign. The following table summarizes estimates from a variety of popular sources:
The massive casualties sustained in the campaign were damaging to the Northern war effort. The price of gold almost doubled and Abraham Lincoln's prospects for reelection were put into jeopardy. It was only the later successes at Mobile Bay, the Shenandoah Valley, and Sherman's capture of Atlanta that turned around Northern morale and the political situation. Grant's reputation also suffered. The knowledge that he could more easily afford to replace his losses of men and equipment than Lee may have influenced Grant's strategy. However, historians do not agree that Grant deliberately engaged in numerous attacks merely to defeat Lee solely through attrition, without regard for the losses to his army, needlessly throwing lives away in fruitless frontal assaults to bludgeon Lee. The overall strategy of the Overland Campaign depended on using Grant's numerical superiority to allow progressive shifts to the left by "spare" Union corps while Confederate forces were relatively pinned in their positions by the remaining Union forces. Such a strategy could not succeed without the continuing threat of defeat by direct assault in each of the positions assumed by Lee's army. The strategy failed in that Lee, possessing shorter lines of march (being nearer to Richmond, which was also his base), was able to prevent Grant's forces getting between Lee and Richmond, but was effective in allowing Grant to draw progressively closer to Richmond up to the battle at Cold Harbor. There, with the barrier of the James River and estuary to his left, Grant did not have the room necessary to continue such movements. He had to choose one among three possibilities: attack, shift to the right and thus back toward Washington, or cross the James to get at Lee's supply lines. He attempted the first, then did the third, as the second was unacceptable.
Additional campaign maps
Gallery: Overland Campaign (Operational maps)
See also
Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864
List of costliest American Civil War land battles
Armies in the American Civil War
Commemoration of the American Civil War
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps
Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant
Notes
References
National Park Service battle descriptions
Bonekemper, Edward H., III. A Victor, Not a Butcher: Ulysses S. Grant's Overlooked Military Genius. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2004. .
Chick, Sean Michael. The Battle of Petersburg, June 15–18, 1864. Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books, 2015.
Cullen, Joseph P. "Battle of Spotsylvania." In Battle Chronicles of the Civil War: 1864, edited by James M. McPherson. Connecticut: Grey Castle Press, 1989. . First published in 1989 by McMillan.
Davis, William C., and the Editors of Time-Life Books. Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1986. .
Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. . The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the West Point website.
Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 3, Red River to Appomattox. New York: Random House, 1974. .
Furgurson, Ernest B. Not War but Murder: Cold Harbor 1864. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. .
Grimsley, Mark. And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May–June 1864. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. .
Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. .
Hogan, David W. Jr. The Overland Campaign . Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History, 2014. .
Jaynes, Gregory, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. The Killing Ground: Wilderness to Cold Harbor. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1986. .
Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. .
King, Curtis S., William G. Robertson, and Steven E. Clay. Staff Ride Handbook for the Overland Campaign, Virginia, 4 May to 15 June 1864: A Study on Operational-Level Command . (PDF document ). Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006. .
Longacre, Edward G. Lee's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of Northern Virginia. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002. .
Longacre, Edward G. Lincoln's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000. .
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. .
Rhea, Gordon C. The Battle of Cold Harbor. Fort Washington, PA: U.S. National Park Service and Eastern National, 2001. .
Rhea, Gordon C. Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26 – June 3, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002. .
Rhea, Gordon C. Onto Petersburg: Grant and Lee. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press, 2017.
Rhea, Gordon C. The Battle of the Wilderness May 5–6, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994. .
Rhea, Gordon C. The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern May 7–12, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997. .
Rhea, Gordon C. In the Footsteps of Grant and Lee: The Wilderness Through Cold Harbor. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007. .
Rhea, Gordon C. To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000. .
Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. .
Simpson, Brooks D. Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity, 1822–1865. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. .
Smith, Jean Edward. Grant. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
Starr, Stephen Z. The Union Cavalry in the Civil War. Vol. 2, The War in the East from Gettysburg to Appomattox 1863–1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981. .
Trudeau, Noah Andre. Bloody Roads South: The Wilderness to Cold Harbor, May–June 1864. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1989. .
Welcher, Frank J. The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations. Vol. 1, The Eastern Theater. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. .
Wittenberg, Eric J. Glory Enough For All: Sheridan's Second Raid and the Battle of Trevilian Station. Washington, DC: Brassey's, Inc., 2001. .
Young, Alfred C., III. Lee's Army during the Overland Campaign: A Numerical Study. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013. .
Memoirs and primary sources
Atkinson, Charles Francis. Grant's Campaigns of 1864 and 1865: The Wilderness and Cold Harbor (May 3 – June 3, 1864). The Pall Mall military series. London: H. Rees, 1908. .
Badeau, Adam. Military History of Ulysses S. Grant (Vol. III). New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1881.
Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. .
Humphreys, Andrew A. The Virginia Campaign of '64 and '65: The Army of The Potomac and the Army of The James. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1883. .
Longstreet, James. From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America. New York: Da Capo Press, 1992. . First published in 1896 by J. B. Lippincott and Co.
Porter, Horace. Campaigning with Grant. New York: Century Co., 1897. .
U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
Further reading
Alexander, Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. .
Bearss, Edwin C. Fields of Honor: Pivotal Battles of the Civil War. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2006. .
Carmichael, Peter S., ed. Audacity Personified: The Generalship of Robert E. Lee. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004. .
Catton, Bruce. Grant Takes Command. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1968. .
Catton, Bruce. A Stillness at Appomattox. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1953. .
Davis, Daniel T., and Phillip S. Greenwalt. Hurricane from the Heavens: The Battle of Cold Harbor, May 26 – June 5, 1864. Emerging Civil War Series. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2014. .
Dowdey, Clifford. Lee's Last Campaign: The Story of Lee and His Men Against Grant, 1864. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2011. . First published in 1960 by Little, Brown.
Dunkerly, Robert M., Donald C. Pfanz, and David R. Ruth. No Turning Back: A Guide to the 1864 Overland Campaign, from the Wilderness to Cold Harbor, May 4 – June 13, 1864. Emerging Civil War Series. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2014. .
Frassanito, William A. Grant and Lee: The Virginia Campaigns 1864–1865. New York: Scribner, 1983. .
Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C. The Generalship of Ulysses S. Grant. New York: Da Capo Press, 1929. .
Gallagher, Gary W., and Caroline E. Janney, eds. Cold Harbor to the Crater: The End of the Overland Campaign (U of North Carolina Press, 2015) xx, 336 pp.
Gallagher, Gary W., ed. The Wilderness Campaign. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. .
Glatthaar, Joseph T. General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse. New York: Free Press, 2008. .
Lyman, Theodore. With Grant and Meade: From the Wilderness to Appomattox. Edited by George R. Agassiz. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994. .
Mackowski, Chris, and Kristopher D. White. A Season of Slaughter: The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, May 8–21, 1864. Emerging Civil War Series. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2013. .
Matter, William D. If It Takes All Summer: The Battle of Spotsylvania. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. .
Power, J. Tracy. Lee's Miserables: Life in the Army of Northern Virginia from the Wilderness to Appomattox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. .
Rhea, Gordon C. On to Petersburg: Grant and Lee, June 4–15, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2017. .
Wert, Jeffry D. The Sword of Lincoln: The Army of the Potomac. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. .
External links
Overland Campaign Animated Map (American Battlefield Trust)
Animated history of the Overland Campaign
Military operations of the American Civil War in Virginia
Campaigns of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
Battles commanded by Ulysses S. Grant |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var bench = require( '@stdlib/bench' );
var randu = require( '@stdlib/random/base/randu' );
var round = require( '@stdlib/math/base/special/round' );
var isnan = require( '@stdlib/math/base/assert/is-nan' );
var pkg = require( './../package.json' ).name;
var Degenerate = require( './../lib' );
// MAIN //
bench( pkg+'::instantiation', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
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mu = randu() * 10.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
if ( !( dist instanceof Degenerate ) ) {
b.fail( 'should return a distribution instance' );
}
}
b.toc();
if ( !( dist instanceof Degenerate ) ) {
b.fail( 'should return a distribution instance' );
}
b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
});
bench( pkg+'::get:mu', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
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b.tic();
for ( i = 0; i < b.iterations; i++ ) {
y = dist.mu;
if ( y !== mu ) {
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b.toc();
if ( isnan( y ) ) {
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}
b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
});
bench( pkg+'::set:mu', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
for ( i = 0; i < b.iterations; i++ ) {
y = randu();
dist.mu = y;
if ( dist.mu !== y ) {
b.fail( 'should return set value' );
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}
b.toc();
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b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
});
bench( pkg+':entropy', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
for ( i = 0; i < b.iterations; i++ ) {
dist.mu = randu();
y = dist.entropy;
if ( isnan( y ) ) {
b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
});
bench( pkg+':mode', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
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dist.mu = randu();
y = dist.mode;
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b.toc();
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b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
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bench( pkg+':mean', function benchmark( b ) {
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var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
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dist.mu = randu();
y = dist.mean;
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b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.toc();
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b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
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bench( pkg+':median', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
for ( i = 0; i < b.iterations; i++ ) {
dist.mu = randu();
y = dist.median;
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b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.toc();
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b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
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bench( pkg+':stdev', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
for ( i = 0; i < b.iterations; i++ ) {
dist.mu = randu();
y = dist.stdev;
if ( isnan( y ) ) {
b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.toc();
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b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
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bench( pkg+':variance', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
for ( i = 0; i < b.iterations; i++ ) {
dist.mu = randu();
y = dist.variance;
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b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.toc();
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b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
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bench( pkg+':cdf', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var x;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
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x = randu() * 6.0;
y = dist.cdf( x );
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b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.toc();
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b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
});
bench( pkg+':logcdf', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var x;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
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bench( pkg+':logpdf', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var x;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
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b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
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bench( pkg+':logpmf', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var x;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
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b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.toc();
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b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
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bench( pkg+':mgf', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var x;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
for ( i = 0; i < b.iterations; i++ ) {
x = randu() * 10.0;
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if ( isnan( y ) ) {
b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.toc();
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b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
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bench( pkg+':pdf', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var x;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
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x = randu() * 6.0;
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b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
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bench( pkg+':pmf', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var x;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
for ( i = 0; i < b.iterations; i++ ) {
x = round( randu() * 8.0 );
y = dist.pmf( x );
if ( isnan( y ) ) {
b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.toc();
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b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
});
bench( pkg+':quantile', function benchmark( b ) {
var dist;
var mu;
var x;
var y;
var i;
mu = 2.0;
dist = new Degenerate( mu );
b.tic();
for ( i = 0; i < b.iterations; i++ ) {
x = randu();
y = dist.quantile( x );
if ( isnan( y ) ) {
b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
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b.toc();
if ( isnan( y ) ) {
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});
``` |
```smalltalk
using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing.Processors.Filters;
namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Processing;
/// <summary>
/// Defines extensions that allow the alteration of the hue component of an <see cref="Image"/>
/// using Mutate/Clone.
/// </summary>
public static class HueExtensions
{
/// <summary>
/// Alters the hue component of the image.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="source">The current image processing context.</param>
/// <param name="degrees">The rotation angle in degrees to adjust the hue.</param>
/// <returns>The <see cref="IImageProcessingContext"/>.</returns>
public static IImageProcessingContext Hue(this IImageProcessingContext source, float degrees)
=> source.ApplyProcessor(new HueProcessor(degrees));
/// <summary>
/// Alters the hue component of the image.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="source">The current image processing context.</param>
/// <param name="degrees">The rotation angle in degrees to adjust the hue.</param>
/// <param name="rectangle">
/// The <see cref="Rectangle"/> structure that specifies the portion of the image object to alter.
/// </param>
/// <returns>The <see cref="IImageProcessingContext"/>.</returns>
public static IImageProcessingContext Hue(this IImageProcessingContext source, float degrees, Rectangle rectangle)
=> source.ApplyProcessor(new HueProcessor(degrees), rectangle);
}
``` |
```shell
How to unmodify a modified file
Finding a tag
Make your log output pretty
Remote repositories: viewing, editing and deleting
Remote repositories: fetching and pushing
``` |
```xml
import { gql } from "@apollo/client"
const addEditParamDefs = `
$beginDate: Date
$description: String
$details: JSON
$endDate: Date
$status: String
$userId: String
`
const addEditParams = `
beginDate: $beginDate
description: $description
details: $details
endDate: $endDate
status: $status
userId: $userId
`
const coversAdd = gql`
mutation CoversAdd(
${addEditParamDefs}
) {
coversAdd(
${addEditParams}
) {
_id
}
}
`
const coversEdit = gql`
mutation CoversEdit(
$id: String!
${addEditParamDefs}
) {
coversEdit(
_id: $id
${addEditParams}
) {
_id
}
}
`
const coversConfirm = gql`
mutation CoversConfirm($_id: String!) {
coversConfirm(_id: $_id) {
_id
}
}
`
const coversDelete = gql`
mutation CoversRemove($_id: String!) {
coversRemove(_id: $_id)
}
`
const mutations = { coversAdd, coversEdit, coversConfirm, coversDelete }
export default mutations
``` |
Mohammed al Maghrabi () (born April 19, 1985) is a Libyan footballer. He currently plays for Ahly Tripoli in the Libyan Premier League. He has 34 caps for the Libyan national football team.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Libyan men's footballers
Libya men's international footballers
2012 Africa Cup of Nations players
Olympique Club de Khouribga players
Al Ahli SC (Tripoli) players
Men's association football defenders
Libyan Premier League players |
Deva House is a 1926 commercial building in Melbourne, Australia designed by Harry Norris, one of the most prolific architects in the city during the period from 1920 to 1930, and noted for his Art Deco buildings, incorporating both emerging Australian and American architectural styles.
History of the building
Deva House is a 10-storey building located at 327-9 Bourke Street, CBD. It was designed by Harry Norris in 1925 (some sources say 1924), and completed in 1926, for his client George (G.J.) Coles, founder of the Coles Group retail empire. Norris designed it during the same period, and in a similar style, to the better-known Nicholas Building.
In common with other architects working in the city at the time, Norris adopted significantly different styles, depending on the client and project demands. He also incorporated different architectural influences within one building.
Structure and style
Deva House was constructed using a steel frame for the basement and first two floors, with reinforced concrete for the eight upper floors. Its height is , just below the height limit in force in Melbourne at the time. Economic considerations may also have influenced the design, as this created maximum floor area at more commercially attractive lower levels, and a cheaper construction method for higher floors. Norris incorporated faience into many of his building exteriors, notably the G.J. Coles building, but this is absent from Deva House and there is no surviving evidence that it was part of the original finish.
Architecture academic Philip Goad has suggested that a first classification would place Deva House within the Palazzo style, with Greek Revival details in its facade treatment, but he adds that closer analysis reveals a more streamlined approach, with elements of Eclecticism.
The building today
As with most period buildings on Bourke Street, modernisation of Deva House has left little more than the shell of its original design. The interior of Deva House from the second floor up has been entirely gutted and rebuilt as a hotel, while both the ground floor facade and interior have been stripped out in their entirety and rebuilt in the contemporary high-street style and now house shops. The building is listed on the RAIA Victoria 20th Century Buildings Register.
References
External links
Emporis listing
Art Deco architecture in Melbourne
Harry Norris buildings
1926 establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures completed in 1926
Bourke Street
Buildings and structures in Melbourne City Centre |
Andrew Johnson, who became the 17th U.S. president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, was one of the last U.S. Presidents to personally own slaves. (Ulysses S. Grant married into slave ownership.) Johnson also oversaw the first years of the Reconstruction era as the head of the executive branch of the U.S. government. This professional obligation clashed with Johnson's long-held personal resentments: "Johnson's attitudes showed much consistency. All of his life he held deep-seated Jacksonian convictions along with prejudices against blacks, sectionalists, and the wealthy." Johnson's engagement with Southern Unionism and Abraham Lincoln is summarized by his statement, "Damn the negroes; I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!"
According to Reconstruction historian Manisha Sinha, Johnson is remembered today for making white supremacy the overriding principle of his presidency through "his obdurate opposition to Reconstruction, the project to establish an interracial democracy in the United States after the destruction of slavery. He wanted to prevent, as he put it, the 'Africanization' of the country. Under the guise of strict constructionism, states' rights and opposition to big government, previously deployed by Southern slaveholders to defend slavery, Johnson vetoed all federal laws intended to protect former slaves from racial terror and from the Black Codes passed in the old Confederate states. This reduced African-Americans to a state of semi-servitude. Johnson peddled the racist myth that Southern whites were victimized by black emancipation and citizenship, which became an article of faith among Lost Cause proponents in the postwar South."
In 1935, W.E.B. DuBois included an essay called "Transubstantiation of a Poor White" in his book Black Reconstruction in America. The topic was Johnson's Reconstruction, about which DuBois wrote: "Andrew Johnson could not include Negroes in any conceivable democracy. He tried to, but as a poor white, steeped in the limitations, prejudices, and ambitions of his social class, he could not; and this is the key to his career...For [the future of the] Negroes...he had nothing...except the bare possibility that, if given freedom, they might continue to exist and not die out."
Personal ownership of slaves
Andrew Johnson typically said he owned between eight and 10 slaves, although the exact number is "surprisingly difficult to determine." Eight enslaved persons are listed below; Liz, Florence, and William Johnson were born enslaved. Additional people enslaved by Johnson may be Sam Johnson's wife Margaret and their first three children, Dora, Robert, and Hattie, although their inclusion from a legal standpoint is entirely speculative, as the documentary record of Johnson's slave holdings is scant. Other possible candidates are an unnamed child who may have been born to Dolly between Florence and William Andrew but who died young, and possibly the wife of Henry Brown.
When meeting with Frederick Douglass and other African-American leaders about the prospects for black male suffrage, Andrew Johnson's counterargument to black empowerment was a feigned victimhood. He told the group of visitors: "'I might say, however, that practically, so far as my connection with slaves has gone, I have been their slave instead of their being mine. Some have even followed me here, while others are occupying and enjoying my property with my consent.'" Similarly, in March 1869, shortly after the end of his term in the White House, a newspaperman from Cincinnati found the ex-president at his home in Greeneville and conducted an interview. When asked about slavery, Johnson's reply was rich in me, my, and I statements, as was typical for him: "I never bought but two or three slaves in my life, and I never sold one. The fact is [laughs] I was always more of a slave than any I owned. Slavery existed here among us, and those that I bought I bought because they wanted me to." The most charitable possible interpretation of this statement, which implies a number of shocking presumptions, is that on some level Johnson understood that his slaves had substantially more character than he himself, a man who has been described as "all in all one of the most unlovable characters in U.S. presidential history," and "in some respects...the most pitiful figure of American history. A man who, despite great power and great ideas, became a puppet, played upon by mighty fingers and selfish, subtle minds; groping, self-made, unlettered and alone; drunk, not so much with liquor, as with the heady wine of sudden and accidental success."
Paternity of Dolly Johnson's children
Since the late 20th century historians have begun to speculate or insinuate that Andrew Johnson may have been the father of two, if not all three, of Dolly Johnson's children. Dolly was enslaved by Johnson from 1843 until 1863. Robert Johnson, Andrew Johnson's second-born son, was listed as father on William Andrew Johnson's death certificate in 1943. There is no concrete evidence either proving or disproving paternity, and there have been no suggested alternate candidates over the last 175 years. The National Park Service, which operates the Andrew Johnson National Historic Site, notes "questionable paternity," and dedicates a page on their website to "Dolly's Children" but goes no further. The father of Dolly Johnson's children could have been "anybody in Greeneville" and yet the relationship between the white and black Johnsons led "Tennessee whites to speculate that Andrew Johnson maintained a 'colored concubine.'" Interestingly, writes historian Annette Gordon-Reed, "[Johnson] fixated on the 'problem' of interracial sex. In fact, he believed that slavery promoted it because it brought blacks and whites into such intimate and daily contact with one another. In the days when the writing was on the wall, and he knew that slavery would die at the hands of the Civil War, Johnson adopted an antislavery stance and began to denounce the institution. All his speeches on the subject 'dwell almost obsessively on racial miscegenation as the institution's main evil.'...the slaveholding Johnson may have used all this hard talk against racial mixture as a cover for his own circumstances. He would not have been the first, or the last, southern white man to travel this tortured psychological route."
If Johnson did have a shadow family with Dolly while hypocritically upholding a race-based caste system, it would have put him in the company of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson, Supreme Court Justice John Catron, sexual-predator U.S Senator James Henry Hammond, and in the 20th century, U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond. Johnson's possibly having fathered several multiracial children would have been part of a widespread "racial and sexual double standard...in the slaveholding states [that] gave elite white men a free pass for their sexual relationships with black women, as long as the men neither flaunted nor legitimated such unions." American national leaders in less-hypocritical interracial relationships included U.S. Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson and most likely Thaddeus Stevens (chair of the House Ways and Means committee and one of President Johnson's fiercest Congressional opponents). Andrew Johnson lectured newly emancipated blacks on the necessity of avoiding "licentiousness" and the importance of learning the "laws of marriage," but, hypocritically, he himself may not have followed those laws. In addition to suspicions about his sexual exploitation of Dolly, he was accused twice in separate sworn testimonies of being familiar with sex workers; in 1872, he was accused of seducing his neighbor's wife; and he was posthumously described as the source of a "canker" in his wife's heart "fed or created, as the gossips have said, by the marital infidelity of her graceless lord." In 1856 a Knoxville newspaper argued, "Honor conferred upon him is like a jewel put into the nose of a hog—it can escape no possible defilement."
Emancipation Day
According to family and historical records, Andrew Johnson freed his personal slaves on August 8, 1863, a date that falls between Abraham Lincoln's January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, from which Tennessee was exempted, and mass emancipation in Tennessee occurred on October 24, 1864, by declaration of military governor Johnson. A new Tennessee constitution abolished slavery in the state as of February 22, 1865. The Thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution was ratified in December 1865. According to University of Virginia history professor Elizabeth Maron, "Fearing that emancipation by federal edict would alienate Tennessee's slaveholding Unionists, Johnson urged that the state be exempted from the Emancipation Proclamation, so he could promote the issue from the inside: in August 1863, Johnson freed his own slaves, seeking to set an example for his fellow Tennesseans."
The August 8 date eventually become known as Freedom Day in Tennessee, and was also eventually celebrated in some neighboring communities in Kentucky, Missouri, and southern Illinois. Andrew Johnson himself attended a Freedom Day celebration organized by Sam Johnson in 1871. For the many decades between emancipation and desegregation, the annual August 8 picnic was the only day of the year that blacks were allowed to be in Knoxville's Chilhowee Park. In 1938, William Andrew Johnson, then 80 years old, spoke at a Tennessee Emancipation Day celebration at Chilhowee Park.
From Moses to Pharoah
Andrew Johnson made what is remembered as the Moses speech, on October 24, 1864, in Nashville, Tennessee, when he was military governor of Tennessee and a candidate for Vice President on the Lincoln Unionist ticket. "Before an audience of ten thousand colored men...amidst cheers which shook the sky," Johnson proclaimed that he would act for their benefit and advancement as a race now that the slaves of the United States had been emancipated.
Johnson refers to the Biblical figure Moses from the book of Exodus, who leads the enslaved Jews of ancient Egypt out of bondage with the aid of his god, who parts the Red Sea so that they may pass, and then releases the waters upon their pursuers.
Johnson betrayed those who trusted in this campaign promise. As a 1989 book review put it, "Nowhere was Johnson's duplicitous nature more cruelly evident than on questions of race." Per historian Robert S. Levine, "...Johnson worked to undermine the Freedmen's Bureau, to dismantle other Reconstruction initiatives, and to prevent African Americans from attaining equal rights through federal legislation." The betrayal, which contributed to the failure of Reconstruction and another 100 years of racial oppression, continues to be a central focus of historians, but was recognized and criticized in his own time. Johnson's turn from staunch Unionist to Confederate apologist, and his centrality to the diminishment of the goals of Reconstruction, was also gratefully lauded by his fellow white supremacists of the legacy South:
Congressmen referenced the Moses speech during the Andrew Johnson impeachment hearings:
In a report about Johnson's supposed tears over superficial gestures of national comity at the pro-Johnson 1866 National Union Convention in Philadelphia: "There is good reason to believe, that when Miss Columbia, in imitation of Miss Pharaoh, fished among the bulrushes and slimy waters of Southern plebeianism for a little Moses, she slung out a young crocodile instead. He is a crocodile by nature, although he calls himself Moses. He craunches and gulps down whatever stands in his way, without any signs of mercy, yet is always prepared to shed tears to order." The image that Johnson provided of himself-as-Moses was sufficiently rich that it continues to be applied with grim irony to present day.
Andrew Johnson and civil rights
Johnson vetoed several pieces of Congressional legislation that were designed to improve the humanitarian conditions of recently emancipated slaves and/or provide black men with rights that had previously been held only by white men. Johnson would typically "claim that the future status of freed people was not an issue of racism, but an issue of constitutionality." He thus opposed almost all aspects of Congressional Reconstruction, including the Fourteenth Amendment. He argued that improvements in the status of black Americans would only be legitimate if passed on the state, rather than federal level, but he also vetoed the D.C. Franchise Bill, and the District of Columbia is constitutionally defined as the jurisdiction of no state but solely of the U.S. Congress.
See also
Voting rights in the United States
Bibliography of Andrew Johnson
Presidency of Andrew Johnson
Reconstruction era
Freedmen's Bureau bills
Freedmen massacres
Reconstruction Amendments
Nadir of American race relations
Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate
African Americans in Tennessee
Woodrow Wilson and race
References
Johnson, Andrew
Slavery
Presidency of Andrew Johnson
Historical reputations of presidents of the United States
Reconstruction Era
History of slavery in Tennessee
Anti-black racism in the United States |
Jean Dubois (13 August 1914 – 9 June 2005) was a Belgian sprint canoeist who competed in the late 1940s. In 1939 (during universal exhibition in Liege city) he was world champion. This is why he was selected for London Olympics after the war. At the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, he competed in the C-2 1000 m event. His partner, Hubert Coomans, broke his paddle and they finished unclassified.
References
1914 births
Belgian male canoeists
Canoeists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeists for Belgium
Year of death missing |
KaNgwane () was a bantustan in South Africa, intended by the apartheid government to be a semi-independent homeland for the Swazi people. It was called the "Swazi Territorial Authority" from 1976 to 1977. In September 1977 it was renamed KaNgwane and received a legislative assembly. After a temporary suspension of its homeland status during 1982, the legislative assembly was restored in December 1982. KaNgwane was granted nominal self-rule in August 1984. Its capital was at Louieville. It was the least populous of the ten homelands, with an estimated 183,000 inhabitants. Unlike the other homelands in South Africa, KaNgwane did not adopt a distinctive flag of its own but flew the national flag of South Africa.
An attempt to transfer parts of the homeland, along with parts of the Zulu homeland KwaZulu, to the neighbouring country of Swaziland in 1982 was never realized. This would have given land-locked Swaziland access to the sea. The deal was negotiated by the governments, but was met by popular opposition in the territory meant to be transferred. The homeland's territory had been claimed by King Sobhuza of Swaziland as part of the Swazi monarchs' traditional realm, and the South African government hoped to use the homeland as a buffer zone against guerrilla infiltration from Mozambique. South Africa responded to the failure of the transfer by temporarily suspending the autonomy of KaNgwane, then restoring it in December 1982 and granting it nominal self-rule in 1984.
KaNgwane ceased to exist on 27 April 1994 when the Interim Constitution dissolved the homelands and created new provinces. Its territory became part of the province of Mpumalanga.
History
The Swazi Territorial Authority was established at Tonga in the Nkomazi Region on 23 April 1976 by the then Deputy Minister of Bantu Affairs Development and Education, Dr F. Hartzenberg (who read the speech on behalf of the then Member of Parliament and Minister of Bantu Affairs, Mr M.C. Botha).
It was established, Pretoria claimed, to cater for the interests of the Swazis within the borders of the Republic of South Africa. The first leader of the Swazi Territorial Authority administration was Prince Johannes Mkolishi Dlamini, the Chief of the Embhuleni Royal Kraal in Badplaas. The establishment of the Authority was preceded by disruptive events. In 1975, the forced removals of the people from Kromkrans, Doringkop and elsewhere, in the so-called black spots in white areas, to settlements like Kromdraai (Ekulindeni) started. In 1976, the majority of the people from Kromkrans were settled on the farm Eerstehoek.
The plans for the establishment of the Swazi ‘homeland’ continued, and in October 1977, the Swazi Territorial Authority elected Enos John Mabuza to become the Chief Executive Councillor of the ‘homeland’. The ‘homeland’ from there was named KaNgwane (a name, it should be added, that the authorities in Swaziland did not have a problem with).
Contrasts: KaNgwane and the Inyandza National Movement
The Inyandza National Movement was the governing party of the then KaNgwane ‘homeland’ government. It was founded in October 1978 at Lochiel, a village with no more than a filling station a few kilometres from the Oshoek border post. It became a critical driving force of politics. It was through the Inyandza National Movement that KaNgwane contrasted with other ‘homelands’ and refused independence. Inyandza was formed instead to politicise and mobilise the masses of the people of KaNgwane in furtherance of the aims and objectives of the liberation movement: on the one hand, through its relationships with the ANC in exile; and, on the other, through its socio-economic development programme, through which it sought to uplift the standard of living of the ‘citizens’ of that ‘homeland’.
After Dr Enos J. Mabuza assumed office of Chief Executive Councillor of the ‘homeland’, negotiations to be granted the second phase of the ‘homeland’s’ development, i.e. self-governing status, began. The leadership of KaNgwane had already repeatedly indicated that the people of KaNgwane were against so-called independence. The apartheid government of South Africa was however reluctant to grant self-governing status to KaNgwane. They wanted to do so on condition that KaNgwane thereafter opt for Pretoria's offer of independence.
The leadership of KaNgwane refused to accept such a condition, and request after
request for self-governing status received no positive responses from Pretoria. Pretoria sought to punish KaNgwane for its refusal to co-operate with plans to make ‘homelands’ independent, and KaNgwane began to experience extreme under-funding.
But the Inyandza National Movement had politicised the people. Weekly prayer meetings and rallies were organised. The leadership of the Inyandza National Movement intensified the call for the unbanning of the ANC and other political organisations. Pretoria's call for independence was rejected completely. The people were mobilised so that when Pretoria refused to grant self-governing status to KaNgwane, they stood up and defended their rights. They did not stand up because they believed in the ‘homelands’. They never desired to opt for independence but to fight until South Africa became free from the shackles of apartheid. That is why the capital of KaNgwane in Louieville was just a temporary structure. There was no point in building massive and magnificent structures.
After some time without responding at all to the intensified mobilisation, the government of South Africa found another way to force independence on KaNgwane: it announced the incorporation of KaNgwane territory and Ingwavuma region of the then ‘homeland’ of KwaZulu into the Kingdom of Swaziland, the so-called land deal between the government of the Republic of South Africa and the Kingdom of Swaziland.
Districts in 1991
Districts of the province and population at the 1991 census.
Eerstehoek: 192,115
Nkomazi: 276,965
Nsikazi: 310,160
See also
list of chief ministers of KaNgwane
References
Bibliography
„Informa” April 1981 vol XXVIII No 3 (The Department of Foreign Affairs and Information of RSA, newspaper)
1994 disestablishments in South Africa
Bantustans in South Africa
States and territories established in 1984
1984 establishments in South Africa
States and territories disestablished in 1994 |
Soichiro Shimizu is an artist. He was born in Tokyo, and attended Keio University and the New York City School of Visual Arts. Shimizu's work as a painter and sculptor of three-dimensional abstract works deal with the duality of seemingly opposing forces. Shimizu resides and works in Bangkok.
References
Artists from Tokyo
Japanese sculptors
Keio University alumni
School of Visual Arts alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
The 1973–74 Cypriot Cup was the 32nd edition of the Cypriot Cup. A total of 40 clubs entered the competition. It began on 6 March 1974 with the preliminary round and concluded on 23 June 1974 with the final which was held at GSP Stadium. AC Omonia won their 3rd Cypriot Cup trophy after beating Enosis Neon Paralimni 2–0 in the final.
Format
In the 1973–74 Cypriot Cup, participated all the teams of the Cypriot First Division, the Cypriot Second Division and the Cypriot Third Division.
The competition consisted of six knock-out rounds. In all rounds each tie was played as a single leg and was held at the home ground of the one of the two teams, according to the draw results. Each tie winner was qualifying to the next round. If a match was drawn, extra time was following. If extra time was drawn, there was a replay at the ground of the team who were away for the first game. If the rematch was also drawn, then extra time was following and if the match remained drawn after extra time the winner was decided by penalty shoot-out.
The cup winner secured a place in the 1974–75 European Cup Winners' Cup.
Preliminary round
In the preliminary round participated 4 teams of 1973–74 Cypriot Second Division and all 12 teams of 1973–74 Cypriot Third Division.
First round
14 clubs from the 1973–74 Cypriot First Division and 10 clubs from the 1973–74 Cypriot Second Division were added.
Second round
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
Sources
Bibliography
See also
Cypriot Cup
1973–74 Cypriot First Division
Cypriot Cup seasons
1973–74 domestic association football cups
1973–74 in Cypriot football |
Euchlaena johnsonaria, or Johnson's euchlaena moth, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Asa Fitch in 1870. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from southern coastal British Columbia east to Nova Scotia, south to New Jersey, Missouri and Oregon. The habitat consists of deciduous wooded areas.
The wingspan is about 32 mm. The ground colour of the forewings varies from light to dark rust brown. The antemedial and postmedial lines are thin and well defined. Adults are on wing from May to August.
The larvae feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs, including Cornus, Salix, Spiraea, Vaccinium, Ulmus, Fraxinus and Betula species.
Subspecies
Euchlaena johnsonaria johnsonaria
Euchlaena johnsonaria minoraria (Hulst, 1886)
References
Moths described in 1870
Angeronini |
William Smallman (c. 16151643) of Kinnersley Castle, Herefordshire was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1640.
Smallman was the son of Francis Smallman and his wife Susan Clarke, widow of John Clarke of London, and daughter of Fabian of Essex. His father was a lawyer who acquired Kinnersley Castle.
In April 1640, Smallman was elected Member of Parliament for Leominster in the Short Parliament. Smallman was one of the "Nine Worthies" – nine justices who formed the royalist leadership in Herefordshire in the summer of 1642. The other "worthies" were Sir William Croft, Wallop Brabazon, Thomas Wigmore of Shobden, Thomas Price of Wisterdon, Fitzwilliam Conningsby,
Henry Lingen, William Rudhall and John Scudamore. Smallman died in 1643.
Smallman married Lucy Whitney daughter of Sir Robert Whitney on 29 September 1631 at St. Giles Cripplegate. They had two daughters: Constance, and Lucy who married James Pytts of Kyre Hall and inherited Kinnersley. Smallman's widow remarried in about 1648, to John Booth, son of John and Margery (Waiden) Booth of Durham.
References
|-
1610s births
1643 deaths
English MPs 1640 (April) |
Alexandre, Chevalier de Chaumont (1640 – 28 January 1710 in Paris) was the first French ambassador for King Louis XIV in Siam in 1685. He was accompanied on his mission by Abbé de Choisy, the Jesuit Guy Tachard, and Father Bénigne Vachet of the Société des Missions Étrangères de Paris. He was also bringing back to Siam the two ambassadors of the 1684 First Siamese Embassy to France.
He tried without success to convert King Narai the Great to Catholicism and to conclude significant commercial treaties.
He is best remembered for his memoirs describing life in 17th century Siam.
A "Chevalier de Chaumont" is also mentioned several times in the Jesuit Relations.
See also
France–Thailand relations
Notes
External links
Chevalier de Chaumont (French)
1640 births
1710 deaths
Knights of Chaumont
17th-century French diplomats
French male non-fiction writers
Ambassadors of France to the Ayutthaya Kingdom
18th-century French memoirists |
Arwaliya is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block.
In 2016, it was identified as one of the 6 sites for relocation of Bhopal city dairies, as per the National Green Tribunal norms.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Arwaliya has 239 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 75.75%.
References
Villages in Huzur tehsil |
Kirk Covington is a drummer best known for his work with the jazz fusion group Tribal Tech.
Covington was born in Midland, Texas, where he attended the University of North Texas College of Music, where he met bassist Gary Willis, with whom he later joined Tribal Tech. Covington has performed or recorded with other musicians including Joe Zawinul, Robben Ford, Allan Holdsworth, Scott Henderson, and John Humphrey.
Covington has toured since 1998 with Scott Henderson and bass player John Humphrey, as a trio. In 2003 they recorded Well to the Bone.
Covington continues to play with former Tribal Tech partner Scott Kinsey, was a member of the group Volto! where he also played keyboards, and in 2008 formed his own trio, "CPT KIRK", with keyboardist Scott Tibbs and bassist Rufus Philpot.
References
External links
http://www.erjn.it/mus/covington.htm
http://www.drummerworld.com/drummers/Kirk_Covington.html
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of North Texas College of Music alumni
People from Midland, Texas
American drummers
Tribal Tech members |
Main injector neutrino oscillation search (MINOS) was a particle physics experiment designed to study the phenomena of neutrino oscillations, first discovered by a Super-Kamiokande (Super-K) experiment in 1998. Neutrinos produced by the NuMI ("Neutrinos at Main Injector") beamline at Fermilab near Chicago are observed at two detectors, one very close to where the beam is produced (the near detector), and another much larger detector 735 km away in northern Minnesota (the far detector).
The MINOS experiment started detecting neutrinos from the NuMI beam in February 2005. On 30 March 2006, the MINOS collaboration announced that the analysis of the initial data, collected in 2005, is consistent with neutrino oscillations, with the oscillation parameters which are consistent with Super-K measurements.
MINOS received the last neutrinos from the NUMI beam line at midnight on 30 April 2012. It was upgraded to MINOS+ which started taking data in 2013. The experiment was shut down on June 29, 2016, and the far detector has been dismantled and removed.
Detectors
There are two detectors in the experiment.
The near detector is similar to the far detector in design, but smaller in size with a mass of (t). It is located at Fermilab, a few hundred meters away from the graphite target which the protons interact with, and approximately 100 meters underground. The commissioning of the near detector was completed in December 2004, and it is now fully operational.
The far detector has a mass of . It is located in the Soudan mine in Northern Minnesota at a depth of 716 meters. The far detector has been fully operational since summer 2003, and has been taking cosmic ray and atmospheric neutrino data since early in its construction.
Both MINOS detectors are steel-scintillator sampling calorimeters made out of alternating planes of magnetized steel and plastic scintillators. The magnetic field causes the path of a muon produced in a muon neutrino interaction to bend, making it possible to distinguish interactions with neutrinos from those with antineutrinos. This feature of the MINOS detectors allows MINOS to search for CPT-violation with atmospheric neutrinos and anti-neutrinos.
Neutrino beam
To produce the NuMI beamline, 120 GeV Main Injector proton pulses hit a water-cooled graphite target. The resulting interactions of protons with the target material produce pions and kaons, which are focused by a system of magnetic horns. The neutrinos from subsequent decays of pions and kaons form the neutrino beam. Most of these are muon neutrinos, with a small electron neutrino contamination. Neutrino interactions in the near detector are used to measure the initial neutrino flux and energy spectrum. Because they are weakly interacting and therefore usually pass through matter, the vast majority of the neutrinos travel through the near detector and the 734 km of rock, then through the far detector and off into space. On the way toward Soudan, about 20% of the muon neutrinos oscillate into other flavors.
Physics goals and results
MINOS measures the difference in neutrino beam composition and energy distribution in the near and far detectors with the aim of producing precision measurements of the neutrino squared mass difference and mixing angle. In addition, MINOS looks for the appearance of electron neutrinos in the far detector, and will either measure or set a limit on the oscillation probability of muon neutrinos into electron neutrinos.
On 29 July 2006, the MINOS collaboration published a paper giving their initial measurements of oscillation parameters as judged from muon neutrino disappearance. These are: × 10−3 eV2/c4 and (68% confidence limit).
In 2008, MINOS released a further result using over twice the previous data (3.36×1020 protons-on-target; this includes the first data set). This is the most precise measurement of Δm2. The results are: × 10−3 eV2/c4 and (90% confidence limit).
In 2011, the above results were updated again, using a more than double data sample (exposure of 7.25×1020 protons on target) and improved analysis methodology. The results are: × 10−3 eV2/c4 and (90% confidence limit).
In 2010 and 2011, MINOS reported results according to which there is a difference in the disappearance and consequently the masses between antineutrinos and neutrinos, which would violate CPT symmetry.
However, after additional data were evaluated in 2012, MINOS reported that this gap has closed and no excess is there any more.
Cosmic ray results from the MINOS far detector have shown that there is a strong correlation between high energy cosmic rays measured and the temperature of the stratosphere. This is the first time, daily variations in secondary cosmic rays from an underground muon detector are shown to be associated with planetary–scale meteorological phenomena in the stratosphere such as the sudden stratospheric warming as well as the change in seasons. The MINOS far detector is also able to observe a reduction in cosmic rays caused by the Sun and the Moon.
Time of flight of neutrinos
In 2007, an experiment with the MINOS detectors found the speed of neutrinos to be at 68% confidence level, and at 99% confidence level a range between to . The central value was higher than the speed of light; however, the uncertainty was great enough that the result also did not rule out speeds less than or equal to light at this high confidence level.
After the detectors for the project were upgraded in 2012, MINOS corrected their initial result and found agreement with the speed of light, with the difference in the arrival times of −0.0006% (±0.0012%) between neutrinos and light. Further measurements are going to be conducted.
References
External links
NuMI and MINOS
MINOS experiment record on INSPIRE-HEP
Accelerator neutrino experiments
Fermilab
Fermilab experiments
Particle experiments |
Turbonilla rinella is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.
References
External links
To World Register of Marine Species
rinella
Gastropods described in 1910 |
Hoshihananomia gacognei is a species of beetle in the genus Hoshihananomia of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1852.
References
Beetles described in 1852
Mordellidae |
"Need You Tonight" is a song by the Australian rock band INXS, released as the first single from their 1987 album, Kick, as well as the fourth song on the album. It is the only INXS single to reach No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also achieved their highest charting position in the United Kingdom, where the song reached number two on the UK Singles Chart; however, this peak was only reached after a re-release of the single in November 1988. On its first run on the UK charts in October 1987, it stalled at No. 58. It was one of the last songs recorded for the album, yet it would arguably become the band's signature song.
In February 2014, after the Channel 7 screening of the INXS: Never Tear Us Apart mini-series, "Need You Tonight" charted again in Australia via download sales. It peaked at No. 28 on the ARIA Singles Chart. In January 2018, as part of Triple M's "Ozzest 100", the 'most Australian' songs of all time, "Need You Tonight" was ranked number 69.
Music video
The music video combined live action and different kinds of animation. Directed by Richard Lowenstein, the video was actually "Need You Tonight / Mediate", as it combined two songs from the album. Lowenstein claimed that the particular visual effects in "Need You Tonight" were created by cutting up 35mm film and photocopying the individual frames, before re-layering those images over the original footage.
For "Mediate", it segues into a tribute to Bob Dylan's "Subterranean Homesick Blues". The members flip cue cards with words from the song; the last one displays the words "Sax Solo," at which point Kirk Pengilly starts a saxophone solo. Beneath the lyric "a special date" in the "Mediate" portion of the video, the cue card shown reads "9-8-1945" which in Australian date format is 9 August 1945, the date which the atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.
The video won five MTV Video Music Awards including 1988 Video of The Year and was ranked at number twenty-one on MTV's countdown of the 100 greatest videos of all time.
Track listings
7-inch single
"Need You Tonight" – 3:01
"I'm Coming (Home)" – 4:54
7-inch single
"Need You Tonight" – 3:01
"Need You Tonight" (Mendelsohn extended mix) – 7:02
12-inch single
"Need You Tonight" – 3:01
"Mediate" – 2:35
"I'm Coming (Home)" – 4:53
12-inch single
"Need You Tonight" (Mendelsohn extended mix) – 7:02
"Move On" – 4:47
"Kiss the Dirt (Falling Down the Mountain)" – 3:54
12-inch single
"Need You Tonight" (Ben Liebrand mix) – 7:18
"Move On" – 4:47
"New Sensation" (extended mix) – 6:30
Maxi-CD single
"Need You Tonight" – 3:05
"Don't Dream It's Over" – 4:00
"Need You Tonight" (extended version) – 6:36
"Need You Tonight" (remix) – 4:03
Personnel
Personnel are sourced from Mix.
Michael Hutchence – lead and backing vocals
Andrew Farriss – electric guitar, E-mu Emulator II, synthesizer, Roland TR-707 programming
Tim Farriss – electric guitar
Kirk Pengilly – electric guitar
Garry Gary Beers – bass guitar
Jon Farriss – drums, Roland TR-707 programming
Charts
Weekly charts
1 Static Revenger/Koishii & Hush Mixes
2 Remixes
Year-end charts
Certifications
Rogue Traders remix
Rogue Traders covered and remixed "Need You Tonight" and released it as a single in Australia. The song was renamed "One of My Kind", where it reached No. 10 on the Australian Top 100 Singles Chart, becoming their first top-10 hit. "One of My Kind" is the second single released by the Rogue Traders for their debut album We Know What You're Up To.
The music video is set in a dance party where the lizard on the single cover wanders around looking for a girl of his kind. He finds one looking lonely. The two sit together and he sings the line 'you're one of my kind' before the video ends.
The Sam Bennetts and Rising Sun Pictures directed music video was nominated for Best Video at the ARIA Music Awards of 2003.
Track listings
Maxi-CD single
"One of My Kind" (radio edit)
"One of My Kind" (club mix edit)
"One of My Kind" (Phunked remix)
12-inch vinyl
"One of My Kind" (12-inch mix)
"One of My Kind" (radio edit)
"One of My Kind" (dub mix)
Australian CD single
"One of My Kind" (radio edit)
"One of My Kind" (Rogue Traders Club Adventure)
"One of My Kind" (Swimming in Blue mix)
"One of My Kind" (Rogue Traders dub)
"Make It Better" (original mix)
Charts
The single spent 15 weeks on the ARIA Charts, nine of which were in the top 50. The single also topped the ARIA Club and Dance charts.
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Other cover versions
Australian singer Kylie Minogue performed the song as part of the setlist of her Kiss Me Once Tour. Minogue, a one-time romantic partner of the late INXS frontman Michael Hutchence, considered her performances of the song to be a tribute to him.
In March 2010, UK rapper Professor Green released a song based entirely on the song called "I Need You Tonight".
Bonnie Raitt covers the song as the second track of her 2016 album Dig in Deep.
English singer and songwriter Dua Lipa's 2020 single "Break My Heart" interpolates the song's guitar riff.
See also
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1988
List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1988
References
1987 songs
1987 singles
1988 singles
2003 singles
APRA Award winners
ARIA Award-winning songs
Atlantic Records singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
INXS songs
Mercury Records singles
MTV Video of the Year Award
Rogue Traders songs
Song recordings produced by Chris Thomas (record producer)
Songs written by Andrew Farriss
Songs written by Michael Hutchence
Warner Music Group singles |
Peter Ladhams (born 14 January 1998) is an Australian rules footballer who plays for the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League (AFL).
AFL Career
Port Adelaide (2017–2021)
Ladhams was selected with Pick 9 in the rookie draft by . After spending his first two seasons playing in the SANFL, Ladhams made his debut against in Round 10 of the 2019 AFL season. He kicked his first goal and behind in that game against .
In 2020, Ladhams was handed a three match suspension for breaching the AFL's COVID-19 protocols, after he and teammate Dan Houston had invited unauthorised visitors into their home.
Sydney (2022–present)
He was traded to at the end of the 2021 AFL season along with Pick 16 in the 2021 AFL draft for Pick 12 and a future third-round pick. Ladhams kicked his first goal for in their 63 point win against at Optus Stadium.
Statistics
Updated to the end of the 2022 season.
|-
| 2019 || || 38
| 5 || 2 || 2 || 32 || 41 || 73 || 9 || 10 || 74 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 6.4 || 8.2 || 14.6 || 1.8 || 2.0 || 14.8 || 0
|-
| 2020 || || 38
| 10 || 6 || 2 || 60 || 72 || 132 || 21 || 19 || 124 || 0.6 || 0.2 || 6.0 || 7.2 || 13.2 || 2.1 || 1.9 || 12.4 || 2
|-
| 2021 || || 38
| 17 || 13 || 5 || 129 || 102 || 231 || 58 || 40 || 228 || 0.8 || 0.3 || 7.6 || 6.0 || 13.6 || 3.4 || 2.4 || 13.4 || 0
|-
| 2022 || || 19
| 11 || 2 || 4 || 82 || 81 || 163 || 29 || 16 || 226 || 0.2 || 0.4 || 7.5 || 7.4 || 14.8 || 2.6 || 1.5 || 20.5 || 4
|- class=sortbottom
! colspan=3 | Career
! 43 !! 23 !! 13 !! 303 !! 296 !! 599 !! 117 !! 85 !! 652 !! 0.5 !! 0.3 !! 7.0 !! 6.9 !! 13.9 !! 2.7 !! 2.0 !! 15.2 !! 6
|}
References
External links
1998 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Port Adelaide Football Club players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
Sydney Swans players
Papua New Guinean players of Australian rules football
VFL/AFL players born outside Australia |
```swift
import Prelude
import Prelude_UIKit
import UIKit
public enum DesignSystemColors: String {
// MARK: - Greens
case create100
case create300
case create500
case create700
// MARK: - Greys
case black
case support100
case support200
case support300
case support400
case support500
case support700
case white
// MARK: - Blues
case trust100
case trust300
case trust500
case trust700
// MARK: - Corals
case celebrate100
case celebrate300
case celebrate500
case celebrate700
// MARK: - Functional
case alert
case cellSeparator
case facebookBlue
case inform
case warn
}
extension DesignSystemColors {
public func load() -> UIColor {
UIColor(named: self.rawValue) ?? .white
}
}
public func adaptiveColor(_ style: DesignSystemColors) -> UIColor {
style.load()
}
public let verticalComponentStackViewStyle: StackViewStyle = { (stackView: UIStackView) in
stackView
|> verticalStackViewStyle
|> \.alignment .~ .leading
|> \.spacing .~ 8
|> \.distribution .~ .fill
|> UIStackView.lens.spacing .~ Styles.grid(2)
}
// MARK: - Alert StackView
public let alertStackViewStyle: StackViewStyle = { (stackView: UIStackView) in
stackView
|> \.axis .~ NSLayoutConstraint.Axis.horizontal
|> \.distribution .~ .fill
|> \.layoutMargins .~ UIEdgeInsets.init(topBottom: 8, leftRight: 12)
|> \.isLayoutMarginsRelativeArrangement .~ true
|> \.spacing .~ 12
|> \.tintColor .~ .white
|> \.layer.cornerRadius .~ 6
}
// MARK: - Buttons
public let adaptiveGreenButtonStyle = baseButtonStyle
<> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .normal) .~ adaptiveColor(.white)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .normal) .~ adaptiveColor(.create700)
<> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .highlighted) .~ adaptiveColor(.white)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .highlighted) .~ adaptiveColor(.create700).mixDarker(0.36)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .disabled) .~ adaptiveColor(.create700).mixLighter(0.36)
public let adaptiveBlueButtonStyle = baseButtonStyle
<> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .normal) .~ adaptiveColor(.white)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .normal) .~ adaptiveColor(.trust500)
<> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .highlighted) .~ adaptiveColor(.white)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .highlighted) .~ adaptiveColor(.trust500).mixDarker(0.36)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .disabled) .~ adaptiveColor(.trust500).mixLighter(0.36)
public let adaptiveGreyButtonStyle = baseButtonStyle
<> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .normal) .~ adaptiveColor(.support700)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .normal) .~ adaptiveColor(.support300)
<> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .highlighted) .~ adaptiveColor(.support700)
<> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .disabled) .~ adaptiveColor(.support400)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .highlighted) .~ adaptiveColor(.support300).mixDarker(0.36)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .disabled) .~ adaptiveColor(.support300).mixLighter(0.12)
public let adaptiveBlackButtonStyle = baseButtonStyle
<> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .normal) .~ adaptiveColor(.white)
<> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .highlighted) .~ adaptiveColor(.white)
<> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .disabled) .~ adaptiveColor(.support100)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .normal) .~ adaptiveColor(.support700)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .highlighted) .~ adaptiveColor(.support700).mixDarker(0.66)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .disabled) .~ adaptiveColor(.support700).mixLighter(0.36)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .selected) .~ adaptiveColor(.support700).mixLighter(0.46)
public let adaptiveRedButtonStyle = baseButtonStyle
<> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .normal) .~ adaptiveColor(.white)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .normal) .~ adaptiveColor(.alert)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .highlighted) .~ adaptiveColor(.alert).mixDarker(0.12)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .disabled) .~ adaptiveColor(.alert).mixLighter(0.36)
public let adaptiveFacebookButtonStyle = baseButtonStyle
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .normal) .~ adaptiveColor(.facebookBlue)
<> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .normal) .~ .white
<> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .highlighted) .~ .white
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .highlighted) .~ adaptiveColor(.facebookBlue).mixDarker(0.36)
<> UIButton.lens.backgroundColor(for: .disabled) .~ adaptiveColor(.facebookBlue).mixLighter(0.36)
<> UIButton.lens.tintColor .~ adaptiveColor(.white)
<> UIButton.lens.imageEdgeInsets .~ .init(top: 0, left: 0, bottom: 0, right: 18.0)
<> UIButton.lens.contentEdgeInsets %~~ { _, button in
button.traitCollection.verticalSizeClass == .compact
? .init(topBottom: 10.0, leftRight: 12.0)
: .init(topBottom: 12.0, leftRight: 16.0)
}
<> UIButton.lens.image(for: .normal) %~ { _ in image(named: "fb-logo-white") }
// MARK: - Icons
public let adaptiveIconImageViewStyle: ImageViewStyle = { imageView in
imageView
|> \.contentMode .~ .scaleAspectFit
|> \.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints .~ false
}
// MARK: - Switch Control
public let adaptiveSwitchControlStyle: SwitchControlStyle = { switchControl in
switchControl
|> \.onTintColor .~ adaptiveColor(.create700)
|> \.tintColor .~ adaptiveColor(.support100)
}
// MARK: - Drop Down
public let adaptiveDropDownButtonStyle: ButtonStyle = { (button: UIButton) in
button
|> UIButton.lens.contentEdgeInsets .~ UIEdgeInsets(
top: Styles.gridHalf(3), left: Styles.grid(2), bottom: Styles.gridHalf(3), right: Styles.grid(5)
)
|> UIButton.lens.titleLabel.font .~ UIFont.ksr_body().bolded
|> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .normal) .~ adaptiveColor(.create500)
|> UIButton.lens.titleColor(for: .highlighted) .~ adaptiveColor(.create500)
|> UIButton.lens.image(for: .normal) .~ Library.image(named: "icon-dropdown-small")
|> UIButton.lens.semanticContentAttribute .~ .forceRightToLeft
|> UIButton.lens.imageEdgeInsets .~ UIEdgeInsets(top: 0, left: Styles.grid(6), bottom: 0, right: 0)
|> UIButton.lens.layer.shadowColor .~ adaptiveColor(.black).cgColor
}
// MARK: - Form
public let adaptiveFormFieldStyle: TextFieldStyle = { (textField: UITextField) in
textField
|> formTextInputStyle
|> \.backgroundColor .~ .clear
|> \.font .~ .ksr_body()
|> \.textColor .~ adaptiveColor(.black)
}
// MARK: - Text Field
public let adaptiveEmailFieldStyle = adaptiveFormFieldStyle
<> UITextField.lens.keyboardType .~ .emailAddress
public func adaptiveAttributedPlaceholder(_ string: String) -> NSAttributedString {
return NSAttributedString(
string: string,
attributes: [NSAttributedString.Key.foregroundColor: adaptiveColor(.support400)]
)
}
private let adaptiveEmailTextFieldPlaceholderStyle: TextFieldStyle = { (textField: UITextField) in
textField
|> \.returnKeyType .~ UIReturnKeyType.next
|> \.attributedPlaceholder %~ { _ in
adaptiveAttributedPlaceholder(Strings.login_placeholder_email())
}
}
// MARK: - Activity Indicator
public func adaptiveActivityIndicatorStyle(indicator: UIActivityIndicatorView) -> UIActivityIndicatorView {
return indicator
|> UIActivityIndicatorView.lens.hidesWhenStopped .~ true
|> UIActivityIndicatorView.lens.style .~ .medium
|> UIActivityIndicatorView.lens.color .~ adaptiveColor(.support700)
}
// MARK: - Links
public let adaptiveTappableLinksViewStyle: TextViewStyle = { (textView: UITextView) -> UITextView in
_ = textView
|> \.isScrollEnabled .~ false
|> \.isEditable .~ false
|> \.isUserInteractionEnabled .~ true
|> \.adjustsFontForContentSizeCategory .~ true
_ = textView
|> \.textContainerInset .~ UIEdgeInsets.zero
|> \.textContainer.lineFragmentPadding .~ 0
|> \.linkTextAttributes .~ [
.foregroundColor: adaptiveColor(.create700)
]
return textView
}
``` |
Belgrave Road is a street in the Pimlico area of London. It is situated in the city of Westminster and runs between Eccleston Bridge to the northwest and Lupus Street to the southeast.
The street and the adjacent area were developed by Thomas Cubitt in the 1840s, who considered it as dwellings for the middle class, as opposed to those he had developed in Belgravia for the more affluent. The widths of the properties were comparatively narrow. As a result, the area went into decline but has more recently improved in both appearance and use.
There are three green spaces along its length, which is only 750 metres long. These are Eccleston Square, Warwick Square, and St George's Square.
Belgrave Road is the home of HM Passport Office and two private schools. For the most part, both sides of the road are terraced stucco-fronted houses, giving the street an appearance of elegance from a previous age. Many of these houses have been converted into hotels, some of which have combined three adjacent houses. There are over twenty hotels in a street where the house numbers do not exceed 140. This gives rise to a very mobile population. Except where Warwick Way crosses Belgrave Road, there are no shops, and even at this crossing there is only a small convenience store and a public house, the "Marquis of Westminster".
Its proximity to Victoria Station has made it a popular street for tourists.
Bibliography
Michael Leapman (editor), London — The evolution of a great city. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989. .
References
Streets in the City of Westminster
Pimlico |
Stetsasonic is an American hip hop band. Formed in 1981 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, Stetsasonic was one of the first hip hop acts to perform with a full band and use live instrumentation in their recordings, paving the way for future hip hop bands such as The Roots. The band combined beat-boxing, sampling technology, and live band performance, incorporating R&B, jazz, dancehall reggae, and rock into its sound. Stetsasonic is also considered one of the acts that pioneered jazz rap.
Though rumored to have disbanded in 1991, soon after the release of its third album, Blood, Sweat & No Tears, Stetsasonic continues to record and perform together, as evidenced by their subsequent release, "People In The Neighborhood", and their performance at the Urban Matterz Hip Hop Festival in 2019. Individual members branched out to explore solo careers, while still maintaining Stetsasonic. Frukwan and Prince Paul were founding members of the Gravediggaz, while the latter also became a record producer, as did Daddy-O.
History
Originally, the band was known as The Stetsasonic 3 MC's. The original group consisted of Daddy-O, Delite, and Crown Supreme. Daddy-O and Delite changed the group's name and style to Stetsasonic the Hip-Hop Band. Additional members were: Wise The Human Mix Machine; Prince Paul; the Devastating Beat Creator (DBC); drummer Bobby Simmons; and Frukwan, who replaced Crown Supreme. Stetsasonic clinched a deal with Tommy Boy Records when DBC created and played the funky bassline for its debut single "If You Can't Say It All Just Say STET", live for Tom Silverman, owner of Tommy Boy. After a few months of the single being in regular rotation on radio stations, the band released its first album On Fire (1986). The album received mixed reviews, though the follow-ups, In Full Gear and Blood, Sweat & No Tears, were critically acclaimed.
A 1988 The New York Times article said that the band mirrored the rise of artistic, profound rap music: "While pop's political commentary often seems secondary to catchy melodies and commercial acceptability, rap's tough sound sharpens its commentary". As a "hip hop band", dependent on instruments as well as turntables, the band was also known for live shows, though sometimes the "rap-show format prevented Stetsasonic from employing the band instrumentation and studio layering that make their records so distinctive."
Fruitkwan and Prince Paul were founding members of the Gravediggaz, while the latter also became a record producer. Daddy-O went on to a solo career, while also working as a record producer, working with Freestyle Fellowship, Mary J. Blige, Positive K and the Red Hot Chili Peppers, among others. Prince Paul went on to produce the trio De La Soul. Drummer Bobby Simmons pursued work in public access, forming the show Flava Videos in the mid-1990s on Channel 26 (New York). In 2017, Simmons was a contestant on the FOX game show Beat Shazam where he was partnered with singer Shannon. MC Delite is currently the President and CEO of Flight Entertainment and a public speaker. DBC proceeded to produce tracks for Third World and the Cookie Crew, among others. In 1995, he became the owner and operator of Raw Beat Productions, a music & video recording studio, located in Philadelphia. In 2016, he invented the MN-1 Advanced Portable Power System, which is a sustainable energy source with a swappable battery compartment and solar-based charging system.
Wise also participated in a few commercials in which he lends his beatbox sounds. One was for Campbell's Soup in which a cartoon of a B-boy bear beatboxes. The commercial was broadcast amid Saturday morning cartoons. Wise was also featured in a documentary on the art of the human beatbox, Breath Control: the History of the Human Beat Box, which was shown at the Tribeca Film Festival and also featured fellow human percussionists such as Doug E. Fresh, Biz Markie, Ready Rock C, and Emanon.
Stetsasonic released the single "(Now Ya'll Givin' Up) Love" in 2020. They proposed an upcoming album called Here We Go Again.
Discography
Studio albums
EPs
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Guest appearances
Notes
References
External links
Interview with Daddy-O
East Coast hip hop groups
Tommy Boy Records artists
Musical groups from Brooklyn
American hip hop groups
African-American musical groups
Five percenters
Musical groups established in 1979
Musical groups disestablished in 1991
Musical groups reestablished in 2008
Alternative hip hop groups |
Isabella of Portugal (; 24 October 1503 – 1 May 1539) was the empress consort of her cousin Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Duke of Burgundy. She was Queen of Spain and Germany, and Lady of the Netherlands from 10 March 1526 until her death in 1539, and became Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Italy in February 1530. She was the regent of Spain because of her husband's constant travels through Europe, focusing on the kingdom's policies independent of the Empire and managing the economy.
Childhood
Isabella was born in Lisbon on 24 October 1503 and named after her maternal grandmother (Isabella I) as well as her maternal aunt, who had been her father's first wife. She was the second child and first daughter of King Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife, Maria of Aragon. Isabella was second-in-line to the throne until the birth of her brother Luis in 1506.
Isabella was educated under the supervision of her governess Elvira de Mendoza. Her studies included mathematics, Renaissance classics, the languages of Latin, Spanish and French besides her native Portuguese, etiquette, and Christian doctrine. Isabella and her siblings were punished by their mother, "when they deserved it, without pardoning any of them". At the age of 14, her mother died. She and her sister Beatrice inherited her properties, plus the income from Viseu and Torres Vedras.
Engagement and marriage
As the eldest daughter of Manuel the Fortunate, Isabella was a rather attractive candidate for marriage. The ideal candidate for her husband was her first cousin Charles, son of Maria's sister, Joanna I of Castile and her husband Philip, Duke of Burgundy. Their marriage would bring a strong alliance between Spain and Portugal, in accordance with the wishes of their grandparents, Isabella I of Castille and Ferdinand II of Aragón. It would also facilitate the continued exploration of the oceans without incurring clashes, as Portugal was the only naval power that could challenge Spain's supremacy in the Atlantic Ocean. Plus, as Charles was sovereign of multiple kingdoms, it was necessary that Portugal, Christendom's richest kingdom, would fall under Spain's orbit and not of France, which had happened in the War of Castilian Succession. Moreover, because he had been raised in Burgundy, the Spanish nobles and subjects reportedly insisted that he should marry a princess from the Iberian peninsula.
However, the 18-year-old Charles was in no hurry to marry and instead sent his sister Eleanor to marry Isabella's widowed father in 1518. Charles's Flemish advisors, especially William de Croÿ, later convinced him to relegate the Portuguese alliance to the background and replace it with an alliance with England. In 1521, Charles became engaged to his other first cousin, Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, who was 16 years younger than Charles and still a child. Their engagement sought to undo an alliance between England and France articulated by the ambitious Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. Many in Portugal took their Infanta's rejection as an offense, but Isabella remained determined she would marry her powerful cousin or enter a convent. By 1525, Charles was no longer interested in an alliance with England and could wait no longer for Mary to get older because he was determined to have legitimate children. His engagement was called off, the alliance with England was abandoned, and he finally sought to marry Isabella. There were many more advantages – she was closer to him in age (she was only 3 years his junior), fluent in Spanish, and offered a dowry of 900,000 Portuguese cruzados (or Castilian folds), which was more than enough to solve many of his financial problems brought on by the Italian War of 1521–26.
Charles wasted no time in securing a papal dispensation for first cousins and the marriage contract for an alliance with Portugal was made - Isabella would marry him and her brother, King John III of Portugal, would marry Charles' youngest sister, Catherine of Austria. Charles intended to wed and then leave his future wife as regent to govern Spain while he went to Central Europe to deal with political and religious troubles there. In January 1526, Isabella traveled to Spain. Upon her arrival, she met the Duke of Calabria, the Archbishop of Toledo and the Duke of Béjar at the Spanish-Portuguese border. They escorted her to Seville, where she would wait a week for Charles. In the end, their wedding took place the very next day just after midnight on 11 March in the Palace of Alcázar of Seville.
Although their marriage was political, Isabella captivated Charles, who tarried with her longer than anticipated. They honeymooned for several months at the Alhambra in Granada, where he ordered the seeds of a Persian flower that had never been seen before in Spain. The seeds eventually grew into red carnation, which delighted her. He then ordered thousands more to be planted in her honour, establishing the red carnation as Spain's floral emblem. Despite the mutual affection the couple shared, their marriage was not easy and Isabella struggled with Charles's long absences. His first absence lasted from 1529 to April 1533. He remained in Spain for 2 years, only to depart again in December 1536. Although he came back briefly in 1538, he left almost immediately, returning in November 1539. As agreed by the nobles, their children were raised in Spain. She supervised their education and taught them Portuguese. She wrote to her husband regularly but often spent months without receiving letters.
Regency
As Charles had planned, he appointed Isabella regent of Spain during his absence from the peninsula to lead his military campaigns and attend the administration of his other kingdoms between 1529–33 and 1537–39. She attended meetings of the governing councils and consulted with the ministers. As time passed, she took a more active role in the policy-making process, suggesting her own solutions rather than merely accepting recommendations. Her husband considered her deliberations "very prudent and well thought out".
Economy
Isabella was a profound expert on the problems of the peninsular kingdoms, intransigently defending the good common to particular interests. At the external level, her sensible actions were decisive in the defence of the coasts of the peninsula and of North Africa, which were infested by piracy. This allowed the flow of precious metals and turned Spain into one of the chief sources of the imperial treasury. Through her regencies, she ensured that Spain remained independent of the empire's expensive military policies and thus relatively prosperous during her lifetime. However, Castile became integrated into Charles's empire and suffered from high inflation after her death. The enormous budget deficit accumulated and inflation during her husband's later reign resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of their son Philip II.
Domestic and foreign relations
Isabella effectively defended the royal power in order to ensure the monarch's authority, as a response towards the previous rebellions against Charles for his foreign relationships. She traveled regularly in the autumn between Toledo, Valladolid, Seville, Barcelona, and Majorca. To deal with important matters of the empire, the couple wrote to each other more regularly. In foreign policy, Isabella actively intervened in the negotiations of marital alliances between the French and Spanish royal families. She was very concerned that her own children would not be forced to wed the much older offspring of King Francis I.
Death
During several years, Isabella and the court traveled from city to city, moving in part to avoid exposure to epidemics. There is speculation that she suffered from consumption, with a contemporary describing her: "The Empress is the greatest pity in the world, she is so thin that she does not resemble a person". In 1539, she became pregnant for the seventh time, but contracted another fever in the third month that caused antenatal complications and gave birth to a stillborn son. She died two weeks later on 1 May 1539 at the age of 35, without her husband present.
Charles was left so devastated that he couldn't bring himself to accompany his wife's body to the Royal Chapel of Granada, the burial place of the Catholic Monarchs. He instead instructed their son Philip to accompany his mother's body with Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía. Decomposition had so disfigured Isabella's body, however, that Gandía couldn't recognize her and was allegedly so horrified at what death had done to her beauty that he later became a Jesuit, gaining fame as San Francisco de Borja. Charles was so grief-stricken by her death that he shut himself in a monastery for 2 months, praying and mourning for her in solitude. He never recovered from her death and wore black for the rest of his life to show his mourning. He never remarried, though he had an affair long after her death that resulted in the birth of an illegitimate son, John of Austria. Charles died as a widower in 1558 while holding the same cross in his hand which she held in her hand when she died.
In 1574, Isabella's body was transferred by her son to the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, where she was originally interred into a small vault along with her husband directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel. This was done in accordance with his last will and testament, in which he left a codicil asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which the couple would be reburied together side by side, "half-body under the altar and half under the priest's feet". They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal Crypt were still under construction. In 1654, after the Basilica and Royal Crypt were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson Philip IV, the couple's remains were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica. On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter Maria of Austria and Charles's sisters, Eleanor of Austria and Maria of Hungary, behind them. Exactly adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson Carlos, Prince of Asturias.
Post-mortem tributes
In memory of Isabella, Charles commissioned several tributes through art and music, beginning in 1540 when he commissioned the Flemish composer Thomas Crecquillon to compose new music in honour of the Empress. Crecquillon composed his Missa Mort m'a privé as a memorial to her, which expresses her husband's grief and wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife. Another musical tribute to her is Carole cur defles Isabellam that was composed in 1545 by the Franco-Flemish composer Nicolas Payen.
In 1543, Charles commissioned his favourite painter Tiziano Vecelli to paint posthumous portraits of Isabella by using earlier ones of her as his model. Tiziano painted several portraits of her, which included his Portrait of The Empress Isabel of Portugal and La Gloria. He later painted a double portrait of the imperial couple together, of which there is a copy by Peter Paul Rubens. Charles kept these portraits with him whenever he travelled and after he retired to the Monastery of Yuste in 1555.
Issue
Isabella had seven children with Charles, of whom 3 survived including King Philip II of Spain and Maria, another Holy Roman Empress.
Ancestry
Cultural depictions
Isabella of Portugal is portrayed by Blanca Suárez in the TVE series Carlos, Rey Emperador.
See also
Descendants of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon
Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal
References
Bibliography
Isabella of Portugal (1503–1539)
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
1503 births
1539 deaths
Nobility from Lisbon
16th-century Portuguese people
16th-century regents
Female regents
House of Aviz
Spanish royal consorts
Queens consort of Castile
Queens consort of Leon
Galician queens consort
Majorcan queens consort
Queens consort of Aragon
Countesses of Barcelona
Duchesses of Burgundy
Countesses of Burgundy
Countesses of Flanders
Duchesses of Brabant
Duchesses of Luxembourg
Duchesses of Limburg
Countesses of Artois
Countesses of Holland
Countesses of Hainaut
Portuguese people of Spanish descent
Regents of Spain
16th-century women rulers
16th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empresses
Austrian royal consorts
Royal consorts of Naples
Royal consorts of Sicily
Queens consort of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)
Deaths in childbirth
Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial
Daughters of kings
Women who experienced pregnancy loss |
Buttar is a Jat clan and surname found in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan.
List of notable people
Notable people with this surname include:
Maninder Buttar, Indian singer
Prit Buttar, British-Indian military historian
Rabinder Buttar, British-Indian biochemist
Rashid Buttar, Pakistani-American osteopathic physician
Vinaypal Buttar, Indian actor and singer-songwriter
See also
Buttar (disambiguation)
References
Surnames
Jat clans
Social groups of Punjab, India
Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan |
Beyond is a 1921 American drama silent film based on the play The Lifted Veil by Henry Arthur Jones. The film was directed by William Desmond Taylor and produced by Jesse L. Lasky. It stars Ethel Clayton, Charles Meredith and Earl Schenck. The feature was distributed by Paramount Pictures and was set in part in New Zealand.
Plot
Cast
Ethel Clayton as Avis Langley
Charles Meredith as Geoffrey Southerne
Earl Schenck as Alec Langley
Fontaine La Rue as Mrs. Langley
Winifred Kingston as Viva Newmarch
Lillian Rich as Bessie Ackroyd
Charles K. French as Samuel Ackroyd
Spottiswoode Aitken as Rufus Southerne
Herbert Fortier as Dr. Newmarch
Background
The director, William Taylor told the Los Angeles Times in 1921 that, "motion pictures are in their occult age...mysticism has a strong grip on popular fancy, there are those who absorb with avidity every new idea in the subject, from the ouija board on. Others believe strongly in some one phase. But all, total scoffers included, are interested in what is said and done on the subject".
Reviews and reception
Reviews for the film were generally mediocre. The New York Daily Telegraph (September 11, 1921) praised Clayton's performance saying she did "exceedingly well with the role of the daughter", and noted that the film "would not hold one's attention so well were it not for the star [Clayton] and the well thought out direction of William D. Taylor". The Moving Picture World (September 17, 1921) said of the film, "the big dramatic points seem to miss fire and the death of the second wife [is] a trick of the dramatist’s to bring about a happy ending". J. S. Dickerson's review in the Motion Picture News (September 11, 1921) was critical of the film saying, "the ghost of Ethel's mother shows up every so often to explain that everything will come out all right, but she never tells her anything that will aid in bringing this about...About the only place [Beyond] may be expected to go over is at a spiritualistic camp meeting...it has no theme worthy of respect nor technical construction unusual enough to command interest".
Preservation
Beyond is preserved incomplete at the Library of Congress with only three of the five reels.
See also
My Favorite Wife (1940)
Cast Away (2000)
References
External links
1921 films
American silent feature films
Films directed by William Desmond Taylor
Paramount Pictures films
1921 in New Zealand
1921 drama films
Silent American drama films
Famous Players-Lasky films
American black-and-white films
1920s American films |
Badminton Association of India (BAI) is the governing body of badminton in India. BAI is an association registered under the societies act. It was formed in 1934, and has been holding national-level tournaments in India since 1936.
BAI has 28 state members that conduct badminton tournaments and have a two-times voting power compared to the affiliate members, who do not conduct tournaments and have a single vote each in the association. It is headquartered in New Delhi, India.
Tournaments
India Open, an annual tournament which is currently part of BWF World Tour
Syed Modi International Badminton Championships, a tournament created in memory of the Commonwealth Games gold medalist Syed Modi.
Hyderabad Open
Odisha Open
Premier Badminton League
Indian National Badminton Championships
Affiliated associations
As of 2018, BAI has a total of 33 affiliated associations.
Andhra Pradesh Badminton Association
Andaman & Nicobar Island Badminton Association
Arunachal State Badminton Association
Assam Badminton Association
Bihar Badminton Association
Chandigarh Badminton Association
Chhattisgarh Badminton Association
Delhi Capital Badminton Association
Goa Badminton Association
Gujarat Badminton Association
Haryana Badminton Association
Himachal Pradesh Badminton Association
Jammu and Kashmir Badminton Association
Jharkhand Badminton Association
Karnataka Badminton Association
Kerala Badminton Association
Maharashtra Badminton Association
Madhya Pradesh Badminton Association
Manipur Badminton Association
Meghalaya Badminton Association
Mizoram Badminton Association
Nagaland Badminton Association
Orissa State Badminton Association
Pondicherry Badminton Association
Punjab Badminton Association
Rajasthan Badminton Association
Badminton Association Of Sikkim
Tamil Nadu Badminton Association
Telangana Badminton Association
Tripura Badminton Association
Uttar Pradesh Badminton Association
Uttarakhand Badminton Association
West Bengal Badminton Association
See also
Badminton in India
India national badminton team
Indian National Badminton Championships
References
External links
BAI Website
India
Sports governing bodies in India
Badminton in India
Organisations based in Lucknow
Sports organizations established in 1934
Badminton organizations
1934 establishments in India |
Neil William "Woody" Houston (born January 19, 1957) is a Canadian curler.
He is a and a 1986 Labatt Brier champion.
He played at the 1988 Winter Olympics when curling was a demonstration sport, Canadian men's team won bronze medal.
During the early 1990s, Houston worked in sports facility management in Leduc, Whitecourt and Fort Saskatchewan. In 1995, Houston moved to Ottawa where he worked for the Canadian Curling Association as director of domestic development. After 13 years with the CCA, Houston moved to British Columbia in 2007 to become venue and sport manager for Curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Houston coached the Andrew Bilesky rink at the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier.
Personal life
Houston is married to Bev Bakka, and has two children.
Awards
Canadian Curling Hall of Fame: inducted in 1992 with all Ed Lukowich 1986 team.
Teams
References
External links
Neil Houston – Curling Canada Stats Archive
Neil Houston Gallery | The Trading Card Database
Video:
Audio: Curling Legends Podcast: Episode 5 - Neil Houston
Living people
1957 births
Curlers from Calgary
Canadian male curlers
Brier champions
Curlers at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Olympic curlers for Canada
Curlers from Ottawa
Curlers from British Columbia
Canadian curling coaches
World curling champions |
The 2021–22 Arema F.C. season is Arema's 32nd competitive season. The club will compete in Indonesia League 1. Arema Football Club a professional football club based in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The season covers the period from 21 January 2021 to 31 March 2022.
Squad information
First team squad
Transfers
In
Out
Loan In
Loan Out
Review and events
This season will be the first season for the coach Carlos Oliviera having been appointed as Arema's coach on 17 September 2020 to replace Mario Gómez who resigned in August 2020.
Last season Arema FC was in the 12th position before the season competition 2020 was postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia until finally canceled by PSSI after being delayed several times by referring to the results of the PSSI Executive Committee (Exco) meeting which took place virtually on 20 January 2021. However, on 7 February 2021 Arema management will not renew the head coach contract Carlos Oliviera. Carlos Oliviera contract itself will expire on 17 February 2021 and after that date he will be relieved of duty. And the temporary position of head coach was replaced by assistant coach Kuncoro during the pre-seasons tournament 2021 Menpora Cup. On 3 May 2021, Arema officially announced a new coach namely Eduardo Almeida.
Arema also experienced the longest unbeaten run in the 2021–22 season for 23 matches. Started in week 4 against PSIS Semarang with a 0–0 draw and had to stop in week 27 when they lost in the Super East Java Derby against Persebaya Surabaya with a final score of 1–0. At the end of the season, Arema placed 4th in the Liga 1 standings for the 2021–22 season.
Pre-seasons and friendlies
Friendlies
Menpora Cup
Group stage
Match results
Liga 1
Matches
League table
Statistics
Squad appearances and goals
|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Goalkeepers
|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Defenders
|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Midfielders
|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Forwards
|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Players transferred or loaned out during the season the club
|}
Top scorers
The list is sorted by shirt number when total goals are equal.
References
Arema FC seasons
Indonesian football clubs 2021 season |
The Rocket is a monthly political news magazine published in Malaysia. Founded in 1966, it is one of the oldest magazines in the country. Subtitled as "From Malaysians for Malaysians", it is also one of the alternative media outlets of Malaysia.
History and profile
The Rocket was founded in 1966. The magazine is affiliated with Democratic Action Party. Although it was started as a publication aimed at the general public, the Malaysian government restricted its sale to party members, because one of the major funds for the party was revenue from sales of The Rocket. Following this regulation, it has been sold only to party members.
Since its establishment, The Rocket has been subject to bans. For instance, on 22 May 1969, the magazine and other political party publications were temporarily banned in Malaysia. In the late 1990s, it was again temporarily closed. In 2010, the renewal of the publishing permits of the magazine and of other opposition publications was delayed.
The Rocket is published on a monthly basis. The magazine has Malay, Chinese and English editions. The circulation of The Rocket sharply decreased following the Malaysian general election in 1990.
References
External links
1966 establishments in Malaysia
Alternative magazines
Chinese-language magazines
English-language magazines
Magazines established in 1966
Malay-language magazines
Monthly magazines
News magazines published in Asia
Political magazines published in Malaysia
Censorship in Malaysia
Banned magazines |
Don Chicago is a 1945 British crime comedy film directed by Maclean Rogers and starring Jackie Hunter, Joyce Heron and Claud Allister. It is based on the novel by C. E. Bechhofer Roberts.
Plot
An aspiring but timid gangster is forced to leave the United States after crossing the wrong people, but upon arriving in Britain he is treated as a dangerous criminal.
Don Chicago steals the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London whilst on a day-trip. He infiltrates the BBC to make various announcements.
Cast
Jackie Hunter as Don Chicago
Eddie Gray as Police Constable Gray
Joyce Heron as Kitty Mannering
Claud Allister as Lord Piccadilly
Amy Veness as Bowie Knife Bella
Wylie Watson as Peabody
Don Stannard as Ken Cressing
Charles Farrell as Don Dooley
Finlay Currie as Bugs Mulligan
Cyril Smith as Flash Kelly
Ellen Pollock as Lady Vanessa
Moira Lister as Telephone Operator
Wally Patch as Sergeant
References
External links
1945 films
Films directed by Maclean Rogers
1945 comedy films
British crime comedy films
British black-and-white films
Films set in London
Films set in Hampshire
Films scored by Percival Mackey
1940s British films |
Casabianca was a nuclear attack submarine of the French Navy. Laid down in 1981, she was launched in 1984 and commissioned in 1987. She was withdrawn from service in September 2023.
Unlike her five sister ships, Casabianca was not named after a precious stone; she was named after the of the Second World War.
The boat was the third in the . Between 1993 and June 1994, the boat undertook a major refitting which upgraded the boat to the level of Améthyste, arming the latter for anti-submarine as well as anti-surface ship warfare. The boat's underwater endurance is 60 days, dictated by food supplies. The boat was designed to operate at seas 220 days per year, and was thus staffed by two crews that replaced each other from one patrol or exercise to the next.
Casabiancas operational highlights include being the first French submarine to visit the naval base at Severomorsk, home of the Russian Northern Fleet, in 2003; and patrols in the Mediterranean and in the Indian Ocean as part of the fleet surrounding the aircraft carrier , such as in 2007.
During the Péan inter-allied maneuvers of 1998, Casabianca managed to "sink" and her escort cruiser during a simulated attack.
On August 21 2023, the submarine departed Toulon for the final time. She arrived in Cherbourg on September 1 to prepare for decommissioning.
See also
Luc-Julien-Joseph Casabianca
List of submarines of France
Notes and references
External links
Rubis-class submarines
Ships built in France
Cold War submarines of France
Submarines of France
1984 ships |
The Sting Ray is a British acoustic homing lightweight torpedo (LWT) manufactured by GEC-Marconi, who were later bought out by BAE Systems. It entered service in 1983.
Design and development
In the 1950s the Royal Navy was equipped with British designed and built Mk 30 air-dropped torpedoes. These were passive homing weapons which relied on detecting the noise from submarine targets. However, as submarine noise levels decreased these weapons became ineffective. A design for a British Mk 31 torpedo which would have used active echo-location sonar failed to receive Government approval for production. US Mk 44 torpedoes were purchased for the Royal Navy in the 1960s to fill this role, and later replaced by US Mk 46 torpedoes.
A desire not to be dependent on US torpedo purchases led to a research programme starting in 1964 to develop a British torpedo. Initially designated Naval and Air Staff Requirement (NASR) 7511, it was (much later in the late 1970s) designated the Sting Ray torpedo.
Design
Design studies in the mid-1960s proposed that a tank of polyethylene oxide be carried behind the warhead. This polymer would be exuded at the nose to reduce the drag coefficient. Experiments using buoyancy-propelled torpedoes in 1969 had shown reductions in the drag coefficient up to 25%. However, by 1969 this scheme had been rejected in favour of carrying a larger battery.
The homing system developed in the mid-1960s incorporated a spinning magnetic disc onto which the acoustic correlation algorithms were etched but this was replaced by integrated circuit technology when the disc sometimes failed to survive the impact of the weapon with the sea from high altitude launches.
The original warhead concept was for a simple omnidirectional blast charge. However, studies in the 1970s showed that this would be inadequate against the large double-hulled submarines then entering service. A directed energy (shaped charge) warhead was used in the production weapon.
In 1976 the designs had to be completely revised. Swapping the project for buying a ready-made US torpedo was not considered because the torpedo was expected to be better, and was all-British.
Manufacture
The torpedo was built at the MSDS (later MUSL) plants at Neston (in Cheshire) and MUSL in Farlington and Waterlooville near Portsmouth. Guidance systems were made by Sperry Gyroscope Company.
Deployment
The original in-service version (Sting Ray Mod 0) is officially documented as entering service in 1983, although Mark Higgitt's book Through Fire and Water (2013), which tells the story of HMS Ardent during the Falklands conflict, states that operational Stingray torpedoes were transferred to the ship immediately prior to its sailing date of 19 April 1982 under conditions of great secrecy (pp. 56, 61). It is propelled by a pump jet driven by an electric motor. Power is supplied by a magnesium/silver-chloride sea water battery. The propulsion method combines high speed, deep diving, agility and low noise levels. The weapon is provided with target and environmental information by the launching platform. Once launched it operates autonomously, with tactical software searching for the target using active sonar and then homing in without any further assistance. The software is designed to deal with the employment of countermeasures by the target. The weapon is designed to be launched from fixed wing or rotary winged aircraft and surface ships against submarine targets.
The development of the torpedo cost £920 million. The Mark 24 Tigerfish submarine-launched torpedo had also overshot its initial budget.
Operators
Current operators
Royal Navy
Royal Norwegian Navy
Royal Thai Navy
Romanian Navy
Royal Moroccan Navy
Specifications
Length:
Diameter:
Weight:
Warhead: of HE in a shaped charge
Speed:
Range:
Depth:
Propulsion: Magnesium/silver chloride seawater battery (Pump-jet)
Guidance Active/Passive sonar
Dimensions
Sting Ray has a diameter of and a length of around . It has a launch weight of , and carries a Torpex warhead. It has a speed of over a range of . The increased diameter compared to the US/NATO standard of , meant that RN ships equipped with STWS-1 torpedo tubes designed for the Mark 46 torpedo couldn't fire Sting Ray. Only ships fitted/refitted with the larger STWS-2 or Magazine Torpedo Weapon System can use it.
Sting Ray Mod 1 is intended for use against the same targets as Sting Ray Mod 0 but with an enhanced capability against small clad conventional submarines via a shaped-charge insensitive explosive warhead from TDW, and an improved shallow-water performance. It shares many hull components with the original weapon.
See also
APR-3E torpedo - Russian equivalent
A244-S - Italian equivalent
Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo - US Navy's equivalent
MU90 Impact - French/Italian equivalent
TAL Shyena - Indian equivalent
Yu-7 torpedo - Chinese equivalent
K745 Chung Sang Eo - South Korean equivalent
Type 97 light weight torpedo (G-RX4) - Japanese equivalent
References
External links
Royal Navy
Royal Air Force
BAE Systems
Photo of Sting Ray torpedo
Photo of British Mk 30 torpedo
Drag Reduction Experiments for Sting Ray, 1968 - 1971
Norway order Sting Ray mod 1 for frigates, helicopters
Naval weapons of the Cold War
Naval weapons of the United Kingdom
Torpedoes of the United Kingdom
Aerial torpedoes
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1983
General Electric Company
BAE Systems weapons systems |
```java
package com.beloo.chipslayoutmanager.sample.ui.adapter;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.ImageButton;
import android.widget.TextView;
import java.util.List;
import com.beloo.chipslayoutmanager.sample.ui.OnRemoveListener;
import com.beloo.chipslayoutmanager.sample.R;
public class RecyclerViewAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<RecyclerViewAdapter.ViewHolder> {
private static String TAG = RecyclerViewAdapter.class.getSimpleName();
private int viewHolderCount;
private final int ITEM_TYPE_DEFAULT = 0;
private final int ITEM_TYPE_INCREASED = 1;
private List<String> items;
private OnRemoveListener onRemoveListener;
public RecyclerViewAdapter(List<String> items, OnRemoveListener onRemoveListener) {
this.items = items;
this.onRemoveListener = onRemoveListener;
}
@Override
public ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
View itemView;
switch (viewType) {
case ITEM_TYPE_INCREASED:
itemView = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext()).inflate(R.layout.item_increased, parent, false);
break;
default:
itemView = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext()).inflate(R.layout.item_simple, parent, false);
break;
}
viewHolderCount++;
// Timber.w(TAG, "created holders = " + viewHolderCount);
return new ViewHolder(itemView);
}
@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(ViewHolder holder, int position) {
holder.bindItem(items.get(position));
}
@Override
public int getItemViewType(int position) {
String item = items.get(position);
if (item.startsWith("!")) {
return ITEM_TYPE_INCREASED;
}
return ITEM_TYPE_DEFAULT;
}
@Override
public int getItemCount() {
return items.size();
}
class ViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder {
private TextView tvText;
private ImageButton ibClose;
ViewHolder(View itemView) {
super(itemView);
tvText = (TextView) itemView.findViewById(R.id.tvText);
ibClose = (ImageButton) itemView.findViewById(R.id.ibClose);
ibClose.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
int position = getAdapterPosition();
if (position != -1) {
onRemoveListener.onItemRemoved(position);
}
}
});
}
void bindItem(String text) {
tvText.setText(text);
}
}
}
``` |
This list comprises all players who have participated in at least one league match for Portland Timbers 2 since the team's first USL season in 2015. Players who were on the roster but never played a first team game are not listed; players who appeared for the team in the U.S. Open Cup but never actually made an USL appearance are noted at the bottom of the page.
A "†" denotes players who only appeared in a single match.
A
Victor Arboleda
Gbenga Arokoyo †
Dairon Asprilla †
B
Jack Barmby †
Kharlton Belmar
Nick Besler
Santiago Biglieri
Villyan Bijev
Blake Bodily
Neco Brett
C
Seth Casiple
Rennico Clarke
D
Dylan Damraoui
Harrison Delbridge
Christian Duarte
E
Steven Evans
F
Marco Farfan
Gastón Fernández †
Devon Fisher
George Fochive
G
Michael Gallagher
Blair Gavin
Jake Gleeson
H
Wade Hamilton
I
Akinjide Idowu †
J
Jeanderson
Will Johnson
K
Chris Klute
L
Andre Lewis
Terrell Lowe
Justin Luthy
M
Anthony Manning
Kendall McIntosh
Alexis Meva
Trevor Morley
N
Michael Nanchoff
O
Amobi Okugo
P
Steve Palacios
Norberto Paparatto †
Tim Payne
Taylor Peay
Ben Polk
Alvas Powell
R
Brent Richards
Matt Rose
S
Fatawu Safiu
Michael Seaton
T
Steven Taylor
Andy Thoma
Schillo Tshuma
W
Andrew Weber
Augustine Williams
Rundell Winchester
Miscellaneous
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Mystic Theatre is a historic theatre in Marmarth in Slope County, North Dakota. It was built in 1914 and has also been known as Marmarth Theatre. The theatre was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.
It is a frame building, stuccoed, with 187 seats.
It was unusual for its time, as it was specifically designed for showing "motion pictures". It was a project of professional baseball player Guy Johnson (1891-1971), who moved to Marmarth and built the theatre in 1914. It opened April 22, 1914 and was packed.
References
Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in North Dakota
Theatres completed in 1914
National Register of Historic Places in Slope County, North Dakota
1914 establishments in North Dakota |
Angiomotin-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMOTL1 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a peripheral membrane protein that is a component of tight junctions or TJs. TJs form an apical junctional structure and act to control paracellular permeability and maintain cell polarity. This protein is related to angiomotin, an angiostatin binding protein that regulates endothelial cell migration and capillary formation.
References
External links
Further reading |
Peter Canisius (; 8 May 1521 – 21 December 1597) was a Dutch Jesuit priest. He became known for his strong support for the Catholic faith during the Protestant Reformation in Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Switzerland and the British Isles. The restoration of the Catholic Church in Germany after the Protestant Reformation is largely attributed to the work there of the Society of Jesus, which he led. He is venerated in the Catholic Church as a saint and as a Doctor of the Church.
Life
He was born in 1521 in Nijmegen in the Duchy of Guelders, which, until 1549, was part of the Habsburg Netherlands within the Holy Roman Empire and is now the Netherlands. His father was a wealthy burgermeister, Jacob Kanis. His mother, Ægidia van Houweningen, died shortly after Peter's birth. He was sent to study at the University of Cologne, where he earned a master's degree in 1540, at the age of 19.
While there, he met Peter Faber, one of the founders of the Society of Jesus. Through him, Canisius became the first Dutchman to join the newly founded Society of Jesus in 1543. Through his preaching and writings, Peter Canisius became one of the most influential Catholics of his time. He supervised the founding and maintenance of the first German-speaking Jesuit colleges, often with little resources at hand. At the same time he preached in the city and vicinity, and debated and taught in the university. Due to his frequent travels between the colleges, a tedious and dangerous occupation at the time, he became known as the Second Apostle of Germany.
Canisius exerted a strong influence on the Emperor Ferdinand I. The king's eldest son (later Maximilian II) appointed Phauser, a married priest, to the office of court preacher. Canisius warned Ferdinand I, verbally and in writing, and opposed Phauser in public disputations. Maximilian was obliged to dismiss Phauser and, on this account, the rest of his life he harboured a grudge against Canisius.
In 1547 he attended several sessions of the Council of Trent. Canisius was an influential teacher and preacher, especially through his "German Catechism", a book which defined the basic principles of Catholicism in the German language and made them more accessible to readers in German-speaking countries. He was offered the post of Bishop of Vienna in 1554, but declined in order to continue his traveling and teachings. He did, however, serve as administrator of the Diocese of Vienna for one year, until a new bishop was appointed for it.
He moved to Germany, where he was one of the main Catholic theologians at the Colloquy of Worms in 1557, and later served as the main preacher in the Cathedral of Augsburg from 1559 to 1568, where he strongly witnessed to his faith on three or four occasions each week. Canisius was renowned as a popular preacher. In 1562 he founded what was to become the University of Innsbruck.
In Christ The King – Lord of History by Anne W. Carroll, it states:Protestantism had made much headway in Germany because many intellectuals had adopted it, making Catholicism appear to be the religion of the ignorant. By his debates, his writing and his teachings, Peter showed that Catholicism was thoroughly rational, that the Protestant arguments were not convincing.<p>By his efforts, Peter won Bavaria (southern Germany) and the Rhineland (central Germany) back to the Catholic Church. He also won converts in Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Poland. Poland had become largely Protestant, but thanks to the efforts of Peter and other Jesuits, it returned to the Church and is still Catholic today despite Communist persecution.
By the time he left Germany, the Society of Jesus in Germany had evolved from a small band of priests into a powerful tool of the Counter-Reformation. Canisius spent the last twenty years of his life in Fribourg, where he founded the Jesuit Collège Saint-Michel, which trained generations of young men for careers and future university studies. During this period, Canisius's work "was translated into almost every language of Europe"; for example, his Summa Doctrinae Christianae (1554) was translated into Scots by Adam King and published in 1588.
In 1591, at the age of 70, Canisius suffered a stroke which left him partially paralyzed, but he continued to preach and write with the aid of a secretary until his death in Fribourg.
He was initially buried at the Church of St. Nicholas. His remains were later transferred to the church of the Jesuit College, which he had founded and where he had spent the last year of his life, and interred in front of the main altar of the church; the room he occupied during those last months is now a chapel open for the veneration of the faithful.
Pastoral strategy
Canisius lived during the height of the Protestant Reformation and dedicated much of his work to the clarification of the Catholic Faith in light of the emergence of the new Protestant doctrines. His lasting contribution is his three catechisms, which he published in Latin and German, which became widespread and popular in Catholic regions. In his fight with German Protestantism, he requested much more flexibility from Rome, arguing:
He rejected attacks against John Calvin and Melanchthon: "With words like these, we don't cure patients, we make them incurable."
Mariology of Canisius
Canisius taught that, while there are many roads leading to Jesus Christ, for him the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the best. His sermons and letters document a clear preoccupation with Marian veneration. Under the heading "prayer" he explains the Ave Maria (Hail Mary) as the basis for Catholic Marian piety. Less known are his Marian books, in which he published prayers and contemplative texts. To the Hail Mary he added the sentence: Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners. Eleven years later it was included in the Catechism of the Council of Trent of 1566.
Canisius published an applied Mariology for preachers, in which Mary is described in tender and warm words. He actively promoted the sodalities of our Lady and the rosary associations.
Theologically, Canisius defended Catholic Mariology in his 1577 book, De Maria Virgine Incomparabili et Dei Genitrice Sacrosancta Libri Quinque. The book was ordered by Pope Pius V to present a factual presentation of the Catholic Marian teachings in the Bible, the early Christians, the Church Fathers and contemporary theology. Canisius explains and documents Church teachings through the ages regarding the person and character of Mary, her virtues and youth. He traces historical documents about the perpetual virginity of Mary, and her freedom from sin. He explains the dogma of "Mother of God" with numerous quotations from the fathers after the Council of Ephesus. He shows that Church teaching has not changed. He answers the sola scriptura arguments of Protestants by analyzing the biblical basis for mariology. Book five explains the Catholic view of the assumption as living faith for centuries, supported by most prominent Church writers.
From today's perspective, Canisius clearly erred in some of his sources, but, because of his factual analysis of original sources, it is considered as representing one of the best theological achievements in the 16th century.
Veneration
Canisius was beatified by Pope Pius IX in 1864, and later canonized and declared a Doctor of the Church on 21 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI. His feast day was included in the General Roman Calendar in 1926, for celebration on 27 April. In the liturgical reform of 1969, it was moved to 21 December, the anniversary of his death, the normal day for celebrating a saint's entry into heaven (although it is still kept by the Society of Jesus on 27 April).
Legacy
In recognition there of Canisius' early work in the establishment of Jesuit education, there are multiple educational institutions named for him. Among them is the Canisius College for seminarians in Vienna, Austria, the first institution named for him, as well as Canisius College, a Jesuit secondary school in his hometown of Nijmegen and the alma mater of Peter Hans Kolvenbach, a recent Superior General of the Society of Jesus. Another Canisius College, a university, and Canisius High School, a secondary school, are located in Buffalo, New York. Furthermore, a Jesuit-run Canisius Kolleg can be found in Berlin, Germany. There are also two secondary schools named after Canisius, Kolese Kanisius (Collegium Canisianum or Canisius College), in Jakarta, Indonesia, and Canisianum Roman Catholic HS in the Omusati Region of Namibia, Africa.
In addition, there is a primary school: Basisschool Petrus Canisius in Puth in Limburg, Netherlands. In 1850 the Canisius Hospital was established on the corner of the Houtmarkt and the Pauwelstraat in Nijmegen. In 1974 it merged with Wilhelmina Hospital located at the Weg door Jonkerbos in Nijmegen, to become Canisius-Wilhemina Hospital.
The Apologetisch Vereniging St. Petrus Canisius (St. Peter Canisius Association for Apologetics) was founded in the Netherlands in 1904 to defend the Catholic Church against socialism and liberalism.
From the middle of the nineteenth century on German churchmen, including Michael Cardinal von Faulhaber (1869–1952), considered Canisius as a new "Apostle of Germany", a successor of Saint Boniface, for his importance for German Christianity.
Works
(1555) Summa doctrinae christianae (A Summary of Christian Teachings)
The longer version (with quotes from authority):
Vol. 1: Faith, Hope, Charity, the Precepts of the Church
Vol. 2: The Sacraments
Vol. 3: Christian Justification, good works, Cardinal Virtues, Gifts and Fruits of the Holy Ghost, Eight Beatitudes, Evangelical Counsels, etc.
(1556) Catechismus minor (A Smaller Catechism)
(1558) Parvus catechismus catholicorum (A Little Catechism for Catholics)
(1577) De Maria virgine incomparabili (On the Incomparable Virgin Mary)
See also
Saint Peter Canisius, patron saint archive
References
Sources
Petrus Canisius, (Ed. Bourassee) De Maria Virgine Incomparabili et Dei Genitrice Sacrosancta Libri, 1577 Quinque. Paris, 1862.
Petrus Canisius, (ed. Friedrich Streicher), Meditaciones seunatae in evangelicas lectiones, 1591–1593, (Fribourg, Switzerland, 1939, 1955)
In addition to the listed institutions worldwide, there is Peter Canisius College in Sydney, Australia (suburb of Pymble at 102 Mona Vale Road).
External links
Canisius College Jakarta's official web site
Parvus catechismus catholicorum (in English)
Website of Canisius Kolleg Berlin, Germany
Website of Canisius College, Buffalo, New York, United States
1521 births
1597 deaths
16th-century Christian saints
16th-century Dutch Jesuits
16th-century Dutch Roman Catholic theologians
Beatifications by Pope Pius IX
Canonizations by Pope Pius XI
Doctors of the Church
Dutch Roman Catholic saints
Jesuit saints
Jesuit theologians
People from Nijmegen |
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