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Rechtaid Rígderg ("red king"), son of Lugaid Laigdech, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He took power after killing Macha Mong Ruad, daughter of his father's killer, Áed Rúad. He ruled for twenty years, until he was killed by Úgaine Mór, foster-son of Macha and her husband Cimbáeth. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign to that of Ptolemy I Soter (323–283 BC). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 461–441 BC, the Annals of the Four Masters to 654–634 BC.
If a son of the legendary 2nd century AD Lugaid Loígde, Rechtaid Rígderg appears to have been misplaced chronologically by the later medieval synchronists.
References
Legendary High Kings of Ireland
Usurpers
5th-century BC murdered monarchs |
Huyu Township (; Jingpo: Hu yup or Hi yup) is a township in Ruili, Yunnan, China. As of the 2016 statistics it had a population of 8,521 and an area of .
Etymology
The name of "Huyu" means a place where wild musas grow in Dai language.
Administrative division
As of 2016, the township is divided into four villages:
Huyu ()
Nongxian ()
Banling ()
Leinong ()
History
In 1956, the Government of Ruili County set up the Huyu Production and Culture Station to maintain control of the region. During the Cultural Revolution, it was renamed "Huyu People's Commune" and then "Dongfeng People's Commune" (). It was incorporated as a township in 1986.
Geography
The township lies at the northwestern Ruili. To the northwest, the region is bounded by the Namwan River.
The highest point in the town/township is Yingpan Mountain () which stands above sea level. The lowest point is Tuanjie Groove (), which, at above sea level.
Economy
The local economy is primarily based upon agriculture. The main crops are rice, rubber, grapefruit, and dendrobium nobile.
The Ruili Huanshan Industrial Park (second-phase project) sits in the township.
Demographics
In 2016, the local population was 8,521, including 2,389 Han (28%) and 4,703 Jingpo (55.2%).
Transportation
The Longling–Ruili Expressway Nongdao Extension Road passes across the township.
References
Bibliography
Divisions of Ruili |
Garhi Fateh Khan is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located away from postal head office Rahon, from Nawanshahr, from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Demography
As of 2011, Garhi Fateh Khan has a total number of 170 houses and population of 887 of which 467 include are males while 420 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Garhi Fateh Khan is 82.38%, higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 121 which is 13.64% of total population of Garhi Fateh Khan, and child sex ratio is approximately 1161 as compared to Punjab state average of 846.
Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 45.89% of total population in Garhi Fateh Khan. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 261 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Garhi Fateh Khan which includes 239 males and 22 females. According to census survey report 2011, 98.85% workers describe their work as main work and 1.15% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.
Education
The village has a Punjabi medium, co-ed upper primary school founded in 1981. The schools does not provide mid-day meal. The school provide free education to children between the ages of 6 and 14 as per Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act. KC Engineering College and Doaba Khalsa Trust Group Of Institutions are the nearest colleges. Industrial Training Institute for women (ITI Nawanshahr) is and Lovely Professional University is away from the village.
Transport
Rahon railway station is the nearest (4.0 kilometres) train station however, Nawanshar Junction railway station is 11.7 km away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport which located away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is away in Amritsar.
See also
List of villages in India
References
External links
Tourism of Punjab
Census of Punjab
Locality Based PINCode
Villages in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district |
Oakfield High School and College is a special school based in Hindley, Wigan. The most recent Ofsted inspection rated the school as "Outstanding".
The school opened in September 2006 following the amalgamation of five special schools in the borough. The school philosophy is based on their motto "Learning today for our tomorrow".
Oakfield High School and College and Landgate School, Bryn are federated through The Aspire Federation.
References
External links
Oakfield High School and College official website
Special secondary schools in England
Community schools in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan
Special schools in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan
Educational institutions established in 2006
2006 establishments in England |
Torcy () is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the eastern suburbs of Paris, from the center of Paris.
Torcy is a sub-prefecture of the department and the seat of an arrondissement. The commune of Torcy is part of the Val Maubuée sector, one of the four sectors in the "new town" of Marne-la-Vallée.
Transport
Torcy is served by Torcy station on Paris RER line A.
Demographics
Inhabitants of Torcy are called Torcéens.
The suburbanization and affluence of the Vietnamese population in France has resulted in a demographic shift in Torcy since the 1980s. Vietnamese businesses and community organizations have been established in Torcy, and the commune, along with nearby Ivry-sur-Seine, contains one of the highest concentrations of Vietnamese people in France at 10% to 20% of the population. As of 1998, about 5-6% of the city's population is made up of East Asians.
Education
There are ten public primary school groups (preschool and elementary) in Torcy, along with three junior high schools and one senior high school.
Junior high schools:
Collège de l'Arche-Guédon
Collège Louis-Aragon
Collège Victor-Schoelcher
Senior high school
Lycée Jean-Moulin
See also
Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department
References
External links
Official site
1999 Land Use, from IAURIF (Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris-Île-de-France région)
Communes of Seine-et-Marne
Subprefectures in France
Little Saigons
Val Maubuée |
Brooklyn High School may refer to:
Brooklyn Center High School in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota.
Brooklyn High School (Ohio) in Brooklyn, Ohio
Brooklyn High School of the Arts in New York City
Brooklyn Technical High School in Brooklyn, New York |
Charles Evard "Gabby" Street (September 30, 1882 – February 6, 1951), also nicknamed "The Old Sarge", was an American catcher, manager, coach, and radio broadcaster in Major League Baseball during the first half of the 20th century. As a catcher, he participated in one of the most publicized baseball stunts of the century's first decade. As a manager, he led the St. Louis Cardinals to two National League championships (1930–31) and one world title (1931). As a broadcaster, he entertained St. Louis baseball fans in the years following World War II.
Biography
Born in Huntsville, Alabama, Street (who batted and threw right-handed) was a weak hitter. He batted only .208 in a seven-year playing career (1904–05; 1908–12) in 502 games with the Cincinnati Reds, Boston Beaneaters, Washington Senators, and New York Highlanders. Apart from 1908 to 1909, when he was the Senators' first-string catcher, he was a part-time player. Street holds the record for the longest gap between Major League games – 19 years (1912–1931).
On August 21, 1908, Street achieved a measure of immortality by catching a baseball dropped from the top of the Washington Monument—a distance of 555 feet (169 m). After muffing the first 12 balls thrown by journalist Preston Gibson, he made a clean reception of number 13. In addition, Street was fabled as an early catcher and mentor of the American League's nonpareil right-handed pitcher, Walter Johnson.
After Street's playing career ended, he managed in the minor leagues before joining the Cardinals' major league coaching staff in 1929. It was a year of turmoil for the defending NL champs. They replaced 1928 skipper Bill McKechnie before the season with Billy Southworth; then, when Southworth couldn't get results, they brought back McKechnie on July 24. In between, Street served as acting manager for one game on July 23: an 8–2 triumph over the Philadelphia Phillies. At the close of the 1929 season, McKechnie left to manage the Boston Braves and Street became the Redbirds' full-fledged manager.
The Old Sarge promptly led the Cardinals to consecutive National League pennants. In 1930, they won 92 games and finished two games in front of the Chicago Cubs. But in the 1930 World Series, they faced the defending world champion Philadelphia Athletics and lost in six games. In 1931, Street's Cardinals won 101 games and bested the New York Giants by 13 games. Then, in the 1931 Series against those same A's, pitchers Wild Bill Hallahan and Burleigh Grimes dominated and Pepper Martin had 12 hits, batted .500, drove in five runs and stole five bases to lead the underdog Redbirds to a seven-game world championship against the last Connie Mack dynasty.
The Cardinals faltered in 1932, winning only 72 games and finishing tied for sixth, 18 games out, and had improved only to fifth in July 1933. Street was dumped on July 23 and replaced by his second baseman, Frankie Frisch. The next two seasons, he managed the Mission Reds, but in 1935 he was suspended from the Pacific Coast League indefinitely for assaulting an umpire. After that, he managed the St. Paul Saints of the American Association in 1936 and 1937, before returning to the Mound City as skipper of the 1938 St. Louis Browns. The habitually bottom-feeding Brownies finished seventh in an eight-team American League, winning only 53 games. The '38 season put a cap on Street's major league managerial career. In all or parts of six years, he won 365 and lost 332 (.524).
Street would return to St. Louis and the major leagues, however, as a color commentator for Cardinals and Browns radio broadcasts after the Second World War, working with young colleague Harry Caray. After battling cancer successfully in 1949, Street fell victim to heart failure in his adopted hometown of Joplin, Missouri, in February 1951. He died at 68 years of age.
Street's likeness made a brief cameo appearance on the Simpsons episode: "Homer at the Bat" (1992) as one of the would-be ringers for Mr. Burns' softball team. Mr. Burns has planned to have Street play catcher until his assistant Smithers has to point out that all of the players Mr. Burns had selected had long since retired and died.
In the book Catching the Moon: The Story of a Young Girl's Baseball Dream by Crystal Hubbard, Gabby Street runs a baseball camp. The main character is denied based on the fact she is a girl. When she proves herself, he allows her to attend with the caveat to bring a glove and cleats. When she is unable to afford cleats, he buys a pair for her. This is based on a true story about Toni Stone and how she got her first pair of cleats.
Managerial record
See also
List of Major League Baseball player–managers
References
External links
Baseball-Reference.com – career managing record
1882 births
1951 deaths
Sportspeople from Huntsville, Alabama
Sportspeople from Joplin, Missouri
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Baseball players from Alabama
Baseball managers
Major League Baseball player-managers
St. Louis Cardinals managers
Cincinnati Reds players
Boston Beaneaters players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
New York Highlanders players
St. Louis Cardinals announcers
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Louis Browns announcers
St. Louis Browns managers
St. Paul Saints (AA) managers
Vaudeville performers
Minor league baseball managers
Hopkinsville Browns players
Terre Haute Hottentots players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Williamsport Millionaires players
Providence Grays (minor league) players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Nashville Vols players
Suffolk Nuts players
Suffolk Wildcats players
Joplin Miners players
Muskogee Athletics players
Augusta Tygers players
Columbia Comers players
Knoxville Smokies players
World Series-winning managers |
The Landkreuzer P 1500 Monster was a purported German pre-prototype super-heavy self-propelled gun designed during World War II. While it is mentioned in a number popular works about World War II projects, there is no solid documentation for the program’s existence, and it may have only been a semi-serious proposal, or even an outright hoax.
Development
On 23 June 1942, the German Ministry of Armaments proposed a 1,000-tonne tank—the Landkreuzer P. 1000 Ratte. Adolf Hitler expressed interest in the project and the go-ahead was granted. In December, Krupp designed an even larger 1,500 tonne vehicle—the P. 1500 Monster. The P. 1500 was to be long, weighing 1,800 tonnes, with a 250 mm hull front armour, four Daimler-Benz MB.501 diesel aero engines, and an operating crew of over 100 men. This "land cruiser” would have been a self-propelled platform for the 800 mm Dora/Schwerer Gustav K (E) gun artillery piece also made by Krupp—the heaviest artillery weapon ever constructed by shell weight and total gun weight, and the largest rifled cannon by calibre.
The Schwerer Gustav fired a 7-tonne projectile up to and was designed for use against heavily fortified targets. The main armament could have been mounted without a rotating turret. Such a configuration would have allowed the P. 1500 to operate in a similar manner to the original 800 mm railroad gun and Karl 600 mm self-propelled mortars, launching shells without engaging the enemy with direct fire.
Issues
Development of the Panzer VIII Maus had highlighted significant problems associated with very large vehicles, such as their destruction of roads/rails, their inability to use bridges and the difficulty of strategic transportation by road or rail. The bigger the vehicle, the bigger these problems became. In 1943, Albert Speer, the Minister for Armaments, cancelled both the Ratte and Monster projects.
See also
Crawler-transporter, the largest self-propelled land vehicles ever built
Bagger 293, a bucket-wheel excavator and the largest land vehicle ever built by weight
The Captain, Big Muskie and Bagger 288, previous land vehicle record holders for weight
Overburden Conveyor Bridge F60, the largest land vehicle ever built by physical dimensions
References
Article about the Ratte, Monster and related
Überschwere Panzerprojekte, Michael Fröhlich, Motorbuch Verlag, 2016
Super-heavy tanks
World War II self-propelled artillery of Germany |
The Fabulous Suzanne is a 1946 American romantic comedy film directed by Steve Sekely and starring Barbara Britton, Rudy Vallee and Otto Kruger. A waitress inherits a fortune from one of her customers.
Plot
The young and beautiful Suzanne O'Neill (Barbara Britton) works as a waitress in her fiancé William "Bill" Harris's (William Henry) diner. Suzanne's problem is that Bill doesn't want to decide on a wedding date. He claims that he doesn't have enough money to get married; he wants to be able to support her on his own first, so that she doesn't have to work at all. But Suzanne gets tired of Bill's pride getting in the way of her dreams for the future. Suzanne starts betting on horse races, using her "lucky pin" to pick the right ones for the infamous and not always apt gambler Jonathan Tuttle (Frank Darien). When Tuttle passes away shortly after their enterprise has taken off, Suzanne finds out that he has left her seven thousand dollars through his will. She is more than surprised, since he wasn't that successful in his gambling. Suzanne takes the money to Bill, offering him to use them to scale up his business, but once again his pride comes in the way. She decides to leave Bill, returns the engagement ring, and leaves for New York to try her own wings of fortune.
Her lucky pin continues to prove itself useful when she manages to pick a very profitable stock at one of the city's reputable investment corporations: Hendrick Courtney, Sr. and Sons. The firms manager, Hendrick 'Hank' Courtney Jr. is baffled by her performance, and lets her go on picking several more stocks to see where she lands. It runs out she is more than lucky and she makes the firm a neat load of cash in a very short span of time.
Both the gloomy Hank and his more outgoing, easier younger brother Rex fall in love with Suzanne. She is overwhelmed by the attention and starts dating both brothers, even if she can't forget her previous fiancé Bill. She arranges, with the help of one of the brothers, that some of her money is sent to Bill, disguised as an inheritance from an aunt. Without struggling with his pride, Bill invests the money in a new and bigger diner, and he is ready to try to win back his lost love Suzanne. Another waitress of his has taken an interest in him and tries to convince him to give up waiting for Suzanne, and choose her instead.
Suzanne finds herself now being courted also by the two brothers' father, who has fallen for the charming former waitress head over heels. Despite this she manages to sneak away and come to the opening of Bill's new diner. She is hoping to talk her way back into Bill's life, but the rivaling waitress spills vicious lies into her ears, saying that she and Bill are now engaged to be married. Devastated by these news just leaves Bill a note and leaves the opening without meeting him. When Bill reads the note he immediately goes to New York to reconcile with his love and tell her the truth.
Bill finds his love in New York and they have a long talk during a Central Park coach ride, and it seems the couple will be able to let bygones be bygones. Upon the return to her apartment though, they bump into all three of the love-struck Courtneys. Bill is outraged and leaves Suzanne alone with the three men. After being abandoned by Bill, Suzanne decides to accept marrying one of the brother's, but without saying which one. On the wedding day, both brothers are left by the altar, and it turns out that Suzanne has been hijacked by their father. He has realised that Suzanne doesn't want to marry either of his sons, and takes her on a trip to look for Bill, in an effort to join them once and for all. When they arrive back to the small town they find that Bill has left the diner and all hope of reconciliation seems lost - until they discover that there is a re-opening of the old diner in progress, and Suzanne convince Bill to taker her back, with a little help from her lucky pin.
Cast
Barbara Britton as Suzanne
Rudy Vallee as Hendrick Courtney Jr.
Otto Kruger as Hendrick Courtney Sr.
Richard Denning as Rex
William Henry as William Harris
Veda Ann Borg as Mary
Grady Sutton as Marstenson
Irén Ágay as Ginette
Frank Darien as Mr. Tuttle
Harry Tyler as Lawyer
Alvin Hammer as Little Man
Herbert Evans as Butler
References
Bibliography
Hanson, Patricia A. & Dunkleberger, Amy. Afi: American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States : Feature Films 1941-1950 Indexes, Volume 2. University of California Press, 1999.
External links
1946 films
American romantic comedy films
Films directed by Steve Sekely
Republic Pictures films
Films scored by Arthur Lange
American black-and-white films
1946 romantic comedy films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films
English-language romantic comedy films |
Alan Woods (born October 12, 1978) is a retired American soccer defender who played a season in Major League Soccer and six in the USL First Division. He is currently the coach of the Oglethorpe University women's team.
Player
Youth
Woods attended Paint Branch High School where he was a 1995 All Met Honorable Mention soccer player. In 1996, he began his collegiate career at the University of Notre Dame where he was named to the Big East All-Rookie team and second team All Great Lakes Region. He transferred to Clemson in 1998 where he was first team All ACC and first team All South. In March 1998, Woods was called up to the United States men's national under-23 soccer team camp for its match against Canada.
Professional
The Colorado Rapids selected Woods in the first round (tenth overall) of the 2000 MLS SuperDraft, but waived him after the first game of the regular season in which he played five minutes. He then signed with the Charleston Battery of the USL A-League where he started 26 of 27 games and was named Battery Rookie of the year. In April 2001, the Rapids traded Matt Okoh and the rights to Woods to the New England Revolution in exchange for Imad Baba and Carlos Parra. The New England Revolution then signed Woods and he played eighteen games for them making the MLS team of the week once. In 2002, he joined the Atlanta Silverbacks of the USL First Division and spent three seasons with the team and was team captain for two. In 2003, he was team MVP and Second Team All-League. In September 2003, he went on trial with CSKA Sofia, but declined a contract. On February 18, 2005, he rejoined the Charleston Battery after returning from the US Men's National Team camp at the Home Depot Center, for its World Cup Qualifier against Trinidad & Tobago during the player labor dispute, signing a two-year contract. He played ten games, scoring one goal. On July 6, 2005, Woods moved to the Virginia Beach Mariners, playing the remainder of the 2005 as well as the 2006 season where he was named the Mariners Defensive MVP.
Coach
Woods coached the Cape Henry High School soccer team for one season. He was an assistant coach at Nichols College for one season. In 2008, he was hired as the head coach for the Oglethorpe University women's soccer team and the head coach for the Roswell Santos soccer academy. At Santos he coached the U-13 girls Blue team. In 2009, he was hired as the Concorde Fire Soccer Academy coach where he coached the U-14 girls central team and the U-14 central black team. He is currently coaching the 2011 Girls ECNL team at UFA, United Futbol Academy in Forsyth Georgia.
References
External links
Oglethorpe University coaching profile
Charleston Battery player stats
1978 births
Living people
African-American men's soccer players
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
Atlanta Silverbacks FC players
Charleston Battery players
Clemson Tigers men's soccer players
Colorado Rapids players
Major League Soccer players
New England Revolution players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's soccer players
Oglethorpe University
USL First Division players
Virginia Beach Mariners players
A-League (1995–2004) players
Colorado Rapids draft picks
Men's association football defenders
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople |
Covers 80s is the seventh album by American singer/songwriter Duncan Sheik. It was released on Sneaky Records in 2011. The album is composed of covers of songs by British artists originally released in the 1980s.
Singer Holly Brook, who appeared on Sheik's album Whisper House, and Rachael Yamagata, who has toured with Sheik for various concerts, contribute backing vocals throughout this album.
Reception
The album was released to mixed reviews. National Public Radio said, "No nostalgia here, only genuine feeling, and the challenge to reconsider what might really be worth reviving."
Track listing
"Stripped" (Depeche Mode) – 3:39
"Hold Me Now" (Thompson Twins) – 4:39
"Love Vigilantes" (New Order) – 4:04
"Kyoto Song" (The Cure) – 3:53
"What Is Love?" (Howard Jones) – 3:58
"So Alive" (Love and Rockets) – 4:32
"Shout" (Tears for Fears) – 4:44
"Gentlemen Take Polaroids" (Japan) – 4:53
"Life's What You Make It" (Talk Talk) – 4:33
"William, It Was Really Nothing" (The Smiths) – 2:11
"Stay" (The Blue Nile) – 5:41
"The Ghost in You" (The Psychedelic Furs) – 5:08
References
2011 albums
Duncan Sheik albums
Covers albums |
Lycée Denis Diderot may refer to:
Lycée Denis Diderot (Kenya) - Nairobi, Kenya
Lycée Denis Diderot (Carvin) - Carvin, France |
Coleophora haloxyli is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in Turkestan and Uzbekistan.
The larvae feed on Haloxylon persicum. They create a leafy case, consisting of six sections of branches which gradually enlarge toward the anterior end. There is a small tube at the caudal end of the case through which frass is ejected. The length of the case is and it is chocolate-brown to yellow in color. Larvae can be found from September to October.
References
haloxyli
Moths described in 1970
Moths of Asia |
Le dernier homme may refer to:
The Last Man (2006 film), a 2006 Lebanese film directed by Ghassan Salhab
The Last Man (Mary Shelley novel), a novel by Mary Shelley first published in 1826
Le Dernier Homme, an 1805 19th-century French novel written by Jean-Baptiste Cousin de Grainville |
Albert-Xavier-Émile Mathiez (; 10 January 1874 – 25 February 1932) was a French historian, best known for his Marxist interpretation of the French Revolution. Mathiez emphasized class conflict. He argued that 1789 pitted the bourgeoisie against the aristocracy and then the Revolution pitted the bourgeoisie against the sans-culottes, who were a proletariat-in-the-making. Mathiez greatly influenced Georges Lefebvre and Albert Soboul in forming what came to be known as the orthodox Marxist interpretation of the Revolution. Mathiez admired Maximilien Robespierre, praised the Reign of Terror and did not extend complete sympathy to the struggle of the proletariat.
Career
Mathiez came from a peasant family in Eastern France, being born in La Bruyère, Haute-Saône. He showed high intelligence as a young student, with a strong interest in history. He entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1894, by which time he had already displayed a strong anti-clerical bias. After graduation, he passed the aggregation in history and after doing his military service entered the teaching profession. He taught at a variety of local lycèes until he completed his doctorate which he wrote under the direction of François Victor Alphonse Aulard, then the leading historian of the Revolution, who admired Georges Danton. Mathiez was greatly influenced by Jean Jaurès, who propounded a more radical economic and social interpretation. At first a good friend of Aulard, he broke with his mentor in 1907, founding his own society, the Société des études robespierristes, with its journal, the Annales révolutionnaires. He also moved up from the lycée to the university level, teaching at Besançon and Dijon.
Earlier a pacifist, Mathiez developed into a nationalistic Jacobin after the World War I erupted in 1914. He used his scholarship on the Revolution to demonstrate that just as Revolutionary France had defeated the allied coalition in the 1790s, so too the Third Republic would triumph over Imperial Germany. With its serious economic and social stresses such as shortages of food and rationing, the war prompted him to study similar conditions during the Revolution. The eventual result was one of his most original works, La Vie chère et le movement social sous la Terreur (1927).
In his masterwork La Révolution française (3 vol. 1922–1924), Mathiez boldly made Maximilien Robespierre the hero. Émile Durkheim's work in the sociology of religion influenced his interpretation of the 1790s.
Mathiez saw the French Revolution as the critical first stage in a proletarian advance that would gather strength in the revolutions of 1848, the Paris Commune of 1871 and the Russian revolts of 1905 and reached its highest point during the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia which created a dictatorship in the name of the proletariat.
Mathiez rejected the common view of Robespierre as demagogic, dictatorial and fanatical. Mathiez argued he was an eloquent spokesman for the poor and oppressed, an enemy of royalist intrigues, a vigilant adversary of dishonest and corrupt politicians, a guardian of the French Republic, an intrepid leader of the French Revolutionary government and a prophet of a socially responsible state.
Mathiez held the highly prestigious Sorbonne chair in French Revolutionary Studies and was the founder of the Societe des Etudes Robespierristes which led to the creation in 1908 of the highly regarded journal Annales révolutionnaries that became Annales historiques de la Révolution française in 1924.
Mathiez was active in the French Communist Party from 1920 but resigned in 1922. He joined the Socialist Communist Union but left it shortly after, becoming closer to the SFIO and supporting the Cartel des Gauches. By 1930, he was attacked by Stalinist historians, who condemned Mathiez and his Jacobinism as adversaries of the proletarian revolution. He was a vigorous polemicist. In his own defense after 1930, he mounted a sharp critique of his detractors.
On February 25, 1932, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage in the presence of his students, in the Michelet amphitheater of the Sorbonne; quickly hospitalized, he died in the evening without having regained consciousness.
A commemorative plaque in his likeness is still to this day in the amphitheater of the Sorbonne.
Notes
Further reading
Friguglietti, James. Albert Mathiez, historien révolutionnaire (1874-1932) (Paris: Société des études robespierristes, 1974), the standard scholarly biography.
Friguglietti, James. "Albert Mathiez, an Historian at War," French Historical Studies (1972) 7#4 pp 570–86. in JSTOR.
Friguglietti, James. "Albert Mathiez's Idea of Revolution and Revolutionary Terror," Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Proceedings (1974B), Vol. 1974, pp 22–33.
Shulim, Joseph I. "Robespierre and the French Revolution," American Historical Review (1977) 82#1 pp. 20–38 in JSTOR.
External links
Annales historiques de la Révolution française
1874 births
1932 deaths
People from Haute-Saône
French Section of the Workers' International politicians
French Communist Party politicians
Socialist-Communist Union politicians
French Marxist historians
Academic staff of the University of Paris
20th-century French historians
Historians of the French Revolution
École Normale Supérieure alumni
French male writers
University of Burgundy alumni |
Richard Marsh MVO (1851–1933) was a British trainer of racehorses. After his promising career as a jockey was ended by his rising weight, Marsh set up as a trainer in 1874. He trained from a number of stables before eventually making his base at Egerton House in Newmarket, Suffolk. In a training career of fifty years, Marsh trained the winners of twelve British Classic Race and many other major races. His greatest success sprang from his association with King Edward VII, for whom he trained three winners of The Derby. Two of Marsh's sons later became successful trainers.
Background
Richard Marsh was born on 31 December 1851, either in Dover or in the village of Smeeth in Kent. His father was a farmer and the family had no links to racing.
Riding career
Marsh began riding racehorses in his mid teens and rode his first winner in 1866. He attracted the attention of some Newmarket trainers and rode his most important winner on Temple in the New Stakes at Royal Ascot in 1869. Marsh's rising weight forced him to abandon his career as a flat race jockey, although he had some success as a jockey in hurdle races and steeplechases until retiring from the saddle in 1881.
Training career
In 1874 or 1875, Marsh began training horses at Banstead Manor at Epsom. He later moved to the Newmarket area, where he was based at Six Mile Bottom before moving to Lordship Farm. He attracted the patronage of several major owners including the Duke of Hamilton. In 1883, he recorded his first classic win when the Duke's horse Ossian won the St Leger. Three years later, he won the 1000 Guineas and Oaks for the same owner with Miss Jummy.
The horses owned by the Prince of Wales had been trained by John Porter at Lambourn, but in late 1892 they were sent to Marsh, who had just opened a large and well-equipped new stable at Egerton House in Newmarket. The official explanation was that Newmarket was closer to the royal residence at Sandringham, although there had also been a disagreement between the Prince's racing manager Marcus Beresford and one of Porter's principal patrons the Duke of Westminster. One owner who followed the Prince'e example was Maurice de Hirsch, who transferred the outstanding racemare La Fleche from Porter to Marsh. La Fleche took some time to adapt, but won the Ascot Gold Cup for Marsh in 1894.
Marsh's first major success for his royal patron came with Persimmon. The colt won seven of his nine races including the Derby, St Leger, Eclipse Stakes and Ascot Gold Cup. Persimmon's successes led Queen Victoria to pay her final visit to Royal Ascot after Marsh assured her (correctly) that the horse was sure to win. Four years later, Marsh trained Persimmon's temperamental brother Diamond Jubilee to win the Triple Crown. Diamond Jubilee's wins enabled Marsh to win his third and final trainers' championship. The Prince continued his involvement in racing after coming to the throne as King Edward VII in 1901, although the numbers of his horses in training declined. Marsh gave the King his final major successes by sending out Minoru to win the 2000 Guineas and Derby in 1909.
Wins for other owners in the same period included the 1898 Derby with the 100/1 outsider Jeddah and the 1000 Guineas in 1896 with the filly Thais.
Royal interest in horse racing declined after Edward VII was succeeded by George V in 1910 and Marsh trained no further classic winners. He continued to be successful at a lower level, winning races including the Middle Park Stakes and the Royal Hunt Cup before retiring at the end of 1924. Marsh lived at Great Shelford near Cambridge until his death in May 1933 at the age of 82.
Personal life
Marsh was a financially successful trainer, but ploughed most of his money into maintaining and improving the facilities at Egerton House. At one stage he was made bankrupt and on his death he left an estate of only £383. Away from the racecourse his main interest was drag hunting. Shortly after his retirement he published his autobiography entitled A Trainer to Two Kings.
Richard John Marsh married twice, his first wife Olive Thirlwell (m 1876 ) was the eldest daughter of a Sussex farmer (and racing enthusiast) Robert Thirlwell and older sister of Dan Thirlwell a well respected jockey of the 1880s. Richard had two sons who became successful trainers, Charles Marsh, from his first marriage, was the private trainer to William Brodrick Cloete and won the Oaks with Cherimoya on the filly's only racecourse appearance. Marsh's second marriage was to Grace (m 1900 ), the sister of Fred Darling. Their son Marcus Marsh trained five classic winners including Windsor Lad and Tulyar.
References
Members of the Royal Victorian Order
1851 births
1933 deaths
British racehorse trainers
People from Dover, Kent
People from Great Shelford
People from the Borough of Ashford |
Ranveer Jatav is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Gohad. He was an elected member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly as a member of the Indian National Congress. During 2020 Madhya Pradesh political crisis, he supported senior Congress leader Jyotiraditya Scindia and was one of the 22 MLAs who resigned and later joined Bharatiya Janata Party.
References
Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh
Living people
People from Bhind district
Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Jean Delvaux (died 2 April 1595) was a Belgian Roman Catholic monk and an alleged practitioner of witchcraft.
In 1595, a scandal occurred among the monks at an Abbey at Stavelot in the Ardennes. The monk Jean Delvaux claimed that, at the age of fifteen, he met a man in the woods who promised him riches if he would follow him. Delvaux abided and he received two marks on his shoulders. He told Delvaux to become a monk at Stavelot, and promised that he would become an abbot. Delvaux did indeed become a monk, and discovered many warlocks among the priests and monks. He said, that there were nine convents of warlocks in the Ardennes, who met during the night with demons to eat, dance and engage in sex.
Delvaux was arrested on the order of the Prince-bishop of Liége, and an investigation was begun. On the way to Stavelot, the carriage of the commission broke down, and Delvaux claimed that a demon had destroyed it; Delvaux was accused of being insane. Until 10 January 1597, lay and clerical people were questioned in connection with these accusations. Delvaux was tortured and handed over to the secular authorities. He was found guilty, under Exodus 22:18, and sentenced to death. The remorseful Delvaux begged for mercy, but he was executed by decapitation, and not by burning.
References
Literature
Procès pour sorcellerie en Ardenne, Walthère Jamar, Chevron dans le passé
1595 deaths
Belgian Christian monks
People executed for witchcraft
Year of birth unknown
Place of birth missing |
Khaset (Mountain bull, also Chasuu) was one of 42 nomes (administrative division) in ancient Egypt.
Geography
Khaset was one of the 20 nomes in Lower Egypt and had district number 6.
The area of the district is not readable, usually the nomes were about 30-40 km (18-24 miles) in length and their area depending on the depth of the Nile valley and the beginning of the desert. The area was calculated in cha-ta (1 cha-ta equals roughly 2.75 hectare / 2.4 acres) and the distance was calculated in iteru (1 iteru equals roughly 10.5 km / 6.2 miles) in length.
The Niwt (main city) was Khasu/Xois (part of modern Sakha) and among other cities were Per-Wadjet/Buto (modern Tell el-Farain). Per-Wadjet was sometimes also part of the Sap-Meh nome.
History
Every nome was ruled by a nomarch (provincial governor) who answered directly to the pharaoh.
Every niwt had a Het net (temple) dedicated to the chief deity and a Heqa het (nomarch's residence).
The district's main deities were Wadjet and Ra. Other major deities in the area included Isis and Osiris.
Today the area is part of the Gharbia Governorate.
References
Helck, Wolfgang ; Westendorf, Wolfhart: Lexikon der Ägyptologie. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1977.
External links
About the nomes of Egypt
Detailed map of the nomes
Hieroglyphs of the nomes
Nomes of ancient Egypt |
State Route 192 (SR 192) is a secondary state highway that runs through Benton County in western Tennessee in the United States. The route serves as a loop to the west of U.S. Route 641 (US 641) in the southern part of the county, serving the community of Holladay. SR 192 is a two-lane undivided road its entire length, passing through rural areas.
Route description
SR 192 begins at an intersection with US 641 (SR 69) in southern Benton County, heading northwest as a two-lane undivided road that is a secondary state route. The road passes through wooded areas with some fields and homes before curving west and running through dense forest. The route turns to the northwest before it curves southwest and heads north of a quarry. SR 192 runs through more woodland before bending to the west and running through farm fields. The route enters the community of Holladay and passes through residential areas, turning to the north. The road heads past more homes and the post office before it leaves Holladay and runs through farmland with some trees and residences, crossing Birdsong Creek. SR 192 curves north-northeast and runs through forested areas with some fields and homes, crossing Turkey Creek. Farther along, the road continues north and winds through more rural land, heading across Ammon Creek. SR 192 comes to its northern terminus at an intersection with US 641 (SR 69) to the south of Camden.
History
The entire route of SR 192 is a former alignment of US 641/SR 69 (then signed as SR 69).
Junction list
See also
References
192
Transportation in Benton County, Tennessee |
Samuel Leo LoPresti (January 30, 1917 – December 11, 1984) was an American ice hockey goaltender. He played several senior and professional seasons between 1937 and 1951, including two seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Chicago Black Hawks. He was named an American Hockey Association (AHA) all-star in 1939–40 and the most valuable player of the United States Hockey League in 1949–50. He is best known for his performance with the Black Hawks on March 4, 1941, when he set an NHL record by facing 83 shots in a regulation game against the Boston Bruins. He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1973.
LoPresti left the NHL during the Second World War to join the United States Navy where he served on board the SS Roger B. Taney. The ship was torpedoed during a crossing of the Atlantic Ocean and sunk in 1943; LoPresti was one of 29 sailors who survived 42 days lost at sea in a single lifeboat before being rescued off the coast of Brazil. LoPresti was credited with saving the lives of his shipmates by killing a dolphin with a sheath knife, providing nearly the only food they had during their ordeal.
Early life
LoPresti was born January 30, 1917, in Elcor, Minnesota, though he grew up in the nearby community of Eveleth. He played football as a youth, playing at tackle and fullback. He had never worn a pair of ice skates until the ninth grade. However, inspired by local players Frank Brimsek and Mike Karakas, he took up the position of goaltender and was his high school team's starter by his final year of high school. He played for local junior colleges where he was scouted by the American Hockey Association (AHA)'s St. Paul Saints.
Playing career
In his first season with the Saints, 1937–38, LoPresti appeared in 48 games, posting a 10–38–2 win-loss-tie record and a 3.62 goals against average (GAA). He improved to 23–21–2 the following season. In his third season in St. Paul, LoPresti was named to the league's second all-star team after recording 29 wins and 4 shutouts. The Saints won the AHA championship, defeating the Omaha Knights in four games, LoPresti posted a 6–1 record and 1.29 GAA during the playoffs.
During that season, he was discovered by Bill Tobin and Paul Thompson, president and coach of the NHL's Chicago Black Hawks, during an exhibition game between the two teams. He was signed by Chicago, and began the season with the AHA's Kansas City Americans. LoPresti was recalled to Chicago when goaltender Paul Goodman retired. He made his NHL debut on January 5, 1941, and went unbeaten in his first four starts. He appeared in 27 games with Chicago, finishing with a record of 9–15–3. He made NHL history on March 4 in a game against the Boston Bruins. He faced a league record 83 shots in a regulation, 60 minute game. It took Boston 42 shots to beat LoPresti for their first goal, and kept the Black Hawks close in what was ultimately a 3–2 Boston victory.
As Chicago's top goaltender in the 1941–42 NHL season, LoPresti won 21 games against 23 losses. He was his team's star in the Black Hawks' 1942 Stanley Cup playoff series against the Bruins. He recorded one playoff shutout to go with three in the regular season, but Chicago was eliminated by Boston. He then left the NHL to join the United States Navy during the Second World War, theorizing that "it was safer to face Nazi U-boats in the North Atlantic than vulcanized rubber in North America."
Military service
LoPresti joined the Navy's armed guard service and served aboard the SS Roger B. Taney as a gunner's mate, assigned to duty protecting ships as they crossed the Atlantic Ocean. The ship was torpedoed and sunk during an Atlantic crossing in February 1943. Listed as missing in action, LoPresti was thought to be the first casualty among American professional athletes in the conflict.
As the Roger B. Taney sank, LoPresti and the other Naval Armed Guards abandoned the ship on rafts, which were picked up the next morning by the lifeboats. He was one of 26 men who took refuge in the number 4 lifeboat with minimal water or food supplies. The lifeboat traveled towards the South American coast in a voyage of 42 days, traveling nearly southwest, before they were found and rescued off the coast of Brazil. They had collected rain water when they could, at times drinking only per day, and had only a small amount of biscuits and bakers chocolate for food. LoPresti was credited with saving the men's lives by catching the only real food they had during their entire ordeal after noticing dolphins swimming around their boat on one occasion. According to another sailor, LoPresti improvised a weapon by lashing a sheath knife to a boat hook. He plunged into the ocean, catching a dolphin. They hauled it into the boat, drank its blood, and cooked the meat in a metal bucket with rags and kerosene.
Later career and personal life
LoPresti returned to hockey following his ordeal, but never played in the NHL again. He played two seasons in California with the San Diego Skyhawks before returning to his Minnesota home to play several seasons of senior hockey in Duluth and Eveleth. He was named the most valuable player of the North America Hockey League in 1949–50 as a member of the Eveleth Rangers, and retired from hockey in 1951. He was a charter member of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame, inducted in 1973.
LoPresti married his wife Carol in 1941, and operated a tavern in Eveleth following his playing career. His son Pete was also an NHL player. Pete was also a goaltender, making him and Sam the first father-son goaltenders in NHL history.
Death
LoPresti died of a heart attack at his home in Eveleth, Minnesota on December 11, 1984.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
See also
List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea
References
Career statistics:
External links
1917 births
1940s missing person cases
1984 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
American men's ice hockey goaltenders
Businesspeople from Minnesota
Chicago Blackhawks players
Eveleth Rangers players
Formerly missing people
Ice hockey players from Minnesota
Kansas City Americans players
Military personnel from Minnesota
Missing in action of World War II
Shipwreck survivors
Sportspeople from Eveleth, Minnesota
Ice hockey people from St. Louis County, Minnesota
St. Paul Saints (AHA) players
United States Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy sailors |
Marie Cardinal (born Simone Odette Marie-Thérèse Cardinal; 9 March 1929 – 9 May 2001) was a French novelist and occasional actress.
Life and career
Cardinal was born in French Algeria and was the sister of the film director Pierre Cardinal. She received a degree in philosophy from the Sorbonne and in 1953 married the French playwright, actor and director Jean-Pierre Ronfard. They had three children; Alice, Benoit, and Benedict. From 1953 to 1960 she taught philosophy at schools in Salonica, Lisbon, Vienna and Montreal.
Cardinal published her first novel, Écoutez la Mer (Listen to the Sea), in 1962. During the 1960s she published three more novels and was involved with films as well. In 1967 she had a role in Jean-Luc Godard's film Deux Ou Trois Choses Que Je Sais D'elle and played the memorable role of Mouchette's mother in Robert Bresson's film Mouchette.
In 1972 Cardinal published La Clé Sur La Porte (The Key of the Door), followed by Les Mots Pour Le Dire (The Words to Say It) in 1975; these two novels were best sellers and established her reputation. Les Mots Pour Le Dire was the first book by Cardinal to be published in the United States.
Bibliography
Écoutez la mer (Listen to the Sea) (1962)
La mule de corbillard (1963)
La souricière (1965)
Cet été-là (1967)
La clé sur la porte (The Key of the Door) (1972)
Les Mots pour le dire (The Words to Say It) (1975)
Autrement dit (1977)
Une vie pour deux (1979)
Au Pays de mes racines (1980)
Le passé empiété (1983)
Les grands désordres (1987)
Les Pieds-Noirs (1988)
Comme si de rien n'était (1990)
Peer Gynt d'Henrik Ibsen (theater) (1991) translation
Les Troyennes d'Euripide (theater) (1993) translation
Les jeudis de Charles et Lula (1994)
Amour... Amours... (1998)
Oedipe à Colone de Sophocle (theater) (2003) translation
References
Further reading
A review of The Words to Say It.
External links
1929 births
2001 deaths
20th-century French novelists
Algerian women novelists
Algerian novelists
Algerian writers in French
French film actresses
French women novelists
20th-century French women writers
20th-century Algerian writers
20th-century Algerian women writers |
Andimaky Manambolo is a town and commune () in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Belo sur Tsiribihina, which is a part of Menabe Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 5,000 in 2001 commune census.
Only primary schooling is available. The majority 60% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 30% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are maize and cassava. Services provide employment for 5% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 5% of the population.
References and notes
Populated places in Menabe |
Fisher's Ghost is a 1924 Australian silent film directed by Raymond Longford based on the legend of Fisher's Ghost. It is considered a lost film.
Synopsis
The film is set in 1820s New South Wales. Two transported convicts, George Worrall and Frederick Fisher, are released and take up farms at Campbelltown. They are both successful and become friends. Worrall persuades Fisher to go on a trip to England and says he will manage Fisher's farm. A few months later, Worrall goes to an estate agent with a letter from Fisher saying that he has decided to stay in England and has instructed Worrall to sell his farm.
In 1826, a settler called Farley sees an apparition who purports to be Fisher sitting on a three rail fence. This apparition claims he was murdered by Worrall and later indicates where Fisher's body lays. Worrall is arrested at his wedding to a girl who does not return his affections. He is tried, convicted and sentenced to death. He eventually confesses to the crime.
Cast
Robert Purdie as George Worrall
Fred Twitcham as Frederick Fisher
Lorraine Esmond as Nell Thompson
Percy Walshe
William Ryan
Ted Ayr as Jim Mead, the love interest
William Coulter
Charles Keegan
Ruby Dellew
Ada St. Claire
Charlotte Beaumont
Ike Beck
Production
Raymond Longford and Lottie Lyell, in association with Charles Perry, formed a new company together: Longford-Lyell Productions. Fisher's Ghost marks the production company's first film.
According to on contemporary account the film was shot on location in Campbelltown under the title The Life and Death of Frederick Fisher. Longford sought the advice of Campbelltown residents and also explored the records on the subject from the local Mitchell Library. Another report however says the film was shot on location entirely in Windsor, featuring such locations as the Fitzroy Hotel and the old courthouse.
The film was completed by August 1924.
Fisher's Ghost, The Bushwhackers (1925), and Peter Vernon's Silence (1925) were the only three films produced by Longford-Lyell Productions as the company had already entered liquidation in June 1924, even before the film's release.
Although Lottie Lyell and Raymond Longford created many films together, Fisher's Ghost and The Bushwhackers are the only films for which Lyell received credit as scriptwriter and assistant director before her death from tuberculosis in 1925.
Reception
Reviews were strong as was public response.
The film is attributed to being one of the earliest and influential Australian horror films, paving the way for the resurgence of the genre in the 1970s after the Australian government began funding their movie industry.
Union Theaters rejected the film be released in their Sydney theaters because their managing director, Stuart F. Doyle, claimed the film was "too gruesome" for the public. The film was shown in Hoyt theaters and yielded £1,300 in its first week of screenings.
The head of the actor's federation claimed the film was prejudiced against by sales agents.
In 1934 Longford registered a script for a remake of the film. However it was never made.
In 2010, Tony Buckley, a producer who helped find and restore the 1971 Australian film Wake in Fright, called for a Film Search program to locate the lost negatives of Fisher's Ghost as well as other historic Australian films.
References
External links
Fishers Ghost script at National Archives of Australia
Fisher's Ghost at National Film and Sound Archive
Fisher's Ghost at AustLit
Fisher's Ghost:: Old Crime Recalled, a detailed summary of the film's plot
1924 films
1924 drama films
Australian silent feature films
Australian black-and-white films
Films directed by Raymond Longford
Lost Australian films
1924 lost films
Lost drama films
Silent Australian drama films |
Ungdom og Galskap (Youth and Folly) is an 1806 Swedish-language comic opera by Swiss-born composer Édouard Du Puy to his own Swedish libretto based on Jean-Nicolas Bouilly's French libretto for Étienne Méhul's 1802 opera Une folie. The opera was created for the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen, after a planned production of Mehul's opera was cancelled.
Recording
Ungdom og Galskap Ulrik Cold, Djina Mai-Mai, Peter Grönlund, Guido Paevatalu, Poul Elming, Copenhagen Collegium Musicum, Michael Schønwandt 1997 Dacapo
References
Swedish-language operas
1806 operas
Operas |
MOPS or MOPs may refer to:
Mean of Platts Singapore
Memory operations per second, performance capacity of semiconductor memory
Minimum Operating Performance Standards; see type certificate
MOPS (3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid), a buffer used in protein chemistry
Mops (bat), a genus of bats in the family Molossidae
The Mops, a Japanese psychedelic rock group
MOPS International, a Christian organization focused on women and mothers
See also
Mop |
Bruno Fitipaldo Rodríguez (born August 2, 1991) is an Uruguayan-Italian professional basketball player for Iberostar Tenerife of the Liga ACB. Standing at a height of , he plays at the point guard and shooting guard positions.
Professional career
South America
Fitipaldo began his professional career in the 2006–07 season, with the Uruguayan League's Club Malvín, in the city of Montevideo. During his time in the Uruguayan League of basketball, he became the club's local idol, due to his great performances. In the 2010–11 season, Fitipaldo won the Uruguayan national league title with his team, as he averaged 8.0 points, 1.5 rebounds, 2.6 assists, and 1.3 steals per game, in 41 games played.
At only 20, he was in the starting five of the Uruguayan team, and at the end of the 2011–12 season, he had averaged 10.4 points, 3.5 rebounds, 5.6 assists, and 1.3 steals per game, in 39 games played. In the 2013–14 season, Fitipaldo was named the MVP of the Uruguayan League. He later moved to the Argentine League club Obras Sanitarias, where he played during the 2014–15 and 2015–16 seasons.
Europe
In July 2016, the Italian LBA League side Orlandina Basket, announced the official the signing of Fitipaldo. On November 5, 2016, Fitipaldo was the LBA's MVP for the Round 6 of games. The Uruguayan-Italian point guard finished the round 6 game, with 33 points scored, in an Orlandina overtime win against Brescia. Fitipaldo played 45 minutes, and also added 3 rebounds, 10 assists, 9 fouls drawn, and a 44 evaluation.
However, in December of that same year, Fitipaldo left Orlandina, and signed with the Turkish Super League side Galatasaray, for the rest of the 2016–17 season. On June 23 2017, Fitipaldo returned to Italy, and signed with Scandone Avellino. On August 1, 2018, Fitipaldo signed a one-yar deal with the Spanish League club San Pablo Burgos.
Canarias (2020–present)
He signed with Canarias (then known as Iberostar Tenerife for sponsorship reasons) of the Liga ACB on July 11, 2020.
In 2022, Fitipaldo won the 2021–22 Basketball Champions League with Canarias, his first continental title. Because of this, the team played in the 2023 FIBA Intercontinental Cup. Here, Fitipaldo guided Canarias to their third world title, as he had 12 points, 4 rebounds and 6 assists in the semi-final against Monastir and 15 points and 6 assists in the final against São Paulo. After the tournament, Fitipaldo was named the Intercontinental Cup MVP.
National team career
Fitipaldo is a member of the senior Uruguayan national basketball team. He won the bronze medal at the 2010 FIBA South American Championship, 2012 FIBA South American Championship, and 2016 FIBA South American Championships.
Honours and titles
FIBA South American Championship
2010 Colombia:
2012 Argentina:
2016 Venezuela:
References
External links
FIBA Archive Profile
Euroleague.net Profile
FIBA Champions League Profile
Eurobasket.com Profile
Spanish League Profile
Italian League Profile
Turkish League Profile
1991 births
Living people
CB Canarias players
CB Miraflores players
Club Malvín basketball players
Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball) players
Italian men's basketball players
Lega Basket Serie A players
Liga ACB players
Obras Sanitarias basketball players
Orlandina Basket players
Point guards
Shooting guards
Basketball players from Montevideo
S.S. Felice Scandone players
Uruguayan expatriate basketball people in Spain
Uruguayan men's basketball players |
A War () is a 2015 Danish war drama film written and directed by Tobias Lindholm, and starring Pilou Asbæk and Søren Malling. It tells the story of a Danish military company in Afghanistan that is fighting the Taliban while trying to protect the civilians, and how the commander is accused of having committed a war crime. The film was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards.
Plot
A Danish soldier in a squad patrolling Helmand province sets off an IED. He dies from horrific injuries while his commander, Claus, back at base camp can do little to help. After that, Claus resolves to join his men on every patrol. After treating an injured little girl, her family comes to the base because the Taliban has threatened to kill them for asking the Danes for help. Claus sends them back to their village.
Meanwhile, back in Denmark, Claus' wife Maria is trying to hold everyday life together, with a husband at war and three children missing their father. The strain their father's absence takes on the family is seen as the burdens of parenting fall solely on Maria.
The next day, Claus and his men return to the village to find that the Afghan family they had helped has been murdered. Then without warning, an ambush by insurgent forces ensues. Claus, in the confusion of battle, calls in an airstrike on a nearby compound, though he knows he lacks proper identification of a legitimate target, known as personnel identification (PID) of the enemy. This allows the Danish troops to retreat without loss of life. However, Claus is charged with the killing of 11 innocent civilians and sent home. The potential consequences of these accusations shake him and his family. Claus' defense lawyer asserts that he needs to claim that he had PID in order to avoid prison. Though he plans to admit his guilt, Maria angrily admonishes him for not thinking of his children's lives without a father. He decides to claim he called in an airstrike because he had PID.
Evidence against him mounts as Claus' men testify in court. His close friend and comrade, who had known him since boot camp, testifies that Claus, despite being a good officer, was feeling the strain of leadership and making rash decisions. In the witness box, Claus maintains his position. After being probed by the prosecution, he angrily declares that those who have not been in combat can not understand what it takes to make life and death decisions. Unexpectedly, Claus' former radio operator testifies that he identified muzzle flashes in the compound, giving Claus a plausible reason to call the airstrike. Though this evidence is dubious, it is enough to convince the judge and sub-committee that Claus had a legitimate PID.
Later while tucking his young son into bed, Claus notices how his son's feet resemble those of the murdered little girl in Helmand. He sits alone outside looking at the night sky.
Cast
Pilou Asbæk as Claus Michael Pedersen
Søren Malling as Martin R. Olsen
Dar Salim as Najib Bisma
Tuva Novotny as Maria Pedersen
Charlotte Munck as Lisbeth Danning
Dulfi Al-Jabouri as Lutfi "Lasse" Hassan
Production
The film was produced by Nordisk Film with support from DR TV and received eight million Danish kroner from the Danish Film Institute. Filming took place in Copenhagen, in Konya, Turkey and in Almeria, Spain. It ended in January 2015. With the exception of the main characters, the soldiers are played by actual Danish soldiers who had served in Afghanistan.
Reception
A War received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 91% "Certified Fresh" score based on 93 reviews, with an average rating of 7.84/10. The site's consensus states: "Tense, intelligent, and refreshingly low-key, A War is part frontline thriller, part courtroom drama -- and eminently effective in both regards." Metacritic reports an 81 out of 100 rating based on 29 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".
Olly Richards from Empire gave the film four out of five stars saying "It's a riveting, complex film that asks one simple question: what do you do when there's no right answer?". Clayton Dillard from Slant magazine gave it a mixed review: two out of four stars saying "Tobias Lindholm stages his claims through clunky dramaturgical scenarios, with the seams exposed at every turn."
See also
List of submissions to the 88th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Danish submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
2015 films
2010s Danish-language films
2015 war drama films
Military courtroom films
Danish war drama films
Films about lawyers
Films directed by Tobias Lindholm
Films shot in Denmark
Films shot in Spain
Films shot in Turkey
Films with screenplays by Tobias Lindholm
Films set in Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) films
2015 drama films
Afghanistan–Denmark relations |
Robert Champion may refer to:
Bob Champion, Jockey
Robert Champion, Drum Major who died in hazing incident |
The French Polynesian Rugby Federation (), known as the FPR, manages the selection of the National team and representation internationally, and also manages the National club rugby sector in Tahiti and all of French Polynesia, by delegation of The Institute of Youth and Sports of French Polynesia (IJSPF) and the Tahitian Rugby Federation.
FPR
organises, manages and regulates the two Tahitian rugby club divisions, Tahiti Championship and Tahiti Championship D2,
manages the selections of the national team and representation of Tahiti in International competitions.
References
Rugby union in Tahiti |
```smalltalk
// ==========================================================================
// Squidex Headless CMS
// ==========================================================================
// ==========================================================================
using Squidex.Translator.State;
namespace Squidex.Translator.Processes;
public sealed class GenerateKeys
{
private readonly TranslationService service;
private readonly string fileName;
private readonly DirectoryInfo folder;
public GenerateKeys(DirectoryInfo folder, TranslationService service, string fileName)
{
this.folder = folder;
this.service = service;
this.fileName = fileName;
}
public void Run()
{
var keys = new TranslatedTexts();
foreach (var text in service.MainTranslations)
{
keys.Add(text.Key, string.Empty);
}
var fullName = Path.Combine(folder.FullName, fileName);
if (!folder.Exists)
{
Directory.CreateDirectory(folder.FullName);
}
service.WriteTo(keys, fullName);
service.Save();
}
}
``` |
The AWA African Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling heavyweight championship owned by the Africa Wrestling Alliance (AWA) promotion. It was created in January 1990.
Title history
References
External links
Official African Wrestling Alliance Website
Africa Wrestling Alliance championships
Heavyweight wrestling championships
Continental professional wrestling championships |
Christianity, which originated in the Middle East during the 1st century AD, is a significant minority religion within the region, characterized by the diversity of its beliefs and traditions, compared to Christianity in other parts of the Old World. Christians now make up approximately 5% of the Middle Eastern population, down from 20% in the early 20th century. Cyprus is the only Christian majority country in the Middle East, with Christians forming between 76% and 78% of the country's total population, most of them adhering to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Lebanon has the second highest proportion of Christians in the Middle East, around 40%, predominantly Maronites. Egypt has the next largest proportion of Christians (predominantly Copts), at around 10% of its total population. Copts, numbering around 10 million, constitute the single largest Christian community in the Middle East.
The Eastern Aramaic speaking Assyrians of northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and parts of Iran have suffered both ethnic and religious persecution for many centuries, such as the 1915 Genocide that was committed against them by the Ottoman Turks and their allies, leading many to flee and congregate in areas in the north of Iraq and northeast of Syria. The great majority of Aramaic speaking Christians are followers of the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, Ancient Church of the East, Assyrian Pentecostal Church and Assyrian Evangelical Church. In Iraq, the numbers of Christians has declined to between 300,000 and 500,000 (from 0.8 to 1.4 million before 2003 US invasion). Assyrian Christians were between 800,000 and 1.2 million before 2003. In 2014, the Chaldean and Syriac population of the Nineveh Plains in northern Iraq was scattered to Dohuk, Erbil and Jordan due to ISIS forcing the Assyrian and Syriac Christian community out of their historical homeland, but since the defeat of the Islamic State in 2017, Christians began to slowly return.
The next largest Christian group in the Middle East are the once Aramaic speaking and now Arabic-speaking Maronites who are Catholics and number some 1.1–1.2 million across the Middle East, mainly concentrated within Lebanon. In Israel, Maronites together with smaller Aramaic-speaking Christian populations of Syriac Orthodox and Greek Catholic adherence are legally and ethnically classified as either Arameans or Arabs, per their choice.
Arab Christians are descended from Arab Christian tribes, Arabized Greeks or recent converts to Protestantism. Most Arab Christians are adherents of the Melkite Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. They numbered over 1 million before the Syrian Civil War: some 700,000 in Syria, 400,000 in Lebanon, 200,000 in Israel, Palestine and Jordan, with small numbers in Iraq and Egypt. Most Arab Catholic Christians are originally non-Arab, with Melkites and Rum Christians who are descended from Arabized Greek-speaking Byzantine populations. They are members of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic Church. They number over 1 million in the Middle East. They came into existence as a result of a schism within the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch due to the election of a Patriarch in 1724.
Armenians are present in the Middle East, and their largest community, estimated to have 200,000 members, is located in Iran. The number of Armenians in Turkey is disputed and a wide range of estimates is given as a result. More Armenian communities reside in Lebanon, Jordan and to a lesser degree in other Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq, Israel, Egypt and formerly also Syria (until Syrian Civil War). The Armenian genocide which was committed by the Ottoman government both during and after World War I, drastically reduced the once sizeable Armenian population.
Greeks, who had once inhabited large parts of the western Middle East and Asia Minor, declined in number after the Arab conquests, then suffered another decline after the Turkish conquests, and all but vanished from Turkey as a result of the Greek genocide and the expulsions which followed World War I. Today, the largest Middle Eastern Greek community resides in Cyprus and numbers around 793,000. Cypriot Greeks constitute the only Christian majority state in the Middle East, although Lebanon was founded with a Christian majority in the first half of the 20th century.
Smaller Christian groups in the Middle East include Georgians, Ossetians and Russians. There are also several million foreign Christian workers in the Gulf states, mostly from the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia: Bahrain has 1,000 Christian citizens, and Kuwait has 400 native Christian citizens, in addition to 450,000 Christian foreign residents in Kuwait. Although the vast majority of Middle Eastern populations descend from Pre-Arab and Non-Arab peoples extant long before the 7th century AD Arab Islamic conquest, a 2015 study estimates there are also 483,500 Christian believers from a previously Muslim background in the Middle East, most of them being adherents of various Protestant churches. Converts to Christianity from other religions such as Islam, Yezidism, Mandeanism, Yarsan, Zoroastrianism, Baháʼísm, Druze, and Judaism exist in relatively small numbers amongst the Kurdish, Turks, Turcoman, Iranian, Azeri, Circassian, Israelis, Kawliya, Yezidis, Mandeans and Shabaks.
Christians are persecuted widely across the Arab and Islamic world. Christian communities have played a vital role in the Middle East. Middle Eastern Christians are relatively wealthy, well educated, and politically moderate, as they have today an active role in social, economic, sporting and political spheres in their societies in the Middle East. Scholars and intellectuals agree Christians in the Middle East have made significant contributions to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of Islam, and they have had a significant impact contributing the culture of the Mashriq, Turkey, and Iran.
History
Evangelization and early history
Christianity spread rapidly from Jerusalem along major trade routes to major settlements, finding its strongest growth among Hellenized Jews in places like Antioch and Alexandria. The Greek-speaking Mediterranean region was a powerhouse for the Early Church, producing many revered Church Fathers as well as those who became labelled as heresiarchs, such as Nestorius.
From Antioch, where Christians were first so called, came Ignatius, Diodore of Tarsus, John Chrysostom, Theodore of Mopsuestia, Nestorius, Theodoret, John of Antioch, Severus of Antioch and Peter the Fuller, many of whom are associated with the School of Antioch. In like manner, Alexandria boasted many prominent theologians, including Athenagoras, Pantaenus, Clement, Origen, Dionysius, Gregory Thaumaturgus, Arius, Athanasius, Didymus the Blind, Cyril and Dioscorus, associated with School of Alexandria. The two schools dominated the theological controversies of the first centuries of Christian theology. Whereas Antioch traditionally focused on the grammatical and historical interpretation of Scripture and developed a dyophysite christology, Alexandria was much influenced by neoplatonism, using an allegorical interpretation and developing miaphysitism. Other prominent centres of Christian learning developed in Asia Minor (most remarkably among the Cappadocian Fathers) and the Levantine coast (Gaza, Caesarea and Beirut).
Politically, the Middle East of the first four Christian centuries was divided between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire (later Sasanian Persia). Christians experienced sporadic persecutions in both political spheres. Within the Parthian Empire, most Christians lived in the region of Mesopotamia/Asuristan (Assyria) and were ethnic Assyrian Mesopotamians who spoke eastern Aramaic dialects loosely related to those Western Aramaic dialects spoken by their co-religionists just across the Roman border, but with Akkadian influences.
Legendary accounts are of the evangelization of the East by Thomas (Mar Toma), Addai/Thaddaeus and Mari. Syriac (Syrian//Syriac are etymologically derived from Assyrian) emerged as the standard Aramaic dialect of the three Assyrian border cities of Edessa, Nisibis and Arbela. Translation of the scriptures into Syriac began early in this region, with a Jewish group (probably non-rabbinic) producing a translation of the Hebrew Bible becoming the basis of the Church of the Easts Christian Peshitta. Syriac Christianity is most famous for its poet-theologians, Aphrahat, Ephrem, Narsai and Jacob of Serugh.
Eusebius credits Mark the Evangelist as the bringer of Christianity to Egypt, and manuscript evidence shows that the faith was firmly established there by the middle of the 2nd century. Although the Greek-speaking community of Alexandria dominated the Egyptian church, speakers of native Coptic and many bilingual Christians were the majority. From the early 4th century, at the latest, the monastic movement emerged in the Egyptian desert, led by Anthony and Pachomius (see Desert Fathers).
Eusebius (EH 6:20) also mentions the appointment of a bishop and the holding of a synod in Bostra around 240, which is the earliest reference to church organisation in an Arabic-speaking area. Later that decade, Eusebius (6:37) describes another synod in Arabia Petraea. Some scholars have followed hints in Eusebius and Jerome that Philip the Arab, the son of an Arab sheikh, may have been the first Christian Roman Emperor. However, evidence to support this theory is thin. The Ghassanid tribe were important Christian foederati of Rome, while the Lakhmids were an Arab Christian tribe that fought for the Persians. Although the Hejaz was never a stronghold of Arab Christianity, there are reports of Christians around Mecca and Yathrib before the advent of Islam.
Christianity came to Armenia both from the south, Mesopotamia/Assyria, and the west, Asia Minor, as demonstrated by the Greek and Assyrian-Syriac origin of Christian terms in early Armenian texts. Eusebius (EH 6:46, 2) mentions Meruzanes as the bishop of the Armenians around 260. Following the conversion of King Trdat III to Christianity (circa 301), Gregory the Illuminator was consecrated Bishop of Armenia in 314. Armenians continue to celebrate their church as the oldest national church. Gregory was consecrated at Caesarea in Cappadocia.
The Georgian kingdom of Iberia (Kartli) was probably evangelized first in the 2nd or 3rd century. However, the church was only established there in 330s. A number of sources, both in Georgian and other languages, associate Nino of Cappadocia with bringing Christianity to the Georgians and converting King Mirian III of Iberia. Georgian Christian literature emphasizes her connection with Jerusalem and the role played by the Georgian Jewish community in the growth of Christianity. Certainly, early Georgian liturgy does share a number of conspicuous features with that of Jerusalem. The Black Sea coastal kingdom of Lazica (Egrisi) had closer ties to Constantinople, and its bishops were by imperial appointment. Although the Lazican church originated around the same time as its Iberian neighbour, it was not until 523 when its king, Tzath, accepted the faith. The Iberian church was under the authority of the Patriarch of Antioch, until the reforming king Vakhtang Gorgasali set up an independent catholicos in 467.
In 314, the Edict of Milan proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire, and Christianity rapidly rose to prominence. The church's dioceses and bishoprics came to be modelled on state administration: partly the motive for the Council of Nicaea in 325. However, Christians in the Zoroastrian Sasanian Empire (speaking variously Syriac, Armenian or Greek) are often found distancing themselves politically from their Roman co-religionists to appease the shah. Thus, around 387, when the Armenian Highland came under Sasanian control, a separate leadership from that in Caesarea developed and eventually settled in Echmiadzin, a division that still, to some extent, exists to this day. Likewise, in the 4th century, the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the Sasanian capital, was recognised as leader of the Syriac and Greek-speaking Christians in the Persian empire, assuming the title catholicos, later patriarch.
Christianity in Ethiopia and Nubia is traditionally linked to the biblical tale of the conversion of the Ethiopian eunuch in the Acts of the Apostles (8. 26–30). The Kebra Nagast also connects the Yemenite Queen of Sheba with the royal line of Axum. Evidence from coinage and other historical references point to the early 4th-century conversion of King Ezana of Axum as the establishment of Christianity, whence Nubia and other surrounding areas were evangelized, all under the oversight of the Patriarch of Alexandria. In the 6th century, Ethiopian military might conquered a large portion of Yemen, strengthening Christian concentration in southern Arabia.
Schisms
The first major disagreement that led to a fracturing of the church was the so-called Nestorian Schism of the 5th century. This argument revolved around claims by Alexandrians over alleged theological extremism by Antiochians, and its battleground was the Roman capital, Constantinople, originating from its bishop's, Nestorius's, teaching on the nature of Christ. He was condemned for splitting Christ's person into separate divine and human natures; the extremes of this view, however, were not preached by Nestorius. Cyril of Alexandria succeeded in the deposition of Nestorius at the First Council of Ephesus in 431. The result led to a crisis among the Antiochians, some of whom, including Nestorius himself, found protection in Persia, which continued to espouse traditional Antiochian theology. The schism led to the total isolation of the Persian-sphere Church of the East, and the adoption of much Alexandrian theology in the Antiochian sphere of influence.
Some of the Alexandrian victors at Ephesus, however, began to push their anti-Nestorian agenda too far, of whom Eutyches was the most prominent. Much back and forth led to the Council of Chalcedon of 451, which found a compromise that returned to a theology closer to that of Antioch, refereed by Rome, and condemned the monophysite theology of Eutyches. However, the outcome was rejected by many Christians in the Middle East, especially by non-Greek-speaking Christians on the fringe of the Roman Empire – Copts, Syriacs, Assyrians and Armenians. In 482, Emperor Zeno attempted to reconcile his church with his Henotikon. However, reunion was never achieved, and the non-Chalcedonians adopted miaphysitism based on traditional Alexandrian doctrine, in revolt against the Byzantine Church. These so-called Oriental Orthodox Churches include the majority of Egyptian Christians – the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria – majority of Ethiopian and Eritrean Christians – the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churches – many Syriacs – the Syriac Orthodox Church – and the majority of Armenians – the Armenian Apostolic Church.
The name Melkite (meaning 'of the king' in Aramaic), originally intended as a slur applied to those who adhered to Chalcedon (it is no longer used to describe them), who continued to be organised into the historic and autocephalous patriarchates of Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem. Collectively they form the traditional basis for the Greek Orthodox Church, known as Rūm Orthodox () in Arabic, which is their language of worship throughout Lebanon, Egypt, the Palestinian Authority, Israel, Jordan, Syria and Christian diaspora. The Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church held to a moderate Antiochian doctrine through these schisms and began aligning itself with Byzantium from the early 7th century, and finally broke off ties with their Armenian non-Chalcedonian neighbours in the 720s. The term Melkite refers to the adherents of the Antiochene Greek Orthodox Patriarchy who switched allegiance to the Papacy in 1729 after a disputed election to the Patriarchal See in 1724 because the See of Constantinople which objected to the canonically-elected Patriarch Cyril who was considered to be too pro-Roman consecrated another candidate (until then the See was technically still in union with the Constantinople and Rome despite the split of 1054).
Muslim conquests
The Arab Muslim conquests of the 7th century brought to end the hegemony of Byzantium and Persia over the Middle East. The conquest came at the end of a particularly gruelling period of the Roman-Persian Wars, from the beginning of the 7th century, in which the Sasanid Shah Khosrau II had captured much of the Syria, Egypt, Anatolia and the Caucasus, and the Byzantines under Heraclius only managed a decisive counter-attack in the 620s. The Greek-Orthodox Patriarch Sophronius negotiated with Caliph Umar in 637 for the peaceful transfer of Jerusalem into Arab control (including the Umariyya Covenant). Likewise, resistance to the Arab onslaught in Egypt was minimal. This seems to be more due to the war fatigue throughout the region rather than entirely due to religious differences.
After the conquests, Muslims initially remained a ruling minority within the conquered territories in the Middle East and North Africa. By the 12th century the non-Muslim population had become a minority. The factors and processes that led to the progressive Islamization of these regions during this period, as well as the speed at which conversions happened, is a complex subject that is not fully understood by historians. Among other new rules, the Muslim rulers imposed a special poll tax, the jizya, on non-Muslims, which acted as an economic pressure to convert alongside other social advantages converts could gain in Muslim society. In Egypt, Islamization was likely slower than in other Muslim-controlled regions, with Christians likely constituting a majority of the population until the Fatimid period (10th to 12th centuries), though scholarly estimates on this issue are tentative and vary between authors.
In the period prior to the establishment of Abbasid rule in AD 750, many pastoral Kurds moved into upper Mesopotamia, taking advantage of an unstable situation. Cities in northern and northeastern ancient Assyria were raided and attacked by the Kurds of Persian Azerbaijan, "who killed, looted, and enslaved the indigenous population", and the Kurds were moving into various regions in east of ancient Assyria. When the Seljuks invaded Mesopotamia, they recruited the Kurds for their campaigns. The invading Seljuks and Kurds "destroyed whatever they encountered" and enslaved women. The Seljuks rewarded the Kurds for their support with land, and the Seljuk leader Sinjur renamed the region called Kirmanshah in Persia as Kurdistan. Mosul, historically a Christian city, was repeatedly attacked. The historian Ibn Khaldun wrote that 'the Kurds spoiled and spread horror everywhere'. The historian Al Makrezi, referring to the situation that emerged after the Kurdish settlement in al Jazirah, wrote that "they were able to establish Kurdish centres as their shares for helping the Turkish race in their conquest". In time, Armenia and Assyria became "Kurdistan". Afterwards happened the raids of Timur Lang, "whom the Kurds loyally followed and who enabled them to occupy the land of the Armenians, who were forcibly expelled". Timur Lang rewarded the Kurds by "settling them in the devastated regions, which until then had been inhabited by the followers of the Church of the East."
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Turks carried out a series of violent massacres of ethnic Assyrian and Armenian Christians in the 1870s; these killings, which resulted in over ten thousand deaths, were known as the Hamidian massacres. The settlement of the Persian Kurds along the eastern border was the first powerful action in changing the demographics of the Assyrian homeland. The Muslim Kurds remained loyal to the Ottomans as long as they were enjoying power and greatness. The Ottoman Turks conducted a large-scale genocide and ethnic cleansing of the ancient and indigenous Greek, Armenian, Assyrian, and Maronite Christian inhabitants of Anatolia, northwestern Iran, the fringes of northern Iraq and northern Syria, and Mount Lebanon during and immediately after World War I, resulting in well over 3 million deaths among the 6 million Christians who were living in the Ottoman Empire in 1914 of 26 million inhabitants and large-scale deportations in the Armenian genocide, Assyrian genocide, Greek genocide, the Dersim Massacre, and the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon.
The Ottomans reinforced their eastern frontier with what they "considered a loyal Sunni Kurd element". They settled the Kurds in these regions in return for their support in their campaigns against the Persians. In 1583 Sultan Murad IV "gave huge provinces to the Kurdish tribe of Mokri", whose leader claimed to descend from Saladin. The French traveler Monsieur Tavernier noted that in 1662, Van and Urmia were purely Armenian; however, only a century later, another European traveler, Carsten Niebuhr, noted that both Turkomans and Kurds were involved in spreading disturbances. In 1840, Hortio Southgate visited these same regions, he was surprised by the "dramatic changes" and by "the decline in the number of the Armenians compared with the number of the new Kurdish settlers who then were still in the process of moving in". Southgate ascribed these changes to "the Kurdish persecution of the indigenous people". The inhabitants of Salamis, for instance, had been forced to leave. The Russian historian Minorsky at about the same time also stated that "the Kurds had occupied parts of Armenia permanently and were no longer living on their original land." According to Aboona, "the majorities, in particular the Kurds, rejected any form of coexistence" with Assyrians, and "in the eyes of the Kurds", the presence of Assyrian tribes in the midst of their own "settlements represented a serious challenge to their dominance of the region. The remaining Assyrian settlements prevented Kurdish settlements from forming a cohesive, homogenous ethnic block" and the "Kurds' aspirations remained unfulfilled". But when Nadir Shah invaded the territory of ancient Assyria in 1743 he got the full backing and support of the Kurds. This was a further step to "strengthening both the older Kurdish settlements, including those made after Çaldıran, and the newer ones that followed Nadir Shah's İnvasİon." Hence the Assyrians lost both land and numbers. After Nadir Shah's invasion, the "Assyrian tribes also faced further tightening of the Kurdish circle around their country".
According to Adoona, "in the end, the independence of the Assyrian tribes was destroyed not directly by the Turks but by their Kurdish neighbours under Turkish auspices."
Under European colonial rule
Persecution of Christians in Middle East
In spite of the fact that every country in the Middle East has at least a small number of worshippers of Christ from a Muslim background, and in spite of the fact that the vast majority of native Christians are Arabic speakers themselves, Christians in the Middle East face persecution –in various grades, depending on the residence country– and are often isolated.
The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) and World War I (1914–1918) ushered in the greatest period of violence against Christians in the region. The Ottoman Turks conducted a large-scale genocide and ethnic cleansing of the ancient and indigenous Greek, Armenian, Assyrian, and Maronite Christian inhabitants of Anatolia, north-western Iran, the fringes of northern Iraq and northern Syria, and Mount Lebanon during and immediately after the First World War, resulting in well over 3 million deaths and large-scale deportations in the Armenian genocide, Assyrian genocide, Greek genocide, the Dersim Massacre, and Great Famine of Mount Lebanon.
More recently, the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq, the Syrian Civil War and the concomitant rise of ISIS have greatly increased violence against Christians in those countries. Some, including Hillary Clinton or the European Parliament referred to the ISIS campaign against Christians and other religious minorities in the region as a genocide. Later on, in March 2016 the United States officially joined this view, with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry declaring during a news conference at the State Department that ISIS "is responsible for genocide against groups in areas under its control including Yazidis, Assyrian Christians, Armenians and Shia Muslims"; it was the first time since Darfur (2004) that the United States declared a genocide.
Kurdish tribes in Turkey, Syria, and Iran have conducted regular raids against their Christian neighbors and even paramilitary assaults during World War I. Kurds were responsible for most of the atrocities committed against the Assyrian Christians due also to a long tradition of perceived Kurdish rights to pillage Christians. A Kurdish chieftain assassinated the patriarch of the church of the East at the negotiation dinner in 1918, and the aftermath led to further decimation of the Christian population.
Christians today
Bahrain
Bahrain's second largest religion is Christianity forming a minority of 14.5% of Bahrain. Christians in Bahrain number 205,000 people. In the 5th century, Bahrain was a center of Nestorian Christianity, including two of its bishoprics. The ecclesiastical province covering Bahrain was known as Bet Qatraye. Samahij was the seat of bishops. Bahrain was a center of Nestorian Christianity until al-Bahrain adopted Islam in 629 AD. As a sect, the Nestorians were often persecuted as heretics by the Byzantine Empire, but Bahrain was outside the Empire's control offering some safety.
The names of several of Muharraq Island's villages today reflect this Christian legacy, with Al Dair meaning "the monastery" or "the parish." In 410 AD, according to the Oriental Syriac Church synodal records, a bishop named Batai was excommunicated from the church in Bahrain. Alees Samaan, the former Bahraini ambassador to the United Kingdom is a native Christian.
Egypt
Most Christians in Egypt are Copts, who are mainly members of the Coptic Orthodox Church. The Coptic language – a derivative of the Ancient Egyptian language, written mainly in the Greek alphabet, is used as the liturgical language of all Coptic churches inside and outside of Egypt. Although ethnic Copts in Egypt now speak Egyptian Arabic (the Coptic language having ceased to be a working language by the 18th century), they believe in an Ancient Egyptian Coptic identity rather than an Arab identity (also referred to as Pharaonism). Copts reside mainly in Egypt, but also in Sudan and Libya, with tiny communities in Israel, Cyprus, Jordan, Lebanon, and Tunisia. Copts presently constitute the largest Christian population in the Middle East, generally estimated at 10–15% by officials, or in the 20 million range. However, as Egyptian censuses since 2006 have not reported religious affiliation due to being optional, along with the government acknowledging the census is not a proper representation of Christians, various Coptic groups and churches claim a higher number in the range of 15 to 23 million.
Many Copts are internationally renowned. Some of the most well known Copts include Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations; Sir Magdi Yacoub, the cardiothoracic surgeon; Hani Azer, the civil engineer; billionaire Fayez Sarofim, one of the richest men in the world; and Naguib Sawiris, the CEO of Orascom.
Iraq
Christianity has a long history in Iraq, with the early conversions of the indigenous Assyrian inhabitants of Assyria (Parthian controlled Assuristan) dating from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. This region was the birthplace of Eastern Rite (Assyrian Church of the East) Christianity, a flourishing Syriac literary tradition, and the centre of a missionary expansion that stretched as far as India, Central Asia and China.
By one estimate, there was about 1.5 million largely Assyrian Christians in Iraq by 2003, or 7% of the population, but with the fall of Saddam Hussein Christians began to leave Iraq in large numbers, and the population shrank to less than 500,000 today.
Assyrian Christians still made up the majority population in northern Iraq until the massacres conducted by Tamurlane in the 14th century, which also saw their ancient city of Assur finally abandoned after 4,000 years. In modern times, Assyrian Christians numbered about 636,000 to 800,000 in 2005, representing 3% to 5% of the population of the country, mostly in Iraqi Kurdistan. The vast majority are Neo-Aramaic speaking ethnic Assyrians (also known as Chaldo-Assyrians), descendant from the ancient Mesopotamians in general and the ancient Assyrians more specifically, who are concentrated in the north, particularly the Nineveh Plains, Dohuk and Sinjar regions, border regions with south east Turkey, north west Iran and northern Syria, and in and around cities such as Mosul, Erbil, Kirkuk, and also in Baghdad. There are also a very small proportion of Arab Christians and small numbers of Armenian, Kurdish, Iranian and Turcoman Christians.
The Iraqi Christian population is also declining due to lower birth rates and higher death rates than their Muslim compatriots. Since the 2003 invasion, Iraqi Christians suffer from lack of security. Many lived in the capital Baghdad and in Mosul prior to the Iraq War, but most have since fled to northern Iraq, where Assyrian Christians form a majority in some districts. Assyrian Christians belong to Syriac churches such as the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, the Ancient Church of the East, the Syriac Catholic Church and the Syriac Orthodox Church, with a small number of Protestant converts following the Assyrian Pentecostal Church and Assyrian Evangelical Church. The Iraqi former foreign minister and deputy prime minister Tariq Aziz (real name Michael Youkhanna) is probably the most famous Assyrian Iraqi Christian, along with the footballer Ammo Baba. Assyrians in Iraq have traditionally excelled in business, sports, the arts, music, and the military.
Assyrians are distinct from other Semitic Christian groups in the Middle East in that they have retained their original Neo-Aramaic language and Syriac written script, and have maintained an Assyrian continuity from ancient times to the present, resisting the adoption of Arabic language and Arabization.
In his recent PhD thesis and in his recent book the Israeli scholar Mordechai Zaken discussed the history of the Assyrian Christians of Turkey and Iraq (in the Kurdish vicinity) during the last 180 years, from 1843 onwards. In his studies Zaken outlines three major eruptions that took place between 1843 and 1933 during which the Assyrian Christians lost their land and hegemony in their habitat in the Hakkārī (or Julamerk) region in southeastern Turkey and became refugees in other lands, notably Iran and Iraq, and ultimately in exiled communities in Western countries (the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Russia and within many of the 27 EU member states like Sweden, France, Germany, Austria and the Netherlands). Mordechai Zaken wrote this important study from an analytical and comparative point of view, comparing the Assyrian Christians experience with the experience of the Kurdish Jews who had been dwelling in Kurdistan for two thousands years or so, but were forced to migrate the land to Israel in the early 1950s. The Jews of Kurdistan were forced to leave and migrate as a result of the Arab-Israeli war, as a result of the increasing hostility and acts of violence against Jews in Iraq and Kurdish towns and villages, and as a result of a new situation that had been built up during the 1940s in Iraq and Kurdistan in which the ability of Jews to live in relative comfort and relative tolerance (that was erupted from time to time prior to that period) with their Arab and Muslim neighbors, as they did for many years, practically came to an end. At the end, the Jews of Kurdistan had to leave their Kurdish habitat en masse and migrate into Israel. The Assyrian Christians on the other hand, came to similar conclusion but migrated in stages following each and every eruption of a political crisis with the regime in which boundaries they lived or following each conflict with their Muslim, Turkish, Arabs or Kurdish neighbors, or following the departure or expulsion of their patriarch Mar Shimon in 1933, first to Cyprus and then to the United States. Consequently, indeed there is still a small and fragile community of Assyrians in Iraq, however, millions of Assyrian Christians live today in exile in many communities in the West.
Iran
Iran's Christian minority numbers some 300,000–370,000. Most are ethnic Armenians (up to 250,000–300,000) and Assyrians (up to 40,000), who follow Armenian Orthodox and Assyrian Church of the East Christianity respectively. There are at least 600 churches serving the nation's Christian adherents.
Christianity has a long history in Iran, dating back to Parthian times, in the early years of the Christian faith, although the major religion among the Iranian peoples themselves was Zoroastrianism. The Sasanian Empire was the centre of the Nestorian Church. Many of the early followers were Armenians, and transplanted Assyrians living in the Urmia region, and along the north western border with Mesopotamia. These were added to by other Semites, followers of the Nestorian church, some of whom were Assyrians from Mesopotamia, others being from Syria. Furthermore, there has been a thriving native Christian Armenian community since ancient times in northwestern Iran, nowadays Iranian Azerbaijan. The many Armenian churches and monasteries in the region, such as the notable St. Thaddeus Monastery, are extant remainders of this. Other significantly Christian populated areas in Parthian and Sassanid Iran included the provinces of Persian Armenia, Caucasian Albania, and Caucasian Iberia, amongst others. In the course of the 20th century, Iran's large Christian minority, mainly the native Armenians and Assyrians who have a presence in Iran for millennia, took a heavy blow due to the Assyrian genocide (by Ottoman troops crossing the border), Armenian genocide (by Ottoman troops crossing the border), the Iranian Revolution and the Iran–Iraq War. Especially due to the two Ottoman-conducted genocides, regions where Christians even made up majorities or had a significant native historical presence for millennia, never became the same again. However, due to the same genocides, Iran's Christian community was boosted as well at the same time as many migrated to Iran from the Ottoman regions.
The most famous contemporary Christian of Iranian origin is probably the American tennis player Andre Agassi, who is ethnically Armenian-Assyrian. The "Armenian Monastic Ensemble", which includes several of the nation's most ancient Christian Armenian churches and monasteries, are inscribed on the UNESCO world heritage list.
Israel
Some 80% of Christians residing permanently in Israel are Arabs, numbering at least 180,400 as of 2019. Of all Christians, around 60% belong to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, 32% of all Christians belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church, mainly the Jerusalem Patriarchate though some recent immigrants are Russian Orthodox. Smaller numbers are Roman Catholics, Maronites, Assyrians, Armenians, Georgians and Messianic Jews. During the 1990s, the Christian community had been increased due to the immigration of Jewish-Christian mixed marriages, who had predominantly arrived from the countries of the former Soviet Union. This added another 20–30 thousands of mostly Greek Orthodox Christians with Russian and Ukrainian ancestry. Many Christian towns or neighborhoods were totally or partially destroyed during the creation of the State in the 1940s and 1950s such as Iqrith, Al bassa, kufur birim, Ma’loul, West Jerusalem neighborhoods, all residents of Safed, Beisan, Tiberias (including Christians), a big part of the Christians in Haifa, Jaffa, Lydda, Ramleh and other places.
In recent years, the Christian population in Israel has increased significantly by presence of foreign workers from a number of countries (predominantly the Philippines and Romania). Numerous churches have opened in Tel Aviv, in particular.
Nine churches are officially recognized under Israel's confessional system, for the self-regulation of status issues, such as marriage and divorce. These are the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic (Latin rite), Gregorian-Armenian, Armenian Catholic, Syriac Catholic, Chaldean (Uniate), Melkite (Greek Catholic), Assyrian Church of the East, Ethiopian Orthodox, Maronite and Syriac Orthodox churches. There are more informal arrangements with other churches such as the Anglican Church and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Arab Christians are one of the most educated groups in Israel. Maariv have describe the Arab Christians sectors as "the most successful in education system", since Arab Christians fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel. Arab Christians have one of the highest rates of success in the matriculation examinations, (64%) both in comparison to the Muslims and the Druze and in comparison to all students in the Jewish education system as a group. The rate of students studying in the field of medicine was also higher among the Arab Christian students, compared with all the students from other sectors. The percentage of Arab Christian women who are higher education students is higher than other sectors.
Jordan
In Jordan, Christians constitute 6% of the population as of 2017 according to the Jordanian government. This percentage represents a sharp decrease from a figure of 18% in the early 20th century. This drop is largely due to an influx of Muslim Arabs from the Hijaz after the First World War. Almost 50% of Jordanian Christians belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church, 45% are Catholics, with a small minority adhering to Protestantism. A part of Jordanian Christians have Palestinian roots since 1948. Christians are well integrated in the Jordanian society and have a high level of freedom. Nearly all Christians belong to the middle or upper classes. Moreover, Christians enjoy more economic and social opportunity in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan than elsewhere in the Middle East and North Africa. They have a disproportionately large representation in the Jordanian parliament (10% of the Parliament) and hold important government portfolios, ambassadorial appointments abroad, and positions of high military rank. A survey by a Western embassy found that half of Jordan's prominent business families were Christians. Christians run about a third of Jordan's economy.
Jordanian Christians are allowed by the public and private sectors to leave work to attend Divine Liturgy or Mass on Sundays. All Christian religious ceremonies are publicly celebrated. Christians have established good relations with the royal family and the various Jordanian government officials and they have their own ecclesiastic courts for matters of personal status.
Most native Christians in Jordan identify themselves as Arab, though there are also non-Arab Assyrian/Syriac, Armenian and Maronite groups in the country.
Lebanon
Lebanon holds the largest proportion of Christians in the Arab world proportionally and falls behind only Egypt and Syria in absolute numbers. Christians were half of Lebanon's population before the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), but in 2012 they are believed to form a large minority of 40.5% of the country's population (according to the last official Lebanese Census of 1932, the Lebanese Christian population was 51% of the country's population). However, if one counts the estimated 8–14-million-strong Lebanese diaspora, they form far more than the majority of the population. The exact number of Christians is uncertain because no official census has been made in Lebanon since 1932. Lebanese Christians belong mostly to the Maronite Catholic Church and Greek Orthodox, with sizable minorities belonging to the Melkite Greek Catholics. Lebanese Christians are the only Christians in the Middle East with a sizable political role in the country. As a result of the National Pact the Lebanese president, half of the cabinet, and half of the parliament follow one of the various Lebanese Christian rites.
Maronite tradition can be traced back to Saint Maron in the 4th century, the founder of national and ecclesiastical Maronitism. Saint Maron adopted an ascetic, reclusive life on the banks of the Orontes river near Homs–Syria and founded a community of monks who preached the Gospel in the surrounding area. The Saint Maron Monastery was too close to Antioch, making the monks vulnerable to emperor Justinian II's persecution. To escape persecution, Saint John Maron, the first Maronite patriarch-elect, led his monks into the Lebanese mountains; the Maronite monks finally settled in the Qadisha valley. During the Muslim conquest, Muslims persecuted the Christians, particularly the Maronites, with the persecution reaching a peak during the Umayyad caliphate. Nevertheless, the influence of the Maronite establishment spread throughout the Lebanese mountains and became a considerable feudal force. After the Muslim Conquest, the Maronite Church became isolated and did not reestablish contact with the Church of Rome until the 12th century. According to Kamal Salibi, a Lebanese Protestant Christian, some Maronites may have been descended from an Arabian tribe, who immigrated thousands of years ago from the Southern Arabian Peninsula. Salibi maintains "It is very possible that the Maronites, as a community of Arabian origin, were among the last Arabian Christian tribes to arrive in Syria before Islam". As a matter of fact, Salibi bases his conclusions, not on scientific evidences or irrefutable historical facts, but rather on his pan Arabic ideology. Hence, the majority of Lebanese Maronite Christians rejects his ideas, and points out that they are of pre-Arab origin. As a further matter, recent studies confirmed the Lebanese (the Maronites especially) lineage to the Phoenicians/Canaanites by DNA genome study. The study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics shows that present-day Lebanese derive most of their ancestry from a Canaanite-related population, which therefore implies substantial genetic continuity in the Levant since at least the Bronze Age.
Many Lebanese Maronite Christians consider themselves of indigenous Phoenician ancestry, arguing that their presence predates the arrival of Arabs in the region. Though they originate from the Orontes river near Homs, Syria and founded a community of monks who left the Syriac Orthodox church.
The Lebanese town of Bsharri is the largest predominantly Christian town in Lebanon and the Middle East (with Maronite Christians greater than 99.5% of the town and District's total population) and the one with the largest number of Catholics. While several Middle Eastern cities (Damascus, Cairo, Jerusalem) have larger Christian communities, yet these do not constitute a majority.
The capital Beirut also has a larger Christian population than Bsharri (in the city proper), though most belong to the Orthodox confession.
Turkey
Christianity has a long history in Anatolia (now part of the Republic of Turkey), which is the birthplace of numerous Christian Apostles and Saints, such as Paul of Tarsus, Timothy, Nicholas of Myra, Polycarp of Smyrna and many others.
Two out of the five centers (Patriarchates) of the ancient Pentarchy are in Turkey: Constantinople (Istanbul) and Antioch (Antakya). The Greek Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople still today has his residence in Istanbul. Antioch was also the place where the followers of Jesus were called "Christians" for the first time in history, as well as being the site of one of the earliest and oldest surviving churches, established by Saint Peter himself. For a thousand years, the Hagia Sophia was the largest church in the world.
The Greeks of western Anatolia and Georgians of the Black Sea region have histories dating from the 20th and 10th centuries BC respectively, and were also Christianized during the first few centuries AD. Similarly the Assyrian and Armenian peoples have an ancient history in southeastern Anatolia, dating back to 2000 BC and 600 BC respectively; both of these peoples were Christianized between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD.
These ancient Christian ethnic groups were drastically reduced by genocide during and after World War I (see Armenian genocide, Assyrian genocide and Greek genocide) at the hands of the Ottoman Turkish army and their Kurdish allies. Population exchange between Greece and Turkey is another reason.
The percentage of Christians in Turkey fell from 19 percent in 1914 or 3 million (thought to be an undercount by one-third omitting 600,000 Armenians, 500,000 Greeks and 400,000 Assyrians) to 2.5 percent in 1927 in a population of 14 million, due to events which had a significant impact on the country's demographic structure, such as the Armenian genocide, the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, and the emigration of Christians (such as Levantines, Greeks, Armenians etc.) to foreign countries (mostly in Europe and the Americas) that actually began in the late 19th century and gained pace in the first quarter of the 20th century, especially during World War I and after the Turkish War of Independence. Today there are more than 160,000 people of different Christian denominations, representing less than 0.2 percent of Turkey's population, including an estimated 80,000 Oriental Orthodox, 35,000 Roman Catholics, 18,000 Antiochian Greeks, 5,000 Greek Orthodox and smaller numbers of Protestants (mostly ethnic Turkish). Currently there are 236 churches open for worship in Turkey. The Eastern Orthodox Church has been headquartered in Istanbul since the 4th century.
Palestine
About 173,000 Arab Palestinian Christians lived in the Palestinian Authority (including the West Bank and Gaza Strip) in the 1990s. Both the founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, George Habash, and the founder if its offshoot the DFLP, Nayif Hawatmeh, were Christians, as is prominent Palestinian activist and former Palestinian Authority minister Hanan Ashrawi. Nowadays, 50% of all Palestinian Christians are Catholics.
Over the last years, unlike the increase trend in the Christian population of Israel, the number of Christians in the Palestinian Authority has declined severely. The decline of Christianity in the Palestinian Authority is largely attributed to poor birth rates, compared with the dominant Muslim population. The updated number of Arab Christians in the Palestinian Authority is under 75,000.
Gaza Strip
Since the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip in 2007, anti-Christian attitudes have been on the increase. Unlike in the Palestinian National Authority, the Hamas administration does not include Christians. From about 2,000–3,000 Christians before Hamas takeover, as few as one thousand remain in the Gaza Strip under Hamas Administration.
Syria
In Syria, Christians formed just under 15% of the population (about 1.2 million people) according to the 1960 census, but no newer census has been taken. Current estimates suggest that they now comprise about 3% of the population, due to higher emigration rates than their Muslim compatriots. The largest Churches are the Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic. There are also Syriac Orthodox, Syriac Catholic, Armenian Orthodox, Armenian Catholic, Assyrian Church of the East and Chaldean Catholic Church Christians. As of 2018, more than half of the nation's Christians left the country due to the Syrian Civil War.
Syrian Christians are largely Arab Christians in the bulk of the country, though some may identify as Arabized Greeks (Melkites and Orthodox Church of Antioch) and ethnic Arameans (among Jacobites). In the big cities there are many ethnic Armenians and in the northeastern Al-Hasakah Governorate the majority of the Christians are ethnic Assyrians.
Emigration
Many millions of Middle Eastern Christians currently live in the diaspora, elsewhere in the world. These include such countries as Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, the United States and Venezuela among them. There are also many Middle Eastern Christians in Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, France (due to its historical connections with Lebanon, Egypt, Syria), and to a lesser extent, Ireland, Germany, Spain, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, Russia, and the Netherlands.
The largest number of Middle Eastern Christians residing in the diaspora is that of Lebanese Christians, who have migrated out of Lebanon for security and economic reasons since WWI. Many fled Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War. The countries with significant Lebanese Christians include such countries as Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Germany, Greece, France, Mexico, New Zealand, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States and Venezuela among them.
Assyrian Christians currently reside in diaspora with large communities in the US, Canada, Australia and Europe, reaching more than a million outside of the Middle East. Much of these is attributed to the massive Assyrian Christian exodus from northern Iraq following the 2003 invasion and the consequent Iraq War, and from north-eastern Syria following the 2011 Arab Spring and the consequent Syrian Civil War.
Among the Arab Christians, about a million Palestinian Christians reside in the diaspora, largely in the Americas, where their communities have been established since the late 19th century and peaked following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. More emigrated from Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War.
The majority of self-identifying Arab Americans are Eastern Rite Catholic or Orthodox Christian, according to the Arab American Institute. On the other hand, most American Muslims are black (African Americans or Sub-Saharan Africans) or of South Asian (Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi) origin.
Churches
Coptic Christians
Coptic churches are mainly divided into:
Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
Coptic Catholic Church
Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)
Assyrian/Chaldean and Syriac/Aramean Christians
Many Christians in the Middle East are Semitic followers of Syriac Christianity, are ethnically and linguistically distinct from Arabs, and divided into:
Chaldean Catholic Church pro-Catholic faction of the Church of the East since 1552 AD – ethnically the same as Assyrians, made up of Assyrian Catholics. Mainly found in Iraq, Iran, south east Turkey and north east Syria. Sometimes called Chaldo-Assyrians to avoid division on theological lines.
Assyrian Church of the East, (the traditionalist faction of the Church of the East and somewhat inaccurately as the Nestorian Church) 1st century AD – Mainly found among the ethnic Assyrians of Iraq, Iran, south east Turkey and north east Syria.
Ancient Church of the East since the 20th century – An offshoot of the Assyrian Church of the East. Mainly found in Iraq, Iran, south east Turkey and north east Syria
Assyrian Evangelical Church – Made up of ethnic Assyrian converts to Protestantism, since the 20th century. Mainly found in Iraq, Iran, south east Turkey and north east Syria
Assyrian Pentecostal Church – Made up of ethnic Assyrian converts to Protestantism, since the 20th century. Mainly found in Iraq, Iran, south east Turkey and north east Syria
Syriac Orthodox Church (also known as the Jacobite Church and sometimes Assyrian Orthodox Church) 1st century AD. Mainly found in Syria, south central Turkey and to a small degree in Iraq and even a smaller degree in Kerala, India by the Syrian Malabar Nasranis.
Syriac Catholic Church since the 18th century. Mainly in Syria and Iraq.
Maronite Church, in union with Rome, since the 5th century AD (mainly living in Lebanon and with large diaspora)
Melkite/Greek Christians
Christians, belonging mostly to Greek Orthodox and Melkite churches:
Eastern Orthodox Church
Church of Antioch
Church of Jerusalem
Church of Alexandria
Catholic Church
Melkite Greek Catholic Church
All of them are mainly found in countries like Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt and to a lesser degree in Turkey, Iraq, Libya, and Sudan.
Armenian Christians
There is also the Armenian Church with its divisions:
Armenian Apostolic Church
Armenian Catholic Church
Armenian Evangelical Church
Armenia, historically, was the first state to accept Christianity. There are small numbers of Russian Orthodox and Assyrian Christians in Armenia also. Armenian Christians are also to be found in Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt and the Gulf states as expats.
Kurdish Christians
The Kurdish-Speaking Church of Christ (The Kurdzman Church of Christ) is an Evangelical church with mainly Kurdish adherents.
Anglicans
The Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East is the Anglican church responsible for the Middle East and North Africa. It is quite small, with only some 35,000 members throughout the area. The Diocese of Cyprus and the Gulf looks after 30,000-40,000 Anglicans in the area and ministers to Protestants and others.
Turkish Christians
Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate
Expatriate Christians
The Father's House AG Church
Notable Middle Eastern Christians
Notable Christians of Middle Eastern ancestry in Middle East and Diaspora:
Andre Agassi – former Iranian-American tennis player (Assyrian-Armenian descent)
Alees Samaan, the Bahraini ambassador to the United Kingdom.
Vera Baboun, first female Mayor of Bethlehem (Palestinian Roman Catholic Christian)
Fairuz, Lebanese singer. (Orthodox Christian, originally Maronite)
Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egyptian-American 6th Secretary-General of the United Nations (Coptic Orthodox Christian)
Elias Chacour Archbishop, prominent reconciliation and peace activist in Israel (Melkite Greek Catholic Christian)
Michel Aflaq, Syrian founder of pan-Arabist Baath party, (Greek Orthodox Christian).
Tariq Aziz, former Iraqi (Baath party) foreign minister and deputy prime minister (Chaldean Catholic Christian, an ethnic Assyrian)
Suleiman Mousa, prominent Jordanian historian and author of T.E. Lawrence: An Arab View, (Catholic Christian).
George Wassouf, Syrian singer (an ethnic Syriac).
Edward Said, prominent Palestinian intellectual and writer (Greek Orthodox Christian background).
Constantin Zureiq, prominent Syrian intellectual and academic (Greek Orthodox Christian).
George Habash, Palestinian founder of PFLP (Greek Orthodox Arab Christian).
Nayef Hawatmeh, Jordanian founder of DFLP (Greek Orthodox Arab Christian).
Said Khoury, Palestinian entrepreneur, co-founder of the Consolidated Contractors International Company, (Greek Orthodox Arab Christian).
Yousef Beidas, prominent Palestinian Financier (Greek Orthodox Arab Christian).
John Sununu, US political leader of Palestinian-Lebanese background (Melkite Greek Catholic Christian).
Hanan Ashrawi, Palestinian scholar and politic activist (Anglican Arab Christian).
Kamal Salibi, Lebanese historian and scholar (Protestant Christian).
Steve Bracks (from the Barakat Lebanese family) Australian State MP, Premier of Victoria, Australia (Catholic Arab Christian).
René Angélil, Canadian producer and husband of Céline Dion of Lebanese-Syrian background (Greek Catholic Christian).
Carlos Menem, president of Argentina from 1988 to 1999 of Syrian background (ethnically Arab converted to Roman Catholic from Sunni Islam)
Emile Habibi, Arab Israeli writer (Anglican Christian).
Azmi Bishara, former Arab Israeli Knesset member, now residing in Qatar (Greek Orthodox Arab Christian).
Azmi Nassar, Arab Israeli manager of the Palestinian national football team (Greek Orthodox Arab Christian).
Salim Tuama, Hapoel Tel Aviv midfielder, (Arab citizen of Israel (Greek Orthodox Arab Christian).
Simon Shaheen, Israeli oud and violin virtuoso and composer (Greek Catholic Arab Christian)
Salim Jubran, member of the Israeli Supreme Court (Maronite Christian)
Ralph Nader, US Presidential candidate and consumers' rights activist of Lebanese background (Greek Orthodox background, but declines to comment on personal religion).
Hani Naser, musician, producer (son of Jordanian Christian immigrants).
Shakira, international superstar from Colombia, daughter of Lebanese father from Zahle and Colombian mother of Spanish descent (Greek Orthodox Christian).
Tony Shalhoub, three-time Emmy Award and Golden Globe-winning American television and film actor of Lebanese background (Maronite Christian).
Marie Keyrouz, chanter of Eastern Church music, Melkite Greek Catholic nun. Founder of L'Ensemble de la Paix (Ensemble of Peace) and Founder-President of L'Instituit International de Chant Sacré (International Institute of Sacred Chant) in Paris.
Julio César Turbay, president of Colombia from 1978 to 1982 from Lebanese background (Maronite Christian).
Carlos Slim Helú, Mexican businessman of Lebanese background (Maronite Christian).
Bruno Bichir and Demián Bichir, Mexican actors of Lebanese background (Maronite Christians).
Amin al-Rihani, Lebanese writer and intellectual (Maronite Christian).
Afif Safieh, Palestinian diplomat (Greek Catholic Arab Christian).
Bobby Rahal, race car driver, team owner, and businessman of Lebanese background (Greek Orthodox Arab Christian).
Doug Flutie, Heisman Trophy winner, NFL quarterback of Lebanese origin (Maronite Christian).
Jacques Nasser, past CEO Ford Motor Company, French-American of Lebanese descent (Greek Orthodox Christian).
Helen Thomas, Whitehouse Journalist, American of Lebanese descent (Greek Orthodox Arab Christian).
George Mitchell, former US Senator and Politician of Lebanese background (Maronite Christian).
John Mack, former chairman & CEO of Morgan Stanley – an American of Lebanese descent (Greek Orthodox Arab Christian).
Mosab Hassan Yousef, author of Son of Hamas, American of Palestinian descent (Protestant Arab Christian, converted from Islam).
Vartan Gregorian, American academic and president of Carnegie Corporation of New York (Iranian-Armenian descent).
Alex Agase, American – Top level American Football (gridiron) player (Assyrian).
Lou Agase, American – Top level American Football (gridiron) player (Assyrian).
Mitch Daniels – Governor of Indiana and potential Republican presidential candidate (Syrian, Greek Orthodox).
Rosie Malek-Yonan, American actress, author, director, public figure and activist. (Assyrian descent).
Adam Benjamin, Jr., Indiana Congressman (Assyrian).
Anna Eshoo, California Congressman (Assyrian).
John Nimrod, Illinois Senator (Assyrian).
Aril Brikha, techno/nouse music artist (Assyrian).
Linda George, singer (Assyrian).
Sargon Gabriel, singer (Assyrian).
Klodia Hanna, Miss Iraq 2006 (Assyrian).
Christian Demirtaş, German footballer (Assyrian).
Daniel Unal, Turkish footballer – playing for FC Basle in Switzerland (Assyrian Christian).
Peter Medawar, of Lebanese descent (Maronite Christian); was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Elias James Corey, of Lebanese descent (Greek Orthodox Arab Christian); won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Tony Fadell, Lebanese American inventor known as "one of the fathers of the iPod" (Greek Orthodox ).
Michael E. DeBakey, World-renowned American cardiac surgeon of Lebanese origin (Maronite Christian).
Michael Atiyah, British mathematician specialising in geometry (Greek Orthodox Arab Christian).
Ardem Patapoutian, Armenian Lebanese winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
Michel Temer, former president of Brazil.
Julia Sawalha, British actress.
Nadia Sawalha, British actress.
Nabil Sawalha, Jordanian actor.
Daoud Kuttab, Palestinian journalist with American citizenship.
See also
Persecution of Christians by ISIL
Arab Christians
Syriac Christianity
Christian Rūm or Rum Millet
Antiochian Greek Christians
Tantur Ecumenical Institute
Middle East Council of Churches
References
Further reading
Holland, Tom. "Persecution of Christians in the Middle East is a crime against humanity." The Guardian. Sunday 22 December 2013.
Pacini, Andrea (2005). "Christianity: Christianity in the Middle East." In Jones, Lindsay. The Encyclopedia of Religion 3. 2nd ed. |
The Christmas Schooner is a musical written by John Reeger with music and lyrics by Julie Shannon.
Premiered at Bailiwick Repertory Theatre and received the 1996 Chicago After Dark Award for outstanding new work. A twelve-year continuing seasonal run has followed as well as a CD, and productions in the Midwest, Texas and California have also been successful. 2008 was the final season for the performance at the Bailiwick Repertory Theatre.
Based on the true story of the Rouse Simmons, a Great Lakes schooner whose captain risks life and limb to transport fir trees from Michigan's Upper Peninsula to Chicago's German immigrants during the late 19th century. Notable songs from the musical include "We All Have Songs," "Pass it On," "What is it About the Water?," "The Christmas Schooner," "Questions," and "Hardwater Sailor."
Performances
The professional World Premiere of “The Christmas Schooner” debuted at the Bailiwick Repertory Theatre in the Winter of 1995. Directed by David Zak with the following actors in the main roles: David G. Peryam as Peter Stossel, Candace L. Johnson as Alma Stossel, Roscoe Fraser as Gus, Anthony Cotton as Karl (age 9), Cecily Strong as Mary Claire and Becca Daniels as Cousin Martha. Other actors featured throughout the annual run of Christmas Schooner include: Amy Arbizzani (Martha, Alma), Tom Higgins (Gus), Ben Stoner (Steve), Jesse Kazemek (Oskar), Brendon Martin (Young Karl), Hilary Feldman (Enid), Gretchen Goodrich (Cousin Martha), David Vish (Oskar), JB Ward (Olive), Tom Shea (Rudy), Paul Mullen (Hans), Jendi Tarde (Enid), and Kevin Pease (Older Karl)
A 2011 revival at the Mercury Theater Chicago began previews on November 16, 2011, and opened on November 19, 2011. Directed by L. Walter Stearns, Executive Director of Mercury Theater Chicago, musical directed by Eugene Dizon, and choreographed by Brenda Didier. The cast includes Cory Goodrich (Alma), Karl Sean Hamilton (Peter), Jim Sherman (Gus), Daniel Coonley (Karl, age 9), Mark Kosten (Karl, age 15), Elizabeth Haley (Martha), Kelly Anne Clark (Caitlin), Dina DiCostanzo (Olive/Rose), John Finley (Louis), Ronald Keaton (Oskar), Caroline Kobylarz (Enid), Benjamin Magnuson (Steve), Isabelle Roberts (Mary Claire), Thomas M. Shea (Rudy), Catherine Stegemann (Lilli Mae), and Ryan Westwood (Hans/Officer Wells). This production was nominated for Outstanding Production - Musical - Midsize by Chicago's Jeff Awards.
Chris Jones of the Chicago Tribune said, "So when I say that the newest production of the "Schooner" at the reborn Mercury Theater, is by far the best sung of that dozen I've seen, that's pretty much the whole deal. You may well have seen "Schooner" before, but you won't have heard it sung (or seen it acted) at this level. Critic's Choice." Mary Houlihan of the Chicago Sun-Times said, "L. Walter Stearns has given the musical new life in a production that pleases in every way. With this heartwarming production, "The Christmas Schooner" rejoins the ranks of holiday favorites."
Musical Numbers
Act I
"We All Have Songs" - Company
"That's America" - Alma, Gustav, & Karl
"The Mummers Are Here" - Rudy, Oskar, Steve, & Peter
"The Blessings of the Branch" - Company
"The Letter" - Peter, Martha, & Company
"The Letter (Reprise)" - Company
"Another Season on the Water" - Company
"When I Look At You" - Peter
"What Is It About the Water?" - Company
"The Christmas Schooner" - Peter, Gustav, Steve, Oskar, Rudy, & Company
Act II
"Song of the Hungry Peasants" - Company
"Winterfest Polka" - Oskar, Rudy, & Company
"Loving Sons" - Alma & Karl
"The Strudel Waltz" - Peter & Alma
"Another Season on the Water (Reprise)" - Company
"Hardwater Sailors" - Karl age 15, Steve, Oskar, Rudy, Hans, & Company
"Questions" - Alma
"When I Look At You (Reprise)" - Gustav & Alma
"What Is It About the Water? (Reprise)" - Karl age 15 & Company
"The Blessings of the Branch (Finale)" - Alma & Mary Claire
"We All Have Songs (Bows)" - Company
Awards
Winner of Chicago's 1996 "After Dark" Award for Outstanding New Work.
Winner of Chicago's 1996 "After Dark" Award for Outstanding Performance: Candace L. Johnson as Alma Stossel
Named a 1996 "Editor's Choice" by American Theatre Magazine.
Received positive accolades from 2004 Cappies program.
Nominated for Outstanding Production - Musical - Midsize (2012) by Jeff Awards.
References
Balliwick Repertory Theatre
The Christmas Schooner at the Music Theatre International website
About the Artists - Mercury Theater "The Christmas Schooner" page
2011 Chicago Tribune review by Chris Jones
2011 Chicago Sun-Times review by Mary Houlihan
1996 musicals
Christmas musicals
American musicals
Musicals set in Chicago
Musicals set in Michigan
Original musicals |
```ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true
class Filters::StatusesController < ApplicationController
layout 'admin'
before_action :authenticate_user!
before_action :set_filter
before_action :set_status_filters
before_action :set_body_classes
before_action :set_cache_headers
PER_PAGE = 20
def index
@status_filter_batch_action = Form::StatusFilterBatchAction.new
end
def batch
@status_filter_batch_action = Form::StatusFilterBatchAction.new(status_filter_batch_action_params.merge(current_account: current_account, filter_id: params[:filter_id], type: action_from_button))
@status_filter_batch_action.save!
rescue ActionController::ParameterMissing
flash[:alert] = I18n.t('admin.statuses.no_status_selected')
ensure
redirect_to edit_filter_path(@filter)
end
private
def set_filter
@filter = current_account.custom_filters.find(params[:filter_id])
end
def set_status_filters
@status_filters = @filter.statuses.preload(:status).page(params[:page]).per(PER_PAGE)
end
def status_filter_batch_action_params
params.require(:form_status_filter_batch_action).permit(status_filter_ids: [])
end
def action_from_button
'remove' if params[:remove]
end
def set_body_classes
@body_classes = 'admin'
end
def set_cache_headers
response.cache_control.replace(private: true, no_store: true)
end
end
``` |
Alf Johansen (1 January 1903 – 3 July 1974) was a Norwegian footballer. He played in one match for the Norway national football team in 1926.
References
External links
1903 births
1974 deaths
Norwegian men's footballers
Norway men's international footballers
Place of birth missing
Men's association football players not categorized by position |
Newport News Park, in Newport News, Virginia, is the largest park in the system of municipal parks maintained by the Newport News Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism. At 8,065 acres (32.63 km²), it is one of largest city-run parks in the United States, and offers a wide range of activities for residents and tourists alike.
The park is in the northern part of the city of Newport News (13560 Jefferson Avenue, Newport News VA 23603), with its main entrance on Jefferson Avenue to the northwest of its intersection with Ft. Eustis Boulevard. Farther up Jefferson Avenue is the entrance to its campsite. To the northeast of the intersection, on Ft. Eustis Boulevard, is the secondary entrance at Old Stable Road, and farther up Ft. Eustis Boulevard is the main entrance for the Newport News Golf Club at Deer Run, which is on park grounds. The park shares a long border with the Colonial National Historical Park, and several of its biking and hiking trails cross into it.
History
During the American Civil War, the current park was the site of the Battle of Dam No. 1, part of the Battle of Yorktown (1862). In the days prior to the battle, Confederate forces constructed rifle pits and other earthworks from which they held off the Union Army forces commanded by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan. The Lee's Mill Earthworks were preserved; though overgrown with woods, they are accessible from the White Oak Nature Trail on the reservoir's camping side.
In the 1960s, as Newport News grew, the city found itself taxing its water supply. The solution was to purchase several lakes in the Lee Hall area and pump the water into the city. To preserve the water's cleanliness, a watershed was created around the new Lee Hall Reservoir. It was developed into Newport News Park in 1966, primarily through the efforts of City Manager Joe Biggins, who considered a large park important to the city's future.
Campsites, recreation, other facilities
Newport News Park has 188 campsites, some of which include electrical and water hookups. It has over 30 miles (50 km) of hiking trails, and a 5.3 mile (8.5 km) multi-use bike path. It offers bicycle and helmet rental (helmets are mandatory for children under 14).
It has an archery range; a disc golf course; and an aeromodel flying field for remote-control aircraft, with a 400 ft (120 m) runway. The park welcomes geocaching, with dozens of geocaches in the park as of September 2018.
It also hosts the Albert E. Dorner cross country invitational annually for several public and private high schools.
Discovery Center
The Newport News Park Discovery Center gives visitors a look at the park in a more structured, educational way. There are exhibits on the park's animal and plant life, and on the land's history, including displays of Civil War artifacts.
References
External links
Newport News Park - official site
Virginia municipal and county parks
Parks in Newport News, Virginia |
Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIGLEC9 gene.
References
Further reading |
```javascript
describe('pipeline_13', function() {
const assert = chai.assert
const styles = testGlobals.styles
const logTime = testGlobals.logTime
const stringifyCondensed = testGlobals.stringifyCondensed
const approxEquals = KerasJS.testUtils.approxEquals
const layers = KerasJS.layers
const testParams = {
layers: [
{
layerClass: 'Conv2D',
attrs: { name: 'layer_0', filters: 2, kernel_size: 3, strides: 1, padding: 'valid' },
inbound: [],
outbound: ['layer_1']
},
{
layerClass: 'Activation',
attrs: { name: 'layer_1', activation: 'relu' },
inbound: ['layer_0'],
outbound: ['layer_2']
},
{
layerClass: 'Conv2D',
attrs: { name: 'layer_2', filters: 2, kernel_size: 3, strides: 1, padding: 'valid' },
inbound: ['layer_1'],
outbound: ['layer_3']
},
{
layerClass: 'Activation',
attrs: { name: 'layer_3', activation: 'relu' },
inbound: ['layer_2'],
outbound: ['layer_4']
},
{
layerClass: 'MaxPooling2D',
attrs: { name: 'layer_4', pool_size: [2, 2], strides: [1, 1] },
inbound: ['layer_3'],
outbound: ['layer_5']
},
{
layerClass: 'Dropout',
attrs: { name: 'layer_5', rate: 0.25 },
inbound: ['layer_4'],
outbound: ['layer_6']
},
{
layerClass: 'Flatten',
attrs: { name: 'layer_6' },
inbound: ['layer_5'],
outbound: ['layer_7']
},
{
layerClass: 'Dense',
attrs: { name: 'layer_7', units: 3 },
inbound: ['layer_6'],
outbound: ['layer_8']
},
{
layerClass: 'Activation',
attrs: { name: 'layer_8', activation: 'relu' },
inbound: ['layer_7'],
outbound: ['layer_9']
},
{
layerClass: 'Dropout',
attrs: { name: 'layer_9', rate: 0.5 },
inbound: ['layer_8'],
outbound: ['layer_10']
},
{
layerClass: 'Dense',
attrs: { name: 'layer_10', units: 3 },
inbound: ['layer_9'],
outbound: ['layer_11']
},
{
layerClass: 'Activation',
attrs: { name: 'layer_11', activation: 'softmax' },
inbound: ['layer_10'],
outbound: []
}
]
}
const key = 'pipeline_13'
before(function() {
console.log(`\n%c${key}`, styles.h1)
})
/*********************************************************
* CPU
*********************************************************/
describe('CPU', function() {
const title = `[CPU] ${testParams.layers.map(layer => layer.layerClass).join('-')}`
let modelLayers = []
before(function() {
console.log('\n%cCPU', styles.h2)
console.log(`\n%c${title}`, styles.h3)
let weightsIndexOffset = 0
for (let i = 0; i < testParams.layers.length; i++) {
const layerConfig = testParams.layers[i]
const attrs = Object.assign(layerConfig.attrs)
const layerInstance = new layers[layerConfig.layerClass](attrs)
const weightsArr = TEST_DATA[key].weights
.slice(weightsIndexOffset, weightsIndexOffset + layerInstance.params.length)
.map(w => new KerasJS.Tensor(w.data, w.shape))
weightsIndexOffset += layerInstance.params.length
layerInstance.setWeights(weightsArr)
modelLayers.push(layerInstance)
}
// run dummy data once through to cache shape inference data, etc.
let empty = new KerasJS.Tensor([], TEST_DATA[key].input.shape)
for (let i = 0; i < testParams.layers.length; i++) {
empty = modelLayers[i].call(empty)
}
})
it(title, function() {
let t = new KerasJS.Tensor(TEST_DATA[key].input.data, TEST_DATA[key].input.shape)
console.log('%cin', styles.h4, stringifyCondensed(t.tensor))
const startTime = performance.now()
for (let i = 0; i < testParams.layers.length; i++) {
t = modelLayers[i].call(t)
}
const endTime = performance.now()
console.log('%cout', styles.h4, stringifyCondensed(t.tensor))
logTime(startTime, endTime)
const dataExpected = new Float32Array(TEST_DATA[key].expected.data)
const shapeExpected = TEST_DATA[key].expected.shape
assert.deepEqual(t.tensor.shape, shapeExpected)
assert.isTrue(approxEquals(t.tensor, dataExpected))
})
})
/*********************************************************
* GPU
*********************************************************/
describe('GPU', function() {
const title = `[GPU] ${testParams.layers.map(layer => layer.layerClass).join('-')}`
let modelLayers = []
before(function() {
console.log('\n%cGPU', styles.h2)
console.log(`\n%c${title}`, styles.h3)
let weightsIndexOffset = 0
for (let i = 0; i < testParams.layers.length; i++) {
const layerConfig = testParams.layers[i]
const layerInstance = new layers[layerConfig.layerClass](Object.assign(layerConfig.attrs, { gpu: true }))
const weightsArr = TEST_DATA[key].weights
.slice(weightsIndexOffset, weightsIndexOffset + layerInstance.params.length)
.map(w => new KerasJS.Tensor(w.data, w.shape))
weightsIndexOffset += layerInstance.params.length
layerInstance.setWeights(weightsArr)
layerInstance.inbound = layerConfig.inbound
layerInstance.outbound = layerConfig.outbound
modelLayers.push(layerInstance)
}
// run dummy data once through to cache shape inference data, etc.
let empty = new KerasJS.Tensor([], TEST_DATA[key].input.shape)
for (let i = 0; i < testParams.layers.length; i++) {
empty = modelLayers[i].call(empty)
}
})
it(title, function() {
let t = new KerasJS.Tensor(TEST_DATA[key].input.data, TEST_DATA[key].input.shape)
console.log('%cin', styles.h4, stringifyCondensed(t.tensor))
const startTime = performance.now()
for (let i = 0; i < testParams.layers.length; i++) {
t = modelLayers[i].call(t)
}
const endTime = performance.now()
console.log('%cout', styles.h4, stringifyCondensed(t.tensor))
logTime(startTime, endTime)
const dataExpected = new Float32Array(TEST_DATA[key].expected.data)
const shapeExpected = TEST_DATA[key].expected.shape
assert.deepEqual(t.tensor.shape, shapeExpected)
assert.isTrue(approxEquals(t.tensor, dataExpected))
})
})
})
``` |
The KBTU Building is a building in Almaty that is located in the Astana Square. Constructed in 1957, it is one of the most historic and iconic buildings in the city.
History
The building was originally intended to serve the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR. The construction of it began in 1938 at the cost of 14 million rubles, but by 1941, only excavations were dug on the spot. During World War II, construction was suspended, it was resumed in 1951 and completed in 1957.
The building was designed in the workshop of Mosproject under the direction of architect Boris Rubanenko. The drafts were carried out by Kazgorstroyproekt under the direction of P.A. Mamontov, G.A. Kalish.
The building consists of three compositional volumes, interconnected by wide passages. In the center of them is the Supreme Council Hall, located along the main longitudinal axis of the building, it forms two rectangular courtyards. The architectural solution of the main facade is a huge 8-column spatial portico, creating an effective play of light and shadow. The interior has a clear layout of the interior space of the building. In 1972, the side halls were expanded. In 1980, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan moved to a new building in the Republic Square. In 1982, the building was added to the list of monuments of urban planning and architecture. In 1987 the Alley of Busts memorial complex was established near the building to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the October Revolution.
The law on Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan was adopted in this building in 1991. From 1997 to 2001, the building served as a residence for the Akim of Almaty Region. The building after that remained vacant for less than year until it became occupied by the Kazakh-British Technical University. In 2018, the main hall of KBTU was reconstructed. This required the construction of special scaffolding with a height of 14 meters.
References
Buildings and structures in Almaty
Buildings and structures completed in 1957 |
WUCP-LP (99.9 FM, "Radio 99.9 FM") is a low-powered radio station broadcasting a Religious format. The station is licensed to the suburb of Farragut, Tennessee. WUCP-LP first began broadcasting in 2003 under its current call sign. The station is currently owned by Union Cumberland Presbyterian Church.
On February 19, 2009, WUCP-LP changed frequencies moving from 106.1 FM to 99.9 FM to make way for a high-power commercial station in Oliver Springs, Tennessee (WJZO). The station was issued a license to cover at 99.9 FM on May 31, 2013.
References
External links
UCP-LP
Radio stations established in 2002
2002 establishments in Tennessee
UCP-LP
Farragut, Tennessee |
Japan Landa Imphal () is a 2012 Indian Meitei language WWII historical romantic fiction film produced by Chandam Shyamcharan. The story is based on a romance between a Meitei girl and a Japanese soldier during the WWII Battle of Imphal in 1944.
See also
Imphal 1944
Imphal Peace Museum
My Japanese Niece
References
Battle of Imphal films
Japanese-Meitei culture
2010s Meitei-language films
2012 films
Indian war drama films
Indian World War II films |
The Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR, pronounced "fire") standard is a set of rules and specifications for exchanging electronic health care data. It is designed to be flexible and adaptable, so that it can be used in a wide range of settings and with different health care information systems. The goal of FHIR is to enable the seamless and secure exchange of health care information, so that patients can receive the best possible care. The standard describes data formats and elements (known as "resources") and an application programming interface (API) for exchanging electronic health records (EHR). The standard was created by the Health Level Seven International (HL7) health-care standards organization.
FHIR builds on previous data format standards from HL7, like HL7 version 2.x and HL7 version 3.x. But it is easier to implement because it uses a modern web-based suite of API technology, including a HTTP-based RESTful protocol, and a choice of JSON, XML or RDF for data representation. One of its goals is to facilitate interoperability between legacy health care systems, to make it easy to provide health care information to health care providers and individuals on a wide variety of devices from computers to tablets to cell phones, and to allow third-party application developers to provide medical applications which can be easily integrated into existing systems.
FHIR provides an alternative to document-centric approaches by directly exposing discrete data elements as services. For example, basic elements of healthcare like patients, admissions, diagnostic reports and medications can each be retrieved and manipulated via their own resource URLs.
Standardization
Architecture
FHIR is organized by resources (e.g., patient, observation). Such resources can be specified further by defining FHIR profiles (for example, binding to a specific terminology). A collection of profiles can be published as an implementation guide (IG), such as The U.S. Core Data for Interoperability (USCDI). The ONC anticipates finalizing USCDI v4 in July 2023.
Because FHIR is implemented on top of the HTTPS (HTTP Secure) protocol, FHIR resources can be retrieved and parsed by analytics platforms for real-time data gathering. In this concept, healthcare organizations would be able to gather real-time data from specified resource models. FHIR resources can be streamed to a data store where they can be correlated with other informatics data. Potential use cases include epidemic tracking, prescription drug fraud, adverse drug interaction warnings, and the reduction of emergency room wait times.
Implementations
Global (non country specific)
A number of high-profile players in the health care informatics field are showing interest in and experimenting with FHIR, including CommonWell Health Alliance and SMART (Substitutable Medical Applications, Reusable Technologies).
Open source implementations of FHIR data structures, servers, clients and tools include reference implementations from HL7 in a variety of languages, SMART on FHIR and HAPI-FHIR in Java.
A variety of applications were demonstrated at the FHIR Applications Roundtable in July 2016. The Sync for Science (S4S) profile builds on FHIR to help medical research studies ask for (and if approved by the patient, receive) patient-level electronic health record data.
In January, 2018, Apple announced that its iPhone Health App would allow viewing a user's FHIR-compliant medical records when providers choose to make them available. Johns Hopkins Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Penn Medicine, NYU-Langone Medical Center, Dignity Health and other large hospital systems participated at launch.
United States
In 2014, the U.S. Health IT Policy and the Health IT Standards committees endorsed recommendations for more public (open) APIs.
The U.S. JASON task force report on "A Robust Health Data Infrastructure" says that FHIR is currently the best candidate API approach, and that such APIs should be part of stage 3 of the "meaningful use" criteria of the U.S. Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act.
In December 2014, a broad cross-section of US stakeholders committed to the Argonaut Project
which will provide acceleration funding and political will to publish FHIR implementation guides and profiles for query/response interoperability and document retrieval by May 2015. It would then be possible for medical records systems to migrate from the current practice of exchanging complex Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) documents, and instead exchange sets of simpler, more modular and interoperable FHIR JSON objects. The initial goal was to specify two FHIR profiles that are relevant to the Meaningful Use requirements, along with an implementation guide for using OAuth 2.0 for authentication.
A collaboration agreement with Healthcare Services Platform Consortium (now called Logica) was announced in 2017. Experiences with developing medical applications using FHIR to link to existing electronic health record systems clarified some of the benefits and challenges of the approach, and with getting clinicians to use them.
In 2020, the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) issued their Interoperability and Patient Access final rule, (CMS-9115-F), based on the 21st Century Cures Act. The rule requires the use of FHIR by a variety of CMS-regulated payers, including Medicare Advantage organizations, state Medicaid programs, and qualified health plans in the Federally Facilitated Marketplace by 2021. Specifically, the rule requires FHIR APIs for Patient Access, Provider Directory and Payer-to-Payer exchange.
Proposed rules from CMS, such as the patient burden and prior authorization proposed rule (CMS-9123-P), further specify FHIR adoption for payer-to-payer exchange. The CMS rules and Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC) Cures Act Final rule (HHS-ONC-0955-AA01) work in concert to drive FHIR adoption within their respective regulatory authorities.
Further, other agencies are using existing rule-making authority, not derived from the Cures Act, to harmonize the regulatory landscape and ease FHIR adoption. For example, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of Civil Rights (OCR) has proposed to update the HIPAA privacy rule (HHS–OCR–0945–AA00) with an expanded right of access for personal health apps and disclosures between providers for care coordination. Unlike the CMS and ONC final rules, the OCR HIPAA privacy proposed rule is not specific to FHIR; however, OCR's emphasize on standards-based APIs clearly benefits FHIR adoption.
Brazil
In 2020, Brazil's Ministry of Health, by the IT Department of the SUS, started one of the world's largest platforms for national health interoperability, called the National Health Data Network, which uses HL7 FHIR r4 as a standard in all its information exchanges.
Israel
In 2020, Israel's Ministry of Health began working towards the goal of promoting accessibility of information to patients and caregivers through the adoption of the FHIR standard in health organizations in Israel. Its first act was to create the IL-CORE work team in order to adapt the necessary components for localization and regulation in the health system in Israel. The ministry, in cooperation with the Nonprofit Organization 8400, created the FHIR IL community, whose purpose is to encourage the adoption of the standard in the Israeli healthcare system while cooperating with healthcare organizations and the industry. As part of a joint activity of the Ministry and 8400, a number of projects were launched for the implementation of FHIR in health management organizations (HMO) and hospitals, alongside other projects that are being independently promoted by healthcare organizations. In addition, the Ministry of Health allocated budgets to the HMOs and other organizations for the purpose of establishing organizational FHIR infrastructure.
In the 2020 Eli Hurvitz Conference on Economy and Society, run by the Israel Democracy Institute it was estimated that the cost of implementing central FHIR modules of in the Israeli healthcare system is estimated at about 400 million NIS over 5 years. In 2023, the Israeli government began a legislative process to promote the sharing of information between organizations in the Israeli health ecosystem for the benefit of the patient, with an emphasis on patient empowerment and reduced information blocking. The proposed legislation also refers to the need to standardize the data by adopting the FHIR standard and utilizing standard terminologies, such as SNOMED-CT, both in source systems and in the data exchange process. The sharing of information will be with the patient's consent, and this consent will be given according to data buckets.
References
Further reading
History of FHIR with many detailed examples of applications, including Apple Health, Apple Watch, and EHR integrations.
External links
FHIR Standard (latest release)
Standards for electronic health records
Industry-specific XML-based standards
JSON |
Caliche sangriento (i.e. Bloody Nitrate) is a Chilean movie of 1969 and the first one directed by Helvio Soto. The plot takes place in 1879 through 1880 during the War of the Pacific, when Chile, Bolivia and Peru fought over control of the sodium nitrate deposits in the Atacama desert. The film decries the cruelty and absurdity of war and the disunity among the peoples of Latin America. The style of the movie has been compared to that of Western and Spaghetti Western movies.
Plot
A group of 17 Chilean soldiers is marching through the baking hot desert, led by a captain who demands rigid discipline. One at a time, the men fall victim to the overwhelming drudgery and engagements with irregular troops.
Release
The film was initially rejected by the Chilean Censorship Board but was later passed after it was cut by the producer, without consulting Soto, to remove:
a credit thanking the army for their collaboration and advice
an announcement at the end of the film stating that 25,000 soldiers died so that foreign economic interests could take over the nitrate fields.
The Censorship Board also added a disclaimer to the ratings card that appeared before showings to state: "Approval of this film does not imply acceptance of the facts as depicted therein or their fidelity, nor does it imply agreement with their interpretation of historical events."
References
External links
Website reporting about the current film restoration project (Spanish)
1969 films
1960s war drama films
Films set in the 1870s
War of the Pacific
Saltpeter works in Chile
Chilean drama films |
Oeonistis bicolora is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Thomas Bethune-Baker in 1904. It is found in Papua New Guinea.
References
Moths described in 1904
Lithosiina |
St Cadfan's Church () is situated in Tywyn in the county of Gwynedd, formerly Merionethshire, Wales.
The church is noted for its Romanesque architecture and for housing the Cadfan Stone, a stone cross dating from ninth century or earlier which is inscribed with the oldest known written Welsh.
Brut y Tywysogion states that the church was sacked by Vikings in 963, and during the twelfth century it was the subject of a memorable poem by Llywelyn Fardd (I). The earliest parts of the building date to the twelfth century, and it originally had a central tower, although this fell down in 1693.
The church houses two fourteenth-century monuments. One of the effigies is of an unknown priest in full Eucharistic vestments. The other is a military figure thought to be Gruffudd ab Adda (d. c. 1350) of Dôl-goch and Ynysymaengwyn. The effigy is known as the 'Crying Knight' due to a flaw in the stone at his right eye which becomes damp during wet weather, giving the impression of weeping.
The vicarage, which was built in the early 19th century, still stands on National Street. It is now a private house called 'Tŷ Cadfan Sant'. National Street (formerly Duck Street) was named after the National School, later Towyn Church School, which was once located on the street.
References
External links
Church Website
Artwork at St Cadfan's Church, Tywyn
Church in Wales church buildings
Grade I listed churches in Gwynedd
12th-century church buildings in Wales
History of Gwynedd
Saint Cadfan |
Murdoch Mysteries is a Canadian television drama series that premiered on Citytv on January 20, 2008, and currently airs on CBC. The series is based on characters from the Detective Murdoch novels by Maureen Jennings and stars Yannick Bisson as William Murdoch, a police detective working in Toronto, Ontario in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The series was titled The Artful Detective on the Ovation cable TV network in the United States, until season twelve.
Synopsis
The series takes place in Toronto starting in 1895 and follows Detective William Murdoch (Yannick Bisson) of the Toronto Constabulary, who solves many of his cases using methods of detection that were unusual at the time. These methods include fingerprinting (referred to as "finger marks" in the series), blood testing, surveillance, and trace evidence.
Some episodes feature anachronistic technology whereby Murdoch sometimes uses the existing technology of his time to improvise a crude prototype of a technology that would be more readily recognizable to the show's 21st-century audience. In one episode, for instance, he creates a primitive version of sonar to locate a sunken ship in Lake Ontario. In still another, a foreign police officer has a photograph that Murdoch needs as evidence, so Murdoch asks the other officer to overlay the photograph with a grid numerically coded for the colour in each square, and to transmit the numerical data to Murdoch via telegraph—with the result that the foreign officer has essentially sent Murdoch a bitmap image they call a "facsimile"—a telefax. This aspect of the show has been described as introducing elements of the steampunk genre of science fiction, although it is not a standard theme of all episodes.
Detective Murdoch is assisted by the three other main characters: Inspector Brackenreid (Thomas Craig), Doctor Julia Ogden (Hélène Joy), and the inexperienced but eager Constable George Crabtree (Jonny Harris), who aspires to be a mystery novel writer. Brackenreid, Murdoch's immediate superior, is a blunt and sceptical Yorkshireman with a fondness for whisky who prefers conventional methods of detection over Murdoch's eccentric methods, though he is typically pleased and proud when Murdoch is successful despite the odds. Crabtree is often unable to grasp the more advanced methods, but his enthusiasm and loyalty make him a good assistant. Like Crabtree, Dr. Ogden is a great supporter of Murdoch's methods. Her skill in pathology usually helps by revealing a great deal of useful evidence to aid Murdoch in solving cases. Throughout the series, Murdoch's growing infatuation with her, and his inability to express his feelings, provide a light subplot. In the fifth season, after Dr. Ogden is married to Dr. Darcy Garland (a colleague she met in Buffalo), a new doctor is introduced, Doctor Emily Grace (Georgina Reilly). She and George Crabtree show some romantic interest in each other.
Real history is an important element in most episodes, and the plots, though fictitious, sometimes involve real people, such as Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, H G Wells, Nikola Tesla, Wilfrid Laurier, Jack London, Arthur Conan Doyle, Queen Victoria, Theodore Roosevelt, Oliver Mowat, Orville and Wilbur Wright, Henry Ford, Sir Winston Churchill, Bat Masterson, Alexander Graham Bell, Emma Goldman, H. P. Lovecraft, Harry Houdini, Thomas Edison and Helen Keller. Future events are often foreshadowed. For example, it is implied that secret British-American government co-operation has produced a highly advanced aircraft similar to an airship, and Crabtree and Murdoch allude to the building of a secret government facility in Nevada and New Mexico "at Concession 51" (an allusion to Area 51). Characters also refer to actual inventions of the 19th century and extrapolate from them to future inventions such as microwave ovens, night-vision goggles, computers, the games "Cluedo" (marketed as "Clue" in the U.S.) and "Hangman", the toy Silly Putty, and a silencer for small arms.
Another underlying theme of the series involves the fact that Murdoch is a Catholic in what was at the time a predominantly Protestant city and the prejudices that he occasionally encounters as a result. Other subplots that overarch multiple episodes include women's suffrage movement in Canada, a movement that was taking place during the time the series is set in, and the discrimination towards racial minorities in Toronto and same-sex relationships during that time period.
History
The series has its origins in 2004 as a series of three made-for-TV movies, starring Peter Outerbridge in the lead role. Its original title at that time was Murder 19C: The Detective Murdoch Mysteries. In 2006, a 13-episode series based on the novels was picked up, but there were questions about Outerbridge's continuing availability, since he was already starring in another series, ReGenesis. By 2007, Yannick Bisson became the lead in what was now called Murdoch Mysteries.
The series debuted on Citytv on January 20, 2008. The program was well received, both by the audience and by the critics: in the summer of 2008, it was nominated for 14 Gemini Awards by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television. Critics were surprised, however, that Bisson was not among the nominees. The critics were also surprised in November when Murdoch Mysteries won only two Geminis.
Meanwhile, Murdoch Mysteries was renewed for four more seasons between 2009 and 2012. In 2010 the program, which had previously been filmed only in Canada, went to Bristol, England, to film an episode. One big fan of the show was Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, who agreed to play a small role in one of that season's episodes. The episode in which he appeared, playing a "clueless cop who fails to recognize then prime minister Wilfrid Laurier", aired in late July 2011.
After Rogers Media decided not to continue the series beyond its fifth season, CBC Television picked up the show for its sixth season, which premiered in January 2013. The network has subsequently renewed the series repeatedly on a season-to-season basis. It has been one of the CBC's most highly rated programs, regularly watched by more than 1.4 million viewers as of January 2014. In the U.S. season 12 aired on Ovation starting in April 2019, back under its original title of Murdoch Mysteries. Season 13 started in the U.S. in December 2019, on Acorn TV.
Episodes
Guest stars
Murdoch Mysteries has, at times, been known for using stunt casting of famous actors or non-actor personalities in guest roles. Noted examples have included Stephen Harper, at the time the Prime Minister of Canada, in a small role as a police desk clerk; William Shatner portraying writer Mark Twain; a special Christmas episode which included appearances by Ed Asner, Brendan Coyle, Kelly Rowan and television news anchor Peter Mansbridge; an episode which featured David Onley, the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario at the time of production, appearing as his own forerunner Oliver Mowat; and two different episodes in which former Dragons' Den investors Arlene Dickinson and David Chilton guest starred. Dickinson portrayed a business magnate named Miss Dickinson and Chilton a character named Mr. Chilton (aka the "Wealthy Barber").
In 2013, Murdoch Mysteries aired a fictional crossover with another CBC Television crime drama, Republic of Doyle. With the two shows set over 100 years apart, Allan Hawco appeared on the November 25, 2013, episode of Murdoch Mysteries as Jacob Doyle, a 19th-century ancestor of his regular character Jake Doyle, while Bisson appeared on the January 29, 2014, episode of Republic of Doyle as Detective Bill Murdoch, a 21st-century descendant of Detective William Murdoch. The end of the latter episode references the previous episode.
In 2017, Colin Mochrie appeared on Murdoch Mysteries as a hotel detective, after joking on Twitter that he was the only Canadian actor left who had never done a guest spot on the show.
Production
Murdoch Mysteries is produced and developed by Shaftesbury Films in association with Citytv, ITV Studios Global Entertainment, UKTV and with the assistance of the Canadian Film or Video Production Tax Credit, the Ontario Film and Television Tax Credit, and the Canadian Television Fund. It features the distinctive theme music of the composer Robert Carli.
Prior to being picked up as a regular weekly series, three television movies, Except the Dying, Poor Tom Is Cold and Under the Dragon's Tail, aired on Bravo Canada in 2004. These films starred Peter Outerbridge as William Murdoch, Matthew MacFadzean as George Crabtree, Keeley Hawes as Julia Ogden, and Colm Meaney as Inspector Brackenreid.
Seasons one and two were filmed at the Toronto Film Studios facility on Eastern Avenue in Toronto. However, that facility was closed at the end of 2008, forcing the third season to be filmed elsewhere in Toronto, in the area near Kipling Subway to the west of the city.
For seasons one, two and three, filming locations included the Galt district of Cambridge, Ontario. Sidewalks and driveways were covered in earth, and in season one the Dobbie Mansion was used for about a week of indoor filming. Parts of the opening episode of season three were filmed in Bristol in England.
In August 2010 production on the fourth season began and continued through November 2010 with filming in Toronto and Hamilton. Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper filmed a cameo appearance as a constable in the fourth season on October 15, 2010, when he visited the set with his daughter.
Filming of season five began in July 2011 and included a visit to Dawson City in the Yukon. In September 2011, Rogers Media decided not to continue with Murdoch Mysteries beyond the fifth season. In response to the cancellation of the series Christina Jennings, executive producer and CEO of Shaftesbury Films said:
Murdoch Mysteries was described as an "odd fit" for Citytv's schedule, which consists of more contemporary, urban hip, imported programming. Shaftesbury's British partners in the production of the series, broadcaster UKTV and the international distributor ITV Studios Global Entertainment, were both interested in additional seasons. Christina Jennings approached Kirstine Stewart, executive vice-president of CBC's English services, about continuing the series, and she felt that "a home at CBC made absolute sense". Reports of the change of broadcasters and commitment for a sixth season appeared in the evening of November 15 with the press releases being issued on November 16. Production of the sixth season began in April 2012 to be ready for CBC in September 2012, but later the premiere for season six was changed to January 2013, and instead an encore of season five aired in September. Production of the 13th season started in May 2019.
On June 1, 2022, CBC announced the sixteenth season, which again will have twenty four episodes.
Web series
In addition to the regular television series, several short run web series have also been created under the Murdoch Mysteries banner.
In 2011, Murdoch Mysteries: The Curse of the Lost Pharaohs debuted on citytv.com, blending live action and animation to depict a storyline in which Crabtree, Murdoch, Dr. Ogden and Inspector Brackenreid were forced to battle mummies who were attempting to kill Queen Victoria.<ref>[http://www.canadaonscreen.ca/productions/television/murdoch_mysteries_the_curse_of_the_lost_pharaohs canadaonscreen.ca Murdoch Mysteries: The Curse of the Lost Pharaohs] . Canada on Screen.</ref> The storyline of the webseries was also integrated into the regular television series; within the main television plot Crabtree, as an aspiring writer, spent much of the season working on The Curse of the Lost Pharaohs as a fantasy novel manuscript. The Curse of the Lost Pharaohs garnered nominations for Best Digital Program: Fiction at the 2012 Emmy Awards, Cross-Platform Project, Fiction at the 2012 Banff World Media Festival and Cross-Platform Project, Fiction at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards.
The 2012 season web series The Murdoch Effect featured a time travel plotline in which William Murdoch suddenly found himself transported to the 21st century, and had to solve a case with eerie parallels to one he was investigating in his own timeline.
The 2013 series Nightmare on Queen Street featured an interactive story in which the viewer was called upon to solve the case by piecing together clues from each webisode. This series also garnered a nomination for Best Cross-Platform Project, Fiction at the 2nd Canadian Screen Awards.
The 2023 webseries Macy Murdoch stars Shailyn Pierre-Dixon as the titular Macy Murdoch, a 21st-century descendant of William Murdoch who is transported back in time to 1910.
Broadcast
In Australia, Murdoch Mysteries airs on 13th Street Monday to Friday at 7:30 pm, with the latest series also airing at 7:30 pm on Saturdays. In 2017, Channel 7two ran three episodes back to back every Thursday night commencing from 8.30 pm.
The series airs in the United Kingdom on Alibi (formerly known as UKTV Drama).
In the United States, Murdoch Mysteries is broadcast on several digital subchannel networks, streaming services and even some local network affiliates:
Episodes of Murdoch Mysteries are broadcast on several networks, usually at night or early in the morning on weekends with some episode overlap. Digital subchannel networks such as Retro TV and NBC's Cozi TV subchannel provide broadcasts at various dates and times.
American Public Television acquired the first season of Murdoch Mysteries from ITV Global Entertainment in 2009 for broadcast syndication to public-television stations throughout the U.S.
Genesis International took over the American syndication rights to Murdoch Mysteries after they acquired the rights from ITV Studios Global Entertainment and American Public Television in mid-summer 2014 for broadcast syndication to commercial television stations in the U.S. Like the digital subchannel networks, several of these stations, including ABC network flagship WABC-TV in New York City, WFMZ-TV in Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley region, KHOU in Houston and WEWS-TV in Cleveland, also carry the show overnights during the early morning hours.
The series began airing on the Ovation cable TV network in 2013 under the title The Artful Detective. Starting with Season 12, the show will now go by its original name of Murdoch Mysteries on Ovation. The network also shared the series with the Fox Broadcasting Company on certain stations on Sundays at 2AM ET until June 2020 when it was removed from some stations. In late July 2020, ION TV's ION Plus network picked up the series and started airing it on Sundays. The series also available to stream all seasons on Acorn TV.
, Seasons 1–6 are being streamed on the Hulu video, on-demand subscription service.
In 2013, Acorn.tv began showing the first seven seasons on its online premium service and made Season 8 available in 2015.
Amazon Prime made the series available adding season 8 in 2015.
In France, the series is shown on France 3 and has been retitled Les Enquêtes de Murdoch (Murdoch Investigations).
In Greece, Murdoch Mysteries airs on ERT2 under the title Ντετέκτιβ Μέρντοχ (Detective Murdoch) on Saturday and Sunday at 9:00 pm
Home video releases
Acorn Media has released ten seasons of Murdoch Mysteries'' on DVD and Blu-ray in North America and Australia.
ITV Studios Home Entertainment has released four seasons on DVD in the UK and has also released a box set of the seasons 1–3. Season 4 onward, are available through Amazon UK, but in Region 1 format only. The first seven seasons are available for home viewing via streaming from Acorn.
DVDs
Blu-ray
Season sets
TV movies
Christmas Special
References
External links
Murdoch Mysteries at Alibi
The Artful Detective at Ovation
2008 Canadian television series debuts
2000s Canadian crime drama television series
2010s Canadian crime drama television series
Canadian mystery television series
Cozy mystery television series
Detective television series
Television series set in the 1890s
Television series set in the 1900s
Television series revived after cancellation
Television shows set in Toronto
Television shows filmed in Toronto
Television series by Shaftesbury Films
Television series by ITV Studios
CBC Television original programming
Citytv original programming
Victorian era in popular culture
2020s Canadian crime drama television series
Canadian historical television series |
Julian Williams may refer to:
Julian Williams (American football) (born 1990), Arena Football League player
Julian Williams (boxer) (born 1990), American professional boxer |
The article is about the list of state highways in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The state has a total of of State Highways and they account for 29% of the total roads in the state. SH 31 is the longest State Highway in Andhra Pradesh. The new state highways are recently added and new numbering system is given for state highways to improve infrastructure and connectivity.
Source:AP state highway maps
See also
List of National Highways in India by State
References
Andhra
State Highways
State Highways in Andhra Pradesh |
Yaniv () is a Hebrew male name meaning "he will prosper". It may also refer to:
Yaniv (card game), an Israeli card game with no established rules
Yaniv (village), south of Pripyat, Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine
Yaniv, Ukraine, former name of Ivano-Frankove, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine
People
Yaniv Green (born 1980), Israeli basketball player
Yaniv Katan (born 1981), Israeli footballer
Yaniv Perets (born 2000), Canadian ice hockey player
Yaniv Schulman or Nev Schulman (born 1984), American TV host
Idan Yaniv (born 1986), Israeli singer
Jessica Yaniv (born 1986/1987), Canadian transgender activist
See also
Janov (disambiguation) |
Luís Carlos Pereira Carneiro (born 8 September 1988), known as Licá, is a Portuguese footballer who plays as a right winger who plays for ACDR Lamelas.
He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 229 matches and 40 goals over 11 seasons, after starting his professional career with Académica. He represented six other top-flight clubs, mainly Estoril and B-SAD. He also had brief spells in Spain and England.
Licá won one cap for Portugal, in 2013.
Club career
Early years
Born in Lamelas, Castro Daire, Licá joined Académica de Coimbra from the lower leagues in 2007, aged 19. He appeared rarely for the club over two Primeira Liga seasons, also being loaned to another modest side, G.D. Tourizense, during his contract; he scored his first goal in the top division on 22 February 2009, helping to a 3–1 home win against C.S. Marítimo.
In the 2010 January transfer window, Licá moved on loan to C.D. Trofense in the Segunda Liga, netting five goals in 27 games in his first full season as the Trofa team narrowly missed on promotion. From 2011 to 2013, he represented G.D. Estoril Praia; after finding the net on 12 occasions in his first year, being essential as his team returned to the top flight after seven years, he added six in all 30 matches in the second to help them overachieve for a final fifth position, with the subsequent qualification to the UEFA Europa League.
Porto
Licá signed for FC Porto on 29 May 2013, agreeing to a four-year contract. He scored his first official goal for his new team on 10 August, the first in a 3–0 victory over Vitória S.C. in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira.
On 1 August 2014, deemed surplus to requirements as practically all Portuguese players by new manager Julen Lopetegui, Licá was loaned to La Liga club Rayo Vallecano in a season-long move. He made his debut in the competition on 21 September, starting in a 4–2 away loss to Villarreal CF.
Nottingham Forest
On 31 August 2016, after a top-tier campaign with Vitória de Guimarães, Licá was released by Porto and signed for Nottingham Forest on a two-year deal, for a fee believed to be around £300,000. He first appeared in the EFL Championship on 14 September, featuring six minutes in a 2–2 draw at Rotherham United.
Licá returned to Portugal on 6 February 2017, joining former club Estoril on loan until the end of the season. Both he and the Cascais-based side wanted to make the deal permanent, but this never came to be because of wage demands.
On 31 August 2017, he mutually agreed to terminate his contract with Forest and signed with Segunda División side Granada CF later the same day. Having made only two substitute cameos in the league and started one Copa del Rey match, he was released on 31 January.
Later years
A free agent, Licá joined C.F. Os Belenenses on a four-month deal on 1 February 2018, extending his contract until 2020 that May. He scored a career-best in the Portuguese top division of 11 goals for the reorganised B-SAD in 2018–19, including March's goal of the month against Portimonense S.C. in a 2–2 draw.
On 14 November 2020, Licá joined S.C. Farense, again at zero cost until the end of the season. In a campaign that ended with relegation, he received the first red card of his career in a 3–1 home victory over Gil Vicente F.C. on 10 January.
Licá returned to last-placed Belenenses SAD on 10 February 2022, having been out of work since the summer. He returned to his hometown one year later, signing with amateurs ACDR Lamelas in the Viseu Football Association's district leagues.
International career
Licá was part of the Portugal under-21 team that took silver at the 2009 Lusofonia Games on home soil. He played all four matches, scoring in a 4–1 win over Angola on the final day.
On 10 September 2013, shortly after having moved to Porto, Licá made his debut for the senior national team, playing the last six minutes of a 3–1 friendly loss to Brazil at the Gillette Stadium in the United States.
Personal life
Licá's father and his older brother Pedro Jorge were also footballers. While the latter spent a couple of youth years at Boavista FC, both mainly played for local amateur clubs.
Honours
Estoril
Segunda Liga: 2011–12
Porto
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2013
Lamelas
1ª Divisão de Honra – AF Viseu: 2022–23
Portugal U21
Lusofonia Games: Silver medal 2009
Individual
Segunda Liga Player of the Year: 2011–12
SJPF Segunda Liga Player of the Month: December 2011, February 2012
SJPF Segunda Liga Young Player of the Month: September 2011, December 2011, January 2012, February 2012
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
People from Castro Daire
Portuguese men's footballers
Footballers from Viseu District
Men's association football wingers
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Segunda Divisão players
Académica de Coimbra (football) players
G.D. Tourizense players
C.D. Trofense players
G.D. Estoril Praia players
FC Porto players
Vitória S.C. players
C.F. Os Belenenses players
B-SAD players
S.C. Farense players
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Rayo Vallecano players
Granada CF footballers
English Football League players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Portugal men's under-21 international footballers
Portugal men's international footballers
Portuguese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in England |
Bevan Duncan Smith (born 18 July 1950) is a former New Zealand sprinter. He won the bronze medal in the men's 200 metres at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games.
He represented New Zealand at the 1972 Summer Olympics, placing 4th in his heat of the 2nd round of the 200 metres.
At the 1974 British Commonwealth Games he came 4th in the 400 metres, and was part of the men's 4 × 100 m and 4 × 400 m relay teams that placed 7th and 5th respectively. Smith competed at his second Commonwealth Games in 1978 where he made the quarter finals of the 200 metres and ran in the 4 x 100 and 4 x 400 relay teams again.
References
1950 births
New Zealand male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1978 Commonwealth Games
Living people
Medallists at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games |
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The Science Fiction League was one of the earliest associations formed by science fiction fans. It was created by Hugo Gernsback in February 1934 in the pages of Wonder Stories, an early science fiction pulp magazine. Gernsback was the League's "Executive Secretary", with Charles D. Hornig its "Assistant Secretary". The initial slate of "Executive Directors" included Forrest J. Ackerman, Eando Binder, Jack Darrow (Clifford Kornoelje), Edmond Hamilton, David H. Keller, P. Schuyler Miller, Clark Ashton Smith, and R. F. Starzl.
Gernsback intended for the magazine to promote fandom, much as his earlier "Radio League" had promoted interest in his radio and electrical hobby magazines. It was successful, and chapters were formed in the US, UK and Australia. Although the League was popular, with membership soon reaching about 1,000, it did not last long; in 1943 Sam Merwin, the editor of Thrilling Wonder Stories (the magazine had changed its name in 1936) dropped the organization when he took over the editorship. Frederik Pohl recalled that the League "changed a lot of lives. It filled a need" by helping fans meet each other, and reported that some chapters still existed 30 years later.
The Science Fiction League of America was a different organization of science fiction writers including Ted Sturgeon, Anthony Boucher, and Isaac Asimov, and associated with the television show Tales of Tomorrow.
Notes
1934 establishments in the United States
Science fiction fandom |
The Central Kansas Railway (CKR) was a short-line railroad operating of trackage in the U.S. state of Kansas and west to Scott City, Kansas. All trackage was former Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway branchlines in Kansas and northern Oklahoma. The Kansas Southwestern Railway, a sister company which operated former Missouri Pacific Railroad branchlines in Kansas, was merged into the CKR in 2000. Owned by Omnitrax, CKR's main business was from the Kansas wheat harvests, as well as other traffic.
Watco purchased all of the CKR's lines on May 31, 2001 and formed the Kansas & Oklahoma Railroad.
References
External links
Defunct Kansas railroads
Former regional railroads in the United States
OmniTRAX
Spin-offs of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
Defunct Colorado railroads |
Macaw is a colorful New World parrot. Macaw may also refer to:
Macaw (web editor)
Macaw palm, Acrocomia aculeata, a palm tree
Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance for Wireless (MACAW)
See also
Macau (disambiguation)
McCaw (surname) |
Cleyrac (; ) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
References
Communes of Gironde |
Balgyosan is a mountain that sits between the counties of Hoengseong and Hongcheon, Gangwon-do in South Korea. It has an elevation of .
See also
List of mountains in Korea
Notes
References
Mountains of South Korea
Mountains of Gangwon Province, South Korea |
Kasaragod Khader Bhai is a 1992 Indian Malayalam-language comedy film directed by Thulasidas and starring Jagadish, Siddique, Ashokan, Zainuddin, Innocent, Mala Aravindan, Alummoodan, Babu Antony, Sunitha, Suchitra and Philomina. The film is a sequel to 1991 film Mimics Parade. In 2010, it spawned a sequel titled Again Kasargod Khader Bhai.
Plot
The film is about how Kasargod Khader Bhai (Alummoodan) and his son Kasim Bhai (Babu Antony), a criminal who attempts to murder people in his reach tries to take revenge on the mimicry artists who send Khader Bhai to jail.
Cast
Jagadish as Unni
Siddique as Sabu
Ashokan as Jimmy
Zainuddin as Nizam
Baiju as Manoj
Ansar Kalabhavan as Anwar
Innocent as Fr. Francis Tharakkandam
Mala Aravindan as Mammootty
Sunitha as Sandhya Cheriyan
Suchitra as Latha
Sai Kumar as Sreenivasa Menon
Mahesh as Jayan
K. B. Ganesh Kumar
Kalabhavan Abi
Idavela Babu
Nadirshah
Shankaradi as Pachalam Pappachan
Philomina as Thandamma
Alummoodan as Kasargod Khader Bhai
Babu Antony as Kasim Bhai (Voice Dubbing by Prof. Aliyar)
Mohanraj as Khader Bhai's right hand
Sivaji as Frederik Cherian, Sandhya's brother
Sadiq as Stephen Cherian, Sandhya's brother
Prathapachandran as Cherian, Sandhya's father
Kanakalatha as Latha's mother
Praseetha Menon as Female mimicry artist
Kalabhavan Haneef as mimicry artist
Subair as Police Officer
Soundtrack
Music: Johnson, Lyrics: Bichu Thirumala.
Neelakkurkkan - Jolly Abraham, Krishnachandran, Sujatha Mohan, Johnson, C. O. Anto, Natesh Shankar
External links
Kasargod Khader Bhai at the Malayalam Movie Database
Kasargod Khader Bhai at Cinemaofmalayalam.net
1990s Malayalam-language films
1992 comedy films
1992 films
Indian sequel films
FMimicKader2
Films directed by Thulasidas |
Estádio da Madeira, formerly named Estadio Eng. Rui Alves and informally known as Estádio da Choupana is a football stadium in Funchal, Madeira, Portugal. It is primarily used as the home stadium for C.D. Nacional.
The stadium is currently able to hold 5,200 people and was built as a one-stand 2,500 seat stadium in 2000, when Nacional moved in. Previously they played their home games at the local municipal stadium, the Estádio dos Barreiros. The stadium is located within the Cidade Desportiva do C.D. Nacional (), which also includes training pitches and a youth campus called Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol (), named in honour of Cristiano Ronaldo. The Sport City is located in the north of Funchal, high in the mountains of the Choupana district.
In January 2007, after a period of construction costing €20 million, the stadium was expanded to 5,200 by the opening of another stand. The stadium currently has only two all-seated stands which run the entire length of the pitch. The two ends of the field are occupied by tall fencing. On 1 June 2007 the stadium was renamed to Estádio da Madeira after the club reached an agreement with the local government to promote the region. The name also symbolises the fact that the stadium is the most modern sports venue on the island of Madeira, though not the biggest. That position is held by the municipal stadium, the Estádio dos Barreiros, home to Nacional's rivals Marítimo. Also in 2007, the academy campus was also renamed to Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol.
References
External links
Stadium pictures
Rui Alves
C.D. Nacional
C.F. União
Sport in Madeira
Buildings and structures in Madeira
Funchal
Sports venues completed in 1998 |
Mandani is a town and union council
in Charsadda District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.
References
Union councils of Charsadda District
Populated places in Charsadda District, Pakistan |
Marek Trončinský (13 September 1988 – 22 May 2021) was a Czech professional ice hockey defenceman who played his last games with CS Progym Gheorgheni in the Erste Liga. Before that he was with UK EIHL side Sheffield Steelers. Trončinský also previously represented HC Bílí Tygři Liberec in the Czech Extraliga.
Trončinský previously played for HC Kladno (2005–2010), SK Horácká Slavia Třebíč, HC Slovan Ústečtí Lvi, Khanty-Mansiysk Yugra, HC Slovan Bratislava, Trinec Ocelari HC, Mlada Boleslav BK, Pardubice HC, and Litvinov HC.
References
External links
1988 births
2021 deaths
Czech expatriate ice hockey people
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Slovakia
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Czech expatriate sportspeople in England
Czech expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Czech ice hockey defencemen
HC Bílí Tygři Liberec players
HC Dynamo Pardubice players
HC Slovan Bratislava players
HC Yugra players
Rytíři Kladno players
Sheffield Steelers players
Ice hockey people from Ústí nad Labem
Expatriate ice hockey players in England
Expatriate ice hockey players in Romania |
Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is an American political scientist and diplomat who served as the 10th President of the World Bank, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense, U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia, and dean of Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University. He is currently a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute.
Having proposed a plan to invade Iraq in 2001, Wolfowitz was an early advocate of the Iraq War and has widely been described as an architect of the war. In the aftermath of the insurgency and civil war that followed the invasion, Wolfowitz denied influencing policy on Iraq and disclaimed responsibility. He is a leading neoconservative.
In 2005, he left the Pentagon to serve as president of the World Bank only to resign after two years over a scandal involving allegations he used his position to help World Bank staffer Shaha Riza to whom he was romantically linked. A Reuters report described it as "a protracted battle over his stewardship, prompted by his involvement in a high-paying promotion for his companion". Wolfowitz is the only World Bank president to have resigned over a scandal.
Early life
The second child of Jacob Wolfowitz (b. Warsaw; 1910–1981) and Lillian Dundes, Paul Wolfowitz was born in Brownsville, Brooklyn, New York, into a Polish Jewish immigrant family, and grew up mainly in Ithaca, New York, where his father was a professor of statistical theory at Cornell University. As a student at Cornell, Wolfowitz was profoundly impacted by John Hershey's Hiroshima (1946), leading him to become "a soft-spoken former aspiring-mathematician-turned-policymaker ... [whose] world views ... were forged by family history and in the halls of academia rather than in the jungles of Vietnam or the corridors of Congress ... [His father] ... escaped Poland after World War I. The rest of his father's family perished in the Holocaust."
In the mid-1960s, while they were both undergraduate students at Cornell residing at the Cornell Branch of the Telluride Association, he met Clare Selgin, who later became an anthropologist. They married in 1968, had three children and lived in Chevy Chase, Maryland. They separated in 1999, and, according to some sources, became legally separated in 2001 and divorced in 2002.
In late 1999, Wolfowitz began dating Shaha Riza. Their relationship led to controversy later, during his presidency of the World Bank Group.
Wolfowitz speaks five languages in addition to English: Arabic, French, German, Hebrew, and Indonesian. He was reportedly the model for a minor character named Philip Gorman in Saul Bellow's 2001 book Ravelstein.
Education
Wolfowitz entered Cornell University in 1961. He lived in the Telluride House in 1962 and 1963, while philosophy professor Allan Bloom served as a faculty mentor living in the house. In August 1963, he and his mother participated in the civil-rights march on Washington organized by A. Philip Randolph Wolfowitz was a member of the Quill and Dagger society. Wolfowitz graduated in 1965 with a B.A. in mathematics. Against his father's wishes, Wolfowitz decided to go to graduate school to study political science. Wolfowitz would later say that "one of the things that ultimately led me to leave mathematics and go into political science was thinking I could prevent nuclear war."
In 1972, Wolfowitz received a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago, writing his doctoral dissertation on Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East: The Politics and Economics of Proposals for Nuclear Desalting. At the University of Chicago, Wolfowitz took two courses with Leo Strauss. He completed his dissertation under Albert Wohlstetter. Wohlstetter became Wolfowitz's "mentor". In the words of Wolfowitz's future colleague Richard Perle: "Paul thinks the way Albert thinks." In the summer of 1969, Wohlstetter arranged for Wolfowitz, Perle and Peter Wilson to join the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy which was set up by Cold War architects Paul Nitze and Dean Acheson.
While finishing his dissertation, Wolfowitz taught in the department of political science at Yale University from 1970 to 1972; one of his students was future colleague Scooter Libby.
Career
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
In the 1970s, Wolfowitz and Perle served as aides to proto-neoconservative Democratic Senator Henry M. Jackson. A Cold War liberal, Jackson supported higher military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union alongside more traditional Democratic causes, such as social welfare programs, civil rights, and labor unions.
In 1972, US President Richard Nixon, under pressure from Senator Jackson, dismissed the head of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) and replaced him with Fred Ikle. Ikle brought in a new team that included Wolfowitz. While at ACDA, Wolfowitz wrote research papers and drafted testimony, as he had previously done at the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy. He traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in Paris and other European cities. He also helped dissuade South Korea from reprocessing plutonium that could be diverted into a clandestine weapons program.
Under President Gerald Ford, the American intelligence agencies came under attack over their annually published National Intelligence Estimate. According to Mann, "The underlying issue was whether the C.I.A. and other agencies were underestimating the threat from the Soviet Union, either by intentionally tailoring intelligence to support Kissinger's policy of détente or by simply failing to give enough weight to darker interpretations of Soviet intentions." Attempting to counter these claims, Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush formed a committee of anti-Communist experts, headed by Richard Pipes, to reassess the raw data. Based on the recommendation of Perle, Pipes picked Wolfowitz for this committee, which was later called Team B.
The team's 1976 report, which was leaked to the press, stated that "all the evidence points to an undeviating Soviet commitment to what is euphemistically called the 'worldwide triumph of socialism,' but in fact connotes global Soviet hegemony", highlighting a number of key areas where they believed the government's intelligence analysts had failed. According to Jack Davis, Wolfowitz observed later:
The B-Team demonstrated that it was possible to construct a sharply different view of Soviet motivation from the consensus view of the [intelligence] analysts and one that provided a much closer fit to the Soviets' observed behavior (and also provided a much better forecast of subsequent behavior up to and through the invasion of Afghanistan). The formal presentation of the competing views in a session out at [CIA headquarters in] Langley also made clear that the enormous experience and expertise of the B-Team as a group were formidable.
Team B's conclusions have faced criticism. They have been called "worst-case analysis", ignoring the "political, demographic, and economic rot" already eating away at the Soviet system. Wolfowitz reportedly had a central role in Team B, mostly focused on analyzing the role that medium-range missiles played in Soviet military strategy.
In 1978, Wolfowitz was investigated by the FBI for providing intelligence to an Israeli government official while he was still an employee at ACDA. He was accused of handing over a classified document, via an AIPAC intermediary, which detailed the proposed sale of U.S. weapons to an Arab government. An inquiry was launched, but the probe was later dropped and Wolfowtiz was never charged.
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs
In 1977, during the Carter administration, Wolfowitz moved to the Pentagon. He was US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs for the US Defense Department, under US Secretary of Defense Harold Brown.
In 1980, Wolfowitz resigned from the Pentagon and became a visiting professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University. Shortly thereafter, he joined the Republican Party. According to The Washington Post: "He said it was not he who changed his political philosophy so much as the Democratic Party, which abandoned the hard-headed internationalism of Harry Truman, Kennedy and Jackson."
State Department Director of Policy Planning
Following the 1980 election of President Ronald Reagan, the new National Security Advisor Richard V. Allen formed the administration's foreign policy advisory team. Allen initially rejected Wolfowitz's appointment but following discussions, instigated by former colleague John Lehman, Allen offered Wolfowitz the position of Director of Policy Planning at the Department of State.
President Reagan's foreign policy was heavily influenced by the Kirkpatrick Doctrine, as outlined in a 1979 article in Commentary by Jeane Kirkpatrick entitled "Dictatorships and Double Standards".
Although most governments in the world are, as they always have been, autocracies of one kind or another, no idea holds greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments, anytime, anywhere, under any circumstances ... (But) decades, if not centuries, are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits.
Wolfowitz broke from this official line by denouncing Saddam Hussein of Iraq at a time when Donald Rumsfeld was offering the dictator support in his conflict with Iran. James Mann points out: "quite a few neo-conservatives, like Wolfowitz, believed strongly in democratic ideals; they had taken from the philosopher Leo Strauss the notion that there is a moral duty to oppose a leader who is a 'tyrant. Other areas where Wolfowitz disagreed with the administration was in his opposition to attempts to open up dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and to the sale of Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft to Saudi Arabia. "In both instances," according to Mann, "Wolfowitz demonstrated himself to be one of the strongest supporters of Israel in the Reagan administration."
Mann stresses: "It was on China that Wolfowitz launched his boldest challenge to the established order." After Nixon and Kissinger had gone to China in the early 1970s, US policy was to make concessions to China as an essential Cold War ally. The Chinese were now pushing for the US to end arms sales to Taiwan, and Wolfowitz used the Chinese incentive as an opportunity to undermine Kissinger's foreign policy toward China. Instead, Wolfowitz advocated a unilateralist policy, claiming that the US did not need China's assistance but that the Chinese needed the US to protect them against the far-more-likely prospect of a Soviet invasion of the Chinese mainland. Wolfowitz soon came into conflict with Secretary of State Alexander Haig, who had been Kissinger's assistant at the time of the visits to China. On March 30, 1982, The New York Times predicted that "Paul D. Wolfowitz, the director of policy planning ... will be replaced", because "Mr. Haig found Mr. Wolfowitz too theoretical." Instead, on June 25, 1982, George P. Shultz replaced Haig as US Secretary of State, and Wolfowitz was promoted.
State Department Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs
In 1982, Secretary of State Shultz appointed Wolfowitz as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs.
Jeane Kirkpatrick, on a visit to the Philippines, was welcomed by the dictator Ferdinand Marcos who quoted heavily from her 1979 Commentary article Dictatorships and Double Standards and although Kirkpatrick had been forced to speak-out in favor of democracy the article continued to influence Reagan's policy toward Marcos. Following the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983 many within the Reagan administration including the President himself began to fear that the Philippines could fall to the communists and the US military would lose its strongholds at Clark Air Force Base and Subic Bay Naval Station. Wolfowitz tried to change the administration's policy, stating in an April 15, 1985, article in The Wall Street Journal that "The best antidote to Communism is democracy." Wolfowitz and his assistant Lewis Libby made trips to Manila where they called for democratic reforms and met with non-communist opposition leaders.
Mann points out that "the Reagan administration's decision to support democratic government in the Philippines had been hesitant, messy, crisis-driven and skewed by the desire to do what was necessary to protect the American military installations." Following massive street protests, Marcos fled the country on a US Air Force plane and the US recognized the government of Corazón Aquino.
Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia
From 1986 to 1989, during the military-backed government of President Suharto, Wolfowitz was the US Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia.
According to Peter J. Boyer, Wolfowitz's appointment to Indonesia was not an immediately obvious match. He was a Jew representing America in the largest Muslim republic in the world, an advocate of democracy in Suharto's dictatorship. But Wolfowitz's tenure as Ambassador was a notable success, largely owing to the fact that, in essence, he went native. With tutoring help from his driver, he learned the language, and hurled himself into the culture. He attended academic seminars, climbed volcanoes, and toured the neighborhoods of Jakarta.
Sipress and Nakashima report that "Wolfowitz's colleagues and friends, both Indonesian and American" pointed to the "U.S. envoy's quiet pursuit of political and economic reforms in Indonesia." Dewi Fortuna Anwar, a foreign policy adviser to B. J. Habibie, Suharto's successor as head of state (1998–99), stated "that Wolfowitz was a competent and popular envoy." But "he never intervened to push human rights or stand up to corruption."
Officials involved in the AID program during Wolfowitz's tenure told The Washington Post that he "took a keen personal interest in development, including health care, agriculture and private sector expansion" and that "Wolfowitz canceled food assistance to the Indonesian government out of concern that Suharto's family, which had an ownership interest in the country's only flour mill, was indirectly benefiting."
In "The Tragedy of Suharto", published in May 1998, in The Wall Street Journal, Wolfowitz states:
Although it is fashionable to blame all of Asia's present problems on corruption and the failure of Asian values, it is at bottom a case of a bubble bursting, of too many imprudent lenders chasing too many incautious borrowers. But the greed of Mr. Suharto's children ensured that their father would take the lion's share of the blame for Indonesia's financial collapse. The Suharto children's favored position became a major obstacle to the measures needed to restore economic confidence. Worst of all, they ensured that the economic crisis would be a political crisis as well. That he allowed this, and that he amassed such wealth himself, is all the more mysterious since he lived a relatively modest life.
After the 2002 Bali bombing, on October 18, 2002, then Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz observed that "the reason the terrorists are successful in Indonesia is because the Suharto regime fell and the methods that were used to suppress them are gone."
Undersecretary of Defense for Policy
From 1989 to 1993, Wolfowitz served in the administration of George H. W. Bush as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, under then US Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney. During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, Wolfowitz's team co-ordinated and reviewed military strategy, raising $50 billion in allied financial support for the operation. Wolfowitz was present with Cheney, Colin Powell and others, on February 27, 1991, at the meeting with the President where it was decided that the troops should be demobilised.
On February 25, 1998, Wolfowitz testified before a congressional committee that he thought that "the best opportunity to overthrow Saddam was, unfortunately, lost in the month right after the war." Wolfowitz added that he was horrified in March as "Saddam Hussein flew helicopters that slaughtered the people in the south and in the north who were rising up against him, while American fighter pilots flew overhead, desperately eager to shoot down those helicopters, and not allowed to do so." During that hearing, he also stated: "Some people might say—and I think I would sympathise with this view—that perhaps if we had delayed the ceasefire by a few more days, we might have got rid of Saddam Hussein."
After the 1991 Persian Gulf War, Wolfowitz and his then-assistant Scooter Libby wrote the "Defense Planning Guidance of 1992", which came to be known as the Wolfowitz Doctrine, to "set the nation's direction for the next century." As military strategist Andrew Bacevich described the doctrine:
Before this classified document was fully vetted by the White House, it was leaked to The New York Times, which made it front-page news. The draft DPG announced that it had become the "first objective" of U.S. policy "to prevent the re-emergence of a new rival." With an eye toward "deterring potential competitors from even aspiring to a larger regional or global role," the United States would maintain unquestioned military superiority and, if necessary, employ force unilaterally. As window dressing, allies might be nice, but the United States no longer considered them necessary.
At that time the official administration line was "containment", and the contents of Wolfowitz's plan calling for "preemption" and "unilateralism" which was opposed by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell and President Bush. Defense Secretary Cheney produced a revised plan released in 1992. Many of the ideas in the Wolfowitz Doctrine later became part of the Bush Doctrine. He left the government after the 1992 election.
Johns Hopkins University
From 1994 to 2001, Wolfowitz served as Professor of International Relations and Dean of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University. He was instrumental in adding more than $75 million to the university's endowment, developing an international finance concentration as part of the curriculum, and combining the various Asian studies programs into one department. He also advised Bob Dole on foreign policy during his 1996 US Presidential election campaign, which was managed by Donald Rumsfeld.
According to Kampfner, "Wolfowitz used his perch at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies as a test-bed for a new conservative world vision." Wolfowitz was associated with the Project for the New American Century (PNAC); he signed both the PNAC's June 3, 1997 "Statement of Principles", and its January 26, 1998, open letter to President Bill Clinton.
In February 1998, Wolfowitz testified before a Congressional hearing, stating that the current administration lacked the sense of purpose to "liberate ourselves, our friends and allies in the region, and the Iraqi people themselves from the menace of Saddam Hussein."
In September 2000, the PNAC produced a 90-page report entitled Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategies, Forces and Resources for a New Century, advocating the redeployment of US troops in permanent bases in strategic locations throughout the world where they can be ready to act to protect US interests abroad. During the 2000 US Presidential election campaign, Wolfowitz served as a foreign policy advisor to George W. Bush as part of the group led by Condoleezza Rice calling itself The Vulcans.
Deputy Secretary of Defense
From 2001 to 2005, during the George W. Bush administration, Wolfowitz served as U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense reporting to U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld.
The September 11 attacks in 2001 was a turning point in administration policy, as Wolfowitz later explained: "9/11 really was a wake up call and that if we take proper advantage of this opportunity to prevent the future terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction that it will have been an extremely valuable wake up call," adding: "if we say our only problem was to respond to 9/11, and we wait until somebody hits us with nuclear weapons before we take that kind of threat seriously, we will have made a very big mistake."
In the first emergency meeting of the National Security Council on the day of the attacks, Rumsfeld asked, "Why shouldn't we go against Iraq, not just al-Qaeda?" with Wolfowitz adding that Iraq was a "brittle, oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable," and, according to John Kampfner, "from that moment on, he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case." The idea was initially rejected, at the behest of Secretary of State Colin Powell, but, according to Kampfner, "Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam. Powell was excluded." In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed the Bush Doctrine, centering on "pre-emption" and the war on Iraq, which the PNAC had advocated in their earlier letters.
After the September 11 attacks, the US invaded Afghanistan to fight Al-Qaeda, which had orchestrated the attack. The invasion of Afghanistan began on October 7, 2001. On October 10, 2001, George Robertson, then Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, went to the Pentagon to offer NATO troops, planes and ships to assist. Wolfowitz rebuffed the offer, saying: "We can do everything we need to." Wolfowitz later announced publicly, according to Kampfner, "that 'allies, coalitions and diplomacy' were of little immediate concern."
Ten months later, on January 15, 2003, with hostilities still continuing, Wolfowitz made a fifteen-hour visit to the Afghan capital, Kabul, and met with the new president Hamid Karzai. Wolfowitz stated, "We're clearly moving into a different phase, where our priority in Afghanistan is increasingly going to be stability and reconstruction. There's no way to go too fast. Faster is better." Despite the promises, according to Hersh, "little effort to provide the military and economic resources" necessary for reconstruction was made. This criticism would also re-occur after the 2003 invasion of Iraq later that year.
On April 16, 2002, the National Solidarity Rally for Israel was called in Washington to promote US support and collaboration with Israel. Wolfowitz was the sole representative of the Bush administration to attend, speaking alongside Former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani. As reported by the BBC, Wolfowitz told the crowd that US President George W. Bush "wants you to know that he stands in solidarity with you". Sharon Samber and Matthew E. Berger reported for Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) that Wolfowitz continued by saying that "Innocent Palestinians are suffering and dying as well. It is critical that we recognize and acknowledge that fact," before being booed and drowned out by chants of "No more Arafat."
Following the invasion of Afghanistan the Bush administration had started to plan for the next stage of the War on Terror. According to John Kampfner, "Emboldened by their experience in Afghanistan, they saw the opportunity to root out hostile regimes in the Middle East and to implant very American interpretations of democracy and free markets, from Iraq to Iran and Saudi Arabia. Wolfowitz epitomised this view." Wolfowitz "saw a liberated Iraq as both paradigm and linchpin for future interventions." The 2003 invasion of Iraq began on March 19.
Prior to the invasion, Wolfowitz actively championed it, as he later stated: "For reasons that have a lot to do with the U.S. government bureaucracy we settled on the one issue that everyone could agree on which was weapons of mass destruction as the core reason"
The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack would fall to the intelligence services, but, according to Kampfner, "Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that, while the established security services had a role, they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking." As a result, "they set up what came to be known as the 'cabal', a cell of eight or nine analysts in a new Office of Special Plans (OSP) based in the U.S. Defense Department." According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh, the OSP "was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, believed to be true—that Saddam Hussein had close ties to Al Qaeda, and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical, biological, and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and, potentially, the United States."
Within months of being set up, the OSP "rivaled both the CIA and the Pentagon's Defense Intelligence Agency, the DIA, as President Bush's main source of intelligence regarding Iraq's possible possession of weapons of mass destruction and connection with Al Qaeda." Hersh explains that the OSP "relied on data gathered by other intelligence agencies and also on information provided by the Iraqi National Congress, or I.N.C., the exile group headed by Ahmad Chalabi." According to Kampfner, the CIA had ended its funding of the INC "in the mid-1990s when doubts were cast about Chalabi's reliability." Nevertheless, "as the administration geared up for conflict with Saddam, Chalabi was welcomed in the inner sanctum of the Pentagon" under the auspices of the OSP, and "Wolfowitz did not see fit to challenge any of Chalabi's information." The actions of the OSP have led to accusation of the Bush administration "fixing intelligence to support policy" with the aim of influencing Congress in its use of the War Powers Act.
Kampfner outlined Wolfowitz's strategy for the 2003 invasion of Iraq, which "envisaged the use of air support and the occupation of southern Iraq with ground troops, to install a new government run by Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress." Wolfowitz believed that the operation would require minimal troop deployment, Hersh explains, because "any show of force would immediately trigger a revolt against Saddam within Iraq, and that it would quickly expand." The financial expenditure would be kept low, Kampfner observes, if "under the plan American troops would seize the oil fields around Basra, in the South, and sell the oil to finance the opposition."
On March 27, 2003, Wolfowitz told the House Appropriations Committee that oil revenue earned by Iraq alone would pay for Iraq's reconstruction after the Iraq war; he testified his "rough recollection" was: "The oil revenues of that country could bring between $50 and $100 billion over the course of the next two or three years. Now, there are a lot of claims on that money, but ... We are dealing with a country that can really finance its own reconstruction and relatively soon." By October of that year, "Lawrence Di Rita, the Pentagon's chief spokesman, said 'prewar estimates that may be borne out in fact are likelier to be more lucky than smart.' [He] added that earlier estimates and statements by Mr. Wolfowitz and others 'oozed with uncertainty.'" Di Rita's comments came as a much less optimistic secret Pentagon study—which had been complete at the time of Wolfowitz's testimony—was coming to public light, and when actual production results in Iraq were coinciding with those projected in the less optimistic Pentagon study.
During Wolfowitz's pre-war testimony before Congress, he dismissed General Eric K. Shinseki's estimates of the size of the post war occupation force which would be needed. General Shinseki testified to the US Senate Armed Services Committee on February 25, 2003, that "something in the order of several hundred thousand soldiers" would probably be required for postwar Iraq. By contrast, Wolfowitz estimated that fewer than 100,000 troops would be necessary in Iraq. Two days after Shinseki testified, Wolfowitz said to the House Budget Committee on February 27, 2003:There has been a good deal of comment—some of it quite outlandish—about what our postwar requirements might be in Iraq. Some of the higher end predictions we have been hearing recently, such as the notion that it will take several hundred thousand U.S. troops to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq, are wildly off the mark. It is hard to conceive that it would take more forces to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq than it would take to conduct the war itself and to secure the surrender of Saddam's security forces and his army—hard to imagine.
On October 26, 2003, while in Baghdad staying at the Al-Rashid Hotel Wolfowitz narrowly escaped an attack when six rockets hit the floors below his room. Army Lt. Col. Charles H. Buehring was killed and seventeen other soldiers were wounded. Wolfowitz and his DOD staffers escaped unharmed and returned to the United States on October 28, 2003.
President of the World Bank
In March 2005, Wolfowitz was nominated to be president of the World Bank by US President George W. Bush. Criticism of his nomination appeared in the media. Nobel Laureate in Economics and former chief economist for the World Bank Joseph Stiglitz said: "'The World Bank will once again become a hate figure. This could bring street protests and violence across the developing world.'" In a speech at the U.N. Economic and Social Council, economist Jeffrey Sachs also opposed Wolfowitz: "It's time for other candidates to come forward that have experience in development. This is a position on which hundreds of millions of people depend for their lives ... Let's have a proper leadership of professionalism."
In the US, there was some praise for the nomination. An editorial in The Wall Street Journal stated: Mr. Wolfowitz is willing to speak the truth to power ... he saw earlier than most, and spoke publicly about, the need for dictators to plan democratic transitions. It is the world's dictators who are the chief causes of world poverty. If anyone can stand up to the Robert Mugabes of the world, it must be the man who stood up to Saddam Hussein.He was confirmed and became president on June 1, 2005. He soon attended the 31st G8 summit to discuss issues of global climate change and the economic development in Africa. When this meeting was interrupted by the July 7, 2005 London bombings, Wolfowitz was present with other world leaders at the press conference given by British Prime Minister Tony Blair.
Several of Wolfowitz's initial appointments at the Bank proved controversial, including two US nationals (Robin Cleveland and Kevin Kellems) formerly with the Bush administration, whom he appointed as close advisors with $250,000 tax-free contracts. Another appointee, Juan José Daboub, faced criticism, including from his colleagues, for attempting to bring policies on climate change and family planning towards a more conservative position.
Wolfowitz gave special emphasis to two particular issues. Identifying Sub-Saharan Africa as the region most challenged to improve living standards, he traveled widely in the region. He also made clear his focus on fighting corruption. Several aspects of the latter program raised controversy. Overturning the names produced by a formal search process, he appointed a figure linked to the US Republican party to head the Bank's internal watchdog. Member countries worried that Wolfowitz's willingness to suspend lending to countries on grounds of corruption was vulnerable to selective application in line with US foreign policy interests. In a debate on the proposed Governance and Anti-Corruption Strategy at the Bank's 2006 Annual Meetings, shareholders directed Wolfowitz to undertake extensive consultations and revise the strategy to show how objective measures of corruption would be incorporated into decisions and how the shareholders' representatives on the Bank's Board would play a key role. Following the consultations and revisions, the Board approved a revised strategy in spring 2007.
Controversies
Wolfowitz's relationship with Shaha Riza
After President George W. Bush nominated Wolfowitz as president of the World Bank, journalists reported that Wolfowitz was involved in a relationship with World Bank Senior Communications Officer (and Acting Manager of External Affairs) for the Middle East and North Africa Regional Office Shaha Ali Riza. According to Richard Leiby, of The Washington Post, Riza is "an Oxford-educated British citizen, was born in Tunisia and grew up in Saudi Arabia. She is known for her expertise on women's rights and has been listed on the bank's Web site as a media contact for Iraq reconstruction issues." According to Leiby and Linton Weeks, in their essay "In the Shadow of a Scandal", Riza's employment at the World Bank predated Wolfowitz's nomination as Bank president: "Riza started at the World Bank as a consultant in July 1997 and became a full-time employee in 1999"; and the relationship between Riza and Wolfowitz pre-dated it as well: In the early 1990s, Riza joined the National Endowment for Democracy and is credited there with development of the organization's Middle East program. Wolfowitz was on the endowment's board—which is how Riza first met him, according to Turkish journalist Cengiz Candar, a friend of the couple. "Shaha was married at the time and Paul was married," Candar recalled, and it wasn't until late 1999—after Riza divorced and Wolfowitz had separated from his wife of 30 years, Clare Selgin Wolfowitz—that the couple began dating."
When Wolfowitz was considered for head of the CIA after the 2000 election, Clare Wolfowitz wrote President-elect George Bush a letter telling him that her husband's relationship with a foreign national—Riza—posed a national security risk. It has been reported that Scooter Libby intercepted the letter. Sidney Blumenthal also reported on the letter Clare Wolfowitz wrote:
This embittered letter remained a closely guarded secret, although a former high official of the CIA told me about it. Chris Nelson also reported it on April 16 in his widely respected, nonpartisan foreign policy newsletter: "A certain Ms. Riza was even then Wolfowitz's true love. The problem for the CIA wasn't just that she was a foreign national, although that was and is today an issue for anyone interested in CIA employment. The problem was that Wolfowitz was married to someone else, and that someone was really angry about it, and she found a way to bring her complaint directly to the President. So when we, with our characteristic innocence, put Wolfowitz on our short-list for CIA, we were instantly told, by a very, very, very senior Republican foreign policy operative, 'I don't think so.' " The Daily Mail of London also reported on his wife's letter when Wolfowitz was appointed president of the World Bank in 2005.
According to the London Sunday Times on March 20, 2005, despite their cultural differences:Riza, an Arab feminist who confounds portrayals of Wolfowitz as a leader of a "Zionist conspiracy" of Jewish neoconservatives in Washington ... [and who] works as the bank's senior gender co-ordinator for the Middle East and North Africa ... not only shares Wolfowitz's passion for spreading democracy in the Arab world, but is said to have reinforced his determination to remove Saddam Hussein's oppressive regime.The relationship created further controversy over Wolfowitz's nomination to head the World Bank, because the bank's ethics rules preclude sexual relationships between a manager and a staff member serving under that manager, even if one reports to the other only indirectly through a chain of supervision.
Wolfowitz initially proposed to the World Bank's Ethics Committee that he recuse himself from personnel matters regarding Riza, but the committee rejected that proposal. Riza was "seconded to the State Department", or placed on "external assignment", assigned "a job at the state department under Liz Cheney, the daughter of the vice-president, promoting democracy in the Middle East". She "was also moved up to a managerial pay grade in compensation for the disruption to her career", resulting in a raise of over $60,000, as well as guarantees of future increases; "The staff association claims that the pay rise was more than double the amount allowed under employee guidelines." A promotion and raise had been among the options suggested by a World Bank ethics committee that was set up to advise on the situation. According to Steven R. Weisman, however, in a report published in The New York Times, the then-current chair of the committee emphasized that he was not informed at the time of the details or extent of the present and future raises built into the agreement with Riza. Wolfowitz referred to the controversy concerning his relationship with Riza in a statement posted on the website of the World Bank at the time (April 12, 2007).
The affair resurfaced in headlines in 2011.
Wolfowitz's leadership of the World Bank Group
In early 2007, Fox News published on a series of investigative stories on the World Bank, based in part on leaks of internal bank documents. On April 11, 2007, Reuters and Al Kamen in The Washington Post, reported that Wolfowitz and the World Bank board had hired the Williams & Connolly law firm to oversee an investigation into the leaking of internal bank documents to Fox News. Those reports cite an internal memo to the bank staff later posted on the internet, dated April 9, 2007, in which the World Bank's general counsel, Ana Palacio, states that the Bank's legal staff was scrutinizing two articles by investigative reporter Richard Behar published on the website of Fox News on January 31 and March 27, 2007. A day after the second report published by Behar, on March 28, 2007, Kamen had disclosed that "Bank records obtained by the Government Accountability Project" documented pay raises in excess of Bank policies given to Shaha Riza.
On April 12, 2007, the London Financial Times reported that, in a 2005 memorandum, Wolfowitz had personally directed the Bank's human resources chief to offer Riza a large pay rise and promotion, according to two anonymous sources who told the Financial Times that they had seen the memo. The memo was part of a package of 102 pages of documents released by the bank on April 14, 2007.
On April 14, 2007, after reviewing these documents, the Financial Times concluded that it was "a potentially fatal blow" to Wolfowitz. In contrast, Fox News concluded that the new documents might offer Wolfowitz a "new lifeline" in the scandal, because the Bank's ethics committee had launched a review of the Riza compensation case in early 2006 and concluded that it did not warrant any further attention by the committee.
Wolfowitz failed, on April 19, 2007, to attend a high-profile meeting and the controversy led to disruption at the World Bank when some employees wore blue ribbons "in a display of defiance against his leadership."
World Bank Group's board of executive directors and staffers complained also that Wolfowitz was imposing Bush Administration policies to eliminate family planning from World Bank programs. According to Nicole Gaouette, in her report published in the Los Angeles Times on April 19, 2007, Juan José Daboub—the managing director whom Wolfowitz had appointed who has also been criticized for overly-conservative policies concerning climate change and "a Roman Catholic with ties to a conservative Salvadoran political party"—repeatedly deleted references to family planning from World Bank proposals.
On May 14, 2007, the World Bank committee investigating the alleged ethics violations reported (in part):
"Mr. Wolfowitz's contract requiring that he adhere to the Code of Conduct for board officials and that he avoid any conflict of interest, real or apparent, were violated";
"The salary increase Ms. Riza received at Mr. Wolfowitz's direction was in excess of the range established by Rule 6.01";
"The ad hoc group concludes that in actuality, Mr Wolfowitz from the outset cast himself in opposition to the established rules of the institution"; and
"He did not accept the bank's policy on conflict of interest, so he sought to negotiate for himself a resolution different from that which would have applied to the staff he was selected to head."
Wolfowitz appeared before the World Bank Group's board of executive directors to respond on May 15. Adams speculated that "With Mr Wolfowitz so far refusing to step down, the board may need to take radical action to break the stalemate. Members have discussed a range of options, including sacking Mr Wolfowitz, issuing a vote of no confidence or reprimanding him. Some board members argue that a vote of no confidence would make it impossible for him to stay in the job." By Wednesday, May 16, 2007, The New York Times, reported that "after six weeks of fighting efforts to oust him as president ... Wolfowitz began today to negotiate the terms of his possible resignation, in return for the bank dropping or softening the charge that he had engaged in misconduct ..." After expressions from the Bush administration that it "fully" supported Wolfowitz as World Bank president and its urging a "fair hearing" for him, President Bush expressed "regret" at Wolfowitz's impending resignation.
On May 17, 2007, the World Bank Group's board of Executive Directors announced that Paul Wolfowitz would resign as World Bank Group president at the end of June 2007.
Recent activities
As a visiting scholar of the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Wolfowitz has blogged for the group and appeared in group events. In 2011, he wrote columns that appeared in publications such as The Independent, The Sunday Times, and Newsweek.
Wolfowitz is a former steering committee member of the Bilderberg group.
In February 2013, Wolfowitz publicly supported legal recognition for same-sex marriage in an amicus brief submitted to the US Supreme Court.
In February 2015, Wolfowitz advised presidential candidate Jeb Bush.
In August 2016, Wolfowitz announced his intention to vote for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election, despite having "serious reservations about her." However, in a December interview on Fox Business, Wolfowitz claimed that he did not in fact vote for Clinton.
In January 2017, Wolfowitz wrote an op-ed in The New York Times commenting on a "dissent cable" that had been signed by 1,000 Foreign Service Officers criticizing President Trump's executive action on immigration.
In February 2023, Wolfowitz was awarded Order of Brilliant Star with Grand Cordon by President of the Republic of China Tsai Ing-wen.
See also
Joint Vision 2020
Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP)
World Bank Group
Notes
Further reading
Bazbauers, Adrian Robert. "The wolfensohn, wolfowitz, and zoellick presidencies: Revitalising the neoliberal agenda of the world bank." Forum for Development Studies 41#1 (2014) pp. 91–114..
Davis, Jack. "Paul Wolfowitz on Intelligence Policy-Relations" (CIA Center For The Study Of Intelligence, 1996) online
Hanlon, Joseph. "Wolfowitz, the World Bank, and illegitimate lending." Brown Journal of World Affairs 13.2 (2007): 41-54 online.
Immerman, Richard H. Empire for Liberty: A History of American Imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz (2010) pp. 196–231 excerpt and text search
Meyer, Karl E. and Shareen Blair Brysac. Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East (2009) pp 381–410.
Milne, David. "Paul Wolfowitz and the promise of American power, 1969–2001." on American foreign policy (Manchester University Press, 2017) pp. 159-192.
Milne, David. "Intellectualism in US diplomacy: Paul Wolfowitz and his predecessors." International Journal 62.3 (2007): 667-680.
Rich, Bruce. "The Brief, Broken Presidency of Paul Wolfowitz." in Foreclosing the Future: The World Bank and the Politics of Environmental Destruction (2013) pp: 114-137.
Solomon, Lewis D. Paul D. Wolfowitz: Visionary intellectual, policymaker, and strategist (Greenwood, 2007), aq standard scholarly biography.
Wolfowitz, Paul D. "Clinton's first year." Foreign Affairs (1994) 73#1: 28-43. online
External links
Paul Wolfowitz at the American Enterprise Institute's website
Official biographical accounts
"Biography: Paul Wolfowitz: President, The World Bank Group", at web.worldbank.org (World Bank Group). Accessed May 4, 2007.
"Paul Wolfowitz – Department of Defense, Deputy Secretary of Defense". Search result in obsolete directory of "The President and His Leadership Team". Accessed May 4, 2007.
– Archived biography at the United States Department of Defense. Last updated: March 16, 2005. Accessed May 2, 2007.
Wolfowitz, Paul."Statement by Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank Group WB/IMF Spring Meetings 2007". Online posting. World Bank Group, Worldbank.org, April 12, 2007. Accessed May 1, 2007. (Video and audio links.)
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1943 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to Indonesia
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American political scientists
American Zionists
Businesspeople from New York City
Cornell University alumni
Directors of Policy Planning
George W. Bush administration personnel
Jewish American bankers
Jewish American government officials
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
New York (state) Republicans
People from Brooklyn
Politicians from Ithaca, New York
Presidents of the World Bank Group
Reagan administration personnel
United States Under Secretaries of Defense for Policy
University of Chicago alumni
Assistant Secretaries of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs
Neoconservatism
Ithaca High School (Ithaca, New York) alumni
American Jews
Recipients of the Order of Brilliant Star |
Chuchery () is a rural locality (a village) in Pokrovskoye Rural Settlement, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 56 as of 2002.
Geography
Chuchery is located 25 km southeast of Veliky Ustyug (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novoselovo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Velikoustyugsky District |
The Anderson Bank Building is a historic bank building located at Anderson, Indiana in the United States. It was built for the Anderson Banking Company in 1927. The bank building is located at 931 Meridan Street. The Anderson Banking Company began business on January 30, 1890. It was the only bank in Anderson to survive the Great Depression without closing. In 1985, the bank was acquired by Merchants National Corporation of Indianapolis. In 1991 Merchants National Corporation was acquired by National City Bank. National City Bank still operates a branch in the Anderson Bank Building.
The art deco details at the exterior street level and in the main banking lobby have been somewhat obliterated due to water damage. The building's main architectural interest lies in the still existent art deco detailing in the building's elevator lobby and upper floors.
References
Sources
Anderson: A Pictorial History by Esther Dittlinger, copyright 1991, pages 160,161.
Bank buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Commercial buildings completed in 1928
Art Deco architecture in Indiana
1928 establishments in Indiana
Buildings and structures in Anderson, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Madison County, Indiana
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Indiana |
Jack Hayes may refer to:
Jack Hayes (composer) (1919–2011), American composer and orchestrator
Jack Hayes (politician) (1887–1941), British police officer, trade unionist and politician
Jack Hayes (footballer, born 1907) (1907–1971), Australian rules footballer for Footscray
Jack Hayes (footballer, born 1996), Australian rules footballer for St Kilda
Jack Hayes (field hockey) (born 1994), Australian field hockey player |
Lamfalussy may refer to:
Baron Alexandre Lamfalussy (1929-2015), a European economist and central banker.
Lamfalussy process, an approach to the development of financial service industry regulations used by the European Union. |
James Douglas Lind (born February 19, 1985) is a Canadian curler and coach. He led three different Japanese curling club teams at Olympic Games in 2014 Sochi and in 2018 PyeongChang as the national coach, and brought five bronze medals to Japanese women's team in 2018.
Career
As a player
Lind started his career as a curler at junior teams.
He is the runner up skip position at Twin Anchors Houseboats Vacations / Prestige Inn Classic in 2004.
He is the winner of 2011 World Financial Group Classic as the third position of Team Virtue.
In 2012, he got silver medals
at Boston Pizza Cup as the third of Team Virtue
and
at HDF Insurance Shoot-Out as the third of Team Thomas.
As a coach
He started the career as a coach for Team Thomas at Canadian Junior Curling Championships in 2007.
From 2013 to 2016, he worked as the head coach of three years course; Hokkaido Women's Curling Academy in Sapporo.
Since 2013, he has been working as the national coach for the .
At the games of curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament,
he led Japanese women's team , in Sapporo City, Hokkaido Island,
which resulted 4th in round robin standing.
At the games of curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament,
he led Japanese women's team , in Tokoro Town, Kitami City, Hokkaido Island
to bronze medal.
He also coached Japanese men's team , in Karuizawa Town, Nagano Prefecture
at the games of curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament, which resulted 8th final standing.
Personal life
Lind is married and has one son. He is an inductee to the Southern Alberta Curling Hall of Fame.
References
External links
Curling Coach Profile: J. D. Lind - 2018 Winter Olympics
Twitter: J.D. Lind - Coaching curling in Japan
Instagram: J.D. Lind - National Coach for the Japanese Curling Association
Japan Curling Association (in Japanese)
Hokkaido Bank Fortius in Sapporo, Hokkaido (in Japanese, 2014 Olympians coached by J. D. Lind)
Loco Solare; Tokoro Curling Team in Kitami, Hokkaido (in Japanese, 2018 bronze medal Olympians coached by J. D. Lind)
Sports Community Karuizawa Club in Karuizawa, Nagano (in Japanese, 2018 Olympians coached by J. D. Lind)
Canadian male curlers
Curlers from Calgary
Living people
1985 births
Canadian curling coaches |
John Lambie Black (23 December 1879 – 29 July 1963) was a Scottish professional golfer.
Black finished in a tie for second place with Bobby Jones in the 1922 U.S. Open, a stroke behind Gene Sarazen. Just over two weeks later, on 31 July, Black was involved in an automobile accident that nearly took his life.
His younger brother Davie was also a professional golfer.
Professional wins (4)
Note: This list may be incomplete.
1919 California State Open
1920 California State Open, Northern California Open
1930 Northern California PGA Championship
Results in major championships
Note: Black only played in the U.S. Open.
WD = Withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place
References
Scottish male golfers
Golfers from Troon
1879 births
1963 deaths |
Henry Kent may refer to:
Henry Kent (footballer) (1879–1948), English footballer and manager
Henry Watson Kent (1866–1948), American librarian and museum administrator
Henry Kent (inventor), Canadian inventor after whom asteroid 254422 Henrykent is named
See also
Harry Kent (disambiguation) |
Six ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Oberon, after the fairy king Oberon from William Shakespeare's play, A Midsummer Night's Dream:
was a 16-gun brig-sloop launched in 1805 and broken up in 1816.
was an iron paddle sloop launched in 1847, used as a gunnery target after 1870, sunk in 1874 during experiments with naval mines, raised in 1875 and sold in 1880. In 1870 she was used for underwater firings of Whitehead torpedoes.
HMS Oberon was a coastguard vessel, previously the civilian Lady Ailne. She was launched in 1884, purchased in 1888, and renamed Oberon. She was renamed Hawk later that year, and then Undine in 1904. She was sold in 1906.
was an launched in 1916 and sold for scrap in 1921.
was an launched in 1926 and broken up in 1945.
was the lead ship of her class of submarines, launched in 1959, sold in 1987 and broken up in 1991.
Royal Navy ship names |
is Japanese idol group AKB48's fifth single, and the third major single released through DefSTAR Records, on April 18, 2007. The title track was sung with 16 members, 14 of whom appeared on the previous single, "Seifuku ga Jama o Suru".
Promotion
The theme of "Keibetsu Shiteita Aijō" is school bullying, which results in suicide by jumping off the school roof. The music video, which is directed by Eiki Takahashi and launched on the SMEJ-owned Music On! TV, starts with following subtitle;
The video clip has flash insertion of insidious email messages like , , , .
The sales copy on TV commercial was , a comment made by Tomomi Kasai, although Yuko Oshima was the one who played a key role on its video clip.
Even the background design of CD jacket was like a newspaper article reporting suicide caused by school bullying.
Each CD also includes 2 DVDs, one is video clip and the other is "Making of "Keibetsu Shiteita Aijō", as well as following premiums.
Original Trading Cards (one of 3 different designs)
A flyer for premium lucky draw application
Reception
The single charted 4 weeks in the top 200 with the highest rank at #8, a week and a rank less than their previous single, "Seifuku ga Jama o Suru". "Keibetsu Shiteita Aijō" sold 22,671 copies.
Personnel
Center: Minami Takahashi
Team A - Tomomi Itano, Haruna Kojima, Atsuko Maeda, Minami Minegishi, Rina Nakanishi, Mai Oshima, Mariko Shinoda, Minami Takahashi,
Team K - Sayaka Akimoto, Tomomi Kasai, Kana Kobayashi, Yuka Masuda, Sae Miyazawa, Erena Ono, Yuko Oshima, Natsuki Sato, Ayaka Umeda
Track listing
Charts
Reported sales
References
External links
(Sony Music Shop)
AKB48 songs
2007 singles
Songs with lyrics by Yasushi Akimoto
Songs about bullying
Songs about suicide
Defstar Records singles |
The Lane Dragons football program of Jackson, Tennessee competes in Division II of the NCAA as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. They are led by head coach Vyron Brown, a former Grambling State University player and offensive coordinator.
Former Lane defensive tackle Ernest Bonwell was drafted in 1971 in the 11th round by the Dallas Cowboys.
Former Lane defensive back/wide receiver Daryl Hart was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the second round of the 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft. He became a two-year player in 1984-85 for the Oakland Invaders of the United States Football League (USFL). He also played Arena League professional football with the Chicago Bruisers and the Orlando Predators, culminating his career in 1991. For his Arena League career he caught 32 passes for 408 and 8 touchdowns on offense, and had 109 tackles and 7 interceptions on defense.
Former Lane wide receiver/kick returner Jacoby Jones became the first NFL player in history to score a receiving touchdown and a return touchdown in a Super Bowl, as a member of the Baltimore Ravens. He played a total of 9 years in the NFL for the Houston Texans, Baltimore Ravens, San Diego Chargers and the Pittsburgh Steelers. Jones ended his NFL career with 203 receptions for 2733 yards and 14 touchdowns.
Former Lane running back Fred Lane played three years (1997–99) for the Carolina Panthers. He rushed for 2001 yards and 14 touchdowns for the Panthers.
Former Lane running back Jason Brookins rushed for 551 yards and 5 touchdowns in 2001 for the Baltimore Ravens.
Former Lane defensive tackle Ron Smith played one season in 2002 for the Cincinnati Bengals.
Former Lane wide receiver Edward Williams played briefly with the Tennessee Titans, Baltimore Ravens and Cleveland Browns from 2008-09.
History
Founded in 1882 by the Colored Methodist Episcopal (C.M.E.) Church in America as the “C.M.E. High School”, Lane College was named after Methodist Bishop Isaac Lane, a co-founder of the school. Lane College's primary purpose was to educate newly freed slaves.
Lane's campus is about 25 acres, just northeast of downtown Jackson, Tennessee. Along with Lane, Jackson is also home to Union University and Lambuth University.
Lane's football stadium is Rothrock Stadium, also referred to as "Lane Field." It was built in the 1930s and served as the home stadium of Union University until Union discontinued football in the 1950s. Rothrock/"Lane Field" seats 3,500 people, and the Jackson Sun newspaper has called for Lane College and the city of Jackson to step up and build a new stadium.
A United States warship, the SS Lane Victory, was named after Lane College. The ship is now a museum ship in San Pedro, California.
1947 team
The 1947 Lane Dragons football team ended the season as the 18th-ranked black college football team, according to the Pittsburgh Courier and the Dickinson Rating System. For the year, the 1947 team outscored its opponents 194 to 87.
Under 11th-year head coach Edward Clemons, the Dragons carved out a 6–4 regular season, with a 26–0 victory over and a one-point loss to South Carolina State on October 11 in Orangeburg, South Carolina. Led by Wild Bill Battles at quarterback, team captain Alex Moore at tackle, Country Reeves at center, and William Green at fullback, the Dragons were invited to play against Bethune–Cookman in the 1947 Flower Bowl in Jacksonville, Florida. Bethune–Cookman was coached by the legendary Bunky Matthews.
The high-powered Dragon offense outgained the Bethune–Cookman Wildcats 157 yards to 77, but Lane lost the game. Trailing 6-0, Lane drove 81 yards downfield, only to turn the ball over on downs at the Bethune–Cookman 9-yard line.
1982 team
"Led by head coach, Neal McCall, the 1982 football team earned the school's only Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference championship (Division III). The Dragons finished the season with a 6-2-1 record including wins over Miles College, Fisk University, Baptist University, and others. Earned a tie with the University of Arkansas-Pine Bluff."
References
External links |
is a rural district located just east of Nagoya in central western Aichi Prefecture, Japan.
As of October 1, 2019, the district had an estimated population of 44,109 with a density of 2,446 persons per km2. Its total area was 18.03 km2.
Municipalities
The district consists of one town:
Tōgō
Notes
History
Aichi District was one of the ancient subdivisions of Owari Province, and its name (under a variety of spellings) appears in Nara period records and artifacts recovered from the ruins of Heijō-kyō Palace. It was occasionally referred to as , although the present name appears to have become standard after the middle of the Edo period. During the Sengoku period, this area was the stronghold of the Oda clan and was the birthplace of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. After the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate, it came under the control of Owari Domain.
District Timeline
Following the Meiji Restoration, in 1871, former Owari Domain was renamed Nagoya Prefecture. However, for reasons still unclear, the name was changed to Aichi Prefecture. With the formal establishment of the municipality system on October 1, 1887, the modern Aichi District was established, with two towns (Atsuta and Narumi) and 46 villages. Yobitsugi was raised to town status on July 12, 1897, followed by Chikusa on February 13, 1902, and Aichi on December 10, 1904. In a major cadastral reorganization in 1906–1907, the number of remaining villages was reduced from 41 to 16, and the town of Atsuta was annexed by the city of Nagoya. The town of Shimonoisshiki was created on July 6, 1917. In another cadastral reform in 1921, the number of villages was reduced from 16 to 7, with the towns of Aichi and Yobitsugi annexed by Nagoya. The city of Nagoya further annexed Shimonoisshiki in March 1937, leaving the district with one town and 7 villages at the eve of World War II.
On February 11, 1955, the village of Hanyama merged into the city of Seto. Later that year, on April 5, 1955, the village of Chotaka merged into Chikusa-ku, Nagoya. The village of Tempaku (later Tempaku-ku) merged into Showa-ku, Nagoya. On January 1, 1957 Toyoake gained town status, following by Nisshin on January 1, 1958. On April 1, 1963 Narumi merged into Midori-ku, Nagoya.
Tōgō gained town status on April 1, 1970, followed by Nagakute on April 1, 1971. Toyoake was elevated to city status on August 1, 1972, followed by Nisshin on October 1, 1994.
Recent mergers
On January 4, 2012 - The town of Nagakute gained city status to become the city of Nagakute.
References
External links
Counties of Japan
Districts in Aichi Prefecture |
Hinch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
A. J. Hinch (born 1974), American baseball manager and former player
Derryn Hinch, Australian television host and former politician
Hinch Live, now simply Hinch, a Sky News television program hosted by Derryn Hinch
Dick Hinch (1949–2020), American politician
Jimmy Hinch, English footballer
John Hinch (mathematician), mathematician
John Hinch (musician), British drummer
Maddie Hinch, English field hockey player
Mrs Hinch, British influencer
See also
Hinch, Missouri
Hinch, West Virginia |
```c++
// This file was automatically generated on Fri Jul 1 18:47:25 2016
// by libs/config/tools/generate.cpp
// Use, modification and distribution are subject to the
// LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
// See path_to_url for the most recent version.//
// Revision $Id$
//
// Test file for macro BOOST_NO_CXX11_THREAD_LOCAL
// This file should compile, if it does not then
// BOOST_NO_CXX11_THREAD_LOCAL should be defined.
// See file boost_no_cxx11_thread_local.ipp for details
// Must not have BOOST_ASSERT_CONFIG set; it defeats
// the objective of this file:
#ifdef BOOST_ASSERT_CONFIG
# undef BOOST_ASSERT_CONFIG
#endif
#include <boost/config.hpp>
#include "test.hpp"
#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_THREAD_LOCAL
#include "boost_no_cxx11_thread_local.ipp"
#else
namespace boost_no_cxx11_thread_local = empty_boost;
#endif
int main( int, char *[] )
{
return boost_no_cxx11_thread_local::test();
}
``` |
Ian Andrew Goldin is a South African-born British professor at the University of Oxford in England, and was the founding director of the Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford.
Goldin is currently the director of the Oxford Martin Research Programmes on Technological and Economic Change, Future of Work and Future of Development. He is also Professor of Globalisation and Development and holds a professorial fellowship at Balliol College at the University of Oxford.
Education
Goldin attended Pretoria Boys High School and Rondebosch Boys' High School, Cape Town. He subsequently obtained a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) and a Bachelor of Science from the University of Cape Town, a Master of Science from the London School of Economics, and a Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Oxford.
In 1999 he has completed INSEAD's Advanced Management Programme.
Career
Prior to 1996 Goldin was principal economist at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) in London, and program director at the OECD in Paris, where he directed the Development Centre's Programs on Trade, Environment and Sustainable Development.
From 1996 to 2001, Goldin was chief executive and managing director of the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) and served as an adviser to President Nelson Mandela. He transitioned the Bank from an apartheid-era institution to a major agent for development in the 14 countries of Southern Africa. During this period, Goldin was finance director for South Africa's Olympic Games bid.
Goldin was director of development policy at the World Bank (2001–2003) and then vice president of the World Bank (2003–2006). He served on the Bank's senior management team, and was directly responsible for its relationship with the UK and all other European, North American and developed countries. Goldin led the Bank's collaboration with the United Nations and other partners. As Director of Development Policy, Goldin worked on the research and strategy agenda of the Bank, with the Chief Economist, Lord Nicholas Stern, under the leadership of James Wolfensohn. During this period, Goldin was special representative at the United Nations and served on the chief executive board of the UN and the UN Reform Task Force.
In 2006, Goldin became founding director of the Oxford Martin School. The school established 45 programmes of research, with over 500 academics from over 100 disciplines. He remained the School's director until September 2016 when Achim Steiner followed him in this position.
Goldin initiated and was vice-chair of the Oxford Martin Commission for Future Generations, which brought together international leaders from government, business, academia, media and civil society to discuss a long-term perspective in international negotiations. Chaired by Pascal Lamy, the Commission published its findings in October 2013.
Other activities
Goldin has been a distinguished visiting professor at Sciences Po, Paris and served on the Advisory Committee of ETH-Zurich and the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Paris. He is an honorary trustee of Comic Relief and is chair of the trustees of the Core-Econ initiative to reform the economics curriculum and the teaching of economics. He is the writer and presenter of the BBC series 'After the Crash', 'The Pandemic that Changed the World', and documentary: 'Will AI Kill Development?'
As a visiting lecturer, he has given lectures, workshops and seminars at the Universities of Oxford, Harvard, MIT, Columbia (New York), UC Berkeley, LSE, Sussex, Sorbonne (Paris 1), SciencesPo., Toulouse, Amsterdam, Stockholm, Tokyo, Cape Town, Witwatersrand, Dar es Salaam, Accra, Beijing, Tsinghua, Shanghai, Singapore, Thailand (TDRI), Rome, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Fe, São Paulo, Buenos Aires, Managua, Mexico DF, and to foundations and think tanks.
Goldin is the author of 23 books and over 60 journal articles. He is one of the co-authors of "Exceptional People: How migration shaped our world and will define our future".
Awards
Goldin has been awarded:
France: "Chevalier de l'Ordre national du Mérite". (Awarded for Services to Development, 2000).
National Productivity Institute: Gold Award. (Awarded for Management, 1999).
World Economic Forum: Global Leader for Tomorrow. (Achievements in Development, 1998).
Honorary Doctorate from the National School of Political and Administrative Studies SNSPA in Bucharest, Romania.
Publications
Goldin has published 22 books and over 60 articles, including:
"Age of the City: Why our Future will be Won or Lost Together", with Tom Lee-Devlin, Bloomsbury, 2023
"Rescue: From Global Crisis to a Better World", Hodder Hachette, 2021
"Terra Incognita: 100 Maps to Survive the Next 100 Years", with Robert Muggah, Penguin, 2020
"The Productivity Paradox: Reconciling Rapid Technological Change and Stagnating Productivity" Oxford Martin Programme on Technological and Economic Change, 2019
"Migration and the Economy: Economic Realities, Social Impacts and Political Choices", Citi GPS: Global Perspectives and Solutions, 2018
"Development: A Very Short Introduction", Oxford University Press, 2018
"Age of Discovery: Navigating the Storms of Our New Renaissance", with Dr Chris Kutarna, Bloomsbury, 2017
"The Pursuit of Development: Economic Growth, Social Change and Ideas", OUP, 2016
"The Butterfly Defect: How globalization creates systemic risk and what to do about it", Princeton University Press, 2014
"Is the Planet Full?", Oxford University Press, 2014
"Divided Nations: Why global governance is failing and what we can do about it", Oxford University Press, 2013.
"Globalization for Development: Meeting New Challenges", (with Kenneth Reinert), Oxford University Press, 2012
"Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future", (with Geoffrey Cameron and Meera Balarajan), Princeton University Press, 2011.
"Globalization for Development: Trade, Finance, Aid, Migration, and Policy", (with Kenneth Reinert), World Bank and Palgrave Macmillan, Washington and Basingstoke, 2006, reprinted in 2007.
"The Case For Aid", (with Nicholas Stern and F. Halsey Rogers), World Bank, Washington, 2002
"The Economics of Sustainable Development" (edited with Alan Winters), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995.
Global Governance and Systemic Risk in the 21st Century (with Tiffany Vogel), Global Policy, 1(1), January 2010.
Globalisation and Risks for Business, 360 Risk Insight Report, Lloyds, London, 2010.
References
External links
Professor Ian Goldin Biography from Oxford Martin School
1955 births
Living people
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Oxford
White South African anti-apartheid activists
Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford
INSEAD alumni
20th-century South African economists
South African bankers
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
University of Cape Town alumni
Alumni of Rondebosch Boys' High School
Institute for New Economic Thinking
Alumni of St Antony's College, Oxford
21st-century British economists |
The Chain is a 1996 American action film directed by Luca Bercovici for Columbia Tristar and starring Gary Busey.
References
External links
1996 films
Films directed by Luca Bercovici |
Hotel Mirage (Xотел Мираж in Bulgarian) is a 4-stars business hotel and at 95 meters the highest building in Burgas, Bulgaria.
It is also the 6th highest building in Bulgaria.
The building shape is formed like the mast of a ship in full sail.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Bulgaria
References
External links
Homepage
Location on Google Maps.
Skyscrapers in Bulgaria
Hotels in Burgas
Hotel buildings completed in 2002 |
```ruby
class CreatePushNotificationSubscriptions < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.1]
def change
create_table :push_notification_subscriptions do |t|
t.string :endpoint
t.string :p256dh_key
t.string :auth_key
t.string :notification_type
t.references :user, foreign_key: true, null: false
t.timestamps
end
end
end
``` |
XS: The Opera Opus was a no wave avant-garde music and art performance created by Rhys Chatham and Joseph Nechvatal in the mid 1980s. Jane Lawrence Smith sang the lead role in the Boston performance and Yves Musard danced the main role. Its theme was the excess of the nuclear weapon buildup of the Ronald Reagan presidency.
XS: The Opera at Shakespeare Theatre, Boston
XS: The Opera, Shakespeare Theatre, Boston was the final production and consisted of three soprano singers, 4 trumpets, six electric guitars. bass, drums, 35 mm slide projection and dance. The duration was 90 minutes. Choreography: Yves Musard, 35 mm cross-fade art slides: Joseph Nechvatal
Musicians: Rhys Chatham (conductor) with Pamela Fleming, Steven Haynes, Ben Neill, James O'Connor, David Wonsey, Karen Haglof, Robert Poss, Mitch Salmon, Bill Brovold, Tim Schellenbaum, Conrad Kinard, J.P., Peggy Ackerman, Jane Lawrence Smith, Elly Spiegel.
Performance history
1986
XS: The Opera, Shakespeare Theatre, Boston
1985
XS: Night of Power, 8BC, New York, NY
XS: Night of Power: art installation, Quando, New York, NY
XS: art installation, Gray Art Gallery, East Carolina University
1984
XS: The Opera Opus, Pyramid Club, New York, NY
XS: The Opera Opus, Club Danceteria, New York, NY
XS: The Opera Opus, 8BC, New York, NY
XS: The Opera Opus, Elaine Dannheisser Foundation, New York, NY
See also
Post-punk
Footnotes
References
audio excerpt from XS: The Opera Opus published at Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine
#13 Power Electronics at Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine housed at UbuWeb
XS: An Installation, Gray Art Gallery, East Carolina University, Greenville Catalogue
Brooks, Rosetta, Interview-Rhys Chatham & Joseph Nechvatal, ZG, (#12 Fall)
Kleyn, Robert, The Shadow Reflected, ZG (#12 Fall)
Charlene Spretnak, The Spiritual Dynamic in Modern Art : Art History Reconsidered, 1800 to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, (2014) p. 135
Die Donnergötter (LP, CD), Table of the Elements/Radium 2006 by Rhys Chatham
containing:
Die Donnergötter (1985/86)
Further reading
Paula Court, New York Noise: Art and Music from the New York Underground 1978-88 (2007) Soul Jazz Records
Experimental music compositions
Noise music |
The Boy's Own Paper was a British story paper aimed at young and teenage boys, published from 1879 to 1967.
Publishing history
The idea for the publication was first raised in 1878 by the Religious Tract Society, as a means to encourage younger children to read and to instill Christian morals during their formative years. The first issue was published on 18 January 1879. The final issue, a "Special Souvenir Edition, Price 2/-", was dated February 1967 and was published on 27 January 1967. It was a facsimile reprint of the first issue, complete with adverts. It had a panel on the front cover giving a very brief history and stating that it would "appear in future as the BOY'S OWN ANNUAL, edited by Jack Cox".
The paper was launched in January 1879 and published weekly until November 1913, when it became monthly. In total, 2451 issues of the paper were published. There was a separate Christmas Number (edition) of the magazine from 1884–85 until 1912–13 (29 in total) and a separate Summer Number from 1884–85 until 1900–01 (17 in total). These were not part of the annual volumes. In many years the issue nearest Christmas was enlarged (as was the price) and billed as a Christmas special.
From 1879 each year's issues were bound together and sold as the Boy's Own Annual. Volume 1 finished in September having completed 37 issues, then volume 2 started a cycle in which each volume followed the school year (Autumn through to Summer). In the initial years, readers were invited to purchase covers at the end of the publishing year and have the weekly issues bound. This produced some interesting minor variations in order and contents. The Annuals included all the text in the weekly (and later monthly) issues, with additional illustrations.
For reasons now unknown, volume 54 (1931-32) was limited to ten issues, so volumes 55 to 57 ran from August to July. Volume 58 started in August 1935 with parts 1 and 2, then was re-started at page 1 in October 1935, with another part 1. At the same time, the price was halved from one shilling to sixpence, and the number of pages was reduced from 64 to 48. The earlier parts 1 and 2 were not included in the Annual Volume or its index, leaving two 'orphan' issues.
The Annuals ceased publication after the 1940–41 edition as a result of wartime paper rationing. Later attempts at a smaller format annual, under Jack Cox's editorship, were the Boy's Own Companion from 1959 through 1963, and the Boy's Own Annual II from 1964–65 through 1975–76.
In 1939, the publication was taken over by Lutterworth Press, and in 1963 by Purnell and Sons Ltd. It was published at the end of its life in 1967 by BPC Publishing Ltd, who are believed to have started publishing the paper in 1965.
Contents
The contents usually included adventure stories and stories about public school life; notes on how to practise nature study, sports and games; instructions for how to make items including canoes; puzzles and essay competitions. One of the stories in the opening issue was "My First Football Match", the first of many by Talbot Baines Reed set in public schools (Reed, who had not in fact attended such a school, later became the paper's first assistant editor); and the first volume's serials included "From Powder Monkey to Admiral, or The Stirring Days of the British Navy". In the same volume, Captain Matthew Webb contributed an account of how he swam the English Channel.
In its first decade the paper promoted the British Empire as the zenith of civilisation and reflected the attitudes towards other races which were taken for granted in Britain at the time. In 1885, for example, it described its vision of "the typical negro":
"The arm is two inches longer in proportion than that of a Caucasian, and the hands hang level with the kneecaps; the facial angle is seventy as against eighty three, the brain weighs thirty five as against forty five; the skull is much thicker ... there is no growth in intelligence once manhood is reached."
Readers frequently wrote in with questions to the paper: answers to these letters to the Editor were included in each edition although the original letter was never printed, leaving the reader to guess what the original question might have been. The responses given were often crushingly acerbic and to the point.
Contributors
Many prominent authors and personalities contributed to the paper. W.G. Grace wrote for several issues, as did Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Jules Verne and R.M. Ballantyne. Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scout Movement, was a regular columnist and urged readers "to live clean, manly and Christian lives". Less well-known writers included E. E. Bradford, W. E. Cule, Sid G. Hedges, William Gordon Stables and Hugh Pembroke Vowles. Edward Whymper contributed engravings (including the masthead). Gilbert Davey, who went on to publish Fun with Radio introduced many youngsters to a career in Radio and Electronics.
Between 1941 and 61 there were 60 issues with stories about Biggles written by W. E. Johns.
In the 1960s other occasional contributors included Isaac Asimov and the astronomer Patrick Moore, who contributed several articles about the solar system and would answer questions on astronomical matters in the "You Ask Us" section of the paper.
Women and the B.O.P.
From the first, the Boy's Own Paper had very inclusive editorial policies and practices. Issue No. 1 contained the first instalment of a serial by Mrs Eiloart, and over eighty named female authors followed over the years, contributing short stories, serials, poems, practical articles ('Taming Baboons' for example), and accounts of personal adventures in many different parts of the world. In addition, the work of over twenty female illustrators was published. A number of the monthly coloured plates were by female artists such as Hilda Annetta Walker and Winifred Austen.
Girl readers were positively encouraged, and "A.M.S." of Melbourne was told "… you certainly need to make no apology to us for being "only a girl"!". From the beginning girls were eligible to enter the competitions, as witnessed in this slightly rueful editorial comment: "... it was our intention that the word "readers" should be construed in the broadest way, and that all coming within the stipulated age should be eligible, quite irrespective of sex…". This sentiment was being repeated as late as 1930, when the Editor said "Needless to say, in this as in most things connected with the "B.O.P.", the word "boy" includes "girl." There was even an element of positive discrimination, as witnessed by this crushingly acerbic response to "Squirrel": "Don't ask so many questions again, please. Our limit is three for boys, and four for girls. But you coolly ask five. Go down below, sir, and have your hair cut!"
Editors
Editors of Boy's Own Paper:
1879 – 1897: James Macaulay (Supervising editor)
1879 – 1912: George A. Hutchison (Sub-editor, acting-editor, subsequently editor)
1912 – 1913: George Andrew Hutchison (Consulting editor, died February 1913)
1912 – 1924: Arthur Lincoln Haydon
1924 – 1933: Geoffrey Richard Pocklington
1933 – 1935: George J. H. Northcroft
1935 – 1942: Robert Harding
1942 – 1946: Leonard Halls
1946 – 1967: Jack Cox
Pricing history
The weekly issue was priced at 1d but the coloured plates had to be purchased separately for 2d per month. However, from March 1879 the B.O.P. was also issued in monthly parts, containing the relevant weekly issues and including the coloured plates, for 6d. The monthly price continued unchanged until mid-1916 when, as a result of war-time inflation, it was increased to 7d. In August 1917 it was further increased to 8d, and during 1918 it was increased to 9d, 10d and then 1/-. That price remained unchanged until October 1935 when, as previously noted, it was halved to 6d.
The price was increased to 8d in February 1941, again as a result of wartime inflation. Another increase in November 1941 took it to 9d, and that price was held until October 1950 when it was increased to 1/-. October 1963 saw the final increase to 2/-, which was held until publication ceased in 1967.
Other papers with similar titles
From 1855 through to 1920, there were over a dozen periodicals using the title Boy's Own or Boys' Own. The first and most influential was Samuel Beeton's weekly Boy's Own Magazine, published from 1855 to 1890. Another was an American publication named The Boys' Own, published by Charles F. Richards in Boston, Massachusetts from October 1873 through December 1876.
The Boy's Own Paper was also printed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada by the publisher W. Warwick and Sons. These editions were identical to the British editions except for a four-page "cover", dated one month later than the contents, which contained advertisements for Toronto businesses. Examples of these "reprints" have been noted for August 1884 and August 1885.
In contemporary popular culture
In British popular culture, improbable or daring endeavours are often described as "Boy's Own stuff", in reference to the heroic content of the magazine's stories. Alternatively, many associate the magazine with well-intentioned heroes who do not have inhibitions about trying to right wrongs.
In the 1989 book Great Work of Time, dealing with an alternative history of the British Empire, writer John Crowley depicts Cecil Rhodes as avidly reading Boy's Own Magazine when he was no longer a boy but at the peak of his empire-building career.
The publication is mentioned in the 1997 David Bowie song 'Looking for Satellites' on the Earthling album. Bowie himself read it as a child.
Quotes
Notes
References
External links
Digital edition of "The boy's own annual" 1.1879, 2.1879/80 - 45.1922/23
Boy's Own Paper at Collecting Books and Magazines, Australia
Waterloo Directory
W.E. Johns in the Boy's Own Paper
The Boy's Own Paper archive at Internet Archive
Magazines established in 1879
Magazines disestablished in 1967
British boys' story papers
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
1879 establishments in the United Kingdom
1967 disestablishments in the United Kingdom |
Ralph Vary Chamberlin (January 3, 1879October 31, 1967) was an American biologist, ethnographer, and historian from Salt Lake City, Utah. He was a faculty member of the University of Utah for over 25 years, where he helped establish the School of Medicine and served as its first dean, and later became head of the zoology department. He also taught at Brigham Young University and the University of Pennsylvania, and worked for over a decade at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, where he described species from around the world.
Chamberlin was a prolific taxonomist who named over 4,000 new animal species in over 400 scientific publications. He specialized in arachnids (spiders, scorpions, and relatives) and myriapods (centipedes, millipedes, and relatives), ranking among the most prolific arachnologists and myriapodologists in history. He described over 1,400 species of spiders, 1,000 species of millipedes, and the majority of North American centipedes, although the quantity of his output was not always matched with quality, leaving a mixed legacy to his successors. He also did pioneering ethnobiological studies with the Goshute and other indigenous people of the Great Basin, cataloging indigenous names and cultural uses of plants and animals. Chamberlin was celebrated by his colleagues at the University of Utah, however he was disliked among some arachnologists, including some of his former students. After retirement he continued to write, publishing on the history of education in his home state, especially that of the University of Utah.
Chamberlin was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In the early twentieth century, Chamberlin was among a quartet of popular Mormon professors at Brigham Young University whose teaching of evolution and biblical criticism resulted in a 1911 controversy among University and Church officials, eventually resulting in the resignation of him and two other professors despite widespread support from the student body, an event described as Mormonism's "first brush with modernism".
Biography
Early life and education
Ralph Vary Chamberlin was born on January 3, 1879, in Salt Lake City, Utah, to parents William Henry Chamberlin, a prominent builder and contractor, and Eliza Frances Chamberlin (née Brown). Chamberlin traced his paternal lineage to an English immigrant settling in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638, and his maternal lineage to an old Pennsylvania Dutch family. Born to Mormon parents, the young Chamberlin attended Latter-day Saints' High School, and although very interested in nature, initially decided to study mathematics and art before choosing biology. His brother William, the eldest of 12 children, also shared Ralph's scientific interests and would later teach alongside him. Ralph attended the University of Utah, graduating with a B.S. degree in 1898, and subsequently spent four years teaching high school and some college-level courses in biology as well as geology, chemistry, physics, Latin, and German at Latter-day Saints' University. By 1900 he had authored nine scientific publications.
In the summer of 1902 Chamberlin studied at the Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, and from 1902 to 1904 studied at Cornell University under a Goldwin Smith Fellowship, and was a member of the Gamma Alpha fraternity and Sigma Xi honor society. He studied under entomologist John Henry Comstock and earned his doctorate in 1904. His dissertation was a taxonomic revision of the wolf spiders of North America, in which he reviewed all known species north of Mexico, recognizing 67 out of around 150 nominal species as distinct and recognizable. Zoologist Thomas H. Montgomery regarded Chamberlin's monograph as one of "decided importance" in using the structure of pedipalps (male reproductive organs) to help define genera, and in its detailed descriptions of species.
Early career: University of Utah
After returning from Cornell, Chamberlin was hired by the University of Utah, where he worked from 1904 to 1908, as an assistant professor (19041905) then full professor. He soon began improving biology courses, which at the time were only of high school grade, to collegiate standards, and introduced new courses in vertebrate histology and embryology. He was the first dean of University of Utah School of Medicine, serving from 1905 to 1907. During the summer of 1906, his plans to teach a summer course in embryology at the University of Chicago were cancelled when he suffered a serious accident in a fall, breaking two leg bones and severing an artery in his leg. In 1907, University officials decided to merge the medical school into an existing department, which made Chamberlin's deanship obsolete. He resigned as dean in May, 1907, although remained a faculty member. The medical students strongly objected, crediting the school's gains over the past few years largely to his efforts.
In late 1907 and early 1908, Chamberlin became involved in a bitter lawsuit with fellow Utah professor Ira D. Cardiff that would cost them both their jobs. Cardiff, a botanist hired in spring of 1907, claimed Chamberlin offered him a professorship with a salary of $2,000 to $2,250 per year, but upon hiring was offered only $1,650 by the university regents. Cardiff filed suit for $350, which a court initially decided Chamberlin must pay, and Chamberlin's wages were garnished. The two became estranged and uncommunicative. There had been tension between them for some time—Chamberlin's supporters claimed Cardiff was involved in his dismissal as dean—and the Salt Lake Tribune noted "friction between the two men, of a different nature and not entirely due to financial matters, arose even before Professor Cardiff received his appointment". In March 1908 the university regents fired both Chamberlin and Cardiff, appointing a single new professor to head the departments of zoology and botany. In July, upon appeal, the suit was overturned and Cardiff ordered to pay costs. Chamberlin had by then secured a job at Brigham Young University.
Brigham Young University
In 1908, Chamberlin was hired to lead the Biology Department at Brigham Young University (BYU), a university owned and operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), during a period which BYU president George H. Brimhall sought to increase its academic standing. LDS College professor J. H. Paul, in a letter to Brimhall, had written Chamberlin was "one of the world's foremost naturalists, though, I think, he is only about 28 years of age. I have not met his equal ... We must not let him drift away". Chamberlin oversaw expanded biology course offerings and led insect-collecting trips with students. Chamberlin joined a pair of newly hired brothers on the faculty, Joseph and Henry Peterson, who taught psychology and education. Chamberlin and the two Petersons worked to increase the intellectual standing of the University. In 1909 Chamberlin's own brother William H. Chamberlin was hired to teach philosophy. The four academics, all active members of the Church, were known for teaching modern scientific and philosophic ideas and encouraging lively debate and discussion. The Chamberlins and Petersons held the belief that the theory of evolution was compatible with religious views, and promoted historical criticism of the Bible, the view that the writings contained should be viewed from the context of the time: Ralph Chamberlin published essays in the White and Blue, BYU's student newspaper, arguing that Hebrew legends and historical writings were not to be taken literally. In an essay titled "Some Early Hebrew Legends" Chamberlin concluded: "Only the childish and immature mind can lose by learning that much in the Old Testament is poetical and that some of the stories are not true historically." Chamberlin believed that evolution explained not only the origin of organisms but of human theological beliefs as well.
In late 1910, complaints from stake presidents inspired an investigation into the teachings of the professors. Chamberlin's 1911 essay "Evolution and Theological Belief" was considered particularly objectionable by school officials. In early 1911 Ralph Chamberlin and the Peterson brothers were offered a choice to either stop teaching evolution or lose their jobs. The three professors were popular among students and faculty, who denied that the teaching of evolution was destroying their faith. A student petition in support of the professors signed by over 80% of the student body was sent to the administration, and then to local newspapers. Rather than change their teachings, the three accused professors resigned in 1911, while William Chamberlin remained for another five years.
In 1910, Chamberlin was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Pennsylvania and Harvard
After leaving Brigham Young, Chamberlin was employed as a lecturer and George Leib Harrison Foundation research fellow at the University of Pennsylvania from 1911 to 1913. From March 1913 to December 31, 1925, he was the Curator of Arachnids, Myriapods, and Worms at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, where many of his scientific contributions were made. Here his publications included surveys of all known millipedes of Central America and the West Indies; and descriptions of animals collected by the Canadian Arctic Expedition (1913–1916); by Stanford and Yale expeditions to South America; and by various expeditions of the USS Albatross. He was elected a member of the American Society of Naturalists and the American Society of Zoologists in 1914, and in 1919 served as second vice-president of the Entomological Society of America. He served as a technical expert for the U.S. Horticultural Board and U.S. Biological Survey from 1923 until the mid 1930s.
Return to Utah
Chamberlin returned to the University of Utah in 1925, where he was made head of the departments of zoology and botany. When he arrived, the faculty consisted of one zoologist, one botanist, and an instructor. He soon began expanding the size and diversity of the biology program, and by the time of his retirement the faculty consisted of 16 professors, seven instructors, and three special lecturers. He was the university's most celebrated scientist according to Sterling M. McMurrin, and his course on evolution was among the most popular on campus. He established the journal Biological Series of the University of Utah and supervised the graduate work of several students who would go on to distinguished careers, including Willis J. Gertsch, Wilton Ivie, William H. Behle and Stephen D. Durrant; the latter three would later join Chamberlin as faculty members. From 1930–1939, Chamberlin was secretary-treasurer of the Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement Board and conducted mosquito surveys of the region, identifying marshes controlled by local hunting clubs as the main source of salt marsh mosquitoes plaguing the city. From 1938-1939 he took a year-long sabbatical, during which he studied in European universities and museums, presided over a section of the International Congresses of Entomology in Berlin, and later studied biology and archaeology in Mexico and South America. In 1942 he received an honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Utah. He retired in 1948, and in 1957, an honor ceremony was held by the Utah Phi Sigma Society in which a portrait of Chamberlin painted by Alvin L. Gittins was donated to the University and a book of commemorative letters produced. In 1960 the University of Utah Alumni Association awarded Chamberlin its Founders Day Award for Distinguished Alumni, the university's highest honor.
Chamberlin was noted by colleagues at Utah for being a lifelong champion of the scientific method and instilling in his students ideas that natural processes must be used to explain human existence. Angus and Grace Woodbury wrote that one of his greatest cultural contributions was his ability "to lead the naive student with fixed religious convictions gently around that wide gulf that separated him from the trained scientific mind without pushing him over the precipice of despair and illusion." His influence continued as his students became teachers, gradually increasing societal understanding of evolution and naturalistic perspectives. His colleague and former student Stephen Durrant stated "by word, and especially by precept, he taught us diligence, inquisitiveness, love of truth, and especially scientific honesty". Durrant compared Chamberlin to noted biologists such as Spencer Fullerton Baird and C. Hart Merriam in the scope of his contributions science.
Personal life and death
On July 9, 1899, Chamberlin married Daisy Ferguson of Salt Lake City, with whom he had four children: Beth, Ralph, Della, and Ruth. His first marriage ended in divorce in 1910. On June 28, 1922, he married Edith Simons, also of Salt Lake, and with whom he had six children: Eliot, Frances, Helen, Shirley, Edith, and Martha Sue. His son Eliot became a mathematician and 40-year professor at the University of Utah. Chamberlin's second wife died in 1965, and Chamberlin himself died in Salt Lake City after a short illness on October 31, 1967, at the age of 88. He was survived by his 10 children, 28 grandchildren, and 36 great-grandchildren.
Research
Chamberlin's work includes more than 400 publications spanning over 60 years. The majority of his research concerned the taxonomy of arthropods and other invertebrates, but his work also included titles in folklore, economics, anthropology, language, botany, anatomy, histology, philosophy, education, and history. He was a member of the American Society of Naturalists, Torrey Botanical Club, New York Academy of Sciences, Boston Society of Natural History, Biological Society of Washington, and the Utah Academy of Sciences.
Taxonomy
Chamberlin was a prolific taxonomist of invertebrate animals who named and described over 4,000 species, specializing in the study of arachnids (spiders, scorpions, and their relatives), and myriapods (millipedes, centipedes, and relatives), but also publishing on molluscs, marine worms, and insects. By 1941 he had described at least 2,000 species, and by 1957 had described a total of 4,225 new species, 742 new genera, 28 new families, and 12 orders. Chamberlin's taxonomic publications continued to appear until at least 1966.
Chamberlin ranks among the most prolific arachnologists in history. In a 2013 survey of the most prolific spider systematists, Chamberlin ranked fifth in total number of described species (1,475) and eighth in number of species that were still valid (984), i.e. not taxonomic synonyms of previously described species. At the University of Utah Chamberlin co-authored several works with his students Wilton Ivie and Willis J. Gertsch, who would both go on to become notable spider scientists: the "famous duo" of Chamberlin and Ivie described hundreds of species together. Chamberlin described or co-described more than a third of the 621 spiders known to occur in his native Utah. Chamberlin was also a leading expert in North American tarantulas, describing over 60 species. Chamberlin worked with other groups of arachnids as well, including scorpions, harvestmen, and schizomids, and described several pseudoscorpions with his nephew Joseph C. Chamberlin, himself a prominent arachnologist.
Among fellow arachnologists, Chamberlin was regarded as influential but not particularly well-liked: in many of his papers co-authored with Ivie, it was Ivie himself who did most of the collecting, and describing, while Chamberlin remained first author, and a 1947 quarrel over recognition led to Ivie abandoning arachnology for many years. When arachnologist Arthur M. Chickering sent Chamberlin a collection of specimens from Panama, Chamberlin never returned them and in fact published on them, which made Chickering reluctant to collaborate with colleagues. Chamberlin is said to have eventually been banned from the Museum of Comparative Zoology by Ernst Mayr in his later years, and after Chamberlin's death his former student Gertsch said "his natural meanness finally got him".
Chamberlin's other major area of study was myriapods. He was publishing on centipedes as early as 1901, and between then and around 1960 was the preeminent, if not exclusive, researcher of North American centipedes, responsible for naming the vast majority of North American species, and many from around the world. In addition, he named more than 1,000 species of millipedes, ranking among the three most prolific millipede taxonomists in history. His 1958 "Checklist of the millipeds of North America", a compilation eight years in the making of all records and species north of Mexico, represented nearly a 600% increase in species recorded from the previous such list published over 50 years earlier, although the work itself described no new species. Chamberlin contributed articles on millipedes, pauropods and symphylans to the 1961 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Although a prolific describer of species, his legacy to myriapod taxonomy has been mixed. Many of Chamberlin's descriptions of centipedes and millipedes were often brief and/or unillustrated, or illustrated in ways which hindered their use in identification by other researchers. He described some new species based solely on location, or on subtle leg differences now known to change during molting, and many of Chamberlin's names have subsequently been found to be, or are suspected to be, synonyms of species already described. Biologist Richard Hoffman, who worked with Chamberlin on the 1958 checklist, later described Chamberlin as "an exemplar of minimal taxonomy", and stated his taxonomic work on Central American myriapods "introduced far more problems than progress, a pattern which was to persist for many decades to come". Hoffman wrote Chamberlin was "an admitted 'alpha taxonomist' whose main interest was naming new species", although recognized Chamberlin's work with stone centipedes as pioneering, and of a quality unmatched in Chamberlin's later work.
Chamberlin studied not only arthropods but soft-bodied invertebrates as well. He described over 100 new species and 22 new genera of polychaete worms in a two-volume work considered one of the "great monuments" in annelid taxonomy by the former director of the Hopkins Marine Station, and published on Utah's molluscan fauna. He was section editor on sipunculids as well as myriapods for the academic journal database Biological Abstracts. William Behle has noted he also made indirect contributions to ornithology, including leading several multi-day specimen collecting trips and guiding the graduate research of Stephen Durrant, who worked on Utah game birds, and Behle himself, who studied nesting birds of the Great Salt Lake.
After Chamberlin's death, his collection of some 250,000 spider specimens was donated to the American Museum of Natural History in New York, bolstering the museum's status as the world's largest arachnid repository. Similarly, his collection of millipedes was deposited in the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., helping to make that museum the world's largest single collection of millipede type specimens—the individual specimens used to describe species.
Great Basin cultural studies
Early in his career, Chamberlin studied the language and habits of indigenous peoples of the Great Basin. He worked with the Goshute band of the Western Shoshone to document their uses of over 300 plants in food, beverages, medicine, and construction materials—their ethnobotany—as well as the names and meanings of plants in the Goshute language. His resulting publication, "The Ethno-botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah", is considered the first major ethnobotanical study of a single group of Great Basin peoples. He also published surveys of Goshute animal and anatomical terms, place and personal names, and a compilation of plant names of the Ute people. One of Chamberlin's later colleagues at the University of Utah was Julian Steward, known as the founder of cultural ecology. Steward himself described Chamberlin's work as "splendid", and anthropologist Virginia Kerns writes that Chamberlin's experience with indigenous Great Basin cultures facilitated Steward's own cultural studies: "in terms of ecological knowledge, [Steward's younger informants] probably could not match the elders who had instructed Chamberlin. That made his research on Goshute ethnobotany all the more valuable to Steward." Chamberlin gave Goshute-derived names to some of the organisms he described, such as the spider Pimoa, meaning "big legs", and the worm Sonatsa, meaning "many hooks", in the Goshute language.
Other works
Chamberlin's work extended beyond biology and anthropology to include historical, philosophical, and theological writings. At BYU he published several articles in the student newspaper on topics such as historical criticism of the Bible and the relationship of evolutionary theory with religious beliefs. In 1925, he wrote a biography of his brother William H. Chamberlin, a philosopher and theologian who had died several years earlier. Utah philosopher Sterling McMurrin, stated the biography "had a considerable impact" on his own life, and noted "the fact that the book adequately and persuasively presents W. H. Chamberlin's philosophic thought shows the philosophical competence of Ralph Chamberlin" In 1932, Chamberlin wrote "Life in Other Worlds: a Study in the History of Opinion", one of the earliest surveys from ancient to modern times of the concept of cosmic pluralism, the idea that the universe contains multiple inhabited worlds. After retiring in 1948, Chamberlin devoted significant attention to the history of the University of Utah. In 1949 he edited a biographical tribute to John R. Park, an influential Utah educator of the 19th century. Assembled from comments and reflections from Park's own students, Memories of John Rockey Park was praised by University of Utah English professor B. Roland Lewis, who claimed it "warrants being read by every citizen of [Utah]." Later in his career, Chamberlin produced an authoritative book, The University of Utah, a History of its First Hundred Years, which BYU historian Eugene E. Campbell called "an excellent history of this important western institution." The University of Utah also contains an extensive account of the University of Deseret, the LDS Church-founded university that preceded the University of Utah.
Religious views
Chamberlin was a Mormon, an active member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He believed that there should be no animosity between religion and science. Stake President George W. McCune described a 1922 meeting in which Chamberlin testified "to the effect that all his labors and researches in the laboratories of science, while very interesting, and to a great extent satisfying to the intellect, did not satisfy the soul of man, and that he yearned for something more," adding Chamberlin "bore testimony that he knew that ours is the true Church of Jesus Christ." University of Oregon doctoral student Tim S. Reid called Chamberlin clearly devout, however, Sterling McMurrin stated "spiders are different from metaphysics, and I think Ralph was not such a devout Mormon."
Selected works
Scientific
(With Wilton Ivie)
(With Richard L. Hoffman)
Historical & biographical
(With William C. Darrah and Charles Kelly)
Eponymous taxa
The taxa (e.g. genus or species) named after Chamberlin are listed below, followed by author(s) and year of naming, and taxonomic family. Taxa are listed as originally described: subsequent research may have reassigned taxa or rendered some as invalid synonyms of previously named taxa.
Paeromopus chamberlini Brolemann, 1922
Tibellus chamberlini Gertsch, 1933 (Philodromidae)
Hivaoa chamberlini Berland, 1942 (Tetragnathidae)
Euglena chamberlini D. T. Jones, 1944 (Euglenaceae)
Chondrodesmus chamberlini Hoffman, 1950 (Polydesmida, Chelodesmidae)
Chamberlinia Machado, 1951 (Geophilomorpha, Oryidae)
Haploditha chamberlinorum Caporiacco, 1951 (Tridenchthoniidae)
Rhinocricus chamberlini Schubart, 1951
Chamberlineptus Causey, 1954 (Spirostreptidae)
Varyomus Hoffman, 1954 (Polydesmida, Euryuridae)
Chamberlinius Wang, 1956
Haplodrassus chamberlini Platnick & Shadab, 1975 (Gnaphosidae)
Myrmecodesmus chamberlini Shear, 1977 (Pyrgodesmidae)
Aphonopelma chamberlini Smith, 1995 (Theraphosidae)
Mallos chamberlini Bond & Opell, 1997 (Dictynidae)
Pyrgulopsis chamberlini Hershler, 1998 (Hydrobiidae)
See also
Creation–evolution controversy
Ann Chamberlin, granddaughter
Ecology of the Great Basin
Great Basin Desert
Mormon views on evolution
Notes
References
Cited works
Further reading
External links
Chamberlin's publications on spiders from the World Spider Catalog
Chamberlin's publications on myriapods from the International Society of Myriapodology
Works by Ralph Vary Chamberlin at Biodiversity Heritage Library
Ralph Vary Chamberlin papers, 1890–1969 and Ralph Chamberlin photograph collection (J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah)
Ralph Vary Chamberlin papers, 1940–1967. A Register of the Collection at the Utah State Historical Society
American ethnographers
American arachnologists
Arachnologists
Ethnobiologists
Myriapodologists
1879 births
1967 deaths
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Historians of Utah
Brigham Young University faculty
Harvard University staff
University of Utah faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
University of Utah alumni
Scientists from Salt Lake City
20th-century American zoologists
Latter Day Saints from Utah |
The landed gentry and nobility of Devonshire, like the rest of the English and European gentry, bore heraldic arms from the start of the age of heraldry circa 1200–1215. The fashion for the display of heraldry ceased about the end of the Victorian era (1901) by which time most of the ancient arms-bearing families of Devonshire had died out, moved away or parted with their landed estates.
In the 21st century, a very few ancient families remain in the county represented by direct male descendants, including Courtenay of Powderham, Fulford of Fulford, Kelly of Kelly, Cruwys of Cruwys Morchard, Clifford of Chudleigh, Acland of Killerton and Broadclyst, Wrey of Tawstock. A few ancient Devon estates are still owned by descendants via female lines, for example Castle Hill, Filleigh, Molland, Incledon, Braunton, Hall, Bishop's Tawton, Newnham Park. In most cases, the laws of English heraldry preclude the transmission of paternal arms via a female heiress (other than in the form of quartering), thus most of these inheritors via female lines bring their own paternal heraldry to the estates inherited.
For example, the Irish arms of Gore (Earl of Arran) are now associated with Castle Hill, Filleigh, until 1958 the seat of the last male representative of the Fortescue family, which originated in Devon in the 12th century. In a few cases, however, male heirs via female lines have been required by the legator to seek royal licence to adopt his own arms and surname, otherwise destined to disappearance, in lieu of the legatees own. This was the case with the families most notably of Rolle, Basset, Stucley, Walrond, etc.
The antiquary Sir William Pole (died 1635) compiled a list of blazons of Devon families. It was published with much other material in 1791 as Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon.
List of Devon arms
The following armorials are listed in the Heraldic Visitations of Devon, 1531, 1564 & 1620:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
See also
Flag of Devon
Cornish heraldry
Dorset heraldry
Notes
References
Sources
Cherry, Bridget & Pevsner, Nikolaus, The Buildings of England: Devon. Yale University Press, 2004.
Pole, Sir William (died 1635), Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, Sir John-William de la Pole (ed.), London, 1791.
Risdon, Tristram (died 1640), Survey of Devon. With considerable additions. London, 1811.
History of Devon |
Ernst van der Beugel (; 2 February 1918, Amsterdam – 29 September 2004, The Hague) was a Dutch economist, businessman, diplomat, and politician of the Labour Party.
Education
Van der Beugel graduated in economics from the University of Amsterdam in 1941 and received a Ph.D. from Erasmus University Rotterdam in 1966 on the dissertation From Marshall plan to Atlantic Partnership (with a foreword of Henry A. Kissinger).
Life's work
In 1945 he joined the Dutch Ministry of Transport, moving to the Ministry of Economic affairs in 1946. In 1947 he was Secretary to the Dutch national delegation at the first Paris conference on the Marshall Plan. Between 1957 and 1958 he was statesecretary for foreign affairs for the Labour Party in the fourth Cabinet Drees. He took over as permanent secretary of the Bilderberg Group in 1960, upon the death of Józef Retinger. From 1961 to 1963 he was president of Dutch airline KLM.
From 1966 to 1984 he was professor of international relations at Leiden University.
Family
His sister was the author and journalist (1914–2003).
Publications
Albertine Bloemendal: Reframing the Diplomat. Ernst van der Beugel and the Cold War Atlantic Community. Leiden, Brill, 2018. ( Partly open access)
Notes
External links
Interview with E. H. van der Beugel at the Truman Library
1918 births
2004 deaths
Dutch chief executives in the airline industry
20th-century Dutch diplomats
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
Businesspeople from Amsterdam
University of Amsterdam alumni
Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni
Academic staff of Leiden University
20th-century Dutch economists
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
20th-century Dutch businesspeople |
Esther Kyung-Joo Keleana Hahn (born December 17, 1985) is a professional surfer and action sports personality. Before attending Yale University (class of 2008), Hahn built up an extensive surfing resume with wins and titles in the NSSA (National Scholastic Surfing Association), the USSF (United States Surfing Federation), the ESA (Eastern Surfing Association), and the ASP (Association of Surfing Professionals). In addition to surf competitions, Hahn appeared in many print ad campaigns for her sponsors and other major brands such as JanSport and Lexus. She has also made appearances at the ESPY Awards as well as other red carpet events.
Hahn's current sponsors are Stamps Surfboards, Lifeyo, ZJ Boarding House, and Patagonia.
References
1985 births
Living people
American surfers
American female surfers
21st-century American women |
Rolando Laguarda Trías (1902–1998) was a Uruguayan historian.
He was recognized both nationally and internationally for his work in the fields of geography, historical cartography, military history, lexicography and etymology. He was born and died in Montevideo.
Works
Several of his publications are used as a reference for researchers internationally. Among these are:
The enigma of the traveler Acarette du Biscay (1958)
The expedition of Christopher Jaques the Rio de la Plata in 1521 (1964)
Afronegrismos River Plate (1969)
The prediscovery the Rio de la Plata by the Portuguese expedition of 1511-1512 (1973)
Basis for a glossary of geographical terms in Uruguay (1974)
El Enigma De Las Latitudes De Colon (Cuadernos colombinos, 4.) (1974)
Breakthrough of the Rio de la Plata by Amerigo Vespucci in 1502 (1983)
Spanish ship discovered the Falkland Islands in 1520 (1983)
Notes on Spanish military engineers in the Banda Oriental (1991)
Crew, endowments and latitudes of the Magellan expedition Elcano (1997)
Introduction to cartography portolan (PM 1999)
20th-century Uruguayan historians
1902 births
1998 deaths
People from Montevideo |
Paradise is an unincorporated community in northwest Clay County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community lies between the two arms of the Smithville Lake on the Little Platte River. The city of Smithville lies across the lake to the southwest. The community is located along Missouri Route W about four miles southeast of Trimble in adjacent Clinton County.
History
In 1832, the US Government deeded of land at this location to Mr. Pleasant Gentry. The land was sold in 1850 to John Gosney, who surveyed the land. The developing town was named "Gosneyville". Gosneyville was renamed "Paradise" circa 1884.
A post office called Paradise was established in 1858, and remained in operation until 1907. The community was so named for the many churches in town relative to its small size.
In popular culture
Paradise was featured in the 1998 film The Dentist 2. In the film the titular dentist, Doctor Alan Feinstone, travels to Paradise after escaping the psychiatric hospital he was being held in after the events of the first film.
Demographics
References
Unincorporated communities in Clay County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri |
Charlotta Roos, née Wrangel (1771-1809) was a Swedish medium.
She was the daughter of the lieutenant and noble Henrik Herman Wrangel and Fredrika Philp. In 1791, she married the rich brewer and Swedenborgianist Sven Roos (1746-1798), in and in 1803, she married her cousin, lieutenant Wilhelm Philp (1777-1808).
Roos had a reputation for being able to predict the future, which was fashionable during the reign of Gustav III of Sweden, and she made some predictions which attracted attention. In 1791, she predicted misfortune to King Gustav III, something he reportedly referred to on his death bed after the assassination by Jacob Johan Anckarström in 1792. Roos and her spouse made an attempt to profit economically on her talent. They traveled to Paris in France, where they founded a Bureau d'Esprit à sa maniére with the intention to summon spirits. In 1797, they returned to Sweden as, according to Carl Christoffer Gjörwell Sr., the spirits were not "inclined to arouse success in the now so carnal France".
Charlotta Roos and her spouse were Swedenborgian. At the birth of her son, Jean Egalité, there were a conflict with the Swedish Lutheran Church and the Roos couple as to how the son should be baptized to satisfy the needs of both the church as well as the spiritual convictions of the parents.
See also
Höffern
Henrik Gustaf Ulfvenklou
References
Gustaf Elgenstierna, Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor. 1925-36.
Swedish Swedenborgians
18th-century occultists
18th-century Swedish nobility
18th-century Swedish people
Swedish occultists
1771 births
Spiritual mediums
1809 deaths
Gustavian era people
Clairvoyants
18th-century Swedish women |
Chief Pete Edochie, MON (born March 7, 1947) is a Nigerian actor. Edochie is considered one of Nigeria’s most talented actors, being honored with an Industry Merit Award by Africa Magic and Lifetime Achievement by Africa Film Academy Although a seasoned administrator and broadcaster, he came into prominence in the 1980s when he played the lead role of Okonkwo in a Nigerian Television Authority adaptation of Chinua Achebe’s all-time best selling novel, Things Fall Apart. Edochie descends from the Igbo people of Nigeria and is a Catholic. In 2003, he was honored as a Member of the Order of the Niger by President Olusegun Obasanjo.
Personal life
Edochie was born in Zaria, Kaduna State on March 7, 1947. He hails from Anambra State, and is married to Josephine Edochie. He schooled at St. Patrick’s and St. James Primary School, Zaria, before proceeding to St. John’s College for his secondary education. He also schooled at the School of Journalism and Television in England. Edochie celebrated his 70th birthday in 2017, and said he still feels strong despite having spent "3 scores and ten" years. "Taking life easy and planning purposefully for everything makes life worth living as well as ageing gracefully" he said. Pete Edochie is married with six children.
In 2009, Edochie was kidnapped and later released by his captors, unharmed.
In September 2017, Edochie endorsed the Wikimedia movement in Nigeria by appearing in a video to increase awareness and use of Wikipedia among the older generations.
Career
Edochie got into radio broadcasting in 1967 at the age of 20 as a junior programs assistant after which he was elevated to the level of a director. He was director of programs but doubling sometimes as Deputy Managing Director and occasionally acting as Managing Director. He quit Anambra Broadcasting Service (ABS) because the government decided to politicize the affairs of their FM station, thereby resulting in the entire management being asked to move out, including him. He was to be the immediate successor to the MD but had to leave and enroll into the movie industry. Prior to that, he had featured in Things Fall Apart and had won an International Award. The BBC flew into Nigeria to interview him for his role in Things Fall Apart. He is credited with over 18 movies to his name.
In 2005, the Actors Guild of Nigeria placed Edochie and several other actors, including Genevieve Nnaji, Omotola Jalade Ekeinde, Nkem Owoh, Ramsey Nouah, Stella Damasus Aboderin, and Richard Mofe Damijo on a one-year ban from filming after they were said to have been collecting huge fees from producers due to their A-list celebrity status.
Filmography
Heavy Battle (2008)
Test Your Heart (2008)
Greatest Harvest (20
07)
Secret Pain (2007)
Fair Game (2006)
Holy Cross (2006)
Lacrima (2006)
Living with Death (2006) .... Mr. Harrison
Passage of Kings (2006)
Simple Baby (2006)
Zoza (2006)
Azima (2005)
Baby Girl (2005)
End of Money (2005)
Living in Tears (2005)
Never End (2005)
No More War (2005)
Ola... the Morning Sun (2005)
Price of Ignorance (2005)
The Price of Love: Life Is Beautiful (2005)
Sacred Tradition (2005)
The Tyrant (2005)
Across the Niger (2004)
Coronation (2004)
Dogs Meeting (2004) .... Anacho
Dons in Abuja (2004)
The Heart of Man (2004)
King of the Jungle (2004)
Love from Above (2004)
My Desire (2004)
Negative Influence (2004)
The Staff of Odo (2004)
St. Michael (2004)
Above Death: In God We Trust (2003)
Arrows (2003)
Billionaire Club (2003)
Egg of Life (2003)
Honey (2003)
Love & Politics (2003)
Miserable Wealth (2003)
The Omega (2003)
Onunaeyi: Seeds of Bondage (2003)
Rejected Son (2003)
Selfish Desire (2003)
Super Love (2003)
Tears in the Sun (2003)
Tunnel of Love (2003)
When God Says Yes (2003)
Battle Line (2002)
My Love (2002)
Tears & Sorrows (2002)
Greedy Genius (2001)
Holy Ghost Fire (2001)
Terrible Sin (2001)
Oduduwa (2000)
Set-Up (2000)
Chain Reaction (1999)
Lost Kingdom (1999)
Narrow Escape (1999)
Living in Darkness (1999)
Rituals (1997)
Things Fall Apart (1987), TV series
Last Ofalla
Lion throne
Lion of Africa)
Igodo
Evil men
Monkey chop banana
Idemili
50 days with Christ
The Egg
Unroyal (2020)
Lionheart (2018)
Mummy Why (2016)
References
External links
Interview with Pete Edochie at SunNewsOnline.com
Pete Edochie official website
Igbo male actors
Living people
1947 births
Nigerian Roman Catholics
Male actors from Enugu State
20th-century Nigerian male actors
21st-century Nigerian male actors
Nigerian male television actors
Nigerian male film actors
Lifetime Achievement Award Africa Movie Academy Award winners
Members of the Order of the Niger
Actors from Anambra State
African actors |
The following are events from the year 1992 in Argentina.
Incumbents
President: Carlos Menem
Events
17 March: 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires
15 November: Ricardo Barreda murdered his family.
Sports
Argentina at the 1992 Summer Paralympics
Argentina at the 1992 Summer Olympics
1992 Argentina rugby union tour of Europe
1992 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby
1992 France rugby union tour of Argentina
Argentina at the 1992 Winter Olympics
See also
List of Argentine films of 1992
References
Years of the 20th century in Argentina
Argentina
1990s in Argentina
Argentina |
Gravicalymene Shirley, 1936, is a genus of trilobites belonging to the order Phacopida, suborder Calymenina and family Calymenidae. Species included in this genus have previously been allocated to Calymene Brongniart 1822,Flexicalymene Shirley, 1936. and Sthenarocalymene Siveter 1977.
Rarest within the genus is the Middle Ordovician species Gravicalymene magnotuberculata, which is also amongst the rarest of all Calymenidae and regionally confined to two exposures in New York State. G. magnotuberculata is noted for its extremely pustulose exoskeleton, bell-shaped glabella and lack of complete articulated specimens.
Type species
Gravicalymene convolva Shirley 1936, by original designation. Found only in the Birdshill Limestone (Pusgillian or lowest Cautleyan Stage) at Birdshill Quarry, near Llandeilo, South Wales.
Other species
Some known species and locations include:
Gravicalymene arcuata Price, 1982. Rawtheyan Stage, Dolhir Formation, Cynwyd Forest Quarry, Denbighshire, North Wales, UK.
Gravicalymene pontillis Price, 1982. From the upper Cautleyan and lower Rawtheyan of the Berwyn Range and near Conway, North Wales.
Gravicalymene quadrata (King, 1923), from the Rawtheyan Zone 7 at Craig-Fawr Llanfyllyn and the Meifod area. (see Price, 1982). Transferred to Sthenarocalymene sp. nov. by Siveter (1977, p. 386).
Gravicalymene praecox Bancroft, 1949, from the Smeathen Wood Beds (Harnagian Stage, Reuscholithus reuschi Biozone) near Horderley, Wistanstow, Shropshire, England.
Gravicalymene jugifera Dean, 1962, from the pusgillian and lowermost Cautleyan in Northern England.
Gravicalymene inflata Dean, 1963. The only known specimen is from the Onnian Stage, Onnia gracilis Zone, in the north bank of the River Onny, 100 yards east of its junction with Batch Gutter (on the A489 Horderley road, 1 km from its junction with the A49 near Wistanstow, Shropshire).
Gravicalymene capitovata Siveter, 1977 From the Middle Ordovician of the Oslo Region, Norway.
Gravicalymene quadrilobata Chatterton 1971. Its type locality is Chatterton Loc. C, Spirifer yassensis Lst, near Yass, NSW, which is in an early Devonian (Emsian) marine limestone in the Taemas Formation of Australia.
Gravicalymene yamakoshii Kobayashi & Hamada, 1977. From the Devonian of Japan.
Gravicalymene abbreviata (Foerste, 1910), southwestern Ohio, southeastern Indiana, and northern Kentucky.
Gravicalymene bakeri (Smith & Ebach, 2020), from Late Ordovician shales of the Gordon Group in northern Tasmania. Named after Doctor Who actor Tom Baker.
Gravicalymene hagani Ross and Barnes, 1967, Lexington Limestone, Salvisa Bed of the Lexington Limestone, 21 feet below base of Clays Ferry Formation. Section 30B (Perryville South), North America. Also Iran.
Gravicalymene magnotuberculata (Ruedemann, 1926), from 2 localized bedding planes in the Denley Limestone, Trenton Group (Middle Ordovician), Herkimer County, New York State, United States.
Gravicalymene truncatus Ross, 1979. Only found at its type locality, USGS 7984-CO, along Moffett Road, 0.5 miles west of Kenton, which is in an Edenian offshore ramp packstone/mudstone in the Kope Formation of Kentucky, USA.
References
Calymenidae
Silurian trilobites
Fossils of the United States
Ordovician first appearances
Devonian extinctions
Paleozoic life of Quebec
Ordovician trilobites of Australia
Fossils of Wales |
Wien Praterkai is a railway station serving Leopoldstadt, the second district of Vienna.
Services
the following services stop at Wien Praterkai:
Vienna S-Bahn S80: half-hourly service between and .
References
External links
Railway stations in Vienna
Austrian Federal Railways |
Stuart Cummings (born 17 November 1960) is the former Match Officials Director of the Rugby Football League, and a former international referee.
Career
He played wicketkeeper for Cheshire County Cricket Club in the 1986 and 1987 seasons.
He qualified as a rugby league referee in 1988 and was awarded senior referee status in 1991. In his refereeing career, he took charge of over 400 first-grade games, including 4 Challenge Cup finals, 2 World Cup finals and 2 Grand Finals.
In 1998 he suffered bruised ribs at the end of a Challenge Cup semi-final during a crowd invasion.
He was the former Rugby Football League Match Officials Director. In this position, he fielded questions from fans about refereeing decisions and explained the laws behind disputed or controversial decisions. His job also included appointing senior officials to matches and reviewing their performances. During his tenure he oversaw the transition to full-time referees in the Super League.
He was also regularly featured on Rugby League live broadcasts to provide expert opinion.
Cummings was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to Rugby League.
In 2014 he was hired by the England and Wales Cricket Board to work with its umpiring panel for the summer after stepping down from his position with the RFL and was appointed as a cricket liaison officer by the ECB in 2015.
In June 2016 he joined the RFL's new Match Officials' Standards Panel.
Personal life
Prior to being the Match Officials Director, Cummings was a physical education teacher at Up Holland High School, near Wigan; refereeing weekends until taking up his position with the Rugby Football League full-time in 2000.
References
1960 births
Sportspeople from Whitehaven
Living people
English rugby league referees
Rugby League World Cup referees
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Cheshire cricketers |
Colchester in Essex, England, has a number of notable churches.
Early churches
Butt Road Roman Church
Excavations in the 1980s for a new police station near the Maldon Road roundabout unearthed 371 Roman graves and a long narrow building. The building was built between AD 320 and 340. Oriented east to west, an apse was added to the east end in a later phase. The building was divided by a wooden screen and two rows of posts ran down the eastern half forming aisles. The building has been interpreted on strong circumstantial evidence as an early Christian church. If this is correct, it is probably the earliest known Christian church in Britain. The remains have been preserved and are visible from the public footpath.
St Helen's Chapel
Dedicated to Saint Helena, the 14th-century Chronicle of Colchester states that the chapel was founded by the saint herself and refounded by Eudo Dapifer in 1076. Most of the present building dates from the 12th and 13th centuries, incorporating Roman brick. Excavations in 1981 and 1984 in Maidenburgh Street, have shown that the Roman stone and brickwork under the north and east walls were part of a theatre. In the 14th century, chantries were established in the chapel, but it was closed in 1539 after the Dissolution of St John's Abbey and it went into secular use. It became a house, a school, a library, a Quaker meeting-house and a warehouse. In the 1880s, the Round family who owned the castle, had the chapel restored by William Butterfield. After use as a clergy meeting-room and a parish hall, it was used by the Castle Museum as a store. Since 2000, it has again been used as a place of worship by the Eastern Orthodox Parish of St Helen.
Medieval churches
All Saints
All Saints church is a twelfth century church located in Colchester High Street. In 1953 it was declared a redundant church. The building is now the home of the Natural History Museum, Colchester. It is situated opposite Colchester Castle at MapRef TL 999252. The church has a fine flint-built tower of the 15th century. However the rest of the building was extensively rebuilt in the mid 19th century.
St. Botolph's Priory
The Augustinian priory of St Botolph, generally called "St Botolph's Priory", was also established in the 11th century. This adopted the Augustinian Order in around 1200 and became the mother church of the order in Britain. At the Dissolution of the Monasteries the priory church of St Botolph became the parish church. It was also used by the Corporation on civic occasions until the English Civil War. In 1650 the church was described as burnt and ruined after the Siege of Colchester, and it has been left in ruins. Until the construction of a new church in 1837, parishioners attended All Saints church instead, although burials continued in the churchyard.
St Giles, St John's Green
Originally built on part of St John's Abbey cemetery around AD 1150, contains work from every century since. It was declared redundant in 1956 and then used as a St. John Ambulance depot until 1975 when it was converted into a masonic centre.
Holy Trinity
Holy Trinity is the oldest surviving church building in Colchester. It is on Trinity Street in the city centre. Parts of the church tower are Anglo-Saxon, believed to date from about 1020. The Saxon doorway in the west side of the tower has a triangular head: a feature common in Anglo-Saxon windows but unusual in a doorway. An earlier church building may have existed on the site. The churchyard includes the graves of William Gilberd, discoverer of electromagnetism and physician to Elizabeth I, and the composer John Wilbye.
St James the Great
St James the Great is a Church of England church on East Hill in Colchester. The oldest part of the church is Norman, dating from the 12th century. The nave, tower, and two aisles were built between the 13th and 15th centuries. The chancel and the Chapels of Our Lady and Saint Peter and Saint Paul were added around 1500. The radical priest John Ball, a leader of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 preached at the church.
St John's Abbey
The Benedictine abbey of St John the Baptist, generally known as "St John's Abbey," founded in 1096, had a late 11th-century church until the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the execution of its abbot in 1539. Now all that remains is the gatehouse on St John's Green, which dates from the 15th century, and the church of St Giles, used as the parish church of the abbey.
St Martin's
St Martin's is a 12th-century church that survives in its original Norman form. The church is on West Stockwell Street in the old Dutch Quarter. Its tower was damaged in the English Civil War and was never repaired. Today the church building is in the care of The Churches Conservation Trust and is used as a community venue. The key is available from the Colchester Borough Council museum service.
St Mary-at-the-Walls
On Church Street, to the east of Balkerne Hill is St Mary-at-the-Walls, built against the Roman walls and overlooking the western suburbs of the city. First recorded in 1206, the church has a notable history. It is the site where 23 Protestant martyrs were executed by burning in the reign of the Mary I. In the English Civil War a Royalist army used the church tower as a gun emplacement, which resulted in its destruction by New Model Army siege batteries. The theory that the tower gave rise to the rhyme Humpty Dumpty is now probably disproved. The lower part of the tower is Norman; the upper parts were rebuilt in 1729 and the top in 1911. The rest of the church was rebuilt in 1872 to designs by Arthur Blomfield. Philip Morant, the Essex historian, was Rector 1737–70. There was a further major rebuild in 1872
In 1978 the parish was united with Christ Church in a new building in Ireton Road. The old church was made redundant; the bell was moved to St Leonard's in Lexden and the organ to Brentwood Cathedral. In 1980 the building was reopened as Colchester Arts Centre.
St Nicholas
Saint Nicholas' church formerly stood on the High Street. The original church was 12th century and the church was rebuilt in the 14th century, and restored again between 1875 and 1876 to designs by Sir George Gilbert Scott. The church had the highest spire in Colchester. The Church of England had the church demolished in 1955 and sold the site for commercial redevelopment. The Colchester Co-operative Society built a department store ("St Nicholas House") on the site. The building has retail at the ground floor and permission for residential development on the upper floors.
St Runwald's
St Runwald's church is one of only three churches were ever dedicated to the Saint in Britain. The church in Colchester formerly stood as part of "middle row" in the High Street. It was demolished, along with other buildings in the row, in the 1860s. The church graveyard is in West Stockwell Street, behind Colchester Town Hall.
St Peter's
In origin a Medieval church, St Peter's is on North Hill and largely consists of later Georgian material due to a major remodelling in 1758, but the building retains mediaeval fabric and underwent a further remodelling in 1895–96. During the Medieval period the church yard contained a large stone cross from which gospels were read during the Palm Sunday procession. The churchyard also contained a large marker stone on its northern side into the 1500s. The Medieval church also contained a large rood screen with a rood loft. The bells are rung every Thursday. Details of its history are available at the church.
St Leonard's-at-the-Hythe
St Leonard's-at-the-Hythe is a large Medieval church at Colchester's Hythe river port. Along with St John's Abbey it was one of the two ecclesiastical buildings in Colchester which contained clocks. The church was the site of a battle during the 1648 Siege of Colchester, and its south door still contains firing loops for muskets.
Georgian churches
Baptist Church
In Eld Lane, built in 1834 on the site of Colchester's first purpose-built Baptist chapel of 1711.
Strict Baptist Chapel
Formerly in Stanwell Street, demolished in 1971 to make way for Colchester's Inner Ring Road. The chapel was built in 1811 or 1812 for a new congregation, some of whom had seceded from the Baptists in Eld Lane. Colchester Elim Pentecostal Church (see below) used the chapel 1957–71.
Congregational Chapel
This red-brick chapel in East Stockwell Street was built in 1816–17. The chapel was built for Congregational minister Rev. Joseph Herrick, who was expelled from his previous meeting house in St Helen's Lane by the Unitarians in the congregation. It was refronted in 1834 with a pediment and Tuscan columns. After Herrick's death, his successor, Rev. Thomas Batty (father of Colchester artist Dora Batty), added new schoolrooms in 1868 and remodelled the chapel in 1875. It has been a Grade II-listed building since 1971.
Quaker Meeting House
A Grade II listed building in Church Street dating from 1803.
Victorian churches
All Saints, Shrub End
The parish church of Shrub End; formerly part of Lexden, it became a separate parish in 1845. Designed in a revival of Decorated Gothic by D. R. French, the red-brick church has a tower with a slated spire. MapRef TL 970232.
A more detailed look at the church can be found on the church's website on www.shrubendparish.co.uk
St Botolph's
The current church building was dedicated in 1837. It is built in the style of the old Norman building, with semicircular arches and Norman ornamentation and was designed by William Mason of Ipswich. The Church was nearly destroyed by fire in the 1943 air raids. It had its own team of fire watchers which dealt with several incendiary bombs.
Garrison Church
Built in Military Road in 1855 to hold services for soldiers going to the Crimean War, this large Grade II* listed timber church has space for a congregation of 500. It is now the Russian Orthodox Church. of St. John the Wonderworker.
St James the Less
This Roman Catholic Church of St James the Less and St Helen in Priory Street was designed by JJ Scoles, built in 1837 and enlarged in 1909–10. It is a Norman revival building with an apsidal chancel.
St John the Evangelist
The Church of St John the Evangelist Colchester was built in 1863 by Arthur Blomfield in the Decorated style. It is principally of red brick with yellow and blue brick and stone window tracery. It consists of a chancel and nave surmounted by a small bellcot at the west end. The chancel and its fittings and part of the nave were built with money collected in memory of J.T. Round. It has a boarded and tiled roof. In the late 1960s and into the 1970s, the modern housing estate of St John's was built and a further estate of Highwoods was developed in the 1980s. From 1980 under the leadership of Rev Brian Nicholson, the numbers of the congregation steadily grew. Mainly through the generous giving from the church family, the church was significantly extended in 1987. Following continuing growth in church membership, St Luke's was planted, meeting weekly in the community centre on Highwoods. In 2012 the church undertook a million pound plus building project, replacing the old pre-fab church hall with a new multi purpose Community Centre.
United Reformed Church
In Lion Walk, this Gothic Revival church was designed in a Geometrical Decorated Gothic style and built in 1863 for a Congregational community that had been meeting in Colchester since the 17th century. The 1884 Colchester earthquake damaged its steeple. The church became part of the new United Reformed Church in 1972.
Modern churches
St Barnabas' Church, Old Heath
Built on the site of a Victorian church, St Barnabas was built in 1949 to replace the original church which was in a state of disrepair. A small and friendly church, it has various services and masses during the week including a Parish Sung Mass on a Sunday Morning at 10am.
Castle Methodist Church
In Maidenburgh Street next to Colchester Castle, this 20th-century building was opened in 1970 on the site of the "great round meeting house" where John Wesley preached in the 18th century. A wooden pulpit that he used is preserved in the new church.
Colchester New Church
Colchester New Church at 175 Maldon Road was built in 1924. In 1967 the church building was expanded. The sanctuary was extended two metres in length, a new school room, and a new entrance porch were added. The designer of the new additions was architect Geoff P. Dawson.
Elim Pentecostal Church
Colchester's Elim Pentecostal congregation formed in 1930. A temporary tabernacle was built in Fairfax Road in 1931 and served until 1957, when the congregation moved to the former Strict Baptist Chapel in Stanwell Street (see above). When that chapel was demolished in 1971 to make way for a new road, the congregation had a new church built in Walsingham Road. The congregation now meets in a newer building on Clematis Way.
Greenstead Evangelical Free Church
Greenstead Evangelical Free Church is on Magnolia Drive on the Greenstead estate. It was built in 1963, making it almost as old as the estate itself. It is affiliated with the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches.
References
Sources |
Thomas Lawton (c. 1558 – 1606) was an English barrister and judge who briefly sat in the House of Commons in the year 1584 and from 1604 to 1606.
Lawton was the third son of John Lawton of Church Lawton, and his wife Margaret Dutton, daughter of Fulke Dutton of Chester. He was educated at St Alban Hall, Oxford in 1575 and entered Inner Temple in 1576. He was called to the bar in 1584. In 1584, he was elected Member of Parliament for the newly enfranchised seat of Callington.
Lawton practised as a lawyer in London and became Bencher of Inner Temple in 1597 and Autumn Reader in 1600. By 1602 he was recorder of Chester. In 1604 he was elected MP for Chester.
Lawton died intestate in 1606.
References
1550s births
1606 deaths
Members of the Parliament of England for Callington
Year of birth uncertain
Alumni of St Alban Hall, Oxford
Members of the Inner Temple
Politicians from London
English MPs 1584–1585
English MPs 1604–1611
People from Chester |
The Centre de formation des journalistes (in English: Institute for the Training of Journalists) or École CFJ is the journalism school (grande école) of Paris-Panthéon-Assas University, located in Paris and Lyon, France.
The CFJ is a member of the Conférence des Grandes écoles. The CFJ is recognized by the French government and by the profession of journalists. The CFJ diploma is organized with the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne. Since September 2020, Sorbonne University and the CFJ's W school have been offering a double degree in "Science, communication and journalism" which is equivalent to a Bachelor of Science degree in journalism and communication.
Often considered as "the ENA of journalists", like the ESJ of Lille, the CFJ has trained a large number of great journalists (Bernard Pivot, David Pujadas, Florence Aubenas, Pierre Lescure ...), and attracts each year nearly a thousand candidates for around fifty places.
History
The CFJ was founded the day after the Liberation, on 11 July 1946, by Philippe Viannay and Jacques Richet, both members of the resistance group "Défense de la France".
The school was recognized by the French State as an establishment of higher technical education on 25 January 1962.
In 1969, it created the Centre de perfectionnement des journalistes (CPJ), which offered professional training for journalists. In 1972, the CFJ and the CPJ joined forces within the CFPJ (Centre de formation et de perfectionnement des journalistes).
Following a financial crisis, in 1998, the school had to restructure. At the initiative of Claire Richet, Bernard Pivot and Pierre Lescure, former students created the "CFJ-Demain" association to find financing solutions that would allow the school to escape liquidation. The justice system granted it the takeover of the CFPJ in 1999. Despite the increase in tuition fees, the situation remained precarious: in 2002, the CFPJ group was once again in bankruptcy.
In July 2003, the CFPJ group, the structure into which the CFJ's activities fit, was taken over by the EFE training group, which became Abilways in 2012.
The CFJ has been managed by the association École CFJ (non-profit) since 28 July 2003.
The CFJ is one of the 14 Journalism schools recognized by the profession according to the objective list given by the Office national d'information sur les enseignements et les professions (ONISEP). There is no official ranking of journalism schools recognized by the profession as indicated by the ONISEP in its list. The documentary bases of specialized bodies refrain from making value judgments.
Since 2013, the CFJ is an affiliated member of Hautes Écoles Sorbonne Arts et Métiers University (HESAM University).
On 12 January 2016, the CFJ and the Abilways Group announced the creation of W School, a three-year undergraduate program that will allow students to learn about the information, communication and digital creation professions and to prepare for journalism school competitions.
In October 2016, the CFJ leaves its historic premises at 35 rue du Louvre in Paris to move into a 1,700 m2 building belonging to the Abilways Group, at 210 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine in the 12th arrondissement of Paris.
In September 2017, the CFJ creates a preparation for the journalism school competitions in partnership with its post-baccalaureate training, the W School.
The CFJ Paris has been recognized as a private higher education institution of general interest since 16 January 2020.
On 23 April 2018, the CFJ-W group becomes an associate member of the Cumulus International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media.
On 16 January 2020, the CFJ obtains the qualification of "Établissement d'enseignement supérieur privé d'intérêt général" (EESPIG) by publication in the Official Bulletin of the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation.
On 12 May 2021, the CFJ, in partnership with the pan-European channel Euronews, is announcing the creation in Lyon of a new Masters-level apprenticeship course entitled 'Local/Global'.
Academic programs
The school, cited in the Convention collective nationale de travail des journalistes, has adapted to the technical changes in the media world. In 1984, it created the first training course for image reporters (JRI) and in 2000, the first French training course in multimedia journalism.
In 2013, the CFJ inaugurated in its premises the first Newsroom dedicated to teaching journalism, which won the "Explore" prize in May 201618 and in May 2017. The school is developing specific academic and practical courses in this framework, open to students from its two classes.
The pedagogical responsibility for the different specializations ("journalist-image reporters", "television editors", "radio", "multimedia") as well as all the courses provided by the school are taught by working journalists.
Graduate level
Since 2007, the CFJ has had four graduate educational programs:
the "classical program" or CFJ Diploma, which is entered through a very selective national competitive exam (eligibility file, then written and oral admission tests), open to students with three years of higher education, or through an international competitive exam, in partnership with University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne. On average, admitted candidates have completed more than four years of study after the baccalaureate;
the apprenticeship training program, set up in 2007. Admitted by competitive examination or by dossier, CFJ apprentices follow their training in two years with the students and obtain the same diploma, in Paris and Lyon ('Local/Global'). In 2016, 16 CFJ students are enrolled in the apprenticeship program in Paris. In 2020, 19 CFJ students are enrolled in the apprenticeship program in Lyon.
the "Data and Investigative Journalism" program, created in 2019 in partnership with Sciences Po Lyon, will enable students to obtain the respective diplomas of the two institutions at the end of two years of training, between Lyon and Paris.
Undergraduate level
The W School of the CFJ delivers a Bachelor's degree in marketing, communication and journalism, which takes place over three years and offers five specializations:
the "Journalism, documentary and fiction" program: basic writing techniques, storytelling and screenplays, English, new writing, image and sound techniques;
the "Marketing and digital communication" program: marketing, strategy and business issues, communication, digital strategy, Business English;
the "Sport and e-sport" program: sports journalism, sports marketing, e-sport issues, sports events, sports law, creation, gaming, sports psychology, in partnership with the Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP). It replaces the CFJ's 'Sportcom' course, launched in 1987 ;
the "Entrepreneurship and innovation" program: innovations and new technologies, digital marketing, management, corporate law, Business Plan, English, Project makers;
the "Narrative luxury" course: Knowing how to be and the codes of luxury, The major trends in fashion and luxury, The stakes of the sector and luxury brands.
The CFJ's W school also delivers a "Sciences, communication and journalism" program in partnership with Sorbonne University since 2020.
The CFJ and the W school have academic partnerships with the French business schools and Grande École HEC Paris, EM Lyon Business School and EDHEC Business School and the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne.
Accreditation
The CFJ is accredited by the Commission paritaire nationale de l'emploi des journalistes (in English : the National Joint Commission for the Employment of Journalists). The CFJ diploma is jointly approved and awarded by the French Ministry of Higher Education. It is also registered in the French Ministry of Employment's National Register of Professional Certifications (RNCP) at level 7 (Master's degree).
Notable alumni
Ranking by promotion year:
Wendy Bouchard (2006) received the 2013 Golden Women's Trophy in the Media category.
Frédéric Capron (2004) – Robert Guillain Prize from the France-Japan Association for a documentary film project, "Les Tojis, Maîtres du Saké".
Anne Le Hénaff (2001) – Prix de la Fondation Varenne 2012 de la radio – 2012 – for her report entitled: "Living with Alzheimer's disease "
Pierre-François Lemonnier (2001) – Micros d'Or de l'UJSF (Union des journalistes de sport en France) 201032
François Ruffin (2001) received the César for Best Documentary Film for Merci patron!
Fabrice Launay (1997) – Albert Londres Prize Audiovisual – 2007 – with Anne Boiret and Gwenlaouen Gouil.
Piotr Smolar (1997) – International Prize for the CFJ-Groupe Caisse d'Epargne survey 2007
Clarisse Féletin (1997) – Special Jury Mention at FIGRA 2010 Investigation Award 2010 in the video category for "The Judge and the Dioxin Case "
Anne-Sophie Lapix (1996) – Philippe Caloni Prize for the best interviewer 2012 – 2012 – for her show " Dimanche " broadcast on Canal+.
Pascale Kremer (1992) – 2008 Reporters d'espoirs news agency prize for the article "Le studio d'étudiant dans le pré" (Le Monde).
Vladimir Vasak (1992) – three prizes: WebTV-Festival 2012 de la Rochelle, Jury Prize, category Web-interactive – 2012 – for "Le destin des Halles à Paris", written and directed by Vladimir Vasak, production Kien Production, France Télévisions nouvelles écritures, INA and France 3 Paris-Île-de-France.
Christophe Ayad (1990) – Albert Londres Prize 2004, Grand Reportage Prize of the "Grands Prix des quotidiens nationaux" 2010 for a report on the Gaza Zoo.
Natalie Nougayrède (1990) – Albert Londres Prize in the written press – 2005 – for her articles on Chechnya and in particular for her coverage of the deadly hostage-taking in September 2004 in the school of Beslan (Caucasus).
Jeff Wittenberg (1989) – Franco-German Journalism Prize 2009, television category – 2009 – for his report "La France: une arrogant solitude", a production of the program "Un œil sur la planète" France 2.
Lorraine Millot (1989) – Prize for the first book of reportage and investigation, Assises du journalisme de Lille 2008 for La Russie nouvelle
Raphaëlle Bacqué (1988) – Palmarès 2011 des Grands Prix des Quotidiens Nationaux – 2011 – with Béatrice Gurrey (1980) for "Clotilde Reiss – an Iranian passion" published in "Le Monde".
Jean-Xavier de Lestrade (1987) – Fipa d'or for best screenplay, fiction category, at the 25th Festival International des Programmes Audiovisuels (FIPA) – 2012 – Antoine Lacomblez, screenwriter, for "La Disparition", a Maha Productions production with the participation of France 2.
Christophe Boltanski (1987) – Bayeux-Calvados War Correspondents' Award 2010, Trophy for written press.
Nathalie Sapena (1987) – Prize of the news agency Reporters d'espoirs 2008 for the report "Donations of bone marrow" (France 2)
Philippe Broussard (1985) – Albert Londres Prize Presse écrite – 1993. Le Monde.
Florence Aubenas (1984) – Amila-Meckert Prize organized by the association Colères du Présent 49- 2010 – for her book "Le quai de Ouistreham". Editions de l'Olivier. Joseph Kessel Prize 2010.
Laurent Joffrin (1977) – Political Book Prize 2002 – for his book "Le Gouvernement invisible" published by Arlea
Pierre Haski (1974) – Award for the best foreign site 2012, awarded by the Online News Association (ONA) – 2012 – The online news site Rue89, co-founded by Pierre Haski (74), currently president and director of the publication, received, in the non-English-speaking category, the award for the best foreign site 2012, awarded by the Online News Association (ONA).
Hervé Chabalier (1969) – Albert Londres Prize Presse écrite – 1979.
References
External links
CFJ's W Undergraduate School
Journalism schools in France
Grandes écoles
Education in Paris
University of Paris
Educational institutions established in 1946
1946 establishments in France
Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University |
Haparanda (; ) is a locality and the seat of Haparanda Municipality in Norrbotten County, Sweden. It is adjacent to Tornio, Finland. Haparanda had a population of 4,856 in 2010, out of a municipal total of 10,200 inhabitants.
Haparanda is located at the northerly extreme of the Swedish coastline, far removed from large cities. Its summers are very mild for a coastal location so far north, and winters are normally not extremely cold in spite of the relative proximity to the Arctic Circle.
Haparanda has strong connections to Tornio and the Finnish side of the river and bilingualism of Swedish and Finnish is common although Swedish is the sole official language and the mother tongue of a vast majority of inhabitants. In 2010, it was estimated that 70% of Haparanda's inhabitants spoke Finnish as a second language.
Haparanda, for historical reasons, is often still referred to as a "city" despite its small population, although Statistics Sweden only counts localities with more than 10,000 inhabitants as cities. The municipality itself, on the other hand, uses the term (City of Haparanda) not only for the town itself, but for its whole territory (). At 24° 8' E, Haparanda is Sweden's easternmost settlement.
History
When Sweden ceded Finland to Russia in 1809, the Finnish–Swedish border was drawn along the Rivers Tornio and Muonio. The town of Tornio, located on the island Suensaari in the river delta, became part of the Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire as demanded by czar Alexander I. (Finland declared independence in 1917.)
At that time the town of Tornio was dominated by Swedish-speaking merchants and craftsmen, forming a linguistic island in a Finnish-speaking countryside. After the war many of the Swedes started to develop the small village of Haaparanta across the border instead (Haparanda and Tornio are within walking distance), eventually leaving Tornio unilingually Finnish. Haparanda was made a market town (köping) in 1821 and received its city charter in 1842.
Into the early twentieth century Haparanda enjoyed commercial and political significance out of proportion to its size because of its position at the mouth of the Torne river at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia. Timber and furs from across northern Scandinavia and Russia arrived by water for shipping on to the rest of the world via the Baltic. Arctic and Antarctic expeditions of the 19th and 20th centuries, including that of Admiral Peary of the US, wore furs supplied by Hermansons, whose shop still stands in Haparanda, albeit closed now. Haparanda was the only open railway border crossing at the border to Russia during World War I, and was used by Lenin on the journey by which he returned from exile.
Sports
Haparanda/Tornio play in the second tier bandy division in Sweden, allsvenskan. Haparanda hosted matches in the Bandy World Championship 2001.
Other sports clubs located in Haparanda include:
Asplöven HC (ice hockey)
Haparanda FF (football)
The impact of the Finland-Sweden international border
Relations between the neighbouring towns have always been friendly. A large portion of Haparanda's population speak both Swedish and Finnish. Today the two towns are closely interconnected economically and socially; they constitute a transborder conurbation marketed as "EuroCity". Since Sweden and Finland are in different time zones, Haparanda is one hour behind Tornio. This allows a unique spectacle on New Year's Eve, when people can welcome the arriving year twice. Since 2005 the cities have rebranded themselves as "Haparanda-Tornio" in Sweden, and "Tornio-Haparanda" in Finland.
In 2020 and 2021, this interconnectedness has experienced economic interruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the differing national responses in Sweden and Finland. Sweden has generally speaking implemented slightly laxer restrictions while Finland has closed borders and slightly stronger restrictions. Some Swedes have also experienced prejudice on the Finnish side of the border, by Finns, due to the worsening pandemic situation in Sweden.
Haparanda has a railway station, which is served by three trains per day on weekdays. The line was closed to passenger trains between 1992 and 2021, when passenger services restarted. This was the only route open between Russia and Germany in World War I, and during World War II many of the approximately 80,000 Finnish children evacuated to Sweden entered the country here.
75,000 WWI prisoners of war were exchanged between the warring sides and 27,000,000 kg of mail, mostly from or to prisoners of war, was sorted at Haparanda.
Rail gauge
Haparanda is connected to the Swedish national network by the Haparandabanan (Haparanda railway). The bridge between Haparanda and Tornio is the only direct connection between the Swedish and Finnish rail systems. The two networks use different track gauges, requiring all freight wagons crossing the border to have their cargo reloaded or their bogies exchanged. Between Haparanda and Tornio there is a dual gauge track, with Swedish and Finnish , in a four-rail gauntlet track formation.
Buildings
An IKEA retail store opened 15 November 2006 in a new commercial enterprise zone at the Haparanda-Tornio border, and is the northernmost IKEA store in the world. Though goods are priced in Swedish kronor only, instore signage is in both Swedish and Finnish. This single store attracts a claimed two million visitors every year, and has triggered "piggy-back" development of other large-scale retail outlets and a prototypical US-style shopping mall on the site. Although shops in Haparanda itself accept euros and Swedish kronor, many have closed in the face of competition from the out of town development.
Notable buildings besides the rail station (1918) include the Stadshotell (hotel and former town hall) of 1900, which has a first floor stateroom with magnificent chandeliers of Orrefors glass, and the landmark pepperpot-shaped watertower, erected in 1920. It no longer provides all the town's water, only the communal hot water supply. Haparanda's uncompromisingly modern church is by Bengt Larsson of the ELLT studio, and dates from 1967, its predecessor being destroyed by fire in 1964.
Plans for a new building containing a multipurpose arena seating 2,500 and more commercial development were announced in 2013. It will be sited on the border. Construction started in 2016 with a planned completion date in 2018.
Climate
Haparanda has a subarctic climate courtesy of its northerly position, but in spite of this classification the climate is often quite mild. The marine airflow from the mild North Atlantic tempers winters in spite of the low sun, whilst Haparanda retains enough continental influence for summers to be relatively warm, especially for a coastal city so far north. This is due to the large landmass surrounding the city in most directions as well as the brief midnight sun that normally lasts around 10 days. During summer, daylight is prevalent enough to allow daytime activities around the clock for a longer period than that. During the winter solstice however, Haparanda only experiences 2 hours and 56 minutes of daylight.
Daytime temperature average ranges normally goes between in summer to in winter, with winters being milder than many continental climates. Due to summer temperatures rapidly dropping once daylight diminishes, Haparanda does not reach such a classification.
Notable people
Mia Green died here in 1949. She was a photographer who had documented the town's role in history. She is also the great-grandmother of actress Eva Green.
Pär Hulkoff (born 1980), founder and frontman for Industrial metal band Raubtier and his solo project "Hulkoff"
Tomas Johansson, world champion in wrestling
Ida Karkiainen, Minister for Public Administration and Minister for Consumer Affairs, 2021–2022
Sigrid Fridman, sculptor
See also :Category:People from Haparanda Municipality
See also
Free Trade Party of Norrbotten
Övertorneå
References
External links
Populated places in Haparanda Municipality
Coastal cities and towns in Sweden
Norrbotten
Municipal seats of Norrbotten County
Swedish municipal seats
Divided cities
Finland–Sweden border crossings |
In relational database theory, an embedded dependency (ED) is a certain kind of constraint on a relational database. It is the most general type of constraint used in practice, including both tuple-generating dependencies and equality-generating dependencies. Embedded dependencies can express functional dependencies, join dependencies, multivalued dependencies, inclusion dependencies, foreign key dependencies, and many more besides.
An algorithm known as the chase takes as input an instance that may or may not satisfy a set of EDs, and, if it terminates (which is a priori undecidable), output an instance that does satisfy the EDs.
Definition
An embedded dependency (ED) is a sentence in first-order logic of the form:
where and and are conjunctions of relational and equality atoms. A relational atom has the form and an equality atom has the form , where each of the terms are variables or constants.
Actually, one can remove all equality atoms from the body of the dependency without loss of generality. For instance, if the body consists in the conjunction , then it can be replaced with (analogously replacing possible occurrences of the variables and in the head). Analogously, one can replace existential variables occurring in the head if they appear in some equality atom.
Restrictions
In literature there are many common restrictions on embedded dependencies, among with:
full (or universal) dependencies, which are the ones without existentially-quantified variables ()
tuple-generating dependencies (TGDs)
equality-generating dependencies (EGDs)
single-head (or 1-head) dependencies, which have only one atom in the head
unirelational dependencies, in which only one relation symbol occurs
When all atoms in are equalities, the ED is an EGD and, when all atoms in are relational, the ED is a TGD. Every ED is equivalent to an EGD and a TGD.
Extensions
A common extension of embedded dependencies are disjunctive embedded dependencies (DED), which can be defined as follows:
where and and are conjunctions of relational and equality atoms.
Disjunctive embedded dependencies are more expressive than simple embedded dependencies, because DEDs in general can not be simulated using one or more EDs.
An even more expressive constraint is the disjunctive embedded dependency with inequalities (indicated with DED), in which every may contain also inequality atoms.
All the restriction above can be applied also to disjunctive embedded dependencies. Beside them, DEDs can also be seen as a generalization of disjunctive tuple-generating dependencies and disjunctive equality-generating dependencies.
References
Further reading
Database theory
Logic |
Ernesti Rikhard Rainesalo (8 April 1864 – 16 August 1929) was a Finnish politician and a member of the Senate of Finland. He was a member of the Finnish Party.
He was born in Eurajoki, Grand Duchy of Finland, as Ernesti Rikhard Rothström, which he was known as until 1906 when his surname was changed to Rainesalo, to vicar Karl Fredrik Rothström and his wife Augusta Sofia Rancken. Rainesalo finished his secondary education in 1884 and went on to study law, graduating from the University of Helsinki with his M.A. in Law in 1890. At the same time, he also served as a vänrikki in the Finnish army, in the Uusikaupunki reserve forces, the Uusimaa Sniper Battalion and the Kärsämäki reserve forces until 1889.
After graduation, he went to work for the Grand Duchy, where he served in the government of Turku and Pori Province and in the economic division of the Senate. In 1905, he briefly served as the acting governor of Oulu Province. On 14 February 1910 Rainesalo was named senator. As a senator, he served as the head of the Civil Ministry from 1912-13 during the Markov government and as the head of the House Ministry from 1913 during the Borovitinov government until the October Revolution of 1917. Rainesalo was awarded the rank of Actual State Councillor in 1916 in recognition for his service to the Russian Empire and the emperor.
After Finland gained her independence, Rainesalo worked as a lawyer in Helsinki until his death in 1929 in Helsinki.
Bibliography
Håkon Holmberg: (Keisarillisen) Suomen senaatin talousosaston puheenjohtajat, jäsenet ja virkamiehet 1909–1918 – elämäkerrallinen luettelo, Helsinki, 1964 .
Kansallisbiografia .
1864 births
1929 deaths
People from Eurajoki
Politicians from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Finnish Party politicians
Finnish senators
20th-century Finnish lawyers
University of Helsinki alumni |
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