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Herbert Schilling (20 June 1930 – 24 October 2004) was a German boxer. He competed in the men's light welterweight event at the 1952 Summer Olympics. In 1951 he won the European Amateur Boxing Championships in Milan.
References
1930 births
2004 deaths
German male boxers
Olympic boxers for Germany
Boxers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Frankfurt
Light-welterweight boxers |
Manuel Miguel Afonso Pedroso Liz Rodrigues (born 30 November 1989), is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Sintrense as a second striker.
Career
Born in Lisbon, Liz is a youth graduate from S.C.U. Torreense, joining them in 1999 and staying there for nine seasons, debuting for the first team on 24 August 2008 in the third tier.
After two seasons, he joined Sport União Sintrense in the fourth tier, racking up more than sixty league games in two seasons, sparking the interest of S.L. Benfica which signed him and teammate Nélson Semedo on 12 January 2012.
His first season was spent at C.D. Fátima, signing a loan deal on 9 August 2012. When he started the second season, he was not registered with the reserve side, spending six months without competing, until he joined Atlético CP on a three and a half years contract on 26 January 2014.
On 23 January 2014, Liz made his professional debut with Atlético in a Segunda Liga match against Portimonense. He left Atlético at the end of the season and returned to Sintrense.
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Lisbon
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
S.L. Benfica footballers
Liga Portugal 2 players
S.C.U. Torreense players
Atlético Clube de Portugal players
C.D. Fátima players
S.U. Sintrense players
S.U. 1º Dezembro players |
Krutaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Lyakhovskoye Rural Settlement, Melenkovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 35 as of 2010.
Geography
Krutaya is located 15 km east of Melenki (the district's administrative centre) by road. Fursovo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Melenkovsky District |
Paradise is the sixteenth studio album by American country music artist John Anderson. It was released in 1996 under the BNA Records label. The album produced the singles: "Paradise" (also recorded by Pirates of the Mississippi on their 1995 album Paradise), which peaked at 26 on United States Country charts and 21 on Canadian charts, "Long Hard Lesson Learned", which peaked at 51 and "My Kind of Crazy", which peaked at 67.
Critical reception
Sara Sytsma of Allmusic rated the album two-and-a-half stars out of five, saying that it "featur[es] a handful of great songs that cancel out the fair amount of filler on the record." Chet Flippo of Billboard called it "traditional, uncompromising John Anderson country".
Track listing
Personnel
As listed in liner notes.
John Anderson – acoustic guitar, lead vocals, background vocals
Eddie Bayers – drums
Mike Brignardello – bass guitar
Larry Byrom – acoustic guitar
Darel DeCounter – Hammond B-3 organ
Paul Franklin – steel guitar, Dobro
Sonny Garrish – steel guitar, Dobro
Levon Helm – background vocals on "The Band Plays On"
Dann Huff – electric guitar
Mark Knopfler – electric guitar on "Let the Guitar Do the Talkin'"
Matt Rollings – piano
John Wesley Ryles – background vocals
Gary Smith – piano
Joe Spivey – fiddle, mandolin
Biff Watson – acoustic guitar
Lonnie Wilson – drums
Glenn Worf – bass guitar
Curtis Wright – background vocals
Curtis Young – background vocals
Chart performance
Album
Singles
References
1996 albums
BNA Records albums
John Anderson (musician) albums
Albums produced by James Stroud |
Matyshevo () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Matyshevskoye Rural Settlement, Rudnyansky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 134 as of 2010.
Geography
Matyshevo is located in steppe, on the Khopyorsko-Buzulukskaya Plain, 30 km northwest of Rudnya (the district's administrative centre) by road. Matyshevo (selo) is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Rudnyansky District, Volgograd Oblast
Atkarsky Uyezd |
The rock-wallabies are the wallabies of the genus Petrogale.
Taxonomy
The genus was established in 1837 by John Edward Gray in a revision of material at the British Museum of Natural History. Gray nominated his earlier description of Kangurus pencillatus as the type species, now recognised in the combination Petrogale penicillata (brush-tailed rock-wallaby). The author separated the species from the defunct genus Kangurus, which he proposed to divide in his synopsis of the known macropod species.
The following is a list of species, with common names, arranged by alliances of species groups:
Genus Petrogale
P. brachyotis species group
Short-eared rock-wallaby, Petrogale brachyotis
Monjon, Petrogale burbidgei
Nabarlek, Petrogale concinna
Eastern short-eared rock-wallaby, Petrogale wilkinsi
P. xanthopus species group
Proserpine rock-wallaby, Petrogale persephone
Rothschild's rock-wallaby, Petrogale rothschildi
Yellow-footed rock-wallaby, Petrogale xanthopus
P. lateralis/penicillata species group
Allied rock-wallaby, Petrogale assimilis
Cape York rock-wallaby, Petrogale coenensis
Godman's rock-wallaby, Petrogale godmani
Herbert's rock-wallaby, Petrogale herberti
Unadorned rock-wallaby, Petrogale inornata
Black-flanked rock-wallaby, Petrogale lateralis
Mareeba rock-wallaby, Petrogale mareeba
Brush-tailed rock-wallaby, Petrogale penicillata
Purple-necked rock-wallaby, Petrogale purpureicollis
Mount Claro rock-wallaby, Petrogale sharmani
Etymology
From Latin petr- = rock + Greek galé = weasel.
Description
A genus with a high degree of speciation, driven in part by their fidelity to complex habitats that are phylogeographically isolated, Petrogale is the most diverse macropod genus, with workers identifying 19 species and further cryptic taxa in taxonomic revisions to 2014.
The species occur in a weight range of 1–12 kilograms, relatively small to medium-sized marsupials.
The medium-sized, often colourful and extremely agile rock-wallabies live where rocky, rugged and steep terrain can provide daytime refuge. Males are slightly larger than females, with a body length of up to 59 cm and a 70 cm long tail.
Rock-wallabies are nocturnal and live a fortress-like existence spending their days in steep, rocky, complex terrain in some kind of shelter (a cave, an overhang or vegetation) and ranging out into surrounding terrain at night to feed. The greatest activity occurs three hours before sunrise and after sunset.
Habitat
Their reliance on refuges leads to the rock-wallabies living in small groups or colonies, with individuals having overlapping home ranges of about 15 hectares each. Within their colonies, they seem to be highly territorial with a male's territory overlapping one or a number of female territories. Even at night, the rock-wallabies do not move further than two kilometres from their home refuges.
Generally, there are three categories of habitat that the different species of rock-wallaby seem to prefer:
Loose piles of large boulders containing a maze of passageways
Cliffs with many mid-level ledges and caves
Isolated rock stacks, usually sheer sided and often girdled with fallen boulders
Suitable habitat is limited and patchy and has led to varying degrees of isolation of colonies and a genetic differentiation specific to these colonies.
The rock wallaby height is ranges from 60 cm to 70 cm.
Species decline
Their total numbers and range have been drastically reduced since European colonisation, with populations becoming extinct in the south.
The ongoing extinction of colonies in recent times is of particular concern. In 1988 at Jenolan Caves in New South Wales, for example, a caged population of 80 rock-wallabies was released to boost what was thought to be an abundant local wild population. By 1992, the total population was down to about seven. The survivors were caught and enclosed in a fox and cat-proof enclosure, and the numbers in this captive population have since begun to increase.
Scientists consider red foxes the major reason for the recent extinctions, along with competing herbivores, especially goats, sheep and rabbits, diseases such as toxoplasmosis and hydatidosis, habitat fragmentation and destruction, and a lower genetic health due to the increasing isolation of colonies.
Recovery and conservation
Habitat conservation and pest management addressing red foxes and goats appear to be the most urgent recovery actions to save the various species.
The national recovery team with support from non-government organisations such as the Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife has implemented various programs ranging from land acquisition to captive breeding and awareness raising projects.
Monitoring programs are implemented to register any changes in population sizes. Surveys and analysis establish the genetic diversity of populations. Red fox and goat eradication aid the survival of local populations, and captive breeding programs are used as an 'insurance policy' to build up rock-wallaby numbers to boost wild populations.
In the case of the yellow-footed rock-wallaby, these strategies have prevented the extinction of the species in New South Wales.
References
External links
Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
Taxa named by John Edward Gray |
Bērzupe Station is a railway station on the Jelgava – Liepāja Railway.
References
Railway stations in Latvia
Railway stations opened in 1927 |
The 2006–07 Atlanta Hawks season was the 58th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the 39th in Atlanta. The Hawks had the fifth overall pick in the 2006 NBA draft, and selected Shelden Williams out of Duke University. During the offseason, the team signed free agent Speedy Claxton and re-signed former Hawks center Lorenzen Wright. The Hawks got off to a strong start winning four of their first five games. However, the lack of talent on the court continued to weigh down the Hawks as they entered the New Year with a 9–20 record, including an 8-game losing streak. In January, they posted a winning record as they won 8 of their 15 games during the month. Joe Johnson averaged 25.0 points per game and was selected for the 2007 NBA All-Star Game. However, after the All-Star break, Johnson would miss the remainder of the season due to calf injuries after 57 games.
At midseason, the team re-signed free agent, and former Hawks guard Anthony Johnson, who would play in his third stint with the Hawks, who finished last place in the Southeast Division with a 30–52 record, missing the playoffs for the eighth straight season. Josh Smith showed improvement averaging 16.4 points, 8.6 rebounds, and 2.9 blocks per game, while second-year forward Marvin Williams provided the team with 13.1 points and 5.3 rebounds per game. This would be the final season that the Hawks missed the playoffs until 2018.
Draft picks
Roster
Regular season
Standings
Record vs. opponents
Game log
Player statistics
Season
Awards and records
Transactions
References
Atlanta Hawks seasons
Atlanta Haw
Atlanta Haw
Atlanta Hawks |
Brianna Alexis Smalls Pinto (born May 24, 2000) is an American soccer player who currently plays as a midfielder for North Carolina Courage of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL).
Pinto has played for the United States youth national teams at the 2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup and the 2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup and was named the United States Soccer Federation's Young Female Player of the Year in 2019. At age 16, Pinto was the youngest player named to the United States women's team's squad for the 2017 SheBelieves Cup.
Early life
Pinto was born in New Haven, Connecticut and grew up in Durham, North Carolina. At age 9, her father Hassan, who played for North Carolina's men's soccer team, placed her on the boys team at Triangle FC in Raleigh, North Carolina after contacting former North Carolina women's players, Mia Hamm, Kristine Lilly and Cindy Parlow, who told him they developed at an early age by playing against boys. At age 13, she joined Capital Area Soccer League (CASL) ECNL, also in Raleigh, playing there from 2014 to 2017, before joining NTH Tophat in Atlanta in 2018.
College career
Anson Dorrance, head coach of the University of North Carolina women's team, who had recruited her father Hassan when he also coached the men's team, began recruiting Pinto when she was in eighth grade. She accepted the offer in ninth grade. Pinto made her college debut in August 2018 and scored the opening goal in a 2–0 win against Ohio State, the 1,000th win of Dorrance's career.
In 2019, her sophomore season, she was named First-Team All-American by United Soccer Coaches along with teammates Alessia Russo and Emily Fox, and helped the Tar Heels reach the 2019 College Cup Final. She was a First-Team All-ACC selection during all three years at North Carolina.
In the 2020 season (extended into Spring 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic), Pinto helped North Carolina reach the semifinal of the NCAA Tournament, where she scored a goal in the Tar Heels' 1–3 loss to Santa Clara. She was named First-Team All America for the second straight year and one of the three women's finalists for Hermann Trophy, given to the best collegiate soccer player of the season by the Missouri Athletic Club.
Club career
In January 2021, Pinto announced she was entering the 2021 NWSL Draft, although she planned to finish her junior season at North Carolina, with the 2020 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament moved to Spring 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. NJ/NY Gotham FC chose her in the first round of the draft, making her the third overall pick.
On June 4, 2021, Pinto signed a two-year contract with NJ/NY Gotham FC. She made her professional debut on June 20, 2021, as a substitute against Orlando Pride.
On December 6, 2021, Pinto was traded to the North Carolina Courage.
On March 19, 2022, Pinto scored her first professional goal in a NWSL Challenge Cup match against NJ/NY Gotham FC, making the score 1–0. On May 18, 2022, Pinto scored her first career NWSL regular season goal in a match against Orlando Pride, making the score 2-1 Orlando.
International career
Pinto has been with the United States women's national soccer team program since age 12, when she was invited to the youth national team Under-14 talent identification camp. She played for the United States U-17 team at the 2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup and was two years younger than the cutoff age at the 2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup for the United States U-20 team. Pinto played in every match at both tournaments.
Pinto received her first senior national team callup in January 2017, and at age 16, she was the youngest player named to the United States' squad for the 2017 SheBelieves Cup, although she did not make an appearance in the tournament.
Personal life
In 2018, Pinto, along with Alphonso Davies of Canada and Diego Lainez of Mexico, spoke before the 68th FIFA Congress to present North America's bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup.
In October 2020, Pinto, along with four other young athletes who called themselves Next Gen United, ran for and won seats on United States Soccer Federation's 20-person Athlete's Council, with the stated aim of diversifying the federation's leadership in age and culture. Prior to the election, the council had no Black members and just one person born after 1990.
Both her parents attended the University of North Carolina in the early 1990s. Her father, Hassan, played for the men's soccer team and her mother, Meleata, played softball. Her older brother, Hassan, Jr., played soccer in the USL Championship, and Malik, her younger brother, plays soccer in Major League Soccer.
See also
List of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
References
External links
North Carolina Tar Heels bio
2000 births
Living people
American women's soccer players
North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer players
African-American women's soccer players
Soccer players from North Carolina
Soccer players from Connecticut
Sportspeople from New Haven, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Durham, North Carolina
NJ/NY Gotham FC draft picks
NJ/NY Gotham FC players
United States Soccer Federation officials
Women's association football midfielders
United States women's youth international soccer players
United States women's under-20 international soccer players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
National Women's Soccer League players
21st-century African-American women
21st-century American women
21st-century American people
North Carolina Courage players |
José Vitor Lima Cardoso (born 9 February 2001), commonly known as Zé Vitor, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central defender for Bahia.
Club career
Born in Goiana, Pernambuco, Zé Vitor joined América Mineiro's youth setup in 2019, from Betim Futebol. He made his first team – and Série A – debut on 10 July 2021, starting in a 0–1 home loss against Atlético Mineiro.
Career statistics
References
External links
América Mineiro profile
2001 births
Living people
Footballers from Pernambuco
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
América Futebol Clube (MG) players
People from Goiana |
Aemilia testudo is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1901. It is found in Peru.
References
Moths described in 1901
Phaegopterina
Moths of South America |
Diff'rent Strokes is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from November 3, 1978, to May 4, 1985, and ABC from September 27, 1985, to March 7, 1986. This list includes synopses and air dates. Episodes are in original U.S. airdate order; some syndication and overseas airings have varied the running order. Some markets, such as U.K. satellite channel Sky One in the early 1990s, have aired the episodes in production order.
Series overview
All eight seasons have been released on DVD, with the final season released on May 29, 2018.
Episodes
Season 1 (1978–79)
Season 2 (1979–80)
Season 3 (1980–81)
Season 4 (1981–82)
Season 5 (1982–83)
Season 6 (1983–84)
Season 7 (1984–85)
Season 8 (1985–86)
See also
List of Hello, Larry episodes
List of The Facts of Life episodes
References
External links
1970s television-related lists
1980s television-related lists
Lists of American sitcom episodes |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var bench = require( '@stdlib/bench' );
var randu = require( '@stdlib/random/base/randu' );
var isnan = require( '@stdlib/math/base/assert/is-nan' );
var pkg = require( './../package.json' ).name;
var copysign = require( './../lib' );
// MAIN //
bench( pkg, function benchmark( b ) {
var x;
var y;
var z;
var i;
b.tic();
for ( i = 0; i < b.iterations; i++ ) {
x = ( randu()*1.0e7 ) - 5.0e6;
y = ( randu()*1.0e7 ) - 5.0e6;
z = copysign( x, y );
if ( isnan( z ) ) {
b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
}
}
b.toc();
if ( isnan( z ) ) {
b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
}
b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
});
``` |
Max M was the music project of composer Max Møller Rasmussen, based in Odense, Denmark. He released two albums studio albums for Hard Records titled Technology Is God and Max M Corporation, respectively released in 1992 and 1994.
History
Max M was founded by Danish composer Max Møller Rasmussen in as a solo outlet for his work. He self-released the EP Get Wild on vinyl record. and contained the guitar contributions of Carsten Lassen, who helped Rasmussen record his previous release. Max M released his debut studio album, titled Technology Is God, for Hard Records in 1992. Max M also released the off-album track "Atomic Playboy" to the Danish music compilation Cyberworld by Playground Records.
In 1994 Max M released Max M Corporation, which contained a graphic novel and accompanying music on its multimedia CD-ROM. Rasmussen composed "Cyberworld" and released as the lead track to 1994's Cyberworld II compilation. The album was reissued the following year by Fifth Colvmn Records in April. The compositions "A Day on the Net" and "The Rookie SpaceCadet" were released on Cleopatra Records various artists compilations, respectively titled Electro Industrial Assassins and Hard Target: A Collection of Electronic and Industrial Music From Hard Records. In 2012 Max M released "Længes Efter Storm" for the Cyberworld XX compilation on Braincorp.
Discography
Studio albums
Technology Is God (1992, Hard)
Max M Corporation (1994, Hard)
Extended play
Get Wild (1992)
Compilation appearances
Secrets 4 (1991, Rosa)
Cyberworld (1992, Playground)
Music From Denmark (1993, MXP)
There's Something Rocking in the State of Denmark (1994, MXP)
Cyberworld II (1994, Hard)
Electro Industrial Assassins (1995, Cleopatra)
Hard Target: A Collection of Electronic and Industrial Music From Hard Records (1996, Cleopatra)
Hard Industrial Work (5 Year Anniversary of Hard Records) (1998, Cleopatra)
Industrial Madness Volume 2 (1999, Cleopatra)
Cyberworld XX (2012, Braincorp.)
References
External links
Musical groups established in 1992
1992 establishments in Denmark
Danish electronic musicians
Industrial musicians
Electronic body music musicians
Fifth Colvmn Records artists |
Vladimir Abramovich Rapoport (; 6 November 1907, Vitebsk – 17 June 1975, Moscow) was a Soviet cinematographer. Vladimir Rapoport received the Stalin Prize four times: in 1942, 1946, 1949, 1951 and the USSR State Prize in 1971.
Selected filmography
Golden Mountains (1931)
Counterplan (1932)
Girl Friends (1936)
Large Wings (1937)
Frontier (1938)
Friends (1938)
She Defends the Motherland (1943)
Sons (1946)
A New Home (1947)
The Young Guard (1948)
The New China (1950)
The Country Doctor (1951)
Wolves and Sheep (1952)
Vassa Zheleznova (1953)
Barbarians (1953)
Least We Forget (1954)
To a New Shore (1955)
And Quiet Flows the Don (1957–1958)
Leon Gaross Looks for a Friend (1961)
Men and Beasts (1962)
Comrade Arseni (1965)
The Journalist (1967)
A Village Detective (1968)
By the Lake (1969)
The Love of Mankind (1973)
Mothers and Daughters (1974)
Aniskin and Fantomas (1974)
External links
Soviet cinematographers
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
1907 births
1975 deaths |
Omealca Municipality is a municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. The municipal seat is Omealca.
Etymology
Omealca means place between two rivers in nahuatl, due to it being next to Blanco river and above a subterranean one.
Geography
Climate
Omealca's has a very diverse range of climates, as it is next to the state of Puebla and Oaxaca, meaning that besides having Veracruz's tropical climate, it also has Puebla's mountainous climate and Oaxaca's arid climate.
Municipalities of Veracruz |
"Sinéad" is the second single from Within Temptation's fifth studio album, The Unforgiving, released on 15 July 2011. Its release was announced alongside the unveiling of its artwork on 15 April 2011. On 19 May 2011, the band announced that the single would contain special dance remixes, confirming on 10 June that there will be four different versions by Benno de Goeij, Scooter, VNV Nation and Groove Coverage. "Empty Eyes" was the B-side on the five-track maxi CD.
Track listing
Two-track German CD
"Sinéad" (single version) – 3:52
"Sinéad" (Scooter remix) – 3:46
Five-track maxi CD
"Sinéad" (single version) – 3:52
"Empty Eyes" – 3:42
"Sinéad" (VNV Nation remix) – 6:30
"Sinéad" (Scooter remix) – 3:46
"Sinéad" (Groove Coverage remix) – 4:53
Charts
References
2011 singles
2011 songs
Within Temptation songs
Songs written by Sharon den Adel
Songs written by Robert Westerholt
Songs written by Martijn Spierenburg
Roadrunner Records singles |
Turks and Caicos Cricket Association is the official governing body of the sport of cricket in Turks and Caicos Islands. Its current headquarters is in Moores Alley Grand Turk, Turks and Caicos Islands. Turks and Caicos Cricket Association is Turks and Caicos Islands's representative at the International Cricket Council and is an associate member and has been a member of that body since 2002. It is included in the ICC Americas region.
References
External links
Cricinfo-Turks and Caicos Islands
Cricket administration |
Machete Bomb is a Brazilian samba-rock band, hailing from Curitiba, Paraná. The group's leader, Otávio "Madu" Madureira, plays cavaquinho over a samba and rock and roll sound, creating a mixture influenced by Mundo Livre S/A and with which he intends to "break prejudices" and "show people" that "in Brazil, sabam did what rock contributed to abroad, (it's about) contesting, confronting, facing", with "protest songs, which speak truths and discuss sensitive topics". Besides samba-rock, the group's sound also features elements of hip hop.
History
In 2013, they released the EP O Samba do Sul.
In 2015, they released their first studio album, O Samba do Sul, a three-part effort containing a total of 23 tracks. It featured Duayer, Papo Reto, DJ Ploc, Alvaro Larsen, Hurakán, Cabes MC, Rodrigo Ribeiro, Andó, J. Velloso, Alienação Afrofuturista and Xandão Menezes.
In 2017, they released their sophomore studio album, A Saga do Cavaco Profano, featuring Alessandro Ramos (Alienação Afrofuturista), Dow Raiz, Reacción Ekis, Slick the Misfit and MC Bing Man.
In 2018, they took part in a Brazilian Nirvana's In Utero tribute album titled A Soulful Tribute to Nirvana's in Utero, performing a cover of "Dumb".
In 2020, they released their third album, MXT Comvida, featuring several artists such as Fred Zero Quatro (Mundo Livre S/A), Lemoskine, Lobato and Xandão (both from O Rappa), Mateo Piracés-Ugarte (Francisco, el Hombre), Mulamba, Nave, Odair José, TUYO, BNegão, Dedé Paraízo (Demônios da Garoa), Egypcio (Tihuana), Thestrow, Pete Mcee, Pecaos, Alienação Afrofuturista, Rodrigo Samsara, El Efecto, Caio MacBeserra (Project46), DowRaiz, Andó and Janine Mathias. The album was created after Madu lost his wife and quit music in order to focus on his two children, and the effort resulted from his decision to keep going in a musical career, counting with support from the featured musicians. He performed all instruments alone and the tracks are intercalated with jingles containing audio snippets of the featured musicians commenting on the production of the songs.
Members
Current line-up according to a March 2018 and the band's official website:
Vitor Salmazo — vocals
Otávio "Madu" Madureira — cavaquinho
Rodrigo Suspiro — bass
Daniel Perim — drums
Rodrigo Spinardi — percussion
Discography
Studio albums
O Samba do Sul (2015)
A Saga do Cavaco Profano (2017)
Mxt Comvida
Remix albums
Vendendo a Alma ao Diabo – Vol. I (2018)
Vendendo a Alma ao Diabo – Vol. II (2018)
Live albums
Psicodália 2018 ao Vivo (2018)
EPs
O Samba do Sul (2013)
References
External links
Official website
Brazilian rap rock groups |
Lobgesang (Hymn of Praise), Op. 52 (MWV A 18), is an 11-movement "Symphony-Cantata on Words of the Holy Bible for Soloists, Choir and Orchestra" by Felix Mendelssohn. After the composer's death it was published as his Symphony No. 2 in B-flat major, a naming and a numbering that are not his. The required soloists are two sopranos and a tenor. The work lasts almost twice as long as any of Mendelssohn's purely instrumental symphonies.
History
It was composed in 1840, along with the less-known Festgesang "Gutenberg Cantata", to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the invention of Johannes Gutenberg's movable type printing system.
In 1842 Mendelssohn had published his Scottish Symphony as "Symphony No. 3", however a "Symphony No. 2" had never been published during Mendelssohn's lifetime. Possibly the composer's intention was to spare this number for his earlier Italian Symphony, which he premiered in 1833, but afterwards withheld for a revision that was never completed. The Italian Symphony was published posthumously as "Symphony No. 4". Decades after Mendelssohn's death, the editors of the old Mendelssohn complete edition entered Lobgesang as "No. 2" in the sequence of the symphonies for editorial reasons. However, there is no indication that this represented the composer's intentions. The new Mendelssohn-Werkverzeichnis (MWV), published in 2009 by the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities, no longer lists Lobgesang among the symphonies, but rather among the sacred vocal works.
Structure
Structurally, it consists of three purely orchestral movements followed by 10 movements for chorus and/or soloists and orchestra, and lasts approximately 65–70 minutes in total. The English titles of the movements are:
Sinfonia:
Maestoso con moto - Allegro
Allegretto un poco agitato
Adagio religioso
All men, all things, all that have life and breath (chorus)
Let everything that has breath praise the Lord (soprano and semi-chorus)
Sing ye Praise (tenor recitative and aria)
All ye that cried unto the Lord (chorus)
I waited for the Lord (soprano duet and chorus)
The sorrows of Death (tenor Aria)
The Night is Departing (chorus)
Let all men praise the Lord (chorale, "Nun danket alle Gott")
My song shall be always Thy Mercy (soprano and tenor duet)
Ye nations, offer to the Lord (chorus)
The now-standard harmonisation of "Nun danket alle Gott" by Martin Rinkart (1636) was devised by Felix Mendelssohn in 1840 when he adopted the hymn, sung in the now-standard key of F major and with its original German lyrics of stanzas 1 and three, as the chorale to Lobgesang.
Instrumentation
The symphony is scored for two sopranos, tenor, chorus, two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, timpani, organ and strings.
Text
1. Sinfonia
2. Chor und Sopran
Alles, was Odem hat, lobe den Herrn. (Psalm 150)
Lobt den Herrn mit Saitenspiel, lobt ihn mit eurem Lied. (Psalm 33)
Und alles Fleisch lobe seinen heiligen Namen. (Psalm 145)
Lobe den Herrn, meine Seele, und was in mir ist, seinen heiligen Namen.
Lobe den Herrn, meine Seele, und vergiß es nicht, was er dir Gutes getan. (Psalm 103)
3. Rezitativ und Arie
Saget es, die ihr erlöst seid durch den Herrn,
die er aus der Not errettet hat,
aus schwerer Trübsal, aus Schmach und Banden,
die ihr gefangen im Dunkel waret,
alle, die er erlöst hat aus der Not.
Saget es! Danket ihm und rühmet seine Güte! (Psalm 107)
Er zählet unsere Tränen in der Zeit der Not.
Er tröstet die Betrübten mit seinem Wort. (Psalm 56)
Saget es! Danket ihm und rühmet seine Güte.
4. Chor
Saget es, die ihr erlöset seid von dem Herrn aus aller Trübsal.
Er zählet unsere Tränen in der Zeit der Not.
5. Duett und Chor
Ich harrete des Herrn, und er neigte sich zu mir und hörte mein Flehn.
Wohl dem, der seine Hoffnung setzt auf den Herrn!
Wohl dem, der seine Hoffnung setzt auf ihn! (Psalm 40)
6. Tenor und Sopran
Stricke des Todes hatten uns umfangen,
und Angst der Hölle hatte uns getroffen,
wir wandelten in Finsternis. (Psalm 116)
Er aber spricht: Wache auf! Wache auf, der du schläfst,
stehe auf von den Toten, ich will dich erleuchten! (Ephesians 5:14)
Wir riefen in der Finsternis: Hüter, ist die Nacht bald hin?
Der Hüter aber sprach:
Wenn der Morgen schon kommt, so wird es doch Nacht sein;
wenn ihr schon fraget, so werdet ihr doch wiederkommen
und wieder fragen: Hüter, ist die Nacht bald hin? (Isaiah 21:11–12)
7. Chor
Die Nacht ist vergangen, der Tag aber herbei gekommen.
So laßt uns ablegen die Werke der Finsternis,
und anlegen die Waffen des Lichts,
und ergreifen die Waffen des Lichts. (Romans 13:12)
8. Choral
Nun danket alle Gott mit Herzen, Mund und Händen,
der sich in aller Not will gnädig zu uns wenden,
der so viel Gutes tut, von Kindesbeinen an
uns hielt in seiner Hut und allen wohlgetan.
Lob Ehr und Preis sei Gott, dem Vater und dem Sohne,
und seinem heilgen Geist im höchsten Himmelsthrone.
Lob dem dreiein'gen Gott, der Nacht und Dunkel schied
von Licht und Morgenrot, ihm danket unser Lied.
9. [Duett]
Drum sing ich mit meinem Liede ewig dein Lob, du treuer Gott!
Und danke dir für alles Gute, das du an mir getan.
Und wandl' ich in der Nacht und tiefem Dunkel
und die Feinde umher stellen mir nach,
so rufe ich an den Namen des Herrn,
und er errettet mich nach seiner Güte.
10. Chor
Ihr Völker! bringet her dem Herrn Ehre und Macht!
Ihr Könige! bringet her dem Herrn Ehre und Macht!
Der Himmel bringe her dem Herrn Ehre und Macht!
Die Erde bringe her dem Herrn Ehre und Macht! (Psalm 96)
Alles danke dem Herrn!
Danket dem Herrn und rühmt seinen Namen
und preiset seine Herrlichkeit. (I Chronicles 16:8–10)
Alles, was Odem hat, lobe den Herrn, Halleluja! (Psalm 150)
1. Sinfonia
2. Chorus and soprano
Everything that has breath praise the Lord. (Psalm 150)
Praise the Lord with the lyre, praise him with your song. (Psalm 33)
And let all flesh bless his holy name. (Psalm 145)
Bless the Lord, O my soul, and that is within me, bless his holy name.
Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not that he has done you good. (Psalm 103)
3. Recitative and aria
Say it that you are redeemed by the Lord,
he has delivered them out of trouble,
of severe tribulation, from shame and bondage
captives in the darkness,
all which he hath redeemed from distress
Say it! Give thanks to him and praise ye, His goodness! (Psalm 107)
He numbers our tears in our time of need,
he comforts the afflicted with his word. (Psalm 56)
Say it! Give thanks to him and praise ye his kindness.
4. Chorus
Say it that you are redeemed by the Lord out of all tribulation.
He numbers our tears in our time of need.
5. Duet and Chorus
I waited patiently for the Lord, and He inclined to me and heard my supplication. (Psalm 40:1)
Blessed is the man whose hope is in the Lord! (Psalm 40:4)
Blessed is the man whose hope is in him!
6. Tenor und Sopran
The sorrows of death encompassed us
and fear of hell had struck us,
We wandered in darkness. (Psalm 116)
He saith, Awake! you who sleep,
arise from the dead, I will enlighten you! (Ephesians 5:14)
We called in the darkness, Watchman, will the night soon pass?
But the Watchman said:
if the morning comes soon, it will yet again be night;
and if you ask, you will return
and ask again, Watchman, will the night soon pass? (Isaiah 21:11–12)
7. Chor
The night has passed, but the day has come.
So let us cast off the works of darkness,
and put on the armor of light,
and take up the armor of light. (Romans 13:12)
8. Chorale
Now let us all thank God with hearts and hands and voices,
who in all adversity will be merciful to us,
who does so much good, who from childhood
has kept us in his care and done good to all.
Praise, honor and glory be to God the Father, and the Son,
and his Holy Spirit on heaven's highest throne.
Praise to God, three in one, who separated night and darkness
from light and dawn, give thanks to him with our song.
9. [Duet]
So I sing your praises with my song forever, faithful God!
And thank you for all the good you have done to me.
Though I wander in night and deep darkness
and enemies beset me all around
I will call upon the name of the Lord,
and he saved me by His goodness.
10. Chorus
You peoples! give unto the Lord glory and strength!
You kings! give unto the Lord glory and strength!
The sky will bring forth the Lord glory and strength!
Let the earth bring forth the Lord glory and strength! (Psalm 96)
All thanks to the Lord!
Praise the Lord and exalt his name
and praise his glory. (I Chronicles 16:8–10)
Everything that has breath praise the Lord, Hallelujah! (Psalm 150)
See also
Sinfonia#Symphony with an alternative scope
Lobgesang (Op. 76) (for SATB chorus and glockenspiel) by Henryk Górecki.
Notes
References
Further reading
Hans Gebhard (Hrsg.): Harenberg Chormusikführer. Harenberg, Dortmund 1999, .
Silke Leopold, Ullrich Scheideler: Oratorienführer. Metzler, Stuttgart 2000, .
External links
Symphonies by Felix Mendelssohn
Choral symphonies
Music for orchestra and organ
1840 compositions
Compositions in B-flat major |
The 2007/08 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup was the 17th in a row (15th official) Continental Cup winter season and the 6th summer season in ski jumping for men. This was also the 4th winter season for ladies.
Other competitive circuits this season included the World Cup and Grand Prix.
Men
Summer
Winter
Ladies
Winter
Men's standings
Summer
Winter
Ladies' standings
Winter
Europa Cup vs. Continental Cup
This was originally last Europa Cup season and is also recognized as the first Continental Cup season by International Ski Federation although under this name began its first official season in 1993/94.
References
FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup
2007 in ski jumping
2008 in ski jumping |
Durwood Lee Keeton (born August 14, 1952) is a former American football defensive back who played one season with the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the St. Louis Cardinals in the fourth round of the 1974 NFL Draft. He first enrolled at Navarro College before transferring to the University of Oklahoma. Keeton attended Bonham High School in Bonham, Texas. He was also a member of the Southern California Sun and Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
College career
Navarro College
Keeton played for the Navarro Bulldogs from 1970 to 1971.
University of Oklahoma
Keeton transferred to play for the Oklahoma Sooners from 1972 to 1973. He earned All-Big Eight honors while also playing in the Blue–Gray and Senior Bowl games.
Professional career
Keeton was selected by the St. Louis Cardinals with the 85th pick in the 1974 NFL draft.
Southern California Sun
Keeton played for the Southern California Sun of the World Football League in 1974, returning one interception for a touchdown.
New England Patriots
Keeton played in twelve games for the New England Patriots during the 1975 season.
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Keeton was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the 1976 NFL expansion draft. He was released by the team during training camp.
References
External links
Just Sports Stats
Living people
1952 births
Players of American football from Texas
American football defensive backs
Navarro Bulldogs football players
Oklahoma Sooners football players
Southern California Sun players
New England Patriots players
People from Bonham, Texas |
Nattuchakkeruttu is a 1980 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Ravi Gupthan and produced by Krishnaswami Reddiar. The film stars Sheela, Sreelatha Namboothiri, Kundara Johny and Meena Menon in the lead roles. The film has musical score by G. Devarajan.
Cast
Sheela
Sreelatha Namboothiri
Kundara Johny
Meena Menon
P. K. Abraham
Sankar Mohan
Soundtrack
The music was composed by G. Devarajan and the lyrics were written by Devadas.
References
External links
1980 films
1980s Malayalam-language films |
Osinovik () is a rural locality (a village) in Nikolskoye Rural Settlement, Ustyuzhensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002.
Geography
Osinovik is located south of Ustyuzhna (the district's administrative centre) by road. Yemelyanikha is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Ustyuzhensky District |
Edition Güntersberg is a German publishing house of classical music, focused on compositions for the viola da gamba. It was founded in Heidelberg in 1990 by Günter von Zadow and Leonore von Zadow-Reichling, who is a professional gambist. In addition to works from Renaissance and Baroque, the company has published music from the early classical period, for both viola da gamba, for example by Carl Friedrich Abel, and baryton, including works by Joseph Haydn.
Publishing history
In 2007 they published several works by Dieterich Buxtehude, including Mit Fried und Freud, one of the few works printed during the composer's lifetime. A copy is held by the Badische Landesbibliothek, shown in facsimile along with the new edition. A review of their edition of a duo sonata for violin and viola da gamba by Buxtehde noted the detailed preface, relevant for historically informed performance, and a facsimile of the original, also the setting in modern style faithful to the composer's accidentals, and without added dynamic marking. Players find both a score with figured bass, and a keyboard part with a suggestion. They published the many string trios for baryton, viola and cello by Joseph Haydn, for example numbers 97 to 126 in 2009. In 2010 they published Alexander Ferdinand Grychtolik's reconstruction of Bach's lost homage cantata O angenehme Melodei, based on a wedding cantata.
In 2016 they published Telemann's Twelve Fantasias for Viola da Gamba solo (Twelve Fantasies pour la Basse de Violle) which had been thought to be lost. Based on research of a French musicologist, they were found in an archive and first performed by the gambist , who is also a musicologist teaching at the Leipzig University. The archive held a complete copy of the music, which Telemann had printed in 1735 in his own publishing house, in a private collection held at the (state archive of Lower Saxony) in Osnabrück The Collection came from Schloss Ledenburg and is now called Ledenburg Collection. Fritzsch played the fantasias for the first time after their rediscovery in two concerts as part of the 23rd Magdeburger Telemann-Festtage on 19 and 20 March 2016, along with a recording (made at the abbey church of Zscheiplitz) and the presentation of the edition. The same collection held also three sonatas by Carl Friedrich Abel, published in 2016, Other publications from the collection include three sonatas by Giacobo Cervetto, two sonatas by Giuseppe Tartini, a sonata by Juan Bautista Pla, two anonymous sonatas, a sonata by Filippo Ruge (1722 – after 1767), a sonata by Pietro Castrucci, a trio by , a trio by Johann Konrad Gretsch (ca. 1710 – 1778) and a trio attributed to Abel.
Abel Fest 2023
Günter von Zadow wrote in five years an extended new works list of Abel's compositions, Catalogue of Works of Carl Friedrich Abel, or AbelWV. It takes into account many newly discovered works, and additional sources for known works, presenting historic background of 416 works. It was published by Ortus Musikverlag in 2023, the year of the composer's tricentenary.
At the Abel Fest, an international festival in the composer's birth town Köthen in June 2023, Leonore von Zadow-Reichling and Günter von Zadow received the first biennial Abel Prize for their efforts to retrieve and publish Abel's works, having published more than 150 of the composer's works, many of them as first publications.
References
External links
Güntersberg
Güntersberg
German companies established in 1990
Publishing companies established in 1990 |
Annapurna Theatre is the pioneer of Odia Theatre Company.
Formation
In 1933, Somnath Das formed Jayadurga Natya Mandali, an opera party in Khandualkote village in the undivided Puri district. A couple of years later, the organizers decided to switch over to theatre proper. By this time, a few artists from Banamali Art Theatre and Bauri Bandhu Mohanty, an able manager, had joined them. Mohanty had ample experience in the theatrical field. Within a short time he reconstituted the party and founded Annapurna Theatre in 1936. Within a very short time Annapurna Theatre became a touring troupe.
Branching out
In 1939, Kartik Kumar Ghose translated P.W. D. that is a Bengali play into Odia and it was produced by Annapurna Theatre. Its success encouraged the organizers to march ahead. Later, Aswini Kumar Ghose wrote a number of works for them. As the number of artists increased, it was decided to divide the company into two branches. The A-group was stationed in Puri, headed by Mohanty, and the B-group in Cuttack, both on permanent stages. Ramchandra Mishra's Social Play, Manager, inaugurated the Cuttack theatre in 1945. Ties between the two groups were cordial in the primary phase. Even a third group, Annapurna-C was started for a short period. But, gradually, relations soured and the branches separated.
End of Theatres
Managed by Lingaraj Nanda, Annapurna-B had its permanent stage at Tinkonia Bagicha in Cuttack. The building still stands at the place. Till 1968 at least five or six performance played in the Annapurna-B theatre annually. Dramatists like Ramchandra Mishra, Bhanja Kishore Patnaik, Kamal Lochan Mohanty, and Bijay Mishra were products of this playhouse. The A-group at Puri saw its own heyday, regularly touring for two months throughout the state. But, slowly, both companies lost their financial stability and decadence crept in owing to mismanagement. In between 1977-1988 under Rabindra Parija few plays were carried out and that was the golden period where eminent personalities like Hara Pattnaik, Mihir Das, Jayram Lenka, Brajraj Singh, Harish Mohanty, Chandi Parija, Padyumna Lenka, Suresh Bal, Pranab Kar etc. were born. Annapurna Theatre created a dramatic tradition and took a leading role in producing performers, playwrights, and other stage personalities. Both the theatres Annapurna (A&B) group were closed for short period of time, but now Annapurna Theatre B group has resumed functioning back with an agenda of carrying out of one play on 29th of each month.
Notable performers
Bhanumati Devi
References
3. Odia news daily : The Samaja, 30-01-2022, page -9.
Odia language
Odia culture |
Adıyaman University is a state university, established in 2006 in Adıyaman province, Turkey.
Departments
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Economics and Managerial Sciences
Faculty of Science and Letters
Faculty of Technology
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Educational Sciences
Besni Vocational High School
Gölbaşı Vocational High School
Kahta Vocational High School
Adıyaman Vocational High School
Notable alumni
Melike Günal (born 1998), female weightlifter
External links
Adıyaman University website
References
Universities and colleges established in 2006
Universities and colleges in Turkey
State universities and colleges in Turkey
Buildings and structures in Adıyaman Province
2006 establishments in Turkey |
Dagon Khin Khin Lay ( ; 20 February 1904 – 23 June 1981) was a Burmese novelist, screenwriter, and cinematographer. Founder of Dagon Publishing Company, Khin Khin Lay, along with Journal Kyaw Ma Ma Lay and Ludu Daw Amar, she was one of the few female publishers in Burma.
Biography
Khin Khin Lay was born Khin Lay Latt ( ) in Mandalay to Khin Khin Latt and Myat Kyaw, a police officer. Khin Khin Lay was only 12 when she won a literary award competition with her first novel Nwe Nwe in 1917. At 18, she published Kyi Daw Zet magazine in Mandalay. She founded Dagaon magazine and started writing under the penname "Dagon Khin Khin Lay". She also wrote horror novels as "Ko Ko Lay" and the political literature as "Yuwati Lay Ni". She was also a founder of Burma Women Writers Association.
Khin Khin Lay was married to a fellow journalist and publisher of Bama-Khit newspaper, Ohn Khin. She died on 23 June 1981 in Yangon. She was 77.
Works
Novels
Nwe Nwe (1917)
Chit Min Nyo
Ye Lyin Min Phyit
Gon Myint Thu
Chit Annawa
Shwe Son Nyo
Nge Kyun Khin
Sarsodaw (1935)
Sixty Years: Autobiography(1961)
Kyun Oo Te Than Lat Khon (1972)
Kabarhlat Saung Ba (1973)
Wetmasut Biography (1975)
Yadanarbon Hteit-Tin Hlaing (1979)
Cinematography
Sein Yaung Soe
Chit Sa-No
Mhya Nat Maung (Cupid)
Publishing
Kyi Daw Zet
Bama Khit Newspaper
Yuwati Journal
Yuwati Newspaper
Burmese writers
1904 births
1981 deaths
Burmese screenwriters
Burmese cinematographers
People from Mandalay
Burmese women cinematographers
20th-century Burmese women writers
20th-century Burmese writers
20th-century screenwriters |
Besana is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Fred Besana (born 1954), American football player
Fred Besana (baseball) (1931–2015), American baseball player
See also
Besana (disambiguation)
Italian-language surnames |
Miloš Obrenović (; born 12 May 1988) is a Serbian professional basketball coach.
Coaching career
Obrenović coached Sloboda Užice and the Bosnian team Varda HE. Obrenović was an assistant coach for the Turkish club Banvit until 2018.
In September 2019, Obrenović was hired as the head coach for the Crvena zvezda Cadets (under-16 team), succeeding Slobodan Klipa who took the Zvezda's Juniors.
National teams coaching career
Obrenović was an assistant coach of the U18 Serbia national team that won the silver medal at the 2011 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship in Poland. Obrenović was an assistant coach of the U16 Serbia national team that won the bronze medal at the 2012 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship in Latvia and Lithuania. At both championships (2011 and 2012), he was an assistant coach to the head coach Marko Ičelić. Also, Obrenović was an assistant coach at the 2015 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship in Kaunas, Lithuania.
References
External links
Milos Obrenovic at eurobasket.com
1988 births
Living people
KK Crvena zvezda (youth) coaches
KK Sloboda Užice coaches
Serbian expatriate basketball people in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian expatriate basketball people in Turkey
Serbian men's basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Užice |
Antonio Narciso (born 1 October 1980) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
Career
After spending his early career as a backup keeper for Bari, with whom he made his Serie A debut on 22 April 2011 against Bologna, and successively as a regular for a number of minor league teams, Narciso joined Modena in 2005 as Giorgio Frezzolini's backup. He then moved on loan to AlbinoLeffe in 2008 to replace Federico Marchetti, who was loaned to Cagliari, then becoming a first choice for the club.
During the 2010 summer transfer market window he moved to Grosseto.
Narciso was involved in the 2011–12 Italian football match-fixing scandal. On 16 February 2012 he was investigated by the Cremona prosecutor, while on 9 May 2012 he was referred to the Italian Football Federation prosecutor. On 31 May 2012, his plea deal was accepted and he was banned for 1 year and 3 months.
On 3 September 2013, Narciso joined Foggia on a free transfer.
After playing for Sicula Leonzio in Serie C on loan in the 2017–18 season, he rejoined the club on a permanent basis on 18 July 2018 on a one-year deal.
For the 2019–20 season, he returned to Modena.
Honours
Club
Calcio Foggia
Coppa Italia Serie C: 2015–16
References
External links
gazzetta.it
1980 births
Living people
People from Trani
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Serie D players
SSC Bari players
US Triestina Calcio 1918 players
AS Gubbio 1910 players
ASD Martina Calcio 1947 players
Modena FC 2018 players
UC AlbinoLeffe players
US Grosseto 1912 players
Calcio Foggia 1920 players
SSD Città di Teramo players
SS Leonzio 1909 players
Footballers from Apulia
Sportspeople from the Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani |
Littabella is a national park in Central Queensland, Australia, 336 km north of Brisbane.
The park protects a mostly palustrine wetland within the catchments of Baffle Creek and Kolan River. Three rare or threatened animal species and one plant species have been found within the park.
See also
Protected areas of Queensland
References
National parks of Central Queensland
Protected areas established in 1980 |
Herbert Ironmonger (7 April 1882 – 31 May 1971) was an Australian cricketer. He played Test cricket from 1928 to 1933, playing his last Test at the age of 50. He is the second-oldest Test cricketer.
Life and career
Before World War I
Ironmonger was born in Pine Mountain, near Ipswich, Queensland, the youngest of ten children of a farmer. As a child, he lost the forefinger of his left hand (his bowling hand) in an industrial accident. He lived and worked on the family farm at Pine Mountain until he was 25. He played for the Albert club in Ipswich for 15 years, taking well over 1000 wickets at an average of fewer than six runs each.
He only made his first-class debut for Queensland at the age of 27. After a few matches for Queensland, he moved to Victoria in 1914, accepting a position offered by Hugh Trumble as professional bowler at the Melbourne Cricket Club. Thinking his age might tell against him – he was 31 – he gave his birth date as 1886, making him supposedly 27. The new date became his accepted birth date for the rest of his cricket career. In his second match for Melbourne, he took 9 for 30 against St Kilda, and was immediately selected to play for Victoria. In the 1914–15 season, he was the outstanding bowler in the Sheffield Shield, taking 32 wickets in Victoria's four matches at an average of 17.12, and Victoria won the competition. He was also the leading wicket-taker that season in the Melbourne competition, which his Melbourne club won in its first year in the competition.
After World War I
Ironmonger resumed successfully after World War I but was hampered by injuries to his knees, and by his reputation as a poor batsman and fielder. He was not selected for the Test team, but he went with the Australian team to New Zealand late in the 1920–21 season, made up of leading players who had not made the Test team. He took 45 wickets on the tour at 13.17, and made his highest first-class score of 36 not out, in less than 20 minutes, against Southland in Invercargill.
Shortly after the tour, on 14 May 1921, he married Bess Tierney at St Brigid's Church in North Fitzroy. They moved to Sydney, where he ran a pub in Balmain. He played for Balmain in the Sydney competition in 1921–22 and took 51 wickets, more than anyone else in the competition. The pub was not a success, and late in 1922 the couple returned to Melbourne, where he opened a tobacconist's shop in St Kilda. He lost his stock in a burglary in 1923 and could not afford to re-stock and start again, so he took a position with St Kilda City Council maintaining the municipal parks and gardens, where he remained for the rest of his working life.
Ironmonger joined the St Kilda club at the start of the 1922–23 season, along with another 40-year-old spin bowler, Don Blackie. They eventually played together for St Kilda for 12 years, during which time St Kilda won six premierships. When they retired, Ironmonger had taken 862 wickets in his grade cricket career in Melbourne, which as of 2021 is still the highest career tally for the competition, and Blackie had taken 803, which is still the second-highest tally.
After three seasons out of first-class cricket, Ironmonger returned to the Victorian side during the 1924–25 season. In his second match, he took a hat-trick against the touring MCC while taking 5 for 93 off 39.5 eight-ball overs. The Victorian team toured New Zealand at the end of the season, but Ironmonger declined his invitation as he could not take the required time off work. He did not re-establish his spot in the Victorian team until 1927–28, when he took 25 wickets in the Sheffield Shield at an average of 29.12 (Don Blackie took 31 at 22.22) and Victoria won the Shield.
Test career
Ironmonger's Test debut came in 1928–29 when he was 46. He played Test cricket until the age of 50, and first-class cricket until the age of 53. He is the fourth-oldest Test debutant and the second-oldest Test player.
Unsurprisingly, because of his age, his Test career spanned only 14 matches, during which he took 74 wickets at an average of 17.97. In that time, though he achieved some outstanding results.
11 wickets for 79 runs against the West Indies in Melbourne in 1930–31
9 wickets for 89 runs against South Africa in Brisbane in 1931–32
11 wickets for 24 against South Africa in Melbourne in 1931–32
He took 31 wickets in the 1931–32 South African series
Bert Ironmonger also set the record for becoming the oldest Test cricketer to take his maiden five-wicket haul as well as a 6fer, 7fer in a Test innings at the age of 48 years and 312 days. He was also the oldest-ever Test cricketer to take a five-wicket haul as well as a 6fer in an innings of a Test match at the age of 49 years and 311 days. He, too, set the record for becoming the oldest Test cricketer to take 10 wickets in a Test match at the age of 49 years and 311 days.
Ironmonger's contemporary, the Australian Test batsman and captain Vic Richardson, said of him:
I would say unhesitatingly that he stood head and shoulders above any other left-hander, not even excepting Wilfred Rhodes. His ability to turn the ball even on the smoothest shirt-front wickets – wickets that break the heart and reputation of most bowlers – was amazing. On a wicket that assisted him or a crumbly or wet wicket, he was well nigh unplayable.
Ironmonger died aged 89 in St Kilda, Melbourne. A grandstand at the Junction Oval in St Kilda bears his name.
See also
List of Victoria first-class cricketers
References
External links
Tough in life and cricket from Cricinfo
First-class matches played by Bert Ironmonger from CricketArchive
Oldest Test debutants from Cricinfo
Oldest Test players from Cricinfo
1882 births
1971 deaths
Australia Test cricketers
Queensland cricketers
Victoria cricketers
Melbourne Cricket Club cricketers
Australian cricketers
Cricketers from Ipswich, Queensland |
Chirca is a commune in the Anenii Noi District of the Republic of Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Botnăreștii Noi and Chirca.
References
Communes of Anenii Noi District |
Zbigniew Herbert (; 29 October 1924 – 28 July 1998) was a Polish poet, essayist, drama writer and moralist. He is one of the best known and the most translated post-war Polish writers. While he was first published in the 1950s (a volume titled Chord of Light was issued in 1956), soon after he voluntarily ceased submitting most of his works to official Polish government publications. He resumed publication in the 1980s, initially in the underground press. Since the 1960s, he was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize in Literature. His books have been translated into 38 languages.
Herbert claimed to be a distant relative of the 17th-century Anglo-Welsh poet George Herbert.
Herbert was educated as an economist and a lawyer. Herbert was one of the main poets of the Polish opposition to communism. Starting in 1986, he lived in Paris, where he cooperated with the journal Zeszyty Literackie. He came back to Poland in 1992.
On 1 July 2007 the Polish Government instituted 2008 as the Year of Zbigniew Herbert. In 2013, the Zbigniew Herbert International Literary Award was established in honour of the poet and his literary legacy. He received the 1963 Kościelski Prize (Geneva), 1965 Jurzykowski Prize, 1965 Austrian State Prize for European Literature, 1973 Herder Prize (Austria), 1979 Petrarca-Preis (Germany), and 1991 Jerusalem Prize (Israel).
Biography
1924–1956
Herbert's Austrian ancestor came to Galicia from Vienna around the turn of the 18th and 19th century. The poet's father, Bolesław (half-blooded Armenian), was a soldier in the Polish Legions during World War I and a defender of Lwów; he was a lawyer and worked as a bank manager. Herbert's grandfather was an English language teacher. Zbigniew's mother, Maria, came from the Kaniak family.
Before the war Zbigniew Herbert attended the Państwowe VIII Gimnazjum i Liceum im. Króla Kazimierza Wielkiego we Lwowie (during the Soviet occupation the name was changed to High School nr 14). After the German and Soviet invasion and subsequent occupation of Lwów, he continued his studies at the secret meetings organized by the Polish underground, where he graduated and passed the A-level exam (matura) in January 1944. At the same time, (following the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939) he got involved in conspiratorial action with the AK. During the occupation, he worked as a feeder of lice in the Rudolf Weigl Institute that produced anti-typhus vaccines; he also worked as a salesman in a shop with metal articles. After his A-level exam, he began Polish philology studies at the secret University of Jan Kazimierz in Lwów but had to break them off as a result of moving to Kraków (spring 1944, before the invasion of the Soviet Red Army in Lwów). Lwów after the war became a Ukrainian Soviet city, no longer within Polish borders. Its previous Polish population had been expelled. The loss of his beloved hometown, and the following feeling of being uprooted, were important motifs in his later works.
At first, he lived in Proszowice, near Kraków (May 1944 – January 1945). Herbert studied economics in Kraków and attended lectures at the Jagiellonian University and at the Academy of Fine Arts. In 1947, after three years of study, he got his Trade Academy diploma. He lived in Sopot (from 1948), where his parents moved in 1946. He worked different jobs; in the Polish National Bank (NBP) in Gdynia (1 March – 30 June 1948), as a sub-editor of the journal Przegląd Kupiecki, and in Gdańsk department of the Polish Writers' Union (ZLP). He met Halina Misiołkowa there (their relationship lasted until 1957). In 1948 he became a member-candidate of the ZLP but resigned in 1951; however, he joined the union again in 1955.
While living in Sopot, he continued his law studies at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, where he received a Master of Law. In the same year he was carried on the list on the second year of Philosophy at NCU in Toruń, where he was inter alia a student of his later master, Henryk Elzenberg. In 1949 Herbert moved to Toruń, and worked in the District Museum and in primary school as a teacher.
In Autumn 1951 the poet moved to the University of Warsaw, where he continued studying philosophy for some time. At first, he lived alone in very poor conditions in suburban Warsaw, Brwinów, but then (December 1952 – January 1957), he lived in Warsaw itself on Wiejska Street in a room rented by 12 people. Subsequently, Herbert moved to an official flat on Aleje Jerozolimskie.
He tried to live from his writing. However, since he did not follow the official socrealistic style of literature and was unwilling to write political propaganda this proved to be unsuccessful. He published theatrical and musical criticisms and reports from exhibits which ignored the criteria of socrealistic art. In 1948 the weekly magazine Tygodnik Wybrzeża published his cycle Poetyka dla Laików (Poetry for Lay People). Herbert also published a few of his reviews in the journal Słowo Powszechne in 1949 under his real name and a year later under a pen name, Patryk. The same happened with his publishing in Tygodnik Powszechny. In 1952 Przegląd Powszechny, published a few of his reviews under a pen name – Bolesław Hertyński.
He published under the pen name Stefan Martha in Dziś i Jutro, the PAX Association magazine (1950–1953). These periodicals represented a different styles of Catholicism. Pax sought to 'collaborate' with the communist government, while Tygodnik Powszechny took a more oppositional stance (it was legal but its circulation was limited). Herbert definitely finished his cooperation with PAX in 1953. Przegląd Powszechny was closed and Tygodnik Powszechny was transferred to PAX after it refused to publish an obituary of Joseph Stalin's death. In this situation Herbert decided that his cooperation with PAX was impossible.
During this time, he also earned money from biographies and librarian registrations. From January until July 1952, he was a salaried blood donor. He also had to undertake a job not connected with writing again. He worked as a timekeeper in Inwalidzka Spółdzielnia Emerytów Nauczycieli 'Wspólna Sprawa (from 1 October 1953 till 15 January 1954), and also as a senior assistant in Centralne Biuro Studiów i Projektów Przemysłu Torfowego Projekt Torf (19 January – 31 November). Thanks to the help of Stefan Kisielewski, Herbert worked as a manager of the office of the Chief Management in the Union of Socialist Composers (ZKP) from September 1956 till March 1957.
1956–1981
The year 1956 in Poland marked the end of Stalinism and as a result also of social realism as the only and obligatory style in art and literature. This enabled Herbert's debut as a poet. Thanks to this, his material position also improved.
In 1957 supported by Jerzy Zawieyski he received a small studio to live in (in Warsaw) one of the flats distributed for young writers by the Polish Union of Writers (ZLP). He also was granted a scholarship (US$100) that allowed him to go on his first trip abroad.
Herbert was attached to his homeland, but at the same time was deeply disgusted by all effects (political, economical, cultural etc.) of the communist rules enforced by the Soviet Union on Poland (arguably the best artistic expression of this disgust is contained in his poem "The Power of Taste"). Therefore, a will to escape from this gloomy reality and see "a better world" was one of important driving forces behind his passion for traveling.
Even though he spent a great deal of time abroad he never wanted to choose the life of an émigré. Despite administrative difficulties imposed by the communist regime with regard to longer stays abroad he always tried to extend his Polish passport while abroad so that the possibility of coming back home was always open.
His first lively impressions from his trips and reflections triggered by the direct contact with the cultural heritage of the Western Europe were enclosed in the essay "The Barbarian in the Garden" (Barbarzyńca w Ogrodzie, 1962). He also says in his poem The Prayer of Mr. Cogito – The Traveller (Modlitwa Pana Cogito – podróżnika) travelling allowed him to get to know better the world beautiful and of such variety".
Herbert's trips cost as little as possible, as a poet's finances (from not stable sources: prizes, honorariums for the readings etc.) were very limited. This way of life contributed to his weak health condition in the future; however,
he traveled through Vienna to France (May 1958 – January 1959), he visited England (January – March 1959), Italy (June – July 1959) and then France again. He came to Poland in May 1960. The result of that journey was the essay Barbarzyńca w ogrodzie (The Barbarian in the Garden).
In Autumn 1960 Herbert travelled to England and Scotland. In December 1963 he went to Paris. In January 1964 he was given the Kościelski Prize in the Polish Library in Paris, which allowed him to extend his stay in the West. In 1964 he spent the summer in Italy (July – August) and in Greece (October 1964). Then he came back to France and at the end of that year he returned to Poland.
From 1965 till 1968 he was a member of the editorial team at the monthly magazine Poetry. In 1965-1966 he was a literary manager of the Juliusz Osterwa Theatre in Gorzów Wielkopolski.
In October 1965 he was awarded with The Lenau Prize, and he went Vienna to receive it. This period also marks a growing international esteem for Herbert as a man of culture. He becomes a member of Academy of Arts in West Berlin and Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts in Munich. He stayed in Austria till spring 1966.
Herbert traveled across Germany, and then stayed longer in France (June 1966 – September 1967). He then went back to Germany, visiting the Netherlands and Belgium. On 29 March 1968, he married Katarzyna Dzieduszycka at a Polish consulate in France. At the end of April, the Herberts returned to Berlin. In the summer of 1968, Herbert visited the US (invited by the Poetry Center). He went to New York, California, The Grand Canyon, New Mexico, New Orleans, Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. At that time, the translation of his works was published in the U.S., which made Herbert one of the most popular contemporary poets in English literary circles. While traveling across the country, he gave several talks in New York, Berkeley and Los Angeles. After visiting the U.S., Herbert went back to Berlin, where he lived until September 1970 (with some short breaks to Poland and a holiday in Italy). In 1969, he took part in Dei Duo Mundi – The Festival of Two Worlds. From September 1970 to June 1971, the Herberts again stayed in the U.S., where the poet gave lectures as a visiting professor at California State University, Los Angeles.
From autumn 1971 to spring 1973, not having his own flat, he lived in Artur Międzyrzecki's flat in Warsaw. In 1972, he became a member of the board of the Polish Literary Association (ZLP). At that time, he got involved in pro-democracy actions initiated by writer circles – he was one of the signatories of 'List 17' ('Letter of 17') which supported civil rights of the members of an openly anti-communist organization, The Movement (Ruch). He was also an organizer of protests against censorship. In 1972 he joined the Pen Club.
In 1973, he received the Herder's Prize in Vienna. The summer of that year he spent together with Magdalena and Zbigniew Czajkowscy in Greece. He came back to Poland in autumn 1973. He spent the academic year of 1973–74 giving lectures at the University of Gdansk. In 1974, he wrote the 'Letter of 15' ('List 15') which was about the laws of the Polish Community in the Soviet Union. In December 1975, he signed 'Letter of 59' ('Memoriał 59') against the changes in the Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland forced by the communist party introducing mostly declarations of eternal loyalty of Poland to the Soviet Union. In 1974, he settled on Promenade Street in Warsaw.
From 1975 to 1981, Herbert lived abroad, mainly in Germany, Austria and Italy.
1981–1998
Herbert came back to Poland at the beginning of 1981 – in the short period of the legal existence of Solidarity, the only independent mass organization in the Soviet bloc. At that time he joined the editorial team of the underground journal Zapis (Record). At the time of the martial law he supported the opposition personally, under his own name – he attended the secret meetings and published in 'second circulation'. His writings have become the manifesto of freedom, the expression of the resistance and the poet himself has become the symbol of uncompromised objection, especially for the young people. Przemysław Gintrowski played a huge role in presenting Herbert to the contemporary audience. Together with Jacek Kaczmarski and Zbigniew Łapiński, he composed the music to the poet's writings and performed it on stage. Herbert himself wasn't pleased with these doings at the beginning. However, later he accepted them and joked that he "writes lyrics for Gintrowski".
In 1986 Herbert moved to Paris. In 1989 he joined the Polish Writers' Association (Stowarzyszenie Pisarzy Polskich). A year later he became a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1991, receiving the Jerusalem Prize gave Herbert another reason to travel to Israel for a while. There he befriended Yehuda Amichai and wrote a poem about him.
"To Yehuda Amichai,
Because you are a king and I'm only a prince"...
In 1992 the seriously ill poet returned to Warsaw. The fierce anti-communist journalism of Tygodnik Solidarność (1994, # 41) and supporting the statement of the editorial office of Arka magazine about the decommunisation of the elites stoked the controversy among Herbert's opposition friends. He praised the Cold War anti-communist spy Colonel Ryszard Kukliński in an open letter to then president Lech Wałęsa in 1994, and later also expressed support for the Chechen Dzjochar Dudajev. He also organized the financial aid for Chechnya. This wasn't his only initiative. Earlier in an open letter to U.S. President George H. W. Bush he criticized the indifference towards the situation of Kurds. What is more, he supported the investigation of Liga Republikańska (Republican League) in the case of assassination of Stanisław Pyjas and advocated revealing the UB (Office of Security) files from 1956. In 1994 in the interview for Tygodnik Solidarność he criticized not only the Round Table Agreement and the politics of the Third Polish Republic (III Rzeczpospolita), but also accused some prominent public figures, such as Czesław Miłosz and Adam Michnik as being personally responsible for the country's difficulties. These controversial opinions prompted counter-polemics that would continue even after Herbert's death. This conflict has its roots in different judgments on the communist regime in Poland at the time of the People's Republic of Poland.
In 1993 Herbert became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
In 1994, already in a wheelchair, he traveled to the Netherlands and visited an exhibition about the 17th century tulip mania in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam. The Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad invited Herbert to visit this exhibition because he wrote a book with essays about the "Golden age" of the Netherlands.
The last years of his life he spent in bed fighting with severe asthma. Despite that he never stopped working – Epilog burzy (Epilogue to a Storm) was published shortly before his death.
Zbigniew Herbert died on 28 July 1998, in Warsaw. He was buried in Powązki Cemetery. President Aleksander Kwaśniewski sought posthumously to honor Herbert with the Order of the White Eagle, but his widow Katarzyna declined to accept the honor. On 3 May 2007, Herbert was posthumously awarded with the Order of the White Eagle by President Lech Kaczyński; Herbert's widow Katarzyna and sister Halina Herbert-Żebrowska accepted the Order.
Writing
Poetry
The first poems by Zbigniew Herbert were published in Dziś i jutro (#37, 1950). Poems entitled: Napis (Inscription), Pożegnanie września and Złoty środek were printed however, without the permission of the author. The real debut occurred at the end of the same year with the publishing of the poem without the title (Palce wrzeciona dźwięków…) in Tygodnik Powszechny (#51). Until 1955 the poet published some of his works in that newspaper; however, kept out of the literary environment. Not having a chance for his own volume of poems, he decided to publish 22 poems in the anthology of modern catholic poetry …każdej chwili wybierać muszę… (Warsaw, 1954).
Herbert was introduced to the bigger audience in Premiera pięciu poetów (The debut of five poets) in magazine Życie Literackie (#51, December 1955). He was presented together with other young poets, such as Miron Białoszewski, Bohdan Drozdowski, Stanisław Czycz and Jerzy Harasymowicz. In 1956 he published his debut book of poetry Struna światła (Chord of Light) and year later another one Hermes, pies i gwiazda (Hermes, Dog and Star). A relatively late debut of Herbert made him belong to the modern generation in literature which appeared after 1956, whereas biographically he belonged to the same generation as Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński and Tadeusz Różewicz.
Another two books of poetry: Studium przedmiotu (Study of the Object) and Napis (Inscription) were published in 1961 and 1969. In 1974 the main character from another book of poetry Pan Cogito (Mr. Cogito) appeared in the Polish culture. The character of Pan Cogito appeared also in the later works of the author. The poet always liked to use the lyric of role (in which the lyrical persona cannot be identified with the author), multistage irony – the character introduced for good favored the game conducted by the author, between him and the reader.
In 1983 the Literary Institute in Paris published another book of poetry by Herbert entitled Raport z oblężonego Miasta i inne wiersze (Report from a Besieged City and Other Poems). In Poland it was reprinted by the underground publishing houses. The time and the circumstances favored the literal understanding of the poem's title. Despite the fact that the title provoked such understanding, it led to the simplification in interpreting the poem. Another book of poems Elegia na odejście (Elegy for the Departure) (1990) was published also in Paris. In 1992, back in Poland, Herbert published Rovigo (Wrocław). Finally, the last work of the poet Epilog burzy (Epilogue to a Storm) came out shortly before his death.
Herbert often used elements of mythology, medieval heroes and works of art in his writing, which attracted the attention of the critics. Those elements, however, didn't mean the dead parts of literary convention. Herbert uses the mechanism of special demythologization – he tries to get rid of any cultural layers (if possible) and reach the prototypes, face the antique heroes. In his literary output the past is not treated as something distant or closed – revived characters and events allow making an attempt at understanding not only history but also the current moment. The past is a measure of the present.
In Herbert's poetry there is no consistent historiosophic conception. Quite the opposite – there is a clear reluctance towards systems which clarify everything, which explain a course of events as an inevitable logic of history. Everything what can be said about history is a result of a simple observation – namely, that history is (at least it used to be so far) the area where evil is rife, which is accompanied by a handful of indomitable people constantly opposed to it. An individual is not able to change the course of history. However, he is obliged to put up hopeless resistance despite everything. The ethical base of Herbert's artistic work constitutes the conviction that justice of a particular matter and actions taken in its defense; do not depend on a chance of victory. This pathetic message is accompanied by ironic consciousness of the fact that it is delivered in not a very heroic period – a period in which a potential hero is exposed not so much to martyrdom as to ridiculousness. The characteristic of the contemporary world is the fuzzy borderline between good and evil, the degeneration of language, which deprives words of their clear-cut nature, and common debasement of values. Contemporary evil is not demonic and cannot be easily defined. The hero, being aware of his own ridiculousness, provokes critical situations not only for preserving faithfulness of the message but also in order to provoke and force evil to reveal its real nature.
Yet, the tough assessment of the present does not mean idealizing history. The last war experiences have put an end to the naïve perception of the past. The exposer's suspicion arises because visions of history are created usually by the winners' chroniclers. Therefore, what is under the fresco Przemiany Liwiusza (Transformations of Livy) should be analyzed diligently. The monumental picture of the ancient heroes can be false, or in other way – it can be based on judging criteria, which should not be acknowledged uncritically. Possibly, the vanquished are those who are entitled to our solidarity.
According to Herbert, the field of history being maybe the easiest one to make observations is not the only one in which evil reveals itself. The presence of evil entails the question of life's meaning and order, which means that also of presence of God in the world. The history of literature has not yet settled a dispute over the sacred in Herbert's poetry. In his earliest volumes one can notice two completely different images of God, once he is almighty, cold, perfect and remote and next time powerless by his coming down from heaven Kapłan (Priest), Rozmyślania Pana Cogito o odkupieniu (Mr. Cogito's Reflections on Redemption). The first God is rather disliked – as all abstractions – indeed; everything that is valued in this poetry is small, tangible and close. After all, it is nothing else but senses, especially the most unerring touch, which give us the most reliable support in everyday life. Moreover, in this poetry, one has never reconciled oneself to the collapse of the sacred, as well as to the world of chaos. Against everything, being loyal – even to dead God – make sense. For want of no other refuge, we are supposed to seek power in us to save the world from chaos and nothingness Napis (Inscription).
In his later works, there is less such pagan declarations, yet the need for reconciliation is being articulated more and more clearly. Compared to the poems from Epilog Burzy (Epilogue to the Storm) and his previous works, Puste Niebo Pana Cogito collected not very favourable critics' opinions.
Poetic style
In his works he presented the 'reflection-intellectual' perspective, with stress on human beings and their dignity, to the background of history, where people are almost irrelevant cogs in the machine of fate. He often used elements of Mediterranean culture in his works.
"Herbert's steadily detached, ironic and historically minded style represents, I suppose, a form of classicism. But it is a one-sided classicism (....) In a way, Herbert's poetry is typical of the whole Polish attitude to their position within the communist bloc; independent, brilliant, ironic, wary, a bit contemptuous, pained." – A. Alvarez, Under Pressure (1965)
"If the key to contemporary Polish poetry is the selective experience of the last decades, Herbert is perhaps the most skillful in expressing it and can be called a poet of historical irony. He achieves a sort of precarious equilibrium by endowing the patterns of civilization with meanings, in spite of all its horrors." – Czesław Miłosz, Postwar Polish Poetry (3rd ed., 1983)
"There is little doubt that at this writing Zbigniew Herbert is the most admired and respected poet now living in Poland. (...) Polish readers have always revered poets who succeed in defining the nation's spiritual dilemma; what is exceptional in Herbert is that his popularity at home is matched by a wide acclaim abroad." – Stanisław Barańczak, A Fugitive from Utopia (1987)
In modern poetry, Herbert advocated semantic transparency. In a talk given at a conference organized by the journal "Odra" he said:
"So not having pretensions to infallibility, but stating only my predilections, I would like to say that in contemporary poetry the poems that appeal to me the most are those in which I discern something I would call a quality of semantic transparency (a term borrowed from Husserl's logic). This semantic transparency is the characteristic of a sign consisting in this: that during the time when the sign is used, attention is directed towards the object denoted, and the sign itself does not hold the attention. The word is a window onto reality."
EssaysBarbarzyńca w ogrodzie (Barbarian in the Garden), the result of Herbert's first trip abroad, was published in 1962. It is composed of essays, which describe particular places and things that have been seen by the poet, as well as two historical essays – the story about Albigensians and the persecution of the Templar order. The journey takes place in two dimensions simultaneously – it is both contemporary travel and time travel. The last one starts with prehistory, in the Lascaux caves, lasts over the age of Greek and Roman antiquity, the days of Gothic cathedrals, Renaissance painting and sentimental gardens. The journey becomes fascinating because the traveler shares with his readers the knowledge of the less and more serious history of the places, items and people portrayed in the essays. Even Herbert defined it as not only a journey to the places, but also to books.
In Barbarzyńca w ogrodzie there are two historical essays. The theme of the Albigensian crusade and of the collapse of the Knights Templars absorbed Herbert not because of its peculiarity, but quite the opposite, namely because of its ubiquity in history. Therefore, both are described by the poet with proper respect to historical detail and towards the drama of the individuals being involved, thereby timeless crime mechanisms have been revealed.
Another collection of essays, Martwa natura z wędzidłem (Still Life with a Bridle), published in 1993, is devoted to seventeenth-century Dutch painting. Just as in Barbarzyńca w ogrodzie, here widely accepted assessments have no impact on the author's personal preferences. Among Dutch painters, the one who fascinates Herbert the most is hardly known Torrentius, whose work Martwa natura z wędzidłem is the only one to be preserved. In this particular volume of essays the figure of traveler is less noticeable than in the previous one. Yet, people still arouse Herbert's interest – not only painters, also those who were buying and often ordering their works – since Dutch painting is typical of a certain civilization and is not possible to exist in any other place or time.
Although written much earlier than Martwa natura z wędzidłem, the last volume of essays Labirynt nad morzem (Labyrinth on the Sea-Shore) was published only after the poet's death. Herbert handed in this volume to the Czytelnik publishing house already in 1968, but some time later withdrew it. Labirynt nad morzem consists mainly of essays devoted to ancient Greek culture and history, as well as in a lesser degree to the Etruscans and the Roman legionnaires from Hadrian's wall. This time however, the traveler seems not to be seeking his own way – he copes with the monuments of culture – the Acropolis of Athens or Knossos. Yet, when referring to the history of Greece, Herbert draws out the episodes which take up not too many pages in textbooks, and wrecks view patterns. He shows how Pericles' policy in the case of Samos became the beginning of the end of not only the Greek cities union but also of Athenian democracy. The assessments of history are reviewed in the same way as the one postulated in the poetry – by changing the perspective, rejecting the winners' point of view. That is in Labirynt nad morzem where the above rule was given the most visibly.
Dramas
All Herbert's dramas originated relatively early. The first four dramas were written between the years 1956 and 1961, and only the last one, the monodrama Listy naszych czytelników (Letters from Our Readers), in 1972. Some of these works were created as radio plays, or later, adapted for radio. We can observe this in their structure as tension is produced mainly by means of sound (main characters' voices, sounds in the background, or silence); some other theatrical measures appear to a minimum degree. Even the poet used the term "drama for voices".Jaskinia filozofów (Cave of Philosophers), probably the most valued among all Herbert's dramas, and Rekonstrukcja poety (The Reconstruction of the Poet) refer to antiquity. The plot of Jaskinia filozofów is set in an Athenian prison cell, where the main character, Socrates, waits for his death sentence. Conversations held with his students, wife and warder let him conduct an examination of his life. However, this is not the only theme brought up in the drama. Socrates could easily escape if he wants, as the death penalty was to be token. Those by whom he was sentenced, presume that he will escape and they saw to it that he had such a possibility. Yet, the philosopher does not reconcile himself to the hypocrisy of freedom without actual freedom – he goes to extremes and finally resigns himself to death. Rekonstrukcja poety refers to Homer. The author of great epics, being already blind, alters his view into something vital and worthy of interest – no more battle's clamor, but now detail, something which is considered to be the most personal and fragile.
The remaining three dramas refer to more contemporary themes. The way of showing the ordinariness and triviality of situation, in which evil reveals itself, is extremely convincing. One can crave the other room so much as to wish a neighbour's death or even to contribute to it Drugi pokój (The Other Room). One can be deprived of everything that matters a lot in life, as a result of inhuman regulations and human stupidity. Listy naszych czytelników (Letters From Our Readers). In a small normal town, among respectable people, even murder can happen. The murder which no one is able to explain, and which no one had attempted to stop (Lalek).
Awards and prizes
According to a note made by the secret police (SB) agent in the Polish Union of Writers (Związek Literatów Polskich) Herbert was a candidate for the 1968 Nobel Prize in Literature along with another Polish writer Witold Gombrowicz. This information was provided by the Nobel committee secretary who was visiting Poland at that time. A historian from the Instytut Pamięci Narodowej Rafał Sierchuła speculates that the communist government in Poland may have made active attempts to prevent them from receiving the prize, due to their anti-communist opinions.
Nagroda Pierścienia Award (Polish Student Union) (1961)
Kościelski Prize (Geneva) (1963)
Jurzykowski Prize (1965)
Nikolaus Lenau Prize (1965)
Austrian State Prize for European Literature (1965)
Herder Prize (Austria) (1973)
Petrarca-Preis (Germany) (1979)Nagroda Literacka im. Andrzeja Struga Award (1981)
'Solidarity' Prize (1984)
Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński Poetry Award (1984)
International Literary Prize of the Arts Council of Wales (1984)
The Hungarian Foundation of Prince Gabor Bethlem Prize (1987)
The Bruno Schulz Prize (American Foundation of Polish – Jewish Studies and American Pen Club) (1988)
K. Szczęsny PEN Club Award (1989)
Jan Parandowski Polish PEN Club Prize (1990)
Jerusalem Prize for the Freedom of the Individual in Society (Israel) (1991)
Vilenica International Literary Prize (1991)
Kazimierz Wyka Award (1993)
German Critics' Award for the best book of the year (Martwa Natura z Wędzidłem | Still Life with Bridle) (1994)
The Ingersoll Foundation's T. S. Eliot Award for Creative Writing (1995)
City of Münster Award (Germany) (1996)
Bibliography
Herbert's works
Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in poetry" article, for poetry, or "[year] in literature" article for other works:
Poetry
1956: Struna światła ("Chord of Light"), Warsaw: Czytelnik
1957: Hermes, pies i gwiazda ("Hermes, Dog and Star"), Warsaw: Czytelnik
1961: Studium przedmiotu ("A Study of the Object"), Warsaw: Czytelnik
1969: Napis ("Inscription"), Warsaw: Czytelnik
1974: Pan Cogito ("Mr. Cogito"), Warsaw: Czytelnik
1983: Raport z oblężonego Miasta i inne wiersze ("Report from the Besieged City and Other Poems"), Paris: Instytut Literacki
1990: Elegia na odejście ("Elegy for the Departure"), Paris: Instytut Literacki
1992: Rovigo, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie
1998: Epilog burzy ("Epilogue to a Storm"), Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie
1998: 89 wierszy, ("89 Poems"), Kraków: a5
1999: Podwójny oddech. Prawdziwa historia nieskończonej miłości. Wiersze dotąd niepublikowane, Gdynia: Małgorzata Marchlewska Wydawnictwo (posthumous)
Essays, stories
1962: Barbarzyńca w ogrodzie ("Barbarian in the Garden"), Warsaw: Czytelnik
1993: Martwa natura z wędzidłem ("Still Life with Bridle"), Wrocław 1993. (Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie)
2000: Labirynt nad morzem ("Labyrinth on the Sea-Shore"), Warsaw: Zeszyty Literackie (posthumous)
2001: Król mrówek ("King of the Ants"), Kraków: Wydawnictwo a5 (posthumous)
2001: Węzeł gordyjski oraz inne pisma rozproszone 1948–1998 ("The Gordian Knot and Other Scattered Writings"), P.Kądziela, Warsaw: Biblioteka ‘Więź’ (posthumous)
Drama
1956: 'Jaskinia filozofów' ("Cave of Philosophers"), Twórczość 1956, # 9.
1958: 'Drugi pokój' ("The Other Room"), Dialog, # 4.
1960: 'Rekonstrukcja poetry' ("The Reconstruction of the Poet"), Więzi, # 11/12.
1961: 'Lalek. Sztuka na głosy', Dialog, # 12.
1972: 'Listy naszych czytelników' ("Letters From Our Reader"), Dialog, # 11.
'Dramaty' ("Drama"), Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie (posthumous)
CorrespondenceListy do Muzy. Prawdziwa historia nieskończonej miłości, Gdynia 2000. (Małgorzata Marchlewska Wydawnictwo) (Without the permission of heiresses of the copyrights.)
'''Kochane Zwierzątka...' Listy Zbigniewa Herberta do przyjaciół – Magdaleny i Zbigniewa Czajkowskich, editor: Magdalena Czajkowska, Warsaw 2000 (Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy)
Zbigniew Herbert. Jerzy Zawieyski. Korespondencja 1949–1967, introduction: Jacek Łukasiewicz, choice and footnotes: Paweł Kądziela, Warsaw 2002 (Biblioteka ‘Więzi’)
Zbigniew Herbert. Henryk Elzenberg. Korespondencja, editor: Barbara Toruńczyk, footnotes: Barbara Toruńczyk, Paweł Kądziela, [2002] (Fundacja Zeszytów Literackich)
Zbigniew Herbert, Jerzy Turowicz. Korespondencja, Kraków 2005 (wydawnictwo a5)
Zbigniew Herbert, Stanisław Barańczak. Korespondencja, 2005 (Fundacja Zeszytów Literackich)
Zbigniew Herbert, Czesław Miłosz. Korespondencja,2006 (Zeszyty Literackie)
Study
(in chronological order)
Andrzej Kaliszewski, Pana Cogito, Kraków 1982, Łódź 1990.
Stanisław Barańczak, Uciekinier z Utopii: o poezji Zbigniewa Herberta (A Fugitive from Utopia: The Poetry of Zbigniew Herbert), Londyn 1984.
Włodzimierz Maciąg, O poezji Zbigniewa Herberta, Wrocław 1986.
A. Baczewski, Szkice literackie. Asnyk. Konopnicka. Herbert, Rzeszów 1991.
Jacek Brzozowski,Pan Cogito' Zbigniewa Herberta, Warszawa 1991.
Andrzej Kaliszewski, Herbert, Warszawa 1991.
Andrzej Kaliszewski, Zbigniew Herbert, Kraków 1993.
Dlaczego Herbert. Wiersze i komentarze, Łódź 1992.
Barbara Myrdzik, Poezja Zbigniewa Herberta w recepcji maturzystów, Lublin 1992.
Czytanie Herberta, red. Przemysław Czapliński, Piotr Śliwiński, Maria Wiegandt, Poznań 1995.
Jacek Łukasiewicz, Poezja Zbigniewa Herberta Warszawa 1995. (Biblioteka Analiz Literackich)
Marek Adamiec, '...Pomnik trochę niezupełny...'. Rzecz o apokryfach i poezji Herberta, Gdańsk 1996.
Danuta Opacka-Walasek, '...pozostać wiernym niepewnej jasności'. Wybrane problemy poezji Zbigniewa Herberta, Katowice 1996.
Piotr Siemaszko, Zmienność i trwanie. (O eseistyce Zbigniewa Herberta), Bydgoszcz 1996.
Andrzej Franaszek, Ciemne źródło (o twórczości Zbigniewa Herberta), Londyn 1998.
Poznawanie Herberta, wybór i wstęp A. Franaszek, Tom 1 – Kraków 1998, Tom 2 – Kraków 2000.
Herbert i znaki czasu. Tom I. Colloquia Herbertiana (I), red. Elżbieta Feliksiak, Mariusz Leś, Elżbieta Sidoruk, Białystok 2001.
Julian Kornhauser, Uśmiech Sfinksa. O poezji Zbigniewa Herberta, Kraków 2001.
Jacek Łukasiewicz, Herbert, Wrocław 2001. (Seria: A to Polska właśnie)
Jadwiga Mizińska, Herbert Odyseusz, Lublin 2001.
Danuta Opacka-Walasek, Czytając Herberta, Katowice 2001.
Joanna Salamon, Czas Herberta albo na dom w Czarnolesie, Warszawa 2001.
Twórczość Zbigniewa Herberta. Studia, red. Marzena Woźniak-Łabieniec, Jerzy Wiśniewski, Kraków 2001.
Herbert. Poetyka, wartości i konteksty, red. Eugeniusz Czaplejewicz i Witold Sadowski, Warszawa 2002.
Joanna Siedlecka, Pan od poezji. O Zbigniewie Herbercie, Warszawa 2002 (fragment)
Bohdan Urbankowski, Poeta, czyli człowiek zwielokrotniony. Szkice o Zbigniewie Herbercie, Radom 2004
Roman Bobryk, Koncept poezji i poety w wierszach Zbigniewa Herberta, Siedlce 2017.
Seria wydawnicza Biblioteka Pana Cogito
Ruszar J.M., Stróż brata swego. Zasada odpowiedzialności w liryce Zbigniewa Herberta, Wydawnictwo UMCS, Lublin 2004.
Portret z początku wieku. Twórczość Zbigniewa Herberta – kontynuacje i rewizje, red. W. Ligęza, M. Cicha, Wydawnictwo Gaudium, Lublin 2005.
Czułość dla Minotaura. Metafizyka i miłość konkretu w twórczości Zbigniewa Herberta, red. J.M. Ruszar, M. Cicha, Wydawnictwo Gaudium, Lublin 2005.
Wyraz wyłuskany z piersi, Wydawnictwo Gaudium, Lublin 2006: część 1: Herbert w oczach zachodnich literaturoznawców. Materiały z Międzynarodowej Konferencji Naukowej Ośrodka Kultury Polskiej przy Uniwersytecie Paris-Sorbonne (jesień 2004), red. D. Knysz-Tomaszewska, B. Gautier; część 2: „Pamięć i tożsamość”. Materiały z Warsztatów Herbertowskich w Oborach (wiosna 2005), red. M. Zieliński, J.M. Ruszar.
Zmysł wzroku, zmysł sztuki. Prywatna historia sztuki Zbigniewa Herberta. Materiały z Warsztatów Herbertowskich w Oborach (jesień 2005), cz. 1 i 2, red. J.M. Ruszar, D. Koman, Wydawnictwo Gaudium, Lublin 2006.
Dialog i spór. Zbigniew Herbert a inni poeci i eseiści. Materiały z Warsztatów Herbertowskich w Oborach (wiosna 2006), red. J.M. Ruszar, D. Koman, Wydawnictwo Gaudium, Lublin 2006.
Apostoł w podróży służbowej. Prywatna historia sztuki Zbigniewa
erberta (album rysunków poety oraz reprodukcji dzieł malarskich, które były inspiracją dla wierszy i esejów), red. J.M. Ruszar, Wydawnictwo Gaudium, Lublin 2006.
Zawistowska-Toczek D., Stary poeta. Ars moriendi w późnej twórczości
bigniewa Herberta, Wydawnictwo Gaudium, Lublin 2008.
Mazurkiewicz-Szczyszek A., W asyście jakich dzwonów. Obrazy miasta w
wórczości Zbigniewa Herberta, Wydawnictwo Gaudium, Lublin 2008.
Niepewna jasność tekstu. Szkice o twórczości Zbigniewa Herberta, red. J.M. Ruszar, Wydawnictwo Platan, Kraków 2009.
Antoniuk M., Otwieranie głosu. Studium o wczesnej twórczości Zbigniewa Herberta (do 1957 roku), Wydawnictwo Platan, Kraków 2009.
Pojęcia kiełkujące z rzeczy. Filozoficzne inspiracje twórczości Zbigniewa Herberta, red. J.M. Ruszar, Wydawnictwo Platan, Kraków 2010.
Bór nici. Wątki klasyczne i romantyczne w twórczości Zbigniewa Herberta, red. M. Mikołajczak, Wydawnictwo Platan, Kraków 2011.
Sztukiecka G., Umrę cały? Rozmowy w cieniu śmierci. Senilna poezja Czesława Miłosza, Tadeusza Różewicza, Zbigniewa Herberta i Jarosława Marka Rymkiewicza, Narodowe Centrum Kultury, Warszawa 2011.
Ewangelia odrzuconego. Szkice w 90. rocznicę urodzin Tadeusza Różewicza, red. J.M. Ruszar, Narodowe Centrum Kultury, Warszawa 2011.
Między nami a światłem. Bóg i świat w twórczości Zbigniewa Herberta, szkice pod red. G. Halkiewicz-Sojak, J.M. Ruszara i R. Siomy, Wydawnictwo JMR Transatlantyk, Kraków-Toruń 2012
Małgorzata Mikołajczak, Światy z marzenia. Echa romantyczne w poezji Zbigniewa Herberta, Wydawnictwo JMR Transatlantyk, Kraków 2013
W przygotowaniu:
Śniedziewska M., Wierność rzeczywistości. Zbigniew Herbert o postawie wobec świata i problemach jego reprezentacji (rozprawa i album), Wydawnictwo JMR Transatlantyk, Kraków 2013.
Patrzeć aż do zawrotu głowy. Zbigniew Herbert wobec europejskiego dziedzictwa (szkice i album), red. J.M. Rusza, Wydawnictwo JMR Transatlantyk, Kraków 2013r.
English translations
Selected Poems, translators: Czesław Miłosz and Peter Dale Scott, with an introduction by Al Alvarez, Penguin Modern European Poets, 1968 reprinted by The Ecco Press in 1986.
Barbarian in the Garden, translators: Michael March and Jarosław Anders, Harcourt Brace & Company, 1985
Report From the Besieged City, translators: John Carpenter and Bogdana Carpenter, The Ecco Press, 1985.
Still Life with a Bridle: Essays and Apocrypha, translators: John Carpenter and Bogdana Carpenter, The Ecco Press, 1991.
Mr. Cogito, translators: John Carpenter and Bogdana Carpenter, The Ecco Press, 1993.
Elegy for the Departure, translators: John Carpenter and Bogdana Carpenter, The Ecco Press, 1999.
The King of the Ants, translators: John Carpenter and Bogdana Carpenter, The Ecco Press, 1999.
The Collected Poems: 1956–1998, translators: Czesław Miłosz, Peter Dale Scott and Alissa Valles, edited by Alissa Valles, with an introduction by Adam Zagajewski, The Ecco Press, 2007.
Zbigniew Herbert, Selected Poems, translators: Czesław Miłosz, Peter Dale Scott, John and Bogdana Carpenter, selected by: Tomasz Kunz, afterword by: John and Bogdana Carpenter, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2007.
Polish Writers on Writing featuring Zbigniew Herbert. Edited by Adam Zagajewski (Trinity University Press, 2007).
The Collected Prose: 1948–1998, translators: Michael March and Jarosław Anders, John and Bogdana Carpenter and Alissa Valles, edited and introduction by Alissa Vallys, with preface by Charles Simic. Ecco, 2010.
Legacy
The Zbigniew Herbert International Literary Award is an award for lifetime achievement given to a living poet writing in any language. It was established in 2012 in honor of Zbigniew Herbert by his widow, Katarzyna Dzieduszycka-Herbert.
The award has been given to W.S. Merwin, Charles Simic, Ryszard Krynicki, and Lars Gustafsson.
See also
Herbertiada
List of Polish poets
Further reading
Kociejowski, Marius. The Pebble Chance: Feuilletons & Other Prose (Biblioasis, 2014) contains a memoir of Herbert, "A Meeting with Pan Cogito".
External links
Herbert's Poems in English
Audio discussion of Herbert's poems, and text of several of them
Online Poetry Classroom – Zbigniew Herbert
Collection of some online poems at Poemhunter
'From "Conversation on Writing Poetry: An Interview with Zbigniew Herbert"' by John and Bogdana Carpenter. The Manhattan Review, Volume 3, no. 2, Winter 1984/85 [Online text]
Modern Polish Poetry: Zbigniew Herbert collection
'Mr. Cogito's Duels: A Conversation with Anna Poppek and Andrzej Gelberg' The Sarmatian Review, Volume XV, Number 2, April 1995 [Online text]
'A Letter to President Dzhokar Dudayev' The Sarmatian Review, Volume XV, Number 2, April 1995 [Online text]
'Making introductions: John Carpenter & Zbigniew Herbert' Artful Dodge, Issue 20/21, 1991 [essay on, and excerpts of, 'Dutch Apochrypha', online text]
Poets, scholars, others discuss Zbigniew Herbert on "Words Without Borders" celebration of the "Year of Herbert"
Zbigniew Herbert at culture.pl
Zbigniew Herbert biography and poems at poezja.org
Zbigniew Herbert Papers. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
References
1924 births
1998 deaths
Polish Roman Catholics
Writers from Lviv
Burials at Powązki Cemetery
Polish essayists
Male essayists
Home Army members
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń alumni
Polish people of Armenian descent
Polish people of English descent
Jerusalem Prize recipients
20th-century Polish poets
Polish male poets
20th-century essayists
Herder Prize recipients
20th-century Polish male writers
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
People associated with the magazine "Kultura" |
Hannahs Mill is a census-designated place (CDP) in Upson County, Georgia, United States. The population was 3,267 at the 2000 census.
Geography
Hannahs Mill is located at .
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and 0.23% is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,267 people, 1,278 households, and 972 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 1,379 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.67% White, 6.40% African American, 0.49% Native American, 0.80% Asian, and 0.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.44% of the population.
There were 1,278 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.9% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.92.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $33,714, and the median income for a family was $39,398. Males had a median income of $30,391 versus $19,833 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,746. About 6.4% of families and 11.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under age 18 and 10.6% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Georgia (U.S. state)
Census-designated places in Upson County, Georgia |
In Christianity, heaven is traditionally the location of the throne of God and the angels of God, and in most forms of Christianity it is the abode of the righteous dead in the afterlife. In some Christian denominations it is understood as a temporary stage before the resurrection of the dead and the saints' return to the New Earth.
In the Book of Acts, the resurrected Jesus ascends to heaven where, as the Nicene Creed states, he now sits at the right hand of God and will return to earth in the Second Coming. According to Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox teaching, Mary, mother of Jesus, is said to have been assumed into heaven without the corruption of her earthly body; she is venerated as Queen of Heaven.
In the Christian Bible, concepts about Christian eschatology, the future "kingdom of heaven", and the resurrection of the dead are found, particularly in the book of Revelation and in 1 Corinthians 15.
Early Christianity
The 1st-century early Jewish-Christians, from whom Christianity developed as a Gentile religion, believed that the kingdom of God was coming to earth within their own lifetimes, and looked forward to a divine future on earth. The earliest Christian writings on the topic are those by Paul, such as 1 Thessalonians 4–5, in which the dead are described as having fallen asleep. Paul says that the second coming will arrive without warning, like a "thief in the night," and that the sleeping faithful will be raised first, and then the living. Similarly, the earliest of the Apostolic Fathers, Pope Clement I, does not mention entry into heaven after death but instead expresses belief in the resurrection of the dead after a period of "slumber" at the Second Coming.
In the 2nd century AD, Irenaeus (a Greek bishop) quoted presbyters as saying that not all who are saved would merit an abode in heaven itself: "[T]hose who are deemed worthy of an abode in heaven shall go there, others shall enjoy the delights of paradise, and others shall possess the splendour of the city; for everywhere the Saviour shall be seen according as they who see Him shall be worthy."
Orthodox Christianity
Eastern Orthodox cosmology
Eastern Orthodox cosmology perceives heaven as having different levels (), the lowest of which is paradise. At the time of creation, paradise touched the earth at the Garden of Eden. After the Fall of man, paradise was separated from the earth, and mankind was forbidden entry, lest he partake of the Tree of life and live eternally in a state of sinfulness (). Upon the Crucifixion of Jesus, the Eastern Orthodox believe Jesus opened the door to paradise to mankind again (), and the penitent thief was the first to enter.
Various saints have had visions of heaven (). The Orthodox concept of life in heaven is described in one of the prayers for the dead: "…a place of light, a place of green pasture, a place of repose, from whence all sickness, sorrow and sighing are fled away".
However, in the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox, it is only God who has the final say on who enters heaven. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, heaven is part and parcel of deification (theosis), the eternal sharing of the divine qualities through communion with the Triune God (reunion of Father and Son through love).
Roman Catholicism
The Catholic Church teaches that "heaven is the ultimate end and fulfillment of the deepest human longings, the state of supreme, definitive happiness". In heaven one experiences the beatific vision. The church holds that,
The Catechism of the Catholic Church indicates several images of heaven found in the Bible:
Those Christians who die still imperfectly purified must, according to Catholic teaching, pass through a state of purification known as purgatory before entering heaven.
According to the Council of Trent, one does not sin when doing "good works with a view to an eternal recompense."
Catholic authors have speculated about the nature of the "secondary joy of heaven", that is Church teaching reflected in the Councils of Florence and of Trent. For God "will repay according to each one's deeds" (Romans 2:6 ): ... "the one who sows sparingly will also reap sparingly, and the one who sows bountifully will also reap bountifully" (2 Corinthians 9:6 ). Jesuit poet Gerard Manley Hopkins describes this joy as reflecting Christ to one another, each in our own personal way and to the extent that we have grown more Christlike in this life, for as Hopkins writes, "Christ plays in ten thousand places, lovely in limbs, and lovely in eyes not his, to the Father through the features of men's faces." God means to share even this divine joy with us, the joy of rejoicing in making others happy.
Protestant Christianity
Some denominations teach that one enters heaven at the moment of death, while others teach that this occurs at a later time (the Last Judgment). Some Christians maintain that entry into Heaven awaits such time as "When the form of this world has passed away."
Two related, and often blended, concepts of heaven in Christianity are better described as the "resurrection of the body" as contrasted with "the immortality of the soul". In the first, the soul does not enter heaven until the Last Judgment or the "end of time" when it (along with the body) is resurrected and judged. In the second concept, the soul goes to a heaven on another plane immediately after death. These two concepts are generally combined in the doctrine of the double judgment where the soul is judged once at death and goes to a temporary heaven, while awaiting a second and final judgment at the end of the world.
Some teach that death itself is not a natural part of life, but was allowed to happen after Adam and Eve disobeyed God so that mankind would not live forever in a state of sin and thus a state of separation from God.
Methodist
Methodism teaches that heaven is a state where the faithful will spend eternal bliss with God:
Seventh-day Adventist
The Seventh-day Adventist understanding of heaven is:
That heaven is a place where God resides. Described in Revelation 11:12 "they went to Heaven, wrapped in a cloud.."
That God sent his son, Jesus Christ to earth to live as a human being (Matthew 2:10 birth of Jesus) who "perfectly exemplified the righteousness and love of God shown by His miracles He manifested God's power and was attested as God's promised Messiah. He suffered and died voluntarily on the cross for our sins and in our place, was raised from the dead, and ascended to minister in the heavenly sanctuary in our behalf."
That Christ promises to return as saviour at which time he will resurrect the righteous dead and gather them along with the righteous living to heaven. The unrighteous will die at Christ's second coming.
That after Christ's second coming there will exist a period of time known as the Millennium during which Christ and his righteous saints will reign and the unrighteous will be judged. At the close of the Millennium, Christ and his angels return to earth to resurrect the dead that remain, to issue the judgments and to forever rid the universe of sin and sinners.
"On the new earth, in which righteousness dwells, God will provide an eternal home for the redeemed and a perfect environment for everlasting life, love, joy, and learning in His presence. For here God Himself will dwell with His people, and suffering and death will have passed away. The great controversy will be ended, and sin will be no more. All things, animate and inanimate, will declare that God is love; and He shall reign forever." It is at this point that heaven is established on the new earth.
Other denominations
Christadelphians
Christadelphians do not believe that anyone will go to heaven upon death. Instead, they believe that only Jesus went to Heaven and resides there alongside Jehovah. Christadelphians instead believe that following death, the soul enters a state of unconsciousness, and will stay that way until the Last Judgment, where those saved will be resurrected and the damned will be annihilated. The Kingdom of God will be established on Earth, starting in the land of Israel, and Jesus will rule over the kingdom for a millennium.
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that heaven is the dwelling place of Jehovah and his spirit creatures. They believe that only 144,000 chosen faithful followers ("The Anointed") will be resurrected to heaven to rule with Christ over the majority of mankind who will live on Earth.
Latter Day Saint movement
The view of heaven according to the Latter Day Saint movement is based on section 76 of the Doctrine and Covenants as well as 1 Corinthians 15 in the King James Version of the Bible. The afterlife is divided first into two levels until the Last Judgment; afterwards it is divided into four levels, the upper three of which are referred to as "degrees of glory" that, for illustrative purposes, are compared to the brightness of heavenly bodies: the sun, moon, and stars.
Before the Last Judgment, spirits separated from their bodies at death go either to paradise or to spirit prison dependent on if they had been baptised and confirmed by the laying on of hands. Paradise is a place of rest while its inhabitants continue learning in preparation for the Last Judgment. Spirit prison is a place of learning for the wicked and unrepentant and those who were not baptised; however, missionary efforts done by spirits from paradise enable those in spirit prison to repent, accept the gospel and the atonement and receive baptism through the practice of baptism for the dead.
After the resurrection and Last Judgment, people are sent to one of four levels:
The celestial kingdom is the highest level, with its power and glory comparable to the sun. Here, faithful and valiant disciples of Christ who accepted the fullness of his gospel and kept their covenants with Him through following the prophets of their dispensation are reunited with their families and with God the Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit for all eternity. Those who would have accepted the gospel with all their hearts had they been given the opportunity in life (as judged by Christ and God the Father) are also saved in the celestial kingdom. Latter-Day Saint movements do not espouse the concept of original sin, but believe children to be innocent through the atonement. Therefore, all children who die before the age of accountability inherit this glory. Men and women who have entered into celestial marriage are eligible, under the tutelage of God the Father, to eventually become gods and goddesses as joint-heirs with Jesus Christ.
The terrestrial kingdom's power and glory is comparable to that of the moon, and is reserved for those who understood and rejected the full gospel in life but lived good lives; those who did accept the gospel but failed to keep their covenants through continuing the process of faith, repentance, and service to others; those who "died without law" (D & C 76:72) but accepted the full gospel and repented after death due to the missionary efforts undertaken in spirit prison. God the Father does not come into the terrestrial kingdom, but Jesus Christ visits them and the Holy Spirit is given to them.
The telestial kingdom is comparable to the glory of the stars. Those placed in the telestial kingdom suffered the pains of Hell after death because they were liars, murderers, adulterers, whoremongers, etc. They are eventually rescued from Hell by being redeemed through the power of the atonement at the end of the Millennium. Despite its far lesser condition in eternity, the telestial kingdom is described as being more comfortable than Earth in its current state. Suffering is a result of a full knowledge of the sins and choices which have permanently separated a person from the utter joy that comes from being in the presence of God and Jesus Christ, though they have the Holy Spirit to be with them.
The Outer darkness is the lowest level and has no glory whatsoever. It is reserved for Satan, his angels, and those who have committed the unpardonable sin. This is the lowest state possible in the eternities, and one that very few people born in this world attain, since the unpardonable sin requires that a person know with a perfect knowledge that the gospel is true and then reject it and fight defiantly against God. The only known son of perdition is Cain, but it is generally acknowledged that there are probably more scattered through the ages.
See also
Kingdom of Heaven (Gospel of Matthew)
Kingship and kingdom of God
References
Further reading
Gary Scott Smith, Heaven in the American Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Colleen McDannell and Bernhard Lang, Heaven: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988; 2nd ed. 2001.
Bernhard Lang, Meeting in Heaven: Modernising the Christian Afterlife, 1600-2000. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Publishing, 2011.
Randy C. Alcorn, Heaven, Wheaton, Tyndale House, 2004.
Jerry L. Walls, Heaven: The Logic of Eternal Joy, Oxford, Oxford University, 2002.
External links
Christian's Heavenly Hope Article arguing against the Jehovah's Witnesses' doctrine of two classes of Christians after death
Christian terminology
Christianity
Christian cosmology |
Deuces or Twos is a patience or card solitaire game of English origin which is played with two packs of playing cards. It is so called because each foundation starts with a Deuce, or Two. It belongs to a family of card games that includes Busy Aces, which is derived in turn from Napoleon at St Helena (aka Forty Thieves).
History
The game is first recorded by Professor Hoffmann in 1892 as The Twos and subsequently by Dick in 1898 as The Deuces. These early rules do not seem to allow sequences to be moved between depots in the tableau and they are followed in this regard by Coop (1939) and Moyse (1950). However most later rules, including Morehead and Mott-Smith (1949, 2001) and Parlett (1979) allow sequences or part-sequences, as well as single cards, to be transferred between depots. Sources also vary as to whether no, one or two redeals are permitted.
Rules
First, the eight two cards are separated from the deck and placed in two rows to form the foundations. Then, ten cards, four above the foundations and three at each of the left and the right of the foundations, are dealt. These are the bases for the tableau piles.
The foundations should be built up by suit up to kings, then aces. In the tableau, building is down by suit, also aces can be built upon by kings.
The top cards of each tableau piles are available for play on the foundations or on other tableau piles. Sequences, where in part or in whole, can be moved as one unit. Spaces in the tableau are filled only with cards from either the stock or the wastepile.
The stock can be dealt one card at a time, onto a wastepile, the top card of which is available for play on the foundations and on the tableau. There is no redeal
The game is won when all the cards are dealt onto the foundations with the aces on top.
Variants
Two variants of Deuces, both of which are akin to Busy Aces, are:
The Square: the twos are shuffled in the deck and there are 12 piles in the tableau, four each above, to the left, and to the right of the foundation spaces.
The Courtyard: as Square, but with aces as bases for foundations.
See also
List of patiences and solitaires
Glossary of patience and solitaire terms
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
Coops, Helen L. (1939) 100 Games of Solitaire. Whitman. 128 pp.
Dick, Harris B. (1898) Dick's Games of Patience, 2nd Series. 113 pp. 70 games. NY: Dick & Fitzgerald.
Professor Hoffmann [Angelo Lewis] (1892). The Illustrated Book of Patience Games. London: Routledge.
Morehead, Albert H. & Mott-Smith, Geoffrey. (2001) [1st edn. 1949] The Complete Book of Solitaire & Patience Games. Slough: Foulsham.
Moyse Jr, Alphonse. (1950) 150 Ways to play Solitaire. Cincinnati: USPCC.
Parlett, David. (1979) The Penguin Book of Patience. London: Penguin.
Simple packers
Double-deck patience card games |
```m4sugar
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# version of the C++ standard. If necessary, add switches to CXX and
# CXXCPP to enable support. VERSION may be '11' (for the C++11 standard)
# or '14' (for the C++14 standard).
#
# The second argument, if specified, indicates whether you insist on an
# extended mode (e.g. -std=gnu++11) or a strict conformance mode (e.g.
# -std=c++11). If neither is specified, you get whatever works, with
# preference for an extended mode.
#
# The third argument, if specified 'mandatory' or if left unspecified,
# indicates that baseline support for the specified C++ standard is
# required and that the macro should error out if no mode with that
# support is found. If specified 'optional', then configuration proceeds
# regardless, after defining HAVE_CXX${VERSION} if and only if a
# supporting mode is found.
#
# LICENSE
#
#
# Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are
# permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice
# and this notice are preserved. This file is offered as-is, without any
# warranty.
#serial 4
dnl This macro is based on the code from the AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX_11 macro
dnl (serial version number 13).
AC_DEFUN([AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX], [dnl
m4_if([$1], [11], [],
[$1], [14], [],
[$1], [17], [m4_fatal([support for C++17 not yet implemented in AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX])],
[m4_fatal([invalid first argument `$1' to AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX])])dnl
m4_if([$2], [], [],
[$2], [ext], [],
[$2], [noext], [],
[m4_fatal([invalid second argument `$2' to AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX])])dnl
m4_if([$3], [], [ax_cxx_compile_cxx$1_required=true],
[$3], [mandatory], [ax_cxx_compile_cxx$1_required=true],
[$3], [optional], [ax_cxx_compile_cxx$1_required=false],
[m4_fatal([invalid third argument `$3' to AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX])])
AC_LANG_PUSH([C++])dnl
ac_success=no
AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether $CXX supports C++$1 features by default,
ax_cv_cxx_compile_cxx$1,
[AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([_AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX_testbody_$1])],
[ax_cv_cxx_compile_cxx$1=yes],
[ax_cv_cxx_compile_cxx$1=no])])
if test x$ax_cv_cxx_compile_cxx$1 = xyes; then
ac_success=yes
fi
m4_if([$2], [noext], [], [dnl
if test x$ac_success = xno; then
for switch in -std=gnu++$1 -std=gnu++0x; do
cachevar=AS_TR_SH([ax_cv_cxx_compile_cxx$1_$switch])
AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether $CXX supports C++$1 features with $switch,
$cachevar,
[ac_save_CXX="$CXX"
CXX="$CXX $switch"
AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([_AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX_testbody_$1])],
[eval $cachevar=yes],
[eval $cachevar=no])
CXX="$ac_save_CXX"])
if eval test x\$$cachevar = xyes; then
CXX="$CXX $switch"
if test -n "$CXXCPP" ; then
CXXCPP="$CXXCPP $switch"
fi
ac_success=yes
break
fi
done
fi])
m4_if([$2], [ext], [], [dnl
if test x$ac_success = xno; then
dnl HP's aCC needs +std=c++11 according to:
dnl path_to_url
dnl Cray's crayCC needs "-h std=c++11"
for switch in -std=c++$1 -std=c++0x +std=c++$1 "-h std=c++$1"; do
cachevar=AS_TR_SH([ax_cv_cxx_compile_cxx$1_$switch])
AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether $CXX supports C++$1 features with $switch,
$cachevar,
[ac_save_CXX="$CXX"
CXX="$CXX $switch"
AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([_AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX_testbody_$1])],
[eval $cachevar=yes],
[eval $cachevar=no])
CXX="$ac_save_CXX"])
if eval test x\$$cachevar = xyes; then
CXX="$CXX $switch"
if test -n "$CXXCPP" ; then
CXXCPP="$CXXCPP $switch"
fi
ac_success=yes
break
fi
done
fi])
AC_LANG_POP([C++])
if test x$ax_cxx_compile_cxx$1_required = xtrue; then
if test x$ac_success = xno; then
AC_MSG_ERROR([*** A compiler with support for C++$1 language features is required.])
fi
fi
if test x$ac_success = xno; then
HAVE_CXX$1=0
AC_MSG_NOTICE([No compiler with C++$1 support was found])
else
HAVE_CXX$1=1
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_CXX$1,1,
[define if the compiler supports basic C++$1 syntax])
fi
AC_SUBST(HAVE_CXX$1)
])
dnl Test body for checking C++11 support
m4_define([_AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX_testbody_11],
_AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX_testbody_new_in_11
)
dnl Test body for checking C++14 support
m4_define([_AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX_testbody_14],
_AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX_testbody_new_in_11
_AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX_testbody_new_in_14
)
dnl Tests for new features in C++11
m4_define([_AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX_testbody_new_in_11], [[
// If the compiler admits that it is not ready for C++11, why torture it?
// Hopefully, this will speed up the test.
#ifndef __cplusplus
#error "This is not a C++ compiler"
#elif __cplusplus < 201103L
#error "This is not a C++11 compiler"
#else
namespace cxx11
{
namespace test_static_assert
{
template <typename T>
struct check
{
static_assert(sizeof(int) <= sizeof(T), "not big enough");
};
}
namespace test_final_override
{
struct Base
{
virtual void f() {}
};
struct Derived : public Base
{
virtual void f() override {}
};
}
namespace test_double_right_angle_brackets
{
template < typename T >
struct check {};
typedef check<void> single_type;
typedef check<check<void>> double_type;
typedef check<check<check<void>>> triple_type;
typedef check<check<check<check<void>>>> quadruple_type;
}
namespace test_decltype
{
int
f()
{
int a = 1;
decltype(a) b = 2;
return a + b;
}
}
namespace test_type_deduction
{
template < typename T1, typename T2 >
struct is_same
{
static const bool value = false;
};
template < typename T >
struct is_same<T, T>
{
static const bool value = true;
};
template < typename T1, typename T2 >
auto
add(T1 a1, T2 a2) -> decltype(a1 + a2)
{
return a1 + a2;
}
int
test(const int c, volatile int v)
{
static_assert(is_same<int, decltype(0)>::value == true, "");
static_assert(is_same<int, decltype(c)>::value == false, "");
static_assert(is_same<int, decltype(v)>::value == false, "");
auto ac = c;
auto av = v;
auto sumi = ac + av + 'x';
auto sumf = ac + av + 1.0;
static_assert(is_same<int, decltype(ac)>::value == true, "");
static_assert(is_same<int, decltype(av)>::value == true, "");
static_assert(is_same<int, decltype(sumi)>::value == true, "");
static_assert(is_same<int, decltype(sumf)>::value == false, "");
static_assert(is_same<int, decltype(add(c, v))>::value == true, "");
return (sumf > 0.0) ? sumi : add(c, v);
}
}
namespace test_noexcept
{
int f() { return 0; }
int g() noexcept { return 0; }
static_assert(noexcept(f()) == false, "");
static_assert(noexcept(g()) == true, "");
}
namespace test_constexpr
{
template < typename CharT >
unsigned long constexpr
strlen_c_r(const CharT *const s, const unsigned long acc) noexcept
{
return *s ? strlen_c_r(s + 1, acc + 1) : acc;
}
template < typename CharT >
unsigned long constexpr
strlen_c(const CharT *const s) noexcept
{
return strlen_c_r(s, 0UL);
}
static_assert(strlen_c("") == 0UL, "");
static_assert(strlen_c("1") == 1UL, "");
static_assert(strlen_c("example") == 7UL, "");
static_assert(strlen_c("another\0example") == 7UL, "");
}
namespace test_rvalue_references
{
template < int N >
struct answer
{
static constexpr int value = N;
};
answer<1> f(int&) { return answer<1>(); }
answer<2> f(const int&) { return answer<2>(); }
answer<3> f(int&&) { return answer<3>(); }
void
test()
{
int i = 0;
const int c = 0;
static_assert(decltype(f(i))::value == 1, "");
static_assert(decltype(f(c))::value == 2, "");
static_assert(decltype(f(0))::value == 3, "");
}
}
namespace test_uniform_initialization
{
struct test
{
static const int zero {};
static const int one {1};
};
static_assert(test::zero == 0, "");
static_assert(test::one == 1, "");
}
namespace test_lambdas
{
void
test1()
{
auto lambda1 = [](){};
auto lambda2 = lambda1;
lambda1();
lambda2();
}
int
test2()
{
auto a = [](int i, int j){ return i + j; }(1, 2);
auto b = []() -> int { return '0'; }();
auto c = [=](){ return a + b; }();
auto d = [&](){ return c; }();
auto e = [a, &b](int x) mutable {
const auto identity = [](int y){ return y; };
for (auto i = 0; i < a; ++i)
a += b--;
return x + identity(a + b);
}(0);
return a + b + c + d + e;
}
int
test3()
{
const auto nullary = [](){ return 0; };
const auto unary = [](int x){ return x; };
using nullary_t = decltype(nullary);
using unary_t = decltype(unary);
const auto higher1st = [](nullary_t f){ return f(); };
const auto higher2nd = [unary](nullary_t f1){
return [unary, f1](unary_t f2){ return f2(unary(f1())); };
};
return higher1st(nullary) + higher2nd(nullary)(unary);
}
}
namespace test_variadic_templates
{
template <int...>
struct sum;
template <int N0, int... N1toN>
struct sum<N0, N1toN...>
{
static constexpr auto value = N0 + sum<N1toN...>::value;
};
template <>
struct sum<>
{
static constexpr auto value = 0;
};
static_assert(sum<>::value == 0, "");
static_assert(sum<1>::value == 1, "");
static_assert(sum<23>::value == 23, "");
static_assert(sum<1, 2>::value == 3, "");
static_assert(sum<5, 5, 11>::value == 21, "");
static_assert(sum<2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13>::value == 41, "");
}
// path_to_url
// Clang 3.1 fails with headers of libstd++ 4.8.3 when using std::function
// because of this.
namespace test_template_alias_sfinae
{
struct foo {};
template<typename T>
using member = typename T::member_type;
template<typename T>
void func(...) {}
template<typename T>
void func(member<T>*) {}
void test();
void test() { func<foo>(0); }
}
} // namespace cxx11
#endif // __cplusplus >= 201103L
]])
dnl Tests for new features in C++14
m4_define([_AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX_testbody_new_in_14], [[
// If the compiler admits that it is not ready for C++14, why torture it?
// Hopefully, this will speed up the test.
#ifndef __cplusplus
#error "This is not a C++ compiler"
#elif __cplusplus < 201402L
#error "This is not a C++14 compiler"
#else
namespace cxx14
{
namespace test_polymorphic_lambdas
{
int
test()
{
const auto lambda = [](auto&&... args){
const auto istiny = [](auto x){
return (sizeof(x) == 1UL) ? 1 : 0;
};
const int aretiny[] = { istiny(args)... };
return aretiny[0];
};
return lambda(1, 1L, 1.0f, '1');
}
}
namespace test_binary_literals
{
constexpr auto ivii = 0b0000000000101010;
static_assert(ivii == 42, "wrong value");
}
namespace test_generalized_constexpr
{
template < typename CharT >
constexpr unsigned long
strlen_c(const CharT *const s) noexcept
{
auto length = 0UL;
for (auto p = s; *p; ++p)
++length;
return length;
}
static_assert(strlen_c("") == 0UL, "");
static_assert(strlen_c("x") == 1UL, "");
static_assert(strlen_c("test") == 4UL, "");
static_assert(strlen_c("another\0test") == 7UL, "");
}
namespace test_lambda_init_capture
{
int
test()
{
auto x = 0;
const auto lambda1 = [a = x](int b){ return a + b; };
const auto lambda2 = [a = lambda1(x)](){ return a; };
return lambda2();
}
}
namespace test_digit_seperators
{
constexpr auto ten_million = 100'000'000;
static_assert(ten_million == 100000000, "");
}
namespace test_return_type_deduction
{
auto f(int& x) { return x; }
decltype(auto) g(int& x) { return x; }
template < typename T1, typename T2 >
struct is_same
{
static constexpr auto value = false;
};
template < typename T >
struct is_same<T, T>
{
static constexpr auto value = true;
};
int
test()
{
auto x = 0;
static_assert(is_same<int, decltype(f(x))>::value, "");
static_assert(is_same<int&, decltype(g(x))>::value, "");
return x;
}
}
} // namespace cxx14
#endif // __cplusplus >= 201402L
]])
``` |
The 1942 New Mexico gubernatorial election took place on November 3, 1942, in order to elect the Governor of New Mexico. Incumbent Democrat John E. Miles was term-limited, and could not run for reelection to a third consecutive term. Former U.S. Representative John J. Dempsey won the open seat.
General election
Results
References
gubernatorial
1942
New Mexico
November 1942 events |
Deans Dundas Bay is a Canadian Arctic waterway in the Northwest Territories. It is an eastern arm of Prince of Wales Strait in Victoria Island's Prince Albert Peninsula, situated across from Banks Island.
References
Bays of the Northwest Territories |
Nong Doen () is a tambon (subdistrict) of Bung Khla District, in Bueng Kan Province, Thailand. In 2020 it had a total population of 3,797 people.
Administration
Central administration
The tambon is subdivided into 7 administrative villages (muban).
Local administration
The whole area of the subdistrict is covered by the subdistrict administrative organization (SAO) Nong Doen (องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองเดิ่น).
References
External links
Thaitambon.com on Nong Doen
Tambon of Bueng Kan province
Populated places in Bueng Kan province
Bung Khla District |
The AACTA Award for Best Television Drama Series is a television award handed out by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). It was previously awarded by the Australian Film Institute (AFI), from 1991 to 2010, and will continue to be presented by the Academy. It is awarded to a dramatic television series of no fewer than five episodes. It can be a series of self-contained stories which can be screened in any order or a number of interweaving and overlapping plots continuing from one episode to the next.
Between 1991 and 2001, only individual episodes were awarded. The award has changed its name several times, and between 1993 and 2001, it became two separate categories; from 1991 to 1992, the award was called Best Episode in a Television Drama, Series or Serial; from 1993 to 2001 the award was split into Best Episode in a Television Drama Series and Best Episode in a Television Drama Serial and; from 1998 to 2001 Best Episode in a Drama Serial was changed to Best Episode in a Television Drama Series (Long). In 2002 the awards was combined to make Best Drama Series.
The award is usually presented to the producer(s) of a series, but between 1991 and 2001, the award went to the producer of a specific episode. Over the years, ABC have won sixteen of twenty-nine awards. Home and Away have won four awards, more than any other television programme. If the Best Episode categories aren't taken into account, then Home and Away's wins are discounted and Love My Way would have the record of three.
Rules
Potential nominees must submit two episodes from a drama series, which will be judged as a single entry, and a fee of A$1,125. The television program must be produced and broadcast in Australia for free-to-air or subscription television channels, but excludes broadcasts on community television.
Winners and nominees
Best Episode in a Television Drama Series or Serial (1991–1992)
Best Episode in a Television Drama Series (1993–2001)
Best Episode in a Television Drama Serial (1993–2001)
Best Television Drama Series (2002-current)
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#FAEB86"
! width="8%" | Year
! width="19%" | Program
! width="9%" | Network
! width="29%" | Producer(s)
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2002(45th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| Kath & Kim (series 1)
| ABC
| Mark Ruse
|-
| All Saints (season 5)
| Seven Network
| Di Drew
|-
| MDA (series 1)
| ABC
| Greg Haddrick
|-
| The Secret Life of Us
| Network Ten
| John Edwards and Amanda Higgs
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2003(46th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| MDA (series 2)
| ABC
| Denny Lawrence
|-
| Grass Roots (series 2)
| ABC
| John Eastway
|-
| Stingers (series 6)
| Nine Network
| Roger Le Mesurier, Roger Simpson and John Wild
|-
| The Secret Life of Us (series 3)
| Network Ten
| Amanda Higgs
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2004(47th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| Stingers (series 8)
| Nine Network
| Roger Le Mesurier, Roger Simpson and John Wild
|-
| McLeod's Daughters (season 4)
| Nine Network
| Susan Bower and Posie Graeme-Evans
|-
| MDA
| ABC
| Denny Lawrence
|-
| White Collar Blue (series 2)
| Network Ten
| Steve Knapman and Kris Wyld
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2005(48th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| Love My Way (series 1)
| Fox8
| John Edwards and Claudia Karvan
|-
| All Saints (season 8)
| Seven Network
| Maryanne Carroll
|-
| Blue Heelers (season 12)
| Seven Network
| Gus Howard and David Clarke
|-
| MDA (series 3)
| ABC
| Denny Lawrence
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2006(49th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| Love My Way (series 2)
| W
| John Edwards, Claudia Karvan and Jacquelin Perske
|-
| All Saints (season 9)
| Seven Network
| MaryAnne Carroll
|-
| Blue Heelers (season 13)
| Seven Network
| Gus Howard and David Clarke
|-
| McLeod's Daughters (season 6)
| Nine Network
| Posie Graeme-Evans and Karl Zwicky
|-
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 2007(50th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| Love My Way (series 3)
| Showtime
| John Edwards and Claudia Karvan
|-
| All Saints (season 10)
| Seven Network
| MaryAnne Carroll and Bill Hughes
|-
| Dangerous
| Fox8
| John Edwards and Imogen Banks
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2008(51st)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| Underbelly
| Nine Network
| Greg Haddrick and Brenda Pam
|-
| City Homicide (series 2)
| Seven Network
| MaryAnne Carroll
|-
| Rush (series 1)
| Network Ten
| John Edwards and Mimi Butler
|-
| Satisfaction (series 1)
| Showcase
| Andrew Walker and Roger Simpson
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2009(52nd)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| East West 101 (season 2)
| SBS One
| Kristine Wyld and Steve Knapman
|-
| Packed to the Rafters (season 1)
| Seven Network
| Jo Porter
|-
| Satisfaction (season 2)
| Showcase
| John Edwards and Mimi Butler
|-
| Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities
| Nine Network
| Greg Haddrick and Brenda Pam
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2010(53rd)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| Rush (series 3)
| Network Ten
| John Edwards and Mimi Butler
|-
| The Circuit (season 2)
| SBS
| Ross Hutchens and Colin South
|-
| Spirited (series 1)
| W
| John Edwards, Claudia Karvan and Jacquelin Perske
|-
| Tangle (season 2)
| Showcase
| John Edwards and Imogen Banks
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2011(1st)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| East West 101 (season 3)
| SBS One
| Steve Knapman and Kris Wyld
|-
| Offspring (season 2)
| Network Ten
| John Edwards and Imogen Banks
|-
| Rake
| ABC1
| Ian ColliePeter Duncan and Richard Roxburgh
|-
| Spirited (series 2)
| W
| Claudia Karvan and Jacquelin Perske
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2012(2nd)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| Puberty Blues
| Network Ten
| John Edwards and Imogen Banks
|-
| Rake (season 2)
| ABC1
| Ian Collie, Peter Duncan and Richard Roxburgh
|-
| Redfern Now
| ABC1
| Darren Dale and Miranda Dear
|-
| Tangle (season 3)
| Showcase
| John Edwards and Imogen Banks
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2013(3rd)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| Redfern Now (series 2)
| ABC1| Darren Dale and Miranda Dear|-
| Offspring (season 4)
| Network Ten
| John Edwards and Imogen Banks
|-
| Serangoon Road
| ABC1
| Paul Barron and Nick North
|-
| Wentworth (series 1)
| Soho
| Jo Porter and Amanda Crittenden
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2014(4th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| The Code| ABC| Shelley Birse, David Maher and David Taylor|-
| Janet King
| ABC
| Karl Zwicky and Lisa Scott
|-
| Puberty Blues (season 2)
| Network Ten
| John Edwards and Imogen Banks
|-
| Rake (series 3)
| ABC
| Ian Collie, Peter Duncan and Richard Roxburgh
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2015(5th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| Glitch| ABC| Tony Ayres, Louise Fox and Ewan Burnett|-
| Love Child (season 2)
| Nine Network
| Tom Hoffie
|-
| Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries (series 3)
| ABC
| Deb Cox and Fiona Eagger
|-
| Wentworth (season 3)
| SoHo
| Jo Porter and Amanda Crittenden
|-
| rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2016(6th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
| Wentworth (season 4)| SoHo| Pino Amenta and Jo Porter|-
| The Code
| ABC
| David Maher, David Taylor, Shelley Birse and Diane Haddon
|-
| Jack Irish
| ABC
| Ian Collie and Andrew Knight
|-
| Rake
| ABC
| Ian Collie, Peter Duncan and Richard Roxburgh
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |2017(7th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|Top Of The Lake: China Girl|Foxtel/BBC First|Emile Sherman, Iain Canning, Jane Campion, Philippa Campbell and Libby Sharpe|-
|Cleverman
|ABC
|Rosemary Blight, Sharon Lark, Ryan Griffen and Jane Allen
|-
|Glitch
|ABC
|Louise Fox, Tony Ayres, Julie Eckersley and Chris Oliver-Taylor
|-
|Wentworth (season 5)
|Foxtel/Showcase
|Jo Porter and Pino Amenta
|-
|Janet King - Playing Advantage
|ABC
|Lisa Scott, Karl Zwicky, Greg Haddrick
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |2018(8th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"
|Mystery Road|ABC
|David Jowsey and Greer Simpkin|-
|Jack Irish
|ABC
|Ian Collie, Matt Cameron, Andrew Knight
|-
|Rake
|ABC
|Ian Collie, Peter Duncan, Richard Roxburgh
|-
|Mr Inbetween
|Foxtel/Showcase
|Michele Bennett
|-
|Wentworth (season 6)
|Foxtel/Showcase
|Jo Porter and Pino Amenta
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |2019(9th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"| rowspan="6"
|Total Control|ABC
|Darren Dale, Miranda Dear and Rachel Griffiths|-
|Mr Inbetween
|Foxtel/Showcase
|Michele Bennett
|-
|Bloom
|Stan
|David Maher, David Taylor, Glen Dolman and Sue Seeary
|-
|Secret City: Under the Eagle
|Foxtel/Showcase
|Stephen Corvini, Penny Chapman, Matt Cameron and Penny Win
|-
|Wentworth (season 7)
|Foxtel/Showcase
|Jo Porter and Pino Amenta
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center" |2020(10th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"| rowspan="6"
|Mystery Road|ABC
|David Jowsey and Greer Simpkin|-
| Bloom
|Stan
|David Maher, David Taylor, Glen Dolman and Sue Seeary
|-
|Doctor Doctor
|Nine Network
|Ian Collie, Ally Henville, Keith Thompson and Rodger Corser
|-
|Halifax: Retribution
|Nine Network
|Roger Simpson and Louisa Kors
|-
|The Heights
|ABC
|Warren Clarke, Peta Astbury-Bulsara, Debbie Lee and Que Minh Luu
|-
|Wentworth
|Foxtel
|Jo Porter and Pino Amenta
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center" |2021(11th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"| rowspan="7"
|The Newsreader|ABC
|Joanna Werner and Michael Lucas|-
|Clickbait
|Netflix
|Tony Ayres, Joanna Werner, Tom Hoffie and David Heyman
|-
|Jack Irish
|ABC
|Ian Collie, Matt Cameron, Jo Rooney, Andrew Knight and Rob Gibson
|-
|Mr Inbetween
|Foxtel
|Michele Bennett
|-
|Total Control
|ABC
|Darren Dale, Rachel Griffiths, Stuart Page and Erin Bretherton
|-
|Wakefield
|ABC
|Kristen Dunphy, Sam Meikle, Jason Burrows, Chloe Rickard, Ally Henville, Shay Spencer and Alex Mitchell
|-
|Wentworth
|Foxtel
|Pino Amenta
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center" |2022(12th)
|- style="background:#FAEB86"| rowspan="6"
|Mystery Road: Origin|ABC
|Greer Simpkin and David Jowsey|-
|Bump
|Stan
|Dan Edwards, John Edwards, Claudia Karvan and Kelsey Munro
|-
|Heartbreak High
|Netflix
|Carly Heaton, Sarah Freeman and Chris Oliver-Taylor
|-
|Love Me
|BINGE/Foxtel
|Hamish Lewis, Michael Brooks, Angie Fielder and Polly Staniford
|-
|The Tourist
|Stan
|Lisa Scott, Harry Williams, Jack Williams, Christopher Aird and Chris Sweeney
|-
|Wolf Like Me
|Stan
|Steve Hutensky, Jodi Matterson, Bruna Papandrea and Abe Forsythe
|}
See also
AACTA Award for Best Television Comedy Series
AACTA Awards
Notes A: In 1993, and then from 1995 to 2001, the award was split into two categories: Best Episode in a Television Drama, Series or Serial and Best Episode in a Television Drama Serial (the latter was changed to Best Episode in a Television Drama Series (Long) in 1998). This means that two awards were presented for both categories each year, bringing the total of awards presented to twenty-nine. B: Awarded for Best Episode in a Television Drama, Series or Serial.C: Awarded for Best Episode in a Television Drama Serial (1993–1997). The category then changed to Best Episode in a Television Drama Series (Long) (1998–2001).D: Awarded for Best Episode in a Television Drama Series.E': The Damnation of Harvey McHugh and Heartland'' were joint winners for Best Episode in a Television Drama Series at the 1994 awards.
References
General
Specific
External links
Drama |
Erika Fatland (born 1983) is a Norwegian anthropologist and writer who has written multiple critically-acclaimed books, including Sovietistan and The Border.
Early life and career
Fatland was born in Haugesund, Norway, in 1983, and studied at the University of Oslo and the University of Copenhagen.
Fatland is best known for her travel writing and has written several books: Her first travel book Sovietistan, published in 2015, was an account of her travels through five post-Soviet Central Asian nations, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It has been translated into 12 languages. The book was reviewed by Financial Times and Kirkus Reviews.
This was followed by The Border: A Journey Around Russia Through North Korea, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Norway, and the Northeast Passage, an account of her travels around Russia's border, from North Korea to Norway. Both books have been translated into English by Kari Dickson, and both received critical acclaim from reviewers in the US and UK. The book was reviewed by The Washington Post.
She wrote two earlier books: The Village of Angels (2011) about the Beslan massacre and The Year Without a Summer about the Utoya massacre. She has also written the children's book The Parent War.
She has received numerous awards, among them the Norwegian Booksellers’ Prize for Nonfiction and the Wesselprisen (2016). She speaks eight languages including Norwegian, English, French, Russian, German, Italian, and Spanish. She lives in Oslo.
Bibliography
The Village of Angels (2011)
The Year Without a Summer (2012)
Sovietistan: Travels in Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan (2020)
The Border: A Journey Around Russia Through North Korea, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Norway, and the Northeast Passage (2021)
High: A Journey Across the Himalaya, Through Pakistan, India, Bhutan, Nepal, and China (2023)
References
Living people
1983 births
Norwegian writers
Writers about Russia
Norwegian women writers
University of Copenhagen alumni
University of Oslo alumni |
Cacia nigroabdominalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Heller in 1923. It is known from the Philippines.
References
Cacia (beetle)
Beetles described in 1923 |
Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic has varied by country, time period and media outlet. News media has simultaneously kept viewers informed about current events related to the pandemic, and contributed to misinformation or fake news.
COVID-19 pandemic
COVID-19 is a disease caused by a virus called SARS-CoV-2. Most people who contract COVID experience mild symptoms whereas others become severely ill. Elderly people and those with certain underlying medical conditions are more likely to get severely ill. There are currently four vaccines available in the United States to help prevent COVID-19: Pfizer, Moderna, Novavax, and Johnson & Johnson. They are known to be safe, effective, and reduce the risk of severe illness. The virus spreads when an infected person breathes out droplets and very small particles that contain the virus.
Media coverage in the United States
The COVID-19 pandemic has opened a new door for social media and mental health in ways that have never existed before. Mental health is at the forefront because it has been so severely impacted by the pandemic. People who were already suffering with mental health issues is being exacerbated by the isolation. Social media has not been covered as much even though it plays such an important role whether it comes from a positive or negative light. People were able to find online communities to help them during the isolation, but it also was negative because it made people feel more separated from everyone around them. It also does not help because everyone is so invested in their social media that they forget to communicate with the humans around them in person. The COVID-19 pandemic has also been associated with mental health challenges for those who are not infected with it, including the social and economic impacts of quarantine, physical distancing, stay-at-home orders, gathering bans, nonessential business closures, and additional measures introduced to reduce community transmission of the virus. Challenges for mental health associated with COVID-19 may arise via either indirect experiences with the virus (e.g., bereavement; social isolation and loneliness; uncertainty; socioeconomic distress) or from personal infection. A number of media outlets have specifically covered deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19, leading to disputes over the propriety of such coverage.
Level and nature of coverage
The (COVID-19) pandemic has put a tremendous strain on many countries' citizens, resources, and economies around the world. This includes the social distancing measures, travel bans, self-quarantines, and business closures are changing the very fabric of societies worldwide. With people forced out of public spaces, much of the conversation about this pandemic and the after effects now occurs online and on social media platforms.
Within January 2020, the first full month in which the outbreak was known, Time recorded 41,000 English-language articles containing the term "coronavirus", of which 19,000 made it to headlines. This was compared with the Kivu Ebola epidemic, which had 1,800 articles and 700 headlines in August 2018. Paul Levinson, a researcher in communications and media studies, attributed this wide disparity to backlash from perceived overcoverage of the 2014 Ebola outbreak, coupled with concerns regarding Chinese censorship of the coverage.
Recode reported on 17 March that, out of 3,000 high-traffic news sites, around 1 percent of published articles are related to the disease, but those articles generate around 13 percent of all views, with subtopics such as social distancing, flattening the curve and self-quarantine being particularly popular. The total number of article views itself was some 30 percent higher in mid-March 2020 compared to in mid-March 2019.
An analysis of approximately 141,000 English language news headlines related to the Coronavirus from January 15, 2020, to June 3, 2020, uncovered that 52% of headlines evoked negative sentiments while only 30% evoked positive sentiments. The authors suggest that the headlines are contributing to fear and uncertainty which is having negative health and economic outcomes. Other studies in different contexts and focused in different media have found that news have not portrayed coping strategies and health behaviors as much as they could have. Other authors suggest that news coverage has resulted in the politicization of the pandemic, has been excessively concerned for the performance of political actors over the provision of scientific and self-efficacy information, and has been highly polarized.
A November 2020 paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research titled "Why Is All COVID-19 News Bad News?" found that 91% of stories by major American media outlets about COVID-19 have a negative tone compared to 54% for major media outlets outside the United States and 65% for scientific journals.
Issues with misinformation and fake news led to the development of CoVerifi, a platform that has the potential to help address the COVID-19 "infodemic".
It has been claimed that the extended and prolonged coverage of the pandemic may have contributed to a COVID-19 information fatigue, making it more difficult to communicate updated information. Media experts say the challenge for some news outlets is accurately conveying the nuance of pandemic science to the public. The public who are now being asked to resume mask wearing in some parts of the country and as the delta variant sends cases soaring among the unvaccinated.
Misinformation
In January 2020, the World Health Organization declared that an "infodemic" of false information was helping the virus propagate. Academics documented the spread of fake news and other disinformation and theorize it within particular national and transcultural contexts and trends. The number of outlets and entities, from traditional journalism to social media, covering the COVID-19 pandemic will surely prove to have been a source of misinformation and confusion related to virus spread information and national and state policies. Dr. Sylvie Briand, Director of Global Infectious Hazards Preparedness Department of the World Health Organization, mentioned that one of the major concerns related to communication challenges is the role of social media. Briand stated that the WHO is carefully monitoring the coronavirus infodemic on social media utilizing artificial intelligence. According to Pew Research Center the most popular sources of news for adults in the United States include news websites and social media. Also, Twitter is recorded as having the highest number of news focused users among other social media outlets Romanian scholar Sofia Bratu conducted a study which considered individuals' perception of the source of fake news by surveying nearly 5000 U.S. citizens and analyzing data from The Economist, Gallup, Pew Research Center, YouGov, among other reputable survey organizations. Scholars suggest that misinformation is to blame for escalated stress reactions, physical and mental health declines related to stress, and increased burden on healthcare facilities with patients who are not truly exhibiting symptoms or are exhibiting symptoms as an adverse reaction to false cures and treatments. However, Brafu does mention that televised interviews with COVID-19 survivors may in fact assist in alleviating stress, panic, and fear of death.
Others argue that newsrooms should play a role in filtering misinformation before 'giving it oxygen'. While not all fake news is putting the health and safety of the people at risk, information related to COVID-19 could. Niemen Reports suggests that newsrooms should be working collaboratively to deliver consistent messages related to false and inaccurate information by choosing headlines, wording, and images carefully.
An example of fake news related to the COVID-19 pandemic was that the virus could be spread via 5G. Another, that the virus was manually created in a lab by government leaders or that consuming chlorine dioxide would treat or prevent the virus. Other viral pieces of misinformation include that Vitamin C and garlic could cure the virus even though this claim was never substantiated by health professionals. Misinformation has also led to racial discrimination and displays of xenophobia toward Chinese individuals through the referral of the disease as the "Chinese virus pandemonium" or "Wuhan Virus" or "China Virus". As a result of this misinformation several fact checking websites have appeared which utilize information from the CDC and WHO to debunk common viral information.
By country
Canada
The first confirmed case of COVID-19, as reported by the Canadian Healthcare Network, was January 25, 2020 in a Toronto man who had recently traveled to Wuhan, China. The first case was announced on Toronto Public Health Officials' Twitter account.
China
The Chinese government has received significant criticism for its censoring of the extent of the outbreak. Immediately following the initial quarantine of Wuhan and nearby cities, Chinese state media such as the People's Daily initially encouraged social media posts seeking help between citizens on platforms such as Weibo. Multiple journalists then published investigative pieces contradicting official statements and media, indicating that the number of cases in Wuhan is significantly larger than is reported.
Germany
The first cases of COVID-19 were identified in Germany in January 2020. Controversy erupted over a January 2021 article published by the German newspaper Handelsblatt. The article stated that the AstraZeneca vaccine was not effective for older adults, but many responded saying the newspaper provided incorrect data.
In March 2023, a radio report on "The failure of science journalism in the pandemic broadcast" (germ.: Das Versagen des Wissenschaftsjournalismus in der Pandemie) was broadcast by the German public radio station Deutschlandfunk Kultur.
Mexico
Studies on the media framing of COVID-19 in Mexico claim newscasts and newspapers focused on the political side of the pandemic rather than on providing scientific and self-efficacy information. Television was the medium most used by Mexicans for getting information about COVID-19. Heavy social media users were more likely to believe in fake news, and to distrust media.
Sweden
The first case of COVID-19 was identified in Sweden on February 4, 2020. The most media coverage of Sweden occurred in early March. Sweden received a great deal of media attention because it was considered to be using its own plan, the 'Swedish Model' of herd immunity. Research has looked at the nature of media coverage and how Swedish policy was covered by the news media. Rachel Irwin, a researcher from Sweden, found there were six main themes: "(1) Life is normal in Sweden, (2) Sweden has a herd immunity strategy, (3) Sweden is not following expert advice, (4) Sweden is not following WHO recommendations (5) the Swedish approach is failing and (6) Swedes trust the government." She comments that not all of the information was framed correctly. She wrote a letter to the British Medical Journal stating that media coverage has inaccurately portrayed the COVID-19 policies in Sweden and that it did not have a "herd immunity" plan. Another article suggests that as other countries came up with different policies the Swedish policy model went from "bold to pariah".
United Kingdom
The first confirmed case in the UK, as reported by GOV.UK, was January 30, 2020. In reporting about the outbreak, British tabloid newspapers such as The Sun and the Daily Mail used language described as "fear-inducing". According to Edelman's Trust Barometer, journalists were the least-trusted source for information regarding the pandemic in the UK, with 43 percent out of the surveyed trusting them to report the truth, behind government officials (48%) and "most-affected countries" (46%). This was despite conventional media being the primary source of information regarding the pandemic in the UK.
A study conducted in May 2020 in association with the University of Oxford showed that the UK public is exhibiting declining trust in the government as a source of information. Only 48% rated the government relatively trustworthy, which is down from 67% six weeks earlier. Moreover, 38% of people are stating that they are concerned false or misleading COVID-19 information from the government, a figure which was only 27% six weeks earlier.
United States
The first confirmed case in the United States, as reported by the CDC, was January 22, 2020. News coverage in the U.S. has been more negative than in other countries, but has also helped promote safety behaviors including social distancing. Local news has played an important role in keeping communities informed, including in rural areas.
Some journalists in the U.S. have been praised for their coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic including Ed Yong and Helen Branswell. Among media scholars, many elements of mainstream journalists' efforts to adapt to the pandemic and provide reliable information to their audience have been praised, but some have been criticized. Writing for The Atlantic, Ed Yong noted that, as the pandemic unfolded, "drawn to novelty, journalists gave oxygen to fringe anti-lockdown protests while most Americans quietly stayed home". He also faulted that they "wrote up every incremental scientific claim, even those that hadn't been verified or peer-reviewed."
President Donald Trump initially accused media outlets such as CNN of "doing everything they can to instill fear in people", a statement echoed by Acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney. Where people get their news has played an important role in people's attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19. An Axios survey, conducted from 5 March 2020 to 9 March, found that 62% of Republican supporters believed that the outbreak's coverage by media is exaggerated, compared to 31% of Democratic supporters and 35% of independents. A Pew Research survey conducted from 20 April to 26 April found that 69% of U.S. respondents believed that the news media have covered the outbreak "very well" or "somewhat well" and that the number of U.S. respondents who believed the media have exaggerated COVID-19 risks had somewhat decreased. The survey also found that 68% of Republican supporters believed that the news media exaggerated COVID-19 risks, compared to 48% of all U.S. adults and 30% of Democratic supporters. Overall, coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US was substantially more negative than in other parts of the world—regardless of whether the news outlet was considered right-leaning or left-leaning. In hindsight, a study by Ángel Torres and collaborators on misinformation during the pandemic suggests that further progress is needed regarding the transparency of the verification process of independent third-party fact checkers.
Opinion hosts and guests on Fox News, a conservative media outlet, initially downplayed the disease outbreak, with some guests accusing other media outlets of overplaying the disease for political reasons. Trump also used interviews with the network to promote his early efforts to downplay the virus. One Fox Business host, Trish Regan, claimed on her show Trish Regan Primetime that COVID-19 media coverage was deliberately created by the Democratic Party as a "mass hysteria to encourage a market sell-off", and was "yet another attempt to impeach the president". Her program would later be cancelled. Tucker Carlson initially took a much more serious position regarding the disease, criticizing other hosts which compared it with ordinary seasonal flu, and stating on 9 March that "people you trust — people you probably voted for — have spent weeks minimizing what is clearly a very serious problem." Later on, the network's pundits began to endorse claims that hydroxychloroquine was an effective treatment for COVID-19 symptoms, criticize the wearing of face masks to control spread, and provide positive coverage to anti-lockdown protests.
According to study published by Cambridge University Press in May 2020, right-wing media coverage of COVID-19 helped facilitate the spread of misinformation about the pandemic.
See also
COVID-19 pandemic on social media
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism
Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic
References
2019 in mass media
2020 in mass media
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism
coronavirus pandemic
Mass media issues |
Pazim is the second tallest building in Szczecin, Poland, after the St. James Cathedral, if including Pazim's spire. It contains twenty-three floors and is 92 meters tall. The building was designed by Milijenko Dumencić. It is the headquarters of Polsteam, with its name originating from company's alternative name abbreviation, PŻM.
Description
Pazim is used as an office building, banking and retail center, and Radisson Blu hotel, and houses a two-story underground parking. Including the antenna mast, it measures 128 meters tall. The top floor contains a cafe, above which there is a technical floor where people operate the apparatus on the antenna mast.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Poland
References
External links
PAZIM Center at Emporis.com
Skyscraper office buildings in Poland
Buildings and structures in Szczecin
Office buildings completed in 1992 |
Bushy Park () is a large, , suburban public park in Terenure, Dublin, Ireland.
Location
Although situated mainly in Terenure, and listed by the city council with that address, it stretches to the borders of Rathfarnham and Templeogue. It is across the road from Terenure College boys' school and has several entrances. The River Dodder passes alongside it, within the Dodder Valley Linear Park, and the high wall of Bushy Park has several access points to the riverside.
Attractions and activities
There is a children's playground, an extensive wooded area, with walks to the banks of the Dodder (with access over a footbridge to the Rathfarnham area), a woodland pond, a duck pond, and a recently reopened kiosk. In front of the duck pond is a high hill, and east of the pond is a starting point for the woodland walk, beside a small cascade. The park is a good place for birdwatching - among the species which may be seen are sparrowhawk, treecreeper and kingfisher.
The park has football fields, a skateboarding area and 11 tennis courts. Many sporting clubs and schools in the area use the park for recreational activities such as the Football Association of Ireland, Terenure Football Club (with schoolgirls, schoolboys, adult male and female teams), and Gaelic football club Templeogue Synge Street. Sportsworld running club are also based in the park, with their clubhouse located at the Terenure road entrance to the park. The Terenure Village Market operates in Bushy Park each Saturday afternoon. The market consists of a variety of stalls selling artisan foods, confectionery and more, along with occasional music performances.
History
Bushy Park House was originally owned by Arthur Bushe of Dangan, County Kilkenny. He was a secretary to the Revenue Commissioners who built the house. The house was originally known as "Bushe's House" in 1700, and was situated on a site of four hectares. John Hobson became the owner in 1772 and changed the name of the house to Bushy Park, possibly after Bushy Park in London. The third owner was Abraham Wilkinson who in 1791 added almost 40 extra hectares to this estate when his only daughter Maria married Robert Shaw who was first baronet, Member of Parliament and Lord Mayor of Dublin. In 1796 he gave the house and estate as a dowry to the couple. Bushy Park House became the seat of Sir Robert Shaw when he left nearby Terenure House.
The Shaw family was connected with Bushy Park until they sold the house and grounds to Dublin City Council (formerly Dublin Corporation) in 1953. The house and eight hectares of the grounds were then sold in 1955 by Dublin City Council to the Religious of Christian Education (an order of teaching Sisters founded in Normandy in 1817), where they established Our Lady's School for girls. Dublin City Council re-acquired of woodland in 1992.
As of early 2008, there are plans to refurbish Bushy Park House.
References
External links
Dublin City Council - Bushy Park
Three minute video about Bushy Park House by Dublin City Public Libraries
Parks in Dublin (city) |
Lecka may refer to:
Lecka, a village in south-eastern Poland
Anna Łęcka (born 1980), Polish archer
Izabela Łęcka, a fictional character from the novel The Doll (Prus novel)
Ola Łęcka, a fictional character from the Polish TV show M jak miłość
Leckava, a town in Lithuania
See also
Leca (disambiguation)
Leka (disambiguation) |
Tashima (written: 田嶋 or 田島 lit. "field island") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
A. Wallace Tashima (born 1934), American judge
Chris Tashima (born 1960), American actor and film director
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese singer and idol
, Japanese footballer
See also
Tajima (disambiguation)
Japanese-language surnames |
Rick Soderman is a retired American soccer forward who played professionally in the Continental Indoor Soccer League, National Professional Soccer League and World Indoor Soccer League.
In 1993, Soderman, older brother of Randy Soderman, signed with the Arizona Sandsharks of the Continental Indoor Soccer League. In the spring of 1995, he played outdoor for the Tucson Amigos of the USISL scoring the game-winning goal in overtime before rejoining the Sandsharks in mid-summer. In the fall of 1995, Soderman and his brother Randy both joined the Chicago Storm of the National Professional Soccer League. When the Sandsharks announced their intention to sit out the 1996 season, the Sacramento Knights drafted Rick Soderman in the April 1996 CISL draft. In 1997, Soderman returned to the Sandsharks. In 1998 through 2000, he played for the Arizona Thunder in the World Indoor Soccer League in which he was the leading scorer all 3 years. In 1999, he scored twenty goals in twenty-one games and was named to the All-Star Team. The Arizona Thunder folded in 2001 and Rick was drafted by the San Diego Sockers. At the height of his career finishing 3rd in the league in scoring and offered tryouts with numerous MLS teams, he decided to retire from Professional soccer to focus on his life after soccer. In 2001, he got a 2nd degree in Information Technology at Devry University and became a software engineer.
In 2006, Soderman joined the Arizona Heat of the Professional Arena Soccer League as a player/coach.
In the Fall of 2013, Soderman became head coach of the PASL-Premier semi-pro team Arizona Impact, leading them to a 5-2-1 record (two points back of the division title) in their inaugural season.
In the Summer of 2014, Soderman coached the semi-pro girls team, Impact FC, and won the National Championship in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Soderman now owns and runs multiple businesses including Soderman Marketing with his brother Randy which was started in 2012. He still continues to play soccer on a regular basis.
References
Living people
1970 births
American men's soccer players
Arizona Sandsharks players
Arizona Thunder players
Continental Indoor Soccer League players
Chicago Storm players
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) players
Sacramento Knights players
Tucson Amigos players
USISL players
World Indoor Soccer League players
Men's association football forwards |
The Task Force on Accountability for Crimes Committed in Ukraine is a pro bono international group of lawyers established on 29 March 2022 to help Ukrainian prosecutors coordinate legal cases for war crimes and other crimes related to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Creation
In late March 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Prosecutor General of Ukraine Iryna Venediktova announced the creation of an international legal task force that would support Ukrainian prosecutors in coordinating legal cases in multiple courts in several jurisdictions for war crimes related to the invasion. Venediktova stated that the Ukrainian prosecutors had collected 2500 "possible war crimes cases", including the Mariupol theatre airstrike, and "several hundred suspects".
Composition
The task force includes individual British lawyers Amal Clooney, Helena Kennedy, Richard Hermer, Tim Otty, Philippa Webb and Lord Neuberger. Lawyers from legal firms already representing Ukraine, Nikhil Gore from Covington & Burling, Luke Vidal from Sygna Partners and Emma Lindsay from Withers LLP, are also included in the task force. Professors of international humanitarian law Marko Milanovic and Andrew Clapham are included in the team.
The task force members and associated staff are required to work pro bono.
Aims
The task force aims to make recommendations for legal actions in national jurisdictions in several countries, in guiding cooperation with the International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine, and in searching for assets of suspects that could be seized and used in compensation to victims or for rebuilding Ukraine.
See also
Legality of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
References
Human rights in Ukraine
Legal history of Ukraine
Organizations of the Russo-Ukrainian War
War crimes during the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Accountability
Transitional justice |
Pharahadawa is a village development committee in Sarlahi District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,553 people living in 613 individual households.
हरिपुर न.पा.३ फरहदवा को वडा अध्यक्ष क.लाल महम्मद शेष (ने.क.पा.माओबादी केन्द्र)
References
External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sarlahi District
Populated places in Sarlahi District |
Subuku is a settlement in Kenya's Rift Valley Province.
References
Populated places in Rift Valley Province |
Biker or bikie may refer to:
A cyclist, a bicycle rider or participant in cycling sports
A motorcyclist, any motorcycle rider or passenger, or participant in motorcycle sports
A motorcycle club member, defined more narrowly than all motorcyclists
An outlaw motorcycle club member, more narrowly than all motorcycle club members
See also
Biker subculture (disambiguation)
Byker, a district of Newcastle, England |
Mylakkadu is a small suburban village and junction in the Kollam district of the Kerala state in India. It is near the town Kottiyam.
References
Cities and towns in Kollam district
Villages in Kollam district |
Beyond Scared Straight is a reality television series that aired on A&E from 2011 to 2015. The series follows troubled teenagers who spend one to three days in prison or jail to learn from the inmates about the realities of being incarcerated. The series was inspired by the 1978 American documentary Scared Straight!.
In June 2015, the network announced the series will end after season 9 which concluded September 3, 2015.
Summary
Based on the 1978 American documentary Scared Straight!, this series highlights juvenile crime prevention programs in prisons and jails throughout the United States. Each hour-long episode focuses on several at-risk teenagers. Throughout the series, these teens face intense confrontations from both law enforcement and inmates.
Each episode starts with individual interviews, where the teens discuss the reasons behind their habitual misconduct. Following this, they undergo the booking process, which includes removing jewelry, belts, hats, sunglasses, and other personal items. In certain episodes, the teens are required to wear prison jumpsuits.
They then experience life inside prison: visiting cell blocks, interacting with inmates, and eating prison meals. They also hear firsthand stories from inmates about their journeys to incarceration. An emotional segment lets the teens communicate with their parents via the prison visitor telephone system.
The episode concludes with a one-month follow-up, providing viewers with updates on the teens' paths. Some have managed to turn their lives around, while others remain on a troubled course.
Episodes
Season 1 (2011)
Season 2 (2011–12)
Season 3 (2012–13)
Season 4 (2013)
Season 5 (2013)
Season 6 (2014)
Season 7 (2014)
Season 8 (2014)
Season 9 (2015)
Controversy
Criticism
Two Department Of Justice officials argued that the program was “not only ineffective but is potentially harmful." The program helps teens by scaring them straight through a lousy concept. The series has been criticized due to the teens being in jail for adults which were considered life threatening and dangerous, and that the show violated the federal Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA).
Related shows
The World's Strictest Parents
The Principal's Office
Teen Trouble
Sleeping with the Family
Scared Straight!
References
2010s American reality television series
2010s American drama television series
2011 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
A&E (TV network) original programming
English-language television shows
Television series about teenagers |
Mark Matlak (born May 9, 1956) is a former American football and baseball coach. He served as the head football coach at Allegheny College from 2002 to 2015, compiling a record of 62–79. Matlak was also the head baseball coach at Allegheny from 1979 to 1982, tallying a mark of 36–50. Matlak was also the head baseball coach at Allegheny from 1979 to 1982, tallying a mark of 36–50.
References
External links
Allegheny profile
1956 births
Living people
American football fullbacks
Allegheny Gators baseball coaches
Allegheny Gators baseball players
Allegheny Gators football coaches
Allegheny Gators football players
New Hampshire Wildcats football coaches |
Joshua Samuel Donn (born June 1, 1982 in Knoxville, Tennessee) is a multi national champion and a gold medal world junior champion in contract bridge. He is known as a bridge lecturer as well as author. He is the all-time leader of Richard Pavlicek's monthly polls that ran from 2000-2006 and had thousands of participants from over 90 countries. He currently resides in Las Vegas, Nevada with his daughter.
Publications
Donn authored a popular online column called "Breakin' the Rules" from 2011 to 2015. He also co-authored a book called More Breaking the Rules: Second Hand Play with Barry Rigal in 2013.
Bridge accomplishments
Awards
Joan Gerard Youth Award, World Bridge Federation
Finalist, International Bridge Press Association "Yeh Bros. 2014 Best Bid Deal of the Year" for Josh Donn & Adam Kaplan in "Grand Bidding" by Sue Munday
Finalist, International Bridge Press Association "2014 Master Point Press Book of the Year" for More Breaking the Rules - Second-Hand Play by Barry Rigal and Josh Donn
Wins
World Youth Bridge Team Championships 2006
Roth Open Swiss Teams 2008
Kaplan Blue Ribbon Pairs 2011
Roth Open Swiss Teams 2016
Roth Open Swiss Teams 2019
Runners-up
NABC+ Mixed Swiss Teams 2016
Grand National Teams 2016
External links
References
1982 births
American contract bridge players
Living people
People from Knoxville, Tennessee |
Vibhag (in music) represents a duration of rhythmic phrasing in Indian classical music made up of a certain number of beats. They are the rough equivalent of bars in western music, but instead of always being equal subdivisions of the tala (the rhythmic cycle - gdjg
think 12 bar blues), they can be uneven. In certain traditions of Indian music, any number of beats may form a Vibhag. Usually the beats will be in two, three, or four. They should be designated either with a clap or a wave of the hand. The meaning of the word Bhag from is parts. The actual measure of the Vibhag is borders or boundaries or boundary lines, in short not in continuity or not continuous. The talas in Tabla or in any other percussion instrument in classical music have Vibhagas to get a track of the beats on Matras on which the singer or player is singing or playing on. For example taking different talas,
Tala Teental has 16 matras in it. It has 4 Vibhags. So Teental with Vibhags is written as
This can also be shown using the following figure
If you see both the tables then you may realize that after every 4 syllables i.e. considering the 1st line so Dha Dhin Dhin Dha after this is a line like this | . This is the symbol of Vibhag. And after the 4 syllables Dha Dhin Dhin Dha is the Vibhag. Now it is simple Maths that if there are 16 matras and if there is a Vibhag after every 4 matras, 2 conclusions are taken out. Those conclusions are that there will be 4 more vibhags after every 4 matra like it was there in the 1st line of Teental which was seen above. The 2nd one will be that after every vibhag there will be 4 matras. So in each Vibhag there will be 4 matras and in total it becomes 4×4 i.e. 16 which are the matras of Teental.
The line which you see in the table is the Vibhag and in each Vibhag there are 4 matras and so when multiply 4 and 4, we get 16 which is the matras of Teental.
Other Talas and Vibhags
In the following table is the information of the Vibhags, the matras of the tala and the division of how the matras are divided in each Vibhags.
Likewise, Teental has 4 Vibhags,
References
https://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/vibhag.html
See also
Tala
Teental
Matra
Tala (music) |
Tayyibi Isma'ilism is the only surviving sect of the Musta'li branch of Isma'ilism, the other being the extinct Hafizi branch. Followers of Tayyibi Isma'ilism are found in various Bohra communities: Dawoodi, Sulaymani, and Alavi.
The Tayyibi originally split from the Fatimid Caliphate-supporting Hafizi branch by supporting the right of at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim to the Imamate.
History
Upon the death of the twentieth Imam, al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (d. ), his two-year-old child at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (b. ) was appointed the twenty-first Imam. As he was not in a position to run the Dawah, Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi, his Hujjah, established the office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq, who acted as his regent. The Da'i had now been given absolute authority and made independent from political activity.
Da'i Zoeb bin Moosa
Da'i Zoeb bin Moosa used to live in and died in Hoos, Yemen. His ma'zoon ("associate") was Khattab bin Hasan. After death of Abdullah, Zoeb bin Moosa appointed Yaqub as the wali ("representative" or "caretaker") of the Tayyibi organization ("dawah") in India. Yaqub was the first person of Indian origin to receive this honor. He was son of Bharmal, minister of the Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja. Fakhruddin, son of Tarmal, was sent to western Rajasthan. One Da'i after another continued until the twenty-fourth Da'i, Yusuf Najmuddin ibn Sulaiman, in Yemen. Due to prosecution by a local ruler, the dawah then shifted to India under the twenty-fifth Da'i, Jalal bin Hasan.
Sulaymani-Dawoodi-Alavi split
In 1592, the Tayyibi broke into two factions in a dispute over who should become the twenty-seventh Da'i: Dawood Bin Qutubshah or Sulayman bin Hassan. The followers of the former, primarily in India, became the Dawoodi Bohra, the latter the Sulaymani of Yemen. In 1621, the Alavi Bohra split from the Dawoodi bohra community.
There is also a community of Sunni Bohra in India. In the fifteenth century, there was schism in the Bohra community of Patan in Gujarat as a large number converted from Mustaali Ismaili Shia Islam to mainstream Hanafi Sunni Islam. The leader of this conversion movement to Sunni was Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi who also had the support of Mughal governor of Gujarat. Thus this new group is known as Jafari Bohras, Patani Bohras or Sunni Bohra. In 1538, Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi convinced the Patani Bohras to cease social relations with Ismaili Bohras. The cumulative results of these pressures resulted in large number of Bohras converting from Ismaili Shia fiqh to Sunni Hanafi fiqh.
The Hebtiahs Bohra was a branch of Mustaali Ismaili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 39th Da'i al-Mutlaq in 1754. The Atba-e-Malak community are a branch of Mustaali Ismaili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 46th Da'i al-Mutlaq, under the leadership of Abdul Hussain Jivaji in 1840. They have further split into two more branches, the Atba-e-Malak Badar and Atba-e-Malak Vakil. The Progressive Dawoodi Bohra is a reformist sect within Mustaali Ismai'li Shi'a Islam that broke off circa 1977. They disagree with mainstream Dawoodi Bohra, as led by the Da'i al-Mutlaq, on doctrinal, economic and social issues.
At present, the largest Tayyibi faction/sub-sect is the Dawoodi Bohra, whose current leader is Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin. Taher Fakhruddin is also a claimant to the title of Dai al Mutlaq since 2016, although it is widely accepted that Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin is the leader of the Dawoodi Bohras, in all aspects and administration.
References
The Ismaili, their history and doctrine by Farhad Daftary
Religion, learning and science by Lathan Young
Medieval Islamic Civilisation by Joseph W. Meri, Bacharach
Sayyida Hurra: The Isma‘ili Sulayhid Queen of Yemenby Farhad Daftary
The Uyun al-akhbar is the most complete text written by an Ismaili/Tayyibi/Dawoodi 19th Dai Sayyedna Idris bin Hasan on the history of the Ismaili community from its origins up to the 12th century CE. period of the Fatimid caliphs al-Mustansir (d. 487 AH / 1094 AD), the time of Musta‘lian rulers including al-Musta‘li (d. 495 AH / 1102 AD) and al-Amir (d. 526 AH / 1132 AD), and then the Tayyibi Ismaili community in Yemen.
External links
The Hafizids and Tayyibids
Abul Qaasim Maulaana Imaam Taiyeb (as) - The noor and rehmat of Haqq
History of Ismailis
A visual chart of different Shia communities
The post-Fatimid period
Doctrine of the Tayyibis |
```prolog
#!/usr/bin/perl
# $OpenBSD: bcast.pl,v 1.1 2021/01/09 15:39:37 bluhm Exp $
#
# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
# purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
# copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
# OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
use strict;
use warnings;
use BSD::Socket::Splice qw(setsplice geterror);
use Errno;
use Getopt::Std;
use IO::Socket::IP;
use Socket qw(getnameinfo AI_PASSIVE NI_NUMERICHOST NI_NUMERICSERV);
# from /usr/include/sys/mbuf.h
use constant M_MAXLOOP => 128;
my %opts;
getopts('b:v', \%opts) or do {
print STDERR <<"EOF";
usage: $0 [-v] [-b bcast]
-b bcast broadcast address, default 255.255.255.255
-v verbose
EOF
exit(2);
};
my $broadcast = $opts{b} || "255.255.255.255";
my $verbose = $opts{v};
my $timeout = 10;
$SIG{ALRM} = sub { die "Timeout triggered after $timeout seconds" };
alarm($timeout);
my $ls = IO::Socket::IP->new(
Broadcast => $opts{b} ? 1 : undef,
GetAddrInfoFlags => AI_PASSIVE,
LocalHost => $broadcast,
Proto => "udp",
Type => SOCK_DGRAM,
) or die "Listen socket failed: $@";
my ($host, $service) = $ls->sockhost_service(1);
print "listen on host '$host' service '$service'\n" if $verbose;
my $cs = IO::Socket::IP->new(
PeerHost => $host,
PeerService => $service,
Proto => "udp",
Type => SOCK_DGRAM,
) or die "Connect socket failed: $@";
print "connect to host '$host' service '$service'\n" if $verbose;
my $as = $ls;
my $peer = $cs->sockname();
$as->connect($peer)
or die "Connect passive socket failed: $!";
if ($verbose) {
my ($err, $peerhost, $peerservice) = getnameinfo($peer,
NI_NUMERICHOST | NI_NUMERICSERV);
$err and die "Getnameinfo failed: $err";
print "accept from host '$peerhost' service '$peerservice'\n";
}
setsplice($as, $cs)
or die "Splice accept to connect socket failed: $!";
setsplice($cs, $as)
or die "Splice connect to accept socket failed: $!";
system("\${SUDO} fstat -n -p $$") if $verbose;
my ($msg, $buf) = "foo";
$cs->send($msg, 0)
or die "Send to connect socket failed: $!";
defined $as->recv($buf, 100, 0)
or die "Recv from accept socket failed: $!";
$msg eq $buf
or die "Value modified in splice chain";
$! = geterror($as)
or die "No error at accept socket";
$!{ELOOP}
or die "Errno at accept socket is not ELOOP: $!";
# addresses are asymmetric, try it the other way around
$msg = "bar";
$as->send($msg, 0)
or die "Send to accept socket failed: $!";
defined $cs->recv($buf, 100, 0)
or die "Recv from connect socket failed: $!";
$msg eq $buf
or die "Value modified in splice chain";
$! = geterror($cs)
or die "No error at connect socket";
$!{ELOOP}
or die "Errno at connect socket is not ELOOP: $!";
``` |
Amata ragazzii is a species of moth of the family Erebidae first described by Emilio Turati in 1917. It is found in Italy.
Adults have been recorded on wing in June and July.
The larvae feed on various low-growing plants, including Plantago, Rumex, Galium and Taraxacum species.
Subspecies
Amata ragazzii ragazzii
Amata ragazzii asperomontana (Stauder, 1917)
Amata ragazzii silaensis Obraztsov, 1966
References
ragazzii
Endemic fauna of Italy
Moths of Europe
Moths described in 1917 |
Accra viridis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It was first described by Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham in 1891. It is found in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Nigeria and Uganda.
The wingspan is about 14 mm. The forewings are bright bluish green, the costal and apical margins narrowly brownish ochreous with a series of about fourteen black dots and spots of different sizes from the base to the apex, some of which are margined on their lower edges with red. There are also some black spots along the apical margin. There are also about seven conspicuous vermilion-red spots or streaks. The hindwings are brown, the costal margin straw white nearly to the apex.
References
Moths described in 1891
Tortricini
Moths of Africa |
```c++
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
#include "ethosu.h"
#include <tvm/runtime/registry.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <limits>
#include <map>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include "../common.h"
#include "../stripe_config.h"
namespace tvm {
namespace contrib {
namespace ethosu {
namespace cascader {
const std::vector<int64_t> EthosuPartNode::GetBytesRead(const std::vector<int>& block_shape,
const std::vector<int>& full_shape) {
std::vector<int64_t> bytes_per_input(propagators_.size(), 0);
std::vector<int> order;
std::vector<int> stripes;
std::vector<int> offset;
std::vector<float> strides;
for (size_t i = 0; i < block_shape.size(); i++) {
order.push_back(1);
stripes.push_back(round_up_divide(full_shape[i], block_shape[i]));
offset.push_back(0);
strides.push_back(static_cast<float>(block_shape[i]));
}
StripeConfig output_block_config(block_shape, full_shape, strides, order, stripes, offset);
auto input_block_configs = CalculateInputStripeConfigs(output_block_config);
int i = 0;
for (const auto& input_block_config : input_block_configs) {
std::map<std::vector<int>, int> input_blocks = CountStripes(input_block_config, false);
for (const auto& block : input_blocks) {
bytes_per_input[i] +=
mul_reduce(block.first) * block.second * input_tensors_[i]->GetDataType().bytes();
}
i++;
}
if (weight_tensor_idx_ != -1) {
bytes_per_input[weight_tensor_idx_] *= (stripes[height_idx_] * stripes[width_idx_]);
}
return bytes_per_input;
}
float EthosuPartNode::CalculateCost(const BlockConfig& block_config,
const StripeConfig& output_stripe_config) {
std::vector<int> output_block = block_config->GetOutputBlockShape();
std::vector<int> output_stripe_shape = output_stripe_config->GetShape();
auto input_stripe_configs = CalculateInputStripeConfigs(output_stripe_config);
std::vector<int> input_stripe_shape = input_stripe_configs[0]->GetShape();
std::vector<int64_t> bytes_per_input = GetBytesRead(output_block, output_stripe_shape);
bytes_per_input[0] *= subkernels_;
// Calculate bytes read per output element
float cost =
static_cast<float>(bytes_per_input[0] + bytes_per_input[1]) / mul_reduce(output_stripe_shape);
// Single buffering hardware optimization
if (mul_reduce(input_stripe_shape) <= 2 * mul_reduce(block_config->GetInputBlockShape())) {
cost /= 2;
}
return cost;
}
const BlockConfig EthosuPartNode::GetBlockConfig(const StripeConfig& output_stripe_config) {
BlockConfig best_block_config = valid_block_configs_[0];
float best_cost = CalculateCost(best_block_config, output_stripe_config);
std::vector<int> output_stripe_shape = output_stripe_config->GetShape();
auto input_stripe_configs = CalculateInputStripeConfigs(output_stripe_config);
std::vector<int> input_stripe_shape = input_stripe_configs[0]->GetShape();
for (const auto& block_config : valid_block_configs_) {
float relative_cost = CalculateCost(block_config, output_stripe_config);
if (relative_cost < best_cost) {
best_block_config = block_config;
best_cost = relative_cost;
}
}
return best_block_config;
}
const PerformanceInfo EthosuPartNode::GetPerformanceInfo(const StripeConfig& output_stripe_config,
BufferMode buffer_mode) {
BlockConfig block_config = GetBlockConfig(output_stripe_config);
std::vector<int> block_shape = block_config->GetOutputBlockShape();
std::vector<int64_t> bytes_per_input =
GetBytesRead(block_shape, output_stripe_config->GetShape());
float num_blocks = 1.0f;
for (size_t i = 0; i < block_shape.size(); i++) {
if (buffer_mode == BufferMode::RECOMPUTE) {
num_blocks *= std::max(static_cast<float>(output_stripe_config->GetShape()[i]) /
block_shape[i] * output_stripe_config->GetStripes()[i],
1.0f);
} else {
num_blocks *=
std::max(static_cast<float>(output_tensor_->GetShape()[i]) / block_shape[i], 1.0f);
}
}
float num_stripes = mul_reduce(output_stripe_config->GetStripes());
std::vector<int64_t> read_bytes;
for (int64_t stripe_bytes : bytes_per_input) {
read_bytes.push_back(num_stripes * stripe_bytes);
}
int64_t write_bytes =
num_blocks * mul_reduce(block_shape) * output_tensor_->GetDataType().bytes();
int block_output_cycles = block_config->GetOutputCycles();
int block_compute_cycles = block_config->GetComputeCycles();
int64_t total_cycles = 0;
if (block_output_cycles > block_compute_cycles) {
total_cycles = (block_output_cycles * num_blocks) + block_compute_cycles;
} else {
total_cycles = (block_compute_cycles * num_blocks) + block_output_cycles;
}
PerformanceInfo info(total_cycles, read_bytes, write_bytes, block_config);
return info;
}
EthosuPart::EthosuPart(const TESubgraph& subgraph, const std::vector<Propagator> propagators,
const std::vector<int>& output_quantum, int subkernels,
const std::vector<BlockConfig>& valid_block_configs, int weight_tensor_idx) {
auto n = make_object<EthosuPartNode>();
ICHECK_GT(propagators.size(), 0) << "The Part must include at least one Propagator.";
n->subgraph_ = subgraph;
n->propagators_ = std::move(propagators);
n->in_line_ = false;
n->input_tensors_.resize(propagators.size());
n->output_quantum_ = output_quantum;
n->valid_block_configs_ = valid_block_configs;
n->subkernels_ = subkernels;
n->weight_tensor_idx_ = weight_tensor_idx;
if (output_quantum.size() == 5) {
// NHCWB16 Format
n->height_idx_ = 1;
n->width_idx_ = 3;
} else {
// NHWC Format
n->height_idx_ = 1;
n->width_idx_ = 2;
}
data_ = std::move(n);
}
TVM_REGISTER_GLOBAL("contrib.ethosu.cascader.EthosuPart")
.set_body_typed([](Array<te::Tensor> subgraph_inputs, te::Tensor subgraph_output,
Array<Propagator> propagators, Array<Integer> output_quantum, int subkernels,
Array<BlockConfig> valid_block_configs, int weight_tensor_idx) {
std::vector<te::Tensor> vsubgraph_inputs(subgraph_inputs.begin(), subgraph_inputs.end());
std::vector<Propagator> vpropagators(propagators.begin(), propagators.end());
std::vector<int> voutput_quantum;
std::transform(output_quantum.begin(), output_quantum.end(),
std::back_inserter(voutput_quantum),
[](auto&& val) { return val.IntValue(); });
TESubgraph subgraph;
subgraph.input_tensors = vsubgraph_inputs;
subgraph.output_tensor = subgraph_output;
std::vector<BlockConfig> vvalid_block_configs(valid_block_configs.begin(),
valid_block_configs.end());
return EthosuPart(subgraph, vpropagators, voutput_quantum, subkernels, vvalid_block_configs,
weight_tensor_idx);
});
TVM_REGISTER_GLOBAL("contrib.ethosu.cascader.EthosuPartGetBlockConfig")
.set_body_typed([](EthosuPart part, StripeConfig stripe_config) {
return part->GetBlockConfig(stripe_config);
});
TVM_REGISTER_NODE_TYPE(EthosuPartNode);
} // namespace cascader
} // namespace ethosu
} // namespace contrib
} // namespace tvm
``` |
Talsure is a small village in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra state in Western India. The 2011 Census of India recorded a total of 1,426 residents in the village. Talsure is 927.11 hectares in size.
References
Villages in Ratnagiri district |
A list of films produced in the Soviet Union in 1943 (see 1943 in film).
1943
See also
1943 in the Soviet Union
External links
Soviet films of 1943 at the Internet Movie Database
1943
Soviet
Films |
```go
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// +build nacl plan9
package ipv4
import "net"
// MulticastTTL returns the time-to-live field value for outgoing
// multicast packets.
func (c *dgramOpt) MulticastTTL() (int, error) {
return 0, errOpNoSupport
}
// SetMulticastTTL sets the time-to-live field value for future
// outgoing multicast packets.
func (c *dgramOpt) SetMulticastTTL(ttl int) error {
return errOpNoSupport
}
// MulticastInterface returns the default interface for multicast
// packet transmissions.
func (c *dgramOpt) MulticastInterface() (*net.Interface, error) {
return nil, errOpNoSupport
}
// SetMulticastInterface sets the default interface for future
// multicast packet transmissions.
func (c *dgramOpt) SetMulticastInterface(ifi *net.Interface) error {
return errOpNoSupport
}
// MulticastLoopback reports whether transmitted multicast packets
// should be copied and send back to the originator.
func (c *dgramOpt) MulticastLoopback() (bool, error) {
return false, errOpNoSupport
}
// SetMulticastLoopback sets whether transmitted multicast packets
// should be copied and send back to the originator.
func (c *dgramOpt) SetMulticastLoopback(on bool) error {
return errOpNoSupport
}
// JoinGroup joins the group address group on the interface ifi.
// By default all sources that can cast data to group are accepted.
// It's possible to mute and unmute data transmission from a specific
// source by using ExcludeSourceSpecificGroup and
// IncludeSourceSpecificGroup.
// JoinGroup uses the system assigned multicast interface when ifi is
// nil, although this is not recommended because the assignment
// depends on platforms and sometimes it might require routing
// configuration.
func (c *dgramOpt) JoinGroup(ifi *net.Interface, group net.Addr) error {
return errOpNoSupport
}
// LeaveGroup leaves the group address group on the interface ifi
// regardless of whether the group is any-source group or
// source-specific group.
func (c *dgramOpt) LeaveGroup(ifi *net.Interface, group net.Addr) error {
return errOpNoSupport
}
// JoinSourceSpecificGroup joins the source-specific group comprising
// group and source on the interface ifi.
// JoinSourceSpecificGroup uses the system assigned multicast
// interface when ifi is nil, although this is not recommended because
// the assignment depends on platforms and sometimes it might require
// routing configuration.
func (c *dgramOpt) JoinSourceSpecificGroup(ifi *net.Interface, group, source net.Addr) error {
return errOpNoSupport
}
// LeaveSourceSpecificGroup leaves the source-specific group on the
// interface ifi.
func (c *dgramOpt) LeaveSourceSpecificGroup(ifi *net.Interface, group, source net.Addr) error {
return errOpNoSupport
}
// ExcludeSourceSpecificGroup excludes the source-specific group from
// the already joined any-source groups by JoinGroup on the interface
// ifi.
func (c *dgramOpt) ExcludeSourceSpecificGroup(ifi *net.Interface, group, source net.Addr) error {
return errOpNoSupport
}
// IncludeSourceSpecificGroup includes the excluded source-specific
// group by ExcludeSourceSpecificGroup again on the interface ifi.
func (c *dgramOpt) IncludeSourceSpecificGroup(ifi *net.Interface, group, source net.Addr) error {
return errOpNoSupport
}
// ICMPFilter returns an ICMP filter.
// Currently only Linux supports this.
func (c *dgramOpt) ICMPFilter() (*ICMPFilter, error) {
return nil, errOpNoSupport
}
// SetICMPFilter deploys the ICMP filter.
// Currently only Linux supports this.
func (c *dgramOpt) SetICMPFilter(f *ICMPFilter) error {
return errOpNoSupport
}
``` |
8S or 8-S may refer to:
Crazy Eights, a card game
Crazy 8s (band), an American band
Local on the 8s, a regularly scheduled local weather forecast segment
Scorpio Aviation, IATA code
TurboJET, IATA code
See also
8 Seconds, film about American rodeo legend Lane Frost
Crazy Eights (disambiguation)
Eights (disambiguation)
S8 (disambiguation)
8 (disambiguation) for the singular of 8s |
```java
package com.microsoft.bot.sample.teamstaskmodule;
import com.microsoft.bot.schema.teams.TaskModuleContinueResponse;
import com.microsoft.bot.schema.teams.TaskModuleMessageResponse;
import com.microsoft.bot.schema.teams.TaskModuleResponse;
import com.microsoft.bot.schema.teams.TaskModuleTaskInfo;
public final class TaskModuleResponseFactory {
public static TaskModuleResponse createResponse(String message) {
TaskModuleMessageResponse taskModuleMessageResponse = new TaskModuleMessageResponse();
taskModuleMessageResponse.setValue(message);
TaskModuleResponse taskModuleResponse = new TaskModuleResponse();
taskModuleResponse.setTask(taskModuleMessageResponse);
return taskModuleResponse;
}
public static TaskModuleResponse createResponse(TaskModuleTaskInfo taskInfo) {
TaskModuleContinueResponse taskModuleContinueResponse = new TaskModuleContinueResponse();
taskModuleContinueResponse.setValue(taskInfo);
TaskModuleResponse taskModuleResponse = new TaskModuleResponse();
taskModuleResponse.setTask(taskModuleContinueResponse);
return taskModuleResponse;
}
public static TaskModuleResponse toTaskModuleResponse(TaskModuleTaskInfo taskInfo) {
return createResponse(taskInfo);
}
}
``` |
Badi-al Zaman Mirza Safavi was a Safavid prince, who was the son of prominent military leader Bahram Mirza Safavi, who was the youngest son of Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid empire.
Badi-al Zaman had two brothers named Ibrahim Mirza and Sultan Husayn Mirza. When Badi-al Zaman's father died in 1549, he, along with his other siblings were taken care of by Tahmasp, who even announced Badi-al Zaman as his own son. Badi al-Zaman was appointed as the governor of Sistan in 1557, and married Pari Khan Khanum (who was at that time 10 years old). However, since she was Tahmasp's favored daughter, she was not allowed to go alongside her husband to Sistan. According to the other historians, however, Pari Khan Khanum was only engaged to Badi al-Zaman, which according to Gholsorkhi seems more believable. Allegedly the marriage went no farther, since Pari Khan Khanum chose a bureaucratic life in the capital, alongside her father, over married life in Sistan.
On 26 March 1577, Badi-al Zaman Mirza was assassinated in Qandahar on the orders of shah Ismail II (r. 1576–77).
References
Sources
Safavid princes
16th-century births
1577 deaths
People from Sistan
Safavid governors
16th-century people from Safavid Iran |
```html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "path_to_url">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Class template any<Concept, T &></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1">
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<div class="refnamediv">
<h2><span class="refentrytitle">Class template any<Concept, T &></span></h2>
<p>boost::type_erasure::any<Concept, T &></p>
</div>
<h2 xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" class="refsynopsisdiv-title">Synopsis</h2>
<div xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" class="refsynopsisdiv"><pre class="synopsis"><span class="comment">// In header: <<a class="link" href="../../boost_typeerasure/reference.html#header.boost.type_erasure.any_hpp" title="Header <boost/type_erasure/any.hpp>">boost/type_erasure/any.hpp</a>>
</span><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> Concept<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> T<span class="special">></span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html" title="Class template any<Concept, T &>">any</a><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">Concept</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="comment">// <a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#boost.type_erasure.any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1construct-copy-destruct">construct/copy/destruct</a></span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> U<span class="special">></span> <a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_4-bb"><span class="identifier">any</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> U<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Map<span class="special">></span> <a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_5-bb"><span class="identifier">any</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="static_binding.html" title="Struct template static_binding">static_binding</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Map</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_6-bb"><span class="identifier">any</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_7-bb"><span class="identifier">any</span></a><span class="special">(</span><a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> Concept2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Tag2<span class="special">></span>
<a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_8-bb"><span class="identifier">any</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Tag2</span> <span class="special">&</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> Concept2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Tag2<span class="special">></span> <a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_9-bb"><span class="identifier">any</span></a><span class="special">(</span><a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Tag2</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> Concept2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Tag2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Map<span class="special">></span>
<a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_10-bb"><span class="identifier">any</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Tag2</span> <span class="special">&</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="static_binding.html" title="Struct template static_binding">static_binding</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Map</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> Concept2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Tag2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Map<span class="special">></span>
<a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_11-bb"><span class="identifier">any</span></a><span class="special">(</span><a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Tag2</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="static_binding.html" title="Struct template static_binding">static_binding</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Map</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> Concept2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Tag2<span class="special">></span>
<a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_12-bb"><span class="identifier">any</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Tag2</span> <span class="special">&</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="binding.html" title="Class template binding">binding</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> Concept2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Tag2<span class="special">></span>
<a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_13-bb"><span class="identifier">any</span></a><span class="special">(</span><a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Tag2</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="binding.html" title="Class template binding">binding</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a> <span class="special">&</span> <a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_14-bb"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> U<span class="special">></span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a> <span class="special">&</span> <a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_15-bb"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> U<span class="special">></span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a> <span class="special">&</span> <a class="link" href="any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1.html#id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_16-bb"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=</span></a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span><span class="special">;</span></pre></div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a name="id-1.3.41.13.2.2.4"></a><h2>Description</h2>
<div class="refsect2">
<a name="id-1.3.41.13.2.2.4.2"></a><h3>
<a name="boost.type_erasure.any_Conc_1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1construct-copy-destruct"></a><code class="computeroutput">any</code>
public
construct/copy/destruct</h3>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> U<span class="special">></span> <a name="id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_4-bb"></a><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&</span> arg<span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<p>Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code> from a reference.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Parameters:</span></p></td>
<td><div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody><tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">arg</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>The object to bind the reference to.</p></td>
</tr></tbody>
</table></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Requires:</span></p></td>
<td>
<p><code class="computeroutput">U</code> is a model of <code class="computeroutput">Concept</code>. </p>
<p><code class="computeroutput">Concept</code> must not refer to any non-deduced placeholder besides <code class="computeroutput">T</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Throws:</span></p></td>
<td>Nothing. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> U<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Map<span class="special">></span>
<a name="id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_5-bb"></a><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&</span> arg<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="static_binding.html" title="Struct template static_binding">static_binding</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Map</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span> binding<span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<p>Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code> from a reference.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Parameters:</span></p></td>
<td><div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">arg</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>The object to bind the reference to. </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">binding</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>Specifies the actual types that all the placeholders should bind to.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Requires:</span></p></td>
<td>
<p><code class="computeroutput">U</code> is a model of <code class="computeroutput">Concept</code>. </p>
<p><code class="computeroutput">Map</code> is an MPL map with an entry for every non-deduced placeholder referred to by <code class="computeroutput">Concept</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Throws:</span></p></td>
<td>Nothing. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><a name="id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_6-bb"></a><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a> <span class="special">&</span> other<span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<p>Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code> from another reference.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Parameters:</span></p></td>
<td><div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody><tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">other</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>The reference to copy.</p></td>
</tr></tbody>
</table></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Throws:</span></p></td>
<td>Nothing. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><a name="id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_7-bb"></a><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">(</span><a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span> other<span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<p>Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code> from another <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code>.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Parameters:</span></p></td>
<td><div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody><tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">other</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>The object to bind the reference to.</p></td>
</tr></tbody>
</table></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Throws:</span></p></td>
<td>Nothing. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> Concept2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Tag2<span class="special">></span>
<a name="id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_8-bb"></a><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Tag2</span> <span class="special">&</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span> other<span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<p>Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code> from another reference.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Parameters:</span></p></td>
<td><div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody><tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">other</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>The reference to copy.</p></td>
</tr></tbody>
</table></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Requires:</span></p></td>
<td>
<p><code class="computeroutput">Concept</code> must not refer to any non-deduced placeholder besides <code class="computeroutput">T</code>. </p>
<p>After substituting <code class="computeroutput">T</code> for <code class="computeroutput">Tag2</code>, the requirements of <code class="computeroutput">Concept2</code> must be a superset of the requirements of <code class="computeroutput">Concept</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Throws:</span></p></td>
<td>std::bad_alloc </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> Concept2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Tag2<span class="special">></span> <a name="id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_9-bb"></a><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">(</span><a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Tag2</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span> other<span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<p>Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code> from another <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code>.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Parameters:</span></p></td>
<td><div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody><tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">other</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>The object to bind the reference to.</p></td>
</tr></tbody>
</table></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Requires:</span></p></td>
<td>
<p><code class="computeroutput">Concept</code> must not refer to any non-deduced placeholder besides <code class="computeroutput">T</code>. </p>
<p>After substituting <code class="computeroutput">T</code> for <code class="computeroutput">Tag2</code>, the requirements of <code class="computeroutput">Concept2</code> must be a superset of the requirements of <code class="computeroutput">Concept</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Throws:</span></p></td>
<td>std::bad_alloc </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> Concept2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Tag2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Map<span class="special">></span>
<a name="id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_10-bb"></a><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Tag2</span> <span class="special">&</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span> other<span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="static_binding.html" title="Struct template static_binding">static_binding</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Map</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span> binding<span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<p>Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code> from another reference.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Parameters:</span></p></td>
<td><div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">binding</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>Specifies the mapping between the two concepts.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">other</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>The reference to copy. </p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Requires:</span></p></td>
<td>
<p><code class="computeroutput">Map</code> must be an MPL map with keys for all the non-deduced placeholders used by <code class="computeroutput">Concept</code> and values for the corresponding placeholders in <code class="computeroutput">Concept2</code>. </p>
<p>After substituting placeholders according to <code class="computeroutput">Map</code>, the requirements of <code class="computeroutput">Concept2</code> must be a superset of the requirements of <code class="computeroutput">Concept</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Throws:</span></p></td>
<td>std::bad_alloc </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> Concept2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Tag2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Map<span class="special">></span>
<a name="id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_11-bb"></a><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">(</span><a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Tag2</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span> other<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="static_binding.html" title="Struct template static_binding">static_binding</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Map</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span> binding<span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<p>Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code> from another <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code>.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Parameters:</span></p></td>
<td><div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">binding</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>Specifies the mapping between the two concepts.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">other</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>The object to bind the reference to. </p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Requires:</span></p></td>
<td>
<p><code class="computeroutput">Map</code> must be an MPL map with keys for all the non-deduced placeholders used by <code class="computeroutput">Concept</code> and values for the corresponding placeholders in <code class="computeroutput">Concept2</code>. </p>
<p>After substituting placeholders according to <code class="computeroutput">Map</code>, the requirements of <code class="computeroutput">Concept2</code> must be a superset of the requirements of <code class="computeroutput">Concept</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Throws:</span></p></td>
<td>std::bad_alloc </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> Concept2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Tag2<span class="special">></span>
<a name="id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_12-bb"></a><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Tag2</span> <span class="special">&</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span> other<span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="binding.html" title="Class template binding">binding</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span> binding<span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<p>Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code> from another reference.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Parameters:</span></p></td>
<td><div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">binding</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>Specifies the bindings of placeholders to actual types.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">other</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>The reference to copy. </p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Requires:</span></p></td>
<td><p>The type stored in <code class="computeroutput">other</code> must match the type expected by <code class="computeroutput">binding</code>.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Postconditions:</span></p></td>
<td><p>binding_of(*this) == <code class="computeroutput">binding</code> </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Throws:</span></p></td>
<td>Nothing. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> Concept2<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Tag2<span class="special">></span>
<a name="id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_13-bb"></a><span class="identifier">any</span><span class="special">(</span><a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Tag2</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span> other<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="binding.html" title="Class template binding">binding</a><span class="special"><</span> <span class="identifier">Concept</span> <span class="special">></span> <span class="special">&</span> binding<span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<p>Constructs an <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code> from another <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code>.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Parameters:</span></p></td>
<td><div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">binding</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>Specifies the bindings of placeholders to actual types.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term"><code class="computeroutput">other</code></span></p></td>
<td><p>The object to bind the reference to. </p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Requires:</span></p></td>
<td><p>The type stored in <code class="computeroutput">other</code> must match the type expected by <code class="computeroutput">binding</code>.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Postconditions:</span></p></td>
<td><p>binding_of(*this) == <code class="computeroutput">binding</code> </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Throws:</span></p></td>
<td>Nothing. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a> <span class="special">&</span> <a name="id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_14-bb"></a><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a> <span class="special">&</span> other<span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<p>Assigns to an <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code>.</p>
<p>If an appropriate overload of <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="assignable.html" title="Struct template assignable">assignable</a></code> is not available and <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="relaxed.html" title="Struct relaxed">relaxed</a></code> is in <code class="computeroutput">Concept</code>, falls back on constructing from <code class="computeroutput">other</code>.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody><tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Throws:</span></p></td>
<td>Whatever the assignment operator of the contained type throws. When falling back on construction, throws <code class="computeroutput">std::bad_alloc</code>. In this case assignment provides the strong exception guarantee. When calling the assignment operator of the contained type, the exception guarantee is whatever the contained type provides. </td>
</tr></tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> U<span class="special">></span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a> <span class="special">&</span> <a name="id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_15-bb"></a><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&</span> other<span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<p>Assigns to an <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code>.</p>
<p>If an appropriate overload of <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="assignable.html" title="Struct template assignable">assignable</a></code> is not available and <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="relaxed.html" title="Struct relaxed">relaxed</a></code> is in <code class="computeroutput">Concept</code>, falls back on constructing from <code class="computeroutput">other</code>.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody><tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Throws:</span></p></td>
<td>Whatever the assignment operator of the contained type throws. When falling back on construction, throws <code class="computeroutput">std::bad_alloc</code>. In this case assignment provides the strong exception guarantee. When calling the assignment operator of the contained type, the exception guarantee is whatever the contained type provides. </td>
</tr></tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<pre class="literallayout"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> U<span class="special">></span> <a class="link" href="../any.html" title="Class any">any</a> <span class="special">&</span> <a name="id-1_3_41_13_1_1_1_1_16-bb"></a><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">U</span> <span class="special">&</span> other<span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<p>Assigns to an <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="any.html" title="Class template any">any</a></code>.</p>
<p>If an appropriate overload of <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="assignable.html" title="Struct template assignable">assignable</a></code> is not available and <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="relaxed.html" title="Struct relaxed">relaxed</a></code> is in <code class="computeroutput">Concept</code>, falls back on constructing from <code class="computeroutput">other</code>.</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><table border="0" class="variablelist compact">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>
<tbody><tr>
<td><p><span class="term">Throws:</span></p></td>
<td>Whatever the assignment operator of the contained type throws. When falling back on construction, throws <code class="computeroutput">std::bad_alloc</code>. In this case assignment provides the strong exception guarantee. When calling the assignment operator of the contained type, the exception guarantee is whatever the contained type provides. </td>
</tr></tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="path_to_url" target="_top">path_to_url
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
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``` |
```java
/***************************************************************************
* CLASS BuiltInSymbols *
* *
* Defines the TLA+ built-in symbols, their alignment classes, and how *
* they are typeset. Provides the following methods. *
* *
* Initialize() *
* Must be called before any other methods of the class are *
* called. *
* *
* GetBuiltInSymbol(String str) *
* If str is a built-in TLA symbol, it returns the corresponding *
* Symbol object. Otherwise, it returns null. *
* *
* IsBuiltInSymbol(String str) *
* True iff str is a built-in TLA symbol. *
* *
* IsBuiltInPrefix(String str) *
* True iff str is a non-empty prefix (possibly the entire string) *
* of a built-in TLA symbol that is not a string of letters (like *
* "ENABLED" or "WF_") and is not a "\\" (a backslash) followed by *
* a string of letters (like "\\cup"). *
* *
* IsStringChar(char c) *
* True iff c is a character that can appear un-escaped (not *
* preceded by "\") in a TLA+ string. *
* *
* See the Symbol class for more information. *
***************************************************************************/
package tla2tex;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import util.TLAConstants;
public final class BuiltInSymbols
{
/***********************************************************************
* The following six hash tables are built by the Initialize method. *
***********************************************************************/
private static Hashtable builtInHashTable = new Hashtable(200);
/*********************************************************************
* Maps built-in symbols (which are strings) to their Symbol *
* objects. Does not contain PlusCal symbols. *
*********************************************************************/
private static Hashtable prefixHashTable = new Hashtable(700);
/*********************************************************************
* A table containing the prefixes of all built-in symbols in *
* builtInHashTable. (It holds only their keys.) *
*********************************************************************/
private static Hashtable pcalBuiltInHashTable = new Hashtable(200);
/*********************************************************************
* Maps built-in symbols (which are strings) to their Symbol *
* objects. It includes the PlusCal symbols. *
*********************************************************************/
private static Hashtable pcalPrefixHashTable = new Hashtable(700);
/*********************************************************************
* A table containing the prefixes of all built-in symbols in *
* pcalBuiltInHashTable. (It holds only their keys.) *
*********************************************************************/
private static Hashtable stringCharTable = new Hashtable(100);
/*********************************************************************
* A table of all the characters that may appear in a TLA+ string *
* token. *
*********************************************************************/
private static Hashtable canPrecedeLabelTable = new Hashtable(15);
/*********************************************************************
* A table of all the tokens (strings) that can precede a labeled *
* statement. *
*********************************************************************/
private static String nullString = "" ;
/*********************************************************************
* Some hash tables are used only to remember the keys; there is no *
* value attached to them. However, the Hashtable class stores a *
* non-null object with each key. This is the object we use. *
*********************************************************************/
public static void Initialize()
{ buildHashTable();
buildPrefixHashTable();
buildStringCharTable();
buildCanPrecedeLabelTable();
} ;
public static boolean IsBuiltInSymbol(String str)
{ return (null != GetBuiltInSymbol(str)) ;
} ;
/**
* Returns true iff str is a built-in symbol--either a TLA+ or
* PlusCal symbol if pcalMode = true, or just a TLA+ symbol if
* pcalMode = false.
*
* @param str : The symbols ascii string.
* @param pcalMode : true if looking for pcal symbols as well as TLA+ symbols.
* @return
*/
public static boolean IsBuiltInSymbol(String str, boolean pcalMode)
{ return null != GetBuiltInSymbol(str, pcalMode) ;
} ;
/**
* Returns the built-in symbol with string str. If pcalMode = false,
* just return a TLA+ symbol; if pcalMode = true, return either a TLA+
* or a PlusCal symbol.
* @param str
* @param pcalMode
* @return
*/
public static Symbol GetBuiltInSymbol(String str, boolean pcalMode)
{ Symbol sym ;
if (pcalMode) {
sym = (Symbol) pcalBuiltInHashTable.get(str);
}
else {
sym = (Symbol) builtInHashTable.get(str);
}
if (sym == null || (sym.pcal && ! pcalMode)) {
return null ;
}
return sym;
} ;
public static Symbol GetBuiltInSymbol(String str)
{ return (Symbol) builtInHashTable.get(str);
} ;
public static boolean IsBuiltInPrefix(String str)
{ return prefixHashTable.containsKey(str) ;
} ;
public static boolean IsBuiltInPrefix(String str, boolean pcal)
{ if (pcal) {
return pcalPrefixHashTable.containsKey(str);
}
return prefixHashTable.containsKey(str) ;
} ;
public static boolean IsStringChar(char ch)
{ return stringCharTable.containsKey(String.valueOf(ch)) ;
} ;
public static boolean CanPrecedeLabel(String str) {
return canPrecedeLabelTable.containsKey(str) ;
}
private static void buildStringCharTable()
{ String legalChars =
/**********************************************************
* Here are all the non-escaped characters that can *
* appear in a TLA+ string. *
**********************************************************/
"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+ "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+ " ~!@#$%^&*()_-+={}[]|:;<,>.?/`'"
+ "0123456789" ;
int n = 0 ;
while (n < legalChars.length())
{ stringCharTable.put(String.valueOf(legalChars.charAt(n)), nullString);
n = n + 1 ;
}
} ;
private static void buildCanPrecedeLabelTable() {
String[] canPrecedeLabel =
{";", ")", "{", "begin", "do", "either", "or", "then", "else", "elsif"};
for (int i = 0; i < canPrecedeLabel.length; i++) {
canPrecedeLabelTable.put(canPrecedeLabel[i], nullString);
}
}
private static void add(String tla, String tex, int stype, int atype)
/*********************************************************************
* Adds a non-PlusCal entry to the builtInHashTable and *
* pcalBuiltInHashTable. *
*********************************************************************/
{ builtInHashTable.put(tla, new Symbol(tla, tex, stype, atype) ) ;
pcalBuiltInHashTable.put(tla, new Symbol(tla, tex, stype, atype) ) ; } ;
private static void pcaladd(String tla, String tex, int stype, int atype)
/*********************************************************************
* Adds a PlusCal entry to the pcalBuiltInHashTable. *
*********************************************************************/
{ pcalBuiltInHashTable.put(tla, new Symbol(tla, tex, stype, atype, true) ) ; } ;
/*
* The following special 1-character strings are for defining dummy
* strings to represent special versions of the symbols "(", ")", "{"
* and "}" that get printed differently from their normal versions.
*/
public static String pcalLeftParen = "" + '\0' ;
public static String pcalRightParen = "" + '\1' ;
public static String pcalLeftBrace = "" + '\2' ;
public static String pcalRightBrace = "" + '\3' ;
private static void buildHashTable()
/*********************************************************************
* Initializes builtInHashTable and pcalBuiltInHashTable. This code *
* actually defines the *
* symbol and alignment types and the LaTeX input for each built-in *
* symbol. It is required that, if two symbols have the same *
* alignment type, then their typeset versions have the same width. *
* *
* The LaTeX commands for all the infix symbols and some other *
* symbols are of the form \.{...}, where the \. command puts *
* \mbox{} before and after its argument. This is necessary because *
* otherwise, TeX may vary the space around the symbol depending on *
* what comes before or after it, screwing up the alignment. *
*********************************************************************/
{
add("_", "\\_", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("ASSUMPTION", "{\\ASSUMPTION}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("AXIOM", "{\\AXIOM}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("BOOLEAN", "{\\BOOLEAN}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("CASE", "{\\CASE}", Symbol.INFIX, 60);
// Changed to INFIX from KEYWORD by LL on 21 July 2012 to allow
// left-aligning with []. It produces something reasonable when
// a bunch of [] symbols are right-aligned with CASE as well.
add(TLAConstants.KeyWords.CONSTANT, "{\\CONSTANT}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("CONSTANTS", "{\\CONSTANTS}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("EXCEPT", "{\\EXCEPT}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("EXTENDS", "{\\EXTENDS}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("FALSE", "{\\FALSE}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("IF", "{\\IF}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("INSTANCE", "{\\INSTANCE}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("LOCAL", "{\\LOCAL}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("MODULE", "{\\MODULE}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("OTHER", "{\\OTHER}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("STRING", "{\\STRING}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("THEOREM", "{\\THEOREM}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("TRUE", "{\\TRUE}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add(TLAConstants.KeyWords.VARIABLE, "{\\VARIABLE}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("VARIABLES", "{\\VARIABLES}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("WITH", "{\\WITH}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
// The following added for tla2tex
add("BY", "{\\BY}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("OBVIOUS", "{\\OBVIOUS}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("HAVE", "{\\HAVE}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("QED", "{\\QED}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("TAKE", "{\\TAKE}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("DEF", "{\\DEF}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("HIDE", "{\\HIDE}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("RECURSIVE", "{\\RECURSIVE}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("USE", "{\\USE}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("DEFINE", "{\\DEFINE}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("PROOF", "{\\PROOF}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("WITNESS", "{\\WITNESS}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("PICK", "{\\PICK}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("DEFS", "{\\DEFS}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("SUFFICES", "{\\SUFFICES}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("NEW", "{\\NEW}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("LAMBDA", "{\\LAMBDA}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("STATE", "{\\STATE}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("ACTION", "{\\ACTION}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("TEMPORAL", "{\\TEMPORAL}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
add("ONLY", "{\\ONLY}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0); // added by LL on 2 Oct 2009
add("OMITTED", "{\\OMITTED}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0); // added by LL on 31 Oct 2009
add("ONLY", "{\\ONLY}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0); // added by LL on 2 Oct 2009
add("LEMMA", "{\\LEMMA}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0); // added by LL on 22 Oct 2010
add("PROPOSITION", "{\\PROPOSITION}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0); // added by LL on 22 Oct 2010
add("COROLLARY", "{\\COROLLARY}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0); // added by LL on 22 Oct 2010
add("WF_", "{\\WF}", Symbol.SUBSCRIPTED, 0);
add("SF_", "{\\SF}", Symbol.SUBSCRIPTED, 0);
add(">>_", "{\\rangle}", Symbol.SUBSCRIPTED, 0);
add("]_", "]", Symbol.SUBSCRIPTED, 0);
add("(", "(", Symbol.LEFT_PAREN, 0);
add("[", "[", Symbol.LEFT_PAREN, 0);
add("{", "\\{", Symbol.LEFT_PAREN, 0);
add("<<", "{\\langle}", Symbol.LEFT_PAREN, 0);
add(")", ")", Symbol.RIGHT_PAREN, 0);
add("}", "\\}", Symbol.RIGHT_PAREN, 0);
add("]", "]", Symbol.RIGHT_PAREN, 0);
add(">>", "{\\rangle}", Symbol.RIGHT_PAREN, 0);
add("\\A", "\\A\\,", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("\\forall", "\\forall\\,", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("\\E", "\\E\\,", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("\\exists", "\\exists\\,", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("\\AA", "{\\AA}", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("\\EE", "{\\EE}", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("~", "{\\lnot}", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("\\lnot", "{\\lnot}", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("\\neg", "{\\neg}", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("<>", "{\\Diamond}", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("CHOOSE", "{\\CHOOSE}", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("ENABLED", "{\\ENABLED}", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("UNCHANGED", "{\\UNCHANGED}", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("SUBSET", "{\\SUBSET}", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("UNION", "{\\UNION}", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("DOMAIN", "{\\DOMAIN}", Symbol.PREFIX, 0);
add("'", "\\.{'}", Symbol.POSTFIX, 0);
add("^+", "\\.{\\mbox{}^+}", Symbol.POSTFIX, 0);
add("^*", "\\.{\\mbox{}^*}", Symbol.POSTFIX, 0);
add("^#", "\\.{\\mbox{}^{\\#}}", Symbol.POSTFIX, 0);
add("=>", "\\.{\\implies}", Symbol.INFIX, 1);
add("\\cdot", "\\.{\\cdot}", Symbol.INFIX, 2);
add("<=>", "\\.{\\equiv}", Symbol.INFIX, 3);
add("\\equiv", "\\.{\\equiv}", Symbol.INFIX, 4);
add("~>", "\\.{\\leadsto}", Symbol.INFIX, 5);
add("-+->", "\\.{\\whileop}", Symbol.INFIX, 6);
add("\\subseteq", "\\.{\\subseteq}", Symbol.INFIX, 7);
add("\\subset", "\\.{\\subset}", Symbol.INFIX, 7);
add("\\supset", "\\.{\\supset}", Symbol.INFIX, 7);
add("\\supseteq", "\\.{\\supseteq}", Symbol.INFIX, 7);
add("\\ll", "\\.{\\ll}", Symbol.INFIX, 8);
add("\\gg", "\\.{\\gg}", Symbol.INFIX, 8);
/*****************************************************************
* \ll and \gg not aligned with = and < because they are wider, *
* and they're not used enough to bother accommodating aligned *
* infix symbols of different widths. However, this might now *
* work because of changes made to handle PlusCal labels *
* essentially as infix operators. *
*****************************************************************/
add("\\", "\\.{\\,\\backslash\\,}", Symbol.INFIX, 9);
add("\\cap", "\\.{\\cap}", Symbol.INFIX, 10);
add("\\intersect", "\\.{\\cap}", Symbol.INFIX, 11);
add("\\cup", "\\.{\\cup}", Symbol.INFIX, 12);
add("\\union", "\\.{\\cup}", Symbol.INFIX, 13);
add("/\\", "\\.{\\land}", Symbol.INFIX, 14);
add("\\/", "\\.{\\lor}", Symbol.INFIX, 15);
add("\\land", "\\.{\\land}", Symbol.INFIX, 16);
add("\\lor", "\\.{\\lor}", Symbol.INFIX, 17);
add("\\X", "\\.{\\times}", Symbol.INFIX, 18);
add("-", "\\.{-}", Symbol.INFIX, 19);
add("+", "\\.{+}", Symbol.INFIX, 19);
add("*", "\\.{*}", Symbol.INFIX, 20);
add("/", "\\.{/}", Symbol.INFIX, 21);
add("^", "\\.{\\ct}", Symbol.INFIX, 22);
add("|", "\\.{\\,|\\,}", Symbol.INFIX, 23);
add("||", "\\.{\\p@barbar}", Symbol.INFIX, 24); // modified for PlusCal
add("&", "\\.{\\,\\&\\,}", Symbol.INFIX, 25);
add("&&", "\\.{\\,\\&\\&\\,}", Symbol.INFIX, 26);
add("++", "\\.{\\pp}", Symbol.INFIX, 27);
add("--", "\\.{\\mm}", Symbol.INFIX, 27);
add("**", "\\.{\\stst}", Symbol.INFIX, 28);
add("//", "\\.{\\slsl}", Symbol.INFIX, 29);
add("^^", "\\.{\\ct\\ct}", Symbol.INFIX, 30);
add("|-", "\\.{\\vdash}", Symbol.INFIX, 31);
add("|=", "\\.{\\models}", Symbol.INFIX, 32);
add("-|", "\\.{\\dashv}", Symbol.INFIX, 33);
add("=|", "\\.{\\eqdash}", Symbol.INFIX, 34);
add("<:", "\\.{\\ltcolon}", Symbol.INFIX, 35);
add(":>", "\\.{\\colongt}", Symbol.INFIX, 35);
add(":=", "\\.{:=}", Symbol.INFIX, 35);
add("::=", "\\.{::=}", Symbol.INFIX, 36);
add("(+)", "\\.{\\oplus}", Symbol.INFIX, 37);
add("(-)", "\\.{\\ominus}", Symbol.INFIX, 37);
add("\\oplus", "\\.{\\oplus}", Symbol.INFIX, 37);
add("\\ominus", "\\.{\\ominus}", Symbol.INFIX, 37);
add("(.)", "\\.{\\odot}", Symbol.INFIX, 38);
add("\\odot", "\\.{\\odot}", Symbol.INFIX, 38);
add("(/)", "\\.{\\oslash}", Symbol.INFIX, 39);
add("\\oslash", "\\.{\\oslash}", Symbol.INFIX, 39);
add("(\\X)", "\\.{\\otimes}", Symbol.INFIX, 40);
add("\\otimes", "\\.{\\otimes}", Symbol.INFIX, 40);
add("\\uplus", "\\.{\\uplus}", Symbol.INFIX, 41);
add("\\sqcap", "\\.{\\sqcap}", Symbol.INFIX, 42);
add("\\sqcup", "\\.{\\sqcup}", Symbol.INFIX, 43);
add("\\div", "\\.{\\div}", Symbol.INFIX, 44);
add("\\star", "\\.{\\star}", Symbol.INFIX, 45);
add("\\o", "\\.{\\circ}", Symbol.INFIX, 46);
add("\\circ", "\\.{\\circ}", Symbol.INFIX, 46);
add("\\bigcirc", "\\.{\\bigcirc}", Symbol.INFIX, 47);
add("\\bullet", "\\.{\\bullet}", Symbol.INFIX, 48);
add("\\in", "\\.{\\in}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("\\notin", "\\.{\\notin}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("=", "\\.{=}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("#", "\\.{\\neq}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("/=", "\\.{\\neq}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("<", "\\.{<}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add(">", "\\.{>}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("<=", "\\.{\\leq}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("=<", "\\.{\\leq}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add(">=", "\\.{\\geq}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("\\prec", "\\.{\\prec}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("\\succ", "\\.{\\succ}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("\\preceq", "\\.{\\preceq}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("\\succeq", "\\.{\\succeq}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("\\sim", "\\.{\\sim}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("\\simeq", "\\.{\\simeq}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("\\approx", "\\.{\\approx}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("\\doteq", "\\.{\\doteq}", Symbol.INFIX, 49);
add("\\asymp", "\\.{\\asymp}", Symbol.INFIX, 50);
add("\\sqsubset", "\\.{\\sqsubset}", Symbol.INFIX, 51);
add("\\sqsupset", "\\.{\\sqsupset}", Symbol.INFIX, 51);
add("\\sqsubseteq", "\\.{\\sqsubseteq}", Symbol.INFIX, 51);
add("\\sqsupseteq", "\\.{\\sqsupseteq}", Symbol.INFIX, 51);
add("\\propto", "\\.{\\propto}", Symbol.INFIX, 52);
add(":", "\\.{:}", Symbol.PUNCTUATION, 53);
add("->", "\\.{\\rightarrow}", Symbol.INFIX, 54);
add("|->", "\\.{\\mapsto}", Symbol.INFIX, 55);
add("<-", "\\.{\\leftarrow}", Symbol.INFIX, 56);
add("==", "\\.{\\defeq}", Symbol.INFIX, 57);
add("ELSE", "\\.{\\ELSE}", Symbol.PREFIX, 58);
add("THEN", "\\.{\\THEN}", Symbol.PREFIX, 58);
add("LET", "\\.{\\LET}", Symbol.INFIX, 59); // Changed by LL on 21 Jul 22
add("IN", "\\.{\\IN}", Symbol.INFIX, 59); // from PREFIX to fix alignment bug
add("[]", "{\\Box}", Symbol.INFIX, 60); // Changed from PREFIX to left-align with CASE
add("::", "{\\coloncolon}", Symbol.INFIX, 61);
add("ASSUME", "{\\ASSUME}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 62);
add("PROVE", "{\\PROVE}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 62);
add("..", "\\.{\\dotdot}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("...", "\\.{\\dots}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("$", "\\.{\\,\\$\\,}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("$$", "\\.{\\,\\$\\$\\,}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("?", "\\.{?}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("??", "\\.{\\,??\\,}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("%", "\\.{\\%}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("%%", "\\.{\\,\\%\\%\\,}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("##", "\\.{\\,\\#\\#\\,}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("@@", "\\.{\\,@@\\,}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("!!", "\\.{!!}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("\\times", "\\.{\\times}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("\\leq", "\\.{\\leq}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("\\geq", "\\.{\\geq}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("\\mod", "\\.{\\%}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("\\wr", "\\.{\\wr}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("\\cong", "\\.{\\cong}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add("!", "{\\bang}", Symbol.INFIX, 0);
add(",", ",\\,", Symbol.PUNCTUATION, 0);
add(".", ".", Symbol.PUNCTUATION, 0);
add("-.", "\\.{-\\!.\\,}", Symbol.MISC, 0);
add("@", "@", Symbol.MISC, 0);
// The following are added for PlusCal
pcaladd("fair", "{\\p@fair}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("algorithm", "{\\p@algorithm}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("--fair", "{\\p@mmfair}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("--algorithm", "{\\p@mmalgorithm}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd(";", "{\\p@semicolon}", Symbol.PUNCTUATION, 63);
pcaladd("assert", "{\\p@assert}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("await", "{\\p@await}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("begin", "{\\p@begin}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("end", "{\\p@end}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("call", "{\\p@call}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("define", "{\\p@define}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("do", "{\\p@do}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("either", "{\\p@either}", Symbol.INFIX, 64); // not sure
pcaladd("or", "{\\p@or}", Symbol.INFIX, 64); // not sure
pcaladd("goto", "{\\p@goto}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("if", "{\\p@if}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("then", "{\\p@then}", Symbol.INFIX, 65);
pcaladd("else", "{\\p@else}", Symbol.INFIX, 65);
pcaladd("elsif", "{\\p@elsif}", Symbol.INFIX, 65);
// I tried making "then", "else", and "elsif" KEYWORDS that all
// had the same width when printed. This didn't work because
// of the extra letter in "elsif", so if the statements that follow
// them are aligned, then TLATeX adds extra space after an "else" or
// "then" because of the extra space between it and what follows.
// Making them INFIX with the same alignment value produces some
// bogus alignments, but it seems to be the lesser evil.
pcaladd("macro", "{\\p@macro}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("print", "{\\p@print}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("procedure", "{\\p@procedure}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("process", "{\\p@process}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("return", "{\\p@return}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("skip", "{\\p@skip}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("variable", "{\\p@variable}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("variables", "{\\p@variables}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("while", "{\\p@while}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("with", "{\\p@with}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
pcaladd("when", "{\\p@when}", Symbol.KEYWORD, 0);
// The following are the symbols for the PlusCal delimiters:
// "(" ")" "{" "}"
pcaladd(pcalLeftParen, "{\\p@lparen}", Symbol.LEFT_PAREN, 0);
pcaladd(pcalRightParen, "{\\p@rparen}", Symbol.RIGHT_PAREN, 0);
pcaladd(pcalLeftBrace, "{\\p@lbrace}", Symbol.LEFT_PAREN, 0);
pcaladd(pcalRightBrace, "{\\p@rbrace}", Symbol.RIGHT_PAREN, 0);
} ;
private static void buildPrefixHashTable()
/*********************************************************************
* Initializes prefixHashTable and pcalPrefixHashTable, assuming that *
* builtInHashTable and pcalBuiltInHashTable are already initialize *
*********************************************************************/
{ Enumeration builtInEnum = builtInHashTable.keys();
while (builtInEnum.hasMoreElements())
{ String symbol = (String) builtInEnum.nextElement();
if ( Misc.IsLetter(symbol.charAt(0))
|| (symbol.length() > 1)
&& (symbol.charAt(0) == '\\')
&& Misc.IsLetter(symbol.charAt(1)))
{ /***********************************************************
* Should not put prefixes of this symbol in *
* prefixHashTable. *
***********************************************************/
}
else
{ /***********************************************************
* Put symbol and all its prefixes in prefixHashTable. *
***********************************************************/
while (symbol.length() > 0)
{ prefixHashTable.put(symbol, nullString);
symbol = symbol.substring(0, symbol.length() - 1);
} ;
} ;
}
builtInEnum = pcalBuiltInHashTable.keys();
while (builtInEnum.hasMoreElements())
{ String symbol = (String) builtInEnum.nextElement();
if ( Misc.IsLetter(symbol.charAt(0))
|| (symbol.length() > 1)
&& (symbol.charAt(0) == '\\')
&& Misc.IsLetter(symbol.charAt(1)))
{ /***********************************************************
* Should not put prefixes of this symbol in *
* prefixHashTable. *
***********************************************************/
}
else
{ /***********************************************************
* Put symbol and all its prefixes in prefixHashTable. *
***********************************************************/
while (symbol.length() > 0)
{ pcalPrefixHashTable.put(symbol, nullString);
symbol = symbol.substring(0, symbol.length() - 1);
} ;
} ;
}
}
}
/* last modified on Sat 22 Sep 2007 at 8:44:43 PST by lamport */
``` |
David Smith MBE (born 21 April 1978) is a British adaptive rower who won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.
Personal life
Smith was born on 21 April 1978 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. He was born with a club foot and for the first three years of his life he had his bones repeatedly broken and reset to correct his foot's alignment.
He graduated from the University of Bath in 2009 with a bachelor's degree in sports performance.
In 2010 he underwent emergency surgery after doctors found a tumour inside his spinal cord at cervical spine level. The surgery left him temporarily paralysed, an issue that was later determined to be the result of a blood clot.
He is a vegan.
Early sporting career
He earned a Black Belt in Karate and was is the British squad for 6 years. He took up sprinting in a desire to compete at the Olympics as karate was not an Olympic sport, and became East of Scotland 400m champion in mainstream athletics, and took third in the 200m behind Olympian Ian Mackie. But running round bends caused stress fractures which forced him to quit.
He turned to bobsleigh, because straight-line running was fine and made the GB team as a brakeman. But neck and back pains interrupted training and he missed a 2006 Winter Olympics spot by one-hundredth of a second.
Rowing
Smith was introduced to adaptive rowing in 2009 at a Paralympic Potential Day run by the British Paralympic Association. He competes in the legs, trunks and arms adaptive mixed coxed four (LTAMix4+) event in which he won a gold medal at the 2009 World Rowing Championships, competing in a crew with Vicky Hansford, Naomi Riches, James Roe and cox Rhiannon Jones.
In 2011 he competed at the World Rowing Championships held at Lake Bled, Bled, Slovenia. He won the gold medal in the LTAMix4+ event alongside crewmates Pam Relph, Naomi Riches, James Roe and cox, Lily van den Broecke. They completed the one kilometre course in a time of three minutes, 27.10 seconds, finishing nearly five seconds ahead of runners-up Canada. The result qualified a boat for Great Britain into the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. The crew repeated their gold medal result at the Munich World Cup event in 2012.
Smith was selected along with Relph, Riches, Roe, and van den Broeke, to compete for Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the mixed coxed four event. The event took place between 31 August and 2 September at Eton Dorney. The Great Britain crew won gold.
Smith was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to rowing.
Cycling
Despite his success at rowing, medical issues forced Smith to retire from that sport, and he subsequently joined British Cycling's Paralympic Academy programme in 2014. He continued to compete at Paracycling despite further surgery on the tumour, taking ninth place at the final Para-cycling Road World Cup of the 2015 season in Pietermaritzburg, but in January 2016 he announced that he'd need another operation that ended his plans to compete at the 2016 Paralympic games.
See also
2012 Olympics gold post boxes in the United Kingdom
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Scottish male rowers
Rowers at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic rowers for Great Britain
Sportspeople from Dunfermline
Alumni of the University of Bath
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Paralympic gold medalists for Great Britain
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with club feet
World Rowing Championships medalists for Great Britain
Paralympic medalists in rowing |
```c++
//===- ObjectYAML.cpp - YAML utilities for object files -------------------===//
//
// See path_to_url for license information.
//
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
//
// This file defines a wrapper class for handling tagged YAML input
//
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
#include "llvm/ObjectYAML/ObjectYAML.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Twine.h"
#include "llvm/Support/YAMLParser.h"
#include "llvm/Support/YAMLTraits.h"
#include <string>
using namespace llvm;
using namespace yaml;
void MappingTraits<YamlObjectFile>::mapping(IO &IO,
YamlObjectFile &ObjectFile) {
if (IO.outputting()) {
if (ObjectFile.Elf)
MappingTraits<ELFYAML::Object>::mapping(IO, *ObjectFile.Elf);
if (ObjectFile.Coff)
MappingTraits<COFFYAML::Object>::mapping(IO, *ObjectFile.Coff);
if (ObjectFile.MachO)
MappingTraits<MachOYAML::Object>::mapping(IO, *ObjectFile.MachO);
if (ObjectFile.FatMachO)
MappingTraits<MachOYAML::UniversalBinary>::mapping(IO,
*ObjectFile.FatMachO);
} else {
Input &In = (Input &)IO;
if (IO.mapTag("!ELF")) {
ObjectFile.Elf.reset(new ELFYAML::Object());
MappingTraits<ELFYAML::Object>::mapping(IO, *ObjectFile.Elf);
} else if (IO.mapTag("!COFF")) {
ObjectFile.Coff.reset(new COFFYAML::Object());
MappingTraits<COFFYAML::Object>::mapping(IO, *ObjectFile.Coff);
} else if (IO.mapTag("!mach-o")) {
ObjectFile.MachO.reset(new MachOYAML::Object());
MappingTraits<MachOYAML::Object>::mapping(IO, *ObjectFile.MachO);
} else if (IO.mapTag("!fat-mach-o")) {
ObjectFile.FatMachO.reset(new MachOYAML::UniversalBinary());
MappingTraits<MachOYAML::UniversalBinary>::mapping(IO,
*ObjectFile.FatMachO);
} else if (IO.mapTag("!minidump")) {
ObjectFile.Minidump.reset(new MinidumpYAML::Object());
MappingTraits<MinidumpYAML::Object>::mapping(IO, *ObjectFile.Minidump);
} else if (IO.mapTag("!WASM")) {
ObjectFile.Wasm.reset(new WasmYAML::Object());
MappingTraits<WasmYAML::Object>::mapping(IO, *ObjectFile.Wasm);
} else if (const Node *N = In.getCurrentNode()) {
if (N->getRawTag().empty())
IO.setError("YAML Object File missing document type tag!");
else
IO.setError("YAML Object File unsupported document type tag '" +
N->getRawTag() + "'!");
}
}
}
``` |
The John S. Honeyman House is a house located in the West End area of downtown Portland, Oregon, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Southwest Portland, Oregon
References
1879 establishments in Oregon
Houses completed in 1879
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Portland, Oregon
Italianate architecture in Oregon
Southwest Portland, Oregon
Portland Historic Landmarks |
```java
/*
* FindBugs - Find bugs in Java programs
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
*
* This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
*/
package edu.umd.cs.findbugs.detect;
import org.apache.bcel.Const;
import org.apache.bcel.generic.ConstantPoolGen;
import org.apache.bcel.generic.GETSTATIC;
import org.apache.bcel.generic.Instruction;
import org.apache.bcel.generic.ObjectType;
import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.Location;
import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.RepositoryLookupFailureCallback;
/**
* Stream factory for streams created by loading a value from a static field.
* This is mainly to handle System.in, System.out, and System.err.
*/
public class StaticFieldLoadStreamFactory implements StreamFactory {
public String streamBaseClass;
public String className;
public String fieldName;
public String fieldSig;
/**
* Constructor. Created Stream objects will be marked as uninteresting.
*
* @param streamBaseClass
* the base class of the stream objects created by the factory
* @param className
* name of the class containing the static field
* @param fieldName
* name of the static field
* @param fieldSig
* signature of the static field
*/
public StaticFieldLoadStreamFactory(String streamBaseClass, String className, String fieldName, String fieldSig) {
this.streamBaseClass = streamBaseClass;
this.className = className;
this.fieldName = fieldName;
this.fieldSig = fieldSig;
}
@Override
public Stream createStream(Location location, ObjectType type, ConstantPoolGen cpg,
RepositoryLookupFailureCallback lookupFailureCallback) {
Instruction ins = location.getHandle().getInstruction();
if (ins.getOpcode() != Const.GETSTATIC) {
return null;
}
GETSTATIC getstatic = (GETSTATIC) ins;
if (!className.equals(getstatic.getClassName(cpg)) || !fieldName.equals(getstatic.getName(cpg))
|| !fieldSig.equals(getstatic.getSignature(cpg))) {
return null;
}
return new Stream(location, type.getClassName(), streamBaseClass).setIgnoreImplicitExceptions(true).setIsOpenOnCreation(
true);
}
}
``` |
A repeating firearm or repeater is any firearm (either a handgun or long gun) that is capable of being fired repeatedly before having to manually reloaded with new ammunition into the weapon.
Unlike single-shot firearms, which can only hold and fire a one round of ammunition, a repeating firearm can store multiple cartridges inside a magazine (as in pistols, rifles, or shotguns), a cylinder (as in revolvers) or a belt (as in machine guns), and uses a moving action to manipulate each cartridge into, and out of, battery position (within the chamber and in alignment with the bore). This allows the weapon to be discharged repeatedly, in relatively quick succession, before a manual ammunition reload is needed.
Typically the term "repeaters" refers to the more ubiquitous single-barreled variants. Multiple-barrel firearms such as derringers, pepperbox guns, double-barreled rifles, double-barreled shotguns, combination guns, and volley guns can also hold and fire more than one cartridges (one in each chamber of every barrel) before needing reloads, but do not use magazines for ammunition storage and also lack any moving actions to facilitate ammunition-feeding, which makes them technically just bundled assemblies of multiple single-shot barrels fired in succession or simultaneously and therefore they are not considered true repeating firearms despite the functional resemblance. On the contrary, rotary-barrel firearms (e.g. Gatling guns), though also multi-barreled, do use belts and/or magazines with moving actions for feeding ammunition, which allow each barrel to fire repeatedly just like any single-barreled repeater, and therefore still qualify as a type of repeating firearm from a technical view point.
Although repeating flintlock breechloading firearms (e.g. the Lorenzóni repeater, Cookson repeater, and Kalthoff repeater) had been invented as early as the 17th century, the first repeating firearms that received widespread use were revolvers and lever-action repeating rifles in the latter half of the 19th century. These were a significant advance over the preceding single-shot breechloading guns, as they allowed a much greater rate of fire, as well as a longer interval between reloads for more sustained firing, and the widespread use of metallic cartridges also made reloading these weapons quicker and more convenient. Revolvers became very popular sidearms since its introduction by the Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company in the mid-1830s, and repeating rifles saw use in the early 1860s during the American Civil War. Repeating pistols were first invented during the 1880s, and became widely adopted in the early 20th century, with important design contributions from inventors such as John Browning and Georg Luger.
The first repeating gun to see military service was actually not a firearm, but an airgun. The Girardoni air rifle, designed by Italian inventor Bartolomeo Girardoni circa 1779 and more famously associated with the Lewis and Clark Expedition into western North America during the early 19th century, was one of the first guns to make use of a tubular magazine.
Early repeaters
Kalthoff repeater (about 1630)
Lorenzoni repeater (about 1650)
Lagatz Rifle: a modification of the Lorenzoni System, designed by Danzig gunsmith Daniel Lagatz around the year 1700.
Puckle Gun (1718)
Harmonica gun (1742)
Cookson repeater (1750)
Fafting Rifle: In 1774 a rifle was invented by a Norwegian colonel by the name of Fafting capable of firing 18 to 20 shots a minute and being used as an ordinary rifle by taking off a spring-loaded container attached to the gun's lock. It was also stated that the inventor was working on a gun capable of firing up to 30 times in a minute on more or less the same principles.
Girandoni air rifle (1779)
1789 French Rifle: In 1791 it was mentioned in a book published in France that there existed since at least 1789 a rifle that held 5 or 6 shots and was capable of being reloaded three times in a minute for a total of 15 or 18 shots a minute. A rifle similar in type to this was also stated to be kept at the Hotel de la Guerre(fr).
Church and Bartemy/Bartholomew gun: A repeating rifle designed by the Americans William Church and Chrostus Bartemy or Bartholomew in 1813 with three separate magazines for containing up to 42 charges of ammunition and capable of firing 25 shots a minute. It could be reloaded in one minute.
Thomson Rifle: a flintlock repeating rifle patented in 1814, using multiple breeches to obtain repeating fire.
Leroy Rifle: In 1815 (sometimes incorrectly dated as 1825) a French inventor called Julien Leroy patented a flintlock and percussion revolving rifle with a mechanically indexed cylinder and a priming magazine.
Lepage Guns: In 1819 a French gunsmith called Lepage invented and presented at the French industrial exposition of that year percussion 2-shot and 4-shot turn-over rifles. In 1823 he exhibited a volley rifle that fired 7 rifled barrels simultaneously as well as a turn-over carbine. In 1827, the same inventor exhibited at another French industrial exposition 11 percussion and 1 flintlock firearms which included a 4-shot turn-over rifle, a 'double rifle' with a cylinder with 5 charges and a 'single rifle' and a pair of pistols also with a cylinder with 5 charges.
Sutherland Magazine Pistol: In 1821 the British gunmakers R and R Sutherland advertised for auction, amongst a variety of firearms, a single-barrelled six-shot magazine pistol.
Pirmet-Baucheron Revolving Rifle: In 1822 a French gunsmith called Pirmet-Baucheron presented a revolving rifle with 7 shots and a single lock.
Hewson Magazine Gun: In 1824 an English gunsmith called W. P. Hewson advertised, amongst other firearms and one air gun, a magazine gun.
Jobard Rifle: a turret rifle with 14 shots patented in Belgium in 1826 and presented to the government in 1835.
Henry Rifle: a French 14 shot flintlock rifle in the style of the Kalthoff and Lorenzoni rifles patented in 1831 (granted in 1835) by Francois-Antoine Henry though possibly based on an earlier design published in 1809 by the same author.
Baker Pistols: In 1833 an English gunsmith called T. H. Baker advertised one, two, four, five and seven shot pistols for sale.
Kavanagh Pistol: In 1834 a variety of pistols were exhibited by the Irish gunsmith William Kavanagh, one of which had a 'revolving breech' capable of firing 7 or 8 times, invented by a clergyman called Robert Carey, as well as a 'self-loading pistol'.
Olive Pistol: In 1835 it was mentioned in a French periodical that a French inventor called Jean-Francois-Augustin Olive who was seeking funds for developing a breech-loading, 8-shot pistol into a 30-shot version had been arrested.
Silas Day Magazine Gun: A percussion revolving rifle to which was attached a loose-powder-and-ball magazine patented in the US in 1837.
Colt Ring Lever rifles (1837)
Bailey, Ripley and Smith Magazine Rifle: In 1838 the Americans Lebbeus Bailey, John B. Ripley and William B. Smith patented a percussion repeating rifle with a gravity-operated tubular magazine in the stock which could hold up to 15 re-useable steel cartridge-chambers.
Eaton Rifle: In 1838 a percussion rifle invented in America by James Eaton was described as being capable of holding 24 rounds in a rotating magazine and discharging them all in four minutes for a rate of fire of 6 rounds per minute.
Kratsch Rifle: In 1839 it was reported that a mechanic called Kratsch from Bayreuth had invented a rifle capable of firing 30 times in a minute and being reloaded in one minute.
Branch Pistols: In 1842 an English gunsmith called T. Branch advertised two six shot 'self acting' pistols for sale.
Devisme Guns: In 1844 a French gunsmith known as Devisme presented a variety of repeating firearms for the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 including an 18 shot pistol with no visible hammer or lock, a 6 shot pistol, a rifle with 6 shots and a 'revolving breech' and a four shot 'double acting' rifle.
Jennings Magazine Rifle: in 1847 Walter Hunt patented in Britain a repeating rifle he called "the Volitional Repeater". He would patent it again in the United States in 1849. This rifle featured a tubular magazine beneath the barrel and a lever mechanism to raise cartridges into the chamber. Unable to finance the building of the rifle, Hunt sold the rights to George Arrowsmith who in turn had an employee, Lewis Jennings, improve the lever mechanism. Courtland Palmer placed the first order for the "Jennings Magazine rifle" for his hardware store: Robbins & Lawrence. The rifle did not sell well as the ammunition was a hollow based bullet containing gunpowder. Most of the guns were later converted to single shot rifles. Two employees working at Robbins & Lawrence: Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson improved the design and sold it as the "Smith-Jennings Repeating Rifle". At first they used a slightly modified Flobert cartridge, patented in 1853, but later they would switch to a modified Rocket Ball type of ammunition altered so as to function as a self-contained centerfire cartridge.
Cass Repeating Belt Gun: A percussion repeating rifle patented in 1848 in the US using a chain or belt in the stock which carried paper cartridges to the breech of the gun.
Buchel Cartridge Magazine Gun: The first tubular cartridge magazine gun to be patented in the United States in February 1849.
Perry 'Faucet-Breech' Gun: A hinged or tilting breech repeating rifle patented in the US in December 1849 by Alonzo Perry using paper cartridges contained in several gravity-operated tubular magazines in the stock and a separate magazine for fulminate pills which were used for ignition.
Porter Self-Loading Gun: In February 1851 a loose-powder-and-ball percussion magazine gun invented by a Parry W. Porter, better known for the turret rifle he invented and to which the magazine for his loose-powder-and-ball gun was to be attached, was reported on in American newspapers and later in the same year a patent was procured by the inventor.
Needham Self-Loading Carbine: A self-loading carbine demonstrated in June 1851 at the Great Exhibition by Joseph Needham.
Renette Self-Loading Pocket Pistol: A self-loading pocket pistol demonstrated in 1851 at the Great Exhibition in London by the French inventor Gastinne Renette, using cylindro-conoidal bullets.
Bertonnet Self-Loading Firearm: It is mentioned in Hunt's Handbook to the Official Catalogues of the Great Exhibition of 1851 that a French inventor called Bertonnet demonstrated a self-loading firearm in 1851 at the Great Exhibition though no details are provided.
Dixon Self-Loading and Self-Priming Gun: A repeating gun demonstrated by a C. S. Dixon which won a silver award at the Annual Fair of the American Institute in October 1851.
The first slide action patent: Issued in Britain in 1854, to Alexander Bain who modified the mechanism of a harmonica gun.
1854 Lindner Revolving Rifle: In 1854 the German Edward Lindner patented in the United States and Britain a repeating rifle which used a revolving cylinder to elevate the cartridges, which were paper and could be either self-contained needlefire cartridges or use external percussion caps for ignition, to the breech from a tubular magazine located under the barrel.
Colette Gravity Pistol: a repeating saloon gun premiered at the 1855 World's Fair. Despite popularly being known as the Colette Gravity Pistol its original inventor was actually a Belgian called Jean Nicolas Herman.
Colt revolving rifle (1855)
Leroux Magazine Gun: At the Exposition Universelle (1855) in France a French gunsmith called Leroux demonstrated a repeating carbine with a magazine for 36 Flobert cartridges and which featured a novel cartridge extractor.
Spencer repeating rifle (1860)
Roper repeating shotgun (1866)
Mechanisms
Manual
In a manually-operated repeating firearm (or "manual repeater" for short), the user needs to manually apply force to the action to operate it, either directly to a handle on the bolt or an external hammer, or indirectly through a linkage connected to a lever or slide.
Revolver action
Revolvers use a rotating cylinder containing multiple chambers, which functions similarly to a rotary magazine (with each chamber holding a round of cartridge). When the hammer is cocked (either directly by hand, or indirect via trigger-pull), internal linkage will rotate the cylinder and index each chamber into alignment with the barrel bore. When firing, the bullet will make a slight "jump" across the gap between the cylinder and the barrel, creating out a small "breech blast" from any hot, high-pressure propellant gas that leaks out of the gap. The breech portion of the bore is also often widened slightly into a funnel-like "cone" to better facilitate the bullet jump across the cylinder gap.
Although multiple-barrel "pepper-box" guns had appeared for centuries and were popular handguns in the early 19th century, the revolver was the first true repeating handgun. In 1836, Samuel Colt applied a patent for a "revolving gun" later named the Colt Paterson; he was granted the patent on 25 February 1836 (later numbered 9430X). This instrument and patent No. 1304, dated 29 August 1836, protected the basic principles of his revolving-breech-loading, folding-trigger firearm and gave him a monopoly of revolver manufacture until 1857. It was the first practical revolver and the first practical repeating firearm, and became an industrial and cultural legacy as well as a contribution to the development of war technology, represented ironically by the name of one of his company's later innovations, the "Peacemaker".
While some early long guns were also made using the revolver mechanism, these did not have longevity as it posed a problem with long guns: without special sealing details, the cylinder produces a gas discharge close to the face when the weapon is fired from the shoulder, as was a common approach with rifles.
Revolver cannon
A revolver cannon is a large-caliber gun (cannon) that uses a revolver-like cylinder to speed up the loading-firing-ejection cycle. Unlike a rotary cannon, a revolver cannon has only a single gun barrel. An early precursor was the Puckle gun of 1718, a large manually-operated flintlock gun, whose design idea was impractical due to it being far ahead of what 18th century technology could achieve. During the 19th century, The Confederate Army used a single 2-inch revolver cannon with 5 manually rotated chambers during the Siege of Petersburg. The gun was captured in Danville, Virginia by the Union Army on 27 April 1865.
Modern revolver cannons are actually automatically operated weapons. In 1905, C. M. Clarke patented the first fully automatic, gas-operated rotary chamber gun, but his design was ignored at the time as it came as reciprocating-bolt automatic weapons like the Maxim gun and the Browning gun were peaking in popularity. In 1932, the Soviet ShKAS machine gun, a 7.62 mm calibre aircraft ordnance, used a twelve-round capacity, revolver-style feeding mechanism with a single barrel and single chamber, to achieve firing rates of well over 1800 rounds per minute, and as high as 3,000 rounds per minute in special test versions in 1939, all operating from internal gas-operated reloading. Some 150,000 ShKAS weapons were produced for arming Soviet military aircraft through 1945. Around 1935, Silin, Berezin and Morozenko worked on a 6000 rpm 7.62 mm aircraft machine gun using revolver design, called SIBEMAS (СИБЕМАС), but the project was abandoned.
It was not until the mid-1940s that the first practical modern revolver cannon emerged. The archetypal revolver cannon is the Mauser MK 213, from which almost all current revolver cannons are derived. In the immediate post-war era, Mauser engineers spread out from Germany and developed similar weapons around the world. Both the British and French made outright copies of the 30 mm versions of the MK 213, as the ADEN and DEFA, respectively. Switzerland produced the Oerlikon KCA. The American M39 cannon used the 20 mm version, re-chambered for a slightly longer 102 mm cartridge, intermediate between the 213's 82 mm and Hispano-Suiza HS.404's 110 mm. Several generations of the basic ADEN/DEFA weapons followed, remaining largely unchanged into the 1970s. Around that time, a new generation of weapons developed, based on the proposed NATO 25 mm caliber standard and the Mauser 27 mm round. A leading example is the Mauser BK-27. In the 1980s, the French developed the GIAT 30, a newer generation power-driven revolver cannon. The Rheinmetall RMK30 modifies the GIAT system further, by venting the gas to the rear to eliminate recoil. Larger experimental weapons have also been developed for anti-aircraft use, like the Anglo-Swiss twin barrel but single chamber 42 mm Oerlikon RK 421 given the code name "Red King" and the related single-barrel "Red Queen" – all of which were cancelled during development. The largest to see service is the Rheinmetall Millennium 35 mm Naval Gun System.
Soviet revolver cannon are less common than Western ones, especially on aircraft. A mechanism for a Soviet revolver-based machine gun was patented in 1944. The virtually unknown Rikhter R-23 was fitted only to some Tu-22 models, but later abandoned in favor of the two-barrel, Gast gun Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 in the Tu-22M. The Rikhter R-23 does have the distinction of being fired from the space station Salyut 3. The Soviet navy has also adopted a revolver design, the NN-30, typically in a dual mount in the AK-230 turret.
Lever-action
In a classic Henry-Winchester type lever-action firearm, cartridges are loaded tandemly into a tubular magazine below the barrel. A short bolt is manipulated via linkage to a pivoted cocking lever. Once closed, an over-center toggle action helps locking the bolt in place and prevents the breech from opening accidentally when the weapon is fired. The cocking lever is often integral with the trigger guard, and gets manually flexed down and forward when operated. An interlock prevents firing unless the toggle is fully closed. The famous Model 1873 Winchester is exemplary of this type. Later lever-action designs, such as Marlin lever guns and those designed for Winchester by John Browning, use one or two vertical locking blocks instead of a toggle-link. There also exist lever-action rifle/shotguns that feed from a box magazine, which allows them to use pointed bullets. Some of the early manual repeating pistols (e.g. Volcanic pistol) also use a scaled-down version of lever-action.
A one-off example of lever-action loading on an automatic firearm is the M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun. This weapon had a swinging lever beneath its barrel that was actuated by a gas bleed in the barrel, unlocking the breech to reload. This unique operation gave the nickname "potato digger" as the lever swung each time the weapon fired.
Pump-action
With a pump-action firearm, the action is operated by sliding a movable handguard on the fore-end backwards and forwards, with manipulated the bolt via linkage to eject a spent round, and extract and chamber a fresh round of ammunition. Pump-actions are usually associated with shotguns, but one example of a pump-action rifle is the Remington Model 7600 series. Rifles with pump action are also called slide-action. This style of rifle is still popular with some local law enforcement branches as a rifle that is easy to train officers who are already familiar with the pump shotgun.
Bolt-action
In bolt-action firearms, the bolt is operated by directly gripping a bolt handle (usually on the right side) to extract spent cartridges case, push new rounds into the chamber and reset the hammer/striker to ready the weapon for firing again.
Most bolt-action firearms use a rotating-bolt ("turn-and-pull") design. When the bolt is closed against the breech end of the gun barrel, it is locked onto the receiver via protruded lugs (usually on the bolt head) and occasionally also aided by the bolt handle that fits into a notch. To unlock the bolt, the handle must be rotated upwards first, which will shift the locking lugs out of their corresponding sockets. This allows the bolt to then be physically pulled rearwards, opening the barrel breech. An extractor on the bolt will hook onto the rim and pull out any cartridge (either fired or unused) remaining in the chamber, allowing it to be ejected from the gun. When the bolt is fully pulled to the rearmost position, the hammer/striker will get loaded against a spring and trapped by the sear, a process known as cocking. At the same time, the magazine will lift another round of its stored cartridges up into the path of the bolt head, so moving the bolt forwards will push this new round into the chamber. The bolt handle is then rotated downward for relocking, the gun is safe and ready for another firing. The Mauser Gewehr 98 rifle is the most famous and influential bolt-action design, with many similar weapons derived from its pioneering design concept, such as the Karabiner 98 Kurz (abbreviated often as Kar98k or simply K98), the M1903 Springfield and the Arisaka Type 38 rifles. The Russian Mosin–Nagant rifle, the British Lee–Enfield, and the Norwegian Krag–Jørgensen are examples of alternate bolt-action designs.
Another much rarer type of bolt-action is the straight-pull system, which uses complex bolt head mechanisms to facilitate locking. Straight-pull designs do not require the bolt handle to be rotated, allowing the user to cycle the action linearly, reducing the movements needed from four to only two and thus significantly increasing the rate of fire. Examples of such firearms include the Schmidt–Rubin, Mannlicher M1886/M1888/M1890/M1895, M1895 Lee Navy, Ross rifle, Anschütz 1827 Fortner, Blaser R93/R8 and VKS.
Autoloading
Self-loading (or autoloading) repeating firearms can use some of the excess energy released from propellant combustion to cycle its action and facilitate loading of subsequent rounds of ammunition into the chamber, without needing the user to do any extra loading work with his hands. Depending on whether the action can automatically perform both the loading and ignition procedures, or only automatically load the ammo but require manual actuation of the hammer/striker, self-loading repeaters can be categorized into fully automatic and semi-automatic firearms.
Blowback
In blowback operation, the bolt is not actually locked at the moment of firing. To prevent violent recoil, in most firearms using this mechanism the opening of the bolt is delayed in some way. In many small arms, the round is fired while the bolt is still travelling forward, and the bolt does not open until this forward momentum is overcome. Other methods involve delaying the opening until two rollers have been forced back into recesses in the receiver in which the bolt is carried. Simple blowback action is simple and inexpensive to manufacture, but is limited in the power it can handle, so it is seen on small caliber weapons such as machine pistols and submachine guns. Lever-delayed blowback, as seen in for example the French FAMAS assault rifle, can also handle more powerful cartridges but is more complicated and expensive to manufacture.
Blow-forward
Blow-forward firearms incorporates a frame with a fixed breech face and the barrel moves away from the breech (frame) during the cycle of operation, in contrast to blowback firearms, which have the frame fixed to the barrel and the breech face moves in relation to the frame. The breech face is a part of the moving slide or bolt, depending on the layout of the blowback firearm. During firing, the friction of the bullet traveling down the barrel and the bore pressure pulls the barrel forward. This mechanism contains a minimum of moving parts (the barrel and spring are generally the only moving parts) and is more compact than other operating mechanism of equal barrel length. However, due to the reduced mass of rear-moving parts coupled with the increased mass of the forward-moving parts (the barrel plus the bullet and propellant gasses), recoil energy is significantly greater than other operating mechanisms. Most blow-forward guns rely partially on the inertia of the barrel as the rest of the firearm recoil away from it.
The first blow-forward firearm was the Mannlicher M1894 pistol and protected under . The principle has been used in a few other weapons, including Schwarzlose Model 1908, Hino Komuro M1908, HIW VSK, Mk 20 Mod 0 grenade launcher, Pancor Jackhammer and Howa Type 96.
Recoil-operated
In a recoil-operated firearm, the breech is locked, and the barrel recoils as part of the firing cycle. In long-recoil actions, such as the Browning Auto-5 shotgun, the barrel and breechblock remain locked for the full recoil travel, and separate on the return; in short-recoil actions, typical of most semiautomatic handguns (e.g. the Colt M1911), the barrel recoils only a short distance before decoupling from the breechblock.
Gas-operated
In a gas-operated mechanism, a portion of the gases propelling the bullet from the barrel are extracted and used to operate a piston. The motion of this piston in turn unlocks and operates the bolt, which performs extraction of the spent cartridge and via spring action readies the next round. Almost all modern military rifles use mechanisms of this type.
Rotary-barrel
Rotary-barrel firearms (or rotary guns for short) uses multiple paraxial barrels in a rotating assembly, with each barrel firing automatically when rotated to a designated position, to achieve a rate of fire proportional to the speed of the barrel rotation. Rotary guns are typically belt-fed, though the earlier versions used top-mounted box magazines. Each barrel is paired with a cam-driven reciprocating action, so every barrel-action group is technically an independent repeater unit whose operating status corresponds to its rotational position within the assembly, and at any moment all the groups are at different stages of operating cycle to each other. Due to their capability to tolerate extremely rapid-firing (much higher than single-barreled automatic weapons of the same caliber), rotary guns are frequently used to deliver direct saturation fire for suppression and area denial. Early rotary guns are manually powered, and though quite successful at the time, was largely replaced from the battlefield before the turn of the 20th century by newer and more reliable machine guns such as the Maxim gun, but made a comeback during the Cold War in the form of automatic rotary cannons.
One of the main reasons for the resurgence of these electrically/hydraulically powered multiple-barrel guns is the system's inherent tolerance for continuous high rates of fire. For example, 1000 rounds per minute of continuous fire from a conventional single-barrel weapon ordinarily results in rapid barrel overheating followed by action stoppages caused also by overheating; in contrast, a five-barreled rotary gun firing 1000 rounds per minute endures only 200 rounds per minute for each barrel. The other factor is that while single-barrel designs can achieve high cycling rates, each loading-extraction cycle can only commence after the previous cycle is physically complete, or else the system will jam mechanically, and the risk of such malfunction increases exponentially with increasingly higher cycling rates; a multiple-barrel design however allows multiple barrel-action groups to work simultaneously in overlapped, differentially timed cycles, thus diffusing the operational stress of each action into the duration of an entire barrel rotation (which is multitudes more than the cycle time of a single-barrel automatic firearm with the same firing rate). The design also solves the problem of defective ammunition, which can cause a typical single-barrel machine gun to cease operation when a cartridge fails to load, fire or eject; as a rotary gun is normally powered by an external power source, the barrel rotation will continue independently, ejecting any defective rounds indifferently as part of the operational cycle, and the firing will merely experience a brief pause for that non-firing barrel before resuming to usual firing with other barrels.
Manual
The earliest rotary-barrel firearm is the Gatling gun, invented by Richard Jordan Gatling in 1861, and patented on 4 November 1862. The Gatling gun operated by a hand-crank mechanism, with six barrels revolving around a central shaft (although some models had as many as ten). Each barrel fires once per revolution at about the same 4 o'clock position. The barrels, a carrier and a lock cylinder were separate and all mounted on a solid plate, mounted on an oblong fixed frame. Manually turning the crank rotated the shaft. The carrier was grooved and the lock cylinder was drilled with holes corresponding to the barrels. Cartridges, held in a hopper-like magazine on top, dropped individually into the grooves of the carrier. The lock was simultaneously forced by the cam to move forward and load the cartridge, and when the cam was at its highest point, the cocking ring freed the lock and fired the cartridge. After the cartridge was fired the continuing action of the cam drew back the lock bringing with it the spent casing which then dropped to the ground.
The Gatling gun was first used in combat during the American Civil War. Twelve of the guns were purchased personally by Union Army commanders and used in the trenches during the Siege of Petersburg (June 1864 – April 1865). Eight other Gatling guns were fitted on gunboats. The gun was not accepted by the Army until 1866, when a sales representative of the manufacturing company demonstrated it in combat. On 17 July 1863, Gatling guns were purportedly used to overawe New York anti-draft rioters. Post-Civil War, two Gatling guns were brought by a Pennsylvania National Guard unit from Philadelphia to use against strikers in the Pittsburgh Railway riots. During the American Indian Wars, Gatling guns saw frequent service, though famously not used at the Battle of the Little Bighorn when Gen. George Armstrong Custer chose not to bring any with his main force. In 1885, Lieutenant Arthur L. Howard of the Connecticut National Guard took a personally owned Gatling gun to Saskatchewan, Canada for use with the Canadian military against Métis rebels during Louis Riel's North-West Rebellion.
Gatling guns were used by the U.S. Army during both the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War. A four-gun battery of Colt-made Model 1895 ten-barrel Gatling guns in .30 Army was formed into a separate detachment led by Lt. John "Gatling Gun" Parker. The detachment proved very effective, supporting the advance of American forces at the Battle of San Juan Hill. Three of the Gatlings with swivel mountings were used with great success against the Spanish defenders. Despite this, the Gatling's weight and cumbersome artillery carriage hindered its ability to keep up with infantry forces over difficult ground, particularly in Cuba and the Philippines, where outside the major cities there were heavily foliaged forests and steep mountain paths, and the roads were often little more than jungle footpaths.
Elsewhere, a Gatling gun was purchased in April 1867 for the Argentine Army by minister Domingo F. Sarmiento under instructions from president Bartolomé Mitre. Captain Luis Germán Astete of the Peruvian Navy took dozens of Gatling guns with him in December 1879 from the United States for use during the Peru-Chile War of the Pacific, especially in the Battle of Tacna (May 1880) and the Battle of San Juan (January 1881). The Gatling gun was used most successfully to expand European colonial empires in Africa to defeat mounting massed attacks by indigenous warriors (e.g. the Zulu, Bedouin, and Mahdists). Imperial Russia purchased 400 Gatling guns against Turkmen cavalry and other nomads of Central Asia. The British Army first deployed the Gatling gun in 1873–74 during the Anglo-Ashanti wars, and extensively during the latter actions of the 1879 Anglo-Zulu war. The Royal Navy used Gatling guns during the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War.
Automatic
After the original Gatling gun was replaced in service by newer recoil-/gas-operated machine guns, the approach of using multiple rotating barrels fell into disuse for many decades. However, some prototypes were developed during the interwar years, but rarely used. During World War I, Imperial Germany worked on the Fokker-Leimberger, an externally powered 12-barrel Gatling gun nicknamed "nutcracker", that could fire more than 7,200 rounds per minute, though many accused it of exaggeration. Failures during the war were attributed to the poor quality of German wartime ammunition, although the type of breech employed had ruptured-case problems in a British 1950s experimental weapon. Fokker continued to experiment with this type of breech after his post-war move to the United States. A different Fokker prototype in a US museum attests to the failure of this line of development.
After World War II, the U.S. Army Air Force determined that an improved automatic cannon with an extremely high rate of fire was required against fast-moving enemy jet aircraft. Using experience gained from the Luftwaffe MG 151 and MK 108 cannons, a larger-caliber cannon shell for the new gun was deemed desirable. In June 1946, the General Electric Company was awarded a U.S. military defense contract to develop a high-ROF aircraft gun, which GE termed "Project Vulcan". While researching prior work, ordnance engineers recalled the experimental electrically-driven Gatling weapons from the turn of the 20th century. In 1946, a Model 1903 Gatling gun borrowed from a museum was set up with an electric motor and test-fired, briefly managing a rate of 5,000 rounds per minute. In 1949, GE began testing the first model of its modified Gatling design, now called the Vulcan Gun. The first prototype was designated the T45 (Model A), firing ammunition at about 2,500 rounds per minute from six barrels, and in 1950 GE delivered ten initial Model A .60 cal. T45 guns for evaluation. Thirty-three model C T45 guns in three calibers (.60 cal., 20 mm and 27 mm) were delivered in 1952 for additional testing. After extensive testing, the T171 20mm gun was selected for further development, and was standardized by the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force in 1956 as the M61 Vulcan gun.
See also
Repeating rifle
Semi-automatic
References
Firearm actions |
Estrone methyl ether, or estrone 3-methyl ether, is a synthetic estrogen and estrogen ether – specifically, the C3 methyl ether of estrone – which was never marketed. It has been used to synthesize mestranol (ethinylestradiol 3-methyl ether).
See also
List of estrogen esters § Ethers of steroidal estrogens
References
Abandoned drugs
Estranes
Estrogen ethers
Ketones
Synthetic estrogens |
WYGC (104.9 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to High Springs, Florida and serving the Gainesville metropolitan area. It broadcasts a Country/Southern rock radio format, simulcasting WXUS 102.3 FM Dunnellon. It is owned by JVC Media through licensee JVC Mergeco, LLC and calls itself U.S. 102.3.
History
The station signed on the air in 1984. It previously broadcast a classic hits format as "104.9 WOW FM" until August 3, 2016, a country music format (simulcasting WTRS 102.3 FM Dunnellon, Florida) until February 10, 2014, and before that, a sports radio format as "105 The Game" until May 31, 2013.
On May 23, 2016, at 6 a.m., WOW FM moved over to sister station WXJZ, using a more powerful signal. On August 4, 2016, at midnight, WYGC ended its simulcast of WOW FM with WXJZ by flipping to a talk format branded as "104.9 - The Talk of Gainesville".
In 2017, WYGC flipped to a simulcast of WMFQ "Q92.9" in Ocala after a long period of dead air.
In March 2018, the station flipped to a 1980s-focused classic hits format branded as Y105. The station operated under a local marketing agreement by Circuitwerkes, using air staff from WGVR-LP. In early-November 2019, JVC Broadcasting announced that the station would flip to a hot talk format on November 11, Florida Man Radio, simulcasting WDYZ 660 AM in Orlando.
On July 7, 2023, JVC Media announced a sale of WYGC to the Educational Media Foundation.
References
External links
YGC
Radio stations established in 1984
1984 establishments in Florida
Country radio stations in the United States |
Johann August Karl Soller (14 March 1805 – 6 November 1853) was a Prussian, and later, German architect. He was one of the most important of Karl Friedrich Schinkel's pupils and is regarded as a representative of the Schinkel school. Soller became an influential proponent of , a Romanesque revival architectural style that became popular in German-speaking lands and among German diaspora during the 19th century.
Life and work
August Soller was born in Erfurt, Principality of Erfurt, in 1805. He worked as a land surveyor from 1820–1822 and completed his surveyor's examination on June 22, 1822 at the E. S. Unger Mathematical Institute. Soller then completed two and a half years of practical experience as a building inspector. To prepare for his master builder's examination, he moved to Berlin and lived with the family of his nephew Richard Lucae.
In 1829 Soller was licensed as a Prussian state architect. He then served in the provinces, particularly in the Province of Silesia. From 1830 to 1833 he worked as a royal construction foreman for the District Government in Liegnitz and for a time served as a construction inspector in Posen. His focus became the design of churches and the supervision of their construction. On June 1, 1833, he became a master builder for the Prussian Higher Council of Architecture () in Berlin and also became a member of the Berlin Academy of Architecture, known as the . During this period Soller was assistant to Karl Friedrich Schinkel, one of the most prominent architects in Germany. Soller took over the Department of Churches in the Construction Commission in 1841, and in 1843 was made Senior Privy Councillor () for Infrastructure. From 1851 onwards he served as Lead Councillor for construction in the Prussian Ministry of Trade.
His first completely independent work was the nearly three meter high tomb of General Ernst Ludwig von Tippelskirch in the ) in Berlin (1844). Soller also designed Berlin's second oldest Catholic Church constructed after the Reformation, the almost forgotten church St. Marien am Behnitz in Spandau (1848). In 2002 that church was transferred into private ownership and completely renovated. He led construction of the war monument in Berlin's (1851–1853) and designed the tower of the Luisenstädtische Kirche. As a curator of monuments, Soller was also involved in the construction of Cologne Cathedral and the restoration of Erfurt Cathedral and the Cathedral of Trier.
Soller's most important work is St. Michael's Church, Berlin (), the parish church of St. Michael and the city's third oldest Catholic church built after the Reformation. It was constructed between 1851–1861 to plans Soller had already completed in 1845 and occupies a dramatic position on the Luisenstadt Canal. After his early death in 1853, church financial difficulties then caused a break in construction in 1855. Soller was buried there in 1856 and the building was finally completed in 1861 by Andreas Simons, Martin Gropius and particularly Soller's nephew, Richard Lucae. The church was consecrated on the 28 October 1861, by the Bishop of Breslau in the presence of the King of Prussia, William I, the future Emperor of Germany.
Legacy
Since his health was poor and he died at only 48 years old, Soller's oeuvre is not as extensive as it might have been. His designs for the spire of the (1837) and the (1844), for instance, were never carried out. However, he is regarded as the best among the state architects of the period. He sought neither fame nor honors, instead dedicating himself to principles of sound architectural design.
As Soller's work became known through publications, it influenced American architects Richard M. Upjohn and James Renwick Jr. in the mid-1840s, effectively initiating a Romanesque revival in the United States. Soller's work also influenced Miklós Ybl, one of Europe's leading architects and Hungary's most influential during the mid to late 19th century.
A number of Soller's significant works were damaged in World War II and demolished in its aftermath. St. Michael's was heavily damaged on the night of Feb 3, 1945 during the bombing of Berlin. It was stabilized and partially restored between 1948 and 1953, with the installation of a worship space in the transept. More repair and restoration work continued between 1976 and 1998, although the front façade and nave remain a ruin. The survived the war without significant damage, but it became overshadowed by more pressing events surrounding the Berlin Blockade. It was demolished by the city on August 19, 1948. The Luisenstädtische Kirche burnt during the bombings of February 3, 1945, with Soller's west tower still standing. However, by 1961 the church's ruins were located in the boundary strip of the Berlin Wall and it too was demolished in 1964. The foundations still remain in the former cemetery, which is now a park.
Gallery
Writings
Soller, August: Entwürfe zu Kirchen, Pfarr- und Schul-Häusern zum amtl. Gebr. bearb. u. hrsg. von der Kgl. Preuss. Ober-Bau-Deputation. Potsdam: Riegel Lfg. 1 (1844) bis Lfg. 13 (1855)
References
Further reading
Erbkam, Georg: August Soller (Nekrolog). In: Zeitschrift für Bauwesen, 4. Jahrgang 1854, pp. 105–108. Full obituary online (in German).
External links
Homepage with detailed material on the church St. Marien am Behnitz in Spandau
Homepage of the parish of St. Hedwig, which includes the St. Michael's Church
1805 births
1853 deaths
19th-century German architects
People from Erfurt |
James Wyld (1812–1887) was a British geographer and map-seller, best known for Wyld's Great Globe.
He was the eldest son of James Wyld the Elder (1790–1836) and Eliza (née Legg). In 1838, he married Anne, the daughter of John Hester, and had two children, one of whom, James John Cooper Wyld also became a map publisher.
On his father's death in 1836, Wyld became the sole owner of the thriving family mapmaking business based in Charing Cross. His maps, which covered regions as diverse as London and the gold fields of California, were regarded highly, and Wyld himself had an excellent reputation as a mapmaker; he was elected as a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1839, and he was appointed Geographer to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert (as had been his father before him).
He had an opportunistic approach to the business and was a prolific publisher of maps and guides (so much so that Punch claimed that if a country were discovered in the interior of the Earth Wyld would produce a map of it "as soon as it is discovered, if not before"), but his projects were not always successful; although he profited from the "Railway Mania" of the later 1830s, he became entangled in a number of court cases with unsuccessful railway companies as a result, and he overreached himself by printing maps and guides of the London rail network which included stations and connections that were planned but subsequently not built. He helped start both the Association of Surveyors and the Surveyors' Institution to lobby against the Ordnance Survey, as he felt its activities threatened his business, but when these associations failed, he pragmatically got his company appointed as one of the six official outlets for the new OS maps. He had an account at the Royal British Bank, which collapsed in 1856, wiping out the savings of many of the depositors, but the extent of his losses is not recorded. Wyld was the chairman of the depositors committee which managed to negotiate a favourable return of 15 shillings in the pound from the shareholders.
He was also the Liberal MP for Bodmin, though his political career was on hiatus for much of the time that he managed the Great Globe. On his first election in 1848 there were charges of bribery at the polling stations, although it was decided that these accusations could not be substantiated, and he was allowed to take up his seat. His idea for the Great Globe had been many years in the formulation: a correspondent of Notes and Queries mentioned that as early as 1839, Wyld had broached the subject of a concave globe at a meeting to discuss an earlier giant globe project. This plan by William Vialls for a georama in London never progressed past the planning stage
References
External links
1812 births
1887 deaths
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
English cartographers
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Bodmin
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies |
Colin Maskill (born 15 March 1964) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s, and coached in the 1990s and 2000s. He played at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage No. 900), Leeds (Heritage No. 1149), Doncaster/Doncaster Dragons (Heritage No. 692) (two spells), Castleford (Heritage No. 722) and Featherstone Rovers (Heritage No. 744), as a goal-kicking , i.e. number 9, and coached at club level for Doncaster Dragons and Castleford (assistant coach).
Background
Colin Maskill's birth was registered in Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.
Playing career
County Cup Final appearances
Colin Maskill played in Leeds' 33-12 victory over Castleford in the 1988 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1988–89 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Sunday 16 October 1988.
John Player Special Trophy Final appearances
Colin Maskill played in Leeds' 14-15 defeat by St. Helens in the 1987–88 John Player Special Trophy Final during the 1987–88 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 9 January 1988.
Club career
Colin Maskill made his début for Wakefield Trinity during February 1982, he played his last match for Wakefield Trinity during the 1984–85 season, he made his début for Featherstone Rovers during the 1996 season, and he played his last match for Featherstone Rovers on Sunday 21 July 1996.
Genealogical information
Colin Maskill is the father of the rugby league for Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, Leeton Galloping Greens (in Leeton, New South Wales, Australia), Queanbeyan Kangaroos of the Canberra Rugby League (in Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia), and Featherstone Rovers; Danny "Dan" Maskill (born ).
References
External links
Tigers sign new academy coaches
Rovers trialist Maskill set to face Castleford in Boxing Day match
(archived by web.archive.org) Maskill joins Castleford backroom staff
1964 births
Living people
Castleford Tigers players
Doncaster R.L.F.C. coaches
Doncaster R.L.F.C. players
English rugby league coaches
English rugby league players
Featherstone Rovers players
Leeds Rhinos players
Rugby league hookers
Rugby league players from Wakefield
Wakefield Trinity players |
Joseph Howard Romig (born April 11, 1941) is an American former college football player. Best known for playing for the Colorado Buffaloes, he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1984. After playing football, Romig studied at the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar and went on to earn a doctorate in astrogeophysics.
Early years
Romig was born in Salt Lake City in 1941; his parents divorced when he was young, and his mother died of cancer when he was a junior in high school. His paternal grandfather was Joseph H. Romig, a notable missionary doctor in Alaska. Romig attended Lakewood High School in Lakewood, Colorado, where he played football as a halfback and was a state wrestling champion in his weight class.
College career
Romig then attended the University of Colorado, where he played on the Buffaloes football team. He was a member of the varsity for the 1959–1961 seasons, playing as guard on offense and linebacker on defense. Romig was selected as captain of the 1961 team, his senior season. The Buffaloes had regular-season records of 5–5, 7–3, and 9–1 during his three seasons, during which the team was coached by Sonny Grandelius. Romig's uniform number of 67 was retired by the Colorado Buffaloes following his senior season.
Romig appeared in one bowl game, the 1962 Orange Bowl, which was his final game for Colorado. He was named the UPI Lineman of the Year for the 1961 season, and also received the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy for that season. He was named to All-Big Eight Conference teams each of his varsity seasons, and he was a consensus selection to College Football All-America Teams during his junior and senior seasons.
Personal life
Scholastically, Romig majored in physics at Colorado, and maintained a 3.9 grade point average. After graduating, he attended the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned a master's degree from Oxford in plasma physics in 1965. He then returned to the U.S. and worked for Martin Marietta while also pursuing a doctorate in astrogeophysics at Colorado; he earned his Ph.D. in the mid-1970s. In 1975, he went to work as a consultant for venture capitalists, then in 1980 he started to do forensic investigations of fires and explosions. As of 2014, Romig was still doing consulting work in the fire investigation industry. He taught astronomy in continuing education at Colorado for 34 years.
Romig was first married circa 1966 after completing his Oxford studies; that marriage ended in divorce after seven years. He later remarried—his second wife, Barbara, worked for the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History for 40 years. Romig has served as a member of that museum's advisory board.
Honors
Romig is an inductee of multiple halls of fame, including:
Colorado Sports Hall of Fame (1973)
College Football Hall of Fame (1984)
Colorado Buffaloes No. 67 retired
Academic All-America Hall of Fame (1989)
Colorado High School Activities Association Hall of Fame (1993)
University of Colorado Athletic Hall of Fame (1999)
National Wrestling Hall of Fame (2003)
Notes
References
External links
1941 births
Living people
20th-century American physicists
21st-century American physicists
American male sport wrestlers
American football guards
American football linebackers
Colorado Buffaloes football players
American Rhodes Scholars
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Lakewood, Colorado
Sportspeople from Jefferson County, Colorado
Players of American football from Colorado
Players of American football from Salt Lake City |
Leptogenys elongata is a species of ant in the family Formicidae.
References
Further reading
External links
Ponerinae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1866 |
Micić and Mićić (), anglicized as Micic, are Serbian surnames. Notable people with these names include:
Micic
Frank Micic (born 1940), Australian association football midfielder
Rale Micic (born 1975), Serbian jazz guitarist and composer
Micić
Nina Micić (born 1991), Serbian snowboarder
Vasilije Micić (born 1994) Serbian basketball player
Mićić
Branislav Mićić (born 1990), Swiss football defender
Danijel Mićić (born 1988), Austrian football midfielder
Dragan Mićić (born 1969), Serbian football coach and forward
Dušan Mićić (born 1984), Serbian football midfielder
Jordanka Belić (born 1964 as Mičić), Serbian and German chess grandmaster
Marijana Mićić (born 1983), Serbian television host and actress
Milica Mićić Dimovska (1947–2013), Serbian writer
Nataša Mićić (born 1965), Serbian politician |
Francesco Ripa (born 5 November 1985) is an Italian footballer who plays as a forward for Campobasso 1919.
Career
Born in Battipaglia, Campania, Ripa started his career at hometown club Battipagliese. After 2 Serie D seasons, he moved to Potenza of 2004–05 Serie C2 but in the mid-season returned to amateur league (Serie Dilettanti) for Sorrento, which the team won promotion in 2006 and again in 2007, thanks to his goals.
In 2009, he left for Pro Patria, and in January 2011 moved to Nocerina, winning the promotion to Serie B. At the start of 2011–12 Serie B, he was awarded no.85 shirt.
On 31 August 2011 he left for Como in temporary deal. Nocerina relegated back to the third division in 2012. However Ripa did not play any match for the Campania side. On 9 January 2013 he was signed by L'Aquila. The club won promotion from Lega Pro 2nd Division to L.P. Prime Division, the third level of Italian football. However, on 22 August he was signed by Arzanese.
He was the top-scorer of the Group B of LP Seconda Divisione in that season, 1 goal behind Massimiliano Varricchio of Group A as joint-second top-scorer of the whole fourth division, along with Danilo Alessandro, Roberto Floriano (both Group A).
In 2014–15 season he was signed by Lega Pro Divisione Unica club Juve Stabia.
On 8 January 2020 he signed with Serie C club Picerno.
References
External links
Football.it Profile
1985 births
Footballers from the Province of Salerno
Living people
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Potenza SC players
ASD Sorrento players
Aurora Pro Patria 1919 players
ASG Nocerina players
Como 1907 players
L'Aquila 1927 players
SS Juve Stabia players
Catania FC players
SS Leonzio 1909 players
Serie C players
Serie D players
AZ Picerno players |
Ogonowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Glinojeck, within Ciechanów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
References
Ogonowo |
Saam Daam Dand Bhed is an Indian political drama series that aired on Star Bharat. It is produced by Shakuntalam Telefilms. The show went on air on 28 August 2017.
Plot
The story revolves around Vijay Namdhari and his political journey, where the lust for power tests the bonds of love, family and friendship.
Cast
Main
Bhanu Uday as Vijay Namdhari, Anant's best friend, Bulbul's husband and Mandira's love interest
Varun Toorkey as Anant Singh Baghel, Vijay's best friend, Mandira's husband and King of Kaushalpur
Sonal Vengurlekar as Mandira Singh Rajput, CM's daughter, Anant's wife
Aishwarya Khare as Bulbul Namdhari, Vijay's wife and love interest
Recurring
Perneet Chauhan as Tejaswini Singh Baghel, Anant's elder sister
Gireesh Sahedev as Pankaj Chaudhary, Vijay's rival, CM's cousin and Mandira's uncle
Shashank Vatsya as Rambodh
Aishwarya Raj Bhakuni as Ragini, as Pankaj Chaudhary's kidnapee
Aalok Kapoor as Raghavji, a manipulator politician
Pradeep Shukla as Raguvansh Singh Rajput, aka Baba (Chief Minister aka CM)
Akshay Anand as Prabhat Namdhari, Vijay's elder brother
Eva Ahuja as Sadhna Namdhari, Prabhat's wife
Aakarshan Singh as Agastya Namdhari, Vijay's younger brother
Niel Satpuda as Angad Namdhari, Vijay's Nephew, Prabhat and Sadhna's son
Afia Tayebali as Vasundra Namdhari, Vijay's Niece, Prabhat and Sadhna's daughter
Adish Vaidya/Devesh Sharma as Yug, Vasu's husband
Abhishek Singh Rajput as Girl's hostel guy
References
2017 Indian television series debuts
Hindi-language television shows
Indian drama television series
Star Bharat original programming
2018 Indian television series endings
Indian political television series |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var resolve = require( 'path' ).resolve;
var bench = require( '@stdlib/bench' );
var randu = require( '@stdlib/random/base/randu' );
var isnan = require( '@stdlib/math/base/assert/is-nan' );
var pow = require( '@stdlib/math/base/special/pow' );
var Float32Array = require( '@stdlib/array/float32' );
var tryRequire = require( '@stdlib/utils/try-require' );
var pkg = require( './../package.json' ).name;
// VARIABLES //
var sstdev = tryRequire( resolve( __dirname, './../lib/sstdev.native.js' ) );
var opts = {
'skip': ( sstdev instanceof Error )
};
// FUNCTIONS //
/**
* Creates a benchmark function.
*
* @private
* @param {PositiveInteger} len - array length
* @returns {Function} benchmark function
*/
function createBenchmark( len ) {
var x;
var i;
x = new Float32Array( len );
for ( i = 0; i < x.length; i++ ) {
x[ i ] = ( randu()*20.0 ) - 10.0;
}
return benchmark;
function benchmark( b ) {
var v;
var i;
b.tic();
for ( i = 0; i < b.iterations; i++ ) {
v = sstdev( x.length, 1, x, 1 );
if ( isnan( v ) ) {
b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
}
}
b.toc();
if ( isnan( v ) ) {
b.fail( 'should not return NaN' );
}
b.pass( 'benchmark finished' );
b.end();
}
}
// MAIN //
/**
* Main execution sequence.
*
* @private
*/
function main() {
var len;
var min;
var max;
var f;
var i;
min = 1; // 10^min
max = 6; // 10^max
for ( i = min; i <= max; i++ ) {
len = pow( 10, i );
f = createBenchmark( len );
bench( pkg+'::native:len='+len, opts, f );
}
}
main();
``` |
The 1984–85 Iona Gaels men's basketball team represented Iona College during the 1984–85 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Gaels, led fifth-year by head coach Pat Kennedy, played their home games at the Hynes Athletic Center and were members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. The Gaals finished atop the MAAC regular season standings, and would go on to win the MAAC Basketball tournament to receive an automatic bid to the 1984 NCAA tournament. As the No. 13 seed in the East region, the Gaels lost to No. 4 seed Loyola–Chicago in the opening round.
Roster
Schedule and results
|-
!colspan=9 style=| Regular season
|-
!colspan=9 style=| MAAC tournament
|-
!colspan=9 style=| NCAA tournament
References
Iona Gaels men's basketball seasons
Iona
Iona
Iona Gaels men's basketball
Iona Gaels men's basketball |
```java
package com.lzx.demo.ui;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.Message;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.support.v7.widget.LinearLayoutManager;
import android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.View;
import com.github.jdsjlzx.ItemDecoration.DividerDecoration;
import com.github.jdsjlzx.interfaces.OnItemClickListener;
import com.github.jdsjlzx.interfaces.OnItemLongClickListener;
import com.github.jdsjlzx.interfaces.OnLoadMoreListener;
import com.github.jdsjlzx.interfaces.OnNetWorkErrorListener;
import com.github.jdsjlzx.interfaces.OnRefreshListener;
import com.github.jdsjlzx.recyclerview.LRecyclerView;
import com.github.jdsjlzx.recyclerview.LRecyclerViewAdapter;
import com.github.jdsjlzx.recyclerview.ProgressStyle;
import com.lzx.demo.R;
import com.lzx.demo.adapter.MultipleItemAdapter;
import com.lzx.demo.bean.MultipleItem;
import com.lzx.demo.util.AppToast;
import com.lzx.demo.util.NetworkUtils;
import com.lzx.demo.view.SampleHeader;
import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
import java.util.ArrayList;
/**
* HeaderViewLinearLayout RecyclerView
*/
public class MulItemLinearLayoutActivity extends AppCompatActivity{
private static final String TAG = "lzx";
/***/
private static final int TOTAL_COUNTER = 64;
/***/
private static final int REQUEST_COUNT = 10;
/***/
private static int mCurrentCounter = 0;
private LRecyclerView mRecyclerView = null;
private MultipleItemAdapter mMultipleItemAdapter = null;
private PreviewHandler mHandler = new PreviewHandler(this);
private LRecyclerViewAdapter mLRecyclerViewAdapter = null;
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.sample_ll_activity);
Toolbar toolbar = (Toolbar) findViewById(R.id.toolbar);
setSupportActionBar(toolbar);
getSupportActionBar().setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true);
mRecyclerView = (LRecyclerView) findViewById(R.id.list);
mMultipleItemAdapter = new MultipleItemAdapter(this);
mLRecyclerViewAdapter = new LRecyclerViewAdapter(mMultipleItemAdapter);
mRecyclerView.setAdapter(mLRecyclerViewAdapter);
DividerDecoration divider = new DividerDecoration.Builder(this)
.setHeight(R.dimen.default_divider_height)
.setPadding(R.dimen.default_divider_padding)
.setColorResource(R.color.split)
.build();
mRecyclerView.setHasFixedSize(true);
mRecyclerView.addItemDecoration(divider);
mRecyclerView.setLayoutManager(new LinearLayoutManager(this));
mRecyclerView.setRefreshProgressStyle(ProgressStyle.BallSpinFadeLoader);
mRecyclerView.setArrowImageView(R.drawable.ic_pulltorefresh_arrow);
mLRecyclerViewAdapter.addHeaderView( new SampleHeader(this));
mRecyclerView.setOnRefreshListener(new OnRefreshListener() {
@Override
public void onRefresh() {
mMultipleItemAdapter.clear();
mLRecyclerViewAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();//fix bug:crapped or attached views may not be recycled. isScrap:false isAttached:true
mCurrentCounter = 0;
requestData();
}
});
mRecyclerView.setOnLoadMoreListener(new OnLoadMoreListener() {
@Override
public void onLoadMore() {
if (mCurrentCounter < TOTAL_COUNTER) {
// loading more
requestData();
} else {
//the end
mRecyclerView.setNoMore(true);
}
}
});
mRecyclerView.setLScrollListener(new LRecyclerView.LScrollListener() {
@Override
public void onScrollUp() {
}
@Override
public void onScrollDown() {
}
@Override
public void onScrolled(int distanceX, int distanceY) {
}
@Override
public void onScrollStateChanged(int state) {
}
});
mRecyclerView.refresh();
mLRecyclerViewAdapter.setOnItemClickListener(new OnItemClickListener() {
@Override
public void onItemClick(View view, int position) {
MultipleItem item = mMultipleItemAdapter.getDataList().get(position);
AppToast.showShortText(MulItemLinearLayoutActivity.this, item.getTitle());
}
});
mLRecyclerViewAdapter.setOnItemLongClickListener(new OnItemLongClickListener() {
@Override
public void onItemLongClick(View view, int position) {
MultipleItem item = mMultipleItemAdapter.getDataList().get(position);
AppToast.showShortText(MulItemLinearLayoutActivity.this, "onItemLongClick - " + item.getTitle());
}
});
}
private void notifyDataSetChanged() {
mLRecyclerViewAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
}
private void addItems(ArrayList<MultipleItem> list) {
mMultipleItemAdapter.addAll(list);
mCurrentCounter += list.size();
}
private class PreviewHandler extends Handler {
private WeakReference<MulItemLinearLayoutActivity> ref;
PreviewHandler(MulItemLinearLayoutActivity activity) {
ref = new WeakReference<>(activity);
}
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
final MulItemLinearLayoutActivity activity = ref.get();
if (activity == null || activity.isFinishing()) {
return;
}
switch (msg.what) {
case -1:
int currentSize = activity.mMultipleItemAdapter.getItemCount();
//10
ArrayList<MultipleItem> newList = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (newList.size() + currentSize >= TOTAL_COUNTER) {
break;
}
MultipleItem item ;
if(i == 2){
item = new MultipleItem(MultipleItem.IMG);
}else {
item = new MultipleItem(MultipleItem.TEXT);
}
item.setTitle("item"+(currentSize+i));
newList.add(item);
}
activity.addItems(newList);
activity.mRecyclerView.refreshComplete(REQUEST_COUNT);
activity.notifyDataSetChanged();
break;
case -2:
activity.notifyDataSetChanged();
break;
case -3:
activity.mRecyclerView.refreshComplete(REQUEST_COUNT);
activity.notifyDataSetChanged();
activity.mRecyclerView.setOnNetWorkErrorListener(new OnNetWorkErrorListener() {
@Override
public void reload() {
requestData();
}
});
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
/**
*
*/
private void requestData() {
Log.d(TAG, "requestData");
new Thread() {
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
try {
Thread.sleep(800);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
//
if(NetworkUtils.isNetAvailable(MulItemLinearLayoutActivity.this)) {
mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(-1);
} else {
mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(-3);
}
}
}.start();
}
@Override
public boolean onPrepareOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_main_refresh, menu);
return true;
}
@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
if (item.getItemId() == android.R.id.home) {
finish();
} else if (item.getItemId() == R.id.menu_refresh) {
mRecyclerView.forceToRefresh();
}
return true;
}
}
``` |
Wojciechów () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przedbórz, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately east of Przedbórz, east of Radomsko, and south-east of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Villages in Radomsko County |
Dick Baker (1938 – August 1, 2001) was a Canadian racecar driver who was inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame in 2002 for his accomplishments in vintage racing. He was the founder of Can-Truck, a trucking company, and had been Chairman of the Board of the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame.
References
1938 births
2001 deaths
People from Prince Edward County, Ontario
Racing drivers from Ontario
Canadian racing drivers |
This is a list of episodes from The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries, featuring Granny, Sylvester, Tweety and Hector as globe-trotting detectives.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (1995–96)
Season 2 (1996–97)
Note: All seasons from here on out now have two 11-minute segments instead of a full-length episode.
Season 3 (1997–98)
Season 4 (1998–99)
Season 5 (1999–2002)
Beginning this season, the show switches from traditional hand-painted cels to digital ink and paint. The final episode, consisting of the stories "The Tail End" and "This is the End", was meant to air in 2000 but the show was cancelled before it could air, and didn't air on television until December 18, 2002, on Cartoon Network.
References
External links
Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries |
The Columbian Theatre is a richly historic music hall from the turn of the 20th century located in Wamego, Kansas.
Early history
This music hall was built in 1893 by J. C. Rogers, a Wamego banker. He had been amazed by the scope and beauty of the exhibits at 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, which celebrated the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’ discovery of America, The New World. The Exposition, more commonly known today as the Chicago World's Fair, was a “White City,” covering with 200 buildings. It was open for six months and had attendance which ranked as high as nearly one half for the entire population of the United States at that time.
This same fantasy land was Frank Baum’s inspiration a few years later when he described his Emerald City. So it is easy to understand Rogers’ fascination with the vision and his desire to recreate a music hall in that image in his own town. He purchased actual art and decor from the World's Fair once it had closed and this was used to create the plans for the Columbian Theatre.
As a music hall
In the late 1890s and early 1900s, the events at music halls consisted of a combination of community events, concerts, plays, masque balls and vaudeville. The Columbian Theatre was no exception to this and the hall became a center of entertainment activity for the local community.
Original 1893 artwork
As part of Rogers purchases from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition owners, he obtained a significant collection of artwork. Some of the paintings were done in oil, while more significantly, many of the paintings were created using distempera (which is a typically Northern European form of tempera which is oil or animal-glue-based paint). There are a total of twenty original Columbian Exposition paintings still in the collection.
The original six paintings that hung in the theatre were of a set of eight that was commissioned by the Federal Government. They are by in size. An article in Scientific American, Spring, 1894, listed J.C. Rogers as buying the eight paintings from the rotunda of the Government building. (The whereabouts of the remaining two are unknown.) They were likely painted by Ernest Theodore Behr (1861–1922).
Current Activity
The Columbian Theatre is currently a local venue for theatre arts, such as plays and musicals. The concept which is in vogue is that of a “dinner theatre,” where patrons can come just for the performance or to make a whole evening with a dinner and performance. These productions take place in the beautifully decorated Peddicord Playhouse, which is a 288-seat theatre with proscenium stage and as was typical in 1890 music halls, a flat floor.
Today's Columbian Theatre Museum and Arts Center is an active member of the Manhattan Area Arts and Humanities Coalition .
Trivia
Frank Baum’s Wizard of Oz centers today in Wamego Wamego#Oz
References
The Columbian Theatre
The World’s Columbia Exposition
Google Street View
Event venues established in 1893
World's Columbian Exposition
Theatres in Kansas
Buildings and structures in Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Arts centers in Kansas
Art museums and galleries in Kansas
Museums in Pottawatomie County, Kansas |
Lynda Sutfin (born October 6, 1962) is an American athlete. She competed in the women's javelin throw at the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1988 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1962 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1987 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
American female javelin throwers
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Place of birth missing (living people)
Pan American Games track and field athletes for the United States
21st-century American women |
```kotlin
package net.corda.node.services.statemachine
import co.paralleluniverse.fibers.Suspendable
import net.corda.core.flows.Destination
import net.corda.core.flows.FlowException
import net.corda.core.flows.FlowLogic
import net.corda.core.flows.FlowSession
import net.corda.core.flows.InitiatedBy
import net.corda.core.flows.InitiatingFlow
import net.corda.core.flows.StartableByRPC
import net.corda.core.flows.UnexpectedFlowEndException
import net.corda.core.identity.Party
import net.corda.core.identity.PartyAndCertificate
import net.corda.core.internal.mapToSet
import net.corda.core.serialization.CordaSerializable
import net.corda.core.utilities.getOrThrow
import net.corda.core.utilities.unwrap
import net.corda.testing.core.ALICE_NAME
import net.corda.testing.core.singleIdentity
import net.corda.testing.node.internal.InternalMockNetwork
import net.corda.testing.node.internal.InternalMockNodeParameters
import net.corda.testing.node.internal.TestStartedNode
import net.corda.testing.node.internal.enclosedCordapp
import net.corda.testing.node.internal.startFlow
import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy
import org.junit.AfterClass
import org.junit.BeforeClass
import org.junit.Test
import kotlin.test.assertEquals
class FlowParallelMessagingTests {
companion object {
private lateinit var mockNet: InternalMockNetwork
private lateinit var senderNode: TestStartedNode
private lateinit var recipientNode1: TestStartedNode
private lateinit var recipientNode2: TestStartedNode
private lateinit var notaryIdentity: Party
private lateinit var senderParty: Party
private lateinit var recipientParty1: Party
private lateinit var recipientParty2: Party
@BeforeClass
@JvmStatic
fun setup() {
mockNet = InternalMockNetwork(
cordappsForAllNodes = listOf(enclosedCordapp())
)
senderNode = mockNet.createNode(InternalMockNodeParameters(legalName = ALICE_NAME.copy(organisation = "SenderNode")))
recipientNode1 = mockNet.createNode(InternalMockNodeParameters(legalName = ALICE_NAME.copy(organisation = "RecipientNode1")))
recipientNode2 = mockNet.createNode(InternalMockNodeParameters(legalName = ALICE_NAME.copy(organisation = "RecipientNode2")))
notaryIdentity = mockNet.defaultNotaryIdentity
senderParty = senderNode.info.singleIdentity()
recipientParty1 = recipientNode1.info.singleIdentity()
recipientParty2 = recipientNode2.info.singleIdentity()
}
@AfterClass
@JvmStatic
fun cleanUp() {
mockNet.stopNodes()
}
}
@Test(timeout=300_000)
fun `messages can be exchanged in parallel using sendAll & receiveAll between multiple parties successfully`() {
val messages = mapOf(
recipientParty1 to MessageType.REPLY,
recipientParty2 to MessageType.REPLY
)
val flow = senderNode.services.startFlow(SenderFlow(messages))
mockNet.runNetwork()
val result = flow.resultFuture.getOrThrow()
assertEquals("ok", result)
}
@Test(timeout=300_000)
fun `flow exceptions from counterparties during receiveAll are handled properly`() {
val messages = mapOf(
recipientParty1 to MessageType.REPLY,
recipientParty2 to MessageType.GRACEFUL_FAILURE
)
val flow = senderNode.services.startFlow(SenderFlow(messages))
mockNet.runNetwork()
assertThatThrownBy{ flow.resultFuture.getOrThrow() }
.isInstanceOf(FlowException::class.java)
.hasMessage("graceful failure")
}
@Test(timeout=300_000)
fun `runtime exceptions from counterparties during receiveAll are handled properly`() {
val messages = mapOf(
recipientParty1 to MessageType.REPLY,
recipientParty2 to MessageType.CRASH
)
val flow = senderNode.services.startFlow(SenderFlow(messages))
mockNet.runNetwork()
assertThatThrownBy{ flow.resultFuture.getOrThrow() }
.isInstanceOf(UnexpectedFlowEndException::class.java)
}
@Test(timeout=300_000)
fun `initial session messages and existing session messages can be sent together using sendAll`() {
val flow = senderNode.services.startFlow(StagedSenderFlow(listOf(recipientParty1, recipientParty2)))
mockNet.runNetwork()
val result = flow.resultFuture.getOrThrow()
assertEquals("ok", result)
}
@Test(timeout=300_000)
fun `messages can be exchanged successfully even between anonymous parties`() {
val senderAnonymousParty = senderNode.createConfidentialIdentity(senderParty)
val firstRecipientAnonymousParty = recipientNode1.createConfidentialIdentity(recipientParty1)
senderNode.verifyAndRegister(firstRecipientAnonymousParty)
val secondRecipientAnonymousParty = recipientNode2.createConfidentialIdentity(recipientParty2)
senderNode.verifyAndRegister(secondRecipientAnonymousParty)
val messages = mapOf(
senderAnonymousParty.party.anonymise() to MessageType.REPLY,
firstRecipientAnonymousParty.party.anonymise() to MessageType.REPLY,
secondRecipientAnonymousParty.party.anonymise() to MessageType.REPLY
)
val flow = senderNode.services.startFlow(SenderFlow(messages))
mockNet.runNetwork()
val result = flow.resultFuture.getOrThrow()
assertEquals("ok", result)
}
@Test(timeout=300_000)
fun `a flow cannot invoke receiveAll with duplicate sessions`() {
val flow = senderNode.services.startFlow(InvalidReceiveFlow(listOf(recipientParty1), String::class.java))
mockNet.runNetwork()
assertThatThrownBy{ flow.resultFuture.getOrThrow() }
.isInstanceOf(java.lang.IllegalArgumentException::class.java)
.hasMessage("A flow session can only appear once as argument.")
}
fun TestStartedNode.createConfidentialIdentity(party: Party) =
services.keyManagementService.freshKeyAndCert(services.myInfo.legalIdentitiesAndCerts.single { it.name == party.name }, false)
fun TestStartedNode.verifyAndRegister(identity: PartyAndCertificate) =
services.identityService.verifyAndRegisterIdentity(identity)
@StartableByRPC
@InitiatingFlow
class SenderFlow(private val parties: Map<out Destination, MessageType>): FlowLogic<String>() {
@Suspendable
override fun call(): String {
val messagesPerSession = parties.toList().associate { (party, messageType) ->
val session = initiateFlow(party)
Pair(session, messageType)
}
sendAllMap(messagesPerSession)
val messages = receiveAll(String::class.java, messagesPerSession.keys.toList())
messages.map { it.unwrap { payload -> assertEquals("pong", payload) } }
return "ok"
}
}
@Suppress("TooGenericExceptionThrown")
@InitiatedBy(SenderFlow::class)
class RecipientFlow(private val otherPartySession: FlowSession): FlowLogic<String>() {
@Suspendable
override fun call(): String {
val msg = otherPartySession.receive<MessageType>().unwrap { it }
when (msg) {
MessageType.REPLY -> otherPartySession.send("pong")
MessageType.GRACEFUL_FAILURE -> throw FlowException("graceful failure")
MessageType.CRASH -> throw RuntimeException("crash")
}
return "ok"
}
}
@StartableByRPC
@InitiatingFlow
class StagedSenderFlow(private val parties: List<Destination>): FlowLogic<String>() {
@Suspendable
override fun call(): String {
if (parties.size < 2) {
throw IllegalArgumentException("at least two parties required for staged execution")
}
val sessions = parties.mapToSet(::initiateFlow)
sessions.first().send(StagedMessageType.INITIAL_RECIPIENT)
sessions.first().receive<String>().unwrap{ payload -> assertEquals("pong", payload) }
sendAll(StagedMessageType.REGULAR_RECIPIENT, sessions)
val messages = receiveAll(String::class.java, sessions.toList())
messages.map { it.unwrap { payload -> assertEquals("pong", payload) } }
return "ok"
}
}
@InitiatedBy(StagedSenderFlow::class)
class StagedRecipientFlow(private val otherPartySession: FlowSession): FlowLogic<String>() {
@Suspendable
override fun call(): String {
val msg = otherPartySession.receive<StagedMessageType>().unwrap { it }
when (msg) {
StagedMessageType.INITIAL_RECIPIENT -> {
otherPartySession.send("pong")
otherPartySession.receive<StagedMessageType>().unwrap { payload -> assertEquals(StagedMessageType.REGULAR_RECIPIENT, payload) }
otherPartySession.send("pong")
}
StagedMessageType.REGULAR_RECIPIENT -> otherPartySession.send("pong")
}
return "ok"
}
}
@StartableByRPC
@InitiatingFlow
class InvalidReceiveFlow<R: Any>(private val parties: List<Party>, private val payloadType: Class<R>): FlowLogic<String>() {
@Suspendable
override fun call(): String {
val sessions = parties.flatMap { party ->
val session = initiateFlow(party)
listOf(session, session)
}
receiveAll(payloadType, sessions)
return "ok"
}
}
@CordaSerializable
enum class MessageType {
REPLY,
GRACEFUL_FAILURE,
CRASH
}
@CordaSerializable
enum class StagedMessageType {
INITIAL_RECIPIENT,
REGULAR_RECIPIENT
}
}
``` |
The Canton of Les Anses-d'Arlet is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Le Marin on the island of Martinique. It had 3,900 inhabitants as of 2012. It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Les Anses-d'Arlet.
References
Cantons of Martinique |
Ilan Goldfajn (born 12 March 1966) is a Brazilian economist, former governor of the Central Bank of Brazil and former director of the International Monetary Fund's Western Hemisphere Department. In December 2022, he became president of the Inter-American Development Bank.
Biography
Goldfajn was born in Haifa, Israel. He is Jewish. He graduated in economics from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, received a master's degree from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro and a doctorate from MIT where he completed his dissertation under the advisory of Stanley Fischer and Rudi Dornbusch.
He was appointed to the position of governor of the Central Bank of Brazil by Minister of Finance Henrique Meirelles on May 12, 2016. He oversaw the implementation of significant regulatory changes that opened the door to new players in the financial services industry, spurred innovation and digitalization, and fostered the growth of fintech companies, all of which bolstered Brazil’s financial sector.
Goldfajn was chosen central banker of the year by The Banker magazine in 2017, and best central banker by Global Finance magazine in 2018.
On September 13, 2021, he was appointed Director of the IMF's Western Hemisphere Department by Director-General Kristalina Georgieva, to assume office on January 3, 2022. He helped countries implement IMF-supported programs to address an array of challenges and also contributed to shaping the region’s policy dialogue on climate change, which led to the IMF’s first Resilience and Sustainability Facility.
On November 20, 2022, he was elected president of the Inter-American Development Bank, assuming office on December 19 of the same year.
Goldfajn's private-sector experience includes key positions at three of Brazil’s leading financial institutions: chief economist and partner at Itaú Unibanco, founding partner at Ciano Investimentos, and partner and economist at Gávea Investimentos. He also served as chairman of Credit Suisse Brazil’s Advisory Board.
Goldfajn has also held several consultant roles at top international finance and governance institutions, including the World Bank, the United Nations and the IMF.
He has taught economics at various universities in Brazil and the United States, has been an editor of several publications and has published numerous articles and books.
Goldfajn speaks English, Portuguese, Spanish and Hebrew.
Bibliography
References
|-
1966 births
Brazilian economists
Brazilian Jews
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro alumni
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
People from Haifa
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro alumni
Presidents of the Central Bank of Brazil
Presidents of the Inter-American Development Bank |
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