text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
The Mauritius Fire Services Long Service and Good Conduct Medal was awarded between 1968 and 1992 by the Dominion of Mauritius to members of local fire services.
Establishment
On 12 March 1968 Mauritius, until then a British colony, became an independent Dominion within the Commonwealth, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as Head of State with the title Queen of Mauritius. This constitutional change required the replacement of a number of colonial era awards, including the Colonial Fire Brigades Long Service Medal which, by a Royal Warrant, was replaced by the Mauritius Fire Services Long Service and Good Conduct Medal. The award became defunct when Mauritius became a republic within the Commonwealth on 12 March 1992.
The medal, which is worn after coronation and jubilee medals, appears in the British order of wear.
Description
The medal is circular, silver, and in diameter. The obverse has the Queen's effigy, designed by Cecil Thomas, with the inscription 'QUEEN ELIZABETH II'. The reverse is similar to the earlier Colonial Fire Brigades Long Service Medal, and depicts a firefighter's helmet and fire axe superimposed on a laurel wreath. Around the central design are the words 'FOR LONG SERVICE AND GOOD CONDUCT • MAURITIUS FIRE BRIGADES'. The ribbon is red with a central black stripe and is worn from a ring suspender. Each medal was inscribed with the recipient's details on the edge.
It was manufactured by the British Royal Mint.
Award criteria
The medal was awarded to members of the Mauritius Government Fire Service and the fire brigades of the City of Port Louis and Department of Civil Aviation, who completed eighteen years whole or aggregated service. This could include service prior to independence. Clasps were granted for twenty-five and thirty years service. In undress, when only ribbons are worn, these clasps are represented by silver rosettes attached to the ribbon.
See also
Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal
Mauritius Prisons Service Long Service and Good Conduct Medal
References
Awards established in 1968
Awards disestablished in 1992
Long and Meritorious Service Medals of Britain and the Commonwealth
Civil awards and decorations of the United Kingdom
Fire service awards and honors
Long service medals
1968 establishments in Mauritius
1992 disestablishments in Mauritius
Mauritius and the Commonwealth of Nations
Orders, decorations, and medals of Mauritius
Military awards and decorations of the United Kingdom |
Jāzeps Pīgoznis (15 September 1934 – 28 May 2014) was a Latvian and Latgalian painter, landscape artist and professor of drawing at the Art Academy of Latvia from 1972 until 1986. He was awarded the Order of the Three Stars in 2011.
Pīgoznis was born on 15 September 1934 in Ruzhina Parish, present-day Rēzekne Municipality, Latgale. From 1953 to 1959, he studied in the Latvian Academy of Arts. Throughout his artistic career, Pīgoznis had more than 25 personal exhibitions in Latvia and abroad. He died on 28 May 2014, at the age of 79.
References
1934 births
2014 deaths
People from Rēzekne Municipality
Academic staff of the Art Academy of Latvia
20th-century Latvian artists
21st-century Latvian artists
20th-century Latvian educators
21st-century Latvian educators
20th-century Latvian painters
Latvian male painters
21st-century Latvian painters |
The Pleosporales is the largest order in the fungal class Dothideomycetes. By a 2008 estimate, it contained 23 families, 332 genera and more than 4700 species. The majority of species are saprobes on decaying plant material in fresh water, marine, or terrestrial environments, but several species are also associated with living plants as parasites, epiphytes or endophytes. The best studied species cause plant diseases on important agricultural crops e.g. Cochliobolus heterostrophus, causing southern corn leaf blight on maize, Phaeosphaeria nodorum (Stagonospora nodorum) causing glume blotch on wheat and Leptosphaeria maculans causing a stem canker (called blackleg) on cabbage crops (Brassica). Some species of Pleosporales occur on animal dung, and a small number occur as lichens and rock-inhabiting fungi.
Taxonomy
The order was proposed in 1955 as Dothideomycetes with perithecioid ascomata with pseudoparaphyses amongst the asci, at which time there were seven families (Botryosphaeriaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Herpotrichiellaceae, Lophiostomataceae, Mesnieraceae, Pleosporaceae, and Venturiaceae). Three further families were added in 1973 (Dimeriaceae, Mycoporaceae, and Sporormiaceae). Coniothyriaceae was added by W.B. Cooke in 1983. The order was only formally described in 1987 (Barr) with 21 families. Five families were added in 2009 (Aigialaceae, Amniculicolaceae, Lentitheciaceae, Tetraplosphaeriaceae, and Trematosphaeriaceae). The family Halojulellaceae was circumscribed in 2013, as well as Salsugineaceae.
Roussoellaceae was introduced by Liu et al. (2014), family Torulaceae was added in 2017, as well as family Camarosporiaceae, and Neocamarosporiaceae. Then the family Tzeananaceae was added in 2018.
Subdivision
Margaret E. Barr in 1979, originally accepted six suborders within which to arrange the families. A suborder, Pleosporineae has been proposed, including four families (Didymellaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae, Phaeosphaeriaceae and Pleosporaceae). Families Ascocylindricaceae, Coniothyriaceae, Cucurbitariaceae, Dothidotthiaceae, Halojulellaceae, Neopyrenochaetaceae, Neophaeosphaeriaceae, Parapyrenochaetaceae, Pseudopyrenochaetaceae, Pyrenochaetopsidaceae, Shiraiaceae and Tzeananiaceae joined them later in 2015.
Also suborder Massarineae with five families (Lentitheciaceae, Massarinaceae, Montagnulaceae, Morosphaeriaceae and Trematosphaeriaceae).
In 2015, with DNA analysis, the monophyletic status of the Dictyosporiaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Latoruaceae, Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, Massarinaceae, Morosphaeriaceae, and Trematosphaeriaceae was strongly supported, while the clades of the Bambusicolaceae and the Lentitheciaceae are only moderately supported. Two new families, Parabambusicolaceae and Sulcatisporaceae, were proposed in 2015.
Phylogenetics
The Pleosporales form a well supported clade, with 17 subclades. As a result of phylogenetic studies, the Pleosporales have undergone considerable reorganisation, particularly with reference to the very large genus Phoma and the family Didymellaceae. Consequently, a number of genera considered incertae sedis have now been placed within the latter family.
Genera incertae sedis
These are genera of the Pleosporales of uncertain taxonomy that have not been placed in any family.
Amarenomyces
Anguillospora
Aquaticheirospora
Ascochyta
Ascochytella
Ascochytula
Ascorhombispora
Ascoronospora
Berkleasmium
Briansuttonia
Centrospora
Cheiromoniliophora
Cheirosporium
Clavariopsis
Coronospora
Dactuliophora
Dictyosporium
Didymocrea
Digitodesmium
Elegantimyces
Extrusothecium
Farlowiella
Fusculina
Helicascus
Herpotrichia
Hyalobelemnospora
Immotthia
Letendraea
Margaretbarromyces
Massariosphaeria
Metameris
Monoblastiopsis
Mycocentrospora
Mycodidymella
Neopeckia
Neophaeosphaeria
Ocala
Ochrocladosporium
Paraliomyces
Passerinula
Periconia
Phaeostagonospora
Protocucurbitaria
Pseudochaetosphaeronema
Pseudodidymella
Pseudotrichia
Pyrenochaeta
Rhopographus
Setomelanomma
Shiraia
Speira
Sporidesmium
Sporocybe
Subbaromyces
Trematosphaeriopsis
Versicolorisporium
Wettsteinina
Wicklowia
Although in 2009 when Lentitheciaceae was established it placed various genera such as Lentithecium and Tingoldiago, plus others.
Evolution
The oldest members of Pleosporales are the fossil genera Margaretbarromyces, which was described from Eocene age strata on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and Cryptodidymosphaerites, described from the Ypresian Princeton chert in the British Columbian interior.
References
Bibliography
Ascomycota orders
Lichen orders
Taxa described in 1987
Taxa named by Margaret Elizabeth Barr-Bigelow |
Touched is a play by English playwright Stephen Lowe.
The play opened at the Nottingham Playhouse on 9 June 1977, directed by Richard Eyre. It was revived at the Royal Court in January 1981, in a new production by William Gaskill. Both productions starred Marjorie Yates as Sandra. The play was joint winner of the George Devine Award in 1977.
In February 2006, it was one of the fifty plays chosen by the Royal Court to represent the fifty-year history of the English Stage Company with readings in the Theatre Upstairs - Look Back: 50 readings, 50 writers, 50 plays. The rehearsed reading of Touched took place on 22 February 2006, with Anne-Marie Duff as Sandra. Nick Hern Books published a new edition of the play to coincide with this production, with a new afterword by Lowe.
The play has been revived many times by regional theatres in England, including Derby Playhouse and Salisbury Playhouse, and colleges, including RADA and Canterbury College in February 2011. In February 2017, Nottingham Playhouse celebrated the fortieth anniversary of the play with a new production starring Vicky McClure as Sandra. Five of the cast were graduates of the Central Junior Television Workshop in Nottingham: Vicky McClure, Aisling Loftus, Chloe Harris, Luke Gell and George Boden.
Plot and themes
The play is set in 1945 during the hundred days between VE Day in May 1945 and VJ Day in August 1945, a period which also included the election of the first ever Labour government and the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The play focuses on a group of women in a working-class suburb of Nottingham, especially Sandra and her sisters, Joan and Betty. Sandra has lost a child: not killed by an enemy bomb, but by a car in the blackout. Now, with peace coming, she is full of hope for a different kind of future. She says, "The world's changing. It's not going to go back to the way it was."
Lowe was inspired to write the play by his mother: "I grew up on the usual pulp of heroic war films and comics... While therefore I gained a fairly graphic picture of the life of a soldier, it occurred to me while talking to my mother that I had hardly any picture of those who stayed at home - those whose battles had been fought in the landscape I had grown up in. I knew nothing, really, about the sacrifices and suffering of the women who only a few years later were to pick me up and put me down, and place pennies in my hand. Pennies I had never thought to return."
As critic Lyn Gardner says, the play reflects “both the social mores of the time and the inner emotional lives of these down-to-earth women. It understands their tribal loyalties and their stern sense of working-class morality, forbidding fraternisation with the Italian POWs that might put one of their number beyond the pale.” Time Out said of the play, "Touched is truly identified with working people and a radical vision, unlike many contemporary plays for which the same claim is made."
Sources
Touched by Stephen Lowe, Methuen 1981
Touched by Stephen Lowe, Nick Hern Books 2006
www.stephenlowe.co.uk
References
External links
Touched, review by Lyn Gardner of 2008 revival at Salisbury Playhouse, The Guardian, 8 April 2008
Archived page on Royal Court website. Look Back: 50 readings, 50 writers, 50 plays
Touched webpage, Nick Hern Books website
Stephen Lowe's website
1977 plays
English plays
Plays about World War II
Plays set in the 1940s
Plays set in England
Working-class culture in England |
Philip Horne (born 1957) is a teacher and literary critic specializing in 19th century literature, particularly Henry James and Charles Dickens. Educated at King's College School and Cambridge University, he is currently Professor of English at University College London.
Horne has authored or edited a number of book about Henry James. In 1990 he published Henry James and Revision: The New York Edition, a careful study of the extensive revisions James made in his novels and tales for the many-volumed but ill-fated New York Edition (1907-1909). He published a related article, Henry James at Work: The Question of Our Texts, as part of the 1998 collection of essays, The Cambridge Companion to Henry James edited by Jonathan Freedman. Horne generally favors the late revisions that James made in his fiction, and in his Cambridge Companion essay he emphasizes the importance for the critic of complete acquaintance with the various texts of a James novel or tale:
The serious critic of a fiction by James not only needs to know about its main recent critics, I would argue, but also its early critical history, its critical reception, and James' own remarks about it in the Prefaces and letters. As I have suggested, James's revisions and adaptations can be seen as part of the critical dossier.
Horne has edited two editions of James' works: A London Life and The Reverberator (1989) and The Tragic Muse (1995). Not surprisingly he used the New York Edition texts for all these works, and he included extensive textual notes. Horne has also published an epistolary biography of James, Henry James: A Life in Letters (1999). The book used 296 of James' letters as the framework for a biography that concentrated on the novelist's professional career. Approximately half the letters were previously unpublished. As usual, Horne wrote thorough textual notes on the letters.
Horne published an edition of Oliver Twist in 2003, and has written on such varied topics as telephones and literature, zombies and consumer culture, and the texts of Emily Dickinson. His research interests include the films of Alfred Hitchcock and Martin Scorsese, and publishing history.
References
A London Life and The Reverberator by Henry James, edited by Philip Horne, Oxford University Press 1989
The Tragic Muse by Henry James, edited by Philip Horne, Penguin Classics 1995
The Cambridge Companion to Henry James edited by Jonathan Freedman, Cambridge University Press 1998
Henry James: A Life in Letters edited by Philip Horne, Viking Adult 1999
External links
Philip Horne's page at the University College London web site
Henry James and the Masks of Life by Philip Horne
Philip Horne discusses British film director Thorold Dickinson
Philip Horne's review of David Lodge's novel about Henry James, Author, Author
Philip Horne's interview with Ruth Prawer Jhabvala on the film version of The Golden Bowl
English literary critics
People educated at King's College School, London
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Academics of University College London
1957 births |
State elections were held in South Australia on 29 April 1944. All 39 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election. The incumbent Liberal and Country League government led by Premier of South Australia Thomas Playford IV defeated the opposition Australian Labor Party led by Leader of the Opposition Robert Richards.
Background
Labor won an additional five seats totaling 16 seats − the highest number of seats won by Labor from the 1933 election through to the 1959 election, an effort not even outdone at the 1953 election where Labor won 53 percent of the statewide two-party vote but the LCL retained government with the assistance of the Playmander − an electoral malapportionment that also saw a clear majority of the statewide two-party vote won by Labor while failing to form government in 1953, 1962 and 1968.
The election was the first where the two-party vote had been retrospectively calculated. Unusually a wartime opposition won a clear majority of the two-party vote.
Turnout crashed to 50 percent at the 1941 election, triggering the government to institute compulsory voting from this election.
The Communist Party of Australia in South Australia recorded their highest vote at this election − 19.4 percent (2,500 votes) for candidate Alf Watt in the seat of Adelaide. The party contested one other seat at the election, Prospect, on 15.7 percent. The party only contested a select few seats at each election, the first at the 1930 election and the last at the 1977 election.
Results
|}
The primary vote figures were from contested seats, while the state-wide two-party-preferred vote figures were estimated from all seats.
See also
Results of the South Australian state election, 1944 (House of Assembly)
Candidates of the 1944 South Australian state election
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly, 1944-1947
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council, 1944–1947
Playmander
References
History of South Australian elections 1857-2006, volume 1: ECSA
State and federal election results in Australia since 1890
The ‘Playmander’, Its origins, operation and effect on South Australia
Specific
Elections in South Australia
1944 elections in Australia
1940s in South Australia
April 1944 events |
Aplocheilus parvus, the dwarf panchax, is a species of killifish native to India and Sri Lanka. This species grows to a length of . Its natural habitats are sheltered fresh and brackish water tanks, small streams and rivulets overgrown with vegetation. They are rarely use as an aquarium fish. It is often misidentified as Aplocheilus panchax or as Aplocheilus blockii.
References
parvus
Tropical fish
Freshwater fish of Sri Lanka
Fish described in 1916 |
Hand in Hand - The Winter Album is a Christmas album and the second of the German pop group beFour. It was released on 16 November 2007 in German-speaking countries, sold more than 100,000 copies and was awarded gold in Germany. The lead single from the album, "Hand in Hand" was officially released on 9 November 2007.
Production
All Tracks of the album were produced by Christian Geller, who was already active for the debut album Elle'ments of the girlgroup No Angels. The lyrics of all the songs, with the exception of Crying Heart and If You Wanna Know, were also written by Geller. The songs were mixed by Adam Bernau. The song Crying Heart was written by Dieter Bohlen. Rikard Löfgren produced the sixth track of the album, If You Wanna Know.
Release
The Christmas album was released in Germany, Austria and Switzerland on 16 November 2007. In Germany, the longplayer made it to position ten on the album charts. In Austria, the album placed in third place. In Switzerland, the CD made it to 13th place and stayed on the charts for 13 weeks. In 2007, Hand in Hand (The Winter Album) was certified gold in Germany.
Singles
As the only single release appeared on November 9, the song Hand in Hand, which was produced by Geller. The filming of the video led the film Mark Feuerstake. It was recorded in Phantasialand. The song made it to # 27 in the charts in Germany; for a total of seven weeks. In Austria, hand in hand took eighth place and was able to stay there for nine weeks. In Switzerland, the piece reached 73rd place for a week
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2007 albums
BeFour albums
2007 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by German artists |
Vedro Polje, which translates as Clear Field in English, may refer to:
Vedro Polje, Croatia, a village near Sunja
Vedro Polje, Bosanski Petrovac, a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Vedro Polje, Bugojno, a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina |
```objective-c
#pragma once
#if defined(OS_LINUX)
#include <linux/capability.h>
namespace DB
{
/// Check that the current process has Linux capability. Examples: CAP_IPC_LOCK, CAP_NET_ADMIN.
bool hasLinuxCapability(int cap);
}
#endif
``` |
Dennis T. Sullivan (1852 - 1906) was the Chief of the San Francisco Fire Department in 1906. He was mortally wounded during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, when a neighboring building collapsed onto the fire station that housed the Chief's official apartment.
Sullivan was a Blacksmith when he joined the Fire Department at 25 years old.
He was appointed the Department's Chief upon the death in office of his predecessor, David S. Scannell.
In 1903 Sullivan proposed an emergency water supply system for the fire department to use water from one or more reservoirs to be constructed on the city's high peaks. Construction began in 1909, three years after the quake. Called the San Francisco Auxiliary Water Supply System (AWSS), it remains the backbone of the city's emergency water supply. Its construction was completed in 1913.
Sullivan was mortally injured by the 1906 earthquake when an adjacent building collapsed onto his firehouse residence. His wife Margaret survived her injuries.
Legacy
In 1909 the city launched the fireboat Dennis T. Sullivan. When San Francisco built a new residence for its Fire Chiefs it was named after Sullivan.
There is also an Irish pub in north beach area in San Francisco that is named Chief Sullivan's in honor of him. The Memorial Home of Fire Chief Dennis T. Sullivan, built in 1922, stands at 870 Bush Street.
References
People from San Francisco
1906 San Francisco earthquake
1852 births
1906 deaths |
```c
/* $OpenBSD: etc.c,v 1.8 2019/12/17 17:16:32 guenther Exp $ */
/* Public Domain */
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "ld.h"
#define OOM_MSG "Out of memory"
__dead void
_dl_oom(void)
{
err(1, OOM_MSG);
}
char *
xstrdup(const char *s)
{
char *ptr;
if ((ptr = strdup(s)) == NULL)
err(1, OOM_MSG);
return (ptr);
}
void *
xmalloc(size_t size)
{
void *ptr;
if ((ptr = malloc(size)) == NULL)
err(1, OOM_MSG);
return (ptr);
}
void *
xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
{
void *nptr;
if ((nptr = realloc(ptr, size)) == NULL)
err(1, OOM_MSG);
return (nptr);
}
void *
xcalloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size)
{
void *ptr;
ptr = calloc(nmemb, size);
if (ptr == NULL)
err(1, OOM_MSG);
return ptr;
}
char *
concat(const char *s1, const char *s2, const char *s3)
{
char *str;
size_t len;
len = strlen(s1) + strlen(s2) + strlen(s3) + 1;
str = xmalloc(len);
strlcpy(str, s1, len);
strlcat(str, s2, len);
strlcat(str, s3, len);
return (str);
}
``` |
Hangi Tavakoli (in Persian: فرهنگ توکلی); also known as Hangi; born as Farhang Tavakoli is an Iranian songwriter and record producer. During his active years since 2004, he had produced over 3,500 and written over 4,800 published songs for various artists including some major international hits. His productions are mainly known for his orchestral Middle-Eastern flavor. Still, he has also produced various pop and hip hop hit songs for over 150 Iranian and international artists. He is running his record label Flipside Productions as well as being an active member of Remote Control Productions.
Tavakoli's discography includes collaboration with names such as Hans Zimmer, Adele, Julia Michaels, Snoop Dogg, Ramin Djawadi, Junkie XL, Skrillex, Pitbull, Sean Paul, 2NE1, Rag 'n' Bone Man, Lukas Graham, Hozier, Shawn Mendes, Calum Scott, Imagine Dragons, Rita Ora and Sam Smith.
Early life
Tavakoli has the sensory condition known as Synesthesia whereby he may "associate colors with music, or music with colors", and it allows him to visualize music.
Immigration
Hangi and his musical activities were considered underground under Iranian law. Iran's government had heavy control and filtering of the music scene at the time. Currently, he is running his record label, Flipside Productions, and producing songs for local Asian artists as well as making his own music.
Professional life
During his active years since 2004, he was known as one of the founders of Iranian hip-hop and has produced more than 3,500 as well as written more than 4,800 published songs and has collaborated with various international organizations such as UNESCO (music production and conducting the music band for "UNESCO PEACE ART EXHIBITION & WORKSHOP" in University Science Malaysia (USM) in 2012) and Iran's Fajr International Film Festival.
He stepped into the MMA management world in mid-2021 and started Elite Team. He represents 15+ fighters in different styles and classes of weights from Iran, Brazil, and Uzbekistan.
Discography
References
1990 births
Living people
Iranian composers
Iranian producers
Iranian expatriates in Singapore |
Tremandraceae R.Br. ex DC. is the name of a defunct family of flowering plants. It contained three genera: Platytheca, Tetratheca, and Tremandra. In 2006, a molecular phylogenetic study showed that Tremandraceae is embedded in Elaeocarpaceae. Recognizing Tremandraceae as a separate family would make Elaeocarpaceae paraphyletic.
Tremandraceae was first recognized by Robert Brown in 1814, as Tremandreae, before the suffix - aceae was used to denote plant families. Brown's name was not validly published, but the name was validated by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1824. The name Tremandreae is still sometimes used for this group, but at the taxonomic rank of tribe.
References
External links
Oxalidales
Historically recognized angiosperm families |
Newsholme is a civil parish in Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England. It contains eight listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. All of the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest". Apart from the village of Newsholme, the parish is entirely rural. The listed buildings consist of four farmhouses, a former toll house, and two milestones.
Buildings
References
Citations
Sources
Lists of listed buildings in Lancashire
Buildings and structures in Ribble Valley |
Bilukhar (, also Romanized as Bīlūkhar; also known as Bīrowkher and Bīrūkher) is a village in Margown Rural District, Margown District, Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 555, in 107 families.
References
Populated places in Boyer-Ahmad County |
A competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC), in the United States and Canada, is a telecommunications provider company (sometimes called a "carrier") competing with other, already established carriers, generally the incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC).
Background
Local exchange carriers (LECs) are divided into incumbent (ILECs) and competitive (CLECs). The ILECs are usually the original, monopoly LEC in a given area, and receive different regulatory treatment from the newer CLECs. A data local exchange carrier (DLEC) is a CLEC specializing in DSL services by leasing lines from the ILEC and reselling them to Internet service providers (ISPs).
History
CLECs evolved from the competitive access providers (CAPs) that began to offer private line and special access services in competition with the ILECs beginning in 1985. The CAPs (such as Teleport Communications Group (TCG) and Metropolitan Fiber Systems (MFS)) deployed fiber optic systems in the central business districts of the largest U.S. cities (New York, Chicago, Boston, etc.) A number of state public utilities commissions, particularly New York, Illinois, and Massachusetts, encouraged this competition. By the early 1990s, the CAPs began to install switches in their fiber systems. Initially, they offered a "shared PBX" service with these switches and interconnected with the ILECs as end users rather than as co-carriers. However, the New York Public Service Commission authorized the nation's first CLEC when it required the New York Telephone (the ILEC) to allow Teleport Communications Group's switches in New York City to connect as peers. Other states followed New York's lead so that by the mid-1990s most of the large states had authorized local exchange competition.
Growth
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 incorporated the successful results of the state-by-state authorization process by creating a uniform national law to allow local exchange competition. This had the unintended consequence of stimulating the formation of many more CLECs than the markets could bear. The formation of these CLECs, with easy financing from equipment vendors and IPOs, was a significant contributor to the "telecom bubble" of the late 1990s which then turned into the "bust" of 2001–2002.
The original CAP/CLECs spent the decade from 1985-1995 deploying their own fiber optics networks and digital switches so that their only reliance on the ILEC was leasing some DS-1 loops to locations not served by the CLEC's own fiber and interconnecting the CLEC's switches with the ILECs' on a peer-to-peer basis. While not trivial dependencies, the original "facilities-based" CLECs such as TCG and MFS were beginning to become profitable by the time the Telecom Act was adopted. In contrast, many CLECs formed in the post-Telecom Act "bubble" operated using the unbundled Network Element Platform (UNE-P), in which they resold the ILECs' service by leasing the underlying copper and port space on the ILEC's local switch. This greater dependency on the ILECs made these "UNE-P CLECs" vulnerable to changes in the UNE-P rules.
In the meantime, the largest facilities-based CLECs, MFS, and TCG, had IPOs and then were acquired by WorldCom and AT&T, respectively, in 1996 and 1998 as those long distance companies prepared to defend their business customers from the Regional Bell Operating Companies' (RBOC) incipient entry into the long distance business.
Important FCC rulings
With the Triennial Review in August 2003, the FCC began to rewrite a large portion of the rules implementing the Telecommunications Act of 1996. One alternative to the UNE-P is unbundled network element loop (UNE-L), in which the CLEC has access to or operates their own local switch. The underlying copper (loop) that runs to the subscriber's premises is then leased by the CLEC, and cross-connected to the CLEC's switch. Both UNE-P and UNE-L have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. Other CLECs bypass the ILEC's network entirely, using their own facilities. These facility-based LECs include cable companies offering phone service over coaxial cable.
Non facilities-based CLECs that operate under the UNE-P rules are able to resell wholesale services purchased from multiple ILECs, thereby establishing broader geographical coverage than ILECs or facilities-based CLECs.
In October 2004, the U.S. Supreme Court allowed a lower court's ruling to stand (by refusing to hear the appeal) that voided rules requiring ILECs to lease certain network elements (such as local switching or the high-frequency portion of the loop) at a cost-based regulated wholesale price to CLECs. The FCC agreed earlier in the year to rewrite rather than appeal the validity of the rules. In December 2004, the FCC released another set of rules which phase out, over a year, all CLEC leasing of ILEC local switching, while preserving access to most copper local loops and some interoffice facilities.
Proposed termination
In May 2018, USTelecom, the Washington, D.C. trade group for the major telecommunication companies, filed a petition with the FCC, asking it to end the leasing rule within years, which would terminate the CLEC operations of smaller telecommunications companies.
See also
Liberalization
Deregulation
Regional Bell operating company
Mobile virtual network operator
Local loop unbundling
Cable telephony
References
External links
FCC Carrier Search—select "CAP/CLEC" under Principal Communications Type for a complete list of CLECs
Telecommunications companies
United States communications regulation |
Nqweba Dam (previously known as Van Ryneveld's Pass Dam), is an earth-fill type dam located on the Sundays River in the Camdeboo National Park, in Graaff-Reinet, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
It was opened in 1925. The dam has a capacity of , and a surface area of , the wall is , and is long. Once an irrigation dam, it now mainly serves to supply potable water for domestic and industrial use to the residents and businesses of Graaff-Reinet. Its hazard potential has been ranked high (3).
Etymology
The new name given in 2001, , means "meeting place" in Xhosa.
Gallery
See also
List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
References
List of South African Dams from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa)
Dams in South Africa
Buildings and structures in the Eastern Cape
Dams completed in 1925 |
This is a list of properties and historic districts in Tennessee that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are over 2,000 in total. Of these, 29 are National Historic Landmarks. Each of Tennessee's 95 counties has at least one listing.
The Tennessee Historical Commission, which manages the state's participation in the National Register program, reports that 80 percent of the state's area has been surveyed for historic buildings. Surveys for archaeological sites have been less extensive; coverage is estimated less than 5 percent of the state. Not all properties that have been determined to be eligible for National Register are listed.
The locations of National Register properties and districts (at least for all showing latitude and longitude coordinates below), may be seen in an online map by clicking on "Map of all coordinates".
Current listings by county
The following are approximate tallies of current listings by county. These counts are based on entries in the National Register Information Database as of April 24, 2008 and new weekly listings posted since then on the National Register of Historic Places web site. There are frequent additions to the listings and occasional delistings and the counts here are approximate and not official. New entries are added to the official Register on a weekly basis. Also, the counts in this table exclude boundary increase and decrease listings which only modify the area covered by an existing property or district, although carrying a separate National Register reference number.
The Tennessee county with the largest number of National Register listings is Davidson County, site of the state capital, Nashville.
Anderson County
Bedford County
Benton County
|}
Former listings
|}
Bledsoe County
|}
Blount County
Bradley County
Campbell County
|}
Cannon County
|}
Carroll County
|}
Former listing
|}
Carter County
Cheatham County
|}
Chester County
|}
Claiborne County
Clay County
|}
Cocke County
Coffee County
Crockett County
|}
Cumberland County
|}
Davidson County
DeKalb County
|}
Former listing
|}
Decatur County
|}
Dickson County
Dyer County
|}
Former listing
|}
Fayette County
Fentress County
Franklin County
Gibson County
Giles County
Grainger County
Greene County
Grundy County
Hamblen County
Hamilton County
Hancock County
|}
Hardeman County
Hardin County
|}
Hawkins County
Haywood County
Henderson County
|}
Henry County
Hickman County
Houston County
|}
Humphreys County
Jackson County
|}
Jefferson County
Johnson County
|}
Former listing
|}
Knox County
Lake County
|}
Lauderdale County
|}
Lawrence County
Lewis County
|}
Lincoln County
Loudon County
Macon County
|}
Former listings
|}
Madison County
Marion County
Marshall County
Maury County
McMinn County
McNairy County
|}
Meigs County
Monroe County
Montgomery County
Moore County
|}
Morgan County
|}
Obion County
Overton County
|}
Perry County
|}
Pickett County
|}
Polk County
Putnam County
Rhea County
|}
Roane County
Robertson County
Rutherford County
Scott County
|}
Former listings
|}
Sequatchie County
|}
Sevier County
Shelby County
Smith County
Stewart County
Sullivan County
Sumner County
Tipton County
Trousdale County
|}
Unicoi County
|}
Union County
|}
Van Buren County
|}
Warren County
Washington County
Wayne County
|}
Weakley County
White County
Williamson County
Wilson County
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Tennessee
References
Tennessee |
Powder of sympathy was a form of early pseudoscientific navigation and alchemy, in the 17th century in Europe, whereby a remedy was applied to the weapon that had caused a wound with the aim of healing the injury it had made. Weapon salve was a preparation, again applied to the weapon, but based on material from the wounded patient rather than on any remedy for the wound.
History
The powder is said to have consisted of green vitriol, first dissolved in water and afterward recrystallized or calcined in the sun. The Duke of Buckingham testified that Kenelm Digby had healed his secretary of a gangrenous wound by simply soaking the bloody bandage in a solution of the powder (possibly due to the oligodynamic effect). Digby claimed to have got the secret remedy from a Carmelite friar in Florence, and attributed its potency to the fact that the sun's rays extracted the spirits of the blood and the vitriol, while, at the same time, the heat of the wound caused the healing principle thus produced to be attracted to it by means of a current of air — a sort of wireless therapy.
The powder was also applied to solve the longitude problem in the suggestion of an anonymous pamphlet of 1687 entitled Curious Enquiries. The pamphlet theorised that a wounded dog could be put aboard a ship, with the knife used to injure the dog left in the trust of a timekeeper on shore, who would then dip said knife into the powder at a predetermined time and cause the creature to yelp, thus giving the captain of the ship an accurate knowledge of the time.
References
Alchemical substances
Magic powders
Obsolete medical theories
Superstitions |
Sad Robots is an EP released by the Canadian band Stars. It was released on September 1, 2008 on digital download. It is also available as a physical CD through their website, as well as during their fall 2008 tour. The album cover and merchandise for Stars' 2008–9 tour features the comic robot character Boilerplate.
Track listing
References
External links
2008 EPs
Stars (Canadian band) albums |
Rafael Escuredo Rodríguez (born 16 April 1944) is a Spanish politician and lawyer, member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Andalusia, who was President of Andalusia between 1979 and 1984.
References
1944 births
Living people
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Presidents of the Regional Government of Andalusia |
Double Trouble is the sixth studio album by Nigerian duo P-Square. It was released on 12 September 2014, by Square Records. The album features guest appearances from T.I., Don Jazzy, Awilo Longomba, Jermaine Jackson and Dave Scott. Its production was handled by Vtek, Charles Duke, Mecca and Oscar. The album yielded the singles "Alingo", "Personally", "Testimony", "Ejeajo", "Shekini" and "Bring It On".
Track listing
Personnel
Paul and Peter Okoye – primary artists, executive producers, writers, performers
Jude Engees Okoye – management
Vtek – producer, mixing, mastering
Charles Duke – producer
Mecca E – producer
Oscar – producer
Paul "Rudeboy" Okoye - producer
Peter "Mr P" Okoye - producer
Papi J - producer
George Nathaniel – mixing, mastering
Dave Scott – featured artist
Clifford Harris, Jr – featured artist
Michael Ajereh – featured artist
Awilo Longomba – featured artist
Jermaine Jacksun – featured artist
Vtek – featured artist
Kelechi Amadi-Obi – photography
Abinibi – album art
Release history
References
2014 albums
P-Square albums
Igbo-language albums
Albums produced by Vtek
Albums produced by Oscar (record producer) |
Ernest Allan Batchelder (January 22, 1875 – August 6, 1957) was an American artist and educator who made Southern California his home in the early 20th century. He created art tiles and was a leader in the American Arts and Crafts Movement.
Early life
Ernest Allan Batchelder was born on January 22, 1875 in Nashua, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. In 1894, Batchelder began attending classes at Massachusetts Normal Art School (now Massachusetts College of Art and Design), which was founded in 1873 with the intention to support the Massachusetts Drawing Act of 1870 by providing drawing teachers for the public schools as well as training professional artists, designers, and architects. In 1899 he received his Public School Class diploma. Batchelder came to Pasadena, California, in the early 1900s to teach, and became director of the art department at Throop Polytechnic Institute, the predecessor of the California Institute of Technology.
Career
Batchelder's life took a turn in 1909 when, behind his house overlooking the Arroyo Seco, he built a kiln and entered the business of creating hand-crafted art tiles. The tiles were hugely popular, and by the 1920s, Batchelder's tiles could be found in homes and buildings across the United States. Batchelder's prominence in Southern California's art community included his involvement in the founding of the Pasadena Art Institute and his membership in the Pasadena Society of Artists. Batchelder was also the third Chairman of the Board of Directors for the Pasadena Playhouse, to which he contributed an original tile fireplace and fountain (recently restored).
The style in which Batchelder worked was highly distinctive. First, he used a single-fire process known as engobe in which a primary wash of colored clay slip (usually pale blue) was applied to the surface of the tile before being fired, pooling in the recesses of the design, with excess being wiped off. Then the tile was fired. A typical glazed tile is fired twice–once before glaze, and once after, thereby sealing in the added color. Batchelder's designs often drew on Medieval themes but also included flowers, vines, and California oaks; birds, particularly peacocks; Mayan patterns; Byzantine themes; and geometric shapes.
Batchelder architectural tiles met with great success, and the company moved twice, expanding each time. Its tiles appear on the walls and floors of many New York City apartment house lobbies, and can be found in shops, restaurants, swimming pools and hotels throughout the United States.
One of Batchelder's last and largest projects was the Hotel Hershey in Hershey, Pennsylvania, built by the famous chocolate manufacturer in 1930, in order to give jobs to many local residents who would otherwise have been unemployed during the Depression. Batchelder tiles appeared on the walls, floors and stair risers of a dazzling fountain room, complete with central pool and a mezzanine level. Unfortunately, Batchelder's company, which had employed 150 men at its peak, was forced out of business by the Great Depression in 1932; although Batchelder continued to make pottery in a small shop in Pasadena until the early 1950s. In addition to the Batchelder Tile Company, there were numerous other California tile manufacturers. The abundant local clays, inexpensive fuel, power, and cheap labour were all factors that contributed to an active tile industry, while the rapidly growing population led to a continual demand for new buildings. Moreover, the most popular local architectural styles, such as Spanish, Mediterranean and Colonial Revival, use large amounts of tile.
One of Batchelder's famous earliest commissions became Los Angeles Historical-Cultural Monument No. 137: a Dutch-themed Chocolate Shop. The cocoa-brown walls were crowned with tiles of Dutch maidens, wooden clogs, and windmills. "It's certainly one of the most beautiful and extravagant tile interiors in Los Angeles or anywhere," said Ken Bernstein, manager of the city's Office of Historic Resources. "It's a remarkable example of the use of ceramic tile and a preeminent example of Batchelder's work."
Batchelder House
The Batchelder House built in Pasadena, California, in the early 1900s, and where he set up his first kiln, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. He lived nearby to California Impressionism painter Jean Mannheim. The current resident, the late Dr. Robert Winter, wrote the definitive Batchelder history, Batchelder Tilemaker (1999, Balcony Press, ). Although the house is not open to the public, some Batchelder tiles, stamped with heraldic animals and figures, may be found on the walkway in front of the dwelling.
Books
Batchelder wrote two books on tile design: The Principal of Design, (1901); Design in Theory and Practice, (1911).
Awards and honors
Between 2016 and 2017, the Pasadena Museum of History in Pasadena, California hosted Batchelder: Tilemaker, a retrospective of Batchelder's life and career.
See also
California pottery, tile
Artists of the Arroyo Seco (Los Angeles)
References
External links
Throop Polytechnic Institute
The California Institute of Technology
The Pasadena Society of Artists
American artisans
American ceramists
Arts and Crafts movement artists
1870s births
1957 deaths
California people in design
Artists from Pasadena, California
Arts and Crafts architecture in California
Arroyo Seco (Los Angeles County)
California Institute of Technology faculty
19th-century American artists
20th-century American artists |
Chunchi is a location in the Chimborazo Province, Ecuador. It is the seat of the Chunchi Canton.
References
www.inec.gov.ec
www.ame.gov.ec
External links
Map of the Chimborazo Province
Populated places in Chimborazo Province |
This is a list of women artists who were born in Estonia or whose artworks are closely associated with that country.
A
Ellinor Aiki (1893–1969), painter
H
Epp Haabsaar (born 1953), painter, illustrator
Julie Wilhelmine Hagen-Schwarz (1824–1902), Baltic-German painter
I
Inéz (active since mid-1990s), contemporary artist, musician, composer
J
Alisa Jakobi (born 1981), painter, actress, graphic designer
K
Elvy Kalep (1899–1989), pilot, painter, toy designer, writer
Kalli Kalde (born 1967), graphic artist, illustrator
Liis Koger (born 1989), painter, poet
Meeli Kõiva (born 1960), painter, sculptor, glass designer
M
Kadri Mälk (born 1958–2023), painter, jewelry designer
Eveline Adelheid von Maydell (1890–1962), silhouette artist
Lydia Mei (1896–1965), painter
Natalie Mei (1900–1975), painter, graphic artist
N
Katja Novitskova (born 1984), installation artist
Mall Nukke (born 1964), painter, collage artist, installation artist
P
Birgit Püve (born 1978), photographer
S
Viive Sterpu (1953–2012), artist, glass designer
T
Katrina Tang (born 1985), photographer
Ann Tenno (born 1952), photographer
Tio Tepandi (born 1947), theatre designer
V
Agaate Veeber (1901–1988), graphic artist
Erna Viitol (1920–2001), sculptor
W
Ilon Wikland (born 1930), painter, illustrator
-
Estonian women artists, List of
Artists
Artists |
Audrey Tang Feng (; born 18 April 1981) is a Taiwanese free software programmer and the inaugural Minister of Digital Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan), who has been described as one of the "ten greatest Taiwanese computing personalities". In August 2016, Tang was invited to join Taiwan's Executive Yuan as a minister without portfolio, making her the first transgender person and the first non-binary official in the top executive cabinet. Tang has identified as "post-gender" and accepts "whatever pronoun people want to describe me with online." Tang is a community leader of Haskell and Perl and the core member of g0v.
Early life
Tang was born Autrijus Tang Tsung-han () to father Tang Kuang-hua and mother Lee Ya-ching. Lee Ya-ching helped develop Taiwan's first consumer co-operative, and co-developed an experimental primary school employing indigenous teachers. Tang was a child prodigy, reading works of classical literature before the age of five, advanced mathematics before six, and programming before eight, and she began to learn Perl at age 12. Tang spent part of her childhood in Germany. Two years later, she dropped out of junior high school, unable to adapt to student life. By the year 2000, at the age of 19, Tang had already held positions in software companies, and worked in California's Silicon Valley as an entrepreneur.
In late 2005, Tang began transitioning to female, including changing her English and Chinese names, citing a need to reconcile her outward appearance with her self-image. In 2017, Tang said, "I've been shutting reality off, and lived almost exclusively on the net for many years, because my brain knows for sure that I am a woman, but the social expectations demand otherwise." In 2019, Tang identified as "post-gender" or non-binary, responding to a request regarding pronoun preferences with "What’s important here is not which pronouns you use, but the experience...about those pronouns... I’m not just non-binary. I’m really whatever, so do whatever."
The television news channel ETToday reported that Tang has an IQ of 180. Tang has been a vocal proponent for autodidacticism and anti-capitalist anarchism.
Free software contributions
Tang initiated and led the Pugs project, a joint effort from the Haskell and Perl communities to implement the Perl 6 language; Tang also made contributions to internationalization and localization efforts for several Free Software programs, including SVK (a version-control software written in Perl for which Tang also wrote a large portion of the code), Request Tracker, and Slash, created Ethercalc, building on Dan Bricklin's work on WikiCalc and their work together on SocialCalc, as well as heading Traditional Chinese translation efforts for various open source-related books.
On CPAN, Tang initiated over 100 Perl projects between June 2001 and July 2006, including the popular Perl Archive Toolkit (PAR), a cross-platform packaging and deployment tool for Perl 5. Tang is also responsible for setting up smoke test and digital signature systems for CPAN. In October 2005, Tang was a speaker at O'Reilly Media's European Open Source Convention in Amsterdam.
Political career
Tang became involved in politics during Taiwan's 2014 Sunflower Student Movement demonstrations, in which Tang volunteered to help the protesters occupying the Taiwanese parliament building broadcast their message. The prime minister invited Tang to build media literacy curricula for Taiwan's schools, which was implemented in late 2017. Following this work, Tang was appointed minister without portfolio for digital affairs in the Lin Chuan cabinet in August 2016, and took office as the digital minister on October 1, being placed in charge of helping government agencies communicate policy goals and managing information published by the government, both via digital means. At age 35, Tang was the youngest minister without portfolio in Taiwanese history and was given this role to bridge the gap between the older and younger generations.
As a conservative anarchist, Tang ultimately desires the abolition of Taiwan and all states, and justifies working for the state by the opportunity it affords to promote worthwhile ends. Tang's conservatism stems from wanting to preserve free public spaces independent from the state, such as Internet properties, and wanting technological advances to be applied humanistically so that all, rather than a few, can reap its benefits, to the exclusion of others.
Tang's department does not follow hierarchical or bureaucratic relationships. As of 2017, Tang's staff of 15 chose to work in the department. The group produces a weekly roadmap as collaborators, not orders. Tang was quoted as saying, "My existence is not to become a minister for a certain group, nor to broadcast government propaganda. Instead, it is to become a 'channel' to allow greater combinations of intelligence and strength to come together."
Tang's first initiative, the g0v project, involved swapping out the "o" for a zero in the government's "gov.tw" top-level domain to view more accessible and interactive versions of those governmental websites. The project was open source, in line with Tang's principles, and very popular, accessed millions of times each month. Another initiative, vTaiwan, uses social media paradigms for citizens to create digital petitions. Those with 5,000 signatures are brought to the premier and government ministries to be addressed. Changes implemented through this system include access to income tax software for non-Windows computers, and changes to cancer treatment regulations. The Taiwanese parliament complained that citizens had better access to influence regulation than they did as legislators. As of 2017, Tang was working on sharing economy software that would facilitate the free exchange of resources in abundance instead of the ride-sharing and peer hotel applications for which the technology is known.
As a general practice of "radical transparency", all of Tang's meetings are recorded, transcribed, and uploaded to a public website. Tang also publicly responds to questions sent through another website.
In 2022, Tang hosted the video podcast "Innovative Minds with Audrey Tang" in a collaboration with TaiwanPlus, an international streaming service. Guests on the program include Steve Chen, Vitalik Buterin, Toomas Hendrik Ilves and Sandra Oudkirk.
In January 2023 Tang become an e-resident of Lithuania which was announced during her first foreign visit as Digital Affairs minister in Vilnius, Lithuania.
References
Publications
Further reading
"The Frontiers Of Digital Democracy – Nathan Gardels interviews Tang in Noema
External links
Audrey's Pugs Journal and Personal Blog
Audrey's Medium page
An interview with Autrijus by Debby (in Mandarin)
Podcast interview with Audrey on Perlcast
Perl Archive Toolkit
Audrey's contributions on CPAN
"SocialCalc"
Free software programmers
Perl writers
Taiwanese computer programmers
1981 births
Living people
Taiwanese computer scientists
Taiwanese Ministers of Digital Affairs
21st-century Taiwanese scientists
Taiwanese LGBT scientists
Transgender politicians
Transgender scientists
Non-binary scientists
Transgender non-binary people
21st-century Taiwanese LGBT people
Taiwanese transgender people
Taiwanese non-binary people
Individualist anarchists
Taiwanese anarchists
Non-binary politicians
Taiwanese LGBT politicians
Wikipedia people |
Üçgazi is a village in the Bayramören District of Çankırı Province in Turkey. Its population is 40 (2021).
References
Villages in Bayramören District |
Roméo Gagné (September 15, 1905 – August 2, 1959) was a Canadian politician and a two-term Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.
Background
He was born on September 15, 1905, in Mont-Joli, Bas-Saint-Laurent.
City Councillor
Gagné was a city councillor in Rivière-du-Loup from 1945 to 1951.
Member of the legislature
He ran as a Union Nationale candidate in the 1944 and 1948 elections against Liberal incumbent Léon Casgrain in the district of Rivière-du-Loup. He lost the first time, but was successful on his second attempt.
Gagné was re-elected in the 1952 election, but did not run for re-election in the 1956 election.
Death
Casgrain died on August 2, 1959.
References
1905 births
1959 deaths
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs |
John Van Buren Tavern is a historic inn and tavern building located near Fulton in Oswego County, New York. It is a -story, three-by-five-bay, brick building with a side-gable roof. It was built sometime between 1800 and 1821 and operated as a tavern into the 1860s, when it was converted to a residence. Also on the property are a contributing smokehouse and house lived in while the tavern was under construction.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
References
Drinking establishments on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Federal architecture in New York (state)
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Oswego County, New York
Taverns in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Oswego County, New York
Taverns on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) |
```go
package wkhtmltopdf
import (
"fmt"
"reflect"
)
//A list of options that can be set from code to make it easier to see which options are available
type globalOptions struct {
CookieJar stringOption //Read and write cookies from and to the supplied cookie jar file
Copies uintOption //Number of copies to print into the pdf file (default 1)
Dpi uintOption //Change the dpi explicitly (this has no effect on X11 based systems)
ExtendedHelp boolOption //Display more extensive help, detailing less common command switches
Grayscale boolOption //PDF will be generated in grayscale
Help boolOption //Display help
HTMLDoc boolOption //Output program html help
ImageDpi uintOption //When embedding images scale them down to this dpi (default 600)
ImageQuality uintOption //When jpeg compressing images use this quality (default 94)
Lowquality boolOption //Generates lower quality pdf/ps. Useful to shrink the result document space
ManPage boolOption //Output program man page
MarginBottom uintOption //Set the page bottom margin
MarginLeft uintOption //Set the page left margin (default 10mm)
MarginRight uintOption //Set the page right margin (default 10mm)
MarginTop uintOption //Set the page top margin
Orientation stringOption // Set orientation to Landscape or Portrait (default Portrait)
NoCollate boolOption //Do not collate when printing multiple copies (default collate)
PageHeight uintOption //Page height
PageSize stringOption //Set paper size to: A4, Letter, etc. (default A4)
PageWidth uintOption //Page width
NoPdfCompression boolOption //Do not use lossless compression on pdf objects
Quiet boolOption //Be less verbose
ReadArgsFromStdin boolOption //Read command line arguments from stdin
Readme boolOption //Output program readme
Title stringOption //The title of the generated pdf file (The title of the first document is used if not specified)
Version boolOption //Output version information and exit
}
func (gopt *globalOptions) Args() []string {
return optsToArgs(gopt)
}
type outlineOptions struct {
DumpDefaultTocXsl boolOption //Dump the default TOC xsl style sheet to stdout
DumpOutline stringOption //Dump the outline to a file
NoOutline boolOption //Do not put an outline into the pdf
OutlineDepth uintOption //Set the depth of the outline (default 4)
}
func (oopt *outlineOptions) Args() []string {
return optsToArgs(oopt)
}
type pageOptions struct {
Allow sliceOption //Allow the file or files from the specified folder to be loaded (repeatable)
NoBackground boolOption //Do not print background
CacheDir stringOption //Web cache directory
CheckboxCheckedSvg stringOption //Use this SVG file when rendering checked checkboxes
CheckboxSvg stringOption //Use this SVG file when rendering unchecked checkboxes
Cookie mapOption //Set an additional cookie (repeatable), value should be url encoded
CustomHeader mapOption //Set an additional HTTP header (repeatable)
CustomHeaderPropagation boolOption //Add HTTP headers specified by --custom-header for each resource request
NoCustomHeaderPropagation boolOption //Do not add HTTP headers specified by --custom-header for each resource request
DebugJavascript boolOption //Show javascript debugging output
DefaultHeader boolOption //Add a default header, with the name of the page to the left, and the page number to the right, this is short for: --header-left='[webpage]' --header-right='[page]/[toPage]' --top 2cm --header-line
Encoding stringOption //Set the default text encoding, for input
DisableExternalLinks boolOption //Do not make links to remote web pages
EnableForms boolOption //Turn HTML form fields into pdf form fields
NoImages boolOption //Do not load or print images
DisableInternalLinks boolOption //Do not make local links
DisableJavascript boolOption //Do not allow web pages to run javascript
JavascriptDelay uintOption //Wait some milliseconds for javascript finish (default 200)
LoadErrorHandling stringOption //Specify how to handle pages that fail to load: abort, ignore or skip (default abort)
LoadMediaErrorHandling stringOption //Specify how to handle media files that fail to load: abort, ignore or skip (default ignore)
DisableLocalFileAccess boolOption //Do not allowed conversion of a local file to read in other local files, unless explicitly allowed with --allow
MinimumFontSize uintOption //Minimum font size
ExcludeFromOutline boolOption //Do not include the page in the table of contents and outlines
PageOffset uintOption //Set the starting page number (default 0)
Password stringOption //HTTP Authentication password
EnablePlugins boolOption //Enable installed plugins (plugins will likely not work)
Post mapOption //Add an additional post field (repeatable)
PostFile mapOption //Post an additional file (repeatable)
PrintMediaType boolOption //Use print media-type instead of screen
Proxy stringOption //Use a proxy
RadiobuttonCheckedSvg stringOption //Use this SVG file when rendering checked radiobuttons
RadiobuttonSvg stringOption //Use this SVG file when rendering unchecked radiobuttons
RunScript sliceOption //Run this additional javascript after the page is done loading (repeatable)
DisableSmartShrinking boolOption //Disable the intelligent shrinking strategy used by WebKit that makes the pixel/dpi ratio none constant
NoStopSlowScripts boolOption //Do not Stop slow running javascripts
EnableTocBackLinks boolOption //Link from section header to toc
UserStyleSheet stringOption //Specify a user style sheet, to load with every page
Username stringOption //HTTP Authentication username
ViewportSize stringOption //Set viewport size if you have custom scrollbars or css attribute overflow to emulate window size
WindowStatus stringOption //Wait until window.status is equal to this string before rendering page
Zoom floatOption //Use this zoom factor (default 1)
}
func (popt *pageOptions) Args() []string {
return optsToArgs(popt)
}
type headerAndFooterOptions struct {
FooterCenter stringOption //Centered footer text
FooterFontName stringOption //Set footer font name (default Arial)
FooterFontSize uintOption //Set footer font size (default 12)
FooterHTML stringOption //Adds a html footer
FooterLeft stringOption //Left aligned footer text
FooterLine boolOption //Display line above the footer
FooterRight stringOption //Right aligned footer text
FooterSpacing floatOption //Spacing between footer and content in mm (default 0)
HeaderCenter stringOption //Centered header text
HeaderFontName stringOption //Set header font name (default Arial)
HeaderFontSize uintOption //Set header font size (default 12)
HeaderHTML stringOption //Adds a html header
HeaderLeft stringOption //Left aligned header text
HeaderLine boolOption //Display line below the header
HeaderRight stringOption //Right aligned header text
HeaderSpacing floatOption //Spacing between header and content in mm (default 0)
Replace mapOption //Replace [name] with value in header and footer (repeatable)
}
func (hopt *headerAndFooterOptions) Args() []string {
return optsToArgs(hopt)
}
type tocOptions struct {
DisableDottedLines boolOption //Do not use dotted lines in the toc
TocHeaderText stringOption //The header text of the toc (default Table of Contents)
TocLevelIndentation uintOption //For each level of headings in the toc indent by this length (default 1em)
DisableTocLinks boolOption //Do not link from toc to sections
TocTextSizeShrink floatOption //For each level of headings in the toc the font is scaled by this factor
XslStyleSheet stringOption //Use the supplied xsl style sheet for printing the table of content
}
func (topt *tocOptions) Args() []string {
return optsToArgs(topt)
}
type argParser interface {
Parse() []string //Used in the cmd call
}
type stringOption struct {
option string
value string
}
func (so stringOption) Parse() []string {
args := []string{}
if so.value == "" {
return args
}
args = append(args, "--"+so.option)
args = append(args, so.value)
return args
}
func (so *stringOption) Set(value string) {
so.value = value
}
type sliceOption struct {
option string
value []string
}
func (so sliceOption) Parse() []string {
args := []string{}
if len(so.value) == 0 {
return args
}
for _, v := range so.value {
args = append(args, "--"+so.option)
args = append(args, v)
}
return args
}
func (so *sliceOption) Set(value string) {
so.value = append(so.value, value)
}
type mapOption struct {
option string
value map[string]string
}
func (mo mapOption) Parse() []string {
args := []string{}
if mo.value == nil || len(mo.value) == 0 {
return args
}
for k, v := range mo.value {
args = append(args, "--"+mo.option)
args = append(args, k)
args = append(args, v)
}
return args
}
func (mo *mapOption) Set(key, value string) {
if mo.value == nil {
mo.value = make(map[string]string)
}
mo.value[key] = value
}
type uintOption struct {
option string
value uint
isSet bool
}
func (io uintOption) Parse() []string {
args := []string{}
if io.isSet == false {
return args
}
args = append(args, "--"+io.option)
args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("%d", io.value))
return args
}
func (io *uintOption) Set(value uint) {
io.isSet = true
io.value = value
}
type floatOption struct {
option string
value float64
isSet bool
}
func (fo floatOption) Parse() []string {
args := []string{}
if fo.isSet == false {
return args
}
args = append(args, "--"+fo.option)
args = append(args, fmt.Sprintf("%.3f", fo.value))
return args
}
func (fo *floatOption) Set(value float64) {
fo.isSet = true
fo.value = value
}
type boolOption struct {
option string
value bool
}
func (bo boolOption) Parse() []string {
if bo.value {
return []string{"--" + bo.option}
}
return []string{}
}
func (bo *boolOption) Set(value bool) {
bo.value = value
}
func newGlobalOptions() globalOptions {
return globalOptions{
CookieJar: stringOption{option: "cookie-jar"},
Copies: uintOption{option: "copies"},
Dpi: uintOption{option: "dpi"},
ExtendedHelp: boolOption{option: "extended-help"},
Grayscale: boolOption{option: "grayscale"},
Help: boolOption{option: "true"},
HTMLDoc: boolOption{option: "htmldoc"},
ImageDpi: uintOption{option: "image-dpi"},
ImageQuality: uintOption{option: "image-quality"},
Lowquality: boolOption{option: "lowquality"},
ManPage: boolOption{option: "manpage"},
MarginBottom: uintOption{option: "margin-bottom"},
MarginLeft: uintOption{option: "margin-left"},
MarginRight: uintOption{option: "margin-right"},
MarginTop: uintOption{option: "margin-top"},
Orientation: stringOption{option: "orientation"},
NoCollate: boolOption{option: "nocollate"},
PageHeight: uintOption{option: "page-height"},
PageSize: stringOption{option: "page-size"},
PageWidth: uintOption{option: "page-width"},
NoPdfCompression: boolOption{option: "no-pdf-compression"},
Quiet: boolOption{option: "quiet"},
ReadArgsFromStdin: boolOption{option: "read-args-from-stdin"},
Readme: boolOption{option: "readme"},
Title: stringOption{option: "title"},
Version: boolOption{option: "version"},
}
}
func newOutlineOptions() outlineOptions {
return outlineOptions{
DumpDefaultTocXsl: boolOption{option: "dump-default-toc-xsl"},
DumpOutline: stringOption{option: "dump-outline"},
NoOutline: boolOption{option: "no-outline"},
OutlineDepth: uintOption{option: "outline-depth"},
}
}
func newPageOptions() pageOptions {
return pageOptions{
Allow: sliceOption{option: "allow"},
NoBackground: boolOption{option: "no-background"},
CacheDir: stringOption{option: "cache-dir"},
CheckboxCheckedSvg: stringOption{option: "checkbox-checked-svg"},
CheckboxSvg: stringOption{option: "checkbox-svg"},
Cookie: mapOption{option: "cookie"},
CustomHeader: mapOption{option: "custom-header"},
CustomHeaderPropagation: boolOption{option: "custom-header-propagation"},
NoCustomHeaderPropagation: boolOption{option: "no-custom-header-propagation"},
DebugJavascript: boolOption{option: "debug-javascript"},
DefaultHeader: boolOption{option: "default-header"},
Encoding: stringOption{option: "encoding"},
DisableExternalLinks: boolOption{option: "disable-external-links"},
EnableForms: boolOption{option: "enable-forms"},
NoImages: boolOption{option: "no-images"},
DisableInternalLinks: boolOption{option: "disable-internal-links"},
DisableJavascript: boolOption{option: "disable-javascript "},
JavascriptDelay: uintOption{option: "javascript-delay"},
LoadErrorHandling: stringOption{option: "load-error-handling"},
LoadMediaErrorHandling: stringOption{option: "load-media-error-handling"},
DisableLocalFileAccess: boolOption{option: "disable-local-file-access"},
MinimumFontSize: uintOption{option: "minimum-font-size"},
ExcludeFromOutline: boolOption{option: "exclude-from-outline"},
PageOffset: uintOption{option: "page-offset"},
Password: stringOption{option: "password"},
EnablePlugins: boolOption{option: "enable-plugins"},
Post: mapOption{option: "post"},
PostFile: mapOption{option: "post-file"},
PrintMediaType: boolOption{option: "print-media-type"},
Proxy: stringOption{option: "proxy"},
RadiobuttonCheckedSvg: stringOption{option: "radiobutton-checked-svg"},
RadiobuttonSvg: stringOption{option: "radiobutton-svg"},
RunScript: sliceOption{option: "run-script"},
DisableSmartShrinking: boolOption{option: "disable-smart-shrinking"},
NoStopSlowScripts: boolOption{option: "no-stop-slow-scripts"},
EnableTocBackLinks: boolOption{option: "enable-toc-back-links"},
UserStyleSheet: stringOption{option: "user-style-sheet"},
Username: stringOption{option: "username"},
ViewportSize: stringOption{option: "viewport-size"},
WindowStatus: stringOption{option: "window-status"},
Zoom: floatOption{option: "zoom"},
}
}
func newHeaderAndFooterOptions() headerAndFooterOptions {
return headerAndFooterOptions{
FooterCenter: stringOption{option: "footer-center"},
FooterFontName: stringOption{option: "footer-font-name"},
FooterFontSize: uintOption{option: "footer-font-size"},
FooterHTML: stringOption{option: "footer-html"},
FooterLeft: stringOption{option: "footer-left"},
FooterLine: boolOption{option: "footer-line"},
FooterRight: stringOption{option: "footer-right"},
FooterSpacing: floatOption{option: "footer-spacing"},
HeaderCenter: stringOption{option: "header-center"},
HeaderFontName: stringOption{option: "header-font-name"},
HeaderFontSize: uintOption{option: "header-font-size"},
HeaderHTML: stringOption{option: "header-html"},
HeaderLeft: stringOption{option: "header-left"},
HeaderLine: boolOption{option: "header-line"},
HeaderRight: stringOption{option: "header-right"},
HeaderSpacing: floatOption{option: "header-spacing"},
Replace: mapOption{option: "replace"},
}
}
func newTocOptions() tocOptions {
return tocOptions{
DisableDottedLines: boolOption{option: "disable-dotted-lines"},
TocHeaderText: stringOption{option: "toc-header-text"},
TocLevelIndentation: uintOption{option: "toc-level-indentation"},
DisableTocLinks: boolOption{option: "disable-toc-links"},
TocTextSizeShrink: floatOption{option: "toc-text-size-shrink"},
XslStyleSheet: stringOption{option: "xsl-style-sheet"},
}
}
func optsToArgs(opts interface{}) []string {
args := []string{}
rv := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(opts))
if rv.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
return args
}
for i := 0; i < rv.NumField(); i++ {
prsr, ok := rv.Field(i).Interface().(argParser)
if ok {
s := prsr.Parse()
if len(s) > 0 {
args = append(args, s...)
}
}
}
return args
}
// Constants for orientation modes
const (
OrientationLandscape = "Landscape" // Landscape mode
OrientationPortrait = "Portrait" // Portrait mode
)
// Constants for page sizes
const (
PageSizeA0 = "A0" // 841 x 1189 mm
PageSizeA1 = "A1" // 594 x 841 mm
PageSizeA2 = "A2" // 420 x 594 mm
PageSizeA3 = "A3" // 297 x 420 mm
PageSizeA4 = "A4" // 210 x 297 mm, 8.26
PageSizeA5 = "A5" // 148 x 210 mm
PageSizeA6 = "A6" // 105 x 148 mm
PageSizeA7 = "A7" // 74 x 105 mm
PageSizeA8 = "A8" // 52 x 74 mm
PageSizeA9 = "A9" // 37 x 52 mm
PageSizeB0 = "B0" // 1000 x 1414 mm
PageSizeB1 = "B1" // 707 x 1000 mm
PageSizeB2 = "B2" // 500 x 707 mm
PageSizeB3 = "B3" // 353 x 500 mm
PageSizeB4 = "B4" // 250 x 353 mm
PageSizeB5 = "B5" // 176 x 250 mm, 6.93
PageSizeB6 = "B6" // 125 x 176 mm
PageSizeB7 = "B7" // 88 x 125 mm
PageSizeB8 = "B8" // 62 x 88 mm
PageSizeB9 = "B9" // 33 x 62 mm
PageSizeB10 = "B10" // 31 x 44 mm
PageSizeC5E = "C5E" // 163 x 229 mm
PageSizeComm10E = "Comm10E" // 105 x 241 mm, U.S. Common 10 Envelope
PageSizeDLE = "DLE" // 110 x 220 mm
PageSizeExecutive = "Executive" // 7.5 x 10 inches, 190.5 x 254 mm
PageSizeFolio = "Folio" // 210 x 330 mm
PageSizeLedger = "Ledger" // 431.8 x 279.4 mm
PageSizeLegal = "Legal" // 8.5 x 14 inches, 215.9 x 355.6 mm
PageSizeLetter = "Letter" // 8.5 x 11 inches, 215.9 x 279.4 mm
PageSizeTabloid = "Tabloid" // 279.4 x 431.8 mm
PageSizeCustom = "Custom" // Unknown, or a user defined size.
)
``` |
This is a list of the tallest dams in the world over in height. The tallest dam in the world is the Jinping-I Dam, an arch dam in China at . The tallest embankment dam and second tallest dam in the world is the Nurek Dam in Tajikistan. The tallest gravity dam is the high Grande Dixence Dam in Switzerland. The tallest natural dam, the Usoi Dam in Tajikistan, is taller than the tallest existing man-made one.
Existing
Under construction
Gallery
Notes
A 300m and 280m tall design under consideration
Non-realized project of Soviet-era
Construction stopped as a result of Gulf war
References
Dams |
Gestel is a borough in the southwestern part of the city of Eindhoven, Netherlands. Gestel used to be a separate village, and until 1920 was part of the separate municipality of Gestel en Blaarthem.
On 1 January 2005 it had a population of nearly 27,000 people. Gestel consists of three neighbourhoods: Rozenknopje (with Hagekamp, Oude Spoorbaan and Schrijversbuurt), Oud Gestel (with Rapelenburg, Bennekel, Blaarthem, Genderdal, Gennep and de Beemden) and Oud Kasteel (with Genderbeemd, Ooievaarsnest and Hanevoet). Gestel borders other parts of Eindhoven (Strijp, Stratum and Eindhoven Centrum, which is the pre-1920 municipality of Eindhoven, with minor adjustments) and the municipalities of Waalre and Veldhoven.
External links
Gestel-area on the website of the municipality of Eindhoven
Municipality of Eindhoven
Boroughs of Eindhoven |
The Hundred of Portbury is one of the 40 historical Hundreds in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England, dating from before the Norman conquest during the Anglo-Saxon era although exact dates are unknown. Each hundred had a 'fyrd', which acted as the local defence force and a court which was responsible for the maintenance of the frankpledge system. They also formed a unit for the collection of taxes. The role of the hundred court was described in the Dooms (laws) of King Edgar. The name of the hundred was normally that of its meeting-place.
The Hundred was recorded in the Domesday Book it was recorded as containing 86.5 hides. 63 of these paid rent to the King with the rest being held by barons.
The Hundred of Portbury consisted of the ancient parishes of: Abbots Leigh, Bourton, Clapton, Clevedon, Easton in Gordano, Nailsea, Portbury, Portishead, Tickenham, Walton, Weston in Gordano, and Wraxall. It covered an area of .
The importance of the hundred courts declined from the seventeenth century. By the 19th century several different single-purpose subdivisions of counties, such as poor law unions, sanitary districts, and highway districts sprang up, filling the administrative role previously played by parishes and hundreds. Although the Hundreds have never been formally abolished, their functions ended with the establishment of county courts in 1867 and the introduction of districts by the Local Government Act 1894.
The name the Portbury Hundreds is still used for the main road which connects Portishead to the M5 motorway.
References
Hundreds of Somerset |
Yajna (, ) or Yajñeśvara () is mentioned as an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu in Hindu literature. As Yajna, Vishnu is the embodiment of the Hindu sacrifice ritual, Yajna. He is also the Indra (king of the gods) of the Svayambhuva Manvantara, the era of Svayambhuva Manu. His father is Ruci, and his mother is Ākūti.
Literature
The Bhagavata Purana, Devi Bhagavata Purana, and Garuda Purana list Yajna or Syavambhuva as an avatar of Vishnu, or Adi-Narayana. Yajna is classified as one of the 14 main Manvantara-avatars (an avatar corresponding to a Manvantara and who supports the corresponding Indra and other gods to maintain the principles of cosmic order) called vaibhava-avatars. Yajna is also categorized as a Kalpa-avatar (an avatar corresponding to an aeon called Kalpa) of Vishnu.
Yajna is the son of Prajapati Ruci and Akuti, the daughter of Svayambhuva Manu - the first Manu (progenitor of mankind). During the period of Svayambhuva Manu (Svayambhuva Manvantara), there was no qualified Indra, the post of the king of Svarga (Heaven) and the king of gods. So, Vishnu incarnated as Yajna and held the post of Indra.
The Bhagavata Purana mentions that Ruchi begot one son and one daughter by his wife, Akuti.
Of the two children born of Akuti, the male child was directly an incarnation of Vishnu, and his name was Yajna, which is another name of Vishnu. The female child was a partial incarnation of Lakshmi, the goddess of fortune, the eternal consort of Vishnu. Svayambhuva Manu very gladly brought home the beautiful boy named Yajna, and Ruchi, his son-in-law, kept with him the daughter, Dakshina. Later, Yajna married Dakshina and had twelve sons. These twelve devas (gods) are collectively called the Yāmas.
After Yajna's birth, he lived at the house of his grandfather Svayambhuva Manu. The sons to Yajna and Dakshina are named as Tosha, Pratosha, Santosha, Bhadra, Sânti, Idaspati, Idhma, Kavi, Vibhu, Svahna, Sudeva, and Rocana. They are collectively called as the Tushita gods. Later Yajna is described to become the Indra. The Garuda Purana says that he performed many sacrifices.
Another Shaiva tale from the Vishnu Purana tells at the time of the destruction of Daksha's sacrifice (Yajna), Yajna, the lord of sacrifice, was escaping as a deer. Yajna's head was severed by Virabhadra, a fierce incarnation of Shiva. Latter accounts in the Harivamsa and Linga Purana relate this to the origin of the constellation (Nakshatra) Mrigashīrsha ("deer-headed"). The creator god Brahma elevated the deer-headed Yajna to the planetary sphere as Mrigashīrsha.
Association with sacrifice
Vishnu has been equated to Yajna ("sacrifice") as in the Vedas. The commentator on the Vedas - Sayana describes Vishnu as the lord of Yajna or the sacrificer himself. The Bhagavad Gita also associates Vishnu to Yajna (sacrifice). Performing sacrifices is considered equivalent to pleasing Vishnu. The Vishnu Sahasranama ("Thousand names of Vishnu") also relates Yajna as a name of Vishnu.
Notes
References
Avatars of Vishnu
Yajna |
The Second Scroll is a 1951 novel by the Jewish-Canadian writer A. M. Klein. Klein's only novel was written after his pilgrimage to the newly founded nation of Israel in 1949. It concerns the quest for meaning in the post-Holocaust world, as an unnamed narrator, a Montreal journalist, editor, poet and Zionist, who traveled to the State of Israel soon after its founding, searches for his long-lost uncle, Melech Davidson, a Holocaust survivor, in post-war Italy, Morocco, and Israel.
Klein's novel parallels the biblical story of the Exodus from Egypt, with the modern Jewish immigration to Israel after the war being compared to the original Exodus story. It is arranged in "books" (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy), with each book loosely based on its equivalent from the Torah, and in the Jewish Talmudic tradition, several glosses further the ideas of each book at the end of the novel. The novel incorporates modes from poetry, drama and prayer, and contains elements of metafiction.
The novel's protagonist travels to Israel, seeking "a new revelation of God’s purpose in the world," the "second scroll” of the title, and finds not a new revelation, but a new people being created:
"In the streets, in the shops, everywhere about me I had looked but had not seen. It was all there all the time — the fashioning folk, anonymous and unobserved, creating word by word, phrase by phrase, the total work that when completed would stand as the epic revealed."
According to Cynthia Ozick, The Second Scroll tells of a reborn Israel in language that is “Influenced yet liberated by Joyce, forged in the laboratory of the English language as it exerts all its fathomless force, immersed simultaneously in Bible, Hebrew, Jerusalem and 20th-century history, this prophetically intricate work is the antithesis of what we have come to expect of the so-called — and largely secular — Jewish-American novel. (Think not Roth but Blake.)”
The book was translated into French as Le Second rouleau by Charlotte and Robert Melancon, who won the Quebec Governor General's Award for their translation.
References
New Canadian Library
1951 Canadian novels
Novels based on the Bible
Alfred A. Knopf books |
"Hurts So Bad" is the third single released by Australian Idol series two runner-up Anthony Callea. The song appears on his self-titled debut album, Anthony Callea (2005). It was his third consecutive top-10 single in Australia but was his first not to reach number one.
Track listing
The single had four versions of "Hurts So Bad" and came with a bonus sticker.
"Hurts So Bad" (album version)
"Hurts So Bad" (Low Frequency Occupation Crazy Fader Remix)
"Hurts So Bad" (M.N. Re-Work)
"Hurts So Bad" (Low Frequency Occupation Summer Funk Club Mix)
Music video
The music video feature Callea with a mystery woman, it was filmed in Cuba, there is a scene where Callea performed in front of Che Guevara portrait.
Charts
References
2005 singles
2005 songs
Anthony Callea songs
Songs written by Eric Sanicola
Sony BMG singles |
The Eel River and Eureka Railroad company was organized on November 14, 1882, by a group of Eureka businessmen led by John M. Vance (b. Nova Scotia October 1, 1821 – d. January 1892). One of the other founders of the line was William Carson.
History
The primary of the Eel River and Eureka Railroad ran from the line's office and depot at the foot of Second Street, Eureka to Burnell's station, a town near Hydesville. The longest tunnel was nearly through Table Bluff between the stops of Salmon Creek and Swauger's Station.
By 1896, the Eel River and Eureka Railroad was running passenger trains twice a day, every day but Sunday when there were three trains. From June 1895 to June 1896, the line had 32,811 passengers who paid a total of $24,748.70 in fares. In the same period, the line earned $67,568.85 from lumber and freight, over 3,000 tons of which was butter from the Eel River Valley dairies.
After the junction at Alton the Pacific Lumber Company Railroad extended south about through and slightly beyond the town of Scotia.
In October 1902, all the property and rights of the Eel River and Eureka Railroad were transferred to the San Francisco and Northwestern Railway.
The tracks became part of a continuous line from San Francisco to Trinidad in the summer of 1914. On December 28, 1918, the San Francisco and Northwestern Railway transferred the assets to the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. The line was considered one of the toughest in the nation to build and maintain.
Depot buildings were added at all major stops. A roundhouse and depot were built in Eureka, California. The Eureka Depot building was torn down in January 1971 and two weeks later the roundhouse was also demolished. The Fortuna Depot building is now a historical museum.
References
Additional reading
Sean Mitchell, The Demise of The Northwestern Pacific Railroad, http://humboldt-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.3/131780/Mitchell_Sean_Barnum_f.pdf?sequence=1
California railroads
Transportation in Humboldt County, California
Eel River (California) |
Sonmiani Bay is located on the Arabian Sea in Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan.
See also
Somiani Spaceport
Sonmiani Beach
Sonmiani
Hub Tehsil
Lasbela District
References
Lasbela District
Bays of Pakistan
Landforms of Balochistan (Pakistan)
Military facilities of the Pakistan Navy |
Team Socceroo Football Club (TSFC) is a football club based in Metro Manila, Philippines. It first joined the United Football League as Team Socceroo through its second division in 2012. From the 2014–2015 season, the TSFC played in the Division 1 of the United Football League, the country's top premiere football league after topping Division 2 in the 2013 season.
In 2015, it changed its name into Sigla F.C. and was to play at the UFL under the new name starting the 2016 season but ultimately withdrew from the league. The club reverted to its older name in 2017.
History
Foundation and early years
Team Socceroo F.C. was founded in 2005 by the Reyes brothers led by Jose "Wool" Reyes, the eldest brother. The brothers along with their friends and old teammates from PAREF Southridge School formed a team and began joining football tournaments and festivals.
The TSFC later opened its first football camp. In 2010, TSFC Camp was launched at Corinthian's Village football field in Quezon City which was deemed a success. In 2011, the club established two more football camps in San Lorenzo Village football field in Makati and Tahanan Village football field in Parañaque and there are further plans to open more football camps in other Metro Manila.
United Football League
In the third quarter of 2011, Team Socceroo competed in the United Football League (UFL) Cup and finished 12th out of 28 teams. For the 2012 UFL season, TSFC got admitted to the 2nd Division of the UFL. In 2013, they topped Division 2 and earned promotion to the first division where they competed for two seasons.
In 2015, the name of the club was changed to Sigla Football Club, the name which the club was supposed to compete under for the 2016 United Football League. The club reverted to its older name in 2017.
Post-UFL
Since Team Soccerroo left the UFL it decided to focus more on running its youth academies. In 2018, TSFC contributed participants at the 6th Gazprom Football for Friendship (F4F) World Championship in Russia. TSFC youth player AJ Boy Victoriano played as a midfielder for the multinational Team Komodo Dragon which finished runners-up in the tournament. Matteo De Venecia also a youth TSFC member participated as a journalist.
They also participate in the 7's Football League.
Team image
The club positions itself as the football club for the family and is thus nicknamed Club ng Pamilya () The club's motto is Plenus Pectus which translates from Latin to English means "Full Heart". The motto also served as a personal motto for the club's founder Wool Reyes.
Crest
Records
Key
Tms. = Number of teams
Pos. = Position in league
TBD = To be determined
DNQ = Did not qualify
Note: Performances of the club indicated here was after the UFL Division 1 created (as a semi-pro league) in 2009.
Honors
Domestic competitions
United Football League Division 2
Winners: 2013
References
External links
Association football clubs established in 2005
Football clubs in the Philippines
2005 establishments in the Philippines
Sports teams in Metro Manila |
Paul Robert Giel (February 29, 1932 – May 22, 2002) was an American college football and professional baseball player from Winona, Minnesota. He was an All-American in both sports at the University of Minnesota.
Collegiate career
Giel attended the University of Minnesota, where he was a star single wing tailback for the Minnesota Golden Gophers football team. While at Minnesota, Giel was a member of Phi Kappa, which later merged with Phi Kappa Theta fraternity. During his career at Minnesota he rushed for 2,188 yards and had 1,922 yards passing. Giel received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Big Ten's most valuable player twice, in 1952 and 1953, was named an All-American twice. Giel was the captain of the football team in 1953 that featured an upset of No. 5 Michigan for the Little Brown Jug. That year, he was the runner-up to Johnny Lattner of Notre Dame for the Heisman Trophy. His 1,794 votes received are the most by any player not to win the award. He was United Press International's college player of the year and the Associated Press back of the year.
Giel was a pitcher for the Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team. He was selected to the 1953 College Baseball All-America Team by the American Baseball Coaches Association.
Giel was especially known for his speed and rapid cutting to change direction on the football field. At 185 pounds he was not a power runner. In the final game of the 1953 football season, Giel was clipped (tackled from behind while near the ball-carrier) on a kick return. This illegal action by an opposing player led to a fifteen-yard penalty and a broken ankle that for many confirmed the belief that Giel was too slight to have a professional football career. Despite this, the Canadian Football League (CFL) offered him $75,000 over three years.
Professional career
Instead of professional football, after his collegiate days Giel pitched in the major leagues for the New York / San Francisco Giants, Pittsburgh Pirates, Minnesota Twins, and Kansas City Athletics. He signed with the Giants for a $60,000 bonus, which was their highest ever at the time.
After his retirement from baseball, Giel was a color commentator on Minnesota Vikings radio broadcasts from 1962 to 1969, and served as the University of Minnesota's Director of Athletics from 1971 to 1989. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1975.
Personal life
Giel died following a heart attack on May 22, 2002.
See also
List of NCAA major college yearly punt and kickoff return leaders
List of baseball players who went directly to Major League Baseball
References
External links
1932 births
2002 deaths
All-American college baseball players
All-American college football players
American football running backs
Baseball players from Minnesota
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Kansas City Athletics players
Minnesota Golden Gophers athletic directors
Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball players
Minnesota Golden Gophers football players
Minnesota Twins players
Minnesota Vikings announcers
National Football League announcers
New York Giants (NL) players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Players of American football from Minnesota
San Francisco Giants players
People from Winona, Minnesota
Minnesota North Stars announcers |
Walter Watts (7 March 1827 – 29 July 1910) was an English first-class cricketer active from 1866 to 1869 who played for Cambridge Town Club (aka Cambridgeshire). He was born in Wimpole and died in Cambridge. He appeared in 11 first-class matches as a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm roundarm slow pace. He scored 23 runs with a highest score of 9* and held four catches. He took 43 wickets with a best analysis of seven for 46.
Notes
1827 births
1910 deaths
English cricketers
Cambridge Town Club cricketers
People from Wimpole |
Bellatrax is a house/electronic project from Bristol, England that is fronted by producer Chris Dececio, who also uses the name as his alias for remixes.
Background
Prior to using the Bellatrax project, Dececio had used his own last name when he released his first recording in 2000. In 2002, Dececio created the project Redd Square and released the single "In Your Hands," which featured Tiff Lacey. As Insignia, Dececio released two songs, "Revelation" in 2001, and "Kaleidoscope" in 2007.
Under the Bellatrax name, the project has scored a number one Billboard Dance Airplay single with "I Can't Help Myself" in 2008, featuring his collaborator and vocalist Sophia May Hurst (credited as her recording stage name Sophia May). The two continue to work together occasionally.
As a remixer, Dececio has used the Bellatrax name on over 50 singles, among them Kylie Minogue's "Better than Today," which reached number one on Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in 2011.
Selected works
As Dececio
"Spectrum" (2000)
As Insignia
"Revelation" (2001)
"Kaleidoscope Eyes" (2007)
As Blue Star
"Dreaming" (2003)
As Bellatrax
"I Can't Help Myself" (Featuring Sophia May) (2007)
"Can't Hold Back" (Featuring Tina Cousins) (2009)
"World Keeps Turning" (with Sylvia Tosun, Alex M.O.R.P.H. and Chris Ortega) (2011)
"Keep You" (featuring Luke Derrick) (2013)
"Falling For You" (featuring Sophia May) (2013)
"What Love Is" (featuring Sophia May) (2014)
References
British dance music groups
British electronic music groups
British house music groups
Remixers |
The Zimmermann Telegram (or Zimmermann Note or Zimmerman Cable) was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between the German Empire and Mexico if the United States entered World War I against Germany. With Germany's aid, Mexico would recover Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The telegram was intercepted by British intelligence.
Revelation of the contents enraged Americans, especially after German State Secretary for Foreign Affairs Arthur Zimmermann publicly admitted on March 3 that the telegram was genuine. It helped to generate support for the American declaration of war on Germany in April 1917.
The decryption has been described as the most significant intelligence triumph for Britain during World War I and it marked one of the earliest occasions on which a piece of signal intelligence influenced world events.
Content
The message came in the form of a coded telegram dispatched by Arthur Zimmermann, the Staatssekretär (a top-level civil servant, second only to their respective minister) in the Foreign Office of the German Empire on January 17, 1917. The message was sent to the German ambassador to Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt. Zimmermann sent the telegram in anticipation of the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany on February 1, which the German government presumed would almost certainly lead to war with the United States. The telegram instructed Eckardt that if the United States appeared certain to enter the war, he was to approach the Mexican government with a proposal for military alliance with funding from Germany. The decoded telegram was as follows:
Original (German):
Translated:
History
Previous German efforts to promote war
Germany had long sought to incite a war between Mexico and the United States, which would have tied down American forces and slowed the export of American arms to the Allies. The Germans had aided in arming Mexico, as shown by the 1914 Ypiranga incident. German Naval Intelligence officer Franz von Rintelen had attempted to incite a war between Mexico and the United States in 1915, giving Victoriano Huerta $12 million for that purpose. The German saboteur Lothar Witzke, who was based in Mexico City, claimed to be responsible for the March 1917 munitions explosion at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in the San Francisco Bay Area, and was possibly responsible for the July 1916 Black Tom explosion in New Jersey.
The failure of United States troops to capture Pancho Villa in 1916 and the movement of President Carranza in favor of Germany emboldened the Germans to send the Zimmermann note.
The German provocations were partially successful. President Woodrow Wilson ordered the military invasion of Veracruz in 1914 in the context of the Ypiranga incident and against the advice of the British government. War was prevented thanks to the Niagara Falls peace conference organized by the ABC nations, but the occupation was a decisive factor in Mexican neutrality in World War I. Mexico refused to participate in the embargo against Germany and granted full guarantees to the German companies for keeping their operations open, specifically in Mexico City.
German motivations
The Zimmerman Telegram was part of an effort carried out by the Germans to postpone the transportation of supplies and other war materials from the United States to the Allies, which were at war against Germany. The main purpose of the telegram was to make the Mexican government declare war on the United States in hopes of tying down American forces and slowing the export of American arms. The German High Command believed that it could defeat the British and French on the Western Front and strangle Britain with unrestricted submarine warfare before American forces could be trained and shipped to Europe in sufficient numbers to aid the Allies. The Germans were encouraged by their successes on the Eastern Front to believe that they could divert large numbers of troops to the Western Front in support of their goals.
Mexican response
Mexican President Venustiano Carranza assigned a military commission to assess the feasibility of the Mexican takeover of their former territories contemplated by Germany. The generals concluded that such a war was unwinnable for the following reasons:
Mexico was in the midst of a civil war, and Carranza's position was far from secure. (Carranza himself was later assassinated in 1920.) Picking a fight with the United States would have prompted the U.S. to support one of his rivals.
The United States was far stronger militarily than Mexico was. Even if Mexico's military forces had been completely united and loyal to a single government, no serious scenario existed under which it could have invaded and won a war against the United States. Indeed, much of Mexico's military hardware of 1917 reflected only modest upgrades since the Mexican-American War 70 years before, which the U.S. had won.
The German government's promises of "generous financial support" were very unreliable. It had already informed Carranza in June 1916 that it could not provide the necessary gold needed to stock a completely independent Mexican national bank. Even if Mexico received financial support, it would still need to purchase arms, ammunition, and other needed war supplies from the ABC nations (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile), which would strain relations with them, as explained below.
Even if by some chance Mexico had the military means to win a conflict against the United States and to reclaim the territories in question, it would have had severe difficulty conquering and pacifying a large English-speaking population which had long enjoyed self-government and was better supplied with arms than were most other civilian populations.
Other foreign relations were at stake. The ABC nations had organized the Niagara Falls peace conference in 1914 to avoid a full-scale war between the United States and Mexico over the United States occupation of Veracruz. Mexico entering a war against the United States would strain relations with those nations.
The Carranza government was recognized de jure by the United States on August 31, 1917, as a direct consequence of the Zimmermann Telegram to ensure Mexican neutrality during World War I. After the military invasion of Veracruz in 1914, Mexico did not participate in any military excursion with the United States in World War I. That ensured that Mexican neutrality was the best outcome that the United States could hope for even if it allowed German companies to keep their operations in Mexico open.
British interception
Zimmermann's office sent the telegram to the German embassy in the United States for retransmission to Eckardt in Mexico. It has traditionally been understood that the telegram was sent over three routes. It went by radio, and passed via telegraph cable inside messages sent by diplomats of two neutral countries (the United States and Sweden).
Direct telegraph transmission of the telegram was impossible because the British had cut the German international cables at the outbreak of war. However, Germany could communicate wirelessly through the Telefunken plant, operating under Atlantic Communication Company in West Sayville, New York, where the telegram was relayed to the Mexican Consulate. Ironically, the station was under the control of the US Navy, which operated it for Atlantic Communication Company, the American subsidiary of the German entity.
Also, the United States allowed limited use of its diplomatic cables with Germany to communicate with its ambassador in Washington. This privilege was supposed to be used for messages connected with Wilson's peace proposals. The Swedish diplomatic message holding the Zimmerman Telegram went from Stockholm to Buenos Aires over British submarine telegraph cables, and then moved from Buenos Aires to Mexico over the cable network of a United States company.
All traffic passing through British hands came to British intelligence, particularly to the codebreakers and analysts in Room 40 at the Admiralty.
After the Germans' telegraph cables had been cut, the German Foreign Office appealed to the United States for use of their diplomatic telegraphic messages for peace messages. President Wilson agreed in the belief both that such co-operation would sustain continued good relations with Germany and that more efficient German–American diplomacy could assist Wilson's goal of a negotiated end to the war. The Germans handed in messages to the American embassy in Berlin, which were relayed to the embassy in Denmark and then to the United States by American telegraph operators. The United States placed conditions on German usage, most notably that all messages had to be in cleartext (uncoded). However, Wilson later reversed the order and relaxed the wireless rules to allow coded messages to be sent. The Germans assumed that this route was secure and so used it extensively.
However, that put German diplomats in a precarious situation since they relied on the United States to transmit Zimmermann's note to its final destination, but the message's unencrypted contents would be deeply alarming to the Americans. The Germans persuaded US Ambassador James W. Gerard to accept it in coded form, and it was transmitted on January 16, 1917.
In Room 40, Nigel de Grey had partially decoded the telegram by the next day. By 1917, the diplomatic code 13040 had been in use for many years. Since there had been ample time for Room 40 to reconstruct the code cryptanalytically, it was readable to a fair degree. Room 40 had obtained German cryptographic documents, including the diplomatic code 3512 (captured during the Mesopotamian campaign), which was a later updated code that was similar to but not really related to code 13040, and naval code SKM (Signalbuch der Kaiserlichen Marine), which was useless for decoding the Zimmermann Telegram but valuable to decode naval traffic, which had been retrieved from the wrecked cruiser SMS Magdeburg by the Russians, who passed it to the British.
Disclosure of the telegram would sway American public opinion against Germany if the British could convince the Americans that the text was genuine, but the Room 40 chief William Reginald Hall was reluctant to let it out because the disclosure would expose the German codes broken in Room 40 and British eavesdropping on United States diplomatic traffic. Hall waited three weeks during which de Grey and cryptographer William Montgomery completed the decryption. On February 1, Germany announced resumption of "unrestricted" submarine warfare, an act that led the United States to break off diplomatic relations with Germany on February 3.
Hall passed the telegram to the British Foreign Office on February 5 but still warned against releasing it. Meanwhile, the British discussed possible cover stories to explain to the Americans how they obtained the coded text of the telegram and to explain how they obtained the cleartext of the telegram without letting anyone know that the codes had been broken. Furthermore, the British needed to find a way to convince the Americans the message was not a forgery.
For the first story, the British obtained the coded text of the telegram from the Mexican commercial telegraph office. The British knew that since the German embassy in Washington would relay the message by commercial telegraph, the Mexican telegraph office would have the coded text. "Mr. H", a British agent in Mexico, bribed an employee of the commercial telegraph company for a copy of the message. Sir Thomas Hohler, the British ambassador in Mexico, later claimed to have been "Mr. H" or at least to have been involved with the interception in his autobiography. The coded text could then be shown to the Americans without embarrassment.
Moreover, the retransmission was encoded with the older code 13040 and so by mid-February, the British had the complete text and the ability to release the telegram without revealing the extent to which the latest German codes had been broken. (At worst, the Germans might have realized that the 13040 code had been compromised, but that was a risk worth taking against the possibility of United States entry into the war.) Finally, since copies of the 13040 code text would also have been deposited in the records of the American commercial telegraph company, the British had the ability to prove the authenticity of the message to the American government.
As a cover story, the British could publicly claim that their agents had stolen the telegram's decoded text in Mexico. Privately, the British needed to give the Americans the 13040 code so that the American government could verify the authenticity of the message independently with their own commercial telegraphic records, but the Americans agreed to back the official cover story. The German Foreign Office refused to consider that their codes could have been broken but sent Eckardt on a witch hunt for a traitor in the embassy in Mexico. Eckardt indignantly rejected those accusations, and the Foreign Office eventually declared the embassy exonerated.
Use
On February 19, Hall showed the telegram to Edward Bell, the secretary of the American Embassy in Britain. Bell was at first incredulous and thought that it was a forgery. Once Bell was convinced the message was genuine, he became enraged. On February 20, Hall informally sent a copy to US Ambassador Walter Hines Page. On February 23, Page met with British Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour and was given the codetext, the message in German, and the English translation. The British had obtained a further copy in Mexico City, and Balfour could obscure the real source with the half-truth that it had been "bought in Mexico". Page then reported the story to Wilson on February 24, 1917, including details to be verified from telegraph-company files in the United States. Wilson felt "much indignation" toward the Germans and wanted to publish the Zimmermann Telegraph immediately after he had received it from the British, but he delayed until March 1, 1917.
U.S. response
Many Americans then held anti-Mexican as well as anti-German views. Mexicans had a considerable amount of anti-American sentiment in return, some of which was caused by the American occupation of Veracruz. General John J. Pershing had long been chasing the revolutionary Pancho Villa for raiding into American territory and carried out several cross-border expeditions. News of the telegram further inflamed tensions between the United States and Mexico.
However, many Americans, particularly those with German or Irish ancestry, wished to avoid the conflict in Europe. Since the public had been told falsely that the telegram had been stolen in a decoded form in Mexico, the message was at first widely believed to be an elaborate forgery created by British intelligence. That belief, which was not restricted to pacifist and pro-German lobbies, was promoted by German and Mexican diplomats alongside some antiwar American newspapers, especially those of the Hearst press empire.
On February 1, 1917, Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare against all ships in the Atlantic bearing the American flag, both passenger and merchant ships. Two ships were sunk in February, and most American shipping companies held their ships in port. Besides the highly-provocative war proposal to Mexico, the telegram also mentioned "ruthless employment of our submarines". Public opinion demanded action. Wilson had refused to assign US Navy crews and guns to the merchant ships, but once the Zimmermann note was public, Wilson called for arming the merchant ships although antiwar members of the US Senate blocked his proposal.
The Wilson administration nevertheless remained with a dilemma. Evidence the United States had been provided confidentially by the British informed Wilson that the message was genuine, but he could not make the evidence public without compromising the British codebreaking operation. This problem however, was resolved when any doubts as to the authenticity of the telegram were removed by Zimmermann himself. At a press conference on March 3, 1917, he told an American journalist, "I cannot deny it. It is true." Then, on March 29, 1917, Zimmermann gave a speech in the Reichstag in which he admitted that the telegram was genuine. Zimmermann hoped that Americans would understand that the idea was that Germany would not fund Mexico's war with the United States unless the Americans joined World War I.
On April 6, 1917, Congress voted to declare war on Germany. Wilson had asked Congress for "a war to end all wars" that would "make the world safe for democracy".
Wilson considered another military invasion of Veracruz and Tampico in 1917–1918, to pacify the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and Tampico oil fields and to ensure their continued production during the civil war, but this time, Mexican President Venustiano Carranza, recently installed, threatened to destroy the oil fields if the US Marines landed there.
Japanese response
The Japanese government, another nation mentioned in the Zimmerman Telegram, was already involved in World War I, on the side of the Allies against Germany. The government later released a statement that Japan was not interested in changing sides and in attacking America.
Autograph discovery
In October 2005, it was reported that an original typescript of the decoded Zimmermann Telegram had recently been discovered by an unnamed historian who was researching and preparing a history of the United Kingdom's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). The document is believed to be the actual telegram shown to the American ambassador in London in 1917. Marked in Admiral Hall's handwriting at the top of the document are the words: "This is the one handed to Dr Page and exposed by the President." Since many of the secret documents in this incident had been destroyed, it had previously been assumed that the original typed "decrypt" was gone forever. However, after the discovery of this document, the GCHQ official historian said: "I believe that this is indeed the same document that Balfour handed to Page."
In 2006 there were six "closed" files on the Zimmermann Telegram which had not been declassified held by The National Archives at Kew (formerly the PRO).
See also
Imperial German plans for the invasion of the United States
Zinoviev letter
References
Sources
; 35pp
Alt URL
Further reading
Tuchman, Barbara W. The Zimmermann Telegram (1958) online best-seller for the lay reader by the noted historian
External links
Failed Diplomacy: the Zimmermann Telegram
Our Documents – Zimmermann Telegram (1917)
Moving out of German Embassy after breaking relations, 1917
Zimmermann Telegram: The Original Document
Before Bletchley Park (WWI) Paul Gannon Books 2023.
GermanNavalWarfare.info, Some Original Documents from the British Admiralty, Room 40, regarding the Zimmermann-/Mexico Telegram: Photocopies from The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, UK.
1916 documents
1917 documents
1917 in Germany
1917 in international relations
1917 in Mexico
1917 in the United States
Diplomatic incidents
History of cryptography
History of Mexico
Germany–Mexico relations
Germany–United States relations
Signals intelligence of World War I
Telegrams
United States documents
World War I
World War I documents |
Lights Out Paris is the first studio album by American hip hop artist Sims, a member of Minneapolis indie hip hop collective Doomtree. It was released July 28, 2005 on Doomtree Records and includes guest appearances from P.O.S, Crescent Moon, and Toki Wright, among others. The album was re-released with four remixes and five songs from Sims' False Hopes Four on vinyl in June 2015.
Music
The album is produced by Lazerbeak, MK Larada, P.O.S, Tom Servo and Paper Tiger. It features Mike Mictlan, Toki Wright, Crescent Moon, Cecil Otter, P.O.S and Dessa.
Track listing
Personnel
Adapted from Discogs
Sims - primary artist
MK Larada - executive producer, producer , additional production
P.O.S - executive producer, featured artist , producer
Joe Mabbott - engineer, mixed by, producer
Dave Gardner - mastered by
Turbo Nemesis - mixed by
Tom Servo - producer
Mike Mictlan - featured artist
Toki Wright - featured artist
Lazerbeak - producer
Sean McPherson - bass
Brandon - producer
Benzilla - producer
Crescent Moon - featured artist
Paper Tiger - producer
Cecil Otter - featured artist
Dessa - featured artist
References
External links
Lights Out Paris at Bandcamp
Lights Out Paris at Discogs
Doomtree Records albums
2005 albums
Sims (rapper) albums |
Barmiš (Cyrillic: Бармиш) is a village in the municipality of Konjic, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Demographics
According to the 2013 census, its population was 17.
References
Populated places in Konjic |
Mathias Jørgensen (born 20 September 2000) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Danish 2nd Division club Esbjerg fB.
Club career
Youth
Jørgensen began his youth career with local side Hundested before joining the youth squad of Nordsjælland. On 8 January 2017 he signed with the Odense Boldklub youth squad at the age of 16.
Jørgensen started to draw the attention of the first team with his play with the U19 squad. On 15 September 2018, he scored four goals with the U19 team in a 4–1 victory over Lyngby. While with OB's U19 team Jørgensen scored 28 goals in 24 matches.
OB
Jørgensen made his professional debut with OB on 18 April 2018 in a 1–1 draw against Randers FC. For the 2018/19 season he was promoted to the first team. He scored his first goal as a professional on 15 July 2018 in a 3–2 loss to Vendsyssel FF.
The following matchday, he also scored in a 2–2 draw against SønderjyskE. On 3 October 2018 Jørgensen scored the second goal for OB in a 2–0 victory over Thisted FC in a Danish Cup match. His play with OB drew the interest of several European clubs, and during January 2019 he joined Borussia Mönchengladbach during training camp in Spain.
New York Red Bulls
On 12 February 2019 it was announced that Jørgensen was transferred to New York Red Bulls for a reported fee of $2.5 million. On 16 March 2019 Jørgensen made his debut for New York, coming on as a late game substitute in a 4-1 victory over San Jose Earthquakes. Following the 2021 season, New York declined their contract option on Jørgensen.
Loan to AGF
On 8 December 2020, Jørgensen moved on a 6 month loan to Danish Superliga side AGF. He left the club again at the end of the season.
Esbjerg fB
On 26 January 2022 it was confirmed, that Jørgensen had joined Danish 1st Division club Esbjerg fB on a deal until the end of 2024. He made his debut on 25 February, coming off the bench for Lasha Parunashvili in a 4–2 league loss to Fremad Amager.
International career
Jørgensen was called up to the Denmark national under-18 football team in 2017 and also represented Denmark at the U-19 level. On 19 November 2018 he scored his first goal for Denmark in a 2–0 victory over Switzerland in a friendly match with the U-19 side.
Career statistics
References
External links
Mathias Jørgensen at OB
2000 births
Living people
Danish men's footballers
Denmark men's youth international footballers
Danish expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Odense Boldklub players
People from Hundested
New York Red Bulls players
New York Red Bulls II players
Aarhus Gymnastikforening players
Esbjerg fB players
Danish Superliga players
Danish 1st Division players
Danish 2nd Division players
Major League Soccer players
USL Championship players
Danish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Footballers from the Capital Region of Denmark |
Johannes (Hans) Carolus Clevers (born 27 March 1957) is a Dutch molecular geneticist, cell biologist and stem cell researcher. He became the Head of Pharma, Research and Early Development, and a member of the Corporate Executive Committee, of the Swiss healthcare company Roche in 2022. Previously, he headed a research group at the Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and at the ; he remained as an advisor and guest scientist or visiting researcher to both groups. He is also a Professor in Molecular Genetics at the University of Utrecht.
Early life and education
Hans Clevers was born in Eindhoven, the Netherlands in 1957. He began studying biology at the University of Utrecht in 1975, but also started taking medicine in 1978, in part due to his interest and in part because his friends and brothers were in the medical profession. He spent 1 year in Nairobi, Kenya, and half a year at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, United States, for biology rotations. He received a Doctoraal (equivalent to an MSc) in Biology in 1982 and an Artsexamen (equivalent to an MD) in 1984. Mostly because of his research background, Clevers was selected for a training position in paediatrics, and then went to pursue a PhD in 1985, under the supervision of Rudy Ballieux. He obtained his PhD 1 year later.
Career
After his PhD, Clevers went to the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute as a postdoctoral researcher at Cox Terhorst's group. In 1989, he returned to the Netherlands, joining his alma mater, the University of Utrecht, as an assistant professor at the Department of Clinical Immunology.
In 1991, Clevers became a professor and the chair of the Department of Immunology at the University of Utrecht. He moved to the University Medical Center Utrecht in 2002 as a professor in molecular genetics, and started his lab at the Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research (Hubrecht Institute). At the same time, he took up the position of Director of the Hubrecht Institute.
In March 2012, Clevers was elected the president of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, succeeding Robbert Dijkgraaf. His term concluded in 2015, and he started another lab at the , focusing on childhood cancer, and became the Director Research and Chief Scientific Officer there until 2019.
Clevers left University Medical Center Utrecht and was appointed Professor in Molecular Genetics at the University of Utrecht in 2020.
In 2022, Clevers joined the Swiss healthcare company Roche as its Head of Pharma, Research and Early Development and a member of its Corporate Executive Committee. He remains an advisor and guest scientist or visiting researcher to his research groups at the Princess Máxima Center and Hubrecht Institute.
Since 2017, Clevers is an investigator at the Oncode Institute in Utrecht.
Clevers has served at a number of scientific organizations, including on the board of directors of the American Association for Cancer Research (2013-2016), and the Scientific Advisory Board of the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (2005-2015), the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology in Vienna (2015-2021) and the Francis Crick Institute in London. He is currently on the advisory board of various scientific journals, including The EMBO Journal, Disease Models & Mechanisms, Cell, Cell Stem Cell and EMBO Molecular Medicine. From 2014 to 2022, he was also on the editorial committee of the Annual Review of Cancer Biology.
Outside the academia, Clevers has been a scientific advisor to numerous biotechnology companies. He also co-founded California-based Surrozen in 2016 and Shanghai-based D1 Medical Technology in 2019.
Research
Clevers's early career focused on the Wnt signaling pathway. His group identified the TCF1 protein, a member of the TCF gene family and a crucial downstream component of the Wnt signaling pathway, making it central in immune responses, embryonic development and tissue repair. His interest in the gastrointestinal tract began with the discovery that another TCF family member, the TCF4 protein, is required in forming intestinal crypts. Collaborating with Bert Vogelstein, he found that in colon cancer where the APC gene is doubly mutated, TCF family members activate catenin beta-1, which then enhances the expression of many genes that cause cancer transformation, connecting the Wnt signaling pathway with colon cancer.
In 2007, Clevers's group identified a marker for stem cells of the small and large intestines, LGR5, itself also a target of the Wnt signaling pathway. This led to his finding that LGR5 is a stem cell marker in other organs as well, including the stomach and hair follicles.
Building on this discovery, in 2009, his group published a landmark paper, describing for the first time how organoids, which are 3-dimensional in vitro structures that behave anatomically and molecularly like the organ from which they are derived, were generated from adult stem cells, creating organoids of the small intestine. Clevers's group has applied this technology to culturing organoids from other organs, such as the stomach and liver, as well as from various cancer types, including cancer of the breast and the ovaries. This platform has since been applied in personalized medicine, by generating organoids from specific patients to screen for drugs. This is not limited to cancer but is applicable to other diseases as well (for example, cystic fibrosis). His current major research interest is in using organoids derived from adult stem cells to study the molecular mechanism of tissue and cancer development.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Clevers's group modelled the infection of SARS-CoV-2 using lung organoids.
Honours and awards
Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (1999)
Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (2000)
Spinoza Prize (2001)
Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine (2004)
Knight of the Legion of Honour (2005)
Meyenburg Prize (2008)
Member of Academia Europaea (2009)
Ernst Jung Prize for Medicine (2011)
International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2012)
William Beaumont Prize (2012)
Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Medicine (2012)
Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (2012)
Member of Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen (2012)
Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2013)
International Member of the National Academy of Sciences (2014)
Fellow of the American Association for Cancer Research Academy
Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences (2015)
Pour le Mérite (2016)
Körber European Science Prize (2016)
Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2018)
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (2019)
Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2019)
Keio Medical Science Prize (2019)
The Pezcoller Foundation-AACR International Award for Extraordinary Achievement in Cancer Research (2021)
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
Dutch geneticists
Dutch immunologists
Fellows of the AACR Academy
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Members of Academia Europaea
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
People from Eindhoven
Spinoza Prize winners
Stem cell researchers
Utrecht University alumni
Academic staff of Utrecht University
Winners of the Heineken Prize
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Members of the Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen |
```c++
#include <Analyzer/WindowNode.h>
#include <IO/Operators.h>
#include <IO/WriteBufferFromString.h>
#include <Parsers/ASTWindowDefinition.h>
#include <Common/SipHash.h>
#include <Common/assert_cast.h>
namespace DB
{
WindowNode::WindowNode(WindowFrame window_frame_)
: IQueryTreeNode(children_size)
, window_frame(std::move(window_frame_))
{
children[partition_by_child_index] = std::make_shared<ListNode>();
children[order_by_child_index] = std::make_shared<ListNode>();
}
void WindowNode::dumpTreeImpl(WriteBuffer & buffer, FormatState & format_state, size_t indent) const
{
buffer << std::string(indent, ' ') << "WINDOW id: " << format_state.getNodeId(this);
if (hasAlias())
buffer << ", alias: " << getAlias();
if (!parent_window_name.empty())
buffer << ", parent_window_name: " << parent_window_name;
buffer << ", frame_type: " << window_frame.type;
auto window_frame_bound_type_to_string = [](WindowFrame::BoundaryType boundary_type, bool boundary_preceding)
{
std::string value;
if (boundary_type == WindowFrame::BoundaryType::Unbounded)
value = "unbounded";
else if (boundary_type == WindowFrame::BoundaryType::Current)
value = "current";
else if (boundary_type == WindowFrame::BoundaryType::Offset)
value = "offset";
if (boundary_type != WindowFrame::BoundaryType::Current)
{
if (boundary_preceding)
value += " preceding";
else
value += " following";
}
return value;
};
buffer << ", frame_begin_type: " << window_frame_bound_type_to_string(window_frame.begin_type, window_frame.begin_preceding);
buffer << ", frame_end_type: " << window_frame_bound_type_to_string(window_frame.end_type, window_frame.end_preceding);
if (hasPartitionBy())
{
buffer << '\n' << std::string(indent + 2, ' ') << "PARTITION BY\n";
getPartitionBy().dumpTreeImpl(buffer, format_state, indent + 4);
}
if (hasOrderBy())
{
buffer << '\n' << std::string(indent + 2, ' ') << "ORDER BY\n";
getOrderBy().dumpTreeImpl(buffer, format_state, indent + 4);
}
if (hasFrameBeginOffset())
{
buffer << '\n' << std::string(indent + 2, ' ') << "FRAME BEGIN OFFSET\n";
getFrameBeginOffsetNode()->dumpTreeImpl(buffer, format_state, indent + 4);
}
if (hasFrameEndOffset())
{
buffer << '\n' << std::string(indent + 2, ' ') << "FRAME END OFFSET\n";
getFrameEndOffsetNode()->dumpTreeImpl(buffer, format_state, indent + 4);
}
}
bool WindowNode::isEqualImpl(const IQueryTreeNode & rhs, CompareOptions) const
{
const auto & rhs_typed = assert_cast<const WindowNode &>(rhs);
return window_frame == rhs_typed.window_frame && parent_window_name == rhs_typed.parent_window_name;
}
void WindowNode::updateTreeHashImpl(HashState & hash_state, CompareOptions) const
{
hash_state.update(window_frame.is_default);
hash_state.update(window_frame.type);
hash_state.update(window_frame.begin_type);
hash_state.update(window_frame.begin_preceding);
hash_state.update(window_frame.end_type);
hash_state.update(window_frame.end_preceding);
hash_state.update(parent_window_name);
}
QueryTreeNodePtr WindowNode::cloneImpl() const
{
auto window_node = std::make_shared<WindowNode>(window_frame);
window_node->parent_window_name = parent_window_name;
return window_node;
}
ASTPtr WindowNode::toASTImpl(const ConvertToASTOptions & options) const
{
auto window_definition = std::make_shared<ASTWindowDefinition>();
window_definition->parent_window_name = parent_window_name;
if (hasPartitionBy())
{
window_definition->children.push_back(getPartitionByNode()->toAST(options));
window_definition->partition_by = window_definition->children.back();
}
if (hasOrderBy())
{
window_definition->children.push_back(getOrderByNode()->toAST(options));
window_definition->order_by = window_definition->children.back();
}
window_definition->frame_is_default = window_frame.is_default;
window_definition->frame_type = window_frame.type;
window_definition->frame_begin_type = window_frame.begin_type;
window_definition->frame_begin_preceding = window_frame.begin_preceding;
if (hasFrameBeginOffset())
{
window_definition->children.push_back(getFrameBeginOffsetNode()->toAST(options));
window_definition->frame_begin_offset = window_definition->children.back();
}
window_definition->frame_end_type = window_frame.end_type;
window_definition->frame_end_preceding = window_frame.end_preceding;
if (hasFrameEndOffset())
{
window_definition->children.push_back(getFrameEndOffsetNode()->toAST(options));
window_definition->frame_end_offset = window_definition->children.back();
}
return window_definition;
}
}
``` |
Dwayne E. Polataivao (born 30 July 1990) is a Samoan rugby union player. A scrum-half, he played for Moana Pasifika in Super Rugby in 2022. He has also represented internationally.
Career
He started his professional career playing for the Auckland in 2015, and was first selected for the Samoa national team in 2016.
He joined the Doncaster Knights in 2019.
He was selected for the Samoa national squad ahead of the 2019 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup.
In September 2020 he was named in the Mako squad for the 2020 Mitre 10 Cup. He played 7 games for the Mako in the 2020 season as they won their second premiership title in a row.
Polataivao was named in the Moana Pasifika squad to play the Maori All Blacks in late 2020, coming off the bench and scoring a try in a 28-21 loss.
Dwayne attended De La Salle College, Māngere East and won the 2008 National First XV Championship (New Zealand) making it De La Salles first national championship title.
References
External links
itsrugby.co.uk profile
1990 births
Living people
Samoan rugby union players
Samoa international rugby union players
Rugby union scrum-halves
Auckland rugby union players
Doncaster Knights players
Utah Warriors players
Tasman rugby union players
Moana Pasifika players
2019 Rugby World Cup players |
Surgut (; Khanty: Сәрханӆ, Sərhanł, Сө̆ркут, sörkut) is a city in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located on the Ob River near its junction with the Irtysh River. It is one of the few cities in Russia to be larger than the capital or the administrative center of its federal subject in terms of population, economic activity, and tourist traffic. Population:
History
It was founded in 1594 by order of Tsar Feodor I. Surgut at the end of the 16th century was a small fortress with two gates and five towers, one of which had a carriageway. In 1596 the Gostiny Dvor was built. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was a center of the Russian development of Siberia. The fortification, built of strong wood, was located on the cape, so that it was impossible to approach it unnoticed either from the river or from the land. In the central square of the ancient settlement there was a cult shrine. Along the perimeter, the fortress was surrounded by a moat, which was blocked by the structures of the defensive system. Outside the village there were special buildings - handicraft workshops, in particular, a smithy. By the name list of 1625 there were 222 servicemen living here. Subsequently, due to high mortality, the population of Surgut gradually decreased. In 1627 it was home to 216 people, which shrank to 200 in 1635, and 199 in 1642. In the second half of the 17th century the population fluctuated around 200 people, and by the end of the century there were 185 inhabitants in Surgut.
Since 1782, the county town of the Surgut district of the Tobolsk province had been formed. In 1785, the city's coat of arms was approved. At the end of the 18th century, in connection with the development of southern Siberian cities, it lost its administrative significance. Since 1868 - district, and since 1898 - the county town of Tobolsk province. The inhabitants of Surgut, like other Siberians, were on state security. Servants annually received money (5 rubles and 25 kopecks), bread (8 quarters for bachelors and 11 quarters for married couples) and salt (a pound and a quarter for bachelors and a pound and a half for married couples). The inhabitants were supplied with weapons and ammunition. At the end of the 19th century (according to the census of 1897), the population of Surgut was 1100 people. The main occupations of the inhabitants were fishing, gathering of wild plants, trade, cattle breeding, and firewood harvesting. In 1835 the Cossack school was founded, and in 1877 - the men's folk school. The women's parochial school also began operation, along with a weather station in 1878, the library-reading room, the people's house, and since 1913, the telegraph. Since November 3, 1923, the city has been the administrative center of the Tobolsk district of the Ural region. Since April 5, 1926, due to the small population of 1300, Surgut was transformed into a district village. In 1928, on the basis of the fish section, the first industrial enterprise was created - the fish canning factory. In 1929 a collective farm was organized, in 1930 - a forest site, and in 1931 - a timber enterprise. In the 1930s in Surgut, attempts were made to extract minerals. October 23, 1934 was the publication date of Surgut's first newspaper - the "Organizer" (today, the "Surgut Tribune").
Rapid urbanization of Surgut took place in the 1960s, when it became a center of oil and gas production. On June 25, 1965, the work settlement of Surgut was granted town status. The city's holiday is celebrated annually on June 12.
The Surgut Bridge is the longest one-tower cable-stayed bridge in the world.
Administrative and municipal data
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it serves as the administrative center of Surgutsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of okrug significance of Surgut—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of okrug significance of Surgut is incorporated as Surgut Urban Okrug.
Economy
The city is home to the largest port on the Ob River, the largest road/railway junction in northwest Siberia, and two of the world's most powerful power plants, the SDPP-1 (State District Power Plant 1) and SDPP-2 (State District Power Plant 2), which produce over 7,200 megawatts and supply most of the region with relatively cheap electricity.
Surgut's economy is tied to oil production (the city is known as "The Oil Capital of Russia") and natural gas processing. The most important enterprises are the oil firm Surgutneftegaz and Surgutgazprom (a unit of Gazprom). The Surgut-2 Power Station, providing energy for the city, is the second-largest gas-fired power station in the world.
In Surgut, Tyumen Energy Retail Company, the region's largest energy sales company, is Tyumen's guaranteeing supplier of electric power. It ranks first in terms of the value of the productive supply of electricity among the energy distribution companies of the Urals Federal District, and second among the energy sales companies in Russia.
The management office of OJSC TESS, the largest enterprise of the Urals Federal District, is located in the city. It operates in the sphere of complex service maintenance, overhaul, and reconstruction of electric power facilities.
In addition, Surgut is home to many factories: gas processing, condensate stabilization, and motor fuel production. The dairy, meat processing, timber, and building materials industries (mainly for the production of reinforced concrete structures) are also important.
In 2013, the volume of shipped goods, work performed, and services by large and medium-sized producers of industrial products amounted to 100.7 billion rubles.[47]
The structure of industrial production by types of economic activity in 2013:
"Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water" - 87.8%;
"Extraction of minerals" - 6.7%;
"Processing industries" - 5.5%.
The average monthly salary (for large and medium-sized organizations) in 2013 amounted to 68.7 thousand rubles.
Surgut ranks third out of the 250 largest industrial centers of Russia.
Transportation
The city is served by the Surgut International Airport, which offers flights to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Dubai, Irkutsk, and a number of other cities.
Through Surgut run trains to the east (in Novy Urengoy, Nizhnevartovsk), and to the south-west (in Tyumen, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg).
Road P-404 connects Surgut with Tyumen.
There is a port on the Ob River.
Demographics
As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Surgut was:
Education
As of July 1, 2016, there are 54 preschools, 5 private kindergartens, 33 schools, 3 gymnasiums and 4 lyceums in Surgut.
The system of additional education includes 4 music schools, a children's choreography school, an art school, 2 art studios, 10 foreign
language schools (one of the schools is an English-style Big Ben), 8 children's and youth sports schools, and others.
Culture
Sights
A commemorative obelisk to the citizens of Surgut, who went to the front in 1941-1945, originally erected at the river station in 1945 in wooden execution. It was restored on May 8, 1995.
The monument to the first members of the Komsomol of Surgut. On the monument are carved the names of the first 16 Komsomol members of Surgut, and also inscribed are the words of dedication from the youth of the 1960s. The monument plays a big role in patriotic education.
The monument to Pushkin.
The monument to Karl Marx.
Monument to G. Dimitrov
Monument to the soldiers-internationalists.
Monument to the builder "Iron Man".
Monument to a nurse - made at the Sverdlovsk Foundry.
The monument to the pilots of Siberia - Mi-6 UTair is located not far from the airport.
The monument of gas fire.
Sculpture of a fox.
Monument to Doctor Aybolit.
Lenin monument.
Historical and cultural center "Old Surgut".
Memorial of Glory (Eternal Fire).
The English language school, which repeats the architecture of Elizabeth Tower that houses the famous bell, Big Ben, is located near the city center.
The Surgut bridge across the Ob River is the world's largest cable-stayed bridge, in which the central span is supported by one pylon.
Park "Behind Saima" is a quiet romantic place among the noisy streets.
Monument to Cyril and Methodius on the area of Sur State University.
Monument to Taras Shevchenko.
Monument Smile.
Monument to condensed milk.
20 km to the west of the city, on the north bank of the Ob River, there is an archaeological monument of Barsov Gora.
Climate
Surgut has a continental subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc), with long, frigid winters and short, warm summers. Precipitation is moderate, and is higher from May to October, during which rain is more frequent than in the rest of the year, when snow is more frequent. The annual snow cover gets thicker than further east in Siberia due to lesser influence of the Siberian High, and some moisture from the humid European winters reaching across the Ural Mountains. Surgut is the largest city in the world with a subarctic climate.
Sports
Sport and recreation complexes "Friendship", "Fakel", and "Neftyanik" are known far beyond the city limits, as they hold high-level sports competitions. In 2006, they added the multi-functional sports complex "Sparta", beginning construction of its stadium.
In 2009, the city of Surgut ranked 2nd in terms of the socioeconomic development of the municipalities of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra in the field of "Physical Culture and Sport", and ranked 3rd in terms of the effectiveness of the use of sports facilities among the municipalities of the district.
Sport Club:
Universitet Surgut, a basketball team playing in the Russian Basketball Super League
Gazprom-Yugra, a men's volleyball club competing in the Russian Volleyball Super League and playing its home matches at the Premier Arena
Coat of arms
The modern coat of arms of Surgut, featuring "in the golden field - a black fox with a silver tail end, walking along the azure land", was approved on November 20, 2003 by decision of the city duma on November 4, 2003.
Twin towns – sister cities
Surgut is twinned with:
Chaoyang, China
Katerini, Greece
Zalaegerszeg, Hungary
Notable people
Igor Bobkov (born 1991), ice hockey goaltender
Miroslava Duma (born 1985)
Isolda Dychauk (born 1993), actress
Anastasiia Gontar (born 2001), paralympic swimmer
Pavel Ivashko (born 1994), sprinter
Ksenia Klimenko (born 2003), artistic gymnast
Andrei Kolegayev (1887–1937), Left Socialist-Revolutionary, Soviet politician
Aleksandr Kolomeytsev (born 1989), football player
Viktor Maslov (born 1976), racing driver
Yelena Terleyeva (born 1985), pop singer
Heads of Surgut
Gallery
See also
List of power stations in Russia
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Official website of Surgut
Informational website of Surgut
Surgutsky Uyezd
Populated places on the Ob River
Socialist planned cities |
Podrzewie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Duszniki, within Szamotuły County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north of Duszniki, south-west of Szamotuły, and west of the regional capital Poznań. Buraki z Łąkowej.
References
Podrzewie |
Mubarak Shannan Zayid (born 14 April 1995) is a Qatari tennis player.
Zayid has a career high ATP singles ranking of 1159 achieved on 12 December 2016. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 1332 achieved on 19 December 2016.
Zayid has represented Qatar in the Davis Cup.
Zayid made his ATP main draw debut at the 2016 Qatar ExxonMobil Open.
Zayid won bronze medal at the 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games at the men's singles event.
Future and Challenger finals
Doubles: 1 (0–1)
Islamic Solidarity Games
Singles 1 (1 bronze medal)
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
Qatari male tennis players
Asian Games competitors for Qatar
Tennis players at the 2010 Asian Games
Tennis players at the 2014 Asian Games
Tennis players at the 2018 Asian Games
Islamic Solidarity Games medalists in tennis |
Gunnar Torvund (9 July 1948 – 14 October 2019) was a Norwegian sculptor.
Personal life
Torvund was born in Nærbø to electrician Martin Torvund and Inger Synnøve Risvold Helliesen, and he was a brother of poet Helge Torvund. After art studies in Copenhagen and Oslo, he settled in the municipality of Kviteseid in Telemark. He was married to painter Berit Marie Friestad from 1972 to 1990, and later lived with Kristine Brodersen.
Career
His work is represented in the collections of National Gallery of Norway, the Norwegian Museum of Contemporary Art, and at the Gothenburg Museum of Art. Among his more well known works are På flyplassen – eg skal heim from 1971, and Pubertet med belg from 1991, located at the Arendal hospital.
References
1948 births
2019 deaths
People from Hå
Norwegian sculptors |
The Colt Canada C20 DMR is a 7.62×51mm NATO designated marksman rifle created by Colt Canada, in response to a request by the Canadian Armed Forces to replace their earlier 5.56mm C8 carbine in sniper sections. The weapon is intended to enter service in the Canadian and Danish militaries, beginning in 2021. C20 rifles are fitted with the Schmidt & Bender 3-20×50 Ultra Short riflescope.
Design
The C20 DMR is a semi-automatic rifle that uses 20-round 7.62×51mm NATO box magazines. A major part of its design philosophy was making sure that it was reliable in extreme conditions, such as those specified in the NATO D/14 standards for safety, in which aspects of the weapon such as the kinematics, safety features, recoil, and barrel strength are put under the most severe strain. During these tests, the C20 fired 8,000 rounds without any stoppages and achieved an accuracy of 0.66 MOA over 144 five round groups. The C20 DMR barrel features 4 groove rifling with a 1:254 mm (1 in 10 in) twist rate. Colt Canada also advertises the weapon's versatility, offering features such as:
An optional chrome-lined barrel
Upper receiver integrated with a previous Colt Canada weapon, the Modular Rail Rifle
MIL-STD-1913 44 or 48 slot top rail with 0 MOA or 20 MOA integral incline
M-LOK slots in the 3, 6 and 9 o’clock positions
Double-stage trigger
Adjustable buttstock
Users
: First rifles delivered in November 2020, and to become standard issue in March 2021. A total of 272 rifles, including spare parts, were bought by the Canadian Department of National Defence for 8.5 million CAD (6.35 million USD).
: Bought for the Danish Armed Forces to replace the Heckler & Koch HK417, the first rifles are set to be delivered in the first quarter of 2021. Designated the Finskyttegevaer, Kort (FINSKGV K). The Danish Defence Acquisition and Logistics Organization publicly confirmed their purchase of the rifles on 23 September 2020.
See also
C14 Timberwolf, Canadian bolt-action rifle in service since 2005
Heckler & Koch PSG1
M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System
List of semi-automatic rifles
List of equipment of the Canadian Army
References
7.62×51mm NATO semi-automatic rifles
Semi-automatic rifles
Designated marksman rifles
Rifles of Canada
Colt rifles
ArmaLite AR-10 derivatives
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2019
Sniper rifles of Canada |
The Free Women's Units (Kurdish: Yekîneyên Jinên Azad ên Star), shortened from the Kurdish name as YJA STAR, is the women's military wing of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). YJA STAR operates according to jineology, the feminist philosophy developed by the Kurdish ideological leader, Abdullah Öcalan.
See also
Gulîstan, Land of Roses, a 2016 documentary film about women PKK fighters
References
All-female military units and formations
Apoist organizations in Turkey
Anti-ISIL factions in Turkey
Kurdish organisations
Kurdistan Workers' Party
Left-wing militant groups in Turkey
Military wings of socialist parties
Rebel groups in Turkey
Women's organizations based in Turkey
Women's rights in Kurdistan |
Sødal is a neighbourhood in the city of Kristiansand in Agder county, Norway. It's located in the Lund borough on the east bank of river Otra. Previously it has been farmed and a limestone quarry and a still existing lime kiln located at Sødal. In 1803, four aggressive wolves were caught in outlying areas. Sødal is currently a residential area. At the Torridalsveien (County Road 1) there is a tollgate which is a part of the toll ring around Kristiansand.
References
Populated places in Agder
Neighbourhoods of Kristiansand
Geography of Kristiansand |
The 2017–18 Ligue 2 (referred to as the Domino's Ligue 2 for sponsorship reasons) season was the 79th season since its establishment.
Teams
There are 20 clubs in the league, with three promoted teams from Championnat National replacing the three teams that were relegated from Ligue 2 following the 2016–17 season. All clubs that secured Ligue 2 status for the season were subject to approval by the DNCG before becoming eligible to participate.
Team changes
Promoted from 2016–17 Championnat National
Quevilly-Rouen
Châteauroux
Paris FC
Relegated from 2016–17 Ligue 1
Nancy
Lorient
Promoted to 2017–18 Ligue 1
Troyes
Amiens
Strasbourg
Relegated to 2017–18 Championnat National
Laval
Red Star
Stadia and locations
Personnel and kits
1Subject to change during the season.
Managerial changes
League table
Results
Promotion play-offs
A promotion play-off competition was held at the end of the season, involving the 3rd, 4th and 5th-placed teams in 2017–18 Ligue 2, and the 18th-placed team in 2017–18 Ligue 1.
The quarter-final was played on 15 May, the semi-final on 18 May and the final on 23 and 27 May 2018.
Quarter-final
Semi-final
Notes
Relegation play-offs
A relegation play-off was held at the end of the season between the 18th-placed Ligue 2 team and the 3rd-placed team of 2017–18 Championnat National. This was played over two legs on 22 and 27 May 2018.
Grenoble are promoted to 2018–19 Ligue 2
Top scorers
Number of teams by regions
References
External links
Official site
Ligue 2 seasons
2
France |
Hawaii, Oslo is a 2004 Norwegian drama film, directed by Erik Poppe with a screenplay by Harald Rosenløw Eeg. It stars Trond Espen Seim, Aksel Hennie, Jan Gunnar Røise and Petronella Barker.
The film's music was composed by John Erik Kaada and Bugge Wesseltoft. Produced by Finn Gjerdrum and distributed by Paradox Spillefilm, the film is in the Norwegian language and was edited by Arthur Coburn.
Production
The film was shot in Oslo, Norway, with an estimated budget of NOK 20,000,000.
Plot
Vidar (Seim), who works at a psychiatric hospital, tries to keep himself awake as much as he can, because he has several times dreamt of horrible events that turned out to be true premonitions. At one point, he dreams that Leon (Røise), one of the patients, who is supposed to meet his ex-girlfriend, never meets her, but is hit by an ambulance instead.
Release and reception
The film was released on 24 September 2004 and was generally well received by the Norwegian press. Dagbladet gave the film five out of six points, and called it an "intense cinematic experience". Aftenposten awarded six out of six points, claiming the movie expanded the boundaries of Norwegian film. Verdens Gang also gave the film six out of six points.
Awards
The film was awarded two Amanda Awards in 2005"Best Film (Norwegian)" and "Best Screenplay". It was also nominated in the categories "Best Director" and "Best Actor" (Stig Henrik Hoff).
Cast
Trond Espen Seim as Vidar
Jan Gunnar Røise as Leon
Evy Kasseth Røsten as Åsa
Stig Henrik Hoff as Frode
Silje Torp Færavaag as Milla
Robert Skjærstad as Viggo
Petronella Barker as Bobbie
Bejamin Røsler as Mikkel
Ferdinand Falsen-Hiis as Magne
Judith Darko as Tina
Aksel Hennie as Trygve
Morten Faldaas as John
See also
2004 in film
Cinema of Norway
List of Amanda Award winners
List of drama films
Norwegian films of the 2000s
References
External links
2004 films
2004 drama films
Films set in Oslo
Films shot in Norway
2000s Norwegian-language films
Films directed by Erik Poppe
Films scored by John Erik Kaada
Hyperlink films
Norwegian drama films |
There are 29 sports federations in Northern Cyprus and 13,838 people registered in them as of 2008. Taekwondo-karate-aikido-kurash is the most popular sport with 6054 athletes. It is followed by association football (2240 athletes), shooting (1150 athletes) and hunting (1017 athletes).
Due to the lack of international recognition, Northern Cyprus is not a member of some international sporting bodies.
Some Northern Cyprus sport clubs participate in Turkey's sport leagues. For example: the Fast Break Sport Club, in Turkey's Men's Basketball Regional League; the Beşparmak Sport Club, in Turkey's Handball Premier League; and the Lefka European University, in Turkey's Table-tennis Super League. The international record for swimming 75 km between Turkey and Northern Cyprus belongs to Turkish national Alper Sunaçoğlu (completed in 26 hours and 15 minutes).
International participation and achievements
Badminton
Badminton Federation of North Cyprus is an observer member of World Badminton Federation and European Badminton Confederation.
Basketball
The men's basketball Super League operates since 1981.
In May 2015, the national basketball team played two friendly matches against Abkhazia, losing the first one by 59–76 and winning the second one by 59–47. Both matches were played in Northern Cyprus.
In April 2017, Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi became champions in the FIBA EuroCup Women. Since Northern Cyprus is not a member of FIBA, Northern Cypriot Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi registered in Turkey's basketball league to compete in FIBA Eurocup.
Billiards
Billiards Federation of North Cyprus (BFNC) is a member of the European Pocket Billiard Federation (EPBF). The national teams of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus played each other in an international sport tournament for the first time in the 2010 European billiards championships in Kielce, Poland. The country, North Cyprus, is also a member of World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) and Union Mondial de Billard.
2014 Dynamic Billard European Championships (with 32 participating countries) was hosted by Northern Cyprus.
Bocce
Bocce Federation of North Cyprus is a member of the International Bocce Association.
Bodybuilding
Bodybuilding and Fitness: 2010: Yakup Çavuşgil became World Bodybuilding and Fitness Federation (WBFF) champion in the championship in Canada.
Darts
The team of Northern Cyprus Darts Federation became third in darts championship in Spain.
EasyKart
EasyKart Federation of North Cyprus is a member of the International EasyKart Federation. 2008: Zeka Özteknik became International Easykart champion in 125cc.
Football
In 1975, FIFA general-secretary Helmut Kaser granted permission for Cyprus Turkish Football Federation to play friendly internationals against FIFA countries, but not competitive games; this permission was abolished in 1983 when Northern Cyprus was declared.
The Turkish Cypriot Football Federation administers a football league in Northern Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus is among the countries listed by the FIFA Working Committee on Small Nations.
Northern Cyprus is a member of Confederation of Independent Football Associations (ConIFA).
In September 2014, Demetris Vasiliou became the first Greek Cypriot football player to sign for a team in the Northern Cypriot league. He plays for Değirmenlik (team of Kythrea). Greek Cypriot nationalists labelled him a "traitor" and surrounded his home, preventing him from attending his first match with the team. Vasiliou said he received death threats. He also lost his job as youth coach of Omonia Aradippou.
CONIFA Euro 2017 will be hosted by Northern Cyprus.
Football Tennis
Football Tennis Association of North Cyprus is a member of the Federation International de Footballtennis Association. Northern Cyprus placed 6th in the 9th World Footballtennis Championship
The 2011 European FootballTennis Championship was hosted by Northern Cyprus.
The 2014 World FootballTennis Championship was hosted by Northern Cyprus in 19–24 October.
Gymnastics
Turkish Cypriot Gymnastic Federation administers the related activities in the country.
Handball
Handball Federation of Northern Cyprus administers a league in the country.
Shooting
Shooting: TRNC Shooting Federation participated in Airgun Championships 2011 in Bisley, UK and the team became 2nd.
Martial arts
Federation of North Cyprus is a member of Global Taekwon-do Federation (GTF).
The 9th GTF World Championship in 2013 was hosted by North Cyprus.
The headquarters of "Eurasia Taekwondo Federations Union" is in Kyrenia of Northern Cyprus.
Judo, Hapkido and Kickboxing federation of Northern Cyprus became a member of International Sport Kickboxing Association (ISKA) in 2011.
14th Euro-Asia Taekwon-Do Championships and First World Budo Martialarts Championships will be organized in Northern Cyprus in 2014.
Northern Cyprus participated to the World Kickboxing Championship organized by International Sport Kickboxing Association (ISKA) in 2015.
Tennis
Eliz Maloney Yorganci from Tennis Federation of Northern Cyprus became champion in the 2014 UK Masters 14U Tennis Tournament.
Volleyball
Volleyball Federation of Northern Cyprus administers a league in the country.
Wrestling
Northern Cyprus is an associate a member of United World Wrestling, previously known as FILA. The UWW Bureau members raised no objection to the application of Northern Cyprus in 2008.
Multi-sport events
On 18 May 2010 Northern Cyprus became a member of the Islamic Solidarity Sports Federation (ISSF).
Membership of international sports federations
Northern Cyprus has gained membership of the following federations:
See also
Football in Northern Cyprus
References |
Prophets of Da City (POC) is a hip hop crew from Cape Town, South Africa. They are composed of about eight members, though the exact membership fluctuates frequently; these include Ishmael Morabe (vocals), Mark Heuvel (dance), Shaheen Ariefdien, Ramone and DJ Ready D. Their style uses elements of hip hop music, reggae and traditional African rhythms. Their albums include Our World (1990), Boom Style (1992), Age of Truth (1993), Phunk Phlow (1994), Universal Souljaz (1995), and Ghetto Code (1997). They are currently signed under the independent record label Ghetto Ruff.
History
1988-1990: Early years
The group began in late 1988 when Shaheen and Ready D experimented in a small 8-track studio (owned by Shaheen's father, Issy Ariefdien and Lance Stehr the current Ghetoruff CEO) and produced a demo that ultimately became "Our World" (1990), the first South African hip hop release. Although the production value was not exactly stellar it did attempt to interpret hiphop through their unique Cape Town influences and experiences (both musically and lyrically). The album had the first recorded Cape slang (local Afrikaans dialect) hip-hop song called 'Dala Flat' (do it thoroughly). It also consisted of an uptempo goema inspired 'Stop the Violence' and the hip house meets mbaqanga title track. It also featured the Abdullah Ibrahim inspired "Roots" that featured DJ A-ski on the turntables. Although POC was quite a novelty to the South African music scene, record labels were turned off by their social commentary and favoured a more party music approach. Lance, POC manager, set up Ku-shu shu Records and signed a distribution and marketing deal through Teal Trutone (Gallo subsidiary). In 1990 POC was nominated for the OKTV Award for Best New Group. They also embarked on an extensive 80-leg anti-drug school tour that reached an average of 70 000 students.
1991-1992: Boom Style
The second release in late 1991 was Boom Style (referring to the hardhitting punch of a TR-808 drum machine kick drum or self-praise of the way the music is kicking – although often mistaken to mean "tree style" because boom means "tree" in Afrikaans). While the album had a scathing attack on the apartheid regime in the song 'Ons Stem' (meaning our voice – as a response to the apartheid national anthem 'die stem' – the voice) and the innovative Hard Time on Stage, the follow-up to Murder on Stage from Our World, it was less experimental. The lead single, Boom Style, like their first single, Our World, aimed to fuse contemporary US hiphop influenced dance music with mbaqanga styled guitar riffs. While Our World was rather innocent and daring for its time, Boom Style reflected the realities of operating within the music industry and the pressures of the market on POC. The censorship board sent a formal letter to the label to express their displeasure over the use of the Afrikaner national anthem in which POC not only mocked 'Die Stem', but also disrespected Afrikaner and other colonial political icons. Their live shows incorporated all aspects of hip hop culture and not only emceeing. Turntablism, Breakdancing and even aerosol art at times were used to not only present POC but represent hip hop culture and expose to parts of South Africa where people did not know what hip hop was. The video for 'Kicking Non Stop' was censored because members of the crew put a portrait of the then president, P. W. Botha, in a fridge to chill. This year the POC social issues based tour covered another 45 schools.
In 1992 they were invited by Quincy Jones and Caiphus Semenya to perform at the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland. This year they embarked on a Namibian anti-drug campaign, covering 65 schools. They also got increasingly more involved in facilitating workshops on deejaying, b-boying and developing hip hop writing techniques. Leading up to the first democratically held election in South Africa, POC embarked on a national voter education campaign. Although Issy Ariefdien has been involved in group's production since the first album, POC also brought former rival Patrick Hickey a.k.a. Caramel (then an emcee and producer with emcees from U.N.C.L.E.) on board as part of the production team for the Age of Truth album.
1993 and beyond
In late 1993 POC was invited to perform in Denmark at the Visions of Africa music festival and also embarked on a national voter education tour, covering high schools, community centres and universities. The aim was to explain the voting process to youth who never had the opportunity to vote in any national elections. The democratically held election marked an important moment in the history of South Africa, but also the history of hip hop in South Africa, because it was an acknowledgment of the popularity and power of hiphop as a pedagogical tool.
In 1994, POC performed at the inauguration of Nelson Mandela where they sang their song "Excellent, the first black President". The fact that they were invited was extremely important to them. The members of Prophets of Da City grew up during apartheid and this truly meant a lot to the group. Mark Schwartz writes, "Times were good until one day in 1985 when tanks rolled down the main drag of Mitchell's Plain Township, and Ready and his homie Shaheen put down the vinyl and picked up bricks and gasoline bombs to hurl at apartheid's army. For the next nine years, through a state of emergency, political upheaval, and economic turmoil, Ready, Shaheen and their posse Prophets of Da City persevered until finally they got to drop bombs at another revolution, as the only performers at the inauguration of South Africa's president Nelson Mandella". This step for POC was not only major for racial barriers but for rap in South Africa. This has been considered the song that brought hip hop more into the mainstream of South Africa when previously, hip hop had been more of an underground movement whose fans consisted mainly of the poorer class in the urban areas of Cape Town.
In 2006 Sean Drummond and Dylan Valley, two student filmmakers, tracked down the whereabouts of the POC members. The documentary titled Lost Prophets was screened at various film festivals in South Africa.
POC celebrated 20 years since the release of South Africa's first hip hop album, 'Our World' in 2015.
Inspiration
Inspired by the production styles of the Bomb Squad (Public Enemy) and Boogiemen (Ice Cube), Age of Truth is arguably their most militant and musically daring album. This album is generally considered South Africa's first hip hop classic album. Although Age of Truth won album of the year in various publications, the majority of the songs were banned.
The 1993 song Understand Where I'm Coming From provides background for some of the struggles about which POC raps by explaining many of the hardships faced in daily life. "The song is about empowering yourself as an individual and moving forward as a community" claims musician Ready D. "Understand Where I'm Coming From" also appeared on the Tommy Boy Planet Rap album which featured 12 hip hop crews from around the world. The album was recorded and mixed at Bop Studios in the then Bantustan, Bophutatswana. The head engineer at Bop Studios worked with POC before and offered them a deal to record an album at an extraordinary reduced rate. POC found out that the aim behind Bop Studios was to entice big music stars to record there to legitimise Bophutatswana as a sovereign state. When the group heard about this while they recorded there, they included the lines "Fuck Mangope (Bophutatswana's head of fake state) even if we record here". The head engineer confiscated all the mixed DATs and confronted the group about certain remarks made on the album. After a heated debate the group left with a 'stolen' backup copy of the mixed album that eventually became the released version.
Lyrical themes
POC's songs were often filled with socio-political messages about the state of South Africa's social and economic issues in the urban areas, which were the most economically depressed. According to the article "Globalization and Gangster Rap: Hip Hop in the Post-Apartheid City", their 1993 song "Understand Where I'm Coming From" was a "lament about poverty and social dislocation in the ghetto, questioning the wisdom of patriotism in a class stratified society", as can be inferred from the opening of the song: "Why should I fight for a country's glory / When it ignores me? / Besides, the township's already a war zone / So why complain or moan?" The song also questions the degree to which this new post-Apartheid South Africa is actually new, since there are still racial and class inequalities throughout the communities. The music created as a result of these types of struggles takes the form of hip hop because "young African and Coloured youth... see hip hop and its subcultures as the art form that best expresses their feelings of economic marginality and social dislocation". Many connections can be seen between POC's style of hip hop and the broader American style of hip hop. In "Understand where I'm Coming From", feelings of rebellion and separation from central government are rapped about just as they might be in politically conscious American hip hop; also, in the POC song "Dallah Flet 2", "negative and misogynistic attitudes towards single mothers" are rapped about, something which author Zine Magubane claims is "ubiquitous in American rap music". POC's gender politics on Age of Truth was first analysed in a 2001 article titled “Black Thing: Hip-Hop Nationalism, ‘Race’ and Gender in Prophets of da City and Brasse vannie Kaap” by Adam Haupt, who argued that some of the gender-based problems on this album could partly be explained by the crew's black nationalist politics. Black nationalism, like other forms of nationalism, tended to privilege patriarchal imperatives and marginalised female subjects. Hip-hop nationalism in the early 90s reflected some of these problems. As Haupt's analysis of Cape hip-hop activism in the book Stealing Empire reveals, POC's work is best compared to black nationalist US hip-hop of the late 80s and late 90s—and not gangsta rap, as suggested by “Globalization and Gangster Rap: Hip Hop in the Post-Apartheid City”. This is particularly significant in the light of their parody of gangsta rap on songs like "Wack MCs" off Phunk Phlow. Stealing Empire contends that the sometimes simplistic cultural imperialism thesis in some scholarship about hip-hop beyond the US is limited when considering the artistic and political agency of activists and artists who hope to use hip-hop as a means to engage youth critically about their lives in South African townships. By way of caution, Magubane's article credits the Black Consciousness song "Black Thing" to Black Noise when it was, in fact, composed and recorded by POC.
Notable co-performances
The group has also performed around famous artists like James Brown, Public Enemy, The Fugees, Ice-T, Quincy Jones and more.
References
External links
Ready D & Shaheen RBMA video lecture session
South African hip hop groups
Musical groups from Cape Town |
Klitsov (), female form Klitsova (), is a Russian surname.
Notable people with this surname include:
Igor Klitsov (born 1986), Russian football player
Dmitry Klitsov (born 1988), Russian football player
Russian-language surnames |
The Voice of Freedom Party (, ) is a Sufi Islamist political party in Egypt The party is backed by the Rifa'i Sufi order, which is the largest Sufi order in Egypt.
References
Islamic political parties in Egypt
Political parties with year of establishment missing
Political parties in Egypt
Sufism |
Ağçay (also, Agchay) is a village and municipality in the Qakh Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 376.
References
Populated places in Qakh District |
is a Japanese football player who currently plays for Vanraure Hachinohe
Career
Onishi began his youth career with Kindai University in 2009 until he graduated in 2012.
Onishi began his professional career with Ehime FC in 2013.
On 30 December 2016, Onishi signed with the J3 promoted club, Azul Claro Numazu, from Ehime FC.
On 26 December 2018, Onishi joined Kagoshima United FC, who had been promoted from the J2 league. He left the club in 2022 after four years at Kagoshima.
On 26 December 2022, Onishi officially transferred to the J3 club Vanraure Hachinohe for the upcoming 2023 season.
Career statistics
Updated to the end 2022 season.
Club
References
External links
Profile at Azul Claro Numazu
Profile at Ehime FC
1990 births
Living people
Kindai University alumni
Association football people from Osaka Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J2 League players
J3 League players
Ehime FC players
Azul Claro Numazu players
Kagoshima United FC players
Vanraure Hachinohe players
Men's association football goalkeepers |
```prolog
#!/usr/bin/perl
#
# FILE: sha2test.pl
# AUTHOR: Aaron D. Gifford - path_to_url
#
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
# are met:
# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
# 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of contributors
# may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
# without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTOR(S) ``AS IS'' AND
# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTOR(S) BE LIABLE
# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
# SUCH DAMAGE.
#
# $Id: sha2test.pl,v 1.1 2001/11/08 00:02:37 adg Exp adg $
#
sub usage {
my ($err) = shift(@_);
print <<EOM;
Error:
$err
Usage:
$0 [<options>] [<test-vector-info-file> [<test-vector-info-file> ...]]
Options:
-256 Use SHA-256 hashes during testing
-384 Use SHA-384 hashes during testing
-512 Use SHA-512 hashes during testing
-ALL Use all three hashes during testing
-c256 <command-spec> Specify a command to execute to generate a
SHA-256 hash. Be sure to include a '%'
character which will be replaced by the
test vector data filename containing the
data to be hashed. This command implies
the -256 option.
-c384 <command-spec> Specify a command to execute to generate a
SHA-384 hash. See above. Implies -384.
-c512 <command-spec> Specify a command to execute to generate a
SHA-512 hash. See above. Implies -512.
-cALL <command-spec> Specify a command to execute that will
generate all three hashes at once and output
the data in hexadecimal. See above for
information about the <command-spec>.
This option implies the -ALL option, and
also overrides any other command options if
present.
By default, this program expects to execute the command ./sha2 within the
current working directory to generate all hashes. If no test vector
information files are specified, this program expects to read a series of
files ending in ".info" within a subdirectory of the current working
directory called "testvectors".
EOM
exit(-1);
}
$c256 = $c384 = $c512 = $cALL = "";
$hashes = 0;
@FILES = ();
# Read all command-line options and files:
while ($opt = shift(@ARGV)) {
if ($opt =~ s/^\-//) {
if ($opt eq "256") {
$hashes |= 1;
} elsif ($opt eq "384") {
$hashes |= 2;
} elsif ($opt eq "512") {
$hashes |= 4;
} elsif ($opt =~ /^ALL$/i) {
$hashes = 7;
} elsif ($opt =~ /^c256$/i) {
$hashes |= 1;
$opt = $c256 = shift(@ARGV);
$opt =~ s/\s+.*$//;
if (!$c256 || $c256 !~ /\%/ || !-x $opt) {
usage("Missing or invalid command specification for option -c256: $opt\n");
}
} elsif ($opt =~ /^c384$/i) {
$hashes |= 2;
$opt = $c384 = shift(@ARGV);
$opt =~ s/\s+.*$//;
if (!$c384 || $c384 !~ /\%/ || !-x $opt) {
usage("Missing or invalid command specification for option -c384: $opt\n");
}
} elsif ($opt =~ /^c512$/i) {
$hashes |= 4;
$opt = $c512 = shift(@ARGV);
$opt =~ s/\s+.*$//;
if (!$c512 || $c512 !~ /\%/ || !-x $opt) {
usage("Missing or invalid command specification for option -c512: $opt\n");
}
} elsif ($opt =~ /^cALL$/i) {
$hashes = 7;
$opt = $cALL = shift(@ARGV);
$opt =~ s/\s+.*$//;
if (!$cALL || $cALL !~ /\%/ || !-x $opt) {
usage("Missing or invalid command specification for option -cALL: $opt\n");
}
} else {
usage("Unknown/invalid option '$opt'\n");
}
} else {
usage("Invalid, nonexistent, or unreadable file '$opt': $!\n") if (!-f $opt);
push(@FILES, $opt);
}
}
# Set up defaults:
if (!$cALL && !$c256 && !$c384 && !$c512) {
$cALL = "./sha2 -ALL %";
usage("Required ./sha2 binary executable not found.\n") if (!-x "./sha2");
}
$hashes = 7 if (!$hashes);
# Do some sanity checks:
usage("No command was supplied to generate SHA-256 hashes.\n") if ($hashes & 1 == 1 && !$cALL && !$c256);
usage("No command was supplied to generate SHA-384 hashes.\n") if ($hashes & 2 == 2 && !$cALL && !$c384);
usage("No command was supplied to generate SHA-512 hashes.\n") if ($hashes & 4 == 4 && !$cALL && !$c512);
# Default .info files:
if (scalar(@FILES) < 1) {
opendir(DIR, "testvectors") || usage("Unable to scan directory 'testvectors' for vector information files: $!\n");
@FILES = grep(/\.info$/, readdir(DIR));
closedir(DIR);
@FILES = map { s/^/testvectors\//; $_; } @FILES;
@FILES = sort(@FILES);
}
# Now read in each test vector information file:
foreach $file (@FILES) {
$dir = $file;
if ($file !~ /\//) {
$dir = "./";
} else {
$dir =~ s/\/[^\/]+$//;
$dir .= "/";
}
open(FILE, "<" . $file) ||
usage("Unable to open test vector information file '$file' for reading: $!\n");
$vec = { desc => "", file => "", sha256 => "", sha384 => "", sha512 => "" };
$data = $field = "";
$line = 0;
while(<FILE>) {
$line++;
s/\s*[\r\n]+$//;
next if ($field && $field ne "DESCRIPTION" && !$_);
if (/^(DESCRIPTION|FILE|SHA256|SHA384|SHA512):$/) {
if ($field eq "DESCRIPTION") {
$vec->{desc} = $data;
} elsif ($field eq "FILE") {
$data = $dir . $data if ($data !~ /^\//);
$vec->{file} = $data;
} elsif ($field eq "SHA256") {
$vec->{sha256} = $data;
} elsif ($field eq "SHA384") {
$vec->{sha384} = $data;
} elsif ($field eq "SHA512") {
$vec->{sha512} = $data;
}
$data = "";
$field = $1;
} elsif ($field eq "DESCRIPTION") {
s/^ //;
$data .= $_ . "\n";
} elsif ($field =~ /^SHA\d\d\d$/) {
s/^\s+//;
if (!/^([a-f0-9]{32}|[a-f0-9]{64})$/) {
usage("Invalid SHA-256/384/512 test vector information " .
"file format at line $line of file '$file'\n");
}
$data .= $_;
} elsif ($field eq "FILE") {
s/^ //;
$data .= $_;
} else {
usage("Invalid SHA-256/384/512 test vector information file " .
"format at line $line of file '$file'\n");
}
}
if ($field eq "DESCRIPTION") {
$data = $dir . $data if ($data !~ /^\//);
$vec->{desc} = $data;
} elsif ($field eq "FILE") {
$vec->{file} = $data;
} elsif ($field eq "SHA256") {
$vec->{sha256} = $data;
} elsif ($field eq "SHA384") {
$vec->{sha384} = $data;
} elsif ($field eq "SHA512") {
$vec->{sha512} = $data;
} else {
usage("Invalid SHA-256/384/512 test vector information file " .
"format. Missing required fields in file '$file'\n");
}
# Sanity check all entries:
if (!$vec->{desc}) {
usage("Invalid SHA-256/384/512 test vector information file " .
"format. Missing required DESCRIPTION field in file '$file'\n");
}
if (!$vec->{file}) {
usage("Invalid SHA-256/384/512 test vector information file " .
"format. Missing required FILE field in file '$file'\n");
}
if (! -f $vec->{file}) {
usage("The test vector data file (field FILE) name " .
"'$vec->{file}' is not a readable file. Check the FILE filed in " .
"file '$file'.\n");
}
if (!($vec->{sha256} || $vec->{sha384} || $vec->{sha512})) {
usage("Invalid SHA-256/384/512 test vector information file " .
"format. There must be at least one SHA256, SHA384, or SHA512 " .
"field specified in file '$file'.\n");
}
if ($vec->{sha256} !~ /^(|[a-f0-9]{64})$/) {
usage("Invalid SHA-256/384/512 test vector information file " .
"format. The SHA256 field is invalid in file '$file'.\n");
}
if ($vec->{sha384} !~ /^(|[a-f0-9]{96})$/) {
usage("Invalid SHA-256/384/512 test vector information file " .
"format. The SHA384 field is invalid in file '$file'.\n");
}
if ($vec->{sha512} !~ /^(|[a-f0-9]{128})$/) {
usage("Invalid SHA-256/384/512 test vector information file " .
"format. The SHA512 field is invalid in file '$file'.\n");
}
close(FILE);
if ($hashes & (($vec->{sha256} ? 1 : 0) | ($vec->{sha384} ? 2 : 0) | ($vec->{sha512} ? 4 : 0))) {
push(@VECTORS, $vec);
}
}
usage("There were no test vectors for the specified hash(es) in any of the test vector information files you specified.\n") if (scalar(@VECTORS) < 1);
$num = $errors = $error256 = $error384 = $error512 = $tests = $test256 = $test384 = $test512 = 0;
foreach $vec (@VECTORS) {
$num++;
print "TEST VECTOR #$num:\n";
print "\t" . join("\n\t", split(/\n/, $vec->{desc})) . "\n";
print "VECTOR DATA FILE:\n\t$vec->{file}\n";
$sha256 = $sha384 = $sha512 = "";
if ($cALL) {
$prog = $cALL;
$prog =~ s/\%/'$vec->{file}'/g;
@SHA = grep(/[a-fA-f0-9]{64,128}/, split(/\n/, `$prog`));
($sha256) = grep(/(^[a-fA-F0-9]{64}$|^[a-fA-F0-9]{64}[^a-fA-F0-9]|[^a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9]{64}$|[^a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9]{64}[^a-fA-F0-9])/, @SHA);
($sha384) = grep(/(^[a-fA-F0-9]{96}$|^[a-fA-F0-9]{96}[^a-fA-F0-9]|[^a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9]{96}$|[^a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9]{96}[^a-fA-F0-9])/, @SHA);
($sha512) = grep(/(^[a-fA-F0-9]{128}$|^[a-fA-F0-9]{128}[^a-fA-F0-9]|[^a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9]{128}$|[^a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9]{128}[^a-fA-F0-9])/, @SHA);
} else {
if ($c256) {
$prog = $c256;
$prog =~ s/\%/'$vec->{file}'/g;
@SHA = grep(/[a-fA-f0-9]{64,128}/, split(/\n/, `$prog`));
($sha256) = grep(/(^[a-fA-F0-9]{64}$|^[a-fA-F0-9]{64}[^a-fA-F0-9]|[^a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9]{64}$|[^a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9]{64}[^a-fA-F0-9])/, @SHA);
}
if ($c384) {
$prog = $c384;
$prog =~ s/\%/'$vec->{file}'/g;
@SHA = grep(/[a-fA-f0-9]{64,128}/, split(/\n/, `$prog`));
($sha384) = grep(/(^[a-fA-F0-9]{96}$|^[a-fA-F0-9]{96}[^a-fA-F0-9]|[^a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9]{96}$|[^a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9]{96}[^a-fA-F0-9])/, @SHA);
}
if ($c512) {
$prog = $c512;
$prog =~ s/\%/'$vec->{file}'/g;
@SHA = grep(/[a-fA-f0-9]{64,128}/, split(/\n/, `$prog`));
($sha512) = grep(/(^[a-fA-F0-9]{128}$|^[a-fA-F0-9]{128}[^a-fA-F0-9]|[^a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9]{128}$|[^a-fA-F0-9][a-fA-F0-9]{128}[^a-fA-F0-9])/, @SHA);
}
}
usage("Unable to generate any hashes for file '$vec->{file}'!\n") if (!$sha256 && !$sha384 && $sha512);
$sha256 =~ tr/A-F/a-f/;
$sha384 =~ tr/A-F/a-f/;
$sha512 =~ tr/A-F/a-f/;
$sha256 =~ s/^.*([a-f0-9]{64}).*$/$1/;
$sha384 =~ s/^.*([a-f0-9]{96}).*$/$1/;
$sha512 =~ s/^.*([a-f0-9]{128}).*$/$1/;
if ($sha256 && $hashes & 1 == 1) {
if ($vec->{sha256} eq $sha256) {
print "SHA256 MATCHES:\n\t$sha256\n"
} else {
print "SHA256 DOES NOT MATCH:\n\tEXPECTED:\n\t\t$vec->{sha256}\n" .
"\tGOT:\n\t\t$sha256\n\n";
$error256++;
}
$test256++;
}
if ($sha384 && $hashes & 2 == 2) {
if ($vec->{sha384} eq $sha384) {
print "SHA384 MATCHES:\n\t" . substr($sha384, 0, 64) . "\n\t" .
substr($sha384, -32) . "\n";
} else {
print "SHA384 DOES NOT MATCH:\n\tEXPECTED:\n\t\t" .
substr($vec->{sha384}, 0, 64) . "\n\t\t" .
substr($vec->{sha384}, -32) . "\n\tGOT:\n\t\t" .
substr($sha384, 0, 64) . "\n\t\t" . substr($sha384, -32) . "\n\n";
$error384++;
}
$test384++;
}
if ($sha512 && $hashes & 4 == 4) {
if ($vec->{sha512} eq $sha512) {
print "SHA512 MATCHES:\n\t" . substr($sha512, 0, 64) . "\n\t" .
substr($sha512, -64) . "\n";
} else {
print "SHA512 DOES NOT MATCH:\n\tEXPECTED:\n\t\t" .
substr($vec->{sha512}, 0, 64) . "\n\t\t" .
substr($vec->{sha512}, -32) . "\n\tGOT:\n\t\t" .
substr($sha512, 0, 64) . "\n\t\t" . substr($sha512, -64) . "\n\n";
$error512++;
}
$test512++;
}
}
$errors = $error256 + $error384 + $error512;
$tests = $test256 + $test384 + $test512;
print "\n\n===== RESULTS ($num VECTOR DATA FILES HASHED) =====\n\n";
print "HASH TYPE\tNO. OF TESTS\tPASSED\tFAILED\n";
print "---------\t------------\t------\t------\n";
if ($test256) {
$pass = $test256 - $error256;
print "SHA-256\t\t".substr(" $test256", -12)."\t".substr(" $pass", -6)."\t".substr(" $error256", -6)."\n";
}
if ($test384) {
$pass = $test384 - $error384;
print "SHA-384\t\t".substr(" $test384", -12)."\t".substr(" $pass", -6)."\t".substr(" $error384", -6)."\n";
}
if ($test512) {
$pass = $test512 - $error512;
print "SHA-512\t\t".substr(" $test512", -12)."\t".substr(" $pass", -6)."\t".substr(" $error512", -6)."\n";
}
print "----------------------------------------------\n";
$pass = $tests - $errors;
print "TOTAL: ".substr(" $tests", -12)."\t".substr(" $pass", -6)."\t".substr(" $errors", -6)."\n\n";
print "NO ERRORS! ALL TESTS WERE SUCCESSFUL!\n\n" if (!$errors);
``` |
The 1981 McDonald's All-American Boys Game was an All-star basketball game played on Saturday, April 11, 1981, at the Levitt Arena in Wichita, Kansas. The game's rosters featured the best and most highly recruited high school boys graduating in 1981. The game was the 4th annual version of the McDonald's All-American Game first played in 1978.
1981 game
The game was not televised, but highlights were aired by NBC Sports during Sportsworld on April 12. The East roster included the best big man in the 1981 class, Patrick Ewing (who did not play in this game), guard Michael Jordan and forward Chris Mullin. The West team could count on local stars Greg Dreiling, a 7-1 center who averaged 26.7 points for his high school team, and guard Aubrey Sherrod, the only player who was still undecided regarding his college choice. Both players went on to attend Wichita State. The West team also had more size, having 7 players standing 6-9 or taller, while the East had two of the best guards, Jordan and Milt Wagner. The game started at 8 PM and initially saw the West team take the lead, with the East team scoring their first points on a Jordan jumpshot with 7:54 minutes left in the first quarter. Jordan's basket started a 10-point run for the East, which outscored the West 21-12 in the first quarter. The second quarter ended 31-28 in favor of the West team, and at halftime the score was East 49, West 43. The East kept the lead until the fourth quarter, when the West went ahead 81-80 on a Hurt layup with 6:34 left. Aubrey Sherrod scored on a jumpshot with 22 seconds remaining, and the score was West 95, East 94. When the East regained possession of the ball, Jordan was fouled, and scored both free throws bringing the score to 96-95 for the East team. The West could win the game but Mark Acres missed the decisive free throw, shooting it short, and the game ended with the East win. Jordan set a new scoring record with 30 points on 13/19 shooting (4/4 from the free throw line): the record lasted for 18 years, until the 1999 game when Jonathan Bender scored 31 points. Despite Jordan's scoring effort, the MVP award went to Adrian Branch and Aubrey Sherrod. Of the 25 players, 14 went on to play at least 1 game in the NBA.
East roster
West roster
Coaches
The East team was coached by:
Head Coach Mike Jarvis of Rindge and Latin High School (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
The West team was coached by:
Head Coach Jim Yerkovich of Judge Memorial Catholic High School (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Asst Coach Sonny Tangaro of Judge Memorial Catholic High School (Salt Lake City, Utah)
References
External links
McDonald's All-American on the web
McDonald's All-American all-time rosters
McDonald's All-American rosters at Basketball-Reference.com
Game stats at Realgm.com
1980–81 in American basketball
1981
1981 in sports in Kansas
Basketball competitions in Kansas
Sports competitions in Wichita, Kansas |
Bactrocythara cryera is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 5 mm, its diameter 2.1 mm.
Distribution
This marine species is distributed in the Western Atlantic, mainly from Georgia to Florida, USA at depths between 538 m and 805 m
References
Dall W. H. (1927). Small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the United states by the United States Fisheries Steamer "Albatross", in 1885 and 1886; Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 70(18): 1–134
External links
Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1–1295.
Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273–308.
cryera
Gastropods described in 1927 |
Elio e le Storie Tese (; literally "Elio and the Troubled Stories"), often abbreviated EelST, was an Italian comedy rock band from Milan, formed in 1980. Its leader was Stefano Belisari, better known as Elio. They announced their split on 17 October 2017, on Italian TV program Le Iene.
Elio e le Storie Tese acquired national fame after their second-place finish at the Sanremo Music Festival 1996 with the song "La terra dei cachi", a humorous take on Italian lifestyle. They also won the "Mia Martini" Critics Awards for their performance.
In 1999, they were awarded as Best Italian Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards, and in 2003 they won the Best Italian Videoclip award at the Italian Music Awards of Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana for "Shpalman®". In 2011, they were elected as the best group band of the 2001–2010 decade through a referendum announced by the website Rockol. In 2012, the album Elio samaga hukapan kariyana turu has been ranked the 15th best Italian album of all time by the magazine Rolling Stone.
The group participated to the Sanremo Music Festival for the second time in the 2013 edition with the song "La canzone mononota", achieving again the second place and winning the "Mia Martini" Critics Awards for the second time, the award for the best arrangement, and the Radio and TV Press-Room award.
History
The origins of Elio e le Storie Tese go back to the 1970s, when Stefano Belisari (Elio), Luca Mangoni and Marco Conforti (Sergio's brother and future manager of the group) were classmates in a high school in Milan.
The first line-up debuted in Milan in 1980. It consisted of Elio on guitar, Paolo Cortellino on bass and Pier Luigi Zuffellato on drums. Cortellino was then replaced firstly by Fabio Gianvecchio (Chiosco), later by Dario Mazzoli (Scaffale), and finally, in 1986, by Nicola Fasani (Faso). In the meantime, Zuffellato had left the group, and was replaced by Vittorio Cosma until 1982, when, after EelST were joined by the pianist Sergio Conforti (Rocco Tanica), the role of drummer was filled by a Drumulator operated by Rocco Tanica himself until 1988, when Swiss drummer Christian Meyer joined the group.
At the beginning, Elio was the singer and guitarist, but in 1983 the group hired rock guitarist Davide Civaschi (Cesareo). From that moment on, Elio could focus on being the front-man, and, sparingly, play the Western concert flute, for which he had passed the music academy's examination. In 1988, the group was also joined by the multi-instrumentalist Paolo Panigada (Feiez), who died ten years later of a brain hemorrhage during a concert.
In 1992, Elio decided to include architect and former classmate Mangoni in the band. Mangoni, described in the official website as "artist and architect", would have various roles, such as dancing and singing during live performances.
The first studio album, Elio samaga hukapan kariyana turu was published in 1989, and it was followed by The Los Sri Lanka Parakramabahu Brothers Featuring Elio e le Storie Tese (1990), İtalyan, rum casusu çikti (1992), Esco dal mio corpo e ho molta paura: Gli inediti 1979–1986 (1993), Eat the Phikis (1996), Peerla (1998), Craccracriccrecr (1999), Cicciput (2003), Studentessi (2008) and L'album biango (2013). During their 35-year career, EelST have been awarded several prizes; they came second twice in the Sanremo Music Festival (in (1996 and 2013); they also won two "Mia Martini" Critics' Awards.
In March 2014, Elio e le Storie Tese presented six episodes of Il Musichione, a comedy musical show on Rai 2.
On 17 October 2017, the band announced that they would disband at the end of the year, after their last concert in Milan on 19 December.
On 16 December 2017, it was announced that the band would take part in the Sanremo Music Festival 2018 with the song Arrivedorci, i.e. "Arrivederci", meaning "See you later" in Italian; the song title is misspelled in the same way in which Alberto Sordi intentionally mispronounced the word, with a fake and exaggerated American accent (mostly for comic effect), while dubbing Oliver Hardy in the Italian versions of Laurel and Hardy films, from 1939 to 1951). The song, a slow ballad with a lyric consisting in a half-comical, half-serious concise recapitulation of their history, came last in the final chart and it was called by journalist and music critic Mario Luzzatto Fegiz "the ugliest song [they] ever wrote"; Elio, replying to Fegiz in an ambiguous attitude, stated that the band had made a calculated effort to classify last. A follow-up "Tour D'Addio" ("Farewell Tour") was announced for the Spring of 2018 starting on April 20 and ending on June 29. Later on, during a June 30, 2018 meet-and-greet in Barolo, for the tenth edition of its Collisioni rock music festival, Elio clarified that the main reasons behind the band's break-up were Tanica's recurring and continued absence from their stage performances during the previous years, due to health reasons – namely depression (although the keyboardist never gave up his official membership in the band, by continuing to play keyboards and synths on their studio albums) – and a general tiredness within the band after their long career.
On 5 April 2022, Elio e le Storie Tese announced a reunion concert to be held in July of the same year. The purpose of the event is to raise funds to help Ukrainian refugees fleeing their country after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Style
The music of the group is openly inspired, among other sources, by the style of Frank Zappa, both in music and lyrics. Elio e le Storie Tese's musical work is characterized by eclecticism and competence, in the melodic, harmonic and orchestration (arrangement) aspects, augmented by the members' technical proficiency. They are widely considered as some of the best musicians in Italy. They are usually joined by an "unofficial" member, Mangoni (a former schoolmate of Elio and actually an architect), whose role is to dance, make choreographies or even sing during live shows on stage.
In their official discography, and in their gigs, EelST have covered many of the genres typified in popular music: rock, Latin, progressive rock, disco and soul, to name a few. A very strong attitude to affectionately mock and modify to their needs the clichès of Italian pop music has always been part of their musical career, and nonetheless many Italian pop artists have been proud guests in their recordings, acknowledging their value.
Their songs are typically interspersed by a rude, coarse humour which lies in stark contrast to their extreme varied and competent musical talent; once the band was considered part of the 'demential' rock underground spawned after the demise of punk and cross-fertilized by situationist dadaism, but they have soared well past above that scene. One of their favourite themes is adolescent life, seen as a golden period of fun, friendship, music and sexual discoveries.
The band has also been the first one, in 2004, to sell instant CDs of their live performances immediately after their end (which they dubbed CD brulé, as they were 'burned' on the spot, like mulled wine, in Italian "vin brulé").
Line–ups
Members
Stefano Belisari a.k.a. Elio – lead vocals, transverse flute, electric guitar, electric bass
Sergio Conforti a.k.a. Rocco Tanica – vocals, keyboards, electronic drums, piano
Nicola Fasani a.k.a. Faso – electric bass, backing vocals
Davide Civaschi a.k.a. Cesareo – electric guitar, backing vocals
Christian Meyer – drums, percussion
Antonello Aguzzi a.k.a. Jantoman – keyboards, backing vocals (member since 1999)
"Unofficial" members
Luca Mangoni – backing vocals, occasional lead vocals, onstage dancing
Paola Folli – backing vocals
Vittorio Cosma a.k.a. Clayderman Viganò – keyboards, backing vocals
Past members
Paolo Panigada a.k.a. Feiez or Mu Fogliasch (deceased in 1998) – backing vocals, saxophone, percussion, electric bass, guitar
Discography
Studio albums
Elio samaga hukapan kariyana turu (1989)
The Los Sri Lanka Parakramabahu Brothers Featuring Elio e le Storie Tese (1990)
İtalyan, rum casusu çikti (1992)
Esco dal mio corpo e ho molta paura: Gli inediti 1979–1986 (1993)
Eat the Phikis (1996)
Peerla (1998)
Craccracriccrecr (1999)
Cicciput (2003)
Studentessi (2008)
L'album biango (2013)
Figgatta de Blanc (2016)
Live albums
Made in Japan (2001)
Il meglio di Ho fatto due etti e mezzo, lascio? (2004, box)
Il meglio di Grazie per la splendida serata (2005, box)
Coèsi se vi pare (2006)
Enlarge Your Penis - Live 2012 (2012)
Il meglio di Emozioni Fortissime Tour 2007 (2013)
Arrivedorci (2018)
Soundtracks
Tutti gli uomini del deficiente (1999)
Compilations
Del meglio del nostro meglio Vol. 1 (1997, greatest hits)
E.L.I.O. – The Artists Formerly Known as Elio e le Storie Tese (1997, promotional album with previous songs translated in English)
Baffo Natale Compilation – Le canzoni di Natale di Radio DeeJay (2005)
The Original Recordings 1990/2003 (2007, unauthorized by the band)
Gattini (2009, rerecorded versions with orchestra of previous tracks + 1 new song)
Yes, We Can't (2017)
Singles
"Nubi di ieri sul nostro domani odierno (Abitudinario)" (1989)
"Born to Be Abramo" (1990)
"Born to Be Abramo (Saturday Night strage)" (1990)
"Servi della gleba" (1992)
"Pipppero®" (1992)
"Pipppero® (English version)" (1992)
"Not Unpreviously Unreleased'nt" (1993)
"Entra in Esco dal mio corpo e ho molta paura" (1993)
"(Gomito a gomito con l') Aborto / In te" (1993)
"Nessuno allo stadio" (1994)
"Nessuno allo stadio – Strike remix" (1994)
"Christmas with the Yours" (1995)
"La terra dei cachi" (1996)
"La terra dei cachi – Prezioso remix" (1996)
"La terra dei cachi (The Rimini Tapes)" (1996)
"T.V.U.M.D.B. / Mio cuggino" (1996)
"El Pube" (1996)
"Born to be Abramo (avec Patrick Hernandez)" (1997)
"L'eterna lotta tra il bene e il male" (1998)
"Evviva/La visione" (1999)
"Bis" (1999)
"Discomusic" (1999)
"La bella canzone di una volta" (1999)
"Presidance®" (1999)
"La gente vuole il gol" (2000)
"Fave Club" (2000)
"Che felicità" (2000)
"Tapparella" (2001)
"Fave strapazzate" (2002)
"Shpalman®" (2003)
"Shpalman® RMX" (2003)
"Fossi figo" (2003)
"Oratorium" (2004)
"Valzer transgenico" (2006)
"Banane giganti" (2006)
"Presepio imminente" (2006)
"Enrico va a scuola" (2007)
"Parco Sempione" (2008)
"Ignudi fra i nudisti" (2008)
"Storia di un bellimbusto" (2009)
"Pensiero stupesce" (2011)
"Sta arrivando la fine del mondo" (2012)
"Dannati forever" (2013)
"La canzone mononota" (2013)
"Complesso del primo maggio" (2013)
"Amore amorissimo" (2013)
"Il Musichione" (2014)
"Alcol snaturato (una serata speciale)" (2015)
"Il primo giorno di scuola" (2015)
"Vincere l'odio" (2016)
"Il mistero dei bulli" (2016)
"Vacanza alternativa/China disco bar/Bomba intelligente (2016)
"Licantropo vegano" (2017)
"Arrivedorci" (2018)
References
Further reading
External links
Elio e le Storie Tese's biography at ElioeleStorieTese.it
1980 establishments in Italy
Comedy rock musical groups
Italian comedy musicians
Italian pop music groups
Italian rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1980
Musical groups from Milan
MTV Europe Music Award winners |
StarWraith is a series of space combat simulators by StarWraith 3D Games.
The Star Wraith universe and games
During the first two parts and also in Star Wraith: Shadows of Orion the player fights as Alliance pilot in the brutal civil war of the Alliance against the Federation. In Shadows of Orion a new threat emerges: the alien race, the Vonari. In most of the following games in the series there have been skirmishes or major conflicts with the Vonari. In StarWraith IV: Reviction the Vonari assault Earth. In RiftSpace the Vonari guard a powerful secret from humanity. In Evochron Alliance the Vonari assault the newly discovered EvoChron sector. Arvoch Conflict is the first game in which humanity counters the Vonari into their own territories.
Although Arvoch Conflict is already the fourth game featuring the Vonari there is not much known about this race. Their technology is superior to human technology. The Vonari are an intelligent, martial race of canine bipeds. What is known is that they are a powerful, galactic force that has little mercy on its prey. Underestimating humanity at first, they have now realized the strength of the Terran race and are increasing the power of their attacks.
In Evochron Renegades, taking place one year after Arvoch Conflict, we learn of an enigmatic mercenary group called the Renegades. They are determined to unravel the secret of Riftspace at all costs, leading to their disappearance. All that's left are beacons sending out encoded information or clues.
Every series of games has a different approach to space simulation. Where Evochron and RiftSpace are space trading and combat simulators, StarWraith and Arvoch games are mostly military-focused space combat simulators.
In Star Wraith and Arvoch, the player takes the role of an ensign pilot of the Alliance. In StarWraith II one can decide between Alliance and mercenary life. Star Wraith III features a dynamic campaign with two different endings. Star Wraith IV has a set campaign, but further expanded concepts. Arvoch features strategic aspects and a wide range of objectives. This is different than, for example, Wing Commander, in which the missions must be successfully completed, before the player can move on to the next.
Name-giving for the series is the "F-144 StarWraith", the most powerful starfighter of the Alliance during the StarWraith series. During the about 100 years between Reviction and Arvoch Conflict the "F-228 Evoch" was developed and is now the top-starfighter of the Alliance. Thus Arvoch Conflict does not run any longer under the title StarWraith.
Evochron and RiftSpace have a freeform approach. In both games the player takes on the role of a mercenary pilot who is starting out in the universe and searching for wealth. The difference is in the way to gain wealth. In RiftSpace, one will gather a wing to assist him, hopping from mission to mission with minor trading aspects. In Evochron Alliance, the player is a lone wolf. The game is far more free in its approach and leaves the player fully free to explore, mine, trade, pirate etc.
The Star Wraith / Arvoch series
Star Wraith (2000)
This was the first game made by SW3DG with the title Star Wraith. It was written entirely in DarkBASIC. This game featured animated explosions for the first time, as well as 3D textured models, the 3D spherical radar display, and a random campaign. It also supported a variety of joysticks.
Star Wraith II (2002)
Star Wraith II improved considerably on Star Wraith. This game featured planetary assault missions for the first time. Turrets could also be added (replacing some fighters) for the first time. This game also included a simple mercenary mode and a linear campaign. Star Wraith II finally brought back the cockpit which was missing in Star Wraith and Star Wolf. In contrast, however, Bomb missions in which the player would destroy a carrier were removed.
Star Wraith III: Shadows of Orion (2003)
After the destruction of the "Richton", the flagship of the Federation, they accuse the Alliance of being responsible, and the civil war rages again. When the Alliance carrier "ABC Becker" is destroyed, the speed and the precision of the attack shows the Alliance that the Federation is not responsible for this incident: The Vonari, an aggressive hostile race, destroyed both ships and that it is only the first step in a plan that includes an attack against earth, which the Alliance manages to prevent.
Star Wraith IV: Reviction (2004)
The Vonari prepare the final attack on the Alliance. An enormous Vonari fleet meets in the Sol-system. Using an energy network, all ships of the fleet transfer their energy to the leading ship, carrying the weapon, that can destroy Earth. The Alliance has only one chance: If the energy network is saturated it will still take some time, until the weapon is ready to fire. If the leading ship is destroyed, while the energy network is saturated, a feedback impulse will destroy all ships in the network. The plan succeeds and the Vonari withdraw.
Arvoch Conflict (2006)
When more and more Alliance forces defect to the Federation, the Alliance High-Command sends the carrier ship "ABC Phantom" into the Sapphire-system to search for an explanation. The crew learns that the Federation allied itself with the Vonari, in order to destroy the Alliance. A weapon of the Vonari is found, which have obviously the power to destroy an entire planet. The Alliance decides to use the weapon against its designers and to destroy the Vonari system of Arvoch.
Arvoch Alliance (2011)
Arvoch Alliance is a first person 3D space combat simulation from StarWraith 3D Games. The player takes the role of a flight commander in the Alliance Navy, leading a team of pilots through a series of missions spanning the in-game region of space known as the Evochron quadrant. As the story unfolds, events that eventually lead to the end of the Federation/Alliance war and the liberation of Evochron take place. In the midst of an ongoing war, the return of the Vonari - an old extraterrestrial enemy in the series - signals a change in the course of the in-game human history as forces unite in a battle for survival.
Other games in the StarWraith universe
RiftSpace (2004)
An ancient artifact with a prophecy is found. It is about the planet RiftSpace, which would provide its discoverer with great wealth. Many mercenaries begin the search for RiftSpace, but many further artifacts are needed to finally get the key to RiftSpace.
Evochron (2005) - discontinued
Evochron Alliance (2005)
Evochron Renegades (2007)
Evochron Renegades features a seamless universe, improved graphics, the ability to modify ships both in performance and visually in-game and many more improvements over Evochron Alliance.
Evochron Legends (2009)
Evochron Legends delivers further improvements to graphics and gameplay over Evochron Renegades.
Evochron Mercenary (2010)
Evochron Mercenary featured a new graphics engine and added many player requested features and changes.
Evochron Legacy (2016)
Evochron Legacy, the latest Evochron title, was released simultaneously on the StarWraith website and Steam on January 18, 2016, and continuously updated.
External links
Official StarWraith website - The demo versions of the games can be downloaded here and the licenses for full versions can be acquired.
History of StarWraith, 3D Games - past, present, and future projects of SW3DG |
Mechanics Mill is an historic cotton textile mill located at 1082 Davol Street in Fall River, Massachusetts.
The mill was constructed in 1868 from red brick, in the Italianate style. The mill's octagonal tower originally had a highly decorative top, that has been removed. The mill office was once located in front of the mill along Davol Street, but has also been removed.
The Mechanics Mill company was incorporated on May 25, 1868, by a special charter granted by the Massachusetts Legislature. Thomas J. Borden served as the first president and D.H. Dyer was treasurer. Along with the Merchants Mill established in 1867, the Mechanics Mill was formed by a large number of stock holders with small means, beginning a new trend in the development of new corporations in the city. There were initially 328 stockholders, compared to a dozen or so with other mills at the time.
The mill was constructed north of the city center, along the waterfront with a tidewater dock to receive coal shipments to feed its boilers. Water for the steam engines was obtained from a well shaft dug nearby. The Mechanics Mill was also one of the first in the city to have a fire sprinkler protection system.
In 1929 the Mechanics Mill merged with the nearby Weetamoe Mill, but was soon closed. It was later part of Quaker Fabric Corporation, which closed in 2007.
The mill experienced a rebirth in 2012 as Commonwealth Landing, including office space, several small stores and two restaurants, including Jerry Remy's Sports Bar & Grill, owned by Fall River native, former Boston Red Sox second baseman and current NESN sportscaster Jerry Remy.
The mill was added to the National Historic Register in 1983.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Fall River, Massachusetts
List of mills in Fall River, Massachusetts
References
Textile mills in Fall River, Massachusetts
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Fall River, Massachusetts |
Information Age Publishing Inc. (IAP) is a publisher of academic books, primarily in the fields of education and management. It was founded in 1999 by George Johnson and is located in Charlotte, North Carolina.
References
External links
Book publishing companies based in North Carolina
Companies based in Charlotte, North Carolina
Publishing companies established in 1999
1999 establishments in North Carolina |
Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier (23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier (), was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology". Cuvier was a major figure in natural sciences research in the early 19th century and was instrumental in establishing the fields of comparative anatomy and paleontology through his work in comparing living animals with fossils.
Cuvier's work is considered the foundation of vertebrate paleontology, and he expanded Linnaean taxonomy by grouping classes into phyla and incorporating both fossils and living species into the classification. Cuvier is also known for establishing extinction as a fact—at the time, extinction was considered by many of Cuvier's contemporaries to be merely controversial speculation. In his Essay on the Theory of the Earth (1813) Cuvier proposed that now-extinct species had been wiped out by periodic catastrophic flooding events. In this way, Cuvier became the most influential proponent of catastrophism in geology in the early 19th century. His study of the strata of the Paris basin with Alexandre Brongniart established the basic principles of biostratigraphy.
Among his other accomplishments, Cuvier established that elephant-like bones found in North America belonged to an extinct animal he later would name as a mastodon, and that a large skeleton dug up in present-day Argentina was of Megatherium, a giant, prehistoric ground sloth. He named the pterosaur Pterodactylus, described (but did not discover or name) the aquatic reptile Mosasaurus, and was one of the first people to suggest the earth had been dominated by reptiles, rather than mammals, in prehistoric times.
Cuvier is also remembered for strongly opposing theories of evolution, which at the time (before Darwin's theory) were mainly proposed by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Cuvier believed there was no evidence for evolution, but rather evidence for cyclical creations and destructions of life forms by global extinction events such as deluges. In 1830, Cuvier and Geoffroy engaged in a famous debate, which is said to exemplify the two major deviations in biological thinking at the time – whether animal structure was due to function or (evolutionary) morphology. Cuvier supported function and rejected Lamarck's thinking.
Cuvier also conducted racial studies which provided part of the foundation for scientific racism, and published work on the supposed differences between racial groups' physical properties and mental abilities. Cuvier subjected Sarah Baartman to examinations alongside other French naturalists during a period in which she was held captive in a state of neglect. Cuvier examined Baartman shortly before her death, and conducted a dissection following her death that disparagingly compared her physical features to those of monkeys.
Cuvier's most famous work is Le Règne Animal (1817; English: The Animal Kingdom). In 1819, he was created a peer for life in honor of his scientific contributions. Thereafter, he was known as Baron Cuvier. He died in Paris during an epidemic of cholera. Some of Cuvier's most influential followers were Louis Agassiz on the continent and in the United States, and Richard Owen in Britain. His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.
Biography
Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric Cuvier was born in Montbéliard, where his Protestant ancestors had lived since the time of the Reformation. His mother was Anne Clémence Chatel; his father, Jean George Cuvier, was a lieutenant in the Swiss Guards and a bourgeois of the town of Montbéliard. At the time, the town, which would be annexed to France on 10 October 1793, belonged to the Duchy of Württemberg. His mother, who was much younger than his father, tutored him diligently throughout his early years, so he easily surpassed the other children at school. During his gymnasium years, he had little trouble acquiring Latin and Greek, and was always at the head of his class in mathematics, history, and geography. According to Lee, "The history of mankind was, from the earliest period of his life, a subject of the most indefatigable application; and long lists of sovereigns, princes, and the driest chronological facts, once arranged in his memory, were never forgotten."
At the age of 10, soon after entering the gymnasium, he encountered a copy of Conrad Gessner's Historiae Animalium, the work that first sparked his interest in natural history. He then began frequent visits to the home of a relative, where he could borrow volumes of the Comte de Buffon's massive Histoire Naturelle. All of these he read and reread, retaining so much of the information, that by the age of 12, "he was as familiar with quadrupeds and birds as a first-rate naturalist." He remained at the gymnasium for four years.
Cuvier spent an additional four years at the Caroline Academy in Stuttgart, where he excelled in all of his coursework. Although he knew no German on his arrival, after only nine months of study, he managed to win the school prize for that language. Cuvier's German education exposed him to the work of the geologist Abraham Gottlob Werner (1750 - 1817), whose Neptunism and emphasis on the importance of rigorous, direct observation of three-dimensional, structural relationships of rock formations to geological understanding provided models for Cuvier's scientific theories and methods.
Upon graduation, he had no money on which to live as he awaited appointment to an academic office. So in July 1788, he took a job at Fiquainville chateau in Normandy as tutor to the only son of the Comte d'Héricy, a Protestant noble. There, during the early 1790s, he began his comparisons of fossils with extant forms. Cuvier regularly attended meetings held at the nearby town of Valmont for the discussion of agricultural topics. There, he became acquainted with Henri Alexandre Tessier (1741–1837), who had assumed a false identity. Previously, he had been a physician and well-known agronomist, who had fled the Terror in Paris. After hearing Tessier speak on agricultural matters, Cuvier recognized him as the author of certain articles on agriculture in the Encyclopédie Méthodique and addressed him as M. Tessier.
Tessier replied in dismay, "I am known, then, and consequently lost."—"Lost!" replied M. Cuvier, "no; you are henceforth the object of our most anxious care." They soon became intimate and Tessier introduced Cuvier to his colleagues in Paris—"I have just found a pearl in the dunghill of Normandy", he wrote his friend Antoine-Augustin Parmentier. As a result, Cuvier entered into correspondence with several leading naturalists of the day, and was invited to Paris. Arriving in the spring of 1795, at the age of 26, he soon became the assistant of Jean-Claude Mertrud (1728–1802), who had been appointed to the chair of Animal Anatomy at the Jardin des Plantes. When Mertrud died in 1802, Cuvier replaced him in office and the Chair changed its name to Chair of Comparative Anatomy.
The Institut de France was founded in the same year, and he was elected a member of its Academy of Sciences. On 4 April 1796 he began to lecture at the École Centrale du Pantheon and, at the opening of the National Institute in April, he read his first paleontological paper, which subsequently was published in 1800 under the title Mémoires sur les espèces d'éléphants vivants et fossiles. In this paper, he analyzed skeletal remains of Indian and African elephants, as well as mammoth fossils, and a fossil skeleton known at that time as the "Ohio animal".
Cuvier's analysis established, for the first time, the fact that African and Indian elephants were different species and that mammoths were not the same species as either African or Indian elephants, so must be extinct. He further stated that the 'Ohio animal' represented a distinct and extinct species that was even more different from living elephants than mammoths were. Years later, in 1806, he would return to the 'Ohio animal' in another paper and give it the name, "mastodon".
In his second paper in 1796, he described and analyzed a large skeleton found in Paraguay, which he would name Megatherium. He concluded this skeleton represented yet another extinct animal and, by comparing its skull with living species of tree-dwelling sloths, that it was a kind of ground-dwelling giant sloth.
Together, these two 1796 papers were a seminal or landmark event, becoming a turning point in the history of paleontology, and in the development of comparative anatomy, as well. They also greatly enhanced Cuvier's personal reputation and they essentially ended what had been a long-running debate about the reality of extinction.
In 1799, he succeeded Daubenton as professor of natural history in the Collège de France. In 1802, he became titular professor at the Jardin des Plantes; and in the same year, he was appointed commissary of the institute to accompany the inspectors general of public instruction. In this latter capacity, he visited the south of France, but in the early part of 1803, he was chosen permanent secretary of the department of physical sciences of the Academy, and he consequently abandoned the earlier appointment and returned to Paris. In 1806, he became a foreign member of the Royal Society, and in 1812, a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1812 he became a correspondent for the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, and became member in 1827. Cuvier was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1822.
Cuvier then devoted himself more especially to three lines of inquiry: (i) the structure and classification of the Mollusca; (ii) the comparative anatomy and systematic arrangement of the fishes; (iii) fossil mammals and reptiles and, secondarily, the osteology of living forms belonging to the same groups.
In 1812, Cuvier made what the cryptozoologist Bernard Heuvelmans called his "Rash dictum": he remarked that it was unlikely that any large animal remained undiscovered. Ten years after his death, the word "dinosaur" would be coined by Richard Owen in 1842.
During his lifetime, Cuvier served as an imperial councilor under Napoleon, president of the Council of Public Instruction and chancellor of the university under the restored Bourbons, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, a Peer of France, Minister of the Interior, and president of the Council of State under Louis Philippe. He was eminent in all these capacities, and yet the dignity given by such high administrative positions was as nothing compared to his leadership in natural science.
Cuvier was by birth, education, and conviction a devout Lutheran, and remained Protestant throughout his life while regularly attending church services. Despite this, he regarded his personal faith as a private matter; he evidently identified himself with his confessional minority group when he supervised governmental educational programs for Protestants. He also was very active in founding the Parisian Biblical Society in 1818, where he later served as a vice president. From 1822 until his death in 1832, Cuvier was Grand Master of the Protestant Faculties of Theology of the French University.
Scientific ideas and their impact
Opposition to evolution
Cuvier was critical of theories of evolution, in particular those proposed by his contemporaries Lamarck and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, which involved the gradual transmutation of one form into another. He repeatedly emphasized that his extensive experience with fossil material indicated one fossil form does not, as a rule, gradually change into a succeeding, distinct fossil form. A deep-rooted source of his opposition to the gradual transformation of species was his goal of creating an accurate taxonomy based on principles of comparative anatomy. Such a project would become impossible if species were mutable, with no clear boundaries between them. According to the University of California Museum of Paleontology, "Cuvier did not believe in organic evolution, for any change in an organism's anatomy would have rendered it unable to survive. He studied the mummified cats and ibises that Geoffroy had brought back from Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, and showed they were no different from their living counterparts; Cuvier used this to support his claim that life forms did not evolve over time."
He also observed that Napoleon's expedition to Egypt had retrieved animals mummified thousands of years previously that seemed no different from their modern counterparts. "Certainly", Cuvier wrote, "one cannot detect any greater difference between these creatures and those we see, than between the human mummies and the skeletons of present-day men."
Lamarck dismissed this conclusion, arguing that evolution happened much too slowly to be observed over just a few thousand years. Cuvier, however, in turn criticized how Lamarck and other naturalists conveniently introduced hundreds of thousands of years "with a stroke of a pen" to uphold their theory. Instead, he argued that one may judge what a long time would produce only by multiplying what a lesser time produces. Since a lesser time produced no organic changes, neither, he argued, would a much longer time. Moreover, his commitment to the principle of the correlation of parts caused him to doubt that any mechanism could ever gradually modify any part of an animal in isolation from all the other parts (in the way Lamarck proposed), without rendering the animal unable to survive. In his Éloge de M. de Lamarck (Praise for M. de Lamarck), Cuvier wrote that Lamarck's theory of evolution
Instead, he said, the typical form makes an abrupt appearance in the fossil record, and persists unchanged to the time of its extinction. Cuvier attempted to explain this paleontological phenomenon he envisioned (which would be readdressed more than a century later by "punctuated equilibrium") and to harmonize it with the Bible. He attributed the different time periods he was aware of as intervals between major catastrophes, the last of which is found in Genesis.
Cuvier's claim that new fossil forms appear abruptly in the geological record and then continue without alteration in overlying strata was used by later critics of evolution to support creationism, to whom the abruptness seemed consistent with special divine creation (although Cuvier's finding that different types made their paleontological debuts in different geological strata clearly did not). The lack of change was consistent with the supposed sacred immutability of "species", but, again, the idea of extinction, of which Cuvier was the great proponent, obviously was not.
Many writers have unjustly accused Cuvier of obstinately maintaining that fossil human beings could never be found. In his Essay on the Theory of the Earth, he did say, "no human bones have yet been found among fossil remains", but he made it clear exactly what he meant: "When I assert that human bones have not been hitherto found among extraneous fossils, I must be understood to speak of fossils, or petrifactions, properly so called". Petrified bones, which have had time to mineralize and turn to stone, are typically far older than bones found to that date. Cuvier's point was that all human bones found that he knew of, were of relatively recent age because they had not been petrified and had been found only in superficial strata. He was not dogmatic in this claim, however; when new evidence came to light, he included in a later edition an appendix describing a skeleton that he freely admitted was an "instance of a fossil human petrifaction".
The harshness of his criticism and the strength of his reputation, however, continued to discourage naturalists from speculating about the gradual transmutation of species, until Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species more than two decades after Cuvier's death.
Extinction
Early in his tenure at the National Museum in Paris, Cuvier published studies of fossil bones in which he argued that they belonged to large, extinct quadrupeds. His first two such publications were those identifying mammoth and mastodon fossils as belonging to extinct species rather than modern elephants and the study in which he identified the Megatherium as a giant, extinct species of sloth. His primary evidence for his identifications of mammoths and mastodons as separate, extinct species was the structure of their jaws and teeth. His primary evidence that the Megatherium fossil had belonged to a massive sloth came from his comparison of its skull with those of extant sloth species.
Cuvier wrote of his paleontological method that "the form of the tooth leads to the form of the condyle, that of the scapula to that of the nails, just as an equation of a curve implies all of its properties; and, just as in taking each property separately as the basis of a special equation we are able to return to the original equation and other associated properties, similarly, the nails, the scapula, the condyle, the femur, each separately revel the tooth or each other; and by beginning from each of them the thoughtful professor of the laws of organic economy can reconstruct the entire animal." However, Cuvier's actual method was heavily dependent on the comparison of fossil specimens with the anatomy of extant species in the necessary context of his vast knowledge of animal anatomy and access to unparallelled natural history collections in Paris. This reality, however, did not prevent the rise of a popular legend that Cuvier could reconstruct the entire bodily structures of extinct animals given only a few fragments of bone.
At the time Cuvier presented his 1796 paper on living and fossil elephants, it was still widely believed that no species of animal had ever become extinct. Authorities such as Buffon had claimed that fossils found in Europe of animals such as the woolly rhinoceros and the mammoth were remains of animals still living in the tropics (i.e. rhinoceros and elephants), which had shifted out of Europe and Asia as the earth became cooler.
Thereafter, Cuvier performed a pioneering research study on some elephant fossils excavated around Paris. The bones he studied, however, were remarkably different from the bones of elephants currently thriving in India and Africa. This discovery led Cuvier to denounce the idea that fossils came from those that are currently living. The idea that these bones belonged to elephants living – but hiding – somewhere on Earth seemed ridiculous to Cuvier, because it would be nearly impossible to miss them due to their enormous size. The Megatherium provided another compelling datapoint for this argument. Ultimately, his repeated identification of fossils as belonging to species unknown to man, combined with mineralogical evidence from his stratigraphical studies in Paris, drove Cuvier to the proposition that the abrupt changes the Earth underwent over a long period of time caused some species to go extinct.
Cuvier's theory on extinction has met opposition from other notable natural scientists like Darwin and Charles Lyell. Unlike Cuvier, they didn't believe that extinction was a sudden process; they believed that like the Earth, animals collectively undergo gradual change as a species. This differed widely from Cuvier's theory, which seemed to propose that animal extinction was catastrophic.
However, Cuvier's theory of extinction is still justified in the case of mass extinctions that occurred in the last 600 million years, when approximately half of all living species went completely extinct within a short geological span of two million years, due in part by volcanic eruptions, asteroids, and rapid fluctuations in sea level. At this time, new species rose and others fell, precipitating the arrival of human beings.
Cuvier's early work demonstrated conclusively that extinction was indeed a credible natural global process. Cuvier's thinking on extinctions was influenced by his extensive readings in Greek and Latin literature; he gathered every ancient report known in his day relating to discoveries of petrified bones of remarkable size in the Mediterranean region.
Influence on Cuvier's theory of extinction was his collection of specimens from the New World, many of them obtained from Native Americans. He also maintained an archive of Native American observations, legends, and interpretations of immense fossilized skeletal remains, sent to him by informants and friends in the Americas. He was impressed that most of the Native American accounts identified the enormous bones, teeth, and tusks as animals of the deep past that had been destroyed by catastrophe.
Catastrophism
Cuvier came to believe that most, if not all, the animal fossils he examined were remains of species that had become extinct. Near the end of his 1796 paper on living and fossil elephants, he said:
All of these facts, consistent among themselves, and not opposed by any report, seem to me to prove the existence of a world previous to ours, destroyed by some kind of catastrophe.
Contrary to many natural scientists' beliefs at the time, Cuvier believed that animal extinction was not a product of anthropogenic causes. Instead, he proposed that humans were around long enough to indirectly maintain the fossilized records of ancient Earth. He also attempted to verify the water catastrophe by analyzing records of various cultural backgrounds. Though he found many accounts of the water catastrophe unclear, he did believe that such an event occurred at the brink of human history nonetheless.
This led Cuvier to become an active proponent of the geological school of thought called catastrophism, which maintained that many of the geological features of the earth and the history of life could be explained by catastrophic events that had caused the extinction of many species of animals. Over the course of his career, Cuvier came to believe there had not been a single catastrophe, but several, resulting in a succession of different faunas. He wrote about these ideas many times, in particular he discussed them in great detail in the preliminary discourse (an introduction) to a collection of his papers, Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrupèdes (Researches on quadruped fossil bones), on quadruped fossils published in 1812.
Cuvier's own explanation for such a catastrophic event is derived from two different sources, including those from Jean-André Deluc and Déodat de Dolomieu. The former proposed that the continents existing ten millennia ago collapsed, allowing the ocean floors to rise higher than the continental plates and become the continents that now exist today. The latter proposed that a massive tsunami hit the globe, leading to mass extinction. Whatever the case was, he believed that the deluge happened quite recently in human history. In fact, he believed that Earth's existence was limited and not as extended as many natural scientists, like Lamarck, believed it to be.
Much of the evidence he used to support his catastrophist theories have been taken from his fossil records. He strongly suggested that the fossils he found were evidence of the world's first reptiles, followed chronologically by mammals and humans. Cuvier didn't wish to delve much into the causation of all the extinction and introduction of new animal species but rather focused on the sequential aspects of animal history on Earth. In a way, his chronological dating of Earth history somewhat reflected Lamarck's transformationist theories.
Cuvier also worked alongside Alexandre Brongniart in analyzing the Parisian rock cycle. Using stratigraphical methods, they were both able to extrapolate key information regarding Earth history from studying these rocks. These rocks contained remnants of mollusks, bones of mammals, and shells. From these findings, Cuvier and Brongniart concluded that many environmental changes occurred in quick catastrophes, though Earth itself was often placid for extended periods of time in between sudden disturbances.
The 'Preliminary Discourse' became very well known and, unauthorized translations were made into English, German, and Italian (and in the case of those in English, not entirely accurately). In 1826, Cuvier would publish a revised version under the name, Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du globe (Discourse on the upheavals of the surface of the globe).
After Cuvier's death, the catastrophic school of geological thought lost ground to uniformitarianism, as championed by Charles Lyell and others, which claimed that the geological features of the earth were best explained by currently observable forces, such as erosion and volcanism, acting gradually over an extended period of time. The increasing interest in the topic of mass extinction starting in the late twentieth century, however, has led to a resurgence of interest among historians of science and other scholars in this aspect of Cuvier's work.
Stratigraphy
Cuvier collaborated for several years with Alexandre Brongniart, an instructor at the Paris mining school, to produce a monograph on the geology of the region around Paris. They published a preliminary version in 1808 and the final version was published in 1811.
In this monograph they identified characteristic fossils of different rock layers that they used to analyze the geological column, the ordered layers of sedimentary rock, of the Paris basin. They concluded that the layers had been laid down over an extended period during which there clearly had been faunal succession and that the area had been submerged under sea water at times and at other times under fresh water. Along with William Smith's work during the same period on a geological map of England, which also used characteristic fossils and the principle of faunal succession to correlate layers of sedimentary rock, the monograph helped establish the scientific discipline of stratigraphy. It was a major development in the history of paleontology and the history of geology.
Age of reptiles
In 1800 and working only from a drawing, Cuvier was the first to correctly identify in print, a fossil found in Bavaria as a small flying reptile, which he named the Ptero-Dactyle in 1809, (later Latinized as Pterodactylus antiquus)—the first known member of the diverse order of pterosaurs. In 1808 Cuvier identified a fossil found in Maastricht as a giant marine lizard, the first known mosasaur.
Cuvier speculated correctly that there had been a time when reptiles rather than mammals had been the dominant fauna. This speculation was confirmed over the two decades following his death by a series of spectacular finds, mostly by English geologists and fossil collectors such as Mary Anning, William Conybeare, William Buckland, and Gideon Mantell, who found and described the first ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and dinosaurs.
Principle of the correlation of parts
In a 1798 paper on the fossil remains of an animal found in some plaster quarries near Paris, Cuvier states what is known as the principle of the correlation of parts. He writes:
If an animal's teeth are such as they must be, in order for it to nourish itself with flesh, we can be sure without further examination that the whole system of its digestive organs is appropriate for that kind of food, and that its whole skeleton and locomotive organs, and even its sense organs, are arranged in such a way as to make it skillful at pursuing and catching its prey. For these relations are the necessary conditions of existence of the animal; if things were not so, it would not be able to subsist.
This idea is referred to as Cuvier's principle of correlation of parts, which states that all organs in an animal's body are deeply interdependent. Species' existence relies on the way in which these organs interact. For example, a species whose digestive tract is best suited to digesting flesh but whose body is best suited to foraging for plants cannot survive. Thus in all species, the functional significance of each body part must be correlated to the others, else the species cannot sustain itself.
Applications
Cuvier believed that the power of his principle came in part from its ability to aid in the reconstruction of fossils. In most cases, fossils of quadrupeds were not found as complete, assembled skeletons, but rather as scattered pieces that needed to be put together by anatomists. To make matters worse, deposits often contained the fossilized remains of several species of animals mixed together. Anatomists reassembling these skeletons ran the risk of combining remains of different species, producing imaginary composite species. However, by examining the functional purpose of each bone and applying the principle of correlation of parts, Cuvier believed that this problem could be avoided.
This principle's ability to aid in reconstruction of fossils was also helpful to Cuvier's work in providing evidence in favor extinction. The strongest evidence Cuvier could provide in favor of extinction would be to prove that the fossilized remains of an animal belonged to a species that no longer existed. By applying Cuvier's principle of correlation of parts, it would be easier to verify that a fossilized skeleton had been authentically reconstructed, thus validating any observations drawn from comparing it to skeletons of existing species.
In addition to helping anatomists reconstruct fossilized remains, Cuvier believed that his principle held enormous predictive power as well. For example, when he discovered a fossil that resembled a marsupial in the gypsum quarries of Montmartre, he correctly predicted that the fossil would contain bones commonly found in marsupials in its pelvis as well.
Impact
Cuvier hoped that his principles of anatomy would provide the law-based framework that would elevate natural history to the truly scientific level occupied by physics and chemistry thanks to the laws established by Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727) and Antoine Lavoisier (1743 - 1794), respectively. He expressed confidence in the introduction to Le Règne Animal that some day anatomy would be expressed as laws as simple, mathematical, and predictive as Newton's laws of physics, and he viewed his principle as an important step in that direction. To him, the predictive capabilities of his principles demonstrated in his prediction of the existence of marsupial pelvic bones in the gypsum quarries of Montmartre demonstrated that these goals were not only in reach, but imminent.
The principle of correlation of parts was also Cuvier's way of understanding function in a non-evolutionary context, without invoking a divine creator. In the same 1798 paper on the fossil remains of an animal found in plaster quarries near Paris, Cuvier emphasizes the predictive power of his principle, writing,
Today comparative anatomy has reached such a point of perfection that, after inspecting a single bone, one can often determine the class, and sometimes even the genus of the animal to which it belonged, above all if that bone belonged to the head or the limbs ... This is because the number, direction, and shape of the bones that compose each part of an animal's body are always in a necessary relation to all the other parts, in such a way that—up to a point—one can infer the whole from any one of them and vice versa.
Though Cuvier believed that his principle's major contribution was that it was a rational, mathematical way to reconstruct fossils and make predictions, in reality it was difficult for Cuvier to use his principle. The functional significance of many body parts were still unknown at the time, and so relating those body parts to other body parts using Cuvier's principle was impossible. Though Cuvier was able to make accurate predictions about fossil finds, in practice the accuracy of his predictions came not from application of his principle, but rather from his vast knowledge of comparative anatomy. However, despite Cuvier's exaggerations of the power of his principle, the basic concept is central to comparative anatomy and paleontology.
Scientific work
Comparative anatomy and classification
At the Paris Museum, Cuvier furthered his studies on the anatomical classification of animals. He believed that classification should be based on how organs collectively function, a concept he called functional integration. Cuvier reinforced the idea of subordinating less vital body parts to more critical organ systems as part of anatomical classification. He included these ideas in his 1817 book, The Animal Kingdom.
In his anatomical studies, Cuvier believed function played a bigger role than form in the field of taxonomy. His scientific beliefs rested in the idea of the principles of the correlation of parts and of the conditions of existence. The former principle accounts for the connection between organ function and its practical use for an organism to survive. The latter principle emphasizes the animal's physiological function in relation to its surrounding environment. These findings were published in his scientific readings, including Leçons d'anatomie comparée (Lessons on Comparative Anatomy) between 1800 and 1805, and The Animal Kingdom in 1817.
Ultimately, Cuvier developed four embranchements, or branches, through which he classified animals based on his taxonomical and anatomical studies. He later performed groundbreaking work in classifying animals in vertebrate and invertebrate groups by subdividing each category. For instance, he proposed that the invertebrates could be segmented into three individual categories, including Mollusca, Radiata, and Articulata. He also articulated that species cannot move across these categories, a theory called transmutation. He reasoned that organisms cannot acquire or change their physical traits over time and still retain optimal survival. As a result, he often conflicted with Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theories of transmutation.
In 1798, Cuvier published his first independent work, the Tableau élémentaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux, which was an abridgment of his course of lectures at the École du Pantheon and may be regarded as the foundation and first statement of his natural classification of the animal kingdom.
Mollusks
Cuvier categorized snails, cockles, and cuttlefish into one category he called molluscs (Mollusca), an embranchment. Though he noted how all three of these animals were outwardly different in terms of shell shape and diet, he saw a noticeable pattern pertaining to their overall physical appearance.
Cuvier began his intensive studies of molluscs during his time in Normandy – the first time he had ever seen the sea – and his papers on the so-called Mollusca began appearing as early as 1792. However, most of his memoirs on this branch were published in the Annales du museum between 1802 and 1815; they were subsequently collected as Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire et à l'anatomie des mollusques, published in one volume at Paris in 1817.
Fish
Cuvier's researches on fish, begun in 1801, finally culminated in the publication of the Histoire naturelle des poissons, which contained descriptions of 5,000 species of fishes, and was a joint production with Achille Valenciennes. Cuvier's work on this project extended over the years 1828–1831.
Palaeontology and osteology
In palaeontology, Cuvier published a long list of memoirs, partly relating to the bones of extinct animals, and partly detailing the results of observations on the skeletons of living animals, specially examined with a view toward throwing light upon the structure and affinities of the fossil forms.
Among living forms he published papers relating to the osteology of the Rhinoceros Indicus, the tapir, Hyrax capensis, the hippopotamus, the sloths, the manatee, etc.
He produced an even larger body of work on fossils, dealing with the extinct mammals of the Eocene beds of Montmartre and other localities near Paris, such as the Buttes Chaumont, the fossil species of hippopotamus, Palaeotherium, Anoplotherium, a marsupial (which he called Didelphys gypsorum), the Megalonyx, the Megatherium, the cave-hyena, the pterodactyl, the extinct species of rhinoceros, the cave bear, the mastodon, the extinct species of elephant, fossil species of manatee and seals, fossil forms of crocodilians, chelonians, fish, birds, etc. If his identification of fossil animals was dependent upon comparison with the osteology of extant animals whose anatomy was poorly known, Cuvier would often publish a thorough documentation of the relevant extant species' anatomy before publishing his analyses of the fossil specimens. The department of palaeontology dealing with the Mammalia may be said to have been essentially created and established by Cuvier.
The results of Cuvier's principal palaeontological and geological investigations ultimately were given to the world in the form of two separate works: Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles de quadrupèdes (Paris, 1812; later editions in 1821 and 1825); and Discours sur les revolutions de la surface du globe (Paris, 1825). In this latter work he expounded a scientific theory of Catastrophism.
The Animal Kingdom (Le Règne Animal)
Cuvier's most admired work was his Le Règne Animal. It appeared in four octavo volumes in 1817; a second edition in five volumes was brought out in 1829–1830. In this classic work, Cuvier presented the results of his life's research into the structure of living and fossil animals. With the exception of the section on insects, in which he was assisted by his friend Latreille, the whole of the work was his own. It was translated into English many times, often with substantial notes and supplementary material updating the book in accordance with the expansion of knowledge.
Racial studies
Cuvier was a Protestant and a believer in monogenism, who held that all men descended from the biblical Adam, although his position usually was confused as polygenist. Some writers who have studied his racial work have dubbed his position as "quasi-polygenist", and most of his racial studies have influenced scientific racism. Cuvier believed there were three distinct races: the Caucasian (white), Mongolian (yellow), and the Ethiopian (black). Cuvier claimed that Adam and Eve were Caucasian, the original race of mankind. The other two races originated by survivors escaping in different directions after a major catastrophe hit the earth 5,000 years ago, with those survivors then living in complete isolation from each other.
Cuvier categorized these divisions he identified into races according to his perception of the beauty or ugliness of their skulls and the quality of their civilizations. Cuvier's racial studies held the supposed features of polygenism, namely fixity of species; limits on environmental influence; unchanging underlying type; anatomical and cranial measurement differences in races; physical and mental differences between distinct races.
Sarah Baartman
Alongside other French naturalists, Cuvier subjected Sarah Baartman, a South African Khokhoi woman exhibited in European freak shows as the "Hottentot Venus", to examinations. At the time that Cuvier interacted with Baartman, Baartman's "existence was really quite miserable and extraordinarily poor. Sara was literally [sic] treated like an animal." In 1815, while Baartman was very ill, Cuvier commissioned a nude painting of her. She died shortly afterward, aged 26.
Following Baartman's death, Cuvier sought out and received permission to dissect her body, focusing on her genitalia, buttocks and skull shape. In his examination, Cuvier concluded that many of Baartman's features more closely resembled the anatomy of a monkey than a human. Her remains were displayed in the Musée de l’Homme in Paris until 1970, then were put into storage. Her remains were returned to South Africa in 2002.
Taxon described by him
See :Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
Official and public work
Apart from his own original investigations in zoology and paleontology Cuvier carried out a vast amount of work as perpetual secretary of the National Institute, and as an official connected with public education generally; and much of this work appeared ultimately in a published form. Thus, in 1808 he was placed by Napoleon upon the council of the Imperial University, and in this capacity he presided (in the years 1809, 1811, and 1813) over commissions charged to examine the state of the higher educational establishments in the districts beyond the Alps and the Rhine that had been annexed to France, and to report upon the means by which these could be affiliated with the central university. He published three separate reports on this subject.
In his capacity, again, of perpetual secretary of the Institute, he not only prepared a number of éloges historiques on deceased members of the Academy of Sciences, but was also the author of a number of reports on the history of the physical and natural sciences, the most important of these being the Rapport historique sur le progrès des sciences physiques depuis 1789, published in 1810.
Prior to the fall of Napoleon (1814) he had been admitted to the council of state, and his position remained unaffected by the restoration of the Bourbons. He was elected chancellor of the university, in which capacity he acted as interim president of the council of public instruction, while he also, as a Lutheran, superintended the faculty of Protestant theology. In 1819 he was appointed president of the committee of the interior, an office he retained until his death.
In 1826 he was made grand officer of the Legion of Honour; he subsequently was appointed president of the council of state. He served as a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres from 1830 to his death. A member of the Doctrinaires, he was nominated to the ministry of the interior in the beginning of 1832.
Commemorations
Cuvier is commemorated in the naming of several animals; they include Cuvier's beaked whale (which he first thought to be extinct), Cuvier's gazelle, Cuvier's toucan, Cuvier's bichir, Cuvier's dwarf caiman, and Galeocerdo cuvier (tiger shark). Cuvier is commemorated in the scientific name of the following reptiles: Anolis cuvieri (a lizard from Puerto Rico), Bachia cuvieri (a synonym of Bachia alleni), and Oplurus cuvieri.
The fish Hepsetus cuvieri, sometimes known as the African pike or Kafue pike characin, which is a predatory freshwater fish found in southern Africa was named after him.
There also are some extinct animals named after Cuvier, such as the South American giant sloth Catonyx cuvieri.
Cuvier Island in New Zealand was named after Cuvier by D'Urville.
The professor of English Wayne Glausser argues at length that the Aubrey-Maturin series of 21 novels (1970–2004) by Patrick O'Brian make the character Stephen Maturin "an advocate of the neo-classical paradigm articulated .. by Georges Cuvier."
Cuvier is referenced in Edgar Allan Poe's short story The Murders in the Rue Morgue as having written a description of the orangutan. Arthur Conan Doyle also refers to Cuvier in The Five Orange Pips, in which Sherlock Holmes compares Cuvier's methods to his own.
Works
Tableau élémentaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux (1797–1798)
Leçons d'anatomie comparée (5 volumes, 1800–1805)
Essais sur la géographie minéralogique des environs de Paris, avec une carte géognostique et des coupes de terrain, with Alexandre Brongniart (1811)
Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée (4 volumes, 1817)
Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles de quadrupèdes, où l'on rétablit les caractères de plusieurs espèces d'animaux que les révolutions du globe paroissent avoir détruites (4 volumes, 1812) (text in French) 2 3 4
Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire et à l'anatomie des mollusques (1817)
Éloges historiques des membres de l'Académie royale des sciences, lus dans les séances de l'Institut royal de France par M. Cuvier (3 volumes, 1819–1827) Vol. 1, Vol. 2, and Vol. 3
Théorie de la terre (1821)
--- Essay on the theory of the earth, 1813; 1815, trans. Robert Kerr.
Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, 1821–1823 (5 vols).
Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du globe et sur les changements qu'elles ont produits dans le règne animal (1822). New edition: Christian Bourgeois, Paris, 1985. (text in French)
Histoire des progrès des sciences naturelles depuis 1789 jusqu'à ce jour (5 volumes, 1826–1836)
Histoire naturelle des poissons (11 volumes, 1828–1848), continued by Achille Valenciennes
Histoire des sciences naturelles depuis leur origine jusqu'à nos jours, chez tous les peuples connus, professée au Collège de France (5 volumes, 1841–1845), edited, annotated, and published by Magdeleine de Saint-Agit
Cuvier's History of the Natural Sciences: twenty-four lessons from Antiquity to the Renaissance [edited and annotated by Theodore W. Pietsch, translated by Abby S. Simpson, foreword by Philippe Taquet], Paris: Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 2012, 734 p. (coll. Archives; 16)
Variorum of the works of Georges Cuvier: Preliminary Discourse of the Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles 1812, containing the Memory on the ibis of the ancient Egyptians, and the Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du Globe 1825, containing the Determination of the birds called ibis by the ancient Egyptians
Cuvier also collaborated on the Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles (61 volumes, 1816–1845) and on the Biographie universelle (45 volumes, 1843-18??)
Taxon named in his honor
Anampses cuvier, commonly known as the Pearl wrasse,
is a fish found in the Pacific Ocean.
See also
Saartjie Baartman, the "Hottentot Venus" whose body Cuvier examined
Frédéric Cuvier, also a naturalist, was Georges Cuvier's younger brother.
History of paleontology for more on the impact of Cuvier's scientific ideas
List of works by James Pradier
References
Footnotes
Citations
Sources
Further reading
Published as an introduction to the Éloges historiques of Cuvier.
Kolbert, Elizabeth. (16 December 2013). "Annals of Extinction Part One: The Lost World." The New Yorker. p. 28. Profile of Cuvier and his work on extinction and taxonomy.
External links
Victorian Web Bio
Infoscience
English translation of Discourses
Cuvier's principle of the correlation of parts
Cuvier's Elegy of Lamarck
French naturalists
19th-century French geologists
French paleontologists
1769 births
1832 deaths
19th-century French anthropologists
French ichthyologists
French malacologists
French ornithologists
French science writers
French taxonomists
Paleozoologists
Teuthologists
Barons of France
Catastrophism
Critics of Lamarckism
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Académie Française
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Chancellors of the University of Paris
Academic staff of the Collège de France
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
French Lutherans
Scientists from Montbéliard
Infectious disease deaths in France
Deaths from cholera
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French male non-fiction writers
18th-century French writers
18th-century French male writers
18th-century non-fiction writers
19th-century French non-fiction writers
18th-century French zoologists
19th-century French zoologists
National Museum of Natural History (France) people
People educated at the Karlsschule Stuttgart |
Tommaso Turco (died 1649) was the Master of the Order of Preachers from 1644 to 1649.
Biography
He was born in Cremona and taught metaphysics at the University of Padua. Tommaso Turco was elected master at the 1644 Chapter of the Dominican Order, over the opposition of Pope Urban VIII, whose preferred candidate was Michel Mazarin, brother of Cardinal Mazarin.
As master, Turco conducted extensive visitations of Italy, Spain, the Kingdom of France, and the Spanish Netherlands.
He died in 1649.
References
1649 deaths
Italian Dominicans
Masters of the Order of Preachers
Year of birth unknown |
Paxtaobod (, ) is an urban-type settlement in Sirdaryo Region, Uzbekistan. It is the administrative center of Sardoba District. The town population in 1989 was 10196 people.
References
Populated places in Sirdaryo Region
Urban-type settlements in Uzbekistan |
Events in chess in 1990;
Top players
FIDE top 10 by Elo rating - January 1990
Garry Kasparov 2800
Anatoly Karpov 2730
Jan Timman 2680
Vassily Ivanchuk 2665
Mikhail Gurevich 2645
Valery Salov 2645
Alexander Beliavsky 2640
Nigel Short 2635
Ulf Andersson 2630
Viktor Korchnoi 2625
Chess news in brief
The Candidates' final is held in Kuala Lumpur. Anatoly Karpov defeats Jan Timman 6½-2½ to become Garry Kasparov's challenger once more. In a very close match for the World Chess Championship, held in Lyon, Kasparov has just too much for his long-standing rival and ends up retaining his title by a score of 12½-11½. He wins $1.7million in prize money.
Sixty-four players compete at the Manila Interzonal. Boris Gelfand and Vassily Ivanchuk are joint winners with 9/13. Viswanathan Anand and Nigel Short score 8½/13 to finish with a share of third place.
The Women's (Moscow) Interzonal is closely contested by co-winners Ketino Kachiani and Alisa Galliamova. Nona Gaprindashvili is victorious at the Women's (Malaysia) Interzonal.
Gata Kamsky and Ivanchuk share success at a double round tournament in Tilburg, each scoring 8½/14.
Kasparov wins the Linares chess tournament with 8/11. Gelfand takes second place with 7½/11.
Yasser Seirawan triumphs at the Haninge tournament with 8½/11, ahead of Jan Ehlvest and Karpov (each with 7½/11).
Alexander Beliavsky wins the OHRA tournament in Amsterdam.
Karpov wins at Biel with 9½/14, ahead of Ulf Andersson (8/14) and Tony Miles (7½/14)
John Nunn is the victor at Wijk aan Zee's annual Hoogovens tournament.
Anand and Kamsky tie for first in a strong New Delhi tournament.
Qualifiers from the GMA's Open tournament series come together in Moscow to contest the final. It is won jointly by Jon Speelman, Mikhail Gurevich, Alexander Khalifman, Zurab Azmaiparashvili and Evgeny Bareev.
One hundred and seven teams take part at the Chess Olympiad, held at Novi Sad. The USSR win by a good margin, with 39/56. The USA and England share second place on 35½/56, with the USA taking silver medals on tie-break. The best individual rating performances come from Robert Hübner (gold), Murray Chandler (silver) and Vassily Ivanchuk (bronze). The Women's Olympiad is won by Hungary, on tie-break from the USSR (both 35/42), with China taking bronze on 29/42. The Polgar family are multiple medal winners, each sister taking gold for her respective board, along with a haul of team and performance rating medals. Ketevan Arakhamia earns a gold medal for her perfect 12/12 score as first reserve for the USSR.
Charismatic Grandmaster Guillermo Garcia Gonzales of Cuba is killed in a car accident in Havana, while preparing to take part in the Olympiad.
Kasparov wins a training match against Lev Psakhis +4, -0, =2 in Murcia, Spain.
A 'Chess Summit', held in Reykjavík, comprises four teams of ten players. The USSR wins (31½/60) ahead of England (31/60), USA (30/60) and a combined 'Nordic countries' team (27½/60). England records its first ever match victory over the Soviet team with a 6-4 result.
Beliavsky, Leonid Yudasin, Evgeny Bareev and Alexey Vyzmanavin tie for first place in the penultimate USSR Chess Championship, held in Leningrad (soon to be renamed Saint Petersburg). Beliavsky is awarded the title on tie-break.
Lev Alburt wins the US Chess Championship in Jacksonville. Elena Donaldson takes the Women's Championship, held in Spartanburg, South Carolina.
James Plaskett is the winner of the British Chess Championship, held at Eastbourne. Susan Arkell is the Women's Champion.
Igor Glek wins the World Open in Philadelphia.
Khalifman wins the New York Open and Bent Larsen takes the (Watson, Farley & Williams) New York International with 6½/9, ahead of Vasilios Kotronias (6/9).
The US Masters in Chicago is won by Tony Miles.
Karpov wins a game against Deep Thought at Harvard. The program, created by scientists at Carnegie-Mellon University, is remotely attached to an IBM Mainframe, enabling it to examine 750,000 positions per second.
Seirawan defeats Timman 4-2 in the annual KRO Exhibition Match, held in Hilversum. This is one in a novel series of matches in which Timman is pitted against his contemporary grandmaster rivals.
The World Youth Chess Championship for older children is held in Singapore. Sergei Tiviakov wins the Boys Under-18, while Konstantin Sakaev takes the Boys Under-16 trophy. Tea Lanchava of Georgia wins in the Girls Under-16 category.
The World Youth Chess Festival for Peace caters for the younger children at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Although there are categories for girls, Hungarian child prodigy Judit Polgár enters and wins the Boys Under-14 section. This repeats her (Under-12) achievement at Timișoara in 1988. Boris Avrukh of the Soviet Union wins the Boys Under-12 category.
England and the USSR tie for first place in the World Chess Solving Championship.
FIDE declares that smoking is prohibited at all of its events.
Shakhmatny Bulletin ceases publication.
Variant Chess begins publication.
Births
Magnus Carlsen, Norwegian player, world top five Grandmaster while still a junior - November 30
Sergey Karjakin, Ukrainian player, youngest Grandmaster ever and a World Youth Champion - January 12
Ian Nepomniachtchi, Russian Grandmaster, World Youth Champion at U-14 - July 14
Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, French Grandmaster and national champion - October 21
Dmitry Andreikin, Russian Grandmaster and former World Junior Champion - February 5
Yuriy Kuzubov, Ukrainian Grandmaster, one of the world's youngest to gain the title - January 26
Anna Muzychuk, IM from Ukraine then Slovenia, World Youth Champion for Girls U-16 - February 28
Nguyen Ngoc Truong Son, Vietnamese player, World Youth Champion at U-10 - February 23
David Howell, England's youngest ever Grandmaster - November 14
Sergei Matsenko, Russian Grandmaster - June 21
Puchen Wang, New Zealand International Master - January 20
Anya Corke, Hong Kong WGM, winner of three (Open section) British Junior titles - September 12
Deaths
Alexander Konstantinopolsky, Ukrainian honorary Grandmaster, Correspondence player and trainer - September 21
Eero Böök, Finnish player, honorary Grandmaster and six-time national champion - January 7
Guillermo Garcia Gonzales, Cuban Grandmaster, three-time national champion - October 26
Ernest Klein, former British champion and author - ?
Emil Josef Diemer - German player and openings theorist - October 10
Geza Fuster, Hungarian-Canadian International Master - ?
Ernest Pogosyants, Ukrainian chess problemist and endgame study specialist - August 16
Baldur Honlinger, prominent Austrian player of the 1920s-1950s - March 12
Heinrich Reinhardt, German-Austrian player - June 14
References
Chess History & Chronology - Bill Wall( 2009-10-20)
Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information
FIDE rating list data 1970-97
NY Times (Robert Byrne) account of New York International
NY Times (Robert Byrne) account of Biel Tournament
20th century in chess
Chess by year |
J. Elmer Blanchard (March 6, 1927 – September 20, 1970) was a lawyer and political figure on Prince Edward Island. He represented 5th Queens in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1966 to 1970 as a Liberal.
He was born in Charlottetown, the son of J. Henri Blanchard, who was the son of Jeremiah Blanchard, and Ursule Gallant. Blanchard was educated at Prince of Wales College and Saint Dunstan's University. He was called to the bar in 1953. In 1955, he married Jean Aylward. Blanchard was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1962. Blanchard was named Queen's Counsel in 1966. He served in the provincial cabinet as Minister of Labour and Manpower Resources and then Minister of Justice and Attorney General. He died in office while tuna fishing at sea off the east coast of the island.
References
Prince Edward Island Liberal Party MLAs
1927 births
1970 deaths
Members of the Executive Council of Prince Edward Island
Politicians from Charlottetown
Prince of Wales College alumni
Saint Dunstan's University alumni |
This is a list of Valparaiso Crusaders players in the NFL Draft.
Key
Selections
References
Lists of National Football League draftees by college football team
Valparaiso Beacons NFL Draft |
Cuscuta chinensis Lam. is a stem holoparasite vine in the family Convolvulaceae. It was first described in China in 1786.
Description
C. chinensis is a thin, yellow vine lacking leaves or roots. It produces glomerulate to dense paniculiform inflorescences composed of white-cream 5-merous flowers that are very small, have two styles with capitate stigmata, and produce 3–4 obovoid seeds per capsule. Its pollen grains are small, colporate, and covered by a finely reticulate ektexine.
C. chinensis var. chinensis has been observed to flower from June–October, December–March, and February–May. It is found throughout western Asia, tropical Asia, eastern Asia, and Australasia at latitudes between 20° N and 50° N. Specimens of Cuscuta campestris are occasionally mislabeled as C. chinensis; the two species can be differed by C. chinensis'''s carinate calyx lobes, incurved but not inflexed corolla lobes, and dehiscent seed capsule.C. chinensis var. applanata flowers from June to October and is found in Mexico and the southwestern US.
Use in traditional medicine C. chinensis is used medicinally in many Asian countries, including China, Korea, Pakistan, Vietnam, India, Thailand, Nepal, and Inner Mongolia. Biochemical analysis has found at least 93 pharmacologically active phytochemicals present in C. chinensis'' correlated with its use as an anti-inflammatory agent, anti-aging agent, pain reliever, or aphrodisiac.
References
chinensis
Flora of China
Parasitic plants
Plants described in 1786 |
The 2020–21 Southampton F.C. season was the club's 104th season in existence and the club's 9th consecutive season in the top flight of English football. In addition to the domestic league, Southampton participated in the season's editions of the FA Cup, and the EFL Cup.
Squad
Ages as of the end of the 2020–21 season
|}
Transfers
Players transferred in
Players loaned in
Players transferred out
Players loaned out
Players released
Pre-season and friendlies
Competitions
Overview
Premier League
League table
Results summary
Results by matchday
Matches
The 2020–21 season fixtures were released on 20 August.
FA Cup
The third round draw was made on 30 November 2020, with Premier League and EFL Championship all entering the competition. On 7 January 2021, Southampton's third round tie with Shrewsbury Town was postponed following a number of positive COVID-19 tests within the Shrewsbury squad, with the game re-arranged for 19 January. The draw for the fourth and fifth rounds was made, live on BT Sport by Peter Crouch on 11 January. The draw for the quarter finals was made, live on BT Sport by Karen Carney on 11 February. The draw for the semi-finals was made, live on BBC One by Dion Dublin on 21 March.
EFL Cup
The draw for both the second and third round were confirmed on 6 September, live on Sky Sports by Phil Babb.
Squad statistics
Most appearances
Top goalscorers
Notes
References
External links
Southampton F.C. seasons
Southampton F.C. |
Edward J. "Ned" Carew (16 March 1924 – 23 July 1997) was an Irish hurler who played as a midfielder for the Waterford senior team.
Born in Ferrybank, County Waterford, Carew first played competitive hurling in his youth. He subsequently became a regular member of the starting fifteen of the Waterford senior team and won one All-Ireland medal and one Munster medal.
As a member of the Munster inter-provincial team on a number of occasions, Carew won one Railway Cup medal. At club level he won several championship medals with Ferrybank and Erin's Own.
Honours
Waterford
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1948
Munster Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1948
Munster
Railway Cup (1): 1949
References
1924 births
1997 deaths
CIÉ people
Ferrybank hurlers
Erin's Own (Waterford) hurlers
Waterford inter-county hurlers
Munster inter-provincial hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners |
James Lindsay Gordon (1858-November 30, 1904) was an American lawyer who briefly served in the Virginia Senate and practiced in Virginia and New York City, where he died. He was the grandson of U.S. Congressman William F. Gordon, son of attorney and newspaper editor George Loyall Gordon (who died fighting for the Confederacy at the Battle of Malvern Hill) and nephew of James Lindsay Gordon who served in the Virginia House of Delegates.
References
1858 births
1904 deaths
Virginia lawyers
Virginia state senators
People from Albemarle County, Virginia |
Motocross is a form of off-road motorcycle racing held on enclosed off-road circuits. The sport evolved from motorcycle trials competitions held in the United Kingdom.
History
Motocross first evolved in Britain from motorcycle trials competitions, such as the Auto-Cycle Clubs's first quarterly trial in 1909 and the Scottish Six Days Trial that began in 1912. When organisers dispensed with delicate balancing and strict scoring of trials in favour of a race to become the fastest rider to the finish, the activity became known as "hare scrambles", said to have originated in the phrase, "a rare old scramble" describing one such early race. Though known as scrambles racing (or just scrambles) in the United Kingdom, the sport grew in popularity and the competitions became known internationally as "motocross racing", by combining the French word for motorcycle, motocyclette, or moto for short, into a portmanteau with "cross country".
The first known scramble race took place at Camberley, Surrey in 1924. The 100th anniversary of the very first Motocross race will be commemorated in March 2024. The same cub that ran the 1924 event will be running it again over the same land. The entry will be limited to 150 competitors – see https://www.camberleyanddistrictmotorclub.co.uk/ During the 1930s the sport grew in popularity, especially in Britain where teams from the Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA), Norton, Matchless, Rudge, and AJS competed in the events. The first motocross race held on an artificial track inside a stadium took place on August 28, 1948, at Buffalo Stadium in the Paris suburb of Montrouge. The event was the forerunner to supercross competitions.
Off-road motorcycles from that era differed little from those used on the street. The intense competition over rugged terrain led to technical improvements in motorcycles. Rigid frames gave way to suspensions by the early 1930s, and swinging fork rear suspension appeared by the early 1950s, several years before manufacturers incorporated it in the majority of production street bikes. The period after World War II was dominated by BSA, which had become the largest motorcycle company in the world. BSA riders dominated international competitions throughout the 1940s.
In 1952 the FIM, motorcycling's international governing body, set up an individual European Championship using a 500 cc engine displacement formula. In 1957 it was upgraded to World Championship status. In 1962 a 250 cc world championship was established and, new rules were adopted dividing the races into two 45 minute legs that were referred to as motos.
In the smaller 250 cc category companies with two-stroke motorcycles came into their own. Companies such as Husqvarna from Sweden, CZ from the former Czechoslovakia, Bultaco from Spain and Greeves from England became popular due to their lightness and agility.
A significant moment in motocross history occurred during the 1963 FIM Motocross World Championship when ČZ factory rider Vlastimil Valek rode a 263cc two-stroke motorcycle to win the first moto of the 500cc Czechoslovakian Motocross Grand Prix ahead of a field of top-class, four stroke motorcycles. The victory marked a turning point in motocross history as, it was the first win by a two-stroke powered motorcycle in the premier division of the Motocross World Championships.
By the mid-1960s, advances in two-stroke engine technology meant that the heavier, four-stroke machines were relegated to niche competitions. Riders from Belgium and Sweden began to dominate the sport during this period.
Motocross arrived in the United States in 1966 when Swedish champion, Torsten Hallman rode an exhibition event against the top American TT riders at the Corriganville Movie Ranch also known as Hopetown in Simi Valley, California. The following year Hallman was joined by other motocross stars including Roger DeCoster, Joël Robert, and Dave Bickers. They dominated the event, placing their lightweight two-strokes into the top six finishing positions. A motorcycle sales boom in the United States fueled by the Baby Boomer generation, helped to spark a growth in the popularity of motocross among young Americans.
Japanese motorcycle manufacturers began challenging the European factories for supremacy in the motocross world by the late 1960s. Suzuki claimed the first world championship for a Japanese factory when Joël Robert won the 1970 250 cc crown. In 1972, the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) inaugurated the AMA Motocross Championships and, held its first stadium race at the Los Angeles Coliseum, promoted by Mike Goodwin and Terry Tiernan, then-president of the AMA. The stadium event, won by 16-year-old Marty Tripes, paved the way for constructed, stadium-based motocross events known as supercross.
In 1975, the FIM introduced a 125 cc world championship. European riders continued to dominate international motocross competitions throughout the 1970s with Belgian or Swedish riders winning ten Motocross des Nations (MXDN) events between 1969 and 1980 but, by the 1980s, American riders had caught up with American teams winning a string of 13 consecutive MXDN victories between 1981 and 1993. In 1978, Akira Watanabe became the first non-European competitor to win a motocross world championship and, in 1982 Brad Lackey became the first individual American motocross world champion.
From the late 1970s to early 1990s, Japanese motorcycle manufacturers presided over a boom period in motocross technology. The typical air-cooled two-strokes with twin-shock rear suspension and telescopic front forks gave way to water-cooled engines and single-shock absorber rear suspension and "upside-down" (or inverted) front forks. Although the advancement of two-stroke engine technology was the primary focus of the major Japanese motorcycle manufacturers well into the mid 1990s, a rekindled interest in engineering a competitive, lightweight four-stroke motocross race bike was expressed among several brands, including Yamaha Motor Corporation and Husqvarna.
Facing tightening federal emissions regulations in the United States, the AMA increased the allowable displacement capacity for four-stroke engines in 1997, in an effort to encourage manufacturers to develop environmentally friendlier four-stroke machines. Due to the low relative power output of a four-stroke engine compared to the then-dominating two-stroke design, the displacement limit of a four-stroke power motocross bike was raised to 250cc in the 125 class and 550cc in the 250 class.
The new regulations resulted in competitors aboard four-strokes made by smaller European manufacturers, with Husqvarna, Husaberg, and KTM winning world championships on four-stroke machinery. In 1997, Yamaha unveiled a prototype 400cc four-stroke motorcycle, the YZM 400, which was debuted in the FIM Motocross World Championship. The motorcycle made its U.S. debut in 1997, where Yamaha Factory Racing rider Doug Henry led every lap of the main event at the 1997 AMA Supercross Finale and became the first person to win an AMA Supercross race on a four-stroke powered motorcycle. Following Yamaha's release of the production model YZ400F in 1998, Henry won the 250 AMA Motocross Championship and became the first person to win a major AMA Motocross title on a four-stroke powered motorcycle. This success motivated the remaining major manufacturers, Honda, Kawasaki, and Suzuki, to develop their own four-stroke motocross race bikes. By 2006, every manufacturer had begun competing with four-stroke machines in the AMA 125 (FIM MX2) and 250 (MX1) classes.
The sport has further evolved into a sub-discipline similar to supercross known as arenacross, which is held in small indoor arenas. Classes were also formed for all-terrain vehicles. Freestyle motocross (FMX) events where riders are judged on their jumping and aerial acrobatic skills have gained popularity, as has supermoto, where motocross machines race both on tarmac and off-road. Vintage motocross (VMX) events take place – usually for motorcycles predating the 1975 model year.
Many VMX races also include a "Post Vintage" portion, which usually includes bikes dating until 1983.
Major competitions
FIM Motocross World Championship
The FIM Grand Prix Motocross World Championship is predominantly held in Europe, but also includes events in North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Africa. It is the major Motocross series worldwide. There are three classes: MXGP for 450cc machines, MX2 for 250cc machines, and Women's MX. Competitions consist of two races which are called motos with a duration of 30 minutes plus two laps.
AMA Motocross Championship
The AMA Motocross Championship begins in mid May and continues until late August. The championship consists of eleven rounds at eleven major tracks all over the continental United States. There are three classes: the 250cc Motocross Class for 150–250 cc 4-stroke machines, the 450cc Motocross Class for 251–450 cc 4-stroke machines and a 250cc Women's Class, using the same rules as men's 250cc. Race events take place over two motos of 30 minutes plus two laps each.
Motocross des Nations
The annual Motocross des Nations is held at the end of the year when National and World Championship series have ended. The competition involves teams of three riders representing their nations. Each rider competes in a different class (MX1, MX2, and "Open"). There are three motos with two classes competing per moto. The location of the event changes from year to year. The United States, Belgium and Great Britain have had the greatest success.
British Motocross Championship
Th British Motocross Championship is the main UK off-road competition and organised into classes of MX1 and MX2. MX1 is for 250 cc to 450 cc (fourstroke) and MX2 for 175 cc to 250 cc fourstroke motorcycles. In 2007 an additional youth class, the MXY2 class, was added to the programme at selected rounds.
A "Veterans" series was introduced in 2009 with just two rounds but the demand for places was so high that from 2011 the Veterans series will have three rounds, held over six races.
Sports derived from motocross
A number of other types of motorcycle sport have been derived from Motocross.
Supercross
Supercross is a cycle racing sport involving specialized high-performance off-road motorcycles on constructed dirt tracks with steep jumps and obstacles. Compared to regular motocross, supercross tracks generally have much shorter straights and tighter turns. Professional supercross races, held as the AMA Supercross Championship in the United States, are held almost exclusively in professional baseball and football stadiums.
The supercross season takes place during the winter and spring months, with races in a different city every weekend. There are 17 races in the AMA Supercross Championship schedule, normally beginning in Anaheim, California, and ending in Las Vegas, Nevada. The 250 cc class is split into two series, east and west. The 450 cc class has one large series with events across the US and Canada.
In 2022, the World Supercross Championship was demerged from the AMA Supercross Championship, to be held as a standalone series once more. The series previously ran from 2003 to 2008. Supercross events are also held in Australia, known as the Australian Supercross Championship promoted by Motorcycling Australia. Along with the SX Open held in Auckland, New Zealand, the country's biggest event the Aus X-Open forms part of the Oceania Supercross Championship.
Freestyle
Freestyle Motocross (FMX), a relatively new variation of supercross started by the South African champion, Marco Urzi, does not involve racing and instead it concentrates on performing acrobatic stunts while jumping motocross bikes. The winner is chosen by a group of judges. The riders are scored on style, level of trick difficulty, best use of the course, and frequently, crowd reactions. FMX was introduced to the X Games and mainstream audiences in 1999.
SuperMoto
Supermoto uses motocross bikes converted for racing on tracks consisting of three sections: flat dirt, dirt obstacles, and paved road. The bikes have special road-racing tires with grooved tread to grip both the pavement and dirt. Some tracks for these race events have jumps, berms, and whoops like motocross tracks. For special events, the Supermoto track may incorporate metal ramps for jumps that can be disassembled and taken to other locations. Supermoto races may take place at modified go-kart tracks, road racing tracks, or even street racing tracks. There are also classes for children, such as the 85 cc class.
Supermoto began in the US the late 1970s when TV journalist Gavin Trippe envisioned a racing event that would prove who the best motorcycle racer was. From 1980 to 1985, he organized a yearly event called "The Superbikers", which pitted the top riders from three disciplines, flat track, road racing, and motocross against one another on modified bikes raced on special tracks on the television show. Its first exposure to a wide audience came on the American television program ABC's Wide World of Sports in 1979. After 1985, the sport declined and received little exposure in the US, but in Europe, it started gaining popularity, and in 2003 it was revived in the US, when the name became Supermoto.
ATV/Quad Motocross
Throughout the United States and the United Kingdom there are many quad racing clubs with enduro and quadcross sections. GNCC Racing began around 1980 and includes hare scramble and enduro type races. To date, events are mainly held in the eastern part of the United States. GNCC racing features many types of obstacles such as, hill climbing, creek and log crossings, dirt roads and wooded trails.
The ATV National Motocross Championship was formed around 1985. ATVMX events are hosted at motocross racetracks throughout the United States. ATVMX consists of several groups, including the Pro (AMA Pro) and Amateur (ATVA) series. Championship mud racing (CMR) saw its infancy in 2006 as leaders of the ATV industry recognized a need for uniformity of classes and rules of various local mud bog events. Providing standardized rules created the need for a governing body that both racers and event promoters could turn to and CMR was born. Once unified, a true points series was established and lead to a national championship for what was once nothing more than a hobby for most. In 2007 the finalized board of directors was established and the first races were held in 2008. Currently, the CMR schedule includes eight competition dates spanning from March to November. Points are awarded throughout the season in several different competition classes of ATV and SxS Mud Racing. The 2008 year included Mud Bog and Mudda-Cross competitions, but the 2009 and future seasons will only have Mudda-Cross competitions. Classes range from 0 to 499 cc, to a Super-Modified class which will allow any size ATV in competition.
Sidecarcross
Sidecar racing, known as Sidecarcross has been around since the 1950s but has declined in popularity since the mid‑1980s. This variant is common in Europe, with a few followers in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia. The premier competition, the Sidecarcross World Championship, is contested on European tracks only and almost exclusively by Europeans.
Motocross sidecars are purpose built frames that resemble an ordinary motocross-cycle with a flat platform to stand on attached to either side and a handlebar at waist height to hold on to. The side of the "chair" (slang for the platform) usually follows the side of the road the nation in question drives upon, but not always. The passenger balances the bike by being a counterweight, especially in corners and on jumps. It is driven on ordinary crosstracks.
It is very physically demanding, especially for the passenger. This is reflected in most in the Swedish term for passenger, burkslav, roughly translated as trunk/barrel-slave. This name comes from the early sidecars which resembled road motorcycle sidecars and not today's platform.
The major frame builders today are VMC, BSU, AYR, EML and Woodenleg. Ordinary engines can be used, but size matters and two engines purpose built for sidecars exist, Zabel (Germany) and MTH (Austria) are most common. Four-strokes are becoming more common, usually KTM (Austria).
Pit bikes and mini-motocross
Pit bikes are small motorbikes that participants in powersports events use to ride around the pits, which are the staging areas where team support vehicles are located. More recently, they have been used in races held on either supercross or motocross tracks. Numerous performance and aesthetic upgrades are often applied to pit bikes.
Originally, there was only one way to acquire a pit bike. A rider would buy a child's minibike, usually a Honda CRF110 or Kawasaki KLX110, and apply all the necessary upgrades and modifications to build a competitive pit bike. Of course, a rider could also buy a used bike. Since 2004, manufacturers like Thumpstar have begun designing, manufacturing, importing, and selling already complete pit bikes. These bikes are less expensive, and require less time to complete.
Pit bikes are powered by 4-stroke, horizontal, single-cylinder engines ranging anywhere in displacement from 49 cc to 195 cc. A typical pit bike is usually a small dirt bike, but it has become common to be able to buy pit bikes with street-style wheels and tires. Pit bikes with street tires, as opposed to knobby tires, are used in Mini Supermoto Racing.
Pit bikes are frequently heavily customized with decorative add-ons and performance-enhancing parts. Many riders and mechanics bore-out or replace engines in order to increase displacement and therefore power output. Heavy duty suspension systems are often a necessary addition, since the stock mini-bike suspension was designed for a small child. Wheel, brake, and tire upgrades are sometimes performed to improve handling.
Pit bikes also have their own separate competitions held with classes generally corresponding to wheel size. This is a notable difference from Motocross and Supercross competition, where classes are separated by engine displacement. Pit bike racing is a relatively new niche of motocross, and as such, there is no official governing body similar to the AMA.
Equipment
Motocross motorcycle
Major manufactures
Minor
TM (Italy), TM holds the largest market share for motocross bikes, outside the major seven.
Fantic (Italy),well known for there models XX and XXF that are the same as the YZ and the YZF from Yamaha but with changes in esthetic and motorparts.
Niche market manufactures
Chinese manufacturers
Manufacturers that have ceased production
Governing bodies
Motocross is governed worldwide by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM), with federations in many nations.
Australia – Motorcycling Australia (MA)
Austria – Osterreichische Automobil, Motorrad und Touring Club (OAMTC)
Belgium – Federation Motocycliste de Belgique (FMB)
Brazil – Confederação Brasileira de Motociclismo (CBM)
Canada – Canadian Motorsport Racing Corp.(CMRC) and Canadian Motorcycle Association (CMA)
Czech Republic – Autoklub České republiky (ACCR)
Denmark – Danmarks Motor Union (DMU)
Estonia – Eesti Motorrattaspordi Föderatsioon (EMF)
Finland – Suomen Moottoriliitto (SML)
France – Fédération Française de Motocyclisme (FFM)
Germany – Deutscher Motor Sport Bund (DMSB)
India – Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India (FMSCI)
Ireland – Motorcycle Union of Ireland (MCUI) – NB covers the whole island
Italy – Federazione Motociclistica Italiana (FMI)
Latvia – Latvijas Motosporta Federācija (LaMSF)
Lithuania – Lietuvos Motociklų Sporto Federacija (LMSF)
The Netherlands – Koninklijke Nederlandse Motorrijdersvereniging (KNMV), Motorsport Organisatie Nederland (MON)
New Zealand – Motorcycling New Zealand (MNZ) and New Zealand Dirt Bike Federation
Norway – Norges Motorsportforbund (NMF)
Poland – Polski Związek Motorowy (PZM)
Portugal – Federação Motociclismo Portugal (FMP)
Russia – Motorcycle Federation of Russia (MFR)
South Africa – Motorsport South Africa (MSA)
Spain – Real Federación Motociclista Española (RFME)
Slovakia – Slovak motorcycle federation (SMF)
Slovenia – Auto-Cycle Union of Slovenia (AMZS)
Sweden – SVEMO
Switzerland – Federation Motocycliste Suisse (FMS)
Thailand – Federation of Motor Sport Clubs of Thailand (FMSCT)
United Kingdom – Auto-Cycle Union (ACU), with other separate bodies like the Amateur Motorcycling Association (AMCA), ORPA, BSMA, and YSMA.
United States – American Motorcyclist Association (AMA)
See also
Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling
FIM Motocross World Championship
List of AMA Motocross Champions
Beach racing
Bicycle Motocross (BMX)
References
External links
Official FIM World Motocross Championship
Visual Interpretation of the Dirt Bike Evolution Timeline
Motorcycle racing by type
Off-road racing
Dirt biking
Sports originating in the United Kingdom
Games and sports introduced in 1924 |
Lophostachys floribunda (syn. Lepidagathis floribunda (Pohl) C.Kameyama) is a plant native to the Caatinga and Cerrado vegetation of Brazil. This plant is cited in Flora Brasiliensis by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius.
External links
Flora Brasiliensis: Lophostachys floribunda
floribunda
Endemic flora of Brazil
Flora of the Cerrado |
Medicago polymorpha is a plant species of the genus Medicago. It is native to the Mediterranean basin but is found throughout the world. It forms a symbiotic relationship with the bacterium Sinorhizobium medicae, which is capable of nitrogen fixation. Common names include California burclover, toothed bur clover, toothed medick and burr medic.
Description
This weedy forb is an annual broadleaf plant. It inhabits agricultural land, roadsides and other disturbed areas. It is found in lawns as well, where its burrs are able to cling to the clothing or fur of any species that pass near it, thus facilitating geographic spread via these seed capsules. It makes a poor lawn in the late summer, when the leaves have yellowed and fruit sets into the 7 mm seed heads that are covered with hooked prickles.
Burclover is a good forage for livestock, but the fruit is prickly. All classes of livestock, except horses and mules, can feed its leaves.
New seedlings have seed leaves that are oblong. The first true leaf is rounded. Later leaves will be tripartite, with a characteristic clover-like shape, appearing alternately on the stems. Leaflets have slightly serrated edges. The tiny yellow flowers attract small butterflies and other pollinating insects.
Full grown plant stems are up to 2 feet (60 cm) long, and usually sprawl along and/or under the ground. The stems often root at the nodes; adult plants, and even young plants that have been able to grow for a few weeks undisturbed can be very difficult to pull out, leaving behind tap roots and a network of plant pieces when pulled. Mechanically removing top growth from this plant will not usually eradicate it. If not properly managed, burclover may then become invasive and displace more desirable vegetation.
Being a member of the family Fabaceae, the flowers are clover-like, lipped and clustered. Bloom takes place from March to June in the plant's native territory. Flowers (3–6 mm long) are small, bright yellow, and cluster into flower heads of 2 to 10 flowers at the stem tips. The fruit is a pod that coils tightly 2 to 6 times and has rows of prickles on the outside edge of the pod. The fruits are about 6–7 mm across. They start out green and relatively soft, but quickly turn brown and hard. Inside the pod are several seeds—usually yellow or tan and kidney-shaped. The burred fruiting bodies can be quite difficult to remove from softer fabrics, such as fleeces and knitted socks.
Culinary uses
The plant is edible and consumed as a vegetable in China, primarily in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai. Its Chinese culinary names include 草頭 (Wu tsho-doe, Mandarin Pinyin cǎo tóu), 金花菜 (Wu cin-hau tse, Mandarin Pinyin jīn huā cài), 三叶菜 (sān yè cài) and 秧草 (yāng cǎo), while 南苜蓿 (nán mùxu) is its scientific name. It is also consumed in indigenous Otomanguean communities in Southern Mexico. In the Triqui language it is known as kkweej chakáj, meaning 'edible green (of the) pig.'
See also
List of vegetables
Medicago lupulina, black medic, a similar plant
References
External links
International Legume Database & Information Services
polymorpha
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of Malta |
```batchfile
cls
setlocal enableextensions enabledelayedexpansion
call ../../language/build/locatevc.bat x64
cl /c /DEBUG ring_pgsql.c -I"..\..\extensions\libdepwin\pgsql_x64\include" -I"..\..\language\include"
link /DEBUG ring_pgsql.obj ..\..\lib\ring.lib ..\..\extensions\libdepwin\pgsql_x64\lib\libpq.lib /DLL /OUT:..\..\bin\ring_pgsql.dll
del ring_pgsql.obj
endlocal
``` |
Muhammad al-Tijani al-Samawi (; born 2 February 1943) is a Tunisian Twelver Shi'a scholar, academic, and theologian.
Personal life
Al-Tijani was born in a Tunisian Sunni Muslim family of the Maliki school. Previously, his family added “al-Tijani” to their name after adopting the Tijani sufi order of Ahmad al-Tijani. He was eighteen years of age when the Les Scouts Tunisiens agreed to send him as one of six Tunisian representatives to the first conference for Islamic and Arab scouts which took place in Mecca. He used the opportunity to perform the Hajj. He stayed twenty five days in Saudi Arabia, during which he met many prominent Salafi scholars, listened to their lectures and became heavily influenced by the Salafi movement.
Upon returning to Tunisia, al-Tijani started actively promoting and spreading Salafism during the religious classes and sermons that he gave, including in the Great Mosque of Kairouan. He then traveled to Egypt’s al-Azhar University. On the way back to Tunisia, al-Tijani met a Shi'i Iraqi lecturer from the University of Baghdad named Mun'im. He came to Cairo to submit his Ph.D. thesis at al-Azhar University and Mun'im invited him to Iraq. Al-Samawi spent several weeks with Mun'im; visited Baghdad and Najaf, and met with several leading Twelver Shi'i scholars, including Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei, Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, and Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai, who taught him about Shi'a Islam. After long debates with the Shi'i scholars, he became a Shi'a Muslim.
Works
Al-Tijani's books are banned in some countries, such as Saudi Arabia and Malaysia. He has written six books:
Then I Was Guided
Ask Those Who Know
To Be with the Truthful
The Shi'ah are the real Ahlul-Sunnah
All Solutions Are with the Prophet's Progeny
Black Thursday
References
External links
A series of books by Muhammad al-Tijani with English translations
Striving for Right Guidance — A speech delivered by Dr. Muhammad al-Tijani al-Samawi
1943 births
Living people
Tunisian Shia clerics
Tunisian Shia Muslims
Converts to Shia Islam from Sunni Islam
Critics of Sunni Islam
Tunisian theologians |
FirstMeridian is an Indian human resources investment platform. Headquartered at Bengaluru, it was founded in 2018 when investors Goldman Sachs, Samara Capital and Janchor Partners came together to form an HR investment platform empowered by technology and innovation in Managed Services, Staffing, Recruitment and HR Automation.
History
Since its inception in 2018, FirstMeridian has been focussing on acquisitions as part of its growth strategy. It acquired Innovsource Services and Innovsource Facilities in 2018, as well as V5 Global Services and Affluent Global Services. In addition, in 2020, it acquired the Cornucopia and CBSI India. In 2022, it bought RLabs Enterprise Services, which specialises in system, application, and product technologies, artificial intelligence and robotics, mobility, cloud computing, and enterprise storage. FirstMeridian served around 1,200 clients across a wide spectrum of industries as of December 2021. It recorded a revenue from operations of INR 2,069 crores for the nine months ending December 2021.
In May 2022, FirstMeridian submitted the preliminary paperwork with capital markets regulator SEBI to raise Rs INR 800 crores through an initial public offering (IPO). As per the draught prospectus, the IPO consisted of a new issue of equity shares with a maximum value of INR 50 crores and an Offer for Sale (OFS) with a maximum value of INR 750 crores by the promoters and existing shareholders. They refiled preliminary documents with Sebi SEBI in January 2023, reducing the size of their first public offering (IPO) from INR 800 crores to INR 740 crores. It consisted of a new issuance of INR 500 crores worth equity shares and an INR 690- crore Offer For Sale (OFS).
As of July 2023, they are the third largest Indian staffing company by revenue. The platform has a combined headcount of more than 126,800 associates who serve over 1200 clients across industry sectors.
References
Companies established in 2018 |
In Canada, a treaty Indian () is an Indian who belongs to a band that is party to one of the eleven Numbered Treaties signed by Canada with various First Nations between 1871 and 1922. It contrasts with Indians whose bands are not party to a treaty (primarily in British Columbia) and with "non-status Indians", that is, people of Indian heritage who are not recognized legally as Indians.
See also
Treaty rights
References
First Nations
Aboriginal title in Canada
Numbered Treaties |
Ralph Nelson Good (April 25, 1886 – November 24, 1965), nicknamed "Holy", was an American professional baseball player with the Boston Doves in 1910. A pitcher, he appeared in two games without a decision. Good was 6'0 and weighed 165 lbs. He batted and threw right-handed.
Sources
http://thebaseballcube.com/players/G/Ralph-Good.shtml Ralph Good's Stats
https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/g/goodra01.shtml
Boston Doves players
Baseball players from Aroostook County, Maine
Colby Mules baseball players
Baseball players from Kennebec County, Maine
People from Waterville, Maine
1886 births
1965 deaths |
Finnur Jónsson (16 January 1704 – 23 July 1789) was an Icelandic pastor who served as Bishop of Skálholt from 1754 to 1785. He attended the University of Copenhagen and became a pastor at Reykholt in 1732. He was reluctant to become a bishop due to the administrative duties the office entailed. He was also an accomplished scholar. In 1774, he became the first Icelander to receive a Doctor of Theology degree. From 1772 to 1778, he published Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiæ, a four-volume work containing publications of the church in Iceland in Latin.
Finnur's son, Hannes Finnsson, succeeded his father as Bishop of Skálholt, having been ordained a bishop in 1777. Finnur's wife was Guðríður Gísladóttir (1707–1766).
See also
List of Skálholt bishops
References
1704 births
1789 deaths
18th-century Icelandic Lutheran bishops
Finnur Jonsson
University of Copenhagen alumni |
Alfredo Antonio Padilla Gutiérrez (born July 29, 1989) is a Colombian football striker who plays for Boyacá Chicó F.C. in the Copa Mustang.
Club career
Padilla began his professional career with Junior in 2007, where he was promoted to first team by manager Carlos Valderrama when he was only 17 years of age. He joined La Equidad in February 2009.
References
External links
Official Website
Profile at GolGolGol.net
1989 births
Living people
Colombian men's footballers
Categoría Primera A players
Atlético Junior footballers
La Equidad footballers
Atlético Huila footballers
Boyacá Chicó F.C. footballers
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Barranquilla
21st-century Colombian people |
The Fighting Fool is a 1932 American pre-Code Western film directed by Lambert Hillyer and released by Columbia Pictures starring Tim McCoy, Marceline Day, and William V. Mong.
Cast
Tim McCoy as Sheriff Tim Collins
Marceline Day as Judith
William V. Mong as Uncle John Lyman
Arthur Rankin as Bud Collins
Dorothy Granger as Nina
Harry Todd as Deputy Hoppy
Bob Kortman as Henchman Charley
Tom Bay as Waiter (uncredited)
Ralph Bucko as Cowhand (uncredited)
Mary Carr as Old Woman (uncredited)
Dick Dickinson as Henchman (uncredited)
Jack Evans as Henchman (uncredited)
Herman Hack as Barfly (uncredited)
Jack Hendricks as Cowhand (uncredited)
Jack Kirk as 3rd Bartender (uncredited)
Frank Lanning as Barfly (uncredited)
Lew Meehan as Henchman (uncredited)
Buck Moulton as Henchman (uncredited)
James Sheridan as Barfly (uncredited)
Al Taylor as Henchman (uncredited)
Ethel Wales as Aunt Jane (uncredited)
Slim Whitaker as Rancher (uncredited)
Plot
Sheriff Collins pursues a villain who erroneously thinks that his father was killed by the sheriff.
References
External links
1932 films
American Western (genre) films
Columbia Pictures films
1932 Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Lambert Hillyer
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
English-language Western (genre) films |
Julia Widgrén (1842–1917) was a Finnish photographer. She was one of the first professional female photographers in Finland.
She had a studio in Vaasa between 1866 and 1904. The first photographs of Vaasa is assumed to have been taken by her. She is known for her images of people in folk costumes from Österbotten, which were made into paintings by the artists Rudolf Åkerblom and Arvid Liljelund.
Her work is held in the Yale University archive collection, and in the Swedish Performing Arts Agency.
References
1842 births
1917 deaths
19th-century women photographers
19th-century Finnish photographers
20th-century Finnish photographers
20th-century women photographers |
The New Castle Range Rear Light is a lighthouse in Delaware,
United States, on the Delaware River near New Castle, Delaware.
History
This range was constructed in 1876 to mark the main channel past Pea Patch Island and Bulkhead Shoal; it took its name from the town, somewhat to the northeast of the lights. The rear tower was integral to its dwelling, a two-story frame house, and was located on a 1-acre plot half a mile from the front light. It was supplanted by a steel skeleton tower in 1953, but the original house remained standing until deliberately burned in 1982 after falling into disrepair and a previous fire in 1975.
Notes
Lighthouses completed in 1876
Lighthouses in New Castle County, Delaware |
This article lists events from the year 2019 in Montenegro.
Incumbents
President: Milo Đukanović
Prime Minister: Duško Marković
Events
2 February to 30 September – 2019 Montenegrin anti-corruption protests
24 December 2019 to present – 2019–2020 Clerical protests in Montenegro
Deaths
3 March – Uroš Tošković, painter (b. 1932).
30 June – Momir Bulatović, politician, President of the Republic of Montenegro and Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (b. 1956).
1 August – Milovan Minja Prelević, footballer (b. 1970).
19 September – Koča Pavlović, journalist and politician (b. 1962).
13 October – Goran Marković, footballer (b. 1986).
25 October – Janko Vučinić, boxer and politician (b. 1966).
20 December – Marko Orlandić, politician, Prime Minister and President (b. 1930).
References
Links
2010s in Montenegro
Years of the 21st century in Montenegro
Montenegro
Montenegro |
Multi-standard television sets were made for use in the television industry, so that one TV set or monitor could show video content from other television systems. Multistandard is only used with analogue television. In digital television, there are different standards, like DVB, ISDB, and ATSC. However digital multistandard tv set are not existing. Multistandard devices in digital TV may be PC extension card.
Phillips produced a valve TV set that could receive most 625 line and 819 line television systems. In the United Kingdom, there were quite a number of TV sets produced that were capable of receiving both monochrome 405 line and 625 line PAL I broadcasts. These sets usually had a large relay or relays that would switch the circuits, through manual control.
The USSR and PAL in SECAM countries
In the mid-1980s The Soviet Union implemented a program, in which it would be mandatory for new colour TV sets sold to include PAL also, in view to migrating to PAL. That is why an Australian video tape will play in colour on a Russian TV set. Eventually it became the standard practice for all SECAM TV sets made to also accept PAL. This trend gradually propagated throughout SECAM countries, including France itself.
NTSC playback in PAL countries
In order to be able to watch American video tapes, the people of Europe started to buy video recorders that would play back an NTSC video tape and convert the colour component of the video content to PAL, whilst leaving the number of lines the same, and the field rate, slightly slowed down in order to accommodate the exact 64 microsecond line length required for PAL.
Newer TV sets would automatically accommodate the 60 Hertz vertical scan rate, and older TV sets needed a manual adjustment of the vertical hold. DVD players give the option of converting the whole signal to PAL standards complete with 50 Hertz scan rate. The results given by a modern DVD player can be quite pleasing when playing back an NTSC DVD.
PAL playback in NTSC countries
In the USA proper, the ability for an American TV set, or DVD player to play back a PAL DVD became widespread in the post Y2K period. By 2009 about 80% of DVD and TV setups in the United States could play a PAL DVD. So now a PAL DVD can be sold in the United States, without the need to issue the DVD, converted into NTSC.
References
Television technology |
The Houma Conquerors were a professional indoor football team and a charter member of the Southern Indoor Football League (SIFL). Based in Houma, Louisiana, the Conquerors played their home games at the Houma Terrebonne Civic Center. This was Houma's second attempt at an indoor football team following the National Indoor Football League's Houma Bayou Bucks. The Bucks also played their games at the Houma Civic Center from 2002 to 2004.
They began play in the SIFL's inaugural 2009 season and lost their first five games, all but one by double digits. Despite a poor 1–7 start and numerous off-the-field distractions, the Conquerors finished with two wins in their last three games, earning the team a spot in the SIFL playoffs. In January 2010, the team announced they would suspend play for the 2010 season, but potentially return for the 2011 season.
Season-by-season
References
American football teams in Louisiana
Southern Indoor Football League teams
Conquerors
American football teams established in 2008
American football teams disestablished in 2010
2008 establishments in Louisiana
2010 disestablishments in Louisiana |
Afon Porth-llwyd is a river in Snowdonia in north-west Wales. It flows from Llyn Eigiau on the south-eastern edge of the Carneddau range to join the river Conwy.
Its waters are trapped at Coedty reservoir before flowing down to pass under Pont Newydd in Dolgarrog. From Coedty reservoir some water is also diverted to Dolgarrog Power station (along with water from Llyn Cowlyd) via large black pipes.
External links
CavingUK.co.uk: Dolgarrog Waterfall walk
Coflein.gov.uk: Afon Porth Llwyd Bridge
Porth-llwyd
Porth-llwyd |
Kalohydnobius dentatus is a species of round fungus beetle in the family Leiodidae. It is found in North America.
References
Further reading
Leiodidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 2009 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.