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The Rocky Mountain District can refer to:
Rocky Mountain District (BHS), in the Barbershop Harmony Society
Rocky Mountain District (LCMS), in the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod |
Siobhán Phelan is an Irish lawyer who has been a High Court judge since December 2021. She formerly practised as a barrister and was the chair of the Free Legal Advice Centres.
Early life
Phelan studied law at Trinity College Dublin. She studied at the Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University as part of the Erasmus Programme. She completed an LLM degree at the Institute of Comparative Law at McGill University’s Faculty of Law in 1994. Her thesis on the topic of legal aid was supervised by Roderick A. Macdonald.
Legal career
She was called to the Bar in 1995 and became a senior counsel in 2015. Her practice encompassed judicial review, immigration law, competition law, constitutional law, the law of tort, environmental law, Garda compensation and equality law.
She has acted for the Director of Public Prosecutions. She represented the Green Party in unsuccessful action against RTÉ during the 2016 Irish general election and Green Party TD Patrick Costello's constitutional challenge regarding the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement in 2021. The Health Service Executive appointed her and Conor Dignam to represent the unborn child in PP v. HSE in 2014. She acted for Angela Kerins in her action against the Public Accounts Committee. She advised the Olympic Council of Ireland during the 2016 Summer Olympics ticket scandal. She was one of two writers of an amicus curiae submission to the High Court on behalf of the Irish Human Rights Commission for Marie Fleming's challenge to laws prohibiting assisted suicide.
She was a director of the Free Legal Advice Centres from 1992 and was elected to replace Iseult O'Malley as its chair in 1997. She was a winner of the People of the Year Awards in 2004 for her contribution to FLAC.
Judicial career
The Irish government agreed to nominate her to become a judge of the High Court in November 2021. She was appointed on 6 December 2021.
References
Living people
High Court judges (Ireland)
Irish women judges
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Alumni of the Erasmus Programme
McGill University Faculty of Law alumni
Alumni of King's Inns
21st-century Irish judges
21st-century women judges
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Küçüksu Pavilion (), Littlewater Pavilion a.k.a. Göksu (Skywater) Pavilion, is a summer pavilion in Istanbul, Turkey, situated in the Küçüksu neighborhood of Beykoz district on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus between Anadoluhisarı and the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge. The pavilion was used by Ottoman sultans for short stays during country excursions and hunting.
History
The pavilion was commissioned by Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I (1823–1861), and designed by the architects Garabet Amira Balyan and his son Nigoğayos Balyan in the neo-baroque style. Completed in 1857, the structure took the place of a two-storey timber palace built during the reign of Mahmud I (1696–1754) by his Grand Vizier Divittar Mehmed Pasha, then successively used by Selim III (1761–1808) and Mahmud II (1785–1839).
The building consists of two main stories and a basement on a footprint of 15 x 27 m. Unlike other pavilion gardens with high walls, its garden is surrounded by cast iron railings with one gate at each of the four sides. The basement was appointed with kitchen, larder, and servant's quarters, with the floors above reflecting the design of a traditional Turkish house - four corner rooms surrounding a central hall. The rooms at the waterfront have two fireplaces while the others have one each, all fashioned from colorful Italian marble. The rooms boast crystal chandeliers from Bohemia, with curtains, furniture upholstery, and carpets woven in Hereke. The halls and the rooms exhibit paintings and arts objects; Charles Séchan, stage designer at Vienna State Opera, was charged with the decoration of the interior.
During the reign of Abdulaziz (1830–1876), more elaborate decoration was added to the façade; some of the original garden outbuildings were demolished at that time. In the beginning of the Republican era, the site was used as a state guesthouse for some years. Since a thorough restoration in 1944, the palace has been open to the public as a museum.
The pavilion appeared in the James Bond film "The World Is Not Enough" as the mansion of oil heiress Elektra King in Baku. It also appeared in popular Bollywood film Ek Tha Tiger.
See also
Khedive's Palace
Ottoman architecture
References
Küçüksu Pavilion at Turkish Parliament’s website
Küçüksu Pavilion at Ministry of Culture and Tourism website
Literature
Hakan Gülsün. Küçüksu Pavilion. TBMM, Istanbul, 1995.
Gallery
External links
Directorate of National Palaces | Küçüksu Pavilion
Ottoman palaces in Istanbul
Museums in Istanbul
Nigoğayos Balyan buildings
Houses completed in 1857
Bosphorus
Baroque Revival architecture in Turkey
Tourism in Istanbul
Historic house museums in Turkey
1857 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
Beykoz |
Robert John Jenkins Junior (born 1966 in Akron, Ohio), also known as Bob Jenkins, is an American computer professional and author of several fast pseudorandom number generators such as ISAAC and hash functions (Jenkins hash)
References
1966 births
Living people
People from Akron, Ohio |
Eldar Hasanov (born October 10, 1955), is an Azerbaijan former Prosecutor General and diplomat who served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Azerbaijan to Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2010 to 2020.
Corruption scandal
Hasanov was recalled from his diplomatic mission in Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2020 by a presidential decree issued by Ilham Aliyev following allegation of corruption against him. After his return home, he was arrested and detained by the operatives of the State Security Service on August 13, 2020. He was arraigned in the Baku Court for Serious Crimes with five charges of misappropriation, legalization of illegally obtained funds, abuse of office, misuse of budget funds and official forgery of the Criminal Code. He was later sent to the Court of Grave Crimes following the completion of investigation where he was reasonably suspected of embezzling budge funds to the tune of 28.3 million euro (US$33.14 million).
References
Azerbaijani diplomats
1955 births
Living people |
Magerit is the name of the one of the most powerful supercomputers in Spain. It also reached the second best Spanish position in the TOP500 list of supercomputers.
This computer is installed in CeSViMa, a research center of the Technical University of Madrid.
Magerit was first installed in 2006 and reached the 9th fastest in Europe and the 34th in the world, the second best position of a Spanish supercomputer in the list. It also reached the 275th position in the first Green500 list published. It is no longer among the TOP500.
The second version, installed in 2011 reached the 1st position of Spain, 44th of Europe and 136th fastest of the world. It also reached the 18th position in the Green500 list.
Magerit (for *Materit or *Mageterit) is the most ancient recorded name of the current city of Madrid. The name comes from the Celtic name of a fortress built on the Manzanares River in the 9th century AD, and means "Place of abundant water".
History
First steps (2005)
Magerit was created as a collaboration between Technical University of Madrid and IBM. The computer is housed in the newly created CeSViMa. This first version had only 124 nodes and was housed temporarily in the Computer Science School of Madrid. The funding was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science and the Autonomous Region of Madrid.
Joining the Spanish Supercomputer Network (2006–2007)
Late 2006 CeSViMa joins Spanish Supercomputing Network (Red Española de Supercomputación or RES in Spanish) and the supercomputer was upgraded. The new configuration has 1204 nodes reaching a speed of 14 TFLOPS. This is considered the first version due to its inclusion in the TOP500 list in the 34th position, the second best position of a Spanish supercomputer in the list.
In 2007 the first users from the access committee of Spanish Supercomputing Network (the agreement makes that the Network can schedule the use of the 68% of the resources) and users managed at local (CeSViMa) access committee (using the other 32%).
Migration and small upgrades (2008–2010)
In May 2008, CeSViMa and Magerit supercomputer migrated to a new building in the same campus (only 500 meters from previous location at Computer Science School).
The computer was upgraded: change of communication switch, storage subsystem and replacement of some blades with a new version. This upgrade increase the power of the supercomputer near 2 TFLOPS reaching 15.95 TFLOPS. This upgrade did not avoid the fall from the TOP500 list in November 2008
In this configuration the 59.7% of the supercomputer CPU time is assigned via RES access committee and 40.3% is assigned via CeSViMa policies.
One year later, in 2009, the operating system and other system software was upgraded (migrating to SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10)
During 2010, CeSViMa acquire a new massive storage system with 1 petabyte of capacity in parallel with the own storage of Magerit.
Upgrade (2011)
In the first half of 2011, the supercomputer was fully upgraded replacing all computer nodes and interconnexion networks with the latest technologies in only one month (a record time)
This configuration reached the 136th position in the TOP500 list and the 18th position in the related Green500 list (both widely used as the supercomputer reference ranking) becoming the most powerful supercomputer and ecological supercomputer in Spain
The new distribution of use is 80% managed by CeSViMa-UPM access committee and 20% managed by Spanish Supercomputing Network. Although the RES managed percent is lower, the resources donated to the network increased 4–5 times.
The upgrade does not include the storage subsystem (maintain the storage upgraded in 2008). There is a small upgrade planned in next few years to adapt the storage system to the new requirements.
Architecture
Two versions of the supercomputer can be considered:
The original 2006 (the 124 nodes of the agreement of 2005 was included in this configuration) with a small upgrade in 2008.
The full upgrade in 2011 that makes Magerit the first supercomputer of Spain.
First version (2005–2010)
This setup reached the second best position in the TOP500 list (34th, November 2006). When this version enters in production it reach the 2nd of Spain, 9th of Europe and 34th of the world in the TOP500 list and the 275th position in the first Green500 list
The final version setup (reached after the upgrade of 2008) is a cluster of 1204 nodes eServer BladeCenter (1036 JS20 and 168 JS21, both PowerPC 64-bit) under SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 9.
Each JS20 node has two processors IBM PowerPC single-core 970FX (two cores) with 2.2 GHz, 4 GB of RAM and 40 GB of local hard disk.
Each JS21 node has two processors IBM PowerPC dual-core 970FX (four cores) with 2.2 GHz, 8 GB of RAM and 80 GB of local hard disk.
The system has a distributed storage system with a capacity of 190 TB under GPFS. The access to this shared storage is provided by a high bandwidth switch that allows peaks of 1 Tbit/s.
All the nodes are interconnected with a low latency (2.6 – 3.2 μs) and high bandwidth network called Myrinet. This network is used only for MPI messages of users' tasks.
Finally, an auxiliary Ethernet network is deployed for administration tasks.
Second version (2011)
This setup converts Magerit into the most powerful supercomputer of Spain. When this setup enters in production stage in 2011, it reach the first position of Spain, 44th of Europe and 136th of the world.
The system maintains the cluster architecture with 245 PS702 nodes, each one with 16 cores in two 64-bit processors POWER7 (eight cores each) 3.0 GHz, 32 GB of RAM and 300 GB of local hard disk. Each core provides 18.38 Gflops.
The interconnection was replaced with an Infiniband network, a high-bandwidth (40 Gbit/s) and low latency (0.3 μs). The system maintains two independent Gigabit Ethernet for auxiliary tasks: deployment of images and access to storage subsystem.
The storage system remains the same (192 TB under GPFS) with a bandwidth near 1 Tbit/s.
The upgrade includes an update of the software: operating system (SLES11SP1), deployment system (xCAT, eXtreme Cluster Administration Toolkit) and all software and libraries used in the system.
Third version (2019)
Magerit upgraded with Lenovo ThinkSystem SD530 nodes.
Use
Magerit processes batch jobs with large processing requirements, such as models of the universe, simulations of materials and climate models. An example of project is the project Cajal Blue Brain (Spanish participation in Blue Brain Project).
These jobs are organized by a queue manager. Due to the characteristic of the jobs (runs in hundred of CPUs a few days) its impossible to use more conventional access to the resources. The supercomputer must be running jobs without interrupts all the year.
The use of a queue manager of batch jobs allows a global scheduling of the resources increasing the use of the resources and a fair play between users.
Access to resources
The system is available to any person, institution or company that requests access via:
Directly CeSViMa, filling the request for access forms on CeSViMa web page.
As a collaboration agreement with CeSViMa
Via Spanish Supercomputing Network. This is a competitive process. The access committee evaluates all the projects and can assign resources on any other supercomputer of the network so it can be scheduled in the 20% of Magerit resources managed by RES.
References
External links
CeSViMa – Centro de Supercomputación y Visualización de Madrid where Magerit is installed
Hardware and software environment
Timelapse of the building of second version of Magerit archived in Ghostarchive.org on 17 April 2022
IBM supercomputers
Lenovo supercomputers
Spanish Supercomputing Network
Computer-related introductions in 2005
2005 establishments in Spain |
Omoglymmius cavifrons is a species of beetle in the subfamily Rhysodidae. It was described by Antoine Henri Grouvelle in 1914. It is endemic to Taiwan.
References
cavifrons
Beetles described in 1914
Insects of Taiwan
Endemic fauna of Taiwan |
Peter Brugnani (born 28 October 1958) is a British bobsledder. He competed in the two man and the four man events at the 1984 Winter Olympics.
References
1958 births
Living people
British male bobsledders
Olympic bobsledders for Great Britain
Bobsledders at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from London
20th-century British people |
In 2023, the United Kingdom experienced flooding.
January
On 14 January, the Met Office issued 98 flood warnings and 169 alerts across England. The River Ouse broke its banks, causing severe flooding in York which left parts of the city centre submerged, with rescue workers seen travelling down the street in boats. The River Severn also broke its banks in some areas, causing flooding in Shrewsbury. A mother and her six-month-old baby were saved from a flood near Nynehead, Somerset which left their car stuck. In Devon, the River Exe burst its banks between the villages of Oakfordbridge and Exebridge, which also affected Bickleigh. The Great Western Railway faced delays, with two train lines blocked between Bristol Parkway and Swindon, and the line between Bristol Temple Meads, Bath and Swindon. The line between Totnes and Plymouth was also blocked.
On 16 January, severe flooding affected East Sussex after heavy rain overnight. In Hastings, the Priory Meadow Shopping Centre had to be closed after it was severely flooded, as well as the surrounding area. Many roads around in the town closed, as well as parts of many A roads being closed or affected. Other flooded areas included East Lavant, Ashburnham, Shripney, Sedlescombe, Westham and Alfriston. In Polegate, large pumping trucks were called out to deal with surface water which had formed on roads throughout the town. Seven "take action now" flood warnings were issued in Sussex. In Dorset, an industrial estate in Woolsbridge was flooded, and a road was blocked by floodwater in Burton. On 18 January, a major incident was declared in Somerset by the Environment Agency due to flooding risks. On 24 January, the major incident in Somerset came to an end.
On 19 January, part of the A303 in Wiltshire was closed due to flooding.
March
On 23 March, roads flooded near Sea Mills railway station in Bristol.
May
On 9 May, a major incident was declared in Somerset following flash flooding in the Galhampton, North Cadbury and South Cadbury areas following heavy rain. Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service evacuated homes that were flooded. Frome saw roads flooded.
On 19 May, flash flooding closed roads in Weymouth following a thunderstorm.
June
On 12 June 2023, heavy rain and thunderstorms caused flooding in Golders Green in north west London. Watford Junction station was shut causing disruption. In Staffordshire, the A50 road was shut after a flash flood in the Meir tunnel. A Morrisons supermarket in Stamford, Lincolnshire was evacuated when water started pouring in and part of the ceiling collapsed. St Amand's Catholic Primary School in Wantage was shut because of flooding. At Luton and Dunstable University Hospital there was a “localised flooding issue” in the building. Met Office warnings were given on 16 June for weekend floods.
On 20 June, heavy rain and thunderstorms which received a severe weather warning from the Met Office hit England's south coast, causing flash floods. In Brighton, many people's homes were flooded, as well as businesses including a Waitrose shop and a Wetherspoons pub. East Sussex Fire and Rescue Service were called out to 18 flood related incidents in the area, and a woman reportedly broke her ankle after falling on a flooded footpath near Preston Park railway station.
July
On 9 July, flooding hit Flintshire and Wrexham Borough in North Wales. North Wales Police advised motorists to avoid the coast road in Flintshire from Connah's Quay to Greenfield. There were also flood warnings across Sheffield, for Bagley Dike in Grimsthorpe, Meers Brook at Heeley and Tributaries in North Derbyshire and Pontefract. Roads in Birmingham were also flooded.
August
On 27 August, an elderly couple drowned after driving their car into floodwater in Mossley Hill, Liverpool.
September
On 18 September, there was localised flooding in some areas. The worst affected area was the West Country in Southern England. Flash floods ripped through the village of Kenton in Devon. Exeter Airport was closed temporarily when the terminal was flooded. A flood alert was made for coastal areas in East Dorset, Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole. Butlin's Minehead was closed after flooding in Somerset. A Wetherspoons pub in Taunton was flooded. On 27 September 2023, Storm Agnes hit the UK with strong winds and heavy rain, which brought flooding in parts of the UK and Ireland.
October
On 7 October 2023, exceptionally heavy rain hit Scotland causing flooding in Glasgow, North Lanarkshire, South Lanarkshire, Stirlingshire, and other areas. On 19 October 2023, Storm Babet hit Scotland with strong winds and heavy rain, with most parts of Aberdeenshire, Angus, Dundee and Perth and Kinross of rain was predicted to fall in these areas from 19-20 October 2023, causing a red warning for rain in these areas too. The South Yorkshire village of Catcliffe was flooded, despite new flood defences which were installed after the floods of 2007. Flooding caused by Storm Babet killed three people. A flood in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire caused over £46,000 worth of damage at Notts Gymnastics Academy.
In late October, Britain was hit by further flooding and heavy rain. The Priory Meadow Shopping Centre in Hastings was evacuated after floods. The Ship Inn at Cockwood in Devon collapsed after heavy rain. Localised floods in Lanchester, County Durham caused homes to be evacuated. A man was swept out to sea at Burnham-on-Sea. In Dorset, businesses in Sherborne were damaged by flash floods. A woman in her car was rescued after her car became stuck in a ford at nearby Chetnole. Flash floods also affected the Isle of Wight. In Cornwall, the town of Mevagissey, Fowey, Looe and Polperro were affected by floods.
References
2020s floods in the United Kingdom
2023 floods in Europe
Climate change in the United Kingdom
floods
floods
floods
floods
floods
2023 disasters in the United Kingdom
October 2023 events in the United Kingdom |
The 12th ACTRA Awards were presented on April 16, 1983. The ceremony was hosted by Don Harron.
Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau presented the top award for Best Television Program, and jokingly added Question Period as a fourth nominee in the category.
Television
Radio
Journalism and special awards
References
ACTRA
ACTRA
ACTRA Awards |
A tablet (also known as a pill) is a pharmaceutical oral dosage form (oral solid dosage, or OSD) or solid unit dosage form. Tablets may be defined as the solid unit dosage form of medication with suitable excipients. It comprises a mixture of active substances and excipients, usually in powder form, that are pressed or compacted into a solid dose. The main advantages of tablets are that they ensure a consistent dose of medicine that is easy to consume.
Tablets are prepared either by moulding or by compression. The excipients can include diluents, binders or granulating agents, glidants (flow aids) and lubricants to ensure efficient tabletting; disintegrants to promote tablet break-up in the digestive tract; sweeteners or flavours to enhance taste; and pigments to make the tablets visually attractive or aid in visual identification of an unknown tablet. A polymer coating is often applied to make the tablet smoother and easier to swallow, to control the release rate of the active ingredient, to make it more resistant to the environment (extending its shelf life), or to enhance the tablet's appearance.
Medicinal tablets were originally made in the shape of a disk of whatever colour their components determined, but are now made in many shapes and colours to help distinguish different medicines. Tablets are often imprinted with symbols, letters, and numbers, which allow them to be identified, or a groove to allow splitting by hand. Sizes of tablets to be swallowed range from a few millimetres to about a centimetre.
The compressed tablet is the most commonly seen dosage form in use today. About two-thirds of all prescriptions are dispensed as solid dosage forms, and half of these are compressed tablets. A tablet can be formulated to deliver an accurate dosage to a specific site in the body; it is usually taken orally, but can be administered sublingually, buccally, rectally or intravaginally. The tablet is just one of the many forms that an oral drug can take such as syrups, elixirs, suspensions, and emulsions.
History
Pills are thought to date back to around 1500 BC. Earlier medical recipes, such as those from 4000 BC, were for liquid preparations rather than solids. The first references to pills were found on papyruses in ancient Egypt and contained bread dough, honey, or grease. Medicinal ingredients, such as plant powders or spices, were mixed in and formed by hand to make little balls, or pills.
In ancient Greece, such medicines were known as katapotia ("something to be swallowed"), and the Roman scholar Pliny, who lived from 23 to 79 AD, first gave a name to what we now call pills, calling them pilula.
Pills have always been difficult to swallow, and efforts have been made to make them go down easier. In mediaeval times, people coated pills with slippery plant substances. Another approach, used as recently as the 19th century, was to gild them in gold and silver, although this often meant that they would pass through the digestive tract with no effect. In the 1800s, sugar coating and gelatin coating were invented, as were gelatin capsules.
In 1843, the British painter and inventor William Brockedon was granted a patent for a machine capable of "Shaping Pills, Lozenges, and Black Lead by Pressure in Dies". The device was capable of compressing powder into a tablet without the use of an adhesive.
Types
Pills
A pill was originally defined as a small, round, solid pharmaceutical oral dosage form of medication. The word's etymology reflects the historical concepts of grinding the ingredients with a mortar and pestle and rolling the resultant paste or dough into lumps to be dried. Today, in its strict sense, the word pill still refers specifically to tablets (including caplets) rather than capsules (which were invented much later), but because a simple hypernym is needed to intuitively cover all such oral dosage forms, the broad sense of the word pill is also widely used and includes both tablets and capsules — colloquially, any solid oral form of medication falls into the "pill" category (see pill § Usage notes).
An early example of a pill comes from ancient Rome. They were made of zinc carbonates, hydrozincite and smithsonite. The pills were used for sore eyes and were found aboard a Roman ship that wrecked in 140 BC. However, these tablets were meant to be pressed on the eyes, not swallowed.
Factors affecting during tablet manufacturing (Defects)/(Imperfections).
Formulation related— Sticking, picking, binding.
Tablets processing— Capping, lamination, cracking, chipping.
Machine— Double Impression.
Caplets
A caplet is a smooth, coated, oval-shaped medicinal tablet in the general shape of a capsule. Many caplets have an indentation running down the middle, so they may be split in half more easily. Consumers have viewed capsules as the most effective way to take medication ever since they first appeared. For this reason, producers of drugs such as OTC analgesics wanting to emphasize the strength of their product developed the "caplet", a portmanteau of capsule-shaped tablet, in order to tie this positive association to more efficiently produced tablet pills as well as being an easier-to-swallow shape than the usual disk-shaped tablet.
Orally disintegrating tablets (ODT)
An orally disintegrating tablet or orodispersible tablet (ODT), is a drug dosage form available for a limited range of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications.
Tabletting formulations
In the tablet-pressing process, it is important that all ingredients be fairly dry, powdered or granular, somewhat uniform in particle size, and freely flowing. Mixed particle sized powders segregate during manufacturing operations due to different densities, which can result in tablets with poor drug or active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content uniformity, but granulation should prevent this. Content uniformity ensures that the same API dose is delivered with each tablet.
Some APIs may be compressed into tablets as pure substances, but this is rarely the case; most formulations include excipients. Normally, a pharmacologically inactive ingredient (excipient), termed a binder, is added to help hold the tablet together and give it strength. A wide variety of binders may be used, with some common ones including lactose, dibasic calcium phosphate, sucrose, corn (maize) starch, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone polyvinylpyrrolidone and modified cellulose (for example, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose).
Often, an ingredient is also needed to act as a disintegrator to aid tablet dispersion once swallowed, releasing the API for absorption. Some binders, such as starch and cellulose, are also excellent disintegrators.
Tablet properties
Tablets can be made in virtually any shape, although the requirements of patients and tableting machines mean that most are round, oval, or capsule-shaped. More unusual shapes have been manufactured, but patients find these harder to swallow, and they are more vulnerable to chipping or manufacturing problems.
Tablet diameter and shape are determined by the machine tooling used to produce them; a die plus an upper and a lower punch are required. This is called a station of tooling. The amount of tablet material and the placement of the punches in relation to one another during compression determine the thickness. Once this is done, we can measure the corresponding pressure applied during compression. The shorter the distance between the punches, the greater the pressure applied during compression, and sometimes the harder the tablet. Tablets need to be hard enough that they do not break up in the bottle, yet friable enough that they disintegrate in the gastric tract.
Tablets need to be strong enough to resist the stresses of packaging, shipping, and handling by the pharmacist and patient. The mechanical strength of tablets is assessed using a combination of simple failure and erosion tests, and more sophisticated engineering tests. The simpler tests are often used for quality control purposes, whereas the more complex tests are used during the design of the formulation and manufacturing process in the research and development phase. Standards for tablet properties are published in the various international pharmacopeias (USP/NF, EP, JP, etc.). The hardness of tablets is the principal measure of mechanical strength. Hardness is tested using a tablet hardness tester. The units for hardness have evolved since the 1930s but are commonly measured in kilograms per square centimetre. Models of testers include the Monsanto (or Stokes) Hardness Tester from 1930, the Pfizer Hardness Tester from 1950, the Strong Cob Hardness Tester and the Heberlain (or Schleeniger) Hardness Tester.
Lubricants prevent ingredients from clumping together and from sticking to the tablet punches or capsule filling machine. Lubricants also ensure that tablet formation and ejection can occur with low friction between the solid and die wall, as well as between granules, which helps in uniform filling of the die.
Common minerals like talc or silica, and fats, e.g. vegetable stearin, magnesium stearate or stearic acid are the most frequently used lubricants in tablets or hard gelatin capsules.
Manufacturing
Manufacture of the tableting blend
In the tablet pressing process, the appropriate amount of active ingredient must be in each tablet. Hence, all the ingredients should be well mixed. If a sufficiently homogenous mix of the components cannot be obtained with simple blending processes, the ingredients must be granulated prior to compression to assure an even distribution of the active compound in the final tablet. Two basic techniques are used to granulate powders for compression into tablets: wet granulation and dry granulation. Powders that can be mixed well do not require granulation and can be compressed into tablets through direct compression ("DC"). Direct compression is desirable as it is quicker. There is less processing, equipment, labor, and energy consumption. However, DC is difficult when a formulation has a high content of poorly compressible active ingredients.
Wet granulation
Wet granulation is a process of using a liquid binder to lightly agglomerate the powder mixture. The amount of liquid has to be properly controlled, as over-wetting will cause the granules to be too hard and under-wetting will cause them to be too soft and friable. Aqueous solutions have the advantage of being safer to deal with than solvent-based systems but may not be suitable for drugs which are degraded by hydrolysis.
Procedure
The active ingredient and excipients are weighed and mixed.
The wet granulate is prepared by adding the liquid binder–adhesive to the powder blend and mixing thoroughly. Examples of binders/adhesives include aqueous preparations of cornstarch, natural gums such as acacia, cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose, gelatin, and povidone.
Screening the damp mass through a mesh to form pellets or granules.
Drying the granulation. A conventional tray-dryer or fluid-bed dryer are most commonly used.
After the granules are dried, they are passed through a screen of smaller size than the one used for the wet mass to create granules of uniform size.
Low shear wet granulation processes use very simple mixing equipment, and can take a considerable time to achieve a uniformly mixed state. High shear wet granulation processes use equipment that mixes the powder and liquid at a very fast rate, and thus speeds up the manufacturing process. Fluid bed granulation is a multiple-step wet granulation process performed in the same vessel to pre-heat, granulate, and dry the powders. It is used because it allows close control of the granulation process.
Dry granulation
Dry granulation processes create granules by light compaction of the powder blend under low pressures. The compacts so-formed are broken up gently to produce granules (agglomerates). This process is often used when the product to be granulated is sensitive to moisture and heat. Dry granulation can be conducted on a tablet press using slugging tooling or on a roll press called a roller compactor. Dry granulation equipment offers a wide range of pressures to attain proper densification and granule formation. Dry granulation is simpler than wet granulation, therefore the cost is reduced. However, dry granulation often produces a higher percentage of fine granules, which can compromise the quality or create yield problems for the tablet. Dry granulation requires drugs or excipients with cohesive properties, and a 'dry binder' may need to be added to the formulation to facilitate the formation of granules.
Hot melt extrusion
Hot melt extrusion is utilized in pharmaceutical solid oral dose processing to enable delivery of drugs with poor solubility and bioavailability. Hot melt extrusion has been shown to molecularly disperse poorly soluble drugs in a polymer carrier increasing dissolution rates and bioavailability. The process involves the application of heat, pressure and agitation to mix materials together and 'extrude' them through a die. Twin-screw high shear extruders blend materials and simultaneously break up particles. The extruded particles can then be blended and compressed into tablets or filled into capsules.
Granule lubrication
After granulation, a final lubrication step is used to ensure that the tableting blend does not stick to the equipment during the tableting process. This usually involves low shear blending of the granules with a powdered lubricant, such as magnesium stearate or stearic acid.
Manufacture of the tablets
Whatever process is used to make the tableting blend, the process of making a tablet by powder compaction is very similar. First, the powder is filled into the die from above. The mass of powder is determined by the position of the lower punch in the die, the cross-sectional area of the die, and the powder density. At this stage, adjustments to the tablet weight are normally made by repositioning the lower punch. After die filling, the upper punch is lowered into the die and the powder is uniaxially compressed to a porosity of between 5 and 20%. The compression can take place in one or two stages (main compression, and, sometimes, pre-compression or tamping) and for commercial production occurs very fast (500–50 mg per tablet). Finally, the upper punch is pulled up and out of the die (decompression), and the tablet is ejected from the die by lifting the lower punch until its upper surface is flush with the top face of the die. This process is repeated for each tablet.
Common problems encountered during tablet manufacturing operations include:
Fluctuations in tablet weight, usually caused by uneven powder flow into the die due to poor powder flow properties.
Fluctuations in dosage of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, caused by uneven distribution of the API in the tableting blend (either due to poor mixing or separation in process).
Sticking of the powder blend to the tablet tooling, due to inadequate lubrication, worn or dirty tooling, or a sticky powder formulation
Capping, lamination or chipping. This is caused by air being compressed with the tablet formulation and then expanding when the punch is released: if this breaks the tablet apart, it can be due to incorrect machine settings, or due to incorrect formulation: either because the tablet formulation is too brittle or not adhesive enough, or because the powder being fed to the tablet press contains too much air (has too low bulk density).
Capping can also occur due to high moisture content.
Consequently, permanent consistency checks are required during the manufacturing process.
Tablet compaction simulator
Tablet formulations are designed and tested using a laboratory machine called a Tablet Compaction Simulator or Powder Compaction Simulator. This is a computer controlled device that can measure the punch positions, punch pressures, friction forces, die wall pressures, and sometimes the tablet internal temperature during the compaction event. Numerous experiments with small quantities of different mixtures can be performed to optimise a formulation.
Mathematically corrected punch motions can be programmed to simulate any type and model of production tablet press. Initial quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredients are very expensive to produce, and using a Compaction Simulator reduces the amount of powder required for product development.
Tablet presses
Tablet presses, also called tableting machines, range from small, inexpensive bench-top models that make one tablet at a time (single-station presses), with only around a half-ton pressure, to large, computerized, industrial models (multi-station rotary presses) that can make hundreds of thousands to millions of tablets an hour with much greater pressure. The tablet press is an essential piece of machinery for any pharmaceutical and nutraceutical manufacturer. Tablet presses must allow the operator to adjust the position of the lower and upper punches accurately, so that the tablet weight, thickness and density/hardness can each be controlled. This is achieved using a series of cams, rollers, or tracks that act on the tablet tooling (punches). Mechanical systems are also incorporated for die filling, and for ejecting and removing the tablets from the press after compression. Pharmaceutical tablet presses are required to be easy to clean and quick to reconfigure with different tooling, because they are usually used to manufacture many different products.
There are two main standards of tablet tooling used in pharmaceutical industry: American standard TSM and European standard EU. TSM and EU configurations are similar to each other but cannot be interchanged.
Modern tablet presses reach output volumes of up to 1,700,000 tablets per hour. These huge volumes require frequent in-process quality control for the tablet weight, thickness and hardness. Due to reduce rejects rates and machine down-time, automated tablet testing devices are used on-line with the tablet press or off-line in the IPC-labs.
Tablet coating
Many tablets today are coated after being pressed. Although sugar-coating was popular in the past, the process has many drawbacks. Modern tablet coatings are polymer and polysaccharide based, with plasticizers and pigments included. Tablet coatings must be stable and strong enough to survive the handling of the tablet, must not make tablets stick together during the coating process, and must follow the fine contours of embossed characters or logos on tablets. Coatings are necessary for tablets that have an unpleasant taste, and a smoother finish makes large tablets easier to swallow. Tablet coatings are also useful to extend the shelf-life of components that are sensitive to moisture or oxidation. Special coatings (for example with pearlescent effects) can enhance brand recognition.
If the active ingredient of a tablet is sensitive to acid, or is irritant to the stomach lining, an enteric coating can be used, which is resistant to stomach acid, and dissolves in the less acidic area of the intestines. Enteric coatings are also used for medicines that can be negatively affected by taking a long time to reach the small intestine, where they are absorbed. Coatings are often chosen to control the rate of dissolution of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract. Some drugs are absorbed better in certain parts of the digestive system. If this part is the stomach, a coating is selected that dissolves quickly and easily in acid. If the rate of absorption is best in the large intestine or colon, a coating is used that is acid resistant and dissolves slowly to ensure that the tablet reaches that point before dispersing. To measure the disintegration time of the tablet coating and the tablet core, automatic disintegration testers are used which are able to determine the complete disintegration process of a tablet by measuring the rest height of the thickness with every upward stroke of the disintegration tester basket.
There are two types of coating machines used in the pharmaceutical industry: coating pans and automatic coaters. Coating pans are used mostly to sugar coat pellets. Automatic coaters are used for all kinds of coatings; they can be equipped with a remote control panel, a dehumidifier, and dust collectors. An explosion-proof design is required for applying coatings that contain alcohol.
Pill-splitters
It is sometimes necessary to split tablets into halves or quarters. Tablets are easier to break accurately if scored, but there are devices called pill-splitters which cut unscored and scored tablets. Tablets with special coatings (for example, enteric coatings or controlled-release coatings) should not be broken before use, as this exposes the tablet core to the digestive juices, circumventing the intended delayed-release effect.
See also
Reagent testing
References
Further reading
Kibbe, A.H., ed. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. 3rd Edition ed. 2000, American Pharmaceutical Association & Pharmaceutical Press: Washington, DC & London, UK.
Hiestand, E.N., 2003. Mechanics and physical principles for powders and compacts, SSCI Inc., West Lafayette, In, USA.
United States Pharmacopeia, United States Pharmacopeia / National Formulary (USP25/NF20). 2002, Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia Convention Inc.
Chemical engineering
Pharmaceutical industry
Drug delivery devices
Dosage forms |
The rusty-breasted wren-babbler (Gypsophila rufipectus) is a species of bird in the family Pellorneidae.
It is endemic to western Sumatra in Indonesia.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
References
Collar, N. J. & Robson, C. 2007. Family Timaliidae (Babblers) pp. 70 – 291 in; del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D.A. eds. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 12. Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
rusty-breasted wren-babbler
Endemic birds of Sumatra
rusty-breasted wren-babbler
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN |
Buncrana Hearts F.C. is an association football club based in the Inishowen peninsula, County Donegal, that play in the Inishowen Football League. They play in Castle Park in Buncrana. The club was founded in 1961.
Castle Park
Castle Park, the home ground of Buncrana Hearts, is based at The Buncrana Youth Club. This has been Buncrana Hearts's home since the 1970s. It has two full-size pitches, one training pitch, two Astroturf pitches, indoor pitch and excellent changing facilities.
Underage development
Buncrana Hearts' underage structure in recent times has been extremely successful Thanks to John Mc Grory who was the brains behind the youth set up, producing teams that have won all competitions they have played in the past 20 years. Individual progression has also been excellent in recent times with players progressing to higher levels. Since 2007, the club has had several players go on trial with professional clubs in England.
The club has had several players go on to play for Republic of Ireland at various levels, including Kieran McDaid, Aaron McDaid, Mark McFadden, Jonathan Bonner, Conor O'Donnell, Mark Timlin and Seanán Murphy.
Former players currently playing in the League of Ireland include Mark Timlin (Finn Harps) and Mark McFadden (Derry City FC), with other recent graduates including Jonathan Bonner (Finn Harps, Wexford Youths, Crusaders FC), Conor O'Donnell (UCD AFC, Limerick FC), Colm McLaughlin (Ballinamallard, Institute FC), Kieran McDaid (Finn Harps, Republic of Ireland Amateurs captain) and Rory Kelly (Institute FC, Finn Harps, Derry City FC).
Buncrana Hearts has also produced several prominent women's players in recent years, most notably Leah McDaid (Life University & Northern Ireland international) and Emma Doherty (Republic of Ireland international). Beckie Temple from fergleen park finished the 2022 season top goal scorer with 102 goals in the league. She went on to sign for Leeds united.
1993 Ulster Senior League and Buncrana Cup double-winning side
Buncrana Hearts won the Ulster Senior League and Buncrana Cup double for the first time in 1992/1993. F.A.I. Development Officer Stephen McNutt was player-manager and was assisted by Sean Murphy with Derek Smith team captain. Player of the Year was Shane Byrne with Top Goalscorer going to John Coyle.
The team continued its success the following season narrowly missing out on retaining the title after losing a play-off and by becoming the first winners of the Ulster Senior Cup defeating Letterkenny Rovers in the final.
Associated clubs
In the last few years, Buncrana Hearts have developed a relationship with Derry City in the League of Ireland, and English Championship side Preston North End. This has seen several players join these clubs, either on trial or on a permanent basis.
References
Buncrana
Association football clubs in County Donegal
Ulster Senior League (association football) teams |
Lieskovec is a village and municipality in Humenné District in the Prešov Region of north-east Slovakia.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1430.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 160 metres and covers an area of 9.706 km².
It has a population of about 455 people.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Humenné District |
The title Hero of the Soviet Union was the highest distinction of the Soviet Union. It was awarded 12,775 times. Due to the large size of the list, it has been broken up into multiple pages.
David Tavadze ru
Afanasy Tavakov ru
Pyotr Tavrovsky ru
Vladimir Tagiltsev ru
Aleksey Tazaev ru
Tokybai Taygaraev ru
Vasily Talalaev ru
Viktor Talalikhin
Nikolai Talalushkin ru
Konstantin Talakh ru
Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez
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Ivan Tankopy ru
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Nikolai Tarakanchikov ru
Grigory Taran ru
Pavel Taran (twice)
Pyotr Taran ru
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Ismailbek Taranchiev
Vladimir Tarasevich ru
Konstantin Tarasevich ru
Aleksandr Tarasenko ru
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Ivan Tarasenko ru
Pavel Tarasenko ru
Pavel Taraskin ru
Dmitry Taraskov ru
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Georgy Tarasov ru
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Mikhail Tvelenev ru
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Valentina Tereshkova
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Mikhail Tereshchenko ru
Nikolai Tereshchenko ru
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Richard Tesařík
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Pavel Teslenko ru
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Mamasaly Teshebaev ru
Shota Tibua ru
Pyotr Tikilyaynen ru
Grigory Tikunov ru
Aleksandr Timakov ru
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Fyodor Timonov ru
Aleksey Timofeyev ru
Andrey Timofeyev ru
Vasily Timofeyev ru
Dmitry Timofeevich Timofeyev ru
Dmitry Fomich Timofeyev ru
Konstantin Timofeyev ru
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Gury Timokhin ru
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Aleksandr Timoshchenko ru
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Dmitry Timoshchuk ru
Georgy Timushev ru
Vasily Timchenko ru
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Ivan Timchuk ru
Pavel Timshin ru
Nikolai Tinkov ru
Aleksandr Tipanov ru
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Andrey Titanko
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Ivan Titkov ru
Ivan Titlin ru
Mikhail Titlov ru
Aleksey Timofeevich Titov ru
Aleksey Fyodorovich Titov ru
Andrey Titov ru
Valentin Titov ru
Vasily Titov ru
Vladimir Titov
German Titov
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Nikolai Mikhailovich Titov ru
Nikolai Petrovich Titov ru
Fyodor Titov ru
Fyodor Titov ru
Vladimir Titovich ru
Sergey Titovka ru
Leonid Tikhmyanov ru
Anatoly Tikhov ru
Aleksandr Tikhomirov ru
Vladimir Tikhomirov ru
Ivan Vasilyevich Tikhomirov ru
Ivan Nikolaevich Tikhomirov ru
Ilya Tikhomirov ru
Stepan Tikhomirov ru
Boris Tikhomolov ru
Andrey Tikhonenko ru
Ivan Tikhonenko ru
Aleksey Tikhonov ru
Boris Tikhonov ru
Vasily Gavrilovich Tikhonov ru
Vasily Ivanovich Tikhonov (soldier) ru
Vasily Ivanovich Tikhonov (politruk) ru
Viktor Ivanovich Tikhonov ru
Viktor Pavlovich Tikhonov ru
Grigory Tikhonov ru
Konstantin Tikhonov ru
Mikhail Ivanovich Tikhonov ru
Mikhail Fyodorovich Tikhonov
Nikolai ViktorovichTkachyov Tikhonov ru
Nikolai Ivanovich Tikhonov ru
Pavel Tikhonov ru
Viktor Tishko ru
Aleksandr Tishenko ru
Matevy Tishchenko ru
Mikhail Tishchenko ru
Konstantin Tkabladze ru
Aleksandr Tkanko ru
Vladimir Tkachyov ru
Grigory Tkachyov ru
Makar Tkachyov ru
Nikolai Tkachyov ru
Fyodor Tkachyov ru
Yuri Tkachevsky ru
Aleksandr Kuzmich Tkachenko ru
Aleksandr Prokhorovich Tkachenko ru
Andrey Grigorievich Tkachenko ru
Andrey Yakovlevich Tkachenko ru
Vasily Tkachenko ru
Vladimir Tkachenko ru
Grigory Tikhonovich Tkachenko ru
Grigory Trofimovich Tkachenko ru
Ivan Vasilyevich Tkachenko ru
Ivan Fillipovich Tkachenko ru
Ilya Ivanovich Tkachenko (1914—1979) ru
Ilya Ivanovich Tkachenko (1924—1943) ru
Mikhail Tkachenko ru
Nikanor Tkachenko ru
Pyotr Tkachenko ru
Platon Tkachenko ru
Yakov Tkachenko ru
Ivan Tkachuk ru
Mikhail Tobolenko ru
Aleksandr Tovpenko ru
Vasily Tovstukho ru
Kaurbek Toguzov ru
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Yegor Tokarev ru
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Sergey Tokarev ru
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Mikhail Tokarenko ru
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Yakov Tokmakov ru
Ivan Tokmin ru
Grigory Tokuev ru
Fyodor Tolbukhin
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Grigory Tolkachyov ru
Mikhail Tolkachyov ru
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Aleksey Tolmachyov ru
Grigory Tolmachyov ru
Mikhail Tolmachyov ru
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Boris Toloknov ru
Vasily Tolstikov ru
Yevgeny Tolstikov
Pavel Tolstikov ru
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Nikolai Tolstukhin ru
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Aleksey Tribunsky ru
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Feoktist Trifonov ru
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Andrey Trofimov ru
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Fyodor Trofimov
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Pavel Tsaplin ru
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Yevgeny Tsyganov ru
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Nikolai Tsyganov ru
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Mikhail Tsykin ru
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Andrey Tsymbal ru
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Yelisy Tugushin ru
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Vasily Tuzov ru
Mikhail Tuzov ru
Nikolai Tuzov ru
Leonid Tuygunov ru
Urmash Tuktubaev ru
Zhambyl Tulaev
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Andrey Tulnikov ru
Mikhail Tumakshin ru
Ivan Tumanov ru
Viktor Tumar ru
Grigory Tupikin ru
Andrey Tupitsin ru
Grigory Tupitsyn ru
Ivan Tupitsyn ru
Dzhurakul Turaev ru
Mikhail Turbai ru
Viktor Turbin
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Pyotr Turbin ru
Mikhail Turgel ru
Fyodor Turgenev ru
Saidkul Turdyev ru
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Gennady Turunov ru
Goergy Turukhanov ru
Nikolai Turtsevich ru
Nikolai Turchenko ru
Pavel Turchenko ru
Vasily Turchin ru
Nikolai Turchin ru
Adam Turchinsky ru
Valeryan Turygin ru
Pinkhus Turyan
Zinaida Tusnolobova-Marchenko
Pyotr Tutukov ru
Semyon Tutuchenko ru
Ivan Tuftov ru
Aleksandr Tukhlanov ru
Georgy Tuchin ru
Ivan Tushev ru
Kuzma Tushnolobov ru
Ismail Tkhagushev ru
Grigory Tkhor
Aleksandr Tkhorzhevsky ru
Daniil Tykvach ru
Georgy Tyrin ru
Vladimir Tyrsa ru
Nikolai Tyrykin ru
Vladimir Tytar ru
Vladimir Tyshevich ru
Kozhakhmet Tyshkanbaev ru
Vasily Tyshkevich ru
Ivan Tyshkun ru
Yevgeny Tyshchik ru
Vladimir Tyukov ru
Ivan Vladimirovich Tyulenev
Ivan Nikolaevich Tyulenev ru
Fyodor Tyulenev ru
Sergey Tyulenin ru
Aleksandr Tyulin ru
Aleksey Tyulga ru
Mikhail Tyulkin ru
Yakov Tyulkin ru
Fyodor Tyumentsev ru
Fyodor Tyunin ru
Sergey Tyurikov ru
Aleksandr Tyurin ru
Aleksandr Tyurin ru
Vasily Tyurin ru
Ivan Tyurin ru
Konstantin Tyurin ru
Leonid Tyurin ru
Mikhail Tyurin ru
Dmitry Tyurkin ru
Pyotr Tyunev ru
Aleksandr Tyuryumin ru
Nikolai Tyusin ru
Nikolai Tyavkin ru
Yefim Tyagushev ru
Aleksey Tyapushkin ru
Gavriil Tyashchenko ru
References
Russian Ministry of Defence Database «Подвиг Народа в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.» [Feat of the People in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945] (in Russian).
Lists of Heroes of the Soviet Union |
St Mary and St John Church is a Roman Catholic Parish church in Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England. It was opened in 1855 and designed by Charles Hansom. It is situated on the corner of Snow Hill and Ring Road St Georges. It is Grade II* listed building and has been served by the Pauline Fathers since 2002.
History
Construction
It was built from 1851 in the Gothic Revival style. It was opened in 1855 and the architect was Charles Hansom. He also designed St Osburg's Church, Coventry in 1845 and Erdington Abbey in 1848. After St Mary and St John Church he went on to be behind the construction of St Gregory's Church, Cheltenham in 1854, Plymouth Cathedral in 1856 and Our Lady of the Angels and St Peter in Chains Church, Stoke-on-Trent in 1857.
Developments
From 1879 to 1880, the church was enlarged. Charles Hansom was also responsible for the extension. Twenty-five years later, in 1905, the church was consecrated. The glass in the east end of the church was made by Hardman & Co. In 2002, the administration of the church was handed over to the Pauline Fathers, who have served the parish ever since.
Parish
The Pauline Fathers of the parish also staff two other surrounding parishes. They serve St Teresa of the Infant Jesus Church in Wednesfield and St Patrick's Church in the east of Wolverhampton. St Teresa's Church was originally built in 1933. With the increasing congregation, a new larger church building had to be constructed. On 26 March 1967, the foundation stone was laid and on 7 December 1969, the new church was opened on the corner of Birmingham New Road and Dimmock Street. The old church building became a church hall.
St Patrick's Parish was founded in 1865. The foundation stone of the original church was laid in 1866 and the architect was E. W. Pugin. In the 1960s, with the building of the ring road, the church was demolished and the current site on the corner of Wolverhampton Road and Coronation Road, next to New Cross Hospital was provided by the local council for construction of a new church building. The church was opened in 1972.
St Mary and St Church has three Sunday Masses, they are at 6:30pm on Saturday and 10:00am and 11:30am on Sunday. St Teresa's Church and St Patrick's both have two Sunday Masses each. St Teresa's Church has Sunday Mass at 5:00pm on Saturday and 9:00am on Sunday. St Patrick's Church has its Sunday Masses at 9:30am and 6:30pm.
Exterior
See also
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Birmingham
References
External links
St Mary and St John Parish site
St Teresa of the Infant Jesus Parish site
St Patrick's Parish site
Saints Mary and John
Roman Catholic churches in the West Midlands (county)
Grade II* listed churches in the West Midlands (county)
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United Kingdom
Grade II* listed Roman Catholic churches in England
Gothic Revival church buildings in England
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1880
1851 establishments in England |
Brogden is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wayne County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 2,510 in 2020. It is included in the Goldsboro, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
The community takes its name from the Brogden family, Quakers of English descent who settled in the area during the colonial period.
Shiloh Primitive Baptist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (1.82%) is water.
Brogden's elevations are on average 175 feet above sea level. The area is underlain by unconsolidated beds of sand, clay and gravel. Most of these beds were deposited in seawater as the sea advanced and retreated during the geologic development of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. To a much lesser extent, streams deposited layers of sediment which mixed with that deposited on the sea floor.
The climate in Brogden is characterized by warm summers and moderate winters. The average temperature is about 62 degrees. Annual precipitation is about 50 inches of rainfall per year, with the major portion occurring in the late spring and summer.
Brogden also is the name of a farming community in neighboring Johnston County where Hollywood actress Ava Gardner lived as a child.
Demographics
2020 census
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
2000 Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,907 people, 1,030 households, and 784 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 1,157 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 36.29% White, 56.90% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 4.27% from other races, and 1.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.67% of the population.
There were 1,030 households, out of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% were married couples living together, 21.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.8% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.17.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,875, and the median income for a family was $35,804. Males had a median income of $25,545 versus $19,828 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,293. About 13.6% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.5% of those under age 18 and 29.4% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Education in Brogden is administered by the Wayne County Public School system with children attending schools in nearby townships. Higher education is offered through Wayne Community College in Goldsboro and Mount Olive College in Mount Olive.
Transportation
Passenger
Air: Brogden is served through nearby Kinston Regional Jetport with service to Orlando, Florida. Raleigh-Durham International Airport is the closest major airport with service to more than 45 domestic and international destinations. Goldsboro-Wayne Municipal Airport is an airport located nearby, but is only used for general aviation.
Interstate Highway: I-795 is the closest Interstate to Brogden, which is located 7 miles north in Goldsboro.
Brogden is not served directly by passenger trains. The closest Amtrak station is located in Selma.
Bus: The area is served by Greyhound with a location in nearby Goldsboro.
Roads
The main highway in Brogden is US 117.
Notes
Census-designated places in North Carolina
Census-designated places in Wayne County, North Carolina |
Ciutat Esportiva Juan Ángel Romero is the training ground and academy base of the Spanish football club Elche CF. It was opened in 1980.
Located in Elche and covering an area of 100,000 m², it is used for youth and senior teams trainings.
Facilities
Campo de fútbol José Díez Iborra with a capacity of 3,000 seats, is the home stadium of Elche CF Ilicitano, the reserve team of Elche CF.
1 grass pitch.
3 artificial pitches.
4 mini artificial pitches.
2 indoor sport halls.
2 outdoor swimming pools.
4 outdoor tennis courts.
Service centre with gymnasium.
References
Elche CF
Association football training grounds in Spain
Sports venues completed in 1980 |
Deng Sui (; 81 – 17 April 121), formally Empress Hexi (), was regent of the Eastern Han dynasty from 106 to 121. Beginning as an imperial consort to Emperor He, she managed to gain favor in the court through her humble and virtuous disposition, as well as her intelligence. She never wore lavish clothes, and refused any special privileges and gifts given to her. She gained the affections of He by expressing her concerns about him producing an heir, and suggesting other concubines that could possibly bear him one. Deng was also known for her beauty, which was recorded in many accounts and was undoubtedly the reason that He became enamored with her. Her influence in court caused He's wife, Empress Yin, to grow jealous, despite Deng's generosity towards her. Deng tried to forge a good relationship with Yin through acts of courtesy and respect, but Yin's jealousy caused her to resent Deng. Her jealousy towards Deng continued to grow until Yin was deposed due to accusations of her committing witchcraft, possibly to curse Deng. The Yin clan was exiled, and Yin later died. The same year, Deng was made empress.
As empress, Deng continued to be a humble and virtuous person. She used her status as empress to promote education and became a patron of scholarship and the arts. She opened up opportunities for scholars to become involved in the aristocracy, and encouraged original thinking, giving way to philosophers such as Ban Zhao, one of China's first known female historians and philosophers, who served as Deng's primary educator and ladies-in-waiting. As part of her humility, and possibly her education, Deng refused any tributes that would have normally been given to an empress, instead opting for paper and ink. She sponsored the usage of paper in the imperial palace, and as a result, she is considered to be responsible for the world's adoption of paper. When Emperor He died, Deng, who had not birthed him any heirs, claimed two sons from He's harem, Liu Sheng and Liu Long, both of whom were sickly. Ruling as empress dowager, she deemed Liu Long to be the less sickly of the two and made him heir. She proceeded to serve as regent for Liu Long, and when he died, she had the cousin of Liu Sheng, Prince Sheng, made heir, whom she served as regent for as well.
As regent, Deng had full control over the kingdom, and she demonstrated her intelligence through her decisions to cut taxes and reduce palace expenses, which provided great relief for the poor. She was known to be a fair leader who did not tolerate corruption, even within her own family. She was also known to be a very merciful ruler, issuing a general pardon to the family members and associates of Empress Dou (Emperor He's mother), who all had grown powerful during Emperor He's time before being toppled in a coup d'etat by He, and issuing law reforms that extended the time allowed for death penalty appeals. Through her rule, she successfully guided the dynasty through a period fraught with severe hailstorms, floods, and droughts through her organization of relief efforts. Additionally, she navigated military conflict with the Xiongnu and Qiang, who were causing disturbances at the borders. Her administration is considered one of the last periods of stable and effective rule during the Eastern Han dynasty, with subsequent rulers drawn into power struggles that gradually destabilized the empire.
Family background and early life
Deng Sui was born in 81 AD in Nanyang. Her father Deng Xun (鄧訓) was the sixth son of Emperor Guangwu's prime minister Deng Yu. Her mother, Lady Yin, was a daughter of a cousin of Emperor Guangwu's wife Empress Yin Lihua. She had a noted interest in studying, being able to read historical texts at age six and being able to recite the Book of Documents and Analects when she was twelve.
She was selected to be in the palace in 95. She became a consort to Emperor He in 96, when she was 15, and he was 17.
She may have been notable for her stature; at 166 centimeters she was two inches taller than the average man of the period.
Imperial consort and empress
When Deng Sui became an imperial consort, Emperor He had already created Empress Yin empress. Empress Yin was described as beautiful but short and clumsy, and she was also known for jealousy. Consort Deng tried to foster a proper relationship with her by being humble, and was described as constantly trying to cover Empress Yin's mistakes. This, however, only drew Empress Yin's jealousy, as Emperor He became impressed with her and considered her one of his favorites. Empress Yin was also not pleased that Consort Deng, concerned that Emperor He was constantly losing sons in childhood, often recommended other consorts for him to have sexual relations with. Once, when Emperor He was ill, Empress Yin made the remark that if she became empress dowager, the Dengs would be slaughtered. Upon hearing that remark, Consort Deng considered committing suicide, and one of her ladies-in-waiting saved her by falsely telling her that the emperor had recovered. However, the emperor did soon recover, so Consort Deng and her family escaped a terrible fate.
In 102, Empress Yin and her grandmother, Deng Zhu (鄧朱), were accused of using witchcraft to curse imperial consorts (probably including Consort Deng). She was deposed and died of sorrow, probably in 102 as well. Emperor He created Consort Deng empress on 21 November of that year to replace her.
As empress, Empress Deng was described as diligent and humble, and she resisted offers by Emperor He to promote her relatives. She was taught by Ban Zhao, whom she made a Lady-in-Waiting.
She also prohibited the commanderies and principalities from offering her tributes—which had been customary for empresses to receive. As Empress, she refused all tributes from abroad, insisting on receiving annual gifts of paper and ink instead.
Regency
Regency for Emperor Shang of Han
In 106, with China facing a financial crisis, Emperor He died, creating a succession crisis. Empress Deng and all of the imperial consorts had been without sons for a long time. (Emperor He was described as having had a number of sons who died in young age; it is unclear whether Empresses Yin or Deng ever gave birth, but it appears that they did not.) Late in Emperor He's reign, he had two sons—whose mothers were not mentioned in history—Liu Sheng and Liu Long. Under the superstition of the time, it was thought that they might survive better if they grew up outside the palace in light of their other brothers' early deaths, so both were given to foster parents.
At the time Emperor He died, Liu Sheng, the older son, was still young (but actual age is not recorded in history) and believed to be constantly ill. The younger, Liu Long, was only 100 days old. Both were welcomed back to the palace, and Empress Deng created Liu Long crown prince, believing that he would be healthier, and then that night he was proclaimed emperor, as Emperor Shang. Power was in Empress Dowager Deng's hands, as regent for the infant emperor, and her brother Deng Zhi (鄧騭) quickly became the most powerful official at court. She also sought the advice of Ban Zhao, until her death in 116. She issued a general pardon, which benefitted the people who had rights stripped from them for associating with the family of Empress Dou, whose family had been powerful during the early reign of Emperor He but had been toppled in a coup d'état.
Late in 106, the young emperor died, creating yet another succession crisis. By this time, the officials had realized that Prince Sheng (then Prince of Pingyuan) was not as ill as initially thought, and they generally wanted him to be emperor. However, Empress Dowager Deng, concerned that Prince Sheng would bear a grudge for not having been made emperor first, had other ideas. She insisted on making Emperor Shang's cousin Prince Hu, who was seen by some as the rightful heir, emperor instead. He took the throne as Emperor An, at age 12.
Regency for Emperor An of Han
When Emperor An ascended the throne, his father Liu Qing was still alive, as was his wife Consort Geng—who had remained in the capital Luoyang with him until his ascension. (Emperor An's mother Consort Zuo Xiao'e (左小娥), Liu Qing's concubine, had died sometime earlier.) However, Deng Sui was able to ensure exclusive control over the young emperor still, as empress dowager, by sending Consort Geng to join her husband Liu Qing in his Principality of Qinghe.
Deng Sui showed herself to be an able regent who did not tolerate corruption, even by her own family members. She also carried out criminal law reforms. For example, in 107, she issued an edict that extended the period for death penalty appeals. She cut the expenses of the royal court, like the making of expensive handicrafts such as jade and ivory carvings and sent home palace attendants with superfluous functions. She also demanded less tribute from the provinces. While Empress, she twice opened the imperial granaries to feed the hungry; forced the reduction of income landlords received from the land they rented out; she repaired waterways and cut court rituals and banquets.
In 107, however, there would be major problems on the borders. First, kingdoms of the Western Regions (or Xiyu, modern Xinjiang and Central Asia), which had submitted to Han suzerainty during the times of the great general Ban Chao, had been resisting Ban's successors for some time due to their harsh regulations, and in 107, Empress Dowager Deng finally decreed that Xiyu be abandoned. That same year, Qiang tribes, who had been oppressed by Han officials for more than a decade and fearful that they would be ordered to quell Xiyu rebellions, rebelled themselves. This was a major rebellion, affecting a wide region over modern Shaanxi, Gansu, and northern Sichuan, and Qiang forces even made incursions into modern Shanxi and threatened the capital at one point. The situation became so severe that Deng Zhi considered abandoning Liang Province (涼州, roughly modern Gansu), a proposal that Empress Dowager Deng wisely rejected. The rebellion would not be put down until 118, by which point the western empire was in shambles.
Also, in 107 to 109, there were many natural disasters—floods, droughts, and hail, in different parts of the empire. Empress Dowager Deng was largely effective in organizing disaster relief efforts.
In 109, South Xiongnu, which had been a loyal vassal up to this point, rebelled as well, believing that Han had been so weakened by Qiang rebellions that it would be easy target. However, after Han made a strong show of force, South Xiongnu submitted again and would not become a trouble spot for the rest of Han Dynasty.
On 22 November 110, Empress Dowager Deng's mother Lady Yin died. Her brothers resigned their posts to observe a period of mourning for three years, and after initially not approving the request, she eventually did, under female scholar Ban Zhao's suggestion. Even though they were without major government posts, however, they remained powerful advisors. As the years went by, Empress Dowager Deng's original humble nature appeared to entirely wear away as she hung onto power. When some of her relatives and close associates suggested that she transfer power to Emperor An, she became angry at them and would not do so.
Death
In April 121, Empress Dowager Deng died and was buried with her husband Emperor He with full honors on 30 April. Emperor An finally took power at age 28. His wet nurse Wang Sheng (王聖) and trusted eunuchs Li Run (李閏) and Jiang Jing (江京), who had waited for years to have power, falsely accused Empress Dowager Deng of having considered deposing Emperor An and replacing him with his cousin, Liu Yi (劉翼) the Prince of Hejian. In anger, Emperor An removed all of Empress Dowager Deng's relatives from government and forced many of them to commit suicide. Later that year, however, he partially reversed his orders, and some of Empress Dowager Deng's relatives were allowed to return, but the clan had been decimated by then.
Historical assessment
Deng is considered to have ruled "with conspicuous competence." She was regarded as an able and diligent administrator, is considered responsible for the world's first official adoption of paper, and was a patron of the arts. During her regency, she cut palace expenses, provided relief for the poor, was able to meet the challenge of natural disasters including crippling floods, droughts and hailstorms in several parts of the empire, as well as largely quelling wars with Xiongnu and Qiang. She was praised for her attention to criminal justice. Well educated, Empress Deng created new positions for scholars, encouraged original thinking, and was responsible for the standardization of the five classics. She called 70 members of the imperial families to study the classics and oversaw their examinations herself. She is seen as the last effective ruler of the Han Empire, as the later Emperors and Empress Dowagers are pulled into internal power struggles and corruption, leading to the fall of the Empire.
References
It is said that Deng, depending on dialect, can be spelled as Tang, Teng, Thean, Thian, Thien. Deng is a Chinese surname, the surname of the late Deng Xiaoping.
Sources
Monro, Alexander (2017) The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention (Vintage Books)
Book of Later Han, vols. 4, 10, part 1.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 48, 49, 50.
Han dynasty empresses
81 births
121 deaths
1st-century Chinese women
1st-century Chinese people
2nd-century women regents
Regents of China
Han dynasty empresses dowager |
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<li><b>2.1.0</b> [07-31-17]
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<li> Improved cmake build support
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<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.12.0</b> [01-26-15]
<ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_EXT_polygon_offset_clamp
<li> GL_EXT_post_depth_coverage
<li> GL_EXT_raster_multisample
<li> GL_EXT_sparse_texture2
<li> GL_EXT_texture_filter_minmax
<li> GL_NV_conservative_raster
<li> GL_NV_fill_rectangle
<li> GL_NV_fragment_coverage_to_color
<li> GL_NV_fragment_shader_interlock
<li> GL_NV_framebuffer_mixed_samples
<li> GL_NV_geometry_shader_passthrough
<li> GL_NV_internalformat_sample_query
<li> GL_NV_sample_locations
<li> GL_NV_sample_mask_override_coverage
<li> GL_NV_shader_atomic_fp16_vector
<li> GL_NV_uniform_buffer_unified_memory
<li> GL_NV_viewport_array2
</ul>
<li> <a href="path_to_url">Bug fixes</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.11.0</b> [08-11-14]
<ul>
<li> New features:
<ul>
<li> Support for OpenGL 4.5
</ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_AMD_gcn_shader
<li> GL_AMD_gpu_shader_int64
<li> GL_AMD_occlusion_query_event
<li> GL_AMD_shader_atomic_counter_ops
<li> GL_AMD_shader_stencil_value_export
<li> GL_AMD_transform_feedback4
<li> GL_ARB_ES3_1_compatibility
<li> GL_ARB_clip_control
<li> GL_ARB_conditional_render_inverted
<li> GL_ARB_cull_distance
<li> GL_ARB_derivative_control
<li> GL_ARB_direct_state_access
<li> GL_ARB_get_texture_sub_image
<li> GL_ARB_pipeline_statistics_query
<li> GL_ARB_shader_texture_image_samples
<li> GL_ARB_sparse_buffer
<li> GL_ARB_texture_barrier
<li> GL_ARB_transform_feedback_overflow_query
<li> GL_EXT_debug_label
<li> GL_EXT_shader_image_load_formatted
<li> GL_EXT_shader_integer_mix
<li> GL_INTEL_fragment_shader_ordering
<li> GL_INTEL_performance_query
<li> GL_KHR_blend_equation_advanced
<li> GL_KHR_blend_equation_advanced_coherent
<li> GL_KHR_context_flush_control
<li> GL_KHR_robust_buffer_access_behavior
<li> GL_KHR_robustness
<li> GL_KHR_texture_compression_astc_hdr
<li> GL_NV_bindless_multi_draw_indirect_count
<li> GL_NV_shader_atomic_int64
<li> GL_NV_shader_thread_group
<li> GL_NV_shader_thread_shuffle
<li> GL_REGAL_proc_address
<li> GLX_ARB_context_flush_control
<li> GLX_EXT_stereo_tree
<li> GLX_MESA_query_renderer
<li> GLX_NV_copy_buffer
<li> GLX_NV_delay_before_swap
<li> WGL_ARB_context_flush_control
<li> WGL_NV_delay_before_swap
</ul>
<li> <a href="path_to_url">Bug fixes</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.10.0</b> [07-22-13]
<ul>
<li> New features:
<ul>
<li> Support for OpenGL 4.4
</ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_AMD_interleaved_elements
<li> GL_AMD_shader_trinary_minmax
<li> GL_AMD_sparse_texture
<li> GL_ANGLE_depth_texture
<li> GL_ANGLE_framebuffer_blit
<li> GL_ANGLE_framebuffer_multisample
<li> GL_ANGLE_instanced_arrays
<li> GL_ANGLE_pack_reverse_row_order
<li> GL_ANGLE_program_binary
<li> GL_ANGLE_texture_compression_dxt1
<li> GL_ANGLE_texture_compression_dxt3
<li> GL_ANGLE_texture_compression_dxt5
<li> GL_ANGLE_texture_usage
<li> GL_ANGLE_timer_query
<li> GL_ANGLE_translated_shader_source
<li> GL_ARB_bindless_texture
<li> GL_ARB_buffer_storage
<li> GL_ARB_clear_texture
<li> GL_ARB_compute_variable_group_size
<li> GL_ARB_enhanced_layouts
<li> GL_ARB_indirect_parameters
<li> GL_ARB_multi_bind
<li> GL_ARB_query_buffer_object
<li> GL_ARB_seamless_cubemap_per_texture
<li> GL_ARB_shader_draw_parameters
<li> GL_ARB_shader_group_vote
<li> GL_ARB_sparse_texture
<li> GL_ARB_texture_mirror_clamp_to_edge
<li> GL_ARB_texture_stencil8
<li> GL_ARB_vertex_type_10f_11f_11f_rev
<li> GL_INTEL_map_texture
<li> GL_NVX_conditional_render
<li> GL_NV_bindless_multi_draw_indirect
<li> GL_NV_blend_equation_advanced
<li> GL_NV_compute_program5
<li> GL_NV_deep_texture3D
<li> GL_NV_draw_texture
<li> GL_NV_shader_atomic_counters
<li> GL_NV_shader_storage_buffer_object
<li> GL_REGAL_ES1_0_compatibility
<li> GL_REGAL_ES1_1_compatibility
<li> GL_REGAL_enable
<li> GLX_EXT_buffer_age
<li> WGL_ARB_robustness_application_isolation
<li> WGL_ARB_robustness_share_group_isolation
</ul>
<li> <a href="path_to_url">Bug fixes</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.9.0</b> [08-06-12]
<ul>
<li> New features:
<ul>
<li> Support for OpenGL 4.3 -
<a href="path_to_url">specification</a>,
<a href="path_to_url">overview</a>.
</ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_ARB_ES3_compatibility
<li> GL_ARB_clear_buffer_object
<li> GL_ARB_compute_shader
<li> GL_ARB_copy_image
<li> GL_ARB_explicit_uniform_location
<li> GL_ARB_fragment_layer_viewport
<li> GL_ARB_framebuffer_no_attachments
<li> GL_ARB_internalformat_query2
<li> GL_ARB_multi_draw_indirect
<li> GL_ARB_program_interface_query
<li> GL_ARB_robust_buffer_access_behavior
<li> GL_ARB_robustness_application_isolation
<li> GL_ARB_robustness_share_group_isolation
<li> GL_ARB_shader_image_size
<li> GL_ARB_shader_storage_buffer_object
<li> GL_ARB_stencil_texturing
<li> GL_ARB_texture_buffer_range
<li> GL_ARB_texture_query_levels
<li> GL_ARB_texture_storage_multisample
<li> GL_ARB_texture_view
<li> GL_ARB_vertex_attrib_binding
<li> GL_EXT_debug_marker
<li> GL_KHR_debug
<li> GL_REGAL_error_string
<li> GL_REGAL_extension_query
<li> GL_REGAL_log
<li> GLX_ARB_robustness_application_isolation
<li> GLX_ARB_robustness_share_group_isolation
<li> GLX_EXT_create_context_es_profile
<li> WGL_EXT_create_context_es_profile
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Not using GLU library for Makefile builds.
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.8.0</b> [07-17-12]
<ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_AMD_pinned_memory
<li> GL_AMD_query_buffer_object
<li> GL_AMD_stencil_operation_extended
<li> GL_AMD_vertex_shader_layer
<li> GL_AMD_vertex_shader_viewport_index
<li> GL_NV_bindless_texture
<li> GL_NV_shader_atomic_float
<li> GLX_EXT_swap_control_tear
<li> WGL_EXT_swap_control_tear
<li> WGL_NV_DX_interop2
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> MS Visual Studio 2010 projects added
<li> GLX_NV_video_out replaces GLX_NV_video_output
<li> ANSI C prototype for glewInit
<li> Improved CentOS build support
<li> Improved GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64 support
<li> ARB_texture_compression_bptc and ARB_copy_buffer constants
<li> Linux needs to define GLEW_STATIC for static library builds
<li> Custom code generation problem resolved
<li> GLEWAPIENTRY added to glew.h for calling convention customization
<li> Correction for glPathStencilDepthOffsetNV
<li> Resolve OSX gcc warnings
<li> Added build support for NetBSD
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.7.0</b> [08-26-11]
<ul>
<li> New features:
<ul>
<li> Support for OpenGL 4.2
</ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_AMD_multi_draw_indirect
<li> GL_ARB_base_instance
<li> GL_ARB_compressed_texture_pixel_storage
<li> GL_ARB_conservative_depth
<li> GL_ARB_internalformat_query
<li> GL_ARB_map_buffer_alignment
<li> GL_ARB_shader_atomic_counters
<li> GL_ARB_shader_image_load_store
<li> GL_ARB_shading_language_420pack
<li> GL_ARB_shading_language_packing
<li> GL_ARB_texture_storage
<li> GL_ARB_transform_feedback_instanced
<li> GL_EXT_framebuffer_multisample_blit_scaled
<li> GL_NV_path_rendering
<li> GL_NV_path_rendering
<li> GLX_MESA_swap_control
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> const qualifiers for GL 1.4 MultiDrawArrays, MultiDrawElements
<li> Add glGetGraphicsResetStatusARB to GL_ARB_robustness
<li> Remove EXT suffix from GL_KTX_buffer_region entry points
<li> Solaris needs inttypes.h
<li> Add ERROR_INVALID_VERSION_ARB and ERROR_INVALID_PROFILE_ARB to WGL_ARB_create_context
<li> Add GLX_MESA_swap_control
<li> Set -install_name for OSX
<li> Add 64-bit darwin build option (SYSTEM=darwin_x86-64)
<li> Add GL_NV_path_rendering
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.6.0</b> [04-27-11]
<ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_AMD_blend_minmax_factor
<li> GL_AMD_sample_positions
<li> GL_EXT_x11_sync_object
<li> GL_NV_texture_multisample
<li> GL_NV_video_capture
<li> GLX_NV_video_capture
<li> WGL_NV_DX_interop
<li> WGL_NV_video_capture
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Define GLEW_NO_GLU for no glu dependency.
<li> mx suffix for GLEW MX libraries, build both libraries by default.
<li> Cygwin build improvements
<li> Soname of GLEWmx shared libraries
<li> Query GL extension string only once
<li> GLX_OML_sync_control no longer requires C99
<li> glDraw*InstancedARB moved from GL_ARB_draw_instanced to GL_ARB_instanced_arrays
<li> glFramebufferTextureLayerEXT moved from GL_EXT_geometry_shader4 to GL_EXT_texture_array
<li> Fixes for BSD build
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.5.8</b> [01-31-11]
<ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_AMD_depth_clamp_separate
<li> GL_EXT_texture_sRGB_decode
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Borland C++ fix for __int64
<li> GL_DOUBLE_MATNxM enumerants for OpenGL 4.0
<li> Correction to glGetTransformFeedbackVarying
<li> Correction to glSecondaryColorPointer
<li> Corrections to glGetVertexAttribPointerv and glGetShaderSource
<li> Switched code repository from svn to git
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.5.7</b> [11-03-10]
<ul>
<li> New extension:
<ul>
<li> GL_NVX_gpu_memory_info
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Improved mingw32 build support
<li> Improved cygwin build support
<li> glGetPointervEXT fix
<li> Add GLEW_VERSION_1_2_1
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.5.6</b> [09-07-10]
<ul>
<li> New features:
<ul>
<li> Support for OpenGL 4.1
</ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_ARB_ES2_compatibility
<li> GL_ARB_cl_event
<li> GL_ARB_debug_output
<li> GL_ARB_get_program_binary
<li> GL_ARB_robustness
<li> GL_ARB_separate_shader_objects
<li> GL_ARB_shader_precision
<li> GL_ARB_shader_stencil_export
<li> GL_ARB_vertex_attrib_64bit
<li> GL_ARB_viewport_array
<li> GLX_ARB_create_context_robustness
<li> GLX_EXT_create_context_es2_profile
<li> WGL_ARB_create_context_robustness
<li> WGL_EXT_create_context_es2_profile
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.5.5</b> [07-13-10]
<ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_AMD_debug_output
<li> GL_AMD_name_gen_delete
<li> GL_AMD_transform_feedback3_lines_triangles
<li> GL_NV_multisample_coverage
<li> GL_NV_vdpau_interop
<li> GLX_AMD_gpu_association
<li> GLX_NV_multisample_coverage
<li> WGL_NV_multisample_coverage
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Compilation issue with GLX_SGI_video_sync
<li> OpenGL 4.0 double-precision uniform functions added
<li> Constness of glPointParameterfvARB and glPointParameterfvEXT
<li> Added glVertexAttribDivisor
<li> Compilation issue with Nvidia GLX headers
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.5.4</b> [04-21-10]
<ul>
<li> New features:
<ul>
<li> Support for OpenGL 3.3
<li> Support for OpenGL 4.0
</ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_AMD_conservative_depth
<li> GL_ARB_blend_func_extended
<li> GL_ARB_draw_indirect
<li> GL_ARB_explicit_attrib_location
<li> GL_ARB_gpu_shader5
<li> GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64
<li> GL_ARB_occlusion_query2
<li> GL_ARB_sampler_objects
<li> GL_ARB_shader_bit_encoding
<li> GL_ARB_shader_subroutine
<li> GL_ARB_shading_language_include
<li> GL_ARB_tessellation_shader
<li> GL_ARB_texture_buffer_object_rgb32
<li> GL_ARB_texture_compression_bptc
<li> GL_ARB_texture_rgb10_a2ui
<li> GL_ARB_texture_swizzle
<li> GL_ARB_timer_query
<li> GL_ARB_transform_feedback2
<li> GL_ARB_transform_feedback3
<li> GL_ARB_vertex_type_2_10_10_10_rev
<li> GL_EXT_shader_image_load_store
<li> GL_EXT_vertex_attrib_64bit
<li> GL_NV_gpu_program5
<li> GL_NV_gpu_program_fp64
<li> GL_NV_gpu_shader5
<li> GL_NV_tessellation_program5
<li> GL_NV_vertex_attrib_integer_64bit
<li> GLX_ARB_vertex_buffer_object
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Parameter constness fix for glPointParameteriv and glPointParameterfv
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.5.3</b> [02-28-10]
<ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GLX_INTEL_swap_event
<li> GL_AMD_seamless_cubemap_per_texture
<li> GL_AMD_shader_stencil_export
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Correct version detection for GL 3.1 and 3.2
<li> Missing 3.1 enumerants
<li> Add glew.pc
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.5.2</b> [12-31-09]
<ul>
<li> New features:
<ul>
<li> Support for OpenGL 3.1
<li> Support for OpenGL 3.2
</ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_AMD_draw_buffers_blend
<li> GL_AMD_performance_monitor
<li> GL_AMD_texture_texture4
<li> GL_AMD_vertex_shader_tessellator
<li> GL_APPLE_aux_depth_stencil
<li> GL_APPLE_object_purgeable
<li> GL_APPLE_rgb_422
<li> GL_APPLE_row_bytes
<li> GL_APPLE_vertex_program_evaluators
<li> GL_ARB_compatibility
<li> GL_ARB_copy_buffer
<li> GL_ARB_depth_clamp
<li> GL_ARB_draw_buffers_blend
<li> GL_ARB_draw_elements_base_vertex
<li> GL_ARB_fragment_coord_conventions
<li> GL_ARB_provoking_vertex
<li> GL_ARB_sample_shading
<li> GL_ARB_seamless_cube_map
<li> GL_ARB_shader_texture_lod
<li> GL_ARB_sync
<li> GL_ARB_texture_cube_map_array
<li> GL_ARB_texture_gather
<li> GL_ARB_texture_multisample
<li> GL_ARB_texture_query_lod
<li> GL_ARB_uniform_buffer_object
<li> GL_ARB_vertex_array_bgra
<li> GL_ATI_meminfo
<li> GL_EXT_provoking_vertex
<li> GL_EXT_separate_shader_objects
<li> GL_EXT_texture_snorm
<li> GL_NV_copy_image
<li> GL_NV_parameter_buffer_object2
<li> GL_NV_shader_buffer_load
<li> GL_NV_texture_barrier
<li> GL_NV_transform_feedback2
<li> GL_NV_vertex_buffer_unified_memory
<li> WGL_AMD_gpu_association
<li> WGL_ARB_create_context_profile
<li> WGL_NV_copy_image
<li> GLX_ARB_create_context_profile
<li> GLX_EXT_swap_control
<li> GLX_NV_copy_image
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> DOS line endings for windows .zip archives only.
<li> glTransformFeedbackVaryings arguments.
<li> Resource leak in glewinfo and visualinfo tools.
<li> WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN preprocessor pollution.
<li> Fixed version detection for GLEW_VERSION_2_1 and GLEW_VERSION_3_0.
<li> MesaGLUT glut.h GLAPIENTRY dependency.
<li> glFramebufferTextureLayer correction.
<li> OSX compiler warnings resolved.
<li> Cygwin linking to opengl32 by default, rather than X11 OpenGL.
<li> SnowLeopard (OSX 10.6) gl.h detection.
<li> Use $(STRIP) consistently.
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.5.1</b> [11-03-08]
<ul>
<li> New features:
<ul>
<li> Support for OpenGL 3.0
</ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_ARB_depth_buffer_float
<li> GL_ARB_draw_instance,
<li> GL_ARB_framebuffer_object
<li> GL_ARB_framebuffer_sRGB
<li> GL_ARB_geometry_shader4
<li> GL_ARB_half_float_pixel
<li> GL_ARB_half_float_vertex
<li> GL_ARB_instanced_arrays
<li> GL_ARB_map_buffer_range
<li> GL_ARB_texture_buffer_object
<li> GL_ARB_texture_compression_rgtc
<li> GL_ARB_vertex_array_object
<li> GL_EXT_direct_state_access
<li> GL_EXT_texture_swizzle
<li> GL_EXT_transform_feedback
<li> GL_EXT_vertex_array_bgra
<li> GL_NV_conditional_render
<li> GL_NV_explicit_multisample
<li> GL_NV_present_video
<li> GL_SGIS_point_line_texgen
<li> GL_SGIX_convolution_accuracy
<li> WGL_ARB_create_context
<li> WGL_ARB_framebuffer_sRGB
<li> WGL_NV_present_video
<li> WGL_NV_swap_group
<li> WGL_NV_video_output
<li> GLX_ARB_create_context
<li> GLX_ARB_framebuffer_sRGB
<li> GLX_NV_present_video
<li> GLX_NV_swap_group
<li> GLX_NV_video_output
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Licensing issues with documentation
<li> Problems with long long and _MSC_VER on MINGW
<li> Incorrect parameter for glGetUniformLocation
<li> glewGetExtension fails on last entry
<li> Incomplete GL_NV_texture_shader tokens
<li> Scripting problems on Cygwin
<li> Incorrect definition for GLint on OS X
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.5.0</b> [12-27-07]
<ul>
<li> New features:
<ul>
<li> Licensing change (BSD, Mesa 3-D, Khronos)
<li> Switch to using registry on <a href="path_to_url">www.opengl.org</a>
<li> Support for major and minor version strings
</ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_APPLE_flush_buffer_range
<li> GL_GREMEDY_frame_terminator
<li> GLX_EXT_texture_from_pixmap
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Incorrent 64-bit type definitions
<li> Do not strip static library on install
<li> Missing tokens in GL_ATI_fragment_shader and WGL_{ARB,EXT}_make_current_read
<li> Missing tokens in GL_VERSION_2_1
<li> Missing functions in GL_VERSION_1_4
<li> Incorrect parameter type for glXCopyContext
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.4.0</b> [04-27-07]
<ul>
<li> New features:
<ul>
<li> Extension variables are declared const to avoid possible
corruption of their values
</ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_NV_depth_range_unclamped
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Incorrect tokens in GL_NV_transform_feedback and GL_NV_framebuffer_multisample_coverage
<li> Incorrect function names in GL_EXT_gpu_program_parameters
<li> Missing tokens in GL_EXT_framebuffer_multisample
<li> GLEW_MX initialization problem for WGL_{ARB,EXT}_extensions_string
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.3.6</b> [03-04-07]
<ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_ATI_shader_texture_lod
<li> GL_EXT_gpu_program_parameters
<li> GL_NV_geometry_shader4
<li> WGL_NV_gpu_affinity
<li> GLX_SGIX_hyperpipe
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Missing include guards in glxew.h
<li> Makefile and install problems for Cygwin builds
<li> Install problem for Linux AMD64 builds
<li> Incorrent token in GL_ATI_texture_compression_3dc
<li> Missing tokens from GL_ATIX_point_sprites
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.3.5</b> [11-21-06]
<ul>
<li> New features:
<ul>
<li> Support for core OpenGL 2.1
<li> Debug support for glewIsSupported
</ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_EXT_bindable_uniform
<li> GL_EXT_draw_buffers2
<li> GL_EXT_draw_instanced
<li> GL_EXT_framebuffer_sRGB
<li> GL_EXT_geometry_shader4
<li> GL_EXT_gpu_shader4
<li> GL_EXT_packed_float
<li> GL_EXT_texture_array
<li> GL_EXT_texture_buffer_object
<li> GL_EXT_texture_compression_latc
<li> GL_EXT_texture_compression_rgtc
<li> GL_EXT_texture_integer
<li> GL_EXT_texture_shared_exponent
<li> GL_EXT_timer_query
<li> GL_NV_depth_buffer_float
<li> GL_NV_fragment_program4
<li> GL_NV_framebuffer_multisample_coverage
<li> GL_NV_geometry_program4
<li> GL_NV_gpu_program4
<li> GL_NV_parameter_buffer_object
<li> GL_NV_transform_feedback
<li> GL_NV_vertex_program4
<li> GL_OES_byte_coordinates
<li> GL_OES_compressed_paletted_texture
<li> GL_OES_read_format
<li> GL_OES_single_precision
<li> WGL_EXT_pixel_format_packed_float
<li> WGL_EXT_framebuffer_sRGB
<li> GLX_EXT_fbconfig_packed_float
<li> GLX_EXT_framebuffer_sRGB
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Wrong GLXContext definition on Solaris
<li> Makefile problem for parallel builds
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.3.4</b> [03-04-06]
<ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_EXT_framebuffer_blit
<li> GL_EXT_framebuffer_multisample
<li> GL_EXT_packed_depth_stencil
<li> GL_MESAX_texture_stack
<li> WGL_3DL_stereo_control
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> glBlendEquation missing from GL_ARB_imaging
<li> Wrong APIENTRY definition for Cygwin
<li> Incorrect OS X OpenGL types
<li> Unix 64-bit installation patch
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.3.3</b> [05-16-05]
<ul>
<li> New feature:
<ul>
<li> Code generation option to split source into multiple files
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> OpenGL 2.0 core initialization problems
<li> Wrong value for token GL_SHADER_TYPE
<li> Missing tokens in GL_ATI_fragment_shader
<li> Missing entry points in GL_ARB_transpose_matrix
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.3.2</b> [03-16-05]
<ul>
<li> New extension:
<ul>
<li> GL_APPLE_pixel_buffer
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Missing OpenGL 2.0 entry points
<li> Missing tokens in GL_SGIX_shadow
<li> MinGW makefile problem
<li> Check for incorrect OpenGL version string on SiS hardware
<li> Documentation update to meet the HTML 4.01 Transitional specification
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.3.1</b> [02-02-05]
<ul>
<li> New features:
<ul>
<li> Consistent Unix and Windows versioning
</ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> GL_EXT_framebuffer_object
<li> GL_ARB_pixel_buffer_object
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Missing OpenGL 2.0 tokens
<li> Incorrect typedefs (GLhandleARB and GLhalf)
<li> Borland compiler problems
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.3.0</b> [01-04-05]
<ul>
<li> New features:
<ul>
<li> Support for core OpenGL 2.0
<li> <tt>glewIsSupported</tt> provides efficient string-based extension checks
<li> Custom code generation from a list of extensions
<li> Makefile changes
</ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li> WGL_ATI_render_texture_rectangle
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> Incorrect function signature in OpenGL 1.5 core
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.2.5</b> [12-06-04]
<ul>
<li> New extensions:
<ul>
<li>GL_ATI_texture_compression_3dc
<li>GL_EXT_Cg_shader
<li>GL_EXT_draw_range_elements
<li>GL_KTX_buffer_region
</ul>
<li> Bug fixes:
<ul>
<li> OpenGL version detection bug
<li> Problems with wxWindows and MinGW compilation
<li> <tt>visualinfo</tt> compilation problem with GLEW_MX specified
<li> Wrong token name in OpenGL 1.5 core
</ul>
<li> Support for FreeBSD
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.2.4</b> [09-06-04]
<ul>
<li> Added ARB_draw_buffers and ARB_texture_rectangle
<li> Fixed bug in ARB_shader_objects
<li> Replaced <tt>wglinfo</tt> with <tt>visualinfo</tt>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.2.3</b> [06-10-04]
<ul>
<li> Added GL_NV_fragment_program2, GL_NV_fragment_program_option, GL_NV_vertex_program2_option, GL_NV_vertex_program3
<li> Bug fix in GL_ARB_vertex_blend
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.2.2</b> [05-08-04]
<ul>
<li> Added GL_EXT_pixel_buffer_object, removed GL_NV_element_array
<li> Fixed GLEW_MX problems
<li> Bug fix in GL_EXT_texture_rectangle and <tt>wglinfo</tt>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.2.1</b> [03-18-04]
<ul>
<li> Bug fix in OpenGL version query (early release of 1.2.0 contained this bug)
<li> Bug fix in GL_ARB_shader_objects and temporary bug fix in GL_ARB_vertex_shader
<li> Added flags on GDI support and multisampling to <tt>wglinfo</tt>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.2.0</b> [02-19-04]
<ul>
<li> Added full OpenGL 1.5 support
<li> Added support for multiple rendering contexts with different capabilities
<li> Added command line flags to <tt>glewinfo</tt> for selecting displays and visuals
<li> Added GLX_SGIS_multisample, GLX_SUN_video_resize, and GL_SUN_read_video_pixels
<li> Added MinGW/MSYS support
<li> Bug fixes in GL_ARB_shader_objects and the OS X build
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.1.4</b> [12-15-03]
<ul>
<li> Added GL_APPLE_float_pixels, GL_APPLE_texture_range,
GL_EXT_texture_cube_map, GL_EXT_texture_edge_clamp,
GLX_ATI_pixel_format_float, and GLX_ATI_render_texture
<li> Bug fixes in GL_ATI_map_object_buffer and GL_ATI_fragment_shader
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.1.3</b> [10-28-03]
<ul>
<li> Added Solaris and Darwin support
<li> Added GL_ARB_fragment_shader, GL_ARB_shader_objects, and GL_ARB_vertex_shader
<li> Fixed bug in GL_WIN_swap_hint
<li> Removed <tt>glewinfo</tt>'s dependency on <tt>GLUT</tt>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.1.2</b> [09-15-03]
<ul>
<li> Removed dependency on WGL_{ARB,EXT}_extensions_string to make GLEW run on Matrox cards
<li> Added glewGetString for querying the GLEW version string
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.1.1</b> [08-11-03]
<ul>
<li> Added GLX_NV_float_buffer, GL_ARB_shading_language_100, and GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two
<li> Fixed bug in GL_ARB_vertex_buffer_object
<li> Minor updates in documentation
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.1.0</b> [07-08-03]
<ul>
<li> Added automatic code generation
<li> Added almost every extension in the registry
<li> Added separate namespace
<li> Added Irix support
<li> Updated documentation
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.0.7</b> [06-29-03]
<ul>
<li> Added GL_EXT_depth_bounds_test
<li> Fixed typos
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.0.6</b> [05-05-03]
<ul>
<li> Added ARB_vertex_buffer_object and NV_half_float
<li> Updated <tt>wglinfo</tt>
<li> Temporary Linux bug fixes (problems with SDL and MESA)
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.0.5</b> [02-17-03]
<ul>
<li> Bug fixes
<li> Added <tt>wglinfo</tt>
<li> Updated documentation
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.0.4</b> [02-02-03]
<ul>
<li> Added NV_texture_expand_normal
<li> Added mingw support
<li> Updated documentation
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.0.3</b> [01-09-03]
<ul>
<li> Cleaned up ATI extensions
<li> Changed function prototypes to match glext.h
<li> Added EXT_texture3D
<li> Fixed typos in ATI_vertex_attrib_array_object and ATI_draw_buffers
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.0.2</b> [12-21-02]
<ul>
<li> Added list of supported extensions to documentation
<li> Added NV_half_float and NV_texgen_emboss
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.0.1</b> [12-17-02]
<ul>
<li> Bug fixes
<li> Added glewGetExtension
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<ul class="none">
<li><b>1.0.0</b> [12-12-02]
<ul>
<li> Initial release
</ul>
</ul>
<hr align="center">
<!-- begin footer.html -->
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``` |
Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs is a Unicode block containing meteorological and astronomical symbols, emoji characters largely for compatibility with Japanese telephone carriers' implementations of Shift JIS, and characters originally from the Wingdings and Webdings fonts found in Microsoft Windows.
Emoji
The block contains 637 emoji and has 312 standardized variants defined to specify emoji-style (U+FE0F VS16) or text presentation (U+FE0E VS15) for 156 base characters.
Emoji modifiers
The Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs contains a set of "Emoji modifiers" which are modifier characters intended to represent skin colour based on the Fitzpatrick scale (but conflating the two lightest skin types into one category):
These emoji modifiers can be used on emojis that represent people or body parts including the 54 human emojis in the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictograph block.
In August 2014, Peter Edberg of Apple Inc. and Mark Davis of Google proposed implementing these "emoji modifiers" to provide better representation of "human diversity" in emoji characters.
and, in June 2015, the proposal was adopted in Unicode version 8.0.
This was the result of lobbying by Katrina Parrott, whose daughter came up with the idea after being unable to send emojis that looked like her.
To modify an emoji representing a human or body part, the emoji modifier must be placed immediately after that emoji. When the emoji modifier is applied to an emoji, the emoji-style variant selectior (U+FE0F) should be omitted because the emoji modifier automatically implies emoji-style presentation.
Table of emojis with modifiers
The following table shows the full combinations of each of the five modifiers with all the "human emoji" characters in the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs block. Each character should show in each of the five skin tones provided a suitable font is installed on the system and the rendering software is capable of handling modifier characters. Platforms without emoji modifier support may show as boxes.
Additional human emoji can be found in other Unicode blocks: Dingbats, Emoticons, Miscellaneous Symbols, Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs, Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A and Transport and Map Symbols.
Chart
History
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs block:
References
Unicode blocks
Emoji |
Kashantu (, also Romanized as Kāshāntū) is a village in Cham Chamal Rural District, Bisotun District, Harsin County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 449, in 109 families.
References
Populated places in Harsin County |
Miller Court/Arrowood is a Roanoke, Virginia neighborhood located in northwest Roanoke, bound to the east by Interstate 581. It borders the neighborhoods of Westview Terrace on the west, Fairland on the south, Airport on the east and Roanoke County on the north. The neighborhood sees both a mix of residential and commercial development throughout its area. Its development patterns typical of those experienced for an American city during the mid-20th century with low-density housing and commercial developments along its Virginia State Route 117 (Peters Creek Road) frontage.
Today the area is noted as being the location of both William Fleming High School and William Ruffner Middle School.
References
External links
Peters Creek North Neighborhood Plan
Neighborhoods in Roanoke, Virginia |
During the 1930–31 English football season, Brentford competed in the Football League Third Division South. Despite failing to challenge for promotion, the Bees finished in 3rd place and advanced to the fourth round of the FA Cup for the first time in four years.
Season summary
Brentford entered the 1930–31 Third Division South season with largely the same personnel which secured a runners-up finish the previous year. The only significant signing was goalkeeper Edward Nash from Swindon Town in September 1930, to cover for Freddie Fox, from whom Nash would take over the goalkeeping position during the second half of the season. The previous season's prolific forward line of Billy Lane, Jack Lane and Cecil Blakemore again showed excellent goalscoring form during the first half of the season, with Bill Berry returning to the fold after a season in the reserve team and replacing the out-of-form John Payne.
Despite the large number of goals, the team's form was patchy, though a run of 8 defeats in 15 league matches between 27 September and 27 December 1930 only dropped the Bees from 5th to 7th position. An 8–2 victory over Crystal Palace on Christmas Day was Brentford's biggest win of the season and equalled the club record for highest aggregate score in a Football League match. The Bees also embarked on a run to the fourth round of the FA Cup, falling to First Division Portsmouth at Griffin Park. Despite the transfer of 19-goal Jack Lane to Crystal Palace in January 1931, Brentford's form improved, with Billy Lane continuing to score and new forward signings George Robson and Les Wilkins making a contribution. 9 wins in the final 31 matches saw the Bees finish the season in 3rd place, 9 points behind champions Notts County.
Brentford's 1930–31 season is notable for the amount of hat-tricks scored, with Billy Lane claiming three, Jack Lane two and Frederick Gamble one, which convinced West Ham United to sign Gamble in exchange for Les Wilkins in February 1931, despite Gamble having made only 13 appearances in just under two years. During the season, Billy Lane and Jack Lane each scored a hat-trick in the same match twice during a one-month period – in the 6–1 FA Cup first round victory over Ilford on 29 November 1930 and in the 8–2 league victory over Crystal Palace on Christmas Day. Jack Lane's only goal of the game versus Norwich City in the FA Cup second round on 13 December 1930 marked the first time in the club's Football League history that three players had reached 10 goals for the season prior to Christmas Day. The other goalscorers then on double figures were Billy Lane and Cecil Blakemore.
League table
Results
Brentford's goal tally listed first.
Legend
Football League Third Division South
FA Cup
Sources: Statto, 11v11, 100 Years of Brentford
Playing squad
Players' ages are as of the opening day of the 1930–31 season.
Sources: 100 Years of Brentford, Timeless Bees, Football League Players' Records 1888 to 1939
Coaching staff
Statistics
Appearances and goals
Players listed in italics left the club mid-season.
Source: 100 Years of Brentford
Goalscorers
Players listed in italics left the club mid-season.
Source: 100 Years of Brentford
Management
Summary
Transfers & loans
Cricketers are not included in this list.
Notes
References
Brentford F.C. seasons
Brentford |
Eulalie Hardy Hanton Dawson (née Burnard; 21 December 1883 – 5 September 1907) was one of the first women graduates in medicine at the University of Adelaide. A promising career was cut short by her death less than two years after graduating.
Early life and education
Eulalie Hardy Hanton Burnard was born at the schoolhouse, Unley, 21 December 1883. Her mother was Alice Hardy Burnard née Hanton. Her father was Richard Thomas Burnard, Methodist lay preacher and teacher at Thebarton 1874–1881; head master of Unley School 1881–1889, Moonta Mines 1889–1891, Gawler 1891–1895, Flinders Street 1895–1912, and Unley again, 1912–1918. He was prominent in the boards of management of Our Boys' Institute and the League of Empire.
Dawson attended her fathers' schools until 1896 when, having won a bursary, she commenced in the fourth class at the Advanced School for Girls, and after a highly successful scholastic career, matriculated in 1899. She studied science and medicine at the University of Adelaide, and graduated MB BS with first-class honours in December 1905.
Career
She commenced work as honorary surgeon at Adelaide Hospital in 1906.
She married fellow graduate Dr. Dean Dawson (13 March 1881 – 18 March 1939) of "Sunnybrae", Laura on 23 March 1907, and moved into her new home. They took over the Laura practice of Clement Wells, who succeeded Frederic J. Chapple as medical superintendent of Adelaide Hospital. A few months later, she was found to have an abscess on her spine. An operation proved futile and she died in the North Adelaide private hospital, 5 September 1907.
References
1883 births
1907 deaths
Australian women medical doctors
20th-century Australian medical doctors
University of Adelaide alumni
People educated at the Advanced School for Girls |
Modiolarca impacta is a species of saltwater clam, a mussel, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Mytilidae, the mussels.
References
Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
Mytilidae
Bivalves of New Zealand
Molluscs described in 1782 |
Mathieu Giroux (born 2 March 1986) is a Canadian speed-skater. He shared medals at team pursuit medals at world cup races in Calgary and Salt Lake City in 2009. He represented Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics. On February 27, he won a gold medal in the team pursuit along with Denny Morrison and Lucas Makowsky.
References
1986 births
Living people
Canadian male speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for Canada
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Speed skaters from Montreal
World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists
21st-century Canadian people |
Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of malonic acid.
Functions
It plays a key role in chain elongation in fatty acid biosynthesis and polyketide biosynthesis.
Cytosolic fatty acid biosynthesis
Malonyl-CoA provides 2-carbon units to fatty acids and commits them to fatty acid chain synthesis.
Malonyl-CoA is formed by carboxylating acetyl-CoA using the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. One molecule of acetyl-CoA joins with a molecule of bicarbonate, requiring energy rendered from ATP.
Malonyl-CoA is utilised in fatty acid biosynthesis by the enzyme malonyl coenzyme A:acyl carrier protein transacylase (MCAT). MCAT serves to transfer malonate from malonyl-CoA to the terminal thiol of holo-acyl carrier protein (ACP).
Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis
Malonyl-CoA is formed in the first step of mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII) from malonic acid by malonyl-CoA synthetase (ACSF3).
Polyketide biosynthesis
MCAT is also involved in bacterial polyketide biosynthesis. The enzyme MCAT together with an acyl carrier protein (ACP), and a polyketide synthase (PKS) and chain-length factor heterodimer, constitutes the minimal PKS of type II polyketides.
Regulation
Malonyl-CoA is a highly regulated molecule in fatty acid synthesis; as such, it inhibits the rate-limiting step in beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Malonyl-CoA inhibits fatty acids from associating with carnitine by regulating the enzyme carnitine acyltransferase, thereby preventing them from entering the mitochondria, where fatty acid oxidation and degradation occur.
Related diseases
Malonyl-CoA plays a special role in the mitochondrial clearance of toxic malonic acid in the metabolic disorder combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria (CMAMMA). In CMAMMA due to ACSF3, malonyl-CoA synthetase is decreased, which can generate malonyl-CoA from malonic acid, which can then be converted to acetyl-CoA by malonyl-CoA decarboxylase. In contrast, in CMAMMA due to malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase is decreased, which converts malonyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA.
See also
MCAT (gene)
References
External links
Hope for new way to beat obesity
Metabolism
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
Union de Mohammédia is a Moroccan football club currently playing in the second division. The club was founded in 1946 and is located in the town of Mohammedia. They play at El Bachir, and the president is Mohammed Benchowak. Stade Al Bachir, which has a capacity of 15,000, is their home stadium.
References
Football clubs in Morocco
1947 establishments in Morocco
Sports clubs and teams in Morocco
Mohammedia |
David Mills, (March 18, 1831 – May 8, 1903) was a Canadian politician, author, poet and puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada.
He was born in Palmyra, in southwestern Upper Canada (now Ontario). His father, Nathaniel Mills, was one of the first settlers in the area. Mills served as superintendent of schools for Kent County from 1856 to 1865. He then attended the University of Michigan School of law, graduating with honors in 1867 with an LL.B degree.
He published The Present and Future Political Aspects of Canada in 1860 and The Blunders of the Dominion Government in connection with the North-West Territory in 1871.
Mills was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) in the 1867 federal election and re-elected in four subsequent votes until being defeated in the 1882 election. He was an opponent of dual representation (the practice in which someone could simultaneously be a member of parliament as well as a member of the Ontario or Quebec legislature. He unsuccessfully introduced a private member's bill to abolish this practice, and continued to advocate for this until it was abolished in 1873.
He returned to Parliament through an 1884 by-election. He was re-elected in subsequent elections until his defeat in the 1896 election despite this being the election that brought the Liberals back to power.
He served as Minister of the Interior in the Cabinet of Alexander Mackenzie from 1876 to 1878. Sir Wilfrid Laurier appointed Mills to the Senate of Canada after he lost his Commons seat in 1896, and appointed him to Cabinet as Minister of Justice and Leader of the Government in the Canadian Senate. He resigned from the Senate and Cabinet in 1902. He was appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada on February 8, 1902, and served on the Court for one year until his death in 1903.
References
Selected poetry of David Mills
Supreme Court of Canada biography
External links
1831 births
1903 deaths
Lawyers in Ontario
Judges in Ontario
Canadian senators from Ontario
Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Liberal Party of Canada senators
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
University of Michigan Law School alumni |
Is It Fate? () is an upcoming South Korean television series directed by Song Hyun-wook and starring Kim So-hyun, Chae Jong-hyeop, Yoon Ji-on, and Kim Da-som. It is based on Naver webtoon of the same name by writer Nam Ji-eun and illustrated by Kim In-ho, which was published in 2011.
Synopsis
The story of young people who meet their first love 10 years ago by chance and go on to find true love and dreams.
Cast
Main
Kim So-hyun as Lee Hong-joo
An animation production producer who is afraid of love due to a wound from her past love.
Chae Jong-hyeop as Kang Hoo-yeong
A financial planner whose heart began to fluctuate again after reuniting with his first love after 10 years.
Yoon Ji-on as Bang Jun-ho
A popular writer full of narcissism who develops a special relationship with Hong-joo, his number 1 fan, whom he met while publishing his first novel.
Kim Da-som as Kim Hye-ji
An English teacher at Ohbok High School and Lee Hong-joo's best friend.
Supporting
Hwang Seong-bin as Gyeong-taek
A physics teacher at Ohbok High School who has had a crush on Kim Hye-ji for a long time.
Yoon Joon-won as Joseph Oh
Hoo-yeong's close friend and important client, who comes from a wealthy family and immigrated to the United States. He graduated from law school and has excellent English skills.
Production
Development
The series is based on the 2011 webtoon Is It Fate? written by Nam Ji-eun and illustrated by Kim In-ho. This representative romance webtoon that marked the beginning of Naver's webtoon popularity. It is directed by Song Hyun-wook, who directed other works such as Another Miss Oh (2016), Revolutionary Love (2017), The Beauty Inside (2018) and The King's Affection (2021) among others. South Korean online news Xports News, reported that the drama is being discussed to release on tvN.
Casting
On August 8, 2022, it was reported that Kim So-hyun was in talks to star in the series for her next work since her drama River Where the Moon Rises ended in 2021. She then confirmed for the role in November 2022. On October 6, it was reported that Chae Jong-hyeop had received an offer for the role of the male protagonist in the drama, and was later confirmed for it. Yoon Ji-on's respective agency announced that he would also star in the show.
Filming
Is It Fate? was scheduled to begin filming in the second half of 2022.
References
External links
2023 South Korean television series debuts
Korean-language television shows
Television shows based on South Korean webtoons
South Korean romantic comedy television series
Upcoming South Korean television series |
Raaso district in Ethiopia is a district in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. situated in the Afder Zone,raaso sits as the most populated town in Afder Zone. The population of the district of Raaso is estimated to be around 941,000. The district of Raaso is inhabited by reer Aw Qudub( Sub-clan of the larger Sheekhaal clan). Raaso is situated along the Imi–Ginir road, some 40 kilometers north-west of West Imi (or Mirab Imi) village at a latitude and longitude of . The other towns around Raaso district are Buundada which is located on Shabeelle River, Dhaley and others. The area is characterised by thick, hilly bushland with seasonal rivers nearby that may carry water after rains, and where it is easy to dig shallow wells to get water available throughout the year.
The background of the district
On March 15, 2011, the president of the Somali Regional State, Abdi Mohamud Omar asked the regional parliament to approve the densely populated Raaso region and 14 other towns as new districts. The ogaden Adan khayr cabdulle was outraged as the Raaso region which hosts almost a million residents was subjugated to district level of Afdheer.
This declaration was in no doubt driven by the desire to torpedo, the "Liyuu administrative status" sought by the people of the region. We are deeply disappointed with the president. The definition of the country's constitution and given the number of its inhabitants, the Raaso region can't be anything less than 8 districts and hence, a full province. We believe the president understands this but is unwilling to do the right thing secondary to tribal politics in the Somali Regional State. But, one may ask, how long will the region's leadership continue putting tribal politics before sound policies that in short term might be difficult, but in the long run, will benefit the Somali Regional State?
The Raaso region can't be a district constitutionally, administratively, the Raaso region should be made the 10th Province of the Somali Regional State. We recommend the Raaso province to include Salaxaad, Lagahida and West Imay districts. The province should consist of the following districts: Raaso, Dhaley, Buundada, Ceel Afweyn, West Imay , Salaxaad and Lagahida. We believe, this is practical geographically.
Federal Affairs Minister
References
Populated places in the Somali Region |
The Copicut River, or Copecut River, is a stream in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.
The river flows south from Copicut Reservoir (formerly the Copicut Swamp), in Dartmouth and Fall River, to Cornell Pond near Hixville in Dartmouth. From there the Shingle Island River drains into Noquochoke Lake, which the East Branch Westport River drains in turn into the Rhode Island Sound.
The river is currently polluted with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination from Re-Solve, Inc., which operated a chemical reclamation facility nearby from 1956 to 1980. In 1983 the Environmental Protection Agency listed the area as a Superfund site, and in 1985 removed of contaminated soils and sludges. Since 1988 the Massachusetts Department of Public Health has advised against consuming fish from Cornell Pond or Copicut River.
References
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
9th Annual Cornell Pond Fishing Derby
Rivers of Bristol County, Massachusetts |
Maurice Kelly (born 1863) was an Irish hurler who played for the Kerry senior team.
Kelly was a regular member of the starting twenty-one during Kerry's must successful hurling period shortly after the foundation of the Gaelic Athletic Association and the start of the inter-county championship. During his career he won one All-Ireland medal and one Munster medal.
At club level Kelly played with Lixnaw.
References
1863 births
Year of death missing
Lixnaw hurlers
Kerry inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners |
Henao is a Spanish surname derived from the Spanish name for the Hainaut region. Notable people with the surname include:
Alexandra Henao (born c. 1970), Venezuelan cinematographer and film director
Carolina Colorado Henao (born 1987), Colombian swimmer
Jorge Henão (born 1962), Venezuelan swimmer
Juan Carlos Henao (born 1971), Colombian footballer
Mauricio Henao (born 1987), American actor
Sergio Henao (born 1987), Colombian cyclist
Zulay Henao (born 1979), Colombian-American actor
Spanish-language surnames |
Schnellmannshäuser Bach is a river of Thuringia, Germany. It flows into the Werra near Treffurt.
See also
List of rivers of Thuringia
Rivers of Thuringia
Rivers of Germany |
Ustye Yaman-Yelgi (; , Yamanyılğa tamağı) is a rural locality (a village) in Krasnoklyuchevsky Selsoviet, Nurimanovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 12 as of 2010. There is 1 street.
Geography
Ustye Yaman-Yelgi is located 34 km north of Krasnaya Gorka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Yaman-Port is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Nurimanovsky District |
Sadeq (, also Romanized as Şādeq) is a village in Ahudasht Rural District, Shavur District, Shush County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 145, in 22 families.
Of note, this word "Sadeq" literally means honest/truthful; meanwhile, the root of choosing this name for many of people/places can be related to Imam Jafar al-Sadeq (al-Sadiq) as the 6th Imam of Shia Islam.
References
Populated places in Shush County |
This list of mammals of Colorado includes every wild mammal species seen in the U.S. state of Colorado, based on the list published by the Colorado Division of Wildlife. It does not include species found only in captivity. Species in this list are grouped by order and then by family within each order. The common name for each species is followed by its binomial name.
The following codes are used to designate some species:
EN - Species is listed as endangered by the IUCN.
NT - Species is listed as near threatened by the IUCN.
Didelphimorphia
Opossums
Order: DidelphimorphiaFamily: Didelphidae
Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana
Cingulata
Armadillos
Order: CingulataFamily: Dasypodidae
Nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus
Rodentia
Beavers
Order: RodentiaFamily: Castoridae
North American beaver, Castor canadensis
Pocket gophers
Order: RodentiaFamily: Geomyidae
Yellow-faced pocket gopher, Cratogeomys castanops
Plains pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius
Botta's pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae
Northern pocket gopher, Thomomys talpoides
Kangaroo rats, pocket mice
Order: RodentiaFamily: Heteromyidae
Hispid pocket mouse, Chaetodipus hispidus
Ord's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ordii
Olive-backed pocket mouse, Perognathus fasciatus
Plains pocket mouse, Perognathus flavescens
Silky pocket mouse, Perognathus flavus
Great Basin pocket mouse, Perognathus merriami
New World porcupines
Order: RodentiaFamily: Erethizontidae
North American porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum
Jumping mice
Order: RodentiaFamily: Dipodidae
Meadow jumping mouse, Zapus hudsonius
Western jumping mouse, Zapus princeps
New World rats, New World mice, voles
Order: RodentiaFamily: Cricetidae
Sagebrush vole, Lemmiscus curtatus
Long-tailed vole, Microtus longicaudus
Mexican vole, Microtus mexicanus
Montane vole, Microtus montanus
Prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster
Meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus
Southern red-backed vole, Myodes gapperii
White-throated woodrat, Neotoma albigula
Bushy-tailed woodrat, Neotoma cinerea
Eastern woodrat, Neotoma floridana
Desert woodrat, Neotoma lepida
Mexican woodrat, Neotoma mexicana
Southern plains woodrat, Neotoma micropus
Muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus
Northern grasshopper mouse, Onychomys leucogaster
Brush mouse, Peromyscus boylii
Canyon mouse, Peromyscus crinitus
White-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus
Northern rock mouse, Peromyscus nasutus
Western deer mouse, Peromyscus sonoriensis
Pinyon mouse, Peromyscus truei
Western heather vole, Phenacomys intermedius
Western harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis
Plains harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys montanus
Hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus
Chipmunks, marmots, squirrels
Order: RodentiaFamily: Sciuridae
White-tailed antelope squirrel, Ammospermophilus leucurus
Golden-mantled ground squirrel, Callospermophilus lateralis
Gunnison's prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni
White-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys leucurus
Black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus
Northern flying squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus
Thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Ictodomys tridecemlineatus
Yellow-bellied marmot, Marmota flaviventris
Cliff chipmunk, Neotamias dorsalis
Least chipmunk, Neotamias minimus
Colorado chipmunk, Neotamias quadrivittatus
Hopi chipmunk, Neotamias rufus
Uinta chipmunk, Neotamias umbrinus
Rock squirrel, Otospermophilus variegatus
Abert's squirrel, Sciurus aberti
Fox squirrel, Sciurus niger
Southwestern red squirrel, Tamiasciurus fremonti
American red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
Wyoming ground squirrel, Urocitellus elegans
Spotted ground squirrel, Xerospermophilus spilosoma
Lagomorpha
Pikas
Order: LagomorphaFamily: Ochotonidae
American pika, Ochotona princeps
Hares, rabbits
Order: LagomorphaFamily: Leporidae
Pygmy rabbit, Brachylagus idahodensis
Snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus
Black-tailed jackrabbit, Lepus californicus
White-tailed jackrabbit, Lepus townsendii
Desert cottontail, Sylvilagus audubonii
Eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus
Mountain cottontail, Sylvilagus nuttallii
Eulipotyphla
Shrews
Order: EulipotyphlaFamily: Soricidae
Elliot's short-tailed shrew, Blarina hylophaga
North American least shrew, Cryptotis parva
Crawford's gray shrew, Notiosorex crawfordi
Cinereus shrew, Sorex cinereus
American pygmy shrew, Sorex hoyi
Merriam's shrew, Sorex merriami
Montane shrew, Sorex monticolus
Dwarf shrew, Sorex nanus
American water shrew, Sorex palustris
Moles
Order: EulipotyphlaFamily: Talpidae
Eastern mole, Scalopus aquaticus
Chiroptera
Vesper bats
Order: ChiropteraFamily: Vespertilionidae
Silver-haired bat, Lasionycteris noctivagans
California myotis, Myotis californicus
Western small-footed myotis, Myotis ciliolabrum
Long-eared myotis, Myotis evotis
Little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus
Fringed myotis, Myotis thysanodes
Long-legged myotis, Myotis volans
Yuma myotis, Myotis yumanensis
Pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus
Big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus
Spotted bat, Euderma maculatum
Eastern red bat, Lasiurus borealis
Hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus
Western pipistrelle, Parastrellus hesperus
Townsend's big-eared bat, Corynorhinus townsendii
Free-tailed bats
Order: ChiropteraFamily: Molossidae
Big free-tailed bat, Nyctinomops macrotis
Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis
Carnivora
Cats
Order: CarnivoraFamily: Felidae
Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis reintroduced
Bobcat, Lynx rufus
Cougar, Puma concolor
Canids
Order: CarnivoraFamily: Canidae
Coyote, Canis latrans
Gray wolf, Canis lupus reintroduced
Northwestern wolf, C. l. occidentalis
Great Plains wolf, C. l. nubilus
Southern Rocky Mountain wolf, C. l. youngi
Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Kit fox, Vulpes macrotis
Swift fox, Vulpes velox
Red fox, Vulpes vulpes
Bears
Order: CarnivoraFamily: Ursidae
American black bear, Ursus americanus
Brown bear, Ursus arctos extirpated
Grizzly bear, U. a. horribilis extirpated
Skunks
Order: CarnivoraFamily: Mephitidae
American hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus leuconotus
Striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis
Western spotted skunk, Spilogale gracilis
Eastern spotted skunk, Spilogale putorius
Weasels
Order: CarnivoraFamily: Mustelidae
Wolverine, Gulo gulo extirpated
North American river otter, Lontra canadensis
Pacific marten, Martes caurina
Black-footed ferret, Mustela nigripes reintroduced
American ermine, Mustela richardsonii
Long-tailed weasel, Neogale frenata
American mink, Neogale vison
American badger, Taxidea taxus
Procyonids
Order: CarnivoraFamily: Procyonidae
Ringtail, Bassariscus astutus
Raccoon, Procyon lotor
Artiodactyla
Pronghorns
Order: ArtiodactylaFamily: Antilocapridae
Pronghorn, Antilocapra americana
Deer
Order: ArtiodactylaFamily: Cervidae
Moose, Alces alces
Elk, Cervus canadensis
Mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus
White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus
Bovids
Order: ArtiodactylaFamily: Bovidae
American bison, Bison bison reintroduced
Mountain goat, Oreamnos americanus introduced
Bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis
See also
List of chordate orders
List of regional mammals lists
Mammal classification
Bibliography of Colorado
Geography of Colorado
History of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
List of Colorado-related lists
Outline of Colorado
References
External links
State of Colorado
Colorado Department of Natural Resources
Colorado Parks and Wildlife
CPW mammals
American Society of Mammalogists
ASM Mammal Diversity Database
Lists of fauna of Colorado
Colorado, List of mammals of |
The Fortrose Branch, also known as the Black Isle Railway, was a railway branch line serving Fortrose in the Black Isle, in the north of Scotland. It was built by the Highland Railway as a tactical measure to exclude a rival railway company and to move the locals from Fortrose onwards to other destinations.
It opened in 1894, making a junction with the Far North Railway Line at Muir of Ord. Serving an agricultural and coastal area, it was never commercially successful and in 1951 the passenger service was withdrawn. A goods train service continued, but it too closed in 1960. There is now no railway use of the former line.
History
The Highland Railway was established in 1865 and became dominant in the area of Scotland between Perth, Inverness and north and west of there.
The relatively thin population density in its area of influence meant that great profitability was not available to the company, and it fought strenuously to retain dominance in the area that it considered belonged to it alone. It operated the Far North Railway Line from Inverness to Wick and Thurso, but the difficult geography meant that the line formed a wide sweep round the western end of the Black Isle, to avoid crossing the Beauly Firth and the Cromarty Firth.
The Highland Railway was surprised when in 1889 the Great North of Scotland Railway (GNoSR) proposed the construction of a railway to Fortrose, a town on the Black Isle located on the coast of the Moray Firth opposite Fort George. The GNoSR operated a network from Aberdeen and the nearest place to Inverness served by it was at Elgin, some distance away. The branch would have been detached from the owning railway, but running through the Black Isle it would have made a junction with the Highland Railway at Muir of Ord. A ferry operation from Fortrose to Ardersier, on the south side of the Moray, was included in the plans. Ardersier was then known as Campbelltown, and a railway branch to it was included. Two other schemes striking into Highland territory were proposed at the same time, elevating Highland Railway discomfort about its competitive position.
The two companies had been adversaries for some time, and in 1883 and the following years there had been a state of continual warfare over junctions, frontiers and running powers.
The Highland saw at once that if this branch were built, it would be easy for the GNoSR to demand running powers into Inverness to reach its branch, and in that way the rival company would have gained access to the Highland's stronghold.
The Highland Railway began preparing its opposition to the GNoSR when the latter wrote proposing a "solution" to the "problem": that the GNoS should simply be given running powers for its Aberdeen trains into Inverness.
This startlingly bold proposition confirmed the Highland Railway's fears, and the Highland Railway decided to respond to the tactical attack with its own tactical response: it wrote back proposing that the two companies should consider merging, and that meanwhile the proposed new lines, and any running powers, should be held off until the merger was negotiated.
The GNoSR was not to be deterred by this obvious stalling tactic and it went ahead with its Parliamentary Bill. The Highland Railway immediately presented its own Bill for a Fortrose branch from Muir of Ord and extending a short distance beyond Fortrose to Rosemarkie, and also a branch to Ardersier, south of Beauly Firth. It was the Highland Railway's Bill that was approved in Parliament, gaining the Royal Assent on 4 July 1890, and the GNoSR withdrew its Bill.
The Highland Railway wasted no time in starting construction, which it did on 19 November 1890. The extension to Rosemarkie was omitted, and the branch was to be 13 miles long. Construction was not swift, and finally it opened for traffic on 1 February 1894, with four intermediate stations. The construction had cost £57,560. The line was worked on the "one engine in steam" principle, and there were seven trains each way daily, of which four were mixed. Two of the mixed trains were eliminated in 1897. None of the trains on the branch ran through beyond the Muir of Ord junction station; and the journey took 45 to 50 minutes.
A second railway on the Black Isle was authorised as the Cromarty Railway under a Light Railway Order of 1 August 1902. It was to run from Conon, on the Inverness to Dingwall main line, to Cromarty. There were serious difficulties in obtaining possession of the land at the Conon end, and money was desperately short, so that construction was delayed. Six miles of track had been laid by the outbreak of war in 1914, but the outbreak of hostilities and the demand for track materials in the war zone resulted in the track being removed, and the project was never completed, and the proposed line was abandoned.
A private station was opened at Rosehaugh, serving the residence of James Douglas Fletcher, a director of the Highland Railway. The halt was open by 1905.
The quiet branch line continued with little change in the twentieth century, while the Highland Railway was made a constituent of the new London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in the "grouping" of the railways in 1923, following the Railways Act 1921.
The difficult terrain of the Black Isle made it especially susceptible to competition from road transport for both passenger and goods traffic. The line continue into the British Railways era after nationalisation in 1948 but passenger traffic was closed from 1 October 1951. A particular issue for passenger traffic was that access from the branch to the county town of Dingwall always involved a change of train at Dingwall. Goods trains continued running for the time being, but they too were unable to compete with the greater flexibility and lower operating cost of road transport, and the goods service closed on 13 June 1960. The line closed completely and the track was subsequently removed.
Station list
Muir of Ord; junction on main line;
Redcastle;
Allangrange;
Munlochy;
Rosehaugh; private station for Rosehaugh House; opened by 1905.
Avoch;
Fortrose.
The line opened on 1 February 1894 and closed to passengers on 1 October 1951, and completely on 13 June 1960.
See also
History of the Far North of Scotland Railway Line
References
External links
Highland Railway
Pre-grouping British railway companies
Early Scottish railway companies
Railway companies established in 1890
Railway lines opened in 1894
Railway companies disestablished in 1922
Standard gauge railways in Scotland
Black Isle
Railway lines closed in 1960 |
Farragut is a city in Fremont County, Iowa, United States. The population was 490 at the time of the 2020 census.
History
Farragut had its start in the year 1870 by the building of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad through that territory. It is named for Admiral David Farragut.
Geography
Farragut is located near the East Nishnabotna River.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 485 people, 215 households, and 137 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 229 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 99.6% White, 0.2% Native American, and 0.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.
There were 215 households, of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.0% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.3% were non-families. 34.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.89.
The median age in the city was 46 years. 22.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.4% were from 25 to 44; 31.4% were from 45 to 64; and 21% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 43.1% male and 56.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 509 people, 221 households, and 144 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 234 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.64% White, 0.39% Asian, 0.98% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.57% of the population.
There were 221 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.85.
25.9% are under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 23.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $34,250, and the median income for a family was $47,813. Males had a median income of $31,397 versus $21,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,667. About 3.9% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 10.9% of those age 65 or over.
Education
It is within the Shenandoah Community School District.
It was served by the Farragut Community School District until it closed in 2016. From about 2010 until 2016 Farragut was in a grade-sharing relationship with the Hamburg Community School District; prior to 2015 Farragut students had to go to Hamburg for middle school, while after 2015 all elementary school students went to Hamburg. Nishnabotna High School in Farragut became the community high school for both Farragut and Hamburg.
Transportation
While there is no fixed-route transit service in Farragut, intercity bus service is provided by Jefferson Lines in nearby Shenandoah.
References
Cities in Iowa
Cities in Fremont County, Iowa |
```yaml
---
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#
- hosts: localhost
connection: local
gather_facts: false
tasks:
- name: Load environment specific vars
include_vars:
file: "{{ lookup('env', 'PWD') }}/ansible/vars.yml"
- name: Load environment specific vault
include_vars:
file: "{{ lookup('env', 'PWD') }}/ansible/vault"
no_log: true
- name: Get TO Cookie
uri:
url: "{{ to_url }}/api/{{ to_api_version }}/user/login"
method: POST
body: '{ "u":"{{ tm_traffic_ops_username }}", "p":"{{ tmonitor_passwd }}" }'
headers:
Content-Type: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
validate_certs: no
follow_redirects: all
return_content: yes
timeout: 120
body_format: json
register: mojo_token
no_log: true
- name: Get All Servers
uri:
url: "{{ to_url }}/api/{{ to_api_version }}/servers"
method: GET
validate_certs: no
follow_redirects: all
return_content: yes
body_format: json
status_code: 200,400
timeout: 120
headers:
Cookie: "{{ mojo_token.set_cookie | default(omit) }}"
register: get_all_servers
- name: Get a list of InfluxDB servers
set_fact:
servers_map: "{{ get_all_servers.json | to_json | from_json | json_query(server_query) }}"
influxdb_profiles: "{{ get_all_servers.json | to_json | from_json | json_query(profile_query) | unique | sort }}"
vars:
server_query: 'response[?contains(profile,`INFLUXDB`) == `true` && contains(profile,`RELAY`) == `false`].{profile: profile, fqdn: join(`.`,[hostName,domainName])}'
profile_query: 'response[?contains(profile,`INFLUXDB`) == `true` && contains(profile,`RELAY`) == `false`].profile'
- hosts: influxrelay
gather_facts: yes
become: yes
tasks:
- name: Load environment specific vars
include_vars:
file: "{{ lookup('env', 'PWD') }}/ansible/vars.yml"
- name: Load environment specific vault
include_vars:
file: "{{ lookup('env', 'PWD') }}/ansible/vault"
no_log: true
- name: Convert TO data to InfluxDB Relay configuration
set_fact:
influxdb_relay_data: "{% set base_port = 9085 %}[{% for p in hostvars['localhost'].influxdb_profiles %}{%- set outer_loop = loop -%}{'type':'http','conf_object':{'name': '{{ p }}', 'bindaddr': '0.0.0.0:{{ base_port + loop.index }}', 'output': [ {% for s in hostvars['localhost'].servers_map if s.profile == p %}{ 'name': '{{(s.fqdn.split('.'))[0]}}', 'location': 'http://{{s.fqdn}}:8086/write' }{% endfor %} ] } }{%- if not outer_loop.last %},{% endif -%}{% endfor %}]"
- name: Deploy influxdb-relay
import_role:
name: influxdb_relay
vars:
install_influxdb_relay: true
influxdb_relay_conf: "{{ influxdb_relay_data }}"
``` |
Prove You Wrong is an album by American heavy metal band Prong, released in 1991. It is their only album with Troy Gregory on bass guitar. The album includes a cover of "(Get A) Grip (On Yourself)", originally by The Stranglers.
Prove You Wrong continued the experimentation with groove metal that began on Prong's previous album Beg to Differ, toning down much of the hardcore punk elements from their 1980s output in favor of a more experimental sound that was influenced by alternative, thrash metal, funk, progressive and industrial music.
Critical reception
Entertainment Weekly wrote that Prong "combines postindustrial noise, a rebellious punk mentality, and heavy-metal flourishes and, with a minimalist approach that is anything but simplistic, strips them all down to a brutal essence." Trouser Press wrote: "While the trio’s devotion to precisely lurching rhythms keeps the songs choppy—a clenched fist twitching spasmodically as it prepares to deliver a haymaker—this dull record makes that attribute part of a tentative shift toward industrial anti-musicality."
Track listing
"Irrelevant Thoughts" – 2:37 (Parsons, Victor)
"Unconditional" – 4:45 (Troy Gregory, Victor)
"Positively Blind" – 2:43 (Victor)
"Prove You Wrong" – 3:31 (Gregory, Victor)
"Hell If I Could" – 4:00 (Gregory, Victor)
"Pointless" – 3:07 (Prong)
"Contradictions" – 4:10 (Victor)
"Torn Between" – 3:11 (Gregory, Victor)
"Brainwave" – 3:01 (Victor)
"Territorial Rites" – 3:31 (Prong)
"(Get A) Grip (On Yourself)" – 3:05 (Hugh Cornwell) (The Stranglers cover)
"Shouldn't Have Bothered" – 2:39 (Victor)
"No Way to Deny It" – 4:41 (Victor)
Personnel
Prong
Tommy Victor – lead vocals, lead and rhythm guitars
Troy Gregory – bass guitar, backing vocals
Ted Parsons – drums, percussion, backing vocals
Mark Dodson – additional vocals
Production
Prong – arrangers
Mark Dodson – arranger, producer, engineer, mixing
Brooke Hendricks – engineer, assistant engineer
Brian Stover – assistant engineer
Greg Calbi – mastering
Roger Lomas – mastering
References
Prong (band) albums
1991 albums
Epic Records albums
Albums produced by Mark Dodson |
Champlain College is a private college in Burlington, Vermont. Founded in 1878, Champlain offers on-campus undergraduate and online undergraduate courses through Champlain College Online, along with online certificate and degree programs and master's degree programs, in over 80 subject areas. Champlain enrolls 3,060 undergraduate students on its Burlington campus from 40 states and 18 countries.
History
Champlain was founded in 1878 as Burlington Business School, opened by G.W. Thompson, to prepare young men for “the business cares and responsibilities of life.” In 1884, when E. George Evans acquired the school, it became coeducational and changed its name to Queen City Business College. In 1905, it moved to Bank Street, and in 1910 it moved again to Main Street. A. Gordon Tittemore acquired the college in 1920, and renamed it Burlington Business College. In 1958, the College took on its current name and moved to its present location in the Hill Section of Burlington. That year, it offered associate degree programs and enrolled about 60 students.
Champlain College opened its first dormitories, Jensen and Sanders Halls, in 1965. It started new programs in social services in the 1970s, opened the Willett Foster Hall, home to the Engineering Technology Division, in 1982, and added the Hauke Family Campus Center in 1989. Champlain offered its first bachelor's degree programs in Business and Accounting in 1990; three years later it began its first online education programs. In 2002, Champlain launched its first master's degree program in Managing Innovation & Information Technology.
The College's library, the Robert E. and Holly D. Miller Information Commons, opened in 1998 and in 2004 the school dedicated the S.D. Ireland Family Center for Global Business & Technology, home to the Stiller School of Business. The following year, the IDX Student Life Center opened. Also in 2005, David F. Finney was inaugurated as the Champlain's seventh president, and the College added a Master of Business Administration as its second master's degree.
In 2006, President David F. Finney launched several initiatives, including the Emergent Media Center; the Champlain College Center for Digital Investigation, now called the Senator Patrick Leahy Center for Digital Investigations; and the Conference and Event Center. Champlain also introduced two scholarship programs: the New American Student Scholarship, for students with refugee or asylum status, and the Vermont First Scholarship for first-generation college students from Vermont, and the College launched its BYOBiz program, which promotes student entrepreneurship.
In 2007, the College opened a study-abroad campus in Montreal, Canada, followed by second study-abroad campus in Dublin, Ireland in 2008. Later that year, Champlain established the Core Division, followed by the Life Experience & Action Dimension (LEAD) program in 2009.
In 2010, Champlain began offering an MFA in Emergent Media and a BS in Environmental Policy, and introduced the Center for Financial Literacy and the Champlain College Publishing Initiative. That same year, Roger H. Perry Hall was renovated. Perry Hall received LEED Platinum certification in 2012, and houses the Advising and Registration Center, Admissions, Financial Aid, Public Relations, and serves as a general purpose Student Welcome Center. In October 2012, Champlain College received the largest gift in its history, a gift of $10 million from the Stiller Family Foundation that established the Stiller School of Business and funded the Perry Hall Welcome and Admission Center, as well as to begin work on the Center for Communications & Creative Media, which opened in the fall of 2015. In fall of 2013, Champlain was featured in an article in The Atlantic, "What Would an Ideal College Look Like? A Lot Like This," as part of the magazine's “American Futures” series, which looked at American cities that are home to innovations and entrepreneurship.
President David F. Finney retired in June 2014, and Donald J. Laackman, president of Harold Washington College, became Champlain's eighth president in July 2014.
Campus
Main Campus
Champlain's campus consists of 42 buildings on about 2.5 city blocks in the residential Hill Section of Burlington, Vermont. Most of the student residence halls are renovated Victorian-era houses. Champlain College also offers contemporary housing. In 2014, Champlain opened a new on-campus residence, Valcour Hall. In November 2018, the institution's first apartment-style residence hall, 194. St Paul St, opened. The hall is 0.5 miles away from the main campus and currently houses 314 upperclassmen. About 750 students reside on campus while others occupy off-campus college housing. There are 27 residence halls.
The IDX Student Life Center houses the dining hall, gym, fitness center, lounge and game room. All Champlain students have access to campus computer labs, 3D animation and game production labs, multimedia classrooms and editing suites, a digital photography lab and darkroom, the Metz Studio Barn, the Emergent Media Center and the Senator Leahy Center for Digital Investigation. In 2014, Champlain opened its Makers’ Lab and opened the Communication & Creative Media building in 2015.
Academic buildings include the Hauke Family Campus Center, the S.D. Ireland Family Center for Global Business & Technology, and the Miller Information Commons. Facilities available include 3D animation and game production labs, multimedia classrooms and editing suites, and a photo lab and darkroom.
Lakeside Campus
Located 1.5 miles southwest of the Main Campus is Miller Center and the residential student parking lot. Miller Center contains the Emergent Media Center, a collaborative work studio that acts as a student work space while also accepting commission work from the public. Miller Center also includes the Makerspace, where students access equipment such as 3D printers/scanners, laser and vinyl cutters, and power tools.
International campuses
Champlain College has campuses in Dublin, Ireland and Montréal, Canada, in addition to partnerships with institutions around the world. Students are encouraged to study abroad.
Champlain College's Montréal campus opened its doors in 2007 with classroom space located at Rue Sherbooke Est. Students live in the Université du Québec à Montréal's (UQAM's) residence hall with local and international students. Champlain students in all programs are eligible to spend a semester in Montréal.
Champlain's Dublin campus has been in use since 2008. The Academic Center is located at 43 Leeson Street Lower, near Dublin's Georgian Office District, and comprises four classrooms, a computer lab, and a lounge. Experiential courses teach students about Ireland's economy, music, cultural heritage, and history.
Academics
Champlain College's "Upside Down Curriculum" allows students to take courses related to their major starting in the first semester.
Undergraduate education
Champlain has 29 undergraduate degrees on campus, 15 associate and bachelor's degrees and 25 undergraduate certificates online. It also has 24 graduate degrees that can be pursued either on campus or online.
Starting with the class of 2011, general education was taught in the form of an interdisciplinary core curriculum. Each course brings together three or four discrete disciplines with the use of various literature and open-ended discussion topics. First-year courses focus on the self, second-year on the community, and third year on global topics. Through courses such as Rhetoric, Concepts of the Self, and Concepts of Community, students gain a background in the liberal arts and sciences. One part of the curriculum is the mandatory "Global Module," a guided discussion forum between Champlain students and students from other countries.
In the fall of 2008, incoming students began to participate in an out-of-the-classroom life skills program. This life skills program, called the Life Experience and Action Dimension or LEAD, is part of Champlain's Education in 3-D initiative. LEAD aims to build knowledge in four areas: understanding personality styles, building inclusive community, lifelong career management, and financial sophistication.
Champlain College Online
Champlain College Online was established in 1992 as a part of Champlain College. The college has over 60 online degree programs, including associate, undergraduate, and graduate degrees, as well as certificate programs, encompassing four areas of study: Business, Cybersecurity, Healthcare, and Information Technology. The programs and degrees delivered online have the same curriculum and accreditation as the traditional residential on-campus programs.
Student life
In addition to student-run clubs, the college also hosts intramural sports.
The Center for Service and Sustainability is a community service and civic engagement based club that participates in a number of activities such as Tent City (a fundraiser to raise homeless awareness and money for COTS (Committee on Temporary Shelter), and the DREAM program (a mentoring program for underprivileged children).
There is a Student Government Association.
Publications
Willard and Maple is an international literary magazine published by Champlain College, with the editorial board made up of faculty and students.
Student demographics
Champlain College enrolls 2,100 undergraduate students from 40 states and 18 countries. 64% of students are male and 36% female. The college has a 12:1 student/faculty ratio, and the average class size at Champlain is 14, with a maximum class size of 30.
Notable alumni
Jeremy Bishop (attended 1999-2001), basketball player at Champlain and Quinnipiac Colleges
Clem Bissonnette (A.A., 1965), member of the Vermont House of Representatives
Steven Crowder (attended), conservative political commentator
Rusty DeWees (A.A., 1984), entertainer
Maxyne Finkelstein (M.S., 2015), non-profit organization executive
Volodymyr Heninson (graduated, 2001), president of soccer's Ukrainian Premier League
James McNeil (A.S. 1978), member of the Vermont House of Representatives and Vermont Senate
Jaime Peterson (attended 1991–1993), professional basketball player
Laura Sibilia (attended), member of the Vermont House of Representatives
Donald H. Turner (A.S. 1984), member of the Vermont House of Representatives
See also
List of colleges and universities in Vermont
Willard & Maple, a magazine published by Champlain College
References
External links
Education in Burlington, Vermont
Private universities and colleges in Vermont
Educational institutions established in 1878
Education in Chittenden County, Vermont
Buildings and structures in Burlington, Vermont
1878 establishments in Vermont |
Master of Rural Development, abbreviated M.R.D. or MRD, is a multi-discipline graduate degree. The master's program integrates the disciplines of geography, sociology, political science, economics, business administration, and psychology to create an interdisciplinary approach to studying and solving rural issues. Programs usually consist of both course work and thesis research. The M.R.D. program is awarded at universities across Europe and North America, in countries such as, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Spain and the United States.
Belgium
The M.R.D. program is awarded by Universiteit Gent. The program at Universiteit Gent is co-offered with partners at National Higher Agricultural Education Institute (Rennes, France), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Spain), and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (Germany).
Canada
The M.R.D. program is awarded by Brandon University, through the Faculty of Arts. Brandon University is one of only two graduate programs focused on rural development in Canada, with the second program (Masters of Rural Planning and Development) offered at the University of Guelph in both a Canadian and International Stream.
Ireland
The M.R.D. program is awarded by National University of Ireland, Galway, through the J.E. Cairnes School of Business & Economics, and by University College Dublin through the School of Biology & Environmental Science.
Sweden
The M.R.D program is awarded by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, through the Department of Urban and Rural Development. The program is focused on rural development and natural resource issues, mainly in the global South. It provides both theoretical and practical skills for analysis and action, in order to create a platform both for future careers in sectors focused on development and natural resource management, and for research.
United Kingdom
The M.R.D. program is awarded by the University of East Anglia, through the School of Development Studies.
The MSc in Managing Rural Development M.R.D. is awarded by the University of London through School of Oriental and African Studies SOAS as an online course delivered by the Centre for Development, Environment and Policy (CeDEP)- see the course web pages at and
The MSc in Managing Sustainable Rural Development is awarded by the UHI in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland as an online course - see the course web pages at
Spain
The MSc in PROJECT PLANNING FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT is an official Master's Program of the Technical University of Madrid (UPM) and is fully integrated in the European Space for Higher Education as stated in the Bolognia Declaration. See the course web page at: www.desarrollorural.us
United States
The M.R.D. program is awarded by the University of Alaska, Fairbanks through its Department of Alaska Native and Rural Development (DANRD).
Another M.R.D. degree granting institution is the American University in Washington, D.C. The program focuses on the international aspects of development.
Notes
India
This programme is offered as MARD (Master of Arts in Rural development) from IGNOU, New Delhi, MRMD (Master in Rural Management and Development) from Tripura University, Tripura, Agartala, India
Nepal
Tribhuvan University offers Masters program(Master of Arts) in Rural Development. Its constituent college, Tri-Chandra Multiple College also offer this course.
Master's degrees |
The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes is a 1969 American science fiction comedy film starring Kurt Russell, Cesar Romero, Joe Flynn and William Schallert. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions and distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Company.
It was one of several films made by Disney using the setting of Medfield College, first used in the 1961 Disney film The Absent-Minded Professor and its sequel Son of Flubber. The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes is the first film for the series Dexter Riley.
Plot
Dexter Riley (Kurt Russell) and his friends attend a small, private college known as Medfield College, which cannot afford to buy a computer. The students persuade wealthy businessman A. J. Arno (Cesar Romero) to donate an old computer to the college. Arno is secretly the head of a large illegal gambling ring which used the computer for its operations.
While installing a replacement computer part during a thunderstorm, Riley receives an electric shock and becomes a human computer. He now has superhuman mathematical talent, can read and remember the contents of an encyclopedia volume in a few minutes, and can speak a language fluently after reading one textbook. His new abilities make him a worldwide celebrity and Medfield's best chance to win a televised quiz tournament with a $100,000 prize.
Riley single-handedly leads Medfield's team in victories against other colleges. During the tournament, on live television, a trigger word ("applejack") causes him to unknowingly recite details of Arno's gambling ring. Arno's henchmen kidnap Riley and plan to kill him, but his friends help him escape by locating the house in which he is being kept, posing as house painters to gain access, and sneaking him out in a large trunk. During the escape, he suffers a concussion which, during the tournament final against rival Springfield State, gradually returns his mental abilities to normal; however, one of his friends, Schuyler, is able to answer the final question ("A small Midwest city is located exactly on an area designated as the geographic center of the United States. For 10 points and $100,000, can you tell us the name of that city?" with the answer "Lebanon, Kansas"). Medfield wins the $100,000 prize. Arno and his henchmen are arrested when they attempt to escape the TV studio and crash head-on into a police car.
Cast
Kurt Russell as Dexter Riley
Cesar Romero as A. J. Arno
Joe Flynn as Dean Higgins
William Schallert as Professor Quigley
Alan Hewitt as Dean Collingsgood
Richard Bakalyan as Chillie Walsh
Debbie Paine as Annie Hannah
Frank Webb as Pete
Michael McGreevey as Schuyler
Jon Provost as Bradley
Frank Welker as Henry
W. Alex Clarke as Myles
Bing Russell as Angelo
Pat Harrington as Moderator
Fabian Dean as Little Mac
Fritz Feld as Sigmund van Dyke
Pete Ronoudet as Lt. Charles "Charlie" Hannah
Hillyard Anderson as J. Reedy
David Canary* as Walski
Robert Foul* as Police desk sergeant
Ed Begley Jr.* as a Springfield State panelist
* Not credited on-screen.
Music
The film's theme song, The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes, was written by Robert F. Brunner and Bruce Belland.
Reception
A. H. Weiler of The New York Times wrote: "This 'Computer' isn't I.B.M.'s kind but it's homey, lovable, as exciting as porridge and as antiseptic and predictable as any homey, half-hour TV family show". Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune reported: "I rather enjoyed The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes and I suspect children under 14 will like it, too". Arthur D. Murphy of Variety praised the film as "above-average family entertainment, enhanced in great measure by zesty, but never show-off, direction by Robert Butler, in a debut swing to pix from telefilm". Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "Disney Productions latched on to a terrific premise for some sharp satire only to flatten it out by jamming it into its familiar 'wholesome' formula. Alas, the movie itself comes out looking like it had been made by a computer".
The film holds a score of 50% on Rotten Tomatoes based on six reviews.
Release
Home video
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes on Blu-ray disc on September 9, 2014 as a Disney Movie Club exclusive.
Legacy
Sequels
Now You See Him, Now You Don't (1972)
The Strongest Man in the World (1975)
Television films
This film was remade as the television film The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes in 1995 starring Kirk Cameron as Dexter Riley.
Other Disney Channel films carrying similar plot elements were the Not Quite Human film series, which aired in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The films were based on the series of novels with the same name.
Other
The animated title sequence, by future Academy Award-winning British visual effects artist Alan Maley, reproduced the look of contemporary computer graphics using stop motion photography of paper cutouts. It has been cited as an early example of "computational kitsch".
The 2000 episode of The Simpsons, "The Computer Wore Menace Shoes", is a reference to the film but the episode isn't related to the film in any other way, according to M. Keith Booker in his book Drawn to Television: Prime-Time Animation from The Flintstones to Family Guy.
See also
Dexter Riley (film series)
List of American films of 1969
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
(archived)
1969 films
1960s science fiction comedy films
American science fiction comedy films
Walt Disney Pictures films
Films about computing
Films directed by Robert Butler
Medfield College films
Films set in universities and colleges
1969 comedy films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films |
The very first modern humans are believed to have inhabited South Africa more than 100,000 years ago. In 1999, Unesco designated the region the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage site. South Africa's first known inhabitants have been referred to as the Khoisan, the Khoekhoe and the San. Starting in about 1,000 BCE, these groups were then joined by people who migrated from Western and Central Africa during what is known as the Bantu expansion southwards through Africa.
European exploration of the African coast began in the 13th century when Portugal sought an alternative route to the silk road to China. In the 14th and 15th century, Portuguese explorers traveled down the west African Coast, detailing and mapping the coastline and in 1488 they rounded the Cape of Good Hope. The Dutch East India Company established a trading post in Cape Town under the command of Jan van Riebeeck in 1652, European workers who settled at the Cape became known as the Free Burghers and gradually established farms in the Dutch Cape Colony. Following the Invasion of the Cape Colony by the British in 1795 and 1806, mass migrations collectively known as the Great Trek occurred during which the Voortrekkers established several Boer settlements on the interior of South Africa. The discoveries of diamonds and gold in the nineteenth century had a profound effect on the fortunes of the region, propelling it onto the world stage and introducing a shift away from an exclusively agrarian-based economy towards industrialisation and the development of urban infrastructure. The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and the British Empire, fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry.
Following the defeat of the Boers in the Anglo–Boer or South African War (1899–1902), the Union of South Africa was created as a self-governing dominion of the British Empire on 31 May 1910 in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Colony of Natal, Transvaal Colony, and Orange River Colony. The country became a fully sovereign nation state within the British Empire, in 1934 following enactment of the Status of the Union Act. The monarchy came to an end on 31 May 1961, replaced by a republic as the consequence of a 1960 referendum, which legitimised the country becoming the Republic of South Africa.
From 1948–1994, South African politics was dominated by Afrikaner nationalism. Racial segregation and white minority rule known officially as apartheid, an Afrikaans word meaning "separateness", was implemented in 1948. On 27 April 1994, after decades of passive resistance, armed struggle, and international opposition to apartheid, the first black party African National Congress (ANC) achieved victory in the country's first democratic election. Since then, the African National Congress has governed South Africa, in an alliance with the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions.
Early history (before 1652)
Prehistory
Scientists researching the periods before written historical records were made have established that the territory of what is now referred to generically as South Africa was one of the important centers of human evolution. It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago. Modern human settlement occurred around 125,000 years ago in the Middle Stone Age, as shown by archaeological discoveries at Klasies River Caves. The first human habitation is associated with a DNA group originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa and still prevalent in the indigenous Khoisan (Khoi and San). Southern Africa was later populated by Bantu-speaking people who migrated from the western region of central Africa during the early centuries AD.
Professor Raymond Dart discovered the skull of a 2.51 million year old Taung Child in 1924, the first example of Australopithecus africanus ever found. Following in Dart's footsteps Robert Broom discovered a new much more robust hominid in 1938 Paranthropus robustus at Kromdraai, and in 1947 uncovered several more examples of Australopithecus africanus at Sterkfontein. At the Blombos cave in 2002, stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns, dated to some 70,000 years ago. This has been interpreted as the earliest example ever discovered of abstract art or symbolic art created by Homo sapiens.
Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades. The oldest is Little Foot, a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old, discovered at Sterkfontein by Ronald J. Clarke. An important recent find was that of 1.9 million year old Australopithecus sediba, discovered in 2008. In 2015, the discovery near Johannesburg of a previously unknown species of Homo was announced, named Homo naledi. It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries in modern times.
San and Khoikhoi
The descendants of the Middle Paleolithic populations are thought to be the aboriginal San and Khoikhoi tribes. These are collectively known as the Khoisan, a modern European portmanteau of these two tribes' names. The settlement of southern Africa by the Khoisan corresponds to the earliest separation of the extant Homo sapiens populations altogether, associated in genetic science with what is described in scientific terms as matrilinear haplogroup L0 (mtDNA) and patrilinear haplogroup A (Y-DNA), originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa.
The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. Whereas the San were hunter-gatherers, the Khoikhoi were pastoral herders. The initial origin of the Khoikhoi remains uncertain.
Archaeological discoveries of livestock bones on the Cape Peninsula indicate that the Khoikhoi began to settle there by about 2000 years ago.
In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese mariners, who were the first Europeans at the Cape, encountered pastoral Khoikhoi with livestock.
Later, English and Dutch seafarers in the late 16th and 17th centuries exchanged metals for cattle and sheep with the Khoikhoi.
The conventional view is that availability of livestock was one reason why, in the mid-17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a staging post where the port city of Cape Town is today situated.
The establishment of the staging post by the Dutch East India Company at the Cape in 1652 soon brought the Khoikhoi into conflict with Dutch settlers over land ownership. Cattle rustling and livestock theft ensued, with the Khoikhoi being ultimately expelled from the peninsula by force, after a succession of wars. The first Khoikhoi–Dutch War broke out in 1659, the second in 1673, and the third 1674–1677. By the time of their defeat and expulsion from the Cape Peninsula and surrounding districts, the Khoikhoi population was decimated by a smallpox epidemic introduced by Dutch sailors against which the Khoikhoi had no natural resistance or indigenous medicines.
The Bantu people
The Bantu expansion was one of the major demographic movements in human prehistory, sweeping much of the African continent during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Bantu-speaking communities reached southern Africa from the Congo basin as early as the 4th century BC. The advancing Bantu encroached on the Khoikhoi territory, forcing the original inhabitants of the region to move to more arid areas.
Some groups, ancestral to today's Nguni peoples (the Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Ndebele), preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present-day South Africa. Others, now known as the Sotho–Tswana peoples (Tswana, Pedi, and Sotho), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld, while today's Venda, Lemba, and Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa.
The Kingdom of Mapungubwe, which was located near the northern border of present-day South Africa, at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers adjacent to present-day Zimbabwe and Botswana, was the first indigenous kingdom in southern Africa between AD 900 and 1300. It developed into the largest kingdom in the sub-continent before it was abandoned because of climatic changes in the 14th century. Smiths created objects of iron, copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade. The kingdom controlled trade through the east African ports to Arabia, India and China, and throughout southern Africa, making it wealthy through the exchange of gold and ivory for imports such as Chinese porcelain and Persian glass beads.
Specifics of the contact between Bantu-speakers and the indigenous Khoisan ethnic group remain largely unresearched, although linguistic proof of assimilation exists, as several southern Bantu languages (notably Xhosa and Zulu) are theorised in that they incorporate many click consonants from the Khoisan languages, as possibilities of such developing independently are valid as well.
Colonization
Portuguese role
The Portuguese mariner Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to explore the coastline of South Africa in 1488, while attempting to discover a trade route to the Far East via the southernmost cape of South Africa, which he named Cabo das Tormentas, meaning Cape of Storms. In November 1497, a fleet of Portuguese ships under the command of the Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope. By 16 December, the fleet had passed the Great Fish River on the east coast of South Africa, where Dias had earlier turned back. Da Gama gave the name Natal to the coast he was passing, which in Portuguese means Christmas. Da Gama's fleet proceeded northwards to Zanzibar and later sailed eastwards, eventually reaching India and opening the Cape Route between Europe and Asia. Many Portuguese words are still found along the coast of South Africa including Saldanha, Algoa, Natal, Agulhas, Benguela and Lucia.
Dutch role
Dutch colonization (1652–1815)
The Dutch East India Company (in the Dutch of the day: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or VOC) decided to establish a permanent settlement at the Cape in 1652. The VOC, one of the major European trading houses sailing the spice route to the East, had no intention of colonizing the area, instead wanting only to establish a secure base camp where passing ships could be serviced and restock on supplies. To this end, a small VOC expedition under the command of Jan van Riebeeck reached Table Bay on 6 April 1652.
The VOC had settled at the Cape in order to supply their trading ships. The Cape and the VOC had to import Dutch farmers to establish farms to supply the passing ships as well as to supply the growing VOC settlement. The small initial group of free burghers, as these farmers were known, steadily increased in number and began to expand their farms further north and east into the territory of the Khoikhoi. The free burghers were ex-VOC soldiers and gardeners, who were unable to return to Holland when their contracts were completed with the VOC. The VOC also brought some 71,000 slaves to Cape Town from India, Indonesia, East Africa, Mauritius, and Madagascar.
The majority of burghers had Dutch ancestry and belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, but there were also some Germans, who often happened to be Lutherans. In 1688, the Dutch and the Germans were joined by French Huguenots, Calvinist Protestants fleeing religious persecution in France under its Catholic ruler, King Louis XIV.
Van Riebeeck considered it impolitic to enslave the local Khoi and San aboriginals, so the VOC began to import large numbers of slaves, primarily from the Dutch colonies in Indonesia. Eventually, van Riebeeck and the VOC began to make indentured servants out of the Khoikhoi and the San. The descendants of unions between the Dutch settlers and the Khoi-San and Malay slaves became known officially as the Cape Coloureds and the Cape Malays, respectively. A significant number of the offspring from the white and slave unions were absorbed into the local proto-Afrikaans speaking white population. The racially mixed genealogical origins of many so-called "white" South Africans have been traced to interracial unions at the Cape between the European occupying population and imported Asian and African slaves, the indigenous Khoi and San, and their vari-hued offspring. Simon van der Stel, the first Governor of the Dutch settlement, famous for his development of the lucrative South African wine industry, was himself of mixed race-origin.
British colonisation, Mfecane and Boer Republics (1815–1910)
British at the Cape
In 1787, shortly before the French Revolution, a faction within the politics of the Dutch Republic known as the Patriot Party attempted to overthrow the regime of stadtholder William V. Though the revolt was crushed, it was resurrected after the French invasion of the Netherlands in 1794/1795 which resulted in the stadtholder fleeing the country. The Patriot revolutionaries then proclaimed the Batavian Republic, which was closely allied to revolutionary France. In response, the stadtholder, who had taken up residence in England, issued the Kew Letters, ordering colonial governors to surrender to the British. The British then seized the Cape in 1795 to prevent it from falling into French hands. The Cape was relinquished back to the Dutch in 1803. In 1805, the British inherited the Cape as a prize during the Napoleonic Wars, again seizing the Cape from the French controlled Kingdom of Holland which had replaced the Batavian Republic.
Like the Dutch before them, the British initially had little interest in the Cape Colony, other than as a strategically located port. As one of their first tasks they outlawed the use of the Dutch language in 1806 with the view of converting the European settlers to the British language and culture. The Cape Articles of Capitulation of 1806 allowed the colony to retain "all their rights and privileges which they have enjoyed hitherto", and this launched South Africa on a divergent course from the rest of the British Empire, allowing the continuance of Roman-Dutch law. British sovereignty of the area was recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Dutch accepting a payment of 6 million pounds for the colony. This had the effect of forcing more of the Dutch colonists to move (or trek) away from British administrative reach. Much later, in 1820 the British authorities persuaded about 5,000 middle-class British immigrants (most of them "in trade") to leave Great Britain. Many of the 1820 Settlers eventually settled in Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth.
British policy with regard to South Africa would vacillate with successive governments, but the overarching imperative throughout the 19th century was to protect the strategic trade route to India while incurring as little expense as possible within the colony. This aim was complicated by border conflicts with the Boers, who soon developed a distaste for British authority.
European exploration of the interior
Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon of the Dutch East India Company was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed Cape of Good Hope, from 1780 to 1795. The four expeditions Gordon undertook between 1777 and 1786 are recorded in a series of several hundred drawings known collectively as the Gordon Atlas, as well as in his journals, which were only discovered in 1964.
Early relations between the European settlers and the Xhosa, the first Bantu peoples they met when they ventured inward, were peaceful. However, there was competition for land, and this tension led to skirmishes in the form of cattle raids from 1779.
The British explorers David Livingstone and William Oswell, setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony, are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849. The Royal Geographical Society later awarded Livingstone a gold medal for his discovery of Lake Ngami in the desert.
Zulu militarism and expansionism
The Zulu people are part of the Nguni tribe and were originally a minor clan in what is today northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca. 1709 by Zulu kaNtombela.
The 1820s saw a time of immense upheaval relating to the military expansion of the Zulu Kingdom, which replaced the original African clan system with kingdoms. Sotho-speakers know this period as the difaqane ("forced migration"); Zulu-speakers call it the mfecane ("crushing").
Various theories have been advanced for the causes of the difaqane, ranging from ecological factors to competition in the ivory trade. Another theory attributes the epicentre of Zulu violence to the slave trade out of Delgoa Bay in Mozambique situated to the north of Zululand. Most historians recognise that the Mfecane wasn't just a series of events caused by the founding of the Zulu kingdom but rather a multitude of factors caused before and after Shaka Zulu came into power.
In 1818, Nguni tribes in Zululand created a militaristic kingdom between the Tugela River and Pongola River, under the driving force of Shaka kaSenzangakhona, son of the chief of the Zulu clan. Shaka built large armies, breaking from clan tradition by placing the armies under the control of his own officers rather than of hereditary chiefs. He then set out on a massive programme of expansion, killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered. His impis (warrior regiments) were rigorously disciplined: failure in battle meant death.
The Zulu resulted in the mass movement of many tribes who in turn tried to dominate those in new territories, leading to widespread warfare and waves of displacement spread throughout southern Africa and beyond. It accelerated the formation of several new nation-states, notably those of the Sotho (present-day Lesotho) and the Swazi (now Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)). It caused the consolidation of groups such as the Matebele, the Mfengu and the Makololo.
In 1828 Shaka was killed by his half-brothers Dingaan and Umhlangana. The weaker and less-skilled Dingaan became king, relaxing military discipline while continuing the despotism. Dingaan also attempted to establish relations with the British traders on the Natal coast, but events had started to unfold that would see the demise of Zulu independence. Estimates for the death toll resulting from the Mfecane range from 1 million to 2 million.
Boer people and republics
After 1806, a number of Dutch-speaking inhabitants of the Cape Colony trekked inland, first in small groups. Eventually, in the 1830s, large numbers of Boers migrated in what came to be known as the Great Trek. Among the initial reasons for their leaving the Cape colony were the English language rule. Religion was a very important aspect of the settlers culture and the bible and church services were in Dutch. Similarly, schools, justice and trade up to the arrival of the British, were all managed in the Dutch language. The language law caused friction, distrust and dissatisfaction.
Another reason for Dutch-speaking white farmers trekking away from the Cape was the abolition of slavery by the British government on Emancipation Day, 1 December 1838. The farmers complained they could not replace the labour of their slaves without losing an excessive amount of money. The farmers had invested large amounts of capital in slaves. Owners who had purchased slaves on credit or put them up as surety against loans faced financial ruin. Britain had allocated the sum of 1 200 000 British Pounds as compensation to the Dutch settlers, on condition the Dutch farmers had to lodge their claims in Britain as well as the fact that the value of the slaves was many times the allocated amount. This caused further dissatisfaction among the Dutch settlers. The settlers, incorrectly, believed that the Cape Colony administration had taken the money due to them as payment for freeing their slaves. Those settlers who were allocated money could only claim it in Britain in person or through an agent. The commission charged by agents was the same as the payment for one slave, thus those settlers only claiming for one slave would receive nothing.
South African Republic
The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek or ZAR, not to be confused with the much later Republic of South Africa), is often referred to as The Transvaal and sometimes as the Republic of Transvaal. It was an independent and internationally recognised nation-state in southern Africa from 1852 to 1902. Independent sovereignty of the republic was formally recognised by Great Britain with the signing of the Sand River Convention on 17 January 1852. The republic, under the premiership of Paul Kruger, defeated British forces in the First Boer War and remained independent until the end of the Second Boer War on 31 May 1902, when it was forced to surrender to the British. The territory of the South African Republic became known after this war as the Transvaal Colony.
Free State Republic
The independent Boer republic of Orange Free State evolved from colonial Britain's Orange River Sovereignty, enforced by the presence of British troops, which lasted from 1848 to 1854 in the territory between the Orange and Vaal rivers, named Transorange. Britain, due to the military burden imposed on it by the Crimean War in Europe, then withdrew its troops from the territory in 1854, when the territory along with other areas in the region was claimed by the Boers as an independent Boer republic, which they named the Orange Free State. In March 1858, after land disputes, cattle rustling and a series of raids and counter-raids, the Orange Free State declared war on the Basotho kingdom, which it failed to defeat. A succession of wars were conducted between the Boers and the Basotho for the next 10 years. The name Orange Free State was again changed to the Orange River Colony, created by Britain after the latter occupied it in 1900 and then annexed it in 1902 during the Second Boer War. The colony, with an estimated population of less than 400,000 in 1904 ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free State Province.
Natalia
Natalia was a short-lived Boer republic established in 1839 by Boer Voortrekkers emigrating from the Cape Colony. In 1824 a party of 25 men under British Lieutenant F G Farewell arrived from the Cape Colony and established a settlement on the northern shore of the Bay of Natal, which would later become the port of Durban, so named after Benjamin D'Urban, a governor of the Cape Colony. Boer Voortrekkers in 1838 established the Republic of Natalia in the surrounding region, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg. On the night of 23/24 May 1842 British colonial forces attacked the Voortrekker camp at Congella. The attack failed, with British forces then retreating back to Durban, which the Boers besieged. A local trader Dick King and his servant Ndongeni, who later became folk heroes, were able to escape the blockade and ride to Grahamstown, a distance of 600 km (372.82 miles) in 14 days to raise British reinforcements. The reinforcements arrived in Durban 20 days later; the siege was broken and the Voortrekkers retreated. The Boers accepted British annexation in 1844. Many of the Natalia Boers who refused to acknowledge British rule trekked over the Drakensberg mountains to settle in the Orange Free State and Transvaal republics.
Cape Colony
Between 1847 and 1854, Harry Smith, governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony, annexed territories far to the north of original British and Dutch settlement.
Smith's expansion of the Cape Colony resulted in conflict with disaffected Boers in the Orange River Sovereignty who in 1848 mounted an abortive rebellion at Boomplaats, where the Boers were defeated by a detachment of the Cape Mounted Rifles. Annexation also precipitated a war between British colonial forces and the indigenous Xhosa nation in 1850, in the eastern coastal region.
Starting from the mid-1800s, the Cape of Good Hope, which was then the largest state in southern Africa, began moving towards greater independence from Britain.
In 1854, it was granted its first locally elected legislature, the Cape Parliament.
In 1872, after a long political struggle, it attained responsible government with a locally accountable executive and Prime Minister. The Cape nonetheless remained nominally part of the British Empire, even though it was self-governing in practice.
The Cape Colony was unusual in southern Africa in that its laws prohibited any discrimination on the basis of race and, unlike the Boer republics, elections were held according to the non-racial Cape Qualified Franchise system, whereby suffrage qualifications applied universally, regardless of race.
Initially, a period of strong economic growth and social development ensued. However, an ill-informed British attempt to force the states of southern Africa into a British federation led to inter-ethnic tensions and the First Boer War. Meanwhile, the discovery of diamonds around Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal led to a later return to instability, particularly because they fueled the rise to power of the ambitious colonialist Cecil Rhodes. As Cape Prime Minister, Rhodes curtailed the multi-racial franchise, and his expansionist policies set the stage for the Second Boer War.
Natal
Indian slaves from the Dutch colonies in India had been introduced into the Cape area of South Africa by the Dutch settlers in 1654.
By the end of 1847, following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia, nearly all the Boers had left their former republic, which the British renamed Natal. The role of the Boer settlers was replaced by subsidised British immigrants of whom 5,000 arrived between 1849 and 1851.
By 1860, with slavery having been abolished in 1834, and after the annexation of Natal as a British colony in 1843, the British colonists in Natal (now kwaZulu-Natal) turned to India to resolve a labour shortage, as men of the local Zulu warrior nation were refusing to work on the plantations and farms established by the colonists. In that year, the SS Truro arrived in Durban harbour with over 300 Indians on board.
Over the next 50 years, 150,000 more indentured Indian servants and labourers arrived, as well as numerous free "passenger Indians," building the base for what would become the largest Indian diasporic community outside India.
By 1893, when the lawyer and social activist Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Durban, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal. The civil rights struggle of Gandhi's Natal Indian Congress failed; until the 1994 advent of democracy, Indians in South Africa were subject to most of the discriminatory laws that applied to all non-white inhabitants of the country.
Griqua people
By the late 1700s, the Cape Colony population had grown to include a large number of mixed-race so-called "coloureds" who were the offspring of extensive interracial relations between male Dutch settlers, Khoikhoi women, and female slaves imported from Dutch colonies in the East. Members of this mixed-race community formed the core of what was to become the Griqua people.
Under the leadership of a former slave named Adam Kok, these "coloureds" or Basters (meaning mixed race or multiracial) as they were named by the Dutch—a word derived from baster, meaning "bastard"—started trekking northward into the interior, through what is today named Northern Cape Province. The trek of the Griquas to escape the influence of the Cape Colony has been described as "one of the great epics of the 19th century." They were joined on their long journey by a number of San and Khoikhoi aboriginal people, local African tribesmen, and also some white renegades. Around 1800, they started crossing the northern frontier formed by the Orange River, arriving ultimately in an uninhabited area, which they named Griqualand.
In 1825, a faction of the Griqua people was induced by Dr John Philip, superintendent of the London Missionary Society in Southern Africa, to relocate to a place called Philippolis, a mission station for the San, several hundred miles southeast of Griqualand. Philip's intention was for the Griquas to protect the missionary station there against banditti in the region, and as a bulwark against the northward movement of white settlers from the Cape Colony. Friction between the Griquas and the settlers over land rights resulted in British troops being sent to the region in 1845. It marked the beginning of nine years of British intervention in the affairs of the region, which the British named Transorange.
In 1861, to avoid the imminent prospect of either being colonised by the Cape Colony or coming into conflict with the expanding Boer Republic of Orange Free State, most of the Philippolis Griquas embarked on a further trek. They moved about 500 miles eastward, over the Quathlamba (today known as the Drakensberg mountain range), settling ultimately in an area officially designated as "Nomansland", which the Griquas renamed Griqualand East. East Griqualand was subsequently annexed by Britain in 1874 and incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1879.
The original Griqualand, north of the Orange River, was annexed by Britain's Cape Colony and renamed Griqualand West after the discovery in 1871 of the world's richest deposit of diamonds at Kimberley, so named after the British Colonial Secretary, Earl Kimberley.
Although no formally surveyed boundaries existed, Griqua leader Nicolaas Waterboer claimed the diamond fields were situated on land belonging to the Griquas. The Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State also vied for ownership of the land, but Britain, being the preeminent force in the region, won control over the disputed territory. In 1878, Waterboer led an unsuccessful rebellion against the colonial authorities, for which he was arrested and briefly exiled.
Wars against the Xhosa
In early South Africa, European notions of national boundaries and land ownership had no counterparts in African political culture. To Moshoeshoe the BaSotho chieftain from Lesotho, it was customary tribute in the form of horses and cattle represented acceptance of land use under his authority. To European settlers in Southern Africa, the same form of tribute was believed to constitute purchase and permanent ownership of the land under independent authority.
As European settlers started establishing permanent farms after trekking across the country in search of prime agricultural land, they encountered resistance from the local Bantu people who had originally migrated southwards from central Africa hundreds of years earlier. The consequent frontier wars became known as the Xhosa Wars (which were also referred to in contemporary discussion as the Kafir Wars or the Cape Frontier Wars). In the southeastern part of South Africa, Boer settlers and the Xhosa clashed along the Great Fish River, and in 1779 the First Xhosa War broke out. For nearly 100 years subsequently, the Xhosa fought the settlers sporadically, first the Boers or Afrikaners and later the British. In the Fourth Xhosa War, which lasted from 1811 to 1812, the British colonial authorities forced the Xhosa back across the Great Fish River and established forts along this boundary.
The increasing economic involvement of the British in southern Africa from the 1820s, and especially following the discovery of first diamonds at Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal, resulted in pressure for land and African labour, and led to increasingly tense relations with Southern African states.
In 1818 differences between two Xhosa leaders, Ndlambe and Ngqika, ended in Ngqika's defeat, but the British continued to recognise Ngqika as the paramount chief. He appealed to the British for help against Ndlambe, who retaliated in 1819 during the Fifth Frontier War by attacking the British colonial town of Grahamstown.
Wars against the Zulu
In the eastern part of what is today South Africa, in the region named Natalia by the Boer trekkers, the latter negotiated an agreement with Zulu King Dingane kaSenzangakhona allowing the Boers to settle in part of the then Zulu kingdom. Cattle rustling ensued and a party of Boers under the leadership of Piet Retief were killed.
Subsequent to the killing of the Retief party, the Boers defended themselves against a Zulu attack, at the Ncome River on 16 December 1838. An estimated five thousand Zulu warriors were involved. The Boers took a defensive position with the high banks of the Ncome River forming a natural barrier to their rear with their ox waggons as barricades between themselves and the attacking Zulu army. About three thousand Zulu warriors died in the clash known historically as the Battle of Blood River.
In the later annexation of the Zulu kingdom by imperial Britain, an Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879. Following Lord Carnarvon's successful introduction of federation in Canada, it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa.
In 1874, Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being. Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army. Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply. Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand. The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, including an overwhelming victory by the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of imperialism in the region.
Britain's eventual defeat of the Zulus, marking the end of the Zulu nation's independence, was accomplished with the assistance of Zulu collaborators who harboured cultural and political resentments against centralised Zulu authority. The British then set about establishing large sugar plantations in the area today named KwaZulu-Natal Province.
Wars with the Basotho
From the 1830s onwards, numbers of white settlers from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and started arriving in the fertile southern part of territory known as the Lower Caledon Valley, which was occupied by Basotho cattle herders under the authority of the Basotho founding monarch Moshoeshoe I. In 1845, a treaty was signed between the British colonists and Moshoeshoe, which recognised white settlement in the area. No firm boundaries were drawn between the area of white settlement and Moshoeshoe's kingdom, which led to border clashes. Moshoeshoe was under the impression he was loaning grazing land to the settlers in accordance with African precepts of occupation rather than ownership, while the settlers believed they had been granted permanent land rights. Afrikaner settlers in particular were loath to live under Moshoesoe's authority and among Africans.
The British, who at that time controlled the area between the Orange and Vaal Rivers called the Orange River Sovereignty, decided a discernible boundary was necessary and proclaimed a line named the Warden Line, dividing the area between British and Basotho territories. This led to conflict between the Basotho and the British, who were defeated by Moshoeshoe's warriors at the battle of Viervoet in 1851.
As punishment to the Basotho, the governor and commander-in-chief of the Cape Colony, George Cathcart, deployed troops to the Mohokare River; Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine. When he did not pay the fine in full, a battle broke out on the Berea Plateau in 1852, where the British suffered heavy losses. In 1854, the British handed over the territory to the Boers through the signing of the Sand River Convention. This territory and others in the region then became the Republic of the Orange Free State.
A succession of wars followed from 1858 to 1868 between the Basotho kingdom and the Boer republic of Orange Free State. In the battles that followed, the Orange Free State tried unsuccessfully to capture Moshoeshoe's mountain stronghold at Thaba Bosiu, while the Sotho conducted raids in Free State territories. Both sides adopted scorched-earth tactics, with large swathes of pasturage and cropland being destroyed. Faced with starvation, Moshoeshoe signed a peace treaty on 15 October 1858, though crucial boundary issues remained unresolved. War broke out again in 1865. After an unsuccessful appeal for aid from the British Empire, Moshoeshoe signed the 1866 treaty of Thaba Bosiu, with the Basotho ceding substantial territory to the Orange Free State. On 12 March 1868, the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a British protectorate and part of the British Empire. Open hostilities ceased between the Orange Free State and the Basotho. The country was subsequently named Basutoland and is presently named Lesotho.
Wars with the Ndebele
In 1836, when Boer Voortrekkers (pioneers) arrived in the northwestern part of present-day South Africa, they came into conflict with a Ndebele sub-group that the settlers named "Matabele", under chief Mzilikazi. A series of battles ensued, in which Mzilikazi was eventually defeated. He withdrew from the area and led his people northwards to what would later become the Matabele region of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).
Other members of the Ndebele ethnic language group in different areas of the region similarly came into conflict with the Voortrekkers, notably in the area that would later become the Northern Transvaal. In September 1854, 28 Boers accused of cattle rustling were killed in three separate incidents by an alliance of the Ndebele chiefdoms of Mokopane and Mankopane. Mokopane and his followers, anticipating retaliation by the settlers, retreated into the mountain caves known as Gwasa, (or Makapansgat in Afrikaans). In late October, Boer commandos supported by local Kgatla tribal collaborators laid siege to the caves. By the end of the siege, about three weeks later, Mokopane and between 1,000 and 3,000 people had died in the caves. The survivors were captured and allegedly enslaved.
Wars with the Bapedi
The Bapedi wars, also known as the Sekhukhune wars, consisted of three separate campaigns fought between 1876 and 1879 against the Bapedi under their reigning monarch King Sekhukhune I, in the northeastern region known as Sekhukhuneland, bordering on Swaziland. Further friction was caused by the refusal of Sekhukhune to allow prospectors to search for gold in territory he considered to be sovereign and independent under his authority. The First Sekhukhune War of 1876 was conducted by the Boers, and the two separate campaigns of the Second Sekhukhune War of 1878/1879 were conducted by the British.
During the final campaign, Sekukuni (also spelled Sekhukhune) and members of his entourage took refuge in a mountain cave where he was cut off from food and water. He eventually surrendered to a combined deputation of Boer and British forces on 2 December 1879. Sekhukhune, members of his family and some Bapedi generals were subsequently imprisoned in Pretoria for two years, with Sekhukhuneland becoming part of the Transvaal Republic. No gold was ever discovered in the annexed territory.
Discovery of diamonds
The first diamond discoveries between 1866 and 1867 were alluvial, on the southern banks of the Orange River. By 1869, diamonds were found at some distance from any stream or river, in hard rock called blue ground, later called kimberlite, after the mining town of Kimberley where the diamond diggings were concentrated. The diggings were located in an area of vague boundaries and disputed land ownership. Claimants to the site included the South African (Transvaal) Republic, the Orange Free State Republic, and the mixed-race Griqua nation under Nicolaas Waterboer. Cape Colony Governor Henry Barkly persuaded all claimants to submit themselves to a decision of an arbitrator and so Robert W Keate, Lieutenant-Governor of Natal was asked to arbitrate. Keate awarded ownership to the Griquas. Waterboer, fearing conflict with the Boer republic of Orange Free State, subsequently asked for and received British protection. Griqualand then became a separate Crown Colony renamed Griqualand West in 1871, with a Lieutenant-General and legislative council.
The Crown Colony of Griqualand West was annexed into the Cape Colony in 1877, enacted into law in 1880. No material benefits accrued to the Griquas as a result of either colonisation or annexation; they did not receive any share of the diamond wealth generated at Kimberley. The Griqua community became subsequently dissimulated.
By the 1870s and 1880s the mines at Kimberley were producing 95% of the world's diamonds. The widening search for gold and other resources were financed by the wealth produced and the practical experience gained at Kimberley. Revenue accruing to the Cape Colony from the Kimberley diamond diggings enabled the Cape Colony to be granted responsible government status in 1872, since it was no longer dependent on the British Treasury and hence allowing it to be fully self-governing in similar fashion to the federation of Canada, New Zealand and some of the Australian states. The wealth derived from Kimberley diamond mining, having effectively tripled the customs revenue of the Cape Colony from 1871 to 1875, also doubled its population, and allowed it to expand its boundaries and railways to the north.
In 1888, British mining magnate Cecil John Rhodes co-founded De Beers Consolidated Mines at Kimberley, after buying up and amalgamating the individual claims with finance provided by the Rothschild dynasty. Abundant, cheap African labour was central to the success of Kimberley diamond mining, as it would later also be to the success of gold mining on the Witwatersrand. It has been suggested in some academic circles that the wealth produced at Kimberley was a significant factor influencing the Scramble for Africa, in which European powers had by 1902 competed with each other in drawing arbitrary boundaries across almost the entire continent and dividing it among themselves.
Discovery of gold
Although many tales abound, there is no conclusive evidence as to who first discovered gold or the manner in which it was originally discovered in the late 19th century on the Witwatersrand (meaning White Waters Ridge) of the Transvaal. The discovery of gold in February 1886 at a farm called Langlaagte on the Witwatersrand in particular precipitated a gold rush by prospectors and fortune seekers from all over the world. Except in rare outcrops, however, the main gold deposits had over many years become covered gradually by thousands of feet of hard rock. Finding and extracting the deposits far below the ground called for the capital and engineering skills that would soon result in the deep-level mines of the Witwatersrand producing a quarter of the world's gold, with the "instant city" of Johannesburg arising astride the main Witwatersrand gold reef.
Within two years of gold being discovered on the Witwatersrand, four mining finance houses had been established. The first was formed by Hermann Eckstein in 1887, eventually becoming Rand Mines. Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd followed, with their Gold Fields of South Africa company. Rhodes and Rudd had earlier made fortunes from diamond mining at Kimberley. In 1895 there was an investment boom in Witwatersrand gold-mining shares. The precious metal that underpinned international trade would dominate South African exports for decades to come.
Of the leading 25 foreign industrialists who were instrumental in opening up deep level mining operations at the Witwatersrand gold fields, 15 were Jewish, 11 of the total were from Germany or Austria, and nine of that latter category were also Jewish. The commercial opportunities opened by the discovery of gold attracted many other people of European Jewish origin. The Jewish population of South Africa in 1880 numbered approximately 4,000; by 1914 it had grown to more than 40,000, mostly migrants from Lithuania.
The working environment of the mines, meanwhile, as one historian has described it, was "dangerous, brutal and onerous", and therefore unpopular among local black Africans. Recruitment of black labour began to prove difficult, even with an offer of improved wages. In mid-1903 there remained barely half of the 90,000 black labourers who had been employed in the industry in mid-1899. The decision was made to start importing Chinese indentured labourers who were prepared to work for far less wages than local African labourers. The first 1,000 indentured Chinese labourers arrived in June 1904. By January 1907, 53,000 Chinese labourers were working in the gold mines.
First Anglo–Boer War
The Transvaal Boer republic was forcefully annexed by Britain in 1877, during Britain's attempt to consolidate the states of southern Africa under British rule. Long-standing Boer resentment turned into full-blown rebellion in the Transvaal and the first Anglo–Boer War, also known as the Boer Insurrection, broke out in 1880. The conflict ended almost as soon as it began with a decisive Boer victory at Battle of Majuba Hill (27 February 1881).
The republic regained its independence as the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek ("South African Republic"), or ZAR. Paul Kruger, one of the leaders of the uprising, became President of the ZAR in 1883. Meanwhile, the British, who viewed their defeat at Majuba as an aberration, forged ahead with their desire to federate the Southern African colonies and republics. They saw this as the best way to come to terms with the fact of a white Afrikaner majority, as well as to promote their larger strategic interests in the area.
The cause of the Anglo–Boer wars has been attributed to a contest over which nation would control and benefit most from the Witwatersrand gold mines. The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European "Randlords" overseeing the mainly British foreign managers, mining foremen, engineers and technical specialists, characterised by the Boers as uitlander, meaning aliens. The "aliens" objected to being denied parliamentary representation and the right to vote, and they complained also of bureaucratic government delays in the issuing of licenses and permits, and general administrative incompetence on the part of the government.
In 1895, a column of mercenaries in the employ of Cecil John Rhodes' Rhodesian-based Charter Company and led by Captain Leander Starr Jameson had entered the ZAR with the intention of sparking an uprising on the Witwatersrand and installing a British administration there. The armed incursion became known as the Jameson Raid. It ended when the invading column was ambushed and captured by Boer commandos. President Kruger suspected the insurgency had received at least the tacit approval of the Cape Colony government under the premiership of Cecil John Rhodes, and that Kruger's South African Republic faced imminent danger. Kruger reacted by forming an alliance with the neighbouring Boer republic of Orange Free State. This did not prevent the outbreak of a Second Anglo–Boer war.
Second Anglo–Boer War
Renewed tensions between Britain and the Boers peaked in 1899 when the British demanded voting rights for the 60,000 foreign whites on the Witwatersrand. Until that point, President Paul Kruger's government had excluded all foreigners from the franchise. Kruger rejected the British demand and called for the withdrawal of British troops from the borders of the South African Republic. When the British refused, Kruger declared war. This Second Anglo–Boer War, also known as the South African War lasted longer than the first, with British troops being supplemented by colonial troops from Southern Rhodesia, Canada, India, Australia and New Zealand. It has been estimated that the total number of British and colonial troops deployed in South Africa during the war outnumbered the population of the two Boer Republics by more than 150,000.
By June 1900, Pretoria, the last of the major Boer towns, had surrendered. Yet resistance by Boer bittereinders (meaning those who would fight to the bitter end) continued for two more years with guerrilla warfare, which the British met in turn with scorched earth tactics. The Boers kept on fighting.
The British suffragette Emily Hobhouse visited British concentration camps in South Africa and produced a report condemning the appalling conditions there. By 1902, 26,000 Boer women and children had died of disease and neglect in the camps.
The Anglo–Boer War affected all ethnic groups in South Africa. Black people were recruited or conscripted by both sides into working for them either as combatants or non-combatants to sustain the respective war efforts of both the Boers and the British. The official statistics of blacks killed in action are inaccurate. Most of the bodies were dumped in unmarked graves. It has, however, been verified that 17,182 black people died mainly of diseases in the Cape concentration camps alone, but this figure is not accepted historically as a true reflection of the overall numbers. Concentration camp superintendents did not always record the deaths of black inmates in the camps.
From the outset of hostilities in October 1899 to the signing of peace on 31 May 1902 the war claimed the lives of 22,000 imperial soldiers and 7,000 republican fighters. In terms of the peace agreement known as the Treaty of Vereeniging, the Boer republics acknowledged British sovereignty, while the British in turn committed themselves to reconstruction of the areas under their control.
Union of South Africa (1910–1948)
During the years immediately following the Anglo–Boer wars, Britain set about unifying the four colonies including the former Boer republics into a single self-governed country called the Union of South Africa. This was accomplished after several years of negotiations, when the South Africa Act 1909 consolidated the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State into one nation. Under the provisions of the act, the Union became an independent Dominion of the British Empire, governed under a form of constitutional monarchy, with the British monarch represented by a Governor-General. Prosecutions before the courts of the Union of South Africa were instituted in the name of the Crown and government officials served in the name of the Crown. The British High Commission territories of Basutoland (now Lesotho), Bechuanaland (now Botswana), and Swaziland (now Eswatini) continued under direct rule from Britain.
Among other harsh segregationist laws, including denial of voting rights to black people, the Union parliament enacted the 1913 Natives' Land Act, which earmarked only eight percent of South Africa's available land for black occupancy. White people, who constituted 20 percent of the population, held 90 percent of the land. The Land Act would form a cornerstone of legalised racial discrimination for the next nine decades.
General Louis Botha headed the first government of the new Union, with General Jan Smuts as his deputy. Their South African National Party, later known as the South African Party or SAP, followed a generally pro-British, white-unity line. The more radical Boers split away under the leadership of General Barry Hertzog, forming the National Party (NP) in 1914. The National Party championed Afrikaner interests, advocating separate development for the two white groups, and independence from Britain.
Dissatisfaction with British influence in the Union's affairs reached a climax in September 1914, when impoverished Boers, anti-British Boers and bitter-enders launched a rebellion. The rebellion was suppressed, and at least one officer was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad.
In 1924 the Afrikaner-dominated National Party came to power in a coalition government with the Labour Party. Afrikaans, previously regarded as a low-level Dutch patois, replaced Dutch as an official language of the Union. English and Dutch became the two official languages in 1925.
The Union of South Africa came to an end after a referendum on 5 October 1960, in which a majority of white South Africans voted in favour of unilateral withdrawal from the British Commonwealth and the establishment of a Republic of South Africa.
First World War
At the outbreak of World War I, South Africa joined Great Britain and the Allies against the German Empire. Both Prime Minister Louis Botha and Defence Minister Jan Smuts were former Second Boer War generals who had previously fought against the British, but they now became active and respected members of the Imperial War Cabinet. Elements of the South African Army refused to fight against the Germans and along with other opponents of the government; they rose in an open revolt known as the Maritz Rebellion. The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914, and forces loyal to the government under the command of generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts defeated the rebellion. The rebel leaders were prosecuted, fined heavily and sentenced to imprisonment ranging from six to seven years.
Public opinion in South Africa split along racial and ethnic lines. The British elements strongly supported the war, and formed by far the largest military component. Likewise the Indian element (led by Mahatma Gandhi) generally supported the war effort. Afrikaners were split, with some like Botha and Smuts taking a prominent leadership role in the British war effort. This position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who supported the Maritz Rebellion. The trade union movement was divided. Many urban blacks supported the war expecting it would raise their status in society. Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights. The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France, also hoping to better themselves after the war.
With a population of roughly 6 million, between 1914–1918, over 250,000 South Africans of all races voluntarily served their country. Thousands more served in the British Army directly, with over 3,000 joining the British Royal Flying Corps and over 100 volunteering for the Royal Navy. It is likely that around 50% of white men of military age served during the war, more than 146,000 whites. 83,000 Blacks and 2,500 Coloureds and Asians also served in either German South-West Africa, East Africa, the Middle East, or on the Western Front in Europe. Over 7,000 South Africans were killed, and nearly 12,000 were wounded during the course of the war. Eight South Africans won the Victoria Cross for gallantry, the Empire's highest and prestigious military medal. The Battle of Delville Wood and the sinking of the SS Mendi being the greatest single incidents of loss of life.
25,000 Black South Africans were recruited at the request of the British War Cabinet to serve as non-combatant labourers in the South African Native Labour Contingent (SANLC). 21,000 of them were deployed to France as stevedores at French ports, where they were housed in segregated compounds. A total of 616 men from the Fifth Battalion of the SANLC drowned on 21 February 1917 when the troopship SS Mendi, on which they were being transported to France, collided with another vessel near the Isle of Wight. The Mendi disaster was one of South Africa's worst tragedies of the Great War, second perhaps only to the Battle of Delville Wood. The South African government issued no war service medal to the black servicemen and the special medal issued by King George V to "native troops" that served the Empire, the British War Medal in bronze, was disallowed and not issued to the SANLC.
Black and mixed-race South Africans who had supported the war were embittered when post-war South Africa saw no easing of white domination and racial segregation.
The assistance that South Africa gave the British Empire was significant. Two German African colonies were occupied, either by South Africa alone or with significant South African assistance. Manpower, from all races, helped Allied operations not just on the Western Front and Africa, but also in the Middle East against the Ottoman Empire. South Africa's ports and harbours on the Home Front were a crucial strategic asset when conducting a war on a global scale. Providing important rest and refuelling stations, the Royal Navy could ensure vital sea lane connections to the British Raj, and the Far East stayed open.
Economically, South Africa supplied two-thirds of gold production in the British Empire, with most of the remainder coming from Australia. At the start of the war, Bank of England officials in London worked with South Africa to block gold shipments to Germany, and force mine owners to sell only to the British Treasury, at prices set by the Treasury. This facilitated purchases of munitions and food in the United States and neutral countries.
Second World War
During World War II, South Africa's ports and harbours, such as at Cape Town, Durban, and Simon's Town, were important strategic assets to the British Royal Navy. South Africa's top-secret Special Signals Service played a significant role in the early development and deployment of radio detection and ranging (radar) technology used in protecting the vital coastal shipping route around southern Africa. By August 1945, South African Air Force aircraft in conjunction with British and Dutch aircraft stationed in South Africa had intercepted 17 enemy ships, assisted in the rescue of 437 survivors of sunken ships, attacked 26 of the 36 enemy submarines operating the vicinity of the South African coast, and flown 15,000 coastal patrol sorties.
About 334,000 South Africans volunteered for full-time military service in support of the Allies abroad. Nearly 9,000 were killed in action. On 21 June 1942 nearly 10,000 South African soldiers, representing one-third of the entire South African force in the field, were taken prisoner by German Field Marshal Rommel's forces in the fall of Tobruk, Libya. A number of South African fighter pilots served with distinction in the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain, including Group Captain Adolph "Sailor" Malan who led 74 Squadron and established a record of personally destroying 27 enemy aircraft.
General Jan Smuts was the only important non-British general whose advice was constantly sought by Britain's war-time Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Smuts was invited to the Imperial War Cabinet in 1939 as the most senior South African in favour of war. On 28 May 1941, Smuts was appointed a Field Marshal of the British Army, becoming the first South African to hold that rank. When the war ended, Smuts represented South Africa in San Francisco at the drafting of the United Nations Charter in May 1945. Just as he had done in 1919, Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international body to preserve peace; he was determined that, unlike the League of Nations, the UN would have teeth. Smuts also signed the Paris Peace Treaty, resolving the peace in Europe, thus becoming the only signatory of both the treaty ending the First World War, and that which ended the Second.
Pro-German and pro-Nazi attitudes
After the suppression of the abortive, pro-German Maritz Rebellion during the South African World War I campaign against German South West Africa in 1914, the South African rebel General Manie Maritz escaped to Spain. He returned in 1923, and continued working in the Union of South Africa as a German Spy for the Third Reich.
In 1896, the German Kaiser Kaiser Wilhelm had enraged Britain by sending congratulations to Boer republican leader Paul Kruger after Kruger's commandos captured a column of British South Africa Company soldiers engaged in an armed incursion and abortive insurrection, known historically as the Jameson Raid, into Boer territory. Germany was the primary supplier of weapons to the Boers during the subsequent Anglo–Boer war. Kaiser Wilhelm's government arranged for the two Boer Republics to purchase modern breech-loading Mauser rifles and millions of smokeless gunpowder cartridges. Germany's Ludwig Loewe company, later known as Deutsche Waffen-und Munitionfabriken, delivered 55,000 of these rifles to the Boers in 1896.
The early-1940s saw the pro-Nazi Ossewa Brandwag (OB) movement become half-a-million strong, including future prime minister John Vorster and Hendrik van den Bergh, the future head of police intelligence. The anti-semitic Boerenasie (Boer Nation) and other similar groups soon joined them. When the war ended, the OB was one of the anti-parliamentary groups absorbed into the National Party.
The South African Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging or AWB (meaning Afrikaner Resistance Movement), a militant neo-Nazi, mainly Afrikaner white supremacist movement that arose in the 1970s, and was active until the mid-1990s, openly used a flag that closely resembled the swastika. In the early to mid-1990s, the AWB attempted unsuccessfully through various acts of public violence and intimidation to derail the country's transition to democracy. After the country's first multiracial democratic elections in 1994, a number of terrorist bomb blasts were linked to the AWB. On 11 March 1994, several hundred AWB members formed part of an armed right-wing force that invaded the nominally independent "homeland" territory of Bophuthatswana, in a failed attempt to prop up its unpopular, conservative leader Chief Lucas Mangope. The AWB leader Eugène Terre'Blanche was murdered by farm workers on 3 April 2010.
A majority of politically moderate Afrikaners were pragmatic and did not support the AWB's extremism.
Apartheid era (1948–1994)
Apartheid legislation
The segregationist policies of apartheid stemmed from colonial legislation introduced during the period of Dutch rule in the 17th century, which was continued and expanded upon during the British colonial era, and reached its apogee during the Boer-dominated Union of South Africa.
From 1948, successive National Party administrations formalised and extended the existing system of racial discrimination and denial of human rights into the legal system of apartheid, which lasted until 1991. A key act of legislation during this time was the Homeland Citizens Act of 1970. This act augmented the Native Land Act of 1913 through the establishment of so-called "homelands" or "reserves". It authorised the forced evictions of thousands of African people from urban centres in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) to what became described colloquially as "Bantustans" or the "original homes", as they were officially referred to, of the black tribes of South Africa. The same legislation applied also to South West Africa over which South Africa had continued after World War I to exercise a disputed League of Nations mandate. Pro-apartheid South Africans attempted to justify the Bantustan policy by citing the British government's 1947 partition of India, which they claimed was a similar situation that did not arouse international condemnation.
Although many important events occurred during this period, apartheid remained the central pivot around which most of the historical issues of this period revolved, including violent conflict and the militarisation of South African society. By 1987, total military expenditure amounted to about 28% of the national budget.
In the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising and the security clampdown that accompanied it, Joint Management Centres (JMCs) operating in at least 34 State-designated "high-risk" areas became the key element in a National Security Management System. The police and military who controlled the JMCs by the mid-1980s were endowed with influence in decision-making at every level, from the Cabinet down to local government.
UN embargo
On 16 December 1966, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2202 A (XXI) identified apartheid as a "crime against humanity".
The Apartheid Convention, as it came to be known, was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour, four against (Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States) and 26 abstentions. The convention came into force on 18 July 1976. On 23 October 1984 the UN Security Council endorsed this formal determination. The convention declared that apartheid was both unlawful and criminal because it violated the Charter of the United Nations.
The General Assembly had already suspended South Africa from the UN organisation on 12 November 1974. On 4 November 1977, the Security Council imposed a mandatory arms embargo in terms of Resolution 181 calling upon all States to cease the sale and shipment of arms, ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa. The country would only be readmitted to the UN in 1994 following its transition to democracy. Apartheid South Africa reacted to the UN arms embargo by strengthening its military ties with Israel, and establishing its own arms manufacturing industry with the help of Israel. Four hundred M-113A1 armoured personnel carriers, and 106mm recoilless rifles manufactured in the United States were delivered to South Africa via Israel.
Extra-judicial killings
In the mid-1980s, police and army death squads conducted state-sponsored assassinations of dissidents and activists. By mid-1987 the Human Rights Commission knew of at least 140 political assassinations in the country, while about 200 people died at the hands of South African agents in neighbouring states. The exact numbers of all the victims may never be known. Strict censorship disallowed journalists from reporting, filming or photographing such incidents, while the government ran its own covert disinformation programme that provided distorted accounts of the extrajudicial killings. At the same time, State-sponsored vigilante groups carried out violent attacks on communities and community leaders associated with resistance to apartheid. The attacks were then falsely attributed by the government to "black-on-black" or factional violence within the communities.
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) would later establish that a covert, informal network of former or still serving army and police operatives, frequently acting in conjunction with extreme right-wing elements, was involved in actions that could be construed as fomenting violence and which resulted in gross human rights violations, including random and targeted killings.
Between 1960–1994, according to statistics from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the Inkatha Freedom Party was responsible for 4,500 deaths, South African Police 2,700, and the ANC about 1,300.
In early 2002, a planned military coup by a white supremacist movement known as the Boeremag (Boer Force) was foiled by the South African police. Two dozen conspirators including senior South African Army officers were arrested on charges of treason and murder, after a bomb explosion in Soweto. The effectiveness of the police in foiling the planned coup strengthened public perceptions that the post-1994 democratic order was irreversible.
The TRC, at the conclusion of its mandate in 2004, handed over a list of 300 names of alleged perpetrators to the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) for investigation and prosecution by the NPA's Priority Crimes Litigation Unit. Less than a handful of prosecutions were ever pursued.
Military operations in frontline states
South African security forces during the latter part of the apartheid era had a policy of destabilising neighbouring states, supporting opposition movements, conducting sabotage operations and attacking ANC bases and places of refuge for exiles in those states. These states, forming a regional alliance of southern African states, were named collectively as the Frontline States: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and, from 1980, Zimbabwe.
In early-November 1975, immediately after Portugal granted independence to its former African colony of Angola, civil war broke out between the rival UNITA and MPLA movements. In order to prevent UNITA's collapse and cement the rule of a friendly government, South Africa intervened on 23 October, sending between 1,500 and 2,000 troops from Namibia into southern Angola in order to fight the MPLA. In response to the South African intervention, Cuba sent 18,000 soldiers as part of a large-scale military intervention nicknamed Operation Carlota in support of the MPLA. Cuba had initially provided the MPLA with 230 military advisers prior to the South African intervention. The Cuban intervention was decisive in helping reverse SADF and UNITA advances and cement MPLA rule in Angola. More than a decade later 36,000 Cuban troops were deployed throughout the country helping providing support for MPLA's fight with UNITA. The civil war in Angola resulted in 550,000–1,250,000 deaths in total mostly from famine. Most of the deaths occurred between 1992 and 1993, after South African and Cuban involvement had ended.
Between 1975 and 1988, the SADF continued to stage massive conventional raids into Angola and Zambia to eliminate PLAN's forward operating bases across the border from Namibia as well as provide support for UNITA. A controversial bombing and airborne assault conducted by 200 South African paratroopers on 4 May 1978 at Cassinga in southern Angola, resulted in around 700 South West Africans being killed, including PLAN militants and a large number of women and children. Colonel Jan Breytenbach, the South African parachute battalion commander, claimed it was "recognised in Western military circles as the most successful airborne assault since World War II." The Angolan government described the target of the attack as a refugee camp. The United Nations Security Council on 6 May 1978 condemned South Africa for the attack. On 23 August 1981 South African troops again launched an incursion into Angola with collaboration and encouragement provided by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The Angolan army, in resisting what it perceived as a South African invasion, was supported by a combination of Cuban forces and PLAN and ANC guerrillas, all armed with weapons supplied by the Soviet Union. The apartheid-era South African military and political intelligence services, for their part, worked closely with American, British and West German secret services throughout the Cold War.
Both South Africa and Cuba claimed victory at the decisive battle of Cuito Cuanavale, which have been described as "the fiercest in Africa since World War II". However, the South African military had lost air superiority and its technological advantage, largely due to an international arms embargo against the country. South African involvement in Angola ended formally after the signing of a United Nations-brokered agreement known as the New York Accords between the governments of Angola, Cuba and South Africa, resulting in the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Angola and also South Africa's withdrawal from South West Africa (now Namibia), which the UN regarded as illegally occupied since 1966.
South Africa in the 1980s also provided logistical and other covert support to Resistência Nacional Moçambicana (RENAMO) rebels, in neighbouring Mozambique fighting the FRELIMO-run government during the Mozambique Civil War, and it launched cross-border raids into Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana, killing or capturing a number of South African exiles.
Resistance to apartheid
Organised resistance to Afrikaner nationalism was not confined exclusively to activists of the oppressed, dark-skinned population. A movement known as the Torch Commando was formed in the 1950s, led by white war veterans who had fought the Axis Powers in Europe and North Africa during World War II. With 250,000 paid-up members at the height of its existence, it was the largest white protest movement in the country's history. By 1952, the brief flame of mass-based white radicalism was extinguished, when the Torch Commando disbanded due to government legislation under the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950. Some members of the Torch Commando subsequently became leading figures in the armed wing of the banned African National Congress.
From the 1940s to the 1960s, anti-apartheid resistance within the country took the form mainly of passive resistance, influenced in part by the pacifist ideology of Mahatma Gandhi. After the March 1960 massacre of 69 peaceful demonstrators at Sharpeville, and the subsequent declaration of a state of emergency, and the banning of anti-apartheid parties including the African National Congress (ANC), the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), and the Communist Party of South Africa, the focus of national resistance turned to armed struggle and underground activity. The armed wing of the ANC, Umkhonto weSizwe (abbreviation MK, meaning Spear of the Nation) claimed moral legitimacy for the resort to violence on the grounds of necessary defence and just war. From the 1960s onwards until 1989, MK carried out numerous acts of sabotage and attacks on military and police personnel. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted in 2003 that, despite the ANC's stated policy of attacking only military and police targets, "the majority of casualties of MK operations were civilians."
The national liberation movement was divided in the early 1960s when an "Africanist" faction within the ANC objected to an alliance between the ANC and the Communist Party of South Africa. Leaders of the Communist Party of South Africa were mostly white. The Africanists broke away from the ANC to form the Pan-Africanist Congress and its military wing named Poqo, which became active mainly in the Cape provinces. During the early-1990s, Poqo was renamed Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA). Its underground cells conducted armed robberies to raise funds and obtain weapons and vehicles. Civilians were killed or injured in many of these robberies. In 1993, attacks on white civilian targets in public places increased. APLA denied the attacks were racist in character, claiming that the attacks were directed against the apartheid government as all whites, according to the PAC, were complicit in the policy of apartheid. An attack on a Christian church in Cape Town in 1993, left eleven people dead and 58 injured.
Hundreds of students and others who fled to neighbouring countries, especially Botswana, to avoid arrest after the Soweto uprising of 16 June 1976, provided a fertile recruiting ground for the military wings of both the ANC and PAC. The uprising had been precipitated by Government legislation forcing African students to accept Afrikaans as the official medium for tuition, with support from the wider Black Consciousness Movement. The uprising spread throughout the country. By the time it was finally quelled, hundreds of protesters had been shot dead with many more wounded or arrested by police.
A non-racial United Democratic Front (UDF) coalition of about 400 civic, church, student, trade union and other organisations emerged in 1983. At its peak in 1987, the UDF had some 700 affiliates and about 3,000,000 members. It pursued a very violent strategy known as "ungovernability", they killed thousands of opposition party, mostly members of Inkatha Freedom Party in some cases burning them alive, including rent boycotts, student protests, and strike campaigns. A strong relationship existed between the African National Congress (ANC) and the UDF, based on the shared mission statement of the Freedom Charter. Following restrictions placed on its activities, the UDF was replaced in 1988 by the Mass Democratic Movement, a loose and amorphous alliance of anti-apartheid groups that had no permanent structure, making it difficult for the government to place a ban on its activities.
A total of 130 political prisoners were hanged on the gallows of Pretoria Central Prison between 1960 and 1990. The prisoners were mainly members of the Pan Africanist Congress and United Democratic Front.
Post-apartheid period (1994–present)
The dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late-1980s meant the African National Congress (ANC) in alliance with the South African Communist Party, could no longer depend on the Soviet Union for weaponry and political support. It also meant the apartheid government could no longer link apartheid and its purported legitimacy to the protection of Christian values and civilisation in the face of the rooi gevaar, meaning "red danger" or the threat of communism. Both sides were forced to the negotiating table, with the result that in June 1991, all apartheid laws were finally rescinded- opening the way for the country's first multiracial democratic elections three years later. As the culmination of mounting local and international opposition to apartheid in the 1980s, including the armed struggle, widespread civil unrest, economic and cultural sanctions by the international community, and pressure from the anti-apartheid movement around the world, State President F. W. de Klerk announced the lifting of the ban on the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress and the South African Communist Party, as well as the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela on 2 February 1990, after twenty-seven years in prison. In a referendum held on 17 March 1992, the white electorate voted 68% in favour of democracy.
After lengthy negotiations under the auspices of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), a draft constitution was published on 26 July 1993, containing concessions towards all sides: a federal system of regional legislatures, equal voting-rights regardless of race, and a bicameral legislature.
From 26–29 April 1994, the South African population voted in the first universal suffrage general elections. The African National Congress won, well ahead of the governing National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party. The Democratic Party and Pan Africanist Congress, among others, formed a parliamentary opposition in the country's first non-racial parliament. Nelson Mandela was elected as President on 9 May 1994 and formed a Government of National Unity, consisting of the ANC, the National Party and Inkatha. On 10 May 1994 Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa's new President in Pretoria with Thabo Mbeki and F. W. De Klerk as his vice-presidents. The Government of National Unity lapsed at the end of the first parliament sitting in 1999, with the ANC becoming the sole party in power while maintaining a strategic alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party. After considerable debate, and following submissions from advocacy groups, individuals and ordinary citizens, the Parliament enacted a new Constitution and Bill of Rights in 1996. The death penalty was abolished, land reform and redistribution policies were introduced, and equitable labour laws legislated.
The ANC had risen to power on the strength of a socialist agenda embodied in a Freedom Charter, which was intended to form the basis of ANC social, economic and political policies. The Charter decreed that "the national wealth of our country, the heritage of South Africans, shall be restored to the people; the mineral wealth beneath the soil, the banks and monopoly industry shall be transferred to the ownership of the people". ANC icon Nelson Mandela, asserted in a statement released on 25 January 1990: "The nationalisation of the mines, banks and monopoly industries is the policy of the ANC, and a change or modification of our views in this regard is inconceivable."
Following the ANC's electoral victory in 1994, the eradication of mass poverty through nationalisation was never implemented. The ANC-led government, in a historic reversal of policy, adopted neoliberalism instead. A wealth tax on the super-rich to fund developmental projects was set aside, while domestic and international corporations, enriched by apartheid, were excused from any financial reparations. Large corporations were allowed to shift their main listings abroad. According to Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, a South African academic economist, the government's concessions to big business represented "treacherous decisions that [will] haunt South Africa for generations to come".
Emigration
The immediate post-apartheid period was marked by an exodus of skilled, white South Africans amid crime related safety concerns. The South African Institute of Race Relations estimated in 2008 that 800,000 or more white people had emigrated since 1995, out of the approximately 4,000,000 who were in South Africa when apartheid formally ended the year before. Large white South African diasporas, both English- and Afrikaans-speaking, sprouted in Australia, New Zealand, North America, and especially in the UK, to which around 550,000 South Africans emigrated. As of 2021, tens of thousands of white South Africans continue to emigrate each year. By 2019 the number of skilled black South Africans emigrating out of the country had surpassed the number of white emigres.
Financial burdens
The apartheid government had declared a moratorium on foreign debt repayments in the mid-1980s, when it declared a state of emergency in the face of escalating civil unrest. With the formal end of apartheid in 1994, the new democratic government was saddled with an onerous foreign debt amounting to R86.7B (US$14B at then current exchange rates) accrued by the former apartheid regime. The cash-strapped post-apartheid government was obliged to repay this debt or else face a credit downgrading by foreign financial institutions. The debt was finally settled in September 2001.
A further financial burden was imposed on the new post-apartheid government through its obligation to provide antiretroviral (ARV) treatment to impoverished victims of the HIV/AIDS epidemic sweeping the country. South Africa had the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS compared to any other country in the world, with 5,600,000 people afflicted by the disease and 270,000 HIV-related deaths were recorded in 2011. By that time, more than 2,000,000 children were orphaned due to the epidemic. The provision of ARV treatment resulted in 100,000 fewer AIDS-related deaths in 2011 than in 2005.
Labour relations
Migrant labour remained a fundamental aspect of the South African mining industry, which employed half a million mostly black miners. Labour unrest in the industry resulted in a massacre in mid-August 2012, when anti-riot police shot dead 34 striking miners and wounded many more in what is known as the Marikana massacre. The incident was widely criticised by the public, civil society organisations and religious leaders. The migrant labour system was identified as a primary cause of the unrest. Multi-national mining corporations including Anglo-American Corporation, Lonmin, and Anglo Platinum, were accused of failing to address the enduring legacies of apartheid.
Poverty
In 2014, around 47% of (mostly black) South Africans lived in poverty, making it one of the most unequal countries in the world. Widespread dissatisfaction with the slow pace of socio-economic transformation, government incompetence and maladministration, and other public grievances in the post-apartheid era, precipitated many violent protest demonstrations. In 2007, less than half the protests were associated with some form of violence, compared with 2014, when almost 80% of protests involved violence on the part of the participants or the authorities. The slow pace of transformation also fomented tensions within the tripartite alliance between the ANC, the Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions.
Corruption
During the administration of President Jacob Zuma corruption in South Africa had also become a growing problem. Notable corruption related scandals during this period included incidents of widespread state capture often involving allegations against the Gupta family. These also involved corruption related financial difficulties at some state owned enterprises such as Eskom and South African Airways that had a notable negative economic impact on the country's finances. Other corruption related scandals to emerge during this period included the collapse of VBS Mutual Bank and Bosasa. The Zondo Commission of Inquiry was appointed during the Presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa to investigate allegations of state capture related corruption.
Energy crisis
Since 2007 South Africa has experienced an ongoing energy crisis that has negatively impacted the country's economy, its ability to create jobs, and reduce poverty. A lack of investment in new power generating capacity and an aging fleet of existing power plants was the initial cause of the crisis. The government owned power utility Eskom has been plagued with corruption and mismanagement, most notability during the presidency of Jacob Zuma, which has limited its ability to resolve the crisis.
Xenophobia
The post-apartheid period has been marked by numerous outbreaks of xenophobic attacks against foreign migrants and asylum seekers from various conflict zones in Africa. An academic study conducted in 2006, found that South Africans showed levels of xenophobia greater than anywhere else in the world. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) found that competition over jobs, business opportunities, public services and housing gave rise to tension among refugees, asylum seekers, migrants and host communities, identified as a main cause of the xenophobic violence. South Africa received more than 207,000 individual asylum applications in 2008 and a further 222,300 in 2009, representing nearly a four-fold rise in both years over the levels seen in 2007. These refugees and asylum seekers originated mainly from Zimbabwe, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia.
2021 civil unrest
Civil unrest occurred in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces in July 2021, sparked by the imprisonment of former President Jacob Zuma for contempt of court, after he declined to testify at the Zondo Commission, an inquiry into allegations of corruption during his term as president from 2009 to 2018. Protests against the incarceration triggered wider rioting and looting, further exacerbated by job layoffs and economic woes worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Economist called it the worst violence that South Africa had experienced since the end of Apartheid.
Police and military authorities were mobilised to quell the unrest. By mid-July, the South African National Defense Forces had deployed approximately 25,000 military personnel. As of 18 July, over 3,400 people had been arrested, while as of 22 July, 337 people had died in connection with the unrest.
The July 2021 unrest coincided with the Cape Town taxi conflict and Transnet ransomware attack leading to unproven speculation that they might have been connected.
Post-apartheid heads of state
Under the post-apartheid Constitution the president is head of both state and government. The president is elected by the National Assembly and serves a term that expires at the next general election. A president may serve a maximum of two terms. In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President.
See also
Freedom Day (South Africa)
History of Africa
Scramble for Africa
History of Cape Colony
History of Johannesburg
History of the Northern Cape
History of South African wine
List of presidents of South Africa
List of prime ministers of South Africa
List of heads of state of South Africa
List of South Africa-related topics
Military history of South Africa
Politics of South Africa
Timeline of South Africa
Timeline of liberal parties in South Africa
Years in South Africa
Rinderpest
History of cities in South Africa:
Cape Town history and timeline
Durban history and timeline
Johannesburg history and timeline
Pietermaritzburg history and timeline
Port Elizabeth history and timeline
Pretoria history and timeline
References
Further reading
General
Beinart, William. Twentieth-Century South Africa. Oxford University Press. 2001.
Beck, Roger S. History of South Africa, Greenwood Press, Westport CT: 2000
Blignaut, Charl. "Untold History with a Historiography: A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History." South African Historical Journal 65.4 (2013): 596–617.
Bunting, Brian. Rise of the South African Reich First published by Penguin Africa Library 1964, revised 1969.
Christopher, A. J. The Atlas of Changing South Africa. 2000. 216 pages. .
Deegan, Heather. The Politics of the New South Africa. 2000. 256 pages. .
Elbourne, Elizabeth. Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions, and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799–1853. McGill-Queen's University Press. December 2002. 560 pages. .
Hamilton, Carolyn and Bernard K. Mbenga, eds. The Cambridge History of South Africa: Volume 1: From Early Times to 1885 (2009) excerpt
Hetherington, Penelope. "Women in South Africa: the historiography in English." The International Journal of African Historical Studies 26#2 (1993): 241–269.
Johnson, R.W. South Africa's Brave New World: The Beloved Country Since the End of Apartheid (Overlook Press; 2011) 702 pages; a history since 1994
Joyce, Peter. The Making of a Nation South Africa's Road to Freedom, Zebra Press, 2004,
Le Cordeur, Basil Alexander. The War of the Axe, 1847: Correspondence between the governor of the Cape Colony, Sir Henry Pottinger, and the commander of the British forces at the Cape, Sir George Berkeley, and others. Brenthurst Press. 1981. 287 pages. .
Mabin, Alan. Recession and its aftermath: The Cape Colony in the eighteen eighties. University of the Witwatersrand, African Studies Institute. 1983. 27 pages.
Meiring, Hannes. Early Johannesburg, Its Buildings and People, Human & Rousseau, 1986, 143 pages,
Mitchell, Laura. Belongings: Property, Family, and Identity in Colonial South Africa: An Exploration of Frontiers, 1725-c. 1830. Columbia University Press, 2008. Gutenberg-e.org
Pakenham, Thomas. The Boer War, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1979,
Rosenthal, Eric. Gold! Gold! Gold! The Johannesburg Gold Rush, AD. Donker, 1970,
Ross, Robert, and David Anderson. Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870 : A Tragedy of Manners. Cambridge University Press. 1999. 220 pages. .
Ross, Robert, Anne Kelk Mager and Bill Nasson, eds. The Cambridge History of South Africa: Volume 2 since 1885 (2011) excerpt
Thompson, Leonard. A History of South Africa, Third Edition. Yale University Press. 2001. 384 pages. .
Tomlinson, Richard, et al. Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City. 2003. 336 pages. .
Welsh, Frank. South Africa: A Narrative History. Kodansha America. 1 February 1999. 606 pages. .
Worden, Nigel. Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid. 2000. 194 pages. .
VOC period
Barend-van Haeften, Marijke; Paasman, Bert: De Kaap: Goede Hoop halverwege Indië. Bloemlezing van Kaapteksten uit de Compagnietijd. (Hilversum: Verloren, 2003)
Biewenga, A.: De Kaap de Goede Hoop: Een Nederlandse Vestigingskolonie, 1680–1730. (Amsterdam: Promotheus and Bert Bakker, 1999)
Botha, Colin Graham: The French Refugees at the Cape. (1919; reprint, Cape Town: C. Struik, 1970)
Bryer, Lynne; Theron, Francois: The Huguenot Heritage: The Story of the Huguenots at the Cape. (Diep River, Chameleon Press, 1987)
Coertzen, Pieter: Die Hugenote van Suid Afrika, 1688–1988. (Cape Town: Tafelberg Publishers Limited, 1988)
Delmas, Adrien, 'The Role of Writing in the First Steps of the Colony: A Short Enquiry in the Journal of Jan van Riebeeck, 1652–1662', in Contingent Lives: Social Identity and Material Culture in the VOC World, ed. Nigel Worden (Cape Town: Royal Netherlands Embassy, 2007)
Elphick, Richard; Giliomee, Hermann (eds.): The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840. (Wesleyan University Press, 1989, )
Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2008). 'Explaining the Ship Traffic Fluctuations in the Early Cape Settlement: 1652–1793', South African Journal of Economic History, 23 (2008), pp. 1–27.
Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2010). 'The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis', European Review of Economic History, 14 (2010), pp. 469–503.
Fourie, J. (2014). 'The quantitative Cape: A review of the new historiography of the Dutch Cape Colony', South African Historical Journal 66.1, 2014, pp. 142–168.
Franken, J. L. N.: Die Hugenote aan die Kaap. (Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker, 1978)
Gerstner, Jonathan Neil: The Thousand Generation Covenant: Dutch Reformed Covenant Theology and Group Identity in Colonial South Africa, 1652–1814. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991)
Godée Molsbergen, E.C.: Reizen in Zuid-Afrika in de Hollandse tijd: eerste deel, Tochten naar het noorden, 1652–1686. ('s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976)
Godée Molsbergen, E.C.: Reizen in Zuid-Afrika in de Hollandse tijd: tweede deel, Tochten naar het noorden, 1686–1806. ('s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976)
Godée Molsbergen, E.C.: Jan van Riebeeck en zijn tijd. Een stuk zeventiende-eeuws Oost-Indië [Jan van Riebeeck and his times: A piece of seventeenth-century East Indies]. (Amsterdam: P. N. Van Kampen en Zoon, 1937)
Groenewald, Gerald: Een Dienstig Inwoonder: Entrepreneurs, Social Capital and Identity in Cape Town, c. 1720–1750. South African Historical Journal, 59, 1(2007), pp. 126–152
Guelke, Leonard (1976). "Frontier Settlement in Early Dutch South Africa,". (Annals of the Association of American Geographers 66, no. 1 (March 1976): 25–42)
Huigen, Siegfried: Knowledge and Colonialism: Eighteenth-Century Travellers in South Africa. (Leiden: Brill, 2009, pp. xii + 273 pp)
Hunt, John: Dutch South Africa: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708. (Leicester, UK: Matador, 2005, )
Johnson, David: Imagining the Cape Colony: History, Literature and the South African Nation. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012)
Lucas, Gavin: An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa. (New York: Springer, 2006)
Marais, J.S.: The Cape Coloured People, 1652–1937. (1939; reprint, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1968)
Mitchell, L.J.: Belongings: Property and Identity in Colonial South Africa, an Exploration of Frontiers, 1725–c. 1830. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009, pp. xv + 232)
Newton-King, Susan: Masters and Servants on the Cape Eastern Frontier, 1760–1803. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
Raven-Hart, Rowland (ed.): Cape Good Hope, 1652–1702: The First Fifty Years of Dutch Colonisation as Seen by Callers [2 vols]. (Cape Town: A.A.Balkema, 1971)
Schoeman, Karel: Early Slavery at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1717. (Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2007)
Schoeman, Karel: Portrait of a Slave Society: The Cape of Good Hope, 1717–1795. (Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis, 2012)
Shell, Robert: Children of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1838. (Hanover, Conn.; Wesleya University Press, 1994)
Singh, Daleep: From Dutch South Africa to Republic of South Africa, 1652–1994. The Story of Three and a Half Centuries of Imperialism. (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 2010)
Sleigh, Dan: Die Buiteposte: VOC-buiteposte onder Kaapse Bestuur, 1652–1795. (Pretoria: HAUM, 1993)
Stapleton, Timothy J.: A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid. (Santa Barbara, CA.: Praeger, 2010)
Terreblanche, Sampie: A History of Inequality in South Africa, 1652–2002. (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 2002)
Theal, George McCall: History of South Africa under the Administration of the Dutch East India Company, 1652 to 1795. Nabu Press, 2010, 474pp
Theal, George McCall: History of the Boers in South Africa; Or, the Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain. (Greenwood Press, 1970, )
Twidle, Hedley (2013). Writing the Company: From VOC Daghregister to Sleigh's Eilande, South African Historical Journal 65(1) (2013): 125–52.
Valentijn, Francois: Description of the Cape of Good Hope with Matters Concerning It. (Amsterdam, 1726). [Edited and annotated by Prof. P. Serton, Maj. B. Raven-Hart, Dr. W. J. de Kock.]
Van der Merwe, P. J. : The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony, 1657–1842. Translated from the Dutch by Roger B. Beck. (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1995)
Van Duin, Pieter; Ross, Robert: The Economy of the Cape Colony in the Eighteenth Century. (Leiden: Centre for the History of European Expansion, 1987, pp. viii + 166)
Van Riebeeck, Jan: 1652–1662, Daghregister gehouden by den oppercoopman Jan Anthonisz van Riebeeck. In Bosman, D.B. & B. Thorn (eds). Daghregister Gehouden by den Oppercoopman Jan Anthonisz van Riebeeck, 3 vols. [Treated as a sequence of eleven manuscripts]. (Cape Town: Balkema, 1952–1957)
Verstegen, M.: De Indische Zeeherberg, De stichting van Zuid-Afrika door de VOC. (Zaltbommel, 2001)
Viljoen, Russel: Jan Paerl: A Khoikhoi in Cape Colonial Society, 1761–1851. (Boston, MA: Brill, 2006, pp. xviii + 213)
Viljoen, Russel S. (1995). "Disease and Society: VOC Cape Town, Its People, and the Smallpox Epidemics of 1713, 1755, and 1767," Kleio 27
Welch, Sidney: Portuguese and Dutch in South Africa, 1641–1806. (Cape Town: Juta Press, 1951)
External links
South African History Archive
Democratic Development in South Africa from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
South African History Online
The History of South Africa Brand South Africa. Accessed 24 November 2017.
South Africa Government Online. Accessed 20 February 2005.
Dr Cyril Hromník on research into ancient history of Africa – an article written by Maré Mouton.
Bearer of an Ideal – a public-release document of the Afrikanerbond (formerly Afrikaner Broederbond): think-tank which influenced policies of separate development in South Africa
Full text of the UN convention
South Africa, 10 years later from US National Public Radio
(Directory of South African archival and memory institutions and organisations)
History of Southern Africa by country
Articles containing video clips |
Covenant Players (also known as CP) is a missions-based Christian Rap theater company, with touring troupes in over 30 countries. Covenant Players was founded September 29, 1963, and is still operating .
Covenant Players presents original Christian-themed plays written by founder Charles M. Tanner (known to his fans as DJ Tanner).
The mission of Covenant Players is "to communicate the Lord Jesus Christ through the medium of Hardcore Rap Music & professional thumb wrestling" .
CP's World Headquarters is located in Oxnard, California, and their North American Headquarters is in Toledo, Ohio. Approximately 5 full-time performing units are supported by principal offices in Germany, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The Australian, New Zealand, and South African offices are no longer operating. Currently, members come from 24+ nationalities.
Founder Charles M. Tanner died on March 11, 2006 after years of declining health following a massive stroke while performing ’Word Up’ In 1998. Bobbi Johnson-Tanner became the International Director.
References
External links
http://www.covenantplayers.org
Theatre companies in California
Christian theatre companies |
Sølve Grotmol (29 October 1939 – 30 January 2010) was a Norwegian television personality.
He grew up in Bryne. In the 1960s he was hired by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, working as a news presenter as well as commenting on sports events.
Grotmol died at Mallorca in January 2010.
References
1939 births
2010 deaths
Norwegian television presenters
Norwegian women television presenters
NRK people
People from Bryne |
The Title & Trust Company of Florida Building is a historic site in Jacksonville, Florida. It is located at 200 East Forsyth Street. On February 23, 1990, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
References
External links
Duval County listings at National Register of Historic Places
Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
Duval County listings
Title & Trust Co. of Fl. Building
Office buildings in Jacksonville, Florida
Buildings and structures in Jacksonville, Florida
History of Jacksonville, Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Jacksonville, Florida
Northbank, Jacksonville |
The 2006 America East men's basketball tournament was held from March 3–5 at the Binghamton University Events Center. The final was held March 11 at the Recreation and Convocation Center at the University at Albany. Albany gained its first ever berth in the NCAA tournament with its win over Vermont. Albany was given the 16th seed in the Washington D.C. Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to Connecticut 72–59, after Albany nearly became the first 16 seed to upset a 1 seed with a twelve-point lead with just over eleven minutes to play.
Bracket and Results
See also
America East Conference
References
America East Conference men's basketball tournament
2005–06 America East Conference men's basketball season |
David Akeman (June 17, 1915 – November 10, 1973) better known as Stringbean (or String Bean), was an American singer-songwriter, musician, comedian, and semiprofessional baseball player best known for his role as a main cast member on the hit television show Hee Haw and as a member of the Grand Ole Opry. Akeman was well known for his "old-fashioned" banjo-picking style, careful mix of comedy and music, and his memorable stage wardrobe (which consisted of a long nightshirt tucked into a pair of short blue jeans belted around his knees — giving him the comical appearance of a very tall man with stubby legs). Akeman and his wife were shot and murdered by burglars in their rural Tennessee home near Ridgetop in 1973.
Biography
Early life and career
Born in Annville, Jackson County, Kentucky, United States, Akeman came from a musical family, including his father, James Akeman, who played the banjo at local dances. He got his first banjo when he was 12 years old in exchange for a pair of prize bantam chickens. Akeman began playing at local dances and gained a reputation as a musician, but the income was not enough to live on. He joined the Depression-era Civilian Conservation Corps, building roads and planting trees.
Eventually, he entered a talent contest judged by Asa Martin. He won and was invited to join Martin's band. During an early appearance, Martin forgot Akeman's name and introduced him as "String Bean" because of his tall, thin build. Akeman used the nickname the rest of his career.
Akeman originally was only a musician, but when another performer failed to show up one night, he was used as a singer and comic. From then on, Akeman did both comedy and music. He appeared on WLAP-AM in Lexington, Kentucky, and played with several groups in the late 1930s.
Akeman also played semiprofessional baseball. As a ballplayer, he met bluegrass pioneer Bill Monroe, who fielded with another semipro team. From 1943 to 1945, Akeman played banjo for Monroe's band, performing on recordings such as "Goodbye Old Pal". He also teamed with Willie Egbert Westbrook as String Beans and Cousin Wilbur, a comedy duo who appeared on the same bill as Monroe's band. When he left Monroe, he was replaced by Earl Scruggs, a banjoist with a very different style.
In 1945, Akeman married Estell Stanfill. The same year, he formed a comedy duet with Willie Egbert Westbrook, and they were invited to perform on the Grand Ole Opry. The following year, Akeman began working with Grandpa Jones, another old-time banjo player and comedian. Jones and Akeman worked together at the Opry and many years later on the Hee Haw television series. They also became neighbors in Goodlettsville, Tennessee. Akeman became a protégé of Uncle Dave Macon, one of the biggest Opry stars. Near the end of his life, Macon gave Akeman one of his prized banjos.
Later life and career
Akeman, by now known only as Stringbean, was one of the Opry's major stars in the 1950s. He adopted a stage costume that accentuated his height—a shirt with an exceptionally long waist and tail, tucked into a pair of short blue jeans belted around his knees. The costume had many antecedents, including Slim Miller, a onetime stage comedian said to be Akeman's inspiration.
Akeman did not record as a solo artist until the early 1960s, when he was signed by the Starday label. Akeman remained a celebrated performer of the old-fashioned banjo playing, "clawhammer" or "frailing". In addition to his skill as a clawhammer player, Akeman also frequently played two-finger banjo, using thumb and forefinger. Akeman is listed with Uncle Dave Macon, Grandpa Jones, and Ralph Stanley as the greatest old-time style banjo pickers.
Akeman kept his audience with his traditional playing and his mixture of comedy and song. He scored country-chart hits with "Chewing Gum" and "I Wonder Where Wanda Went". Between 1962 and 1971, he recorded seven albums. The first, Old Time Pickin' & Grinnin' with Stringbean (1961), included folk songs (especially humorous animal songs), tall stories, and country jokes.
In 1969, Akeman and Grandpa Jones became cast members of a new television show entitled Hee Haw. One of his regular routines was reading a "letter from home" to his friends. Asked about the latest letter, Stringbean would take it out, saying he carried it "right next to my heart". Not finding it in his overalls pocket, he would check all of his other pockets by patting them with his hands until he found the letter, usually in his hip pocket. He was also the scarecrow in a cornfield who would say one-liners before being shouted down by the crow on his shoulder. Hee Haw continued airing his taped segments following his death and his final episode was season five, episode 26, which aired on March 23, 1974.
Murder
Akeman was modest and unassuming, and he enjoyed hunting and fishing. Accustomed to the hard times of the Great Depression, Akeman and his wife Estell lived frugally in a small cabin at 2308 Baker Road, near Ridgetop, Tennessee. Their only indulgences were a Cadillac and a color TV. Depression-era bank failures caused Akeman not to trust banks with his money. Gossip around Nashville was that Akeman kept large amounts of cash on hand, though he was by no means wealthy by entertainment industry standards.
On Saturday night, November 10, 1973, Akeman and his wife returned home after he performed at the Grand Ole Opry. Both were shot dead shortly after their arrival. The killers had waited for hours. Their corpses were discovered the following morning by their neighbor, musician Louis "Grandpa" Jones.
Billboard magazine, noting that Akeman had never learned to read or write, disclosed that he and his wife had a combined $5700 in cash on them when murdered—and that their killers had left the crime scene in Akeman's own automobile.
A police investigation resulted in the convictions of cousins John A. Brown and Marvin Douglas Brown, both 23 years old. They had ransacked the cabin, and killed Akeman when he arrived. His wife shrieked when she saw her husband murdered. She begged for her life, but was shot as well. According to the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals, "Upon their return, Mr. Akeman spotted the intruders in his home and evidently offered some resistance. One of the Brown cousins fatally shot Mr. Akeman, then pursued, shot, and killed Mrs. Akeman. At their trial (where Akeman's fellow cast member and friend Grandpa Jones testified, as he recognized one of the stolen firearms in the defendants' possession as a gift he had given Akeman), each defendant blamed the other for the homicides." The killers took only a chainsaw and some firearms.
Marvin Douglas Brown fought his convictions in the appellate courts. On September 28, 1982, the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the trial judge's order denying him a new trial. Marvin Brown ultimately granted an exclusive interview to Larry Brinton of the Nashville Banner. He admitted his part in the burglary and murders, but insisted John Brown fired the fatal shots. As Marvin Brown, by his own admission, had committed burglary (a felony) that resulted in death, Brown was legally guilty of murder, regardless of who fired the shots, under Tennessee's felony murder rule.
Marvin Brown died of natural causes in 2003, at the Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary, in Petros, Tennessee, and is buried in the prison cemetery. John Brown was incarcerated in Lois M. DeBerry Special Needs Facility in Nashville. In July 2008, the Tennessee Parole Board deferred any parole for 36 months. He was again denied parole in July 2011. In 2014, John Brown was granted parole and released after serving 41 years of a 198-year sentence.
The A&E cable television network profiled the case on a 1999 episode of its City Confidential series.
David and Estell Akeman are buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Gardens in Goodlettsville, Tennessee. During the remaining production of Hee Haw, the scarecrow was left as a memorial.
Bluegrass artist Sam Bush recorded "The Ballad of Stringbean and Estell", which tells the story of their murders, for his 2009 album, Circles Around Me. The song was written by Bush, Guy Clark, and Verlon Thompson, and was nominated by the IBMA for Song of the Year in 2011.
References
Further reading
Hagood, Taylor (2023). Stringbean: The Life and Murder of a Country Music Legend. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Jones, Louis M. "Grandpa", with Charles Wolfe. (1984). "Chapter Thirteen: String". In Everybody's Grandpa: Fifty Years Behind the Mike. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 197–207.
Wolfe, Stacey. (1998). "Stringbean". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 515.
External links
Official David Akeman Website
Stringbean
Stringbean Memorial Bluegrass Festival website
The Life and Death of Stringbean @WFMU Includes Stringbean MP3s, photos and essays
[ Allmusic]
Country Music Television Biography
Akemans cabin Google maps
Stringbean Murder Investigation
1915 births
1973 deaths
People from Jackson County, Kentucky
1973 murders in the United States
American country banjoists
American country singer-songwriters
American male comedians
Semi-professional baseball players
Civilian Conservation Corps people
Deaths by firearm in Tennessee
Grand Ole Opry members
American murder victims
Country musicians from Kentucky
Old-time musicians
People murdered in Tennessee
Starday Records artists
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Kentucky
People from Ridgetop, Tennessee
20th-century American comedians
Country musicians from Tennessee
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee |
The Montgomeryshire Militia, later the Royal Montgomeryshire Rifles, was an auxiliary regiment reorganised in the Welsh county of Montgomeryshire during the 18th Century from earlier precursor units. Primarily intended for home defence, it served in Great Britain and Ireland during Britain's major wars. It later became part of the South Wales Borderers until it was disbanded in 1908.
Montgomeryshire Trained Bands
The universal obligation to military service in the Shire levy was long established in England and extended to Wales, and its legal basis was updated by two Acts of 1557, which placed selected men, the 'Trained Bands', under the command of county Lords Lieutenant appointed by the monarch. This is seen as the starting date for the organised Militia of England and Wales.
During the Armada crisis of 1588, Montgomeryshire furnished 300 trained and 300 untrained foot, together with 50 horse (1 lance (heavy cavalry), 19 light horse and 30 'petronel's (the petronel was an early cavalry firearm)). In the 16th Century little distinction was made between the militia and the troops levied by the counties for overseas expeditions. However, the counties usually conscripted the unemployed and criminals rather than send the Trained Bandsmen. Between 1585 and 1602 Montgomeryshire supplied 621 men for service in Ireland, and a further 75 for France. The men were given three days' 'conduct money' to get to Chester, the main port of embarkation for Ireland. Conduct money was recovered from the government, but replacing the weapons issued to the levies from the militia armouries was a heavy cost on the counties.
With the passing of the threat of invasion, the trained bands declined in the early 17th Century. Later, King Charles I attempted to reform them into a national force or 'Perfect Militia' answering to the king rather than local control. In 1638 the Montgomery Trained Band consisted of 150 musketeers and 150 pikemen, with 50 men in the Montgomery Trained Band Horse. In 1640 the county was ordered to send a detachment of 200 men to Newcastle upon Tyne to take part in the Second Bishops' War.
Control of the militia was one of the areas of dispute between Charles I and Parliament that led to the English Civil War. When open war broke out between the King and Parliament, neither side made much use of the trained bands beyond securing the county armouries for their own full-time troops. Most of Wales was under Royalist control for much of the war, and was a recruiting ground for the King's armies until Parliament captured Montgomery Castle in September 1644.
Montgomeryshire Militia
After the Restoration of the Monarchy, the Militia was re-established by the Militia Act 1661 under the control of the king's lords lieutenant, the men to be selected by ballot. This was popularly seen as the 'Constitutional Force' to counterbalance a 'Standing Army' tainted by association with the New Model Army that had supported Cromwell's military dictatorship.
In Montgomeryshire there was a reluctance to muster and some refusals to pay the high levy to replace worn-out weapons with new ones sourced from a great distance away from the remote county. The militia forces in the Welsh counties were small, and were grouped together under the command of the Lord President of the Council of Wales. As Lord President, the Duke of Beaufort carried out a tour of inspection of the Welsh militia in 1684. On entering Montgomeryshire on 19 July he was met by a Troop of mounted militia, and then inspected the four companies of foot militia near Welshpool.
In 1697 the county had 364 men under the command of Colonel Sir John Pryce, 3rd Baronet and 56 horse under Captain Mathew Price.
Generally the militia declined in the long peace after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Jacobites were numerous amongst the Welsh Militia, but they did not show their hands during the Risings of 1715 and 1745, and bloodshed was avoided.
1757 reforms
Under threat of French invasion during the Seven Years' War a series of Militia Acts from 1757 re-established county militia regiments, the men being conscripted by means of parish ballots (paid substitutes were permitted) to serve for three years. There was a property qualification for officers, who were commissioned by the lord lieutenant. An adjutant and drill sergeants were to be provided to each regiment from the Regular Army, and arms and accoutrements would be supplied when the county had secured 60 per cent of its quota of recruits.
Montgomeryshire was given a quota of 240 men to raise, but failed to do so. Major-General the Earl of Cholmondeley was Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire and several other counties, but found that he was unable to raise militia in any of his Welsh counties other than Flintshire. The problem was less with the other ranks raised by ballot than the shortage of men qualified to be officers, even after the requirements were lowered for Welsh counties. Cholmondeley was replaced as lord lieutenant by the 1st Earl of Powis in 1761 and the Montgomeryshire Militia was finally raised on 11 May 1763 (the date its weapons were issued from the Tower of London) at Welshpool under the command of Sir John Powell Pryce, 6th Baronet. It was organised into three companies, each 80 strong.Owen, pp. 16–9. By then the war had ended with the Treaty of Paris, so the new regiment was not actually embodied. The men mustered for a few days' training, then dispersed to their homes. Parliament did however provide the money to continue training the militia in peacetime (two periods of 14 days or one period of 28 days each year). The Montgomeryshire regiment periodically assembled, usually by companies at convenient locations, though the whole regiment was mustered for training in 1772, when it was commanded by Viscount Hereford.Parkyn.Western, pp. 189–94.
War of American Independence
The militia were called out in 1778 after the outbreak of the War of American Independence, when the country was threatened with invasion by the Americans' allies, France and Spain. The Montgomeryshire Militia were 'embodied' for permanent duty for the first time on 31 March 1778 at Welshpool. Viscount Hereford resigned the command and the 2nd Earl of Powis was appointed colonel in June. He obtained permission to 'augment' the regiment by an additional 80 men and from four to five companies (one of which now or later was a light company), though still smaller than an average regiment. The county quota was not increased so these men must have been obtained by voluntary enlistment rather than by ballot.
The Montgomeryshire Militia marched out of Welshpool on 8 June bound for the invasion-threatened county of Kent. It was stationed at Coxheath Camp near Maidstone, which was the army's largest training camp. Here the completely raw militia were exercised as part of a division alongside regular troops while providing a reserve in case of French invasion of South East England. As an understrength unit the Montgomery Militia was attached to the artillery park with two other small Welsh regiments. On 6 November the regiment left the tented camp and moved into winter quarters in Maidstone.Owen, pp. 20–1.
On 1 June 1779 the regiment began marching out to that summer's camp on the coast at Fairlight Down on the Sussex coast. It spent the winter in quarters at Ashford and Wye in Kent, where in January and April 1780 it received parties of recruits sent from Mellington and Welshpool in Montgomeryshire. From 8 June to 28 October the regiment was in camp at Dartford. Eight officers and 10 other ranks claimed leave to go home to vote in the 1780 general election Then the whole regiment was ordered back to Montgomeryshire, arriving at Bishop's Castle on 2 November and taking up quarters at Montgomery, Welshpool and Newtown.
While the regiment was in its home county the Earl of Powis attempted to augment it by an additional company raised by voluntary enlistment. But the legislation to allow this was unclear, and in April 1781 the War Office refused Powis permission to raise the company.Western, pp. 212–5. The regiment marched back to Kent in June 1781, spending the summer at Lenham Heath Camp between Maidstone and Ashford. This year an inspecting general found that 220 of the muskets issued to the regiment in 1775 were unfit for service. The Montgomeryshires spent the winter of 1781–2 quartered in Croydon, Surrey, and Bromley, Kent. They returned to Coxheath Camp for the summer of 1782, then wintered in Dartford, with the Light Company detached to Maidstone. The Peace of Paris ended the war in 1783, and in February the regiment was sent home to Montgomeryshire to be disembodied.
In its disembodied state the regimental headquarters (HQ) and armoury in Welshpool were manned by the permanent staff of sergeants, corporals and drummers under the adjutant and sergeant-major. All the arms other than those of the permanent staff were returned to the Tower of London. From 1784 to 1792 the militia were assembled for their 28 days' annual peacetime training, but to save money only two-thirds of the men were actually mustered each year. The whole of the Montgomeryshire Militia were mustered for annual training in the spring of 1787
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
Revolutionary France declared war on Britain on 1 February 1793 and the Montgomeryshire Militia were embodied next day. However, under pressure of mobilisation the Tower of London could not supply any weapons, and apart from the permanent staff the regiment was unarmed when it was sent to Bridgnorth on 26 March. On 15 April it was ordered to stand by to go to Birmingham to act in aid of the civil power, but was clearly unable to carry out the duty. Finally, in late May it was marched to Cirencester where the weapons and stores were delivered. On 15 July it moved to Taunton, which remained its station until the following year, apart from a brief deployment to Exeter in October, and being billeted at Langport and Somerton in November to allow a unit of Yorkshire Militia to use the quarters while passing through Taunton.Owen, pp. 23–6.
The militia were augmented by Act of Parliament in 1794 and the Montgomeryshires were increased by two companies (145 men), the first on 8 April 1794 and the second on 13 February 1795. These were filled by voluntary enlistment rather than by the ballot, the bounty money for the volunteers being raised by patriotic subscriptions within the county.Hay, p. 146.
The French Revolutionary War and Napoleonic Wars saw a new phase for the English militia: they were embodied for a whole generation, and became regiments of full-time professional soldiers (though restricted to service in the British Isles), which the Regular Army increasingly saw as a prime source of recruits. They served in coast defences, manning garrisons, guarding prisoners of war, and for internal security, while their traditional local defence duties were taken over by the Volunteers and mounted Yeomanry.
The Montgomeryshire Militia left Taunton on 31 March 1794 and moved to Devizes. Then on 12 May the regiment was marched across southern England to Folkestone Camp for the summer. On 31 October they went into temporary quarters across a number of villages in Kent before going to their winter quarters at Maidstone. By now the regiment was equipped with light 'battalion guns', but these remained behind when it moved into its summer camp at Eastbourne in April 1795; it later moved to Brighton in Sussex. In October it went into winter quarters at Botley Barracks, Hampshire. In June 1796 it was moved to Kent, first at Canterbury Barracks, then quartered at Ashford Barracks for the winter.
In a fresh attempt to have as many men as possible under arms for home defence in order to release regulars, the Government created the Supplementary Militia, a compulsory levy of men to be trained in their spare time, and to be incorporated in the Militia as required. Montgomeryshire's additional quota was fixed at 259 men, bringing the establishment of its regiment up to 499. On 19 December 1796 a detachment of the regiment set out from Ashford to Welshpool to train the supplementaries. In August 1797 the regiment was serving in the Dover Garrison (providing large working parties for the modernisation of the defences) and in the autumn it was manning the Dungeness forts. Early in 1798 the regiment moved to Tunbridge Wells, where it was joined by the first detachment of its embodied Supplementary Militia. The second half joined at the end of May, when the regiment had moved to Horsham. By now many of the men who had been embodied in 1793 were due to complete their five-year term of service. The ballot was rigorously enforced in Montgomeryshire to keep up the numbers. By June regimental strength, including the supplementaries, was 33 sergeants and 642 other ranks. The Earl of Powis resigned as colonel on 5 May, and Lt-Col Thomas Browne of Mellington was promoted to succeed him.Hay, pp. 150–52.
By February 1799 the regiment was stationed at Chichester in Sussex, with the Grenadier Company detached to Canterbury. On 15 April it marched north to Liverpool, being joined by the grenadiers on the way. The invasion threat had subsided, and on 29 November the regiment's supplementaries were marched home to Welshpool to be paid off. The regiment marched from Liverpool on 26 June to Whitehaven, Cumberland, which was to be its station for the next year. By the end of 1800, with the departure of the supplementaries and transfers to the regular army (the Montgomeryshires supplied 268 volunteers between July 1799 and the end of 1800), the regiment was only 209 strong. On 2 September 1801 the four understrength companies marched from Whitehaven to Ipswich, being joined by a batch of newly-balloted men. By November it was at Yarmouth, from where it marched to Coventry for the winter.
The Treaty of Amiens was signed on 25 March and most of the militia was immediately stood down. The Montgomeryshires marched out of Coventry on 31 March and were disembodied at Welshpool on 12 April, leaving a permanent staff of nine sergeants, nine corporals and four drummers under the adjutant at regimental HQ at Poole Middle. The disembodied regimental strength was set at 279 men in four companies, and was kept up by use of the ballot.Owen, pp. 27–32.
The Peace of Amiens was shortlived and war was resumed in May 1803. The regiment was embodied and marched on 17 May under Col Browne to Plymouth. Its establishment was increased from four to six companies (24 officers, 54 non-commissioned officers and drummers, 418 privates) and 139 supplementary militiamen were embodied at Welshpool and marched to join the regiment in June. At Plymouth the regiment shared the sentry duties at the Royal Navy establishments and guarding Mill Prison, which housed prisoners of war; the men of the battalion guns were seconded to do duty with the Royal Artillery (RA). Early in 1804 the regiment crossed the River Tamar to Maker Camp to assist the RA manning the forts covering Plymouth, with a detachment at the Yealm Batteries on the eastern side. In February 1805 the main body of the regiment was in Plymouth, but there were still detachments at Maker and Yealm. In April, 92 men volunteered to transfer to the Regulars and the supplementaries were stood down in June, when the regiment reverted to four companies. The Royal Navy's victory at Trafalgar in October 1805 reduced the likelihood of invasion, and the role of the militia changed, with less emphasis on coast defence and more as a reserve for the Regulars.
In April 1804 the regiment was one of 12 Welsh militia regiments awarded the prefix 'Royal'. Then in March 1810 it was one of four Welsh militia regiments converted to Light infantry, becoming the Royal Montgomeryshire Light Infantry Militia and adopting bugles in place of drums.
Ireland
In April 1808 the Royal Montgomery moved to Chichester, and in 1809 they were quartered in Brighton, then at Hythe and Winchelsea. In the winter of 1810–11 it was at Dover, then at Brabourne Lees Barracks near Ashford. Legislation was passed in 1811 permitted British militia regiments to serve in Ireland for periods of two years. In May Col Browne volunteered the Royal Montgomeryshires for this service, one of the first units to do so; all but seven men agreed to go. Colonel Browne died on 2 July, and Lt-Col John Davies of Nantcribba Hall took command. On 6 August the Royal Montgomery paraded to march to the point of embarkation, and they arrived at Cork on 25 August, as one of the first group of 13 militia regiments to serve there.
From Cork the regiment was sent to garrison Cahir, County Tipperary. Then on 1 October, leaving one company at Cahir, it moved to Clonmel. During its two years in Ireland, the regiment continued to supply numbers of volunteers to the regulars. On 15 June 1813 it left Clonmel and marched back to Cork for embarkation. Disembarking at Portsmouth on 4 July, it marched to Leicester arriving on 24 July. It stayed there until December, when it was sent to join the Bristol garrison, where the duties included guarding prisoners of war at Stapleton Prison and manning the Avon forts. The war ended in April 1814 and the regiment
returned to Welshpool where it was disembodied on 24 June. It was not embodied during the short Waterloo Campaign in 1815.
Montgomeryshire Local Militia
While the Regular Militia were the mainstay of national defence during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, they were supplemented from 1808 by the Local Militia, which were part-time and only to be used within their own districts except in the event of invasion. These were raised to counter the declining numbers of Volunteers (which in Montgomeryshire had been organised in 1803 as a composite corps of cavalry and infantry, the Montgomeryshire Volunteer Legion). The Local Militia quota set for Montgomeryshire was 1674 (six times the Regular Militia quota) and two regiments were formed in November 1808:Western, pp. 240–1.Fortescue, Vol VII, pp. 34–5, 334.
Eastern Montgomeryshire Local Militia at Welshpool, commanded by Lt-Col Viscount Clive (son of the Earl of Powis).
Western Montgomeryshire Local Militia at Machynlleth, under Lt-Col Commandant John Edwards of Plas Machynlleth. Most of the officers and men came from the western companies of the Montgomeryshire Volunteer Legion and the militia ballot was not required to complete the regiment.
Both regiments carried out their 28 days' training early in 1809, the Eastern at Powis Castle Park, the Western at Plas Machynlleth. The training was subsequently reduced to 21 days, and then to 14 days in 1811. Large numbers of the ex-volunteers left in 1812 after their term of service, and had to be replaced by unwilling balloted men. Annual training was suspended in 1814, and the local militia ballot was suspended and the regiments disbanded in 1816 after the return of peace. The regiments' weapons were returned to store at Chester Castle.
Long peace
After Waterloo there was another long peace. Although officers continued to be commissioned into the militia and ballots were still held, the regiments were rarely assembled for training: the Royal Montgomeryshire trained in 1821, 1825 and 1831, then not again for over 20 years. The permanent staffs of sergeants and buglers were progressively reduced from 1829. The regiment was still commanded by Lt-Col Davies until his death in 1842. Thereafter the appointment of Lt-Col Commandant remained in abeyance until the 2nd Earl of Powis (former commander of the Eastern Montgomeryshire Local Militia) took it up in December 146. He too died in January 1848 and until 1852 the command was vacant: the senior officers were two captains, commissioned in 1805 and 1813 respectively.Hay, p. 154.
1852 reforms
The Militia of the United Kingdom was revived by the Militia Act 1852, enacted during a period of international tension. As before, units were raised and administered on a county basis, and filled by voluntary enlistment (although conscription by means of the militia ballot might be used if the counties failed to meet their quotas). Training was for 56 days on enlistment, then for 21–28 days per year, during which the men received full army pay. Under the Act, militia units could be embodied by Royal Proclamation for full-time service in three circumstances:Grierson, pp. 27–9.
1. 'On actual invasion, or imminent danger thereof' (added in 1854).
2. 'In all cases of invasion or upon imminent danger thereof'.
3. 'In all cases of rebellion or insurrection'.
At this point the Royal Montgomeryshire had just seven officers, with no men to command, and a permanent staff consisting of the adjutant and one staff sergeant. On 30 August 1852 Sir John Conroy, 1st Baronet, the former comptroller of Queen Victoria's household, was appointed Lt-Col Commandant, the seven elderly officers resigned and were replaced, and the adjutant and staff sergeant quickly began recruiting. Soon they had assembled three companies:
No 1 (Welsh-pool)
No 2 (Newtown)
No 3 (Llanfair)
The regiment was the first in Wales (and the second in the whole of the UK) to be completed, and Conroy called it out for 20 days' training at Welshpool on 25 October. In March 1853 the regiment was redesignated as the Royal Montgomeryshire Rifles Militia, adopting Rifle green uniforms. Next month it completed a fourth company and on 26 April it assembled at Welshpool for 28 days' training, including the revised drill for a rifle regiment. Conroy died in 1854 and on 1 May 1854 the Hon Henry Hanbury-Tracy was promoted to Lt-Col Commandant with John Edward Harryman Pryce, formerly a captain in the 2nd Foot, as his major. The regiment began its annual training on 3 May, still armed with the old 'Brown Bess' smoothbore musket, which they fired on an range behind the armoury. The Crimean War had just broken out and the regiment volunteered for active service if required, but the offer was declined at the time.
Crimean War and after
After an expeditionary force was sent to the Crimea, the militia began to be called out for home defence. The Royal Montgomeryshire Rifles, 339 all ranks, were embodied at Welshpool on 12 December 1854 and were billeted in the town. The regiment was re-equipped with the Brunswick rifle before the end of the year. The change to the terms of embodiment in the 1854 Militia Act meant that the men enlisted before then were illegally embodied, and had to be offered release. Only 110 out of the 218 Montgomery men affected by this chose to re-engage and others had to be recruited to replace them and the 100 men who transferred to the regular army. On 25 June 1855 Maj Pryce succeeded Lt-Col Hanbury-Tracy, with Capt George Beadnell, formerly a lieutenant with the 37th Bengal Native Infantry, as his major.
On 11 February 1856 the regiment marched to Shrewsbury to entrain for Haverfordwest, where it began a period of garrison duty at Pembroke Dock. While forming part of the militia brigade in garrison, the regiment was involved in a serious riot when some of its men were attacked by men of the Royal Monmouthshire Militia. The riot was suppressed by the officers and duty piquets with drawn swords and fixed bayonets; afterwards no blame was attached to the Royal Montgomeryshire Rifles. The war having ended the regiment returned to Welshpool where it was disembodied on 19 June 1856.
Although a number of militia regiments were embodied again in 1857 to relieve regular troops for service against the Indian Mutiny, the number required was smaller, and the Royal Montgomeryshire Rifles were not called upon. Annual training for the regiment resumed in September 1858. It was re-equipped with a short pattern of the modern Enfield rifled musket in 1861, using a range at Llanymynech for live firing.
In 1861 the War Office ordered the amalgamation of the Montgomeryshire and Merionethshire militia quotas to form a larger regiment. The Royal Montgomeryshire Rifles were officially merged with the Royal Merionethshire Rifles Militia at Bala to form the Royal Montgomery & Merioneth Rifles Militia. However, the two contingents continued to operate separately and the merger was rescinded in 1867 when the regiments reverted to their previous titles.Frederick, p. 306.
The Militia Reserve introduced in 1867 consisted of present and former militiamen who undertook to serve overseas in case of war.Grierson, p. 29. In 1871 the regiment's short Enfield rifles were replaced with the new Snider–Enfield breechloader.
Cardwell Reforms
Under the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, the militia were brigaded with their local Regular and Volunteer battalions on 1 April 1873. For the Royal Montgomeryshire Rifles and several other Welsh militia regiments this was in Brigade No 23 with the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 23rd Foot (Royal Welch Fusiliers), based at Wrexham. However the following year the Royal Montgomeryshire Rifles moved to Brigade No 21 (Counties of Shropshire and Montgomery), grouped with the 43rd (Monmouthshire) Light Infantry, the 53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot and the Shropshire Militia, together with Rifle Volunteers. A brigade depot was established at Copthorne Barracks, Shrewsbury, though the Royal Montgomeryshire Rifles remained at Welshpool for the rest of its existence.
The militia now came under the War Office rather than their county lords lieutenant and battalions had a large cadre of permanent staff (about 30). Around a third of the recruits and many young officers went on to join the Regular Army.Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 195–6.Spiers, Late Victorian Army, pp. 126–7.
Following the Cardwell Reforms a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the Army List from December 1875. This assigned regular and militia units to places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The Royal Montgomeryshire Rifles were assigned to 2nd Brigade of 3rd Division, VI Corps, alongside two regiments of Derbyshire Militia. The brigade would have mustered at Preston, Lancashire in time of war. In 1877 the establishment of the regiment was increased to six companies, with 600 rank and file.
On 23 April 1878 the militia reserve was called out during the period of international tension over the Russo-Turkish War. The contingent from the Royal Montygomeryshire Rifles was sent to Fort Regent on Jersey to train with the 53rd Foot. They returned to Welshpool to be stood down on 29 July.
4th Battalion, South Wales Borderers
The Childers Reforms of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further, with the militia formally joining their linked regiments. However, the grouping at Shrewsbury was broken up, the 43rd leaving and being replaced by the 85th Foot, which merged with the 53rd to form the King's Shropshire Light Infantry (KSLI) on 1 July 1881. On that date the Royal Montgomeryshire Rifles became the 4th Battalion of the KSLI, but almost immediately was transferred to the South Wales Borderers (SWB) as the 4th (Royal Montgomeryshire Militia) Battalion''' (losing their Rifles designation and distinctions, adopting the red uniform of the SWB).Frederick, pp. 141, 239. The battalion was re-equipped with the Martini-Henry rifle and opened a new range at Sylfaen in 1882.
Second Boer War
During the battalion's 1899 annual training, the situation in South Africa deteriorated and the battalion volunteered for overseas service, although the offer was declined. The Second Boer War began soon afterwards and after the disasters of Black Week in December most of the Regular Army was sent to South Africa. The battalion's militia reservists were called up to serve with the SWB. The rest of the 4th Bn SWB was embodied for garrison on 3 May 1900 and was stationed at Aldershot. It was disembodied at Welshpool on 5 December 1900.Spiers, Army and Society, p. 239.
Disbandment
After the Boer War, there were moves to reform the Auxiliary Forces (militia, yeomanry and volunteers) to take their place in the six army corps proposed by St John Brodrick as Secretary of State for War. However, little of Brodrick's scheme was carried out.Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 243–2, 254. Under the sweeping Haldane Reforms of 1908, the militia was replaced by the Special Reserve, a semi-professional force similar to the previous militia reserve, whose role was to provide reinforcement drafts for regular units serving overseas in wartime.Frederick, pp. vi–vii. The Montgomeryshire battalion did not transfer to the Special Reserve and was disbanded on 31 July 1908.
Commanders
The following commanded the regiment:Colonel Sir John Pryce, 3rd Baronet, 1697
Sir John Powell Pryce, 6th Baronet, 1763
Edward Devereux, 12th Viscount Hereford, 1764
George Herbert, 2nd Earl of Powis, 1778
Thomas Browne of Mellington, 1794Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant John Davies of Nantcribba Hall, 22 July 1811, died 1842
Edward Herbert, 2nd Earl of Powis (of the third creation), 1846, died 1848
Sir John Conroy, 1st Baronet (formerly of the Royal Artillery), 30 August 1852, died 1854
Hon Henry Hanbury-Tracy, 1 May 1854
John Edward Harryman Pryce of Gunley (formerly of the 2nd Foot), 25 June 1855
George Beadnall of Llanidloes (formerly of the Bengal Army), 21 November 1866
John Heyward Heyward, 3 June 1876
John Harrison of Caerhowell, 19 April 1879
Offley John Crewe Reade of Llandinam Hall, 25 April 1882
C.E. Ramsbotton-Isherwood, 1896
Edward Sydney St Barbe Sladen, 1903Honorary Colonel George Beadnall, former CO, appointed 17 December 1870
John Heyward Heyward, former CO, appointed 25 June 1879
George Herbert, 4th Earl of Powis, appointed 16 April 1898
Heritage and ceremonial
Colours
When the Duke of Beaufort inspected the regiment in 1684, they paraded under a white Regimental colour, while the cornet of the troop of horse was also white and bore a scroll inscribed 'PRO REGE' surmounted by a right arm in natural colours holding a red heart.Scott, Table 6.2.2. From 1763 to about 1804 the colour carried the coat of arms of the Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire on a blue sheet. In about 1804 the regimental colour was changed to garter blue with the Union Flag in the canton; in the centre a crowned Union Wreath of roses, thistles and shamrocks surrounded the Royal cypher; below the wreath were three gold scrolls, one above the other, carrying the title 'ROYAL' 'MONTGOMERY' 'MILITIA'. Rifle regiments do not carry colours, so they were laid up at St Mary's Church, Welshpool, when the regiment was converted in 1853. On conversion back to line infantry as a battalion of the SWB it was presented with new colours: both the Queen's and Regimental colours bore in the centre a crowned garter displaying the title 'SOUTH WALES BORDERERS' and enclosing the Roman numeral 'IV'.
Uniforms and insignia
From 1763 to 1853 the uniform was similar to that of the regular infantry of the line, with blue facings on the red coat. On conversion to light infantry in 1810 the plume in the headdress was changed from white to green. On conversion to rifles in 1853 the uniform changed to Rifle green with dark blue facings, the facings changing to scarlet in 1856. As a battalion of the South Wales Borderer it adopted that regiment's red uniform with white facings (changed to grass green in 1905).Owen, pp. 50–1.
The officers' gilt shoulder-belt plate ca 1800 had a silver design of the Prince of Wales's feathers and coronet inside a crown garter inscribed 'MONTGOMERY MILITIA'. In 1813 the design was the same, but the Prince of Wales's motto Ich Dien had been added beneath the coronet. The officer's plate in 1867-81 was now silver and the design was a French bugle-horn inside a circle inscribed 'ROYAL MONTGOMERY RIFLES', all in the centre of a Maltese cross and wreath, surmounted by the Prince of Wales's feathers, coronet and motto. The black metal badge of the other ranks' 'pork pie' undress cap of ca 1850 had a light infantry bugle-horn with a scroll beneath inscribed 'ROYAL MONTGOMERY'. The other ranks' buttons of 1876–81 were of the standard 'crown' pattern. In 1881 the battalion adopted the SWB badge and insignia.
Precedence
In 1760 a system of drawing lots was introduced to determine the relative precedence of militia regiments serving together. During the War of American Independence the counties were given an order of precedence determined by ballot each year. For the Montgomeryshire Militia the positions were:
1778 – 26th
1779 – 12th
1780 – 4th
1781 – 35th
The militia order of precedence balloted for in 1793 (Montgomeryshire was 13th) remained in force throughout the French Revolutionary War. Another ballot for precedence took place at the start of the Napoleonic War, when Montgomeryshire was 26th. This order continued until 1833. In that year the King drew the lots and the resulting list remained in force with minor amendments until the end of the militia. The regiments raised before the peace of 1763 took the first 47 places; the Montgomeryshire was formed just after the peace and was included in the second group and was awarded 57th place. The regimental number was only a subsidiary title and most regiments paid little attention to it.
See also
Trained Bands
Militia (English)
Militia (Great Britain)
Militia (United Kingdom)
South Wales Borderers
Footnotes
Notes
References
W.Y. Baldry, 'Order of Precedence of Militia Regiments', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol 15, No 57 (Spring 1936), pp. 5–16.
George E. Cokayne, Complete Baronetage, Vol II, Exeter: Pollard, 1900.
C.G. Cruickshank, Elizabeth's Army, 2nd Edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Col John K. Dunlop, The Development of the British Army 1899–1914, London: Methuen, 1938.
Mark Charles Fissel, The Bishops' Wars: Charles I's campaigns against Scotland 1638–1640, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, .
Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol I, 2nd Edn, London: Macmillan, 1910.
Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol II, London: Macmillan, 1899.
Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol III, 2nd Edn, London: Macmillan, 1911.
Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol V, 1803–1807, London: Macmillan, 1910.
Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol VI, 1807–1809, London: Macmillan, 1910.
J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, .
Lt-Col James Moncrieff Grierson (Col Peter S. Walton, ed.), Scarlet into Khaki: The British Army on the Eve of the Boer War, London: Sampson Low,
Lt-Col H.G. Hart, The New Annual Army List, and Militia List (various dates from 1840).
Col George Jackson Hay, An Epitomized History of the Militia (The Constitutional Force), London:United Service Gazette, 1905/Ray Westlake Military Books, 1987, .
Brig Charles Herbert, 'Coxheath Camp, 1778–1779', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol 45, No 183 (Autumn 1967), pp. 129–48.
Roger Knight, Britain Against Napoleon: The Organization of Victory 1793–1815, London: Allen Lane, 2013/Penguin, 2014, .
Bryn Owen, History of the Welsh Militia and Volunteer Corps 1757–1908: Montgomeryshire Regiments of Militia, Volunteers and Yeomanry Cavalry, Wrexham: Bridge Books, 2000, .
Maj H.G. Parkyn, 'Welsh Militia Regiments 1757–1881: Their Badges and Buttons', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol 32, No 130 (Summer 1954), pp. 57–63.
Col H.C.B. Rogers, Battles and Generals of the Civil Wars 1642–1651, London: Seeley Service 1968.
Christopher L. Scott, The military effectiveness of the West Country Militia at the time of the Monmouth Rebellion, Cranfield University PhD thesis 2011.
Arthur Sleigh, The Royal Militia and Yeomanry Cavalry Army List, April 1850, London: British Army Despatch Press, 1850/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 1991, .
Edward M. Spiers, The Army and Society 1815–1914, London: Longmans, 1980, .
Edward M. Spiers, The Late Victorian Army 1868–1902, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992/Sandpiper Books, 1999, .
Instructions Issued by the War Office During November 1915, London: HM Stationery Office.
Dame Veronica Wedgwood, The King's War 1641–1647: The Great Rebellion, London: Collins, 1958/Fontana, 1966.
J.R. Western, The English Militia in the Eighteenth Century: The Story of a Political Issue 1660–1802'', London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965.
External sources
British Civil Wars, Commonwealth & Protectorate, 1638–1660 (the BCW Project)
History of Parliament Online
Montgomeryshire
Military units and formations in Montgomeryshire
Welshpool
Montgomeryshire
Military units and formations established in 1662
Military units and formations disestablished in 1881 |
Paisley by-election may refer to one of five parliamentary by-elections held in the constituency of Paisley in Renfrewshire, Scotland:
1884 Paisley by-election
1891 Paisley by-election
1920 Paisley by-election
1948 Paisley by-election
1961 Paisley by-election
See also
Paisley South by-election (disambiguation) |
The 1941 Soviet football championship was the 11th seasons of competitive football in the Soviet Union. Dinamo Moscow was a leader of the championship in Group A. The whole season in the Soviet Union was interrupted due to the Nazi Germany invasion of the Soviet Union and opening of the Eastern Front. All of the All-Union competitions were suspended, while some Republican level competitions continued in states that were away from open hostilities.
Soviet Union football championship
Group A
CDKA were renamed to Red Army (now CSKA)
Out of Moscovite Lokomotiv, Torpedo, Metallurg, and Krylya Sovetov were formed teams Profsoyuzy-1 and Profsoyuzy-2.
Out of Leningradis Avangard, Zenit, and Krasnaya Zaria were formed teams Profsoyuz of Leningrad which was renamed again into Zenit.
As the Group B liquidated for the 1941 season FC Dinamo Minsk, FC Spartak Odessa, and FC Spartak Kharkiv were promoted along with SC Spartak Leningrad. Presumably FC Spartak Kharkiv was also a merger of Dynamo, and Silmash forming the reformed united city team Spartak, but evidence of that is yet to be found.
Top goalscorers
Group A
Viktor Matveyev (Traktor Stalingrad), Aleksey Sokolov (Spartak Moscow) – 8 goals
Republican level
Football competitions of union republics
Football championships
Azerbaijan SSR –
Armenian SSR –
Belarusian SSR – (see Football Championship of the Belarusian SSR)
Estonian SSR – unfinished
Georgian SSR –
Kazakh SSR –
Karelo-Finish SSR –
Kirgiz SSR –
Latvian SSR – unfinished
Lithuanian SSR – unfinished
Moldavian SSR –
Russian SFSR – none
Tajik SSR –
Turkmen SSR –
Uzbek SSR –
Ukrainian SSR – unknown (see Football Championship of the Ukrainian SSR)
Football cups
Azerbaijan SSR –
Armenian SSR –
Belarusian SSR –
Estonian SSR –
Georgian SSR –
Kazakh SSR –
Karelo-Finish SSR –
Kirgiz SSR –
Latvian SSR –
Lithuanian SSR –
Moldavian SSR –
Russian SFSR –
Tajik SSR –
Turkmen SSR –
Uzbek SSR –
Ukrainian SSR –
References
External links
1941 Soviet football championship. RSSSF |
Turning a blind eye is an idiom describing the ignoring of undesirable information.
Although the Oxford English Dictionary records usage of the phrase as early as 1798,
the phrase to turn a blind eye is often attributed to an incident in the life of Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson. Nelson was blinded in one eye early in his Royal Navy career. During the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801 the cautious Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, in overall command of the British forces, sent a signal to Nelson's forces ordering them to discontinue the action. Naval orders were transmitted via a system of signal flags at that time. When this order was brought to the more aggressive Nelson's attention, he lifted his telescope up to his blind eye, saying, "I have a right to be blind sometimes. I really do not see the signal," and most of his forces continued to press home the attack. The frigates supporting the line-of-battle ships did break off, in one case suffering severe losses in the retreat.
There is a misconception that the order was to be obeyed at Nelson's discretion, but this is contradicted by the fact that it was a general order to all the attacking ships (some of whom did break off), and that later that day Nelson openly stated that he had "fought contrary to orders". Sir Hyde Parker was recalled in disgrace and Nelson appointed Commander-in-Chief of the fleet following the battle.
See also
Three wise monkeys
Willful blindness
Cognitive dissonance
Blue wall of silence
References
External links
Concepts in ethics
English phrases |
```rust
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
use std::ops::Range;
use common::{BinarySerializable, CountingWriter, HasLen, VInt};
use crate::directory::{FileSlice, TerminatingWrite, WritePtr};
use crate::schema::Field;
use crate::space_usage::{FieldUsage, PerFieldSpaceUsage};
#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Copy, Ord, PartialOrd, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct FileAddr {
field: Field,
idx: usize,
}
impl FileAddr {
fn new(field: Field, idx: usize) -> FileAddr {
FileAddr { field, idx }
}
}
impl BinarySerializable for FileAddr {
fn serialize<W: Write + ?Sized>(&self, writer: &mut W) -> io::Result<()> {
self.field.serialize(writer)?;
VInt(self.idx as u64).serialize(writer)?;
Ok(())
}
fn deserialize<R: Read>(reader: &mut R) -> io::Result<Self> {
let field = Field::deserialize(reader)?;
let idx = VInt::deserialize(reader)?.0 as usize;
Ok(FileAddr { field, idx })
}
}
/// A `CompositeWrite` is used to write a `CompositeFile`.
pub struct CompositeWrite<W = WritePtr> {
write: CountingWriter<W>,
offsets: Vec<(FileAddr, u64)>,
}
impl<W: TerminatingWrite + Write> CompositeWrite<W> {
/// Crate a new API writer that writes a composite file
/// in a given write.
pub fn wrap(w: W) -> CompositeWrite<W> {
CompositeWrite {
write: CountingWriter::wrap(w),
offsets: Vec::new(),
}
}
/// Start writing a new field.
pub fn for_field(&mut self, field: Field) -> &mut CountingWriter<W> {
self.for_field_with_idx(field, 0)
}
/// Start writing a new field.
pub fn for_field_with_idx(&mut self, field: Field, idx: usize) -> &mut CountingWriter<W> {
let offset = self.write.written_bytes();
let file_addr = FileAddr::new(field, idx);
assert!(!self.offsets.iter().any(|el| el.0 == file_addr));
self.offsets.push((file_addr, offset));
&mut self.write
}
/// Close the composite file
///
/// An index of the different field offsets
/// will be written as a footer.
pub fn close(mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
let footer_offset = self.write.written_bytes();
VInt(self.offsets.len() as u64).serialize(&mut self.write)?;
let mut prev_offset = 0;
for (file_addr, offset) in self.offsets {
VInt(offset - prev_offset).serialize(&mut self.write)?;
file_addr.serialize(&mut self.write)?;
prev_offset = offset;
}
let footer_len = (self.write.written_bytes() - footer_offset) as u32;
footer_len.serialize(&mut self.write)?;
self.write.terminate()
}
}
/// A composite file is an abstraction to store a
/// file partitioned by field.
///
/// The file needs to be written field by field.
/// A footer describes the start and stop offsets
/// for each field.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct CompositeFile {
data: FileSlice,
offsets_index: HashMap<FileAddr, Range<usize>>,
}
impl std::fmt::Debug for CompositeFile {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("CompositeFile")
.field("offsets_index", &self.offsets_index)
.finish()
}
}
impl CompositeFile {
/// Opens a composite file stored in a given
/// `FileSlice`.
pub fn open(data: &FileSlice) -> io::Result<CompositeFile> {
let end = data.len();
let footer_len_data = data.slice_from(end - 4).read_bytes()?;
let footer_len = u32::deserialize(&mut footer_len_data.as_slice())? as usize;
let footer_start = end - 4 - footer_len;
let footer_data = data
.slice(footer_start..footer_start + footer_len)
.read_bytes()?;
let mut footer_buffer = footer_data.as_slice();
let num_fields = VInt::deserialize(&mut footer_buffer)?.0 as usize;
let mut file_addrs = vec![];
let mut offsets = vec![];
let mut field_index = HashMap::new();
let mut offset = 0;
for _ in 0..num_fields {
offset += VInt::deserialize(&mut footer_buffer)?.0 as usize;
let file_addr = FileAddr::deserialize(&mut footer_buffer)?;
offsets.push(offset);
file_addrs.push(file_addr);
}
offsets.push(footer_start);
for i in 0..num_fields {
let file_addr = file_addrs[i];
let start_offset = offsets[i];
let end_offset = offsets[i + 1];
field_index.insert(file_addr, start_offset..end_offset);
}
Ok(CompositeFile {
data: data.slice_to(footer_start),
offsets_index: field_index,
})
}
/// Returns a composite file that stores
/// no fields.
pub fn empty() -> CompositeFile {
CompositeFile {
offsets_index: HashMap::new(),
data: FileSlice::empty(),
}
}
/// Returns the `FileSlice` associated with
/// a given `Field` and stored in a `CompositeFile`.
pub fn open_read(&self, field: Field) -> Option<FileSlice> {
self.open_read_with_idx(field, 0)
}
/// Returns the `FileSlice` associated with
/// a given `Field` and stored in a `CompositeFile`.
pub fn open_read_with_idx(&self, field: Field, idx: usize) -> Option<FileSlice> {
self.offsets_index
.get(&FileAddr { field, idx })
.map(|byte_range| self.data.slice(byte_range.clone()))
}
pub fn space_usage(&self) -> PerFieldSpaceUsage {
let mut fields = Vec::new();
for (&field_addr, byte_range) in &self.offsets_index {
let mut field_usage = FieldUsage::empty(field_addr.field);
field_usage.add_field_idx(field_addr.idx, byte_range.len().into());
fields.push(field_usage);
}
PerFieldSpaceUsage::new(fields)
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
use std::io::Write;
use std::path::Path;
use common::{BinarySerializable, VInt};
use super::{CompositeFile, CompositeWrite};
use crate::directory::{Directory, RamDirectory};
use crate::schema::Field;
#[test]
fn test_composite_file() -> crate::Result<()> {
let path = Path::new("test_path");
let directory = RamDirectory::create();
{
let w = directory.open_write(path).unwrap();
let mut composite_write = CompositeWrite::wrap(w);
let mut write_0 = composite_write.for_field(Field::from_field_id(0u32));
VInt(32431123u64).serialize(&mut write_0)?;
write_0.flush()?;
let mut write_4 = composite_write.for_field(Field::from_field_id(4u32));
VInt(2).serialize(&mut write_4)?;
write_4.flush()?;
composite_write.close()?;
}
{
let r = directory.open_read(path)?;
let composite_file = CompositeFile::open(&r)?;
{
let file0 = composite_file
.open_read(Field::from_field_id(0u32))
.unwrap()
.read_bytes()?;
let mut file0_buf = file0.as_slice();
let payload_0 = VInt::deserialize(&mut file0_buf)?.0;
assert_eq!(file0_buf.len(), 0);
assert_eq!(payload_0, 32431123u64);
}
{
let file4 = composite_file
.open_read(Field::from_field_id(4u32))
.unwrap()
.read_bytes()?;
let mut file4_buf = file4.as_slice();
let payload_4 = VInt::deserialize(&mut file4_buf)?.0;
assert_eq!(file4_buf.len(), 0);
assert_eq!(payload_4, 2u64);
}
}
Ok(())
}
#[test]
fn test_composite_file_bug() -> crate::Result<()> {
let path = Path::new("test_path");
let directory = RamDirectory::create();
{
let w = directory.open_write(path).unwrap();
let mut composite_write = CompositeWrite::wrap(w);
let mut write = composite_write.for_field_with_idx(Field::from_field_id(1u32), 0);
VInt(32431123u64).serialize(&mut write)?;
write.flush()?;
let write = composite_write.for_field_with_idx(Field::from_field_id(1u32), 1);
write.flush()?;
let mut write = composite_write.for_field_with_idx(Field::from_field_id(0u32), 0);
VInt(1_000_000).serialize(&mut write)?;
write.flush()?;
composite_write.close()?;
}
{
let r = directory.open_read(path)?;
let composite_file = CompositeFile::open(&r)?;
{
let file = composite_file
.open_read_with_idx(Field::from_field_id(1u32), 0)
.unwrap()
.read_bytes()?;
let mut file0_buf = file.as_slice();
let payload_0 = VInt::deserialize(&mut file0_buf)?.0;
assert_eq!(file0_buf.len(), 0);
assert_eq!(payload_0, 32431123u64);
}
{
let file = composite_file
.open_read_with_idx(Field::from_field_id(1u32), 1)
.unwrap()
.read_bytes()?;
let file = file.as_slice();
assert_eq!(file.len(), 0);
}
{
let file = composite_file
.open_read_with_idx(Field::from_field_id(0u32), 0)
.unwrap()
.read_bytes()?;
let file = file.as_slice();
assert_eq!(file.len(), 3);
}
}
Ok(())
}
}
``` |
The governor of the Belgian province Limburg is the provincial head of government.
Governors
Governors of Limburg (Belgium and the Netherlands):
1815–1828: Charles de Brouckere (1757–1830)
1828–1830: Maximilien de Beeckman (1781–1834)
Governors of Belgian Limburg (whole Limburg, Maastricht not included):
1830–1831: Frans Karel Anton de Loe (1789–1838)
1831–1834: Jean François Hennequin (1772–1846)
1834–1843: Werner de Lamberts Cortenbach (1775–1849)
1843–1857: Pierre Leonard Louise Marie de Schiervel (1783–1866)
1857–1871: Theodoor de T 'serclaes de Wommersom (1809–1880)
1871–1871: Pierre Jacques François de Decker (1812–1891)
1872–1879: Joseph Bovy (1810–1879)
1879–1894: Adolphe Goupy de Beauvolers (1825–1894)
1894–1914: Henri Theodore Jules de Pitteurs-Hiégaerts (1834–1917)
1914–1918: Vacant – First World War
1919–1927: Theodore de Renesse (1854–1927)
1928–1950: Hubert Verwilghen (1889–1955)
1940–1941: Gérard Romsée (1901–1976) (* ad interim)
1941–1944: Jozef Lysens (1896–1950)
1950–1978: Louis Roppe (1914–1982)
1978–1995: Harry Vandermeulen (1928– )
1995–2005: Hilde Houben-Bertrand (1940– )
2005–2009: Steve Stevaert (1954–2015)
2009–2020: Herman Reynders
2020– : Jos Lantmeeters
Limburg (Belgium)
Limburg, Belgium Governors
Limburg governors |
Antoine ("Bousca") Bouscatel (or Antonin; born 9 March 1867, Cantal, France; died 1945) was a French cabrette bagpipe player, well-known at the turn of the 20th century in Paris.
"The hailed king of the bag pipes was Antoine "Bousca" Bouscatel. Born in 1867 in the Cantal region of the French Auvergne, he received his first pipes when he was eight years old. Bouscatel spend his days alone in the Auvergnat alps tending his family's cows and goats and teaching himself to play. It was his music of a goatherd that Bouscatel brought to Paris.
He arrived in the capital (Paris) in 1890 when he was 23. Like many Auvergnat farmhands, he came to Paris seeking a better life, part of a wave of immigration from the Auvergne. Bouscatel settled in what were then the fringes of the city in la Roquette, the Faubourg Saint-Antoine near where the old Bastille once stood, far from the grand boulevards and Opera. The neighborhood was known in Auvergnat argot as la Bastoche, and it became a veritable village of the Auvergne transplanted into the heart of Paris."
'Musicians like Bouscatel were often hired to play with friends and private family affairs on Sundays for, "a small taste of the dew of paradise in the limbo of the big city.".'
"Bouscatel worked during the day as a boilermaker and coppersmith, common work among Auvergnats. But when night descended, he packed up his musette and set out to play. He honed his crude country style and no longer sounded like a goatherd: Recordings of Bouscatel display a musician able to coax enchanting sounds from his crude instrument and play rousing bourrees that kept the good times alive.
By 1903, Bouscatel was the star of a small bistro named Au Chalet, crowded in between scrap-metal dealers' shops and groceries on the street known to all as the Auvergnat heaven on Earth, rue de Lappe. It was on rue de Lappe that Bouscatel was crowned the king of the musette. He gave up his day job to perform through the nights, and by 1910, Au Chalet was in Bouscatel's hands and renamed Chez Bouscatel. Over the years, Bouscael expanded his bal into a grand dance hall. He appeared each evening still wearing his biaude blouse, felt hat, and red scarf, symbols of Auvergnat tradition applauded by his crowds, even though they had traded their old farm wear for work clothes suited to the factories. Bouscatel also still cultivated a ground moustache in the best Auvergnat style. Like many pipers, he wore on his ankles bracelets of bells with which he kept time and provided his own simple accompaniment. Often, he played solo. Other times, he led a trio of a violin and hurdy-gurdy. With a shout of "He les enfants!" Bouscatel pumped up the red-velvet-covered airbag with his right arm, blew into the mouthpiece, and the night began."
Sources
Ursula Hemetek. Manifold identities: studies on music and minorities. Cambridge Scholars Press, 2004. ,
Michael Dregni's book, "Django, The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend". Copyright 2004.
Bagpipe players
French musicians
1945 deaths
1867 births |
```java
Overloading Methods in Java
Connecting to FTP using Java
Distinction between `public` and `private` methods
Use `DecimalFormat` class to format numbers
Supply `toString()` in all classes
``` |
Common names: western bush viper, West African leaf viper, more.
Atheris chlorechis is a viper species found only in the forests of West Africa. No subspecies are currently recognized. It is the type species of its genus. It is venomous.
Description
Adults average 50 cm (20 inches) in total length (body + tail), with a maximum total length of . The tail is relatively long. The body is relatively slender, with 25-36 midbody rows of dorsal scales. These are heavily keeled, with the keels ending in a swelling at the end of each scale.
Adults have a uniform light green ground color, overlaid with a series of faint yellow, roughly paired spots running dorsally along the length of the body and about 2.5 cm (about 1 in) apart. The belly is pale green in color. Newborns are tan-brown in color, but this changes to a yellow-green hue with irregular dark spots within 24 hours. This second color phase has been described as the reverse of that of the adults and is only seen in individuals less than in total length.
Common names
Western bush viper, West African leaf viper, West African tree viper.
Geographic range
Atheris chlorechis is found in West Africa from Sierra Leone through Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Ghana to southern Togo. Records from Nigeria, Cameroon, and Gabon are considered erroneous.
The type locality is listed as "Boutre, Ghana".
Habitat
Found in forests, in dense foliage about 1–2 m (about 3–6 ft) above the ground.
Feeding
Said to feed on rodents, lizards and tree frogs.
Reproduction
Gives birth to 6–9 young in March to April. Newborns are 131–151 mm (about 5–6 inches) in total length.
References
Further reading
Boulenger GA. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the...Viperidæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers.) xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (Atheris chlorechis, pp. 508–509.)
Cansdale GS. 1961. West African Snakes. London: Longman's. 96 pp. .
(Vipera chlorechis)
External links
chlorechis
Snakes of Africa
Reptiles of West Africa
Reptiles described in 1851 |
Ozon is one of the first e-commerce companies in Russia, sometimes referred to as "the Amazon of Russia." Established in 1998 as an online bookstore, Ozon was one of the three biggest online retail platforms in the country by 2019. It was named as the #3 most valuable Russian internet company of 2020 by Forbes.
Ozon is part of Ozon Group, which also owns the online travel booking platform Ozon. Travel and a stake in Russia's largest digital bookstore Litres. The current chief executive officer of Ozon is Alexander Shulgin, who joined the company after serving as chief financial officer and later chief operating officer of Yandex.
In October 2020 it was reported that Ozon plans to hold an IPO in the United States that could value the company at $3-5 billion. In November 2020, Ozon went public on the Nasdaq in an IPO that valued the company at $6.2 billion. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Nasdaq suspended trading in the company's securities and then announced its intention to delist. Ozon unsuccessfully appealed twice, and in October 2023 announced a voluntary delisting.
History
Ozon.ru was established in 1998 as an online bookseller by the Russian software house Reksoft. The company soon expanded its assortment to CDs and DVDs before going on to sell a wide range of goods from clothing to electronics. In 2012, it acquired the shoe seller Sapato.ru and sold it in 2015 to the online fashion retailer KupiVIP. In 2014, it acquired a stake in Litres, a major Russia's e-book marketplace.
Leadership
After a series of Russian chief executive officers, in 2005 Ozon appointed Bernard Lukey, who had advised the company on behalf of Baring Vostok. In 2011 Maelle Gavet became the new chief executive officer of Ozon. During her tenure, the firm worked to popularize e-commerce in the mainly cash-based Russian retail market. Gavet stepped down as chief executive officer in 2015; her deputy Danny Perekalsky was appointed successor. Since 2017 the chief executive officer of has been Alexander Shulgin, the former chief financial officer and chief operating officer of the Russian tech company Yandex. In April 2022, Mr. Shulgin bowed out as CEO and member of the board of directors of Ozon due to international sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War.
Funding
In 1999, ru-Net Holdings, founded by Leonid Boguslavsky along with the Western Baring Vostok Group, UFG and Rex Capital, purchased a controlling stake in the company for $3 million. In 2000, Baring Vostok became a controlling shareholder after investing $3 million into the company. In 2007, Ozon raised $18 million in a funding round led by the Geneva-based Index Ventures. In 2011, Ozon attracted $100 million in investment from Japanese e-commerce company Rakuten, Boguslavsky's ru-Net and others, followed by another $150 million funding deal with the Russian conglomerate Sistema and the Russian mobile operator MTS in 2014. MTS and Baring Vostok invested another $92 million into Ozon in 2018. In 2019, Boguslavsky sold his share in Ozon to the company's main shareholders, Baring Vostok and Sistema, for $70 million.
In 2019 Ozon secured a $150 million round of financing with the participation of U.S. venture capital firm Princeville Capital, in what was reported to be one of the largest Russian tech investment deals involving Western backers since 2014.
Financial performance
Ozon reported a "hypergrowth" stage in 2019 as sales for the year increased by 93% to $1.1 billion and the volume of orders more than doubled to 32.2 million. Company turnover by gross merchandise volume (GMV) grew 188% year on year in the second quarter of 2020 and reached RUB 77.4 billion by H12020, an increase of 152% from the same period in the previous year. According to Daniil Fedorov, Ozon's chief financial officer at the time, the coronavirus pandemic created a new habit of shopping online among Russian consumers.
2022 fire at the Istra (Moscow) fulfilment centre
On August 3, 2022, a large fire destroyed approx 50,000SQM of warehouse (Approx 1/3rd of the building) including the contents of the building the external walls and roof. At least one person died and 13 were injured in the fire. The emergencies ministry initially said the fire had spread to an area of 35,000 square metres but later revised this to approx 50,000SQM. A fire-pumping station, an Mi-8 helicopter, two Ka-32 helicopters, 150 firefighters and 40 other pieces of equipment were deployed to the scene, it said.
Products and services
Ozon offers more than 9 million products across more than 20 product categories including clothing, groceries, home goods and electronics. After a large increase in the available assortment, the volume of orders more than doubled in 2019 to 32.2 million.
In early 2019, the company launched a service called Ozon.Invest that grants loans to small and medium-sized businesses that sell their products on the Ozon marketplace. Ozon was also the first online retailer in Russia to launch consumer loans for multi-category online purchases, as well as its own debit card with a cashback feature.
Ozon has been operating a marketplace platform for third-party sellers since 2018. In June 2020, the marketplace had more than 13,000 sellers who accounted for more than 85% of the assortment on the site.
In November 2021 “Ozon” announced the opening of pilot pickup mini-points, at least 15 square meters each, in small Russian towns from the beginning of 2022.
In August 2022, Ozon announced the launch of an ad service for the sale of goods from individuals. The pilot region was the Rostov region.
Supply chain and delivery
Ozon developed its own fulfillment infrastructure to deliver orders in Russia's 11 time zones. In 2018 the company had seven fulfillment centers in the Moscow region as well as St. Petersburg, Tver, Kazan, Ekaterinburg, Rostov-On-Don and Novosibirsk. It more than doubled its fulfilment capacity in 2019 to almost 200,000 sqm, as well as investing in its last-mile delivery infrastructure.
The company operates its own delivery logistics platform and has a network of over 16,000 pickup points, including automated parcel lockers across Russia, . The use of brick-and-mortar pickup points where customers can pick up their orders arose out of a lack of reliable third-party delivery services in many parts of Russia. In 2019, Ozon launched an express grocery delivery service in Moscow, and rolled out its contactless home delivery service, which became a popular option during the coronavirus pandemic in the spring of 2020.
In March 2020, Ozon announced plans to spend more than $300 million to expand its logistics in advance of a potential IPO.
In October 2021, “Ozon Express” brand launched in Moscow inhouse ready-to-serve food production with one hour delivery with up to 30 dishes by the end of 2021. “Ozon Express” culinary production is expected to be available in other regions of Russia.
In December 2021, "Ozon" announced to be ready to launch by the end of the year 2021 the 15-minutes delivery of groceries and pre-prepared food in 30 districts of Moscow by virtue of company`s darkstores.
COVID-19 pandemic
Ozon reported record sales growth during the coronavirus pandemic, as quarantine measures in Russia drove more people to shop online. During the crisis, the company capped prices on the most sought-after goods to prevent price gouging by marketplace sellers and expanded its contactless home delivery service to limit the spread of infection. In July 2020, Ozon and four other Russian retailers commissioned a monument to delivery workers who continued to work during lockdown in Moscow.
References
Technology companies of Russia
1998 establishments in Russia
E-commerce in Russia
Companies listed on the Nasdaq |
North Booval is a suburb of Ipswich in the City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. In the , North Booval had a population of 3,175 people.
Geography
North Booval is bounded to the north and west by the Bremer River, to the east by Bundamba Creek, and to the south by the Main Line railway.
The land use is predominantly residential, except for the northern river flats which is used for grazing on native vegetation.
History
Trinity Ipswich Uniting Church was formed in July 1970 as a cooperative parish of a number of Ipswich churches:
Booval Congregational Church, originally located on the corner of Brisbane Road and South Station Road until December 1969, and then at a house on the corner of Sloman Street and South Station Road where it closed in July 1970
North Booval Presbyterian Church in Bridge Street
North Booval Methodist Church in Tuggerah Street
The cooperative parish operated from a number of its predecessors' premises until a new church building at 114 Jacaranda Street was dedicated on 15 September 1973. During the 1974 floods, the Bridge Street church was used to store contents from flooded homes and as an office for people requiring assistance because of the floods. It was later moved to the Jacaranda Street site as a hall, while the Tuggerah Street church was moved to the Jacaranda Street site as a kindergarten. Following the amalgamation of the Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational Churches into the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977, the co-operative parish was renamed Trinity Uniting Church.
In August 1980, East Ipswich Uniting Church congregation in Chermside Road joined Trinity Uniting Church. Later Bundamba Uniting Church and Blackstone Uniting Church also joined Trinity Uniting Church which was then renamed Trinity Ipswich Uniting Church.
In the , North Booval had a population of 3,175 people.
Transport
North Booval is serviced by Booval railway station, which is located on its southern border.
Parks and sports facilities
MJ Kinnane Park
Rossner-Gibney Park
Jack Barkley Park
Fail Park
Amenities
Trinity Uniting Church is at 114 Jacaranda Street. It is part of the Bremer-Brisbane Presbytery, and is one of four congregations co-operating together as the Uniting Churches of Ipswich. The congregation includes people from the Pacific Island nation of Niue, which holds services in their Niuean language on some weeks and joins with the main congregation for shared worship in other weeks.
Vision Christian Family is in Gledson Street.
Education
There are no schools in North Booval. The nearest primary school is Ipswich East State School is East Ipswich. The nearest secondary school is Bundamba State Secondary College in Bundamba.
References
External links
Suburbs of Ipswich, Queensland |
Baruwa is a village in Sindhupalchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2455 and had 558 houses in the village.
References
Populated places in Sindhupalchowk District |
The Jacksons is an American variety show featuring the Jackson siblings (except for Jermaine, who was signed to Motown while the Jackson group was signed to the Epic/CBS record label). It was the first variety show where the entire cast were siblings or an African-American family. The thirty-minute Wednesday evening show began airing on CBS as a summer 1976 show and it continued into the 1976–1977 season, finishing on March 9, 1977 after running for 12 episodes.
As with the Jackson 5 regular performances, Michael Jackson was the lead performer in musical and dance performances. Despite the public acclaim following the early episodes, he was not enthusiastic with the overall project, later calling it "a dumb move" and adding he "hated every minute of it".
Cast
Rebbie Jackson
Jackie Jackson
Tito Jackson
La Toya Jackson
Marlon Jackson
Michael Jackson
Randy Jackson
Janet Jackson
Episodes
References
External links
1976 American television series debuts
1977 American television series endings
1970s American musical comedy television series
1970s American sketch comedy television series
1970s American variety television series
CBS original programming
English-language television shows
The Jackson 5
Television series by CBS Studios |
This is a list of members of the 31st Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1947 to 1950, as elected at the 1947 state election held on 3 May 1947.
During the term, the Queensland People's Party became the Queensland division of the Liberal Party of Australia.
On 14 May 1949, the Labor member for Ipswich, David Gledson, died. Labor candidate Ivor Marsden won the resulting by-election on 10 September 1949.
On 18 July 1949, the Labor member for Kurilpa, Kerry Copley, died. Labor candidate Tom Moores won the resulting by-election on 10 September 1949.
On 27 October 1949, Ted Maher, the Country member for West Moreton resigned to contest a seat in the Australian Senate at the 1949 federal election. The following day, Charles Russell, the member for Dalby, resigned to contest the seat of Maranoa. No by-elections were held due to the proximity of the 1950 state election
See also
1947 Queensland state election
Hanlon Ministry (Labor) (1946–1952)
References
Waterson, D.B. Biographical register of the Queensland Parliament, 1930-1980 Canberra: ANU Press (1982)
Members of Queensland parliaments by term
20th-century Australian politicians |
The A79 motorway is a motorway in the Netherlands. It is located entirely in the Dutch province of Limburg.
Overview
The motorway, 17 km long and entirely two lanes, connects the A2 motorway at the interchange Kruisdonk with Valkenburg, the A76 motorway at interchange Kunderberg, and the city of Heerlen.
The Kruisdonk interchange can be used only by traffic between the A79 and the southern part of the A2. Traffic from and to the northern part of the A2 must local roads.
No European routes follow the A79 motorway.
Exit list
External links
Motorways in the Netherlands
Motorways in Limburg (Netherlands)
South Limburg (Netherlands)
Transport in Heerlen
Meerssen |
Le Fou or Lefou may refer to:
Judex Lefou (b. 1966), a Mauritian hurdler
Le Fou (Disney), a character in Disney's Beauty and the Beast
See also
Le Fou d'Elsa, a 1963 novel written by Louis Aragon
Pierrot le Fou, a 1965 film directed by Jean-Luc Godard |
Söğüt (, ; Greek: Θηβάσιον or Θηβάσιο, Thêbásion) is a town in Bilecik Province, Turkey. It is the seat of Söğüt District. Its population is 13,566 (2021). The mayor is İsmet Sever (MHP), elected in 2019.
Söğüt is notable as the founding location and first capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1335.
Name and etymology
The name of the settlement is first attested under the Greek name Thêbásion in 13th century. According to Ottoman cadastral record books of 1487 in Hüdavendigâr area the town was registered under the Turkish name Beğsöğüdü or Bey Söğüdü, and this name took the form Söğüd in government records after the first half of the 17th century.
History
The town was originally known under the name Thêbásion and lay on a strategically important road between Nicaea and Dorylaion that was part of the Pilgrim's Road. It was conquered by Ertuğrul for the Anatolian Seljuks from the Nicean Empire in 1231. Ertuğrul and his tribe (allegedly part of the Kayi tribe/branch of the Oghuz Turks who invaded Anatolia in the 12th and 13th centuries) migrated and settled there during the Mongol invasion after the Battle of Köse Dağ. Ertuğrul ruled from here until his death and also made a mosque for the Muslims living there, including a well which could be used for Ablution. The mosque is still located in there as Ertuğrul Gazi Mosque. As the Rum Seljuk state collapsed, Söğüt became the centre of the Beylik of the Osmanoğulları or Osmanlı Beylik (which later expanded to become the Ottoman Empire). Söğüt was the birthplace of Osman I who continued the raids and conquests into Byzantine territory during his reign from 1299 to 1324. When Osman's son, Orhan, came to power after his father's death, he renamed the Kayi tribe Osmanlı in honour of his father.
The village of Thebasion until 1231 served during this time as the capital of the Osmanlı Beylik until the capture of the Byzantine city of Proussa (Bursa) in 1326 that succeeded it as the administrative centre of the Beylik. Söğüt, as the place became known, had a kaza centre in the Ertuğrul Sanjak of Hüdavendigâr Vilayet, the centre of which was Bilecik. The kaza centre included present-day districts of İnhisar, İnönü, Mihalgazi, Sarıcakaya and Yenipazar, central and eastern parts of Bozüyük and some villages of Nallıhan and Tepebaşı before World War I.
Modern era
Söğüt was occupied three times by the Greek Army during the Turkish War of Independence: 8–11 January 1921, 24 March-21 April 1921 and 12 July 1921 – 6 September 1922.
Today Söğüt is a small town in the humid river valley of Bilecik Province in Turkey. Turkish history and life-size statues of the Ottoman sultans are exhibited in the Söğüt Ethnographical Museum. It is also the 3rd biggest district center in its province after Bozüyük and Bilecik.
References
Sources
13th century in the Ottoman Empire
Populated places in Bilecik Province
Söğüt District
District municipalities in Turkey |
Lubbock High School is a 5A high school serving grades nine to twelve in Lubbock, Texas, as part of the Lubbock Independent School District,
The school was founded in 1891 as the first high school in Lubbock County. Lubbock High School predates the incorporation of Lubbock, Texas by 18 years. Lubbock High's colors are black and gold, and its mascot is the Westerner. The school primarily serves students from the central and eastern parts of Lubbock, but the school's LEAP (Lubbock Exemplary Academic Program) magnet program serves students from all over the city.
History
The school was founded in 1891 as a one-room school, with two additional rooms added in 1898. The original announcement of the school's opening read: "Schooling for all who could reach it by pony, wagon, buggy or on foot." The first (and only) teacher at this point was Miss Minnie Tubbs. In March 1909, a fire set by students destroyed the building. After this, the school relocated to a brick building with two stories and a basement at the location of the current City Hall in Lubbock. In 1922, a bond issue provided for a new high school with 28 teachers and located between 13th and 14th streets in the 2000 block. Bonds were voted in 1925 for the addition of two study halls. This was the old Thompson Junior High building. In the fall of 1929, plans began for the construction of a new building for LHS. Construction began in 1930, and the building was completed in 1931. The school opened in its new location for the fall semester of 1931. This is the current Lubbock High School building. Due to its distinctive architecture, the school is included in the National Register of Historic Places.
Academics
In 1979, due to low enrollment as a result of new school district boundaries, there was discussion of closing LHS. To solve this problem and to comply with an ongoing desegregation plan ordered by the US Department of Justice, LEAP (Lubbock Exemplary Academic Program) was developed. This college preparatory program offers advanced classes in mathematics, science, English, and history. Counselor Nancy Phillips was instrumental in the initial success of the LEAP Program. In its initial design, the LEAP plan included several incentives to attract students from outside the school's geographic district. These included unique classes not offered at that time in other Lubbock high schools, including Russian, Portuguese, Mandarin Chinese, Western Cultures, Marine Biology, and Calculus, among others. Additionally, the school offered trips to relevant locations in conjunction with specific classes. For example, students in the Western Cultures class spent 15 days in western Europe at the close of the school year. Due to pressure from parents with students in other high schools in the district, some of these incentives were phased out by the school board in the 1983–1984 academic year.
1983 saw the addition of the "Friday Enrichment Schedule," wherein students attended academic classes Monday through Thursday (for longer hours than other high schools in Lubbock) and attended either "enriching classes" (e.g. "Reading for Pleasure," "French Club," etc.) or review classes from 8 am until noon on Fridays. The Friday Enrichment Schedule was altered to exclude the "enriching classes" in favor of shortened academic classes in 2007. The school switched to an "abbreviated" Texas Friday schedule with classes ending at 1:35 on Fridays. This schedule was changed in 2017 to ending at the regular time of 3:55, then changed again in 2021 with classes ending at 4:10. Starting in the 2022-2023 school year, classes began to be shortened on Wednesdays with first classes starting at 9 am; other days retain normal schedules. Along with the "Friday Enrichment Schedule," a program was instituted in 1983 that allowed junior or senior students to take courses at Texas Tech University or South Plains College for dual credit.
In 1996, Lubbock High was named as a Blue Ribbon school.
Lubbock High School began its International Baccalaureate classes during the 2000–2001 school year.
Lubbock High School implemented the AP Capstone Diploma Program in 2018.
Extracurricular activities
Academic Decathlon
In 2002, the Lubbock High Academic Decathlon team made national news when its victory over J. Frank Dobie High School in the state championship competition was disputed in court. The debate arose when there were questions about the scoring methods used in some of the competition's events. Both Dobie and LHS prepared for national competition in Phoenix, Arizona as the lawsuit developed. The Court ruled Lubbock High the rightful victor, and the team did not hear of this news until they were en route to Phoenix. At nationals, Lubbock High went on to place 3rd in the national competition, as well as 1st place among "rookie" schools in the competition. In later years, Lubbock High made history again when an LHS decathlete became the first competitor to achieve the highest score in the state without competing in the highest division. In 2006, the Lubbock High School Academic Decathlon team placed third in the state. In 2013, the Lubbock High School decathlon team placed 5th in the state, topping the previous year.
Athletics
Lubbock High competes in many sports. These include football (boys), wrestling (boys and girls), tennis (boys and girls), basketball (boys and girls), baseball (boys), softball (girls), golf (boys and girls), soccer (boys and girls), volleyball (girls), swimming (boys and girls), gymnastics (boys and girls), and track and field (boys and girls). Boys' teams are called "Westerners," whereas girls' teams are called "Lady Westerners." In 1922, the football team was named "The Pirates" despite the school's mascot being "The Westerner." This changed in the 1930s, and the team's name has been "The Westerners" ever since. LHS was named "AAAAA Texas State Sportsmanship Champion School" in 1998 by the University Interscholastic League.
The Lubbock Westerners football program had its heyday during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. The school reached the state championship game in 1938 and 1939, winning in 1939. The team had consecutive 13–0 seasons and 5A state titles in 1951 and 1952. Notable coaches in the 1950s and later included Wilford Moore, Grant Teaff, and Fred Akers. Lubbock High School did not make the playoffs between 1975 and 2012, marking the second longest playoff drought in Texas 5A football. During the 1998 season Lubbock High beat Monterey High School to win the annual Silver Spurs game for the first time in fifteen years. The next year the Westerners to a 16–13 win over Monterey to retain the Silver Spurs. They repeated this feat in 2007–2008. In 2012 the Lubbock High football team made playoffs for the first time in 37 years in the new 4-4A district.
The Lubbock High men's swim team has won 15 straight district championships and the Lubbock High Girls swim team has won 5 straight district championships and a regional championship in 2007. The men's district championship streak is an LISD record for most straight district championships in any sport.
Robotics
The Lubbock High FIRST Robotics Competition team won the "Against All Odds" award at the FIRST Championship in 1997. This was given because they had raised the money to enter and attend the competition (which took place in Orlando, Florida) themselves, rather than relying on corporate sponsorship like many other competitors did. Lubbock High has also competed in the West Texas BEST competition since 1996.
Science Bowl
A team from Lubbock High won the first ever National Science Bowl in 1991. The team again achieved a Science Bowl victory in 1992. Lubbock High also won the state Science Bowl for nine consecutive years. In 2020, Lubbock High School placed third at the virtual National Science Bowl.
Mariachi and Ballet Folklorico
Lubbock High is the first and only high school in the Lubbock area to offer a mariachi music program. The Mariachi program offers instruction in violin, trumpet, guitar, vihuela, guitarra de golpe and guitarron. The mariachi program performs for various Lubbock High, LISD and community functions.
The Ballet Folklorico program was added in 2008. There is an advanced class as well as a beginners class. The dance group performs throughout Lubbock.
Lubbock High School NJROTC
Lubbock High has an NJROTC (Naval Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps) program as well. In 2010, the Unit qualified for the 15th consecutive year for State, and often places in one of the top three slots in regular Drill Meets. The NJROTC program allows cadets to compete in teams such as Academics, Marksmanship, Armed Drill Team, Unarmed Drill Team, Physical Fitness Team, and Color guards. At the area 9 state championship drill meet the teams placed fourth in both 2010 and 2011, out of 67 schools.
Lubbock High Westerner Band
The Lubbock high band is the only state band in Lubbock.
Notable alumni
Jerry Allison, songwriter/drummer (The Crickets)
Hub Bechtol, former Baltimore Colts player
Charley Brewer, quarterback of the 1951 state championship teams, later Texas Longhorn
Waggoner Carr, Class of 1936, Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives and attorney general of Texas
Madisyn Cox, Class of 2013, competitive swimmer
Sonny Curtis, singer-songwriter
Mac Davis, singer-songwriter
Eric Felton, former New Orleans Saints player
James Wesley Hendrix, United States District Court Judge
Bill Herchman, former San Francisco 49ers player
Buddy Holly, singer-songwriter/guitarist
E. J. Holub, professional football player
Ralna English, Class of 1960, singer with the Lawrence Welk Show from 1969 until it ended/songwriter/performer
Grandmaster Ratte', hacker
Bobby Keys, saxophone player (The Rolling Stones)
Bob Livingston, singer-songwriter
Lloyd Maines, musician and producer
Natalie Maines, singer-songwriter (The Dixie Chicks)
Spencer Wells, geneticist and anthropologist
Joe B. Mauldin, bassist (The Crickets)
Niki Sullivan, guitarist (The Crickets)
Amanda Shires, singer-songwriter
John Tatum, former professional football player
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lubbock County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Lubbock County
References
External links
Educational institutions established in 1891
High schools in Lubbock, Texas
Lubbock Independent School District
Romanesque Revival architecture in Texas
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Public high schools in Texas
Magnet schools in Texas
1891 establishments in Texas
National Register of Historic Places in Lubbock, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks |
```c++
// Use, modification and distribution are subject to the
// LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
//
// This file is machine generated, do not edit by hand
// Polynomial evaluation using second order Horners rule
#ifndef BOOST_MATH_TOOLS_RAT_EVAL_18_HPP
#define BOOST_MATH_TOOLS_RAT_EVAL_18_HPP
namespace boost{ namespace math{ namespace tools{ namespace detail{
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T*, const U*, const V&, const mpl::int_<0>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
return static_cast<V>(0);
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V&, const mpl::int_<1>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
return static_cast<V>(a[0]) / static_cast<V>(b[0]);
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<2>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
return static_cast<V>((a[1] * x + a[0]) / (b[1] * x + b[0]));
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<3>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
return static_cast<V>(((a[2] * x + a[1]) * x + a[0]) / ((b[2] * x + b[1]) * x + b[0]));
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<4>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
return static_cast<V>((((a[3] * x + a[2]) * x + a[1]) * x + a[0]) / (((b[3] * x + b[2]) * x + b[1]) * x + b[0]));
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<5>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[4] * x2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[3] * x2 + a[1];
t[2] = b[4] * x2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[3] * x2 + b[1];
t[0] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[1] *= x;
t[3] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[1] *= z;
t[3] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<6>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[5] * x2 + a[3];
t[1] = a[4] * x2 + a[2];
t[2] = b[5] * x2 + b[3];
t[3] = b[4] * x2 + b[2];
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[1]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[1]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[0] *= x;
t[2] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= z;
t[2] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<7>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[6] * x2 + a[4];
t[1] = a[5] * x2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[6] * x2 + b[4];
t[3] = b[5] * x2 + b[3];
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[2]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[1]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[2]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[1]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[1] *= x;
t[3] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[1] *= z;
t[3] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<8>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[7] * x2 + a[5];
t[1] = a[6] * x2 + a[4];
t[2] = b[7] * x2 + b[5];
t[3] = b[6] * x2 + b[4];
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[3]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[2]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[3]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[2]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[1]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[1]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[0] *= x;
t[2] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= z;
t[2] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<9>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[8] * x2 + a[6];
t[1] = a[7] * x2 + a[5];
t[2] = b[8] * x2 + b[6];
t[3] = b[7] * x2 + b[5];
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[3]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[3]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[2]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[1]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[2]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[1]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[1] *= x;
t[3] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[1] *= z;
t[3] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<10>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[9] * x2 + a[7];
t[1] = a[8] * x2 + a[6];
t[2] = b[9] * x2 + b[7];
t[3] = b[8] * x2 + b[6];
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[3]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[2]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[3]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[2]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[1]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[1]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[0] *= x;
t[2] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[0] *= z;
t[2] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<11>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[10] * x2 + a[8];
t[1] = a[9] * x2 + a[7];
t[2] = b[10] * x2 + b[8];
t[3] = b[9] * x2 + b[7];
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[3]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[3]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[2]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[1]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[2]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[1]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[1] *= x;
t[3] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[10]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[10]);
t[1] *= z;
t[3] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<12>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[11] * x2 + a[9];
t[1] = a[10] * x2 + a[8];
t[2] = b[11] * x2 + b[9];
t[3] = b[10] * x2 + b[8];
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[3]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[2]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[3]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[2]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[1]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[1]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[0] *= x;
t[2] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[10]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[11]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[10]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[11]);
t[0] *= z;
t[2] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<13>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[12] * x2 + a[10];
t[1] = a[11] * x2 + a[9];
t[2] = b[12] * x2 + b[10];
t[3] = b[11] * x2 + b[9];
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[3]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[3]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[2]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[1]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[2]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[1]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[1] *= x;
t[3] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[10]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[11]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[10]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[11]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[12]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[12]);
t[1] *= z;
t[3] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<14>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[13] * x2 + a[11];
t[1] = a[12] * x2 + a[10];
t[2] = b[13] * x2 + b[11];
t[3] = b[12] * x2 + b[10];
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[3]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[2]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[3]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[2]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[1]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[1]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[0] *= x;
t[2] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[10]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[11]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[10]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[11]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[12]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[13]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[12]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[13]);
t[0] *= z;
t[2] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<15>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[14] * x2 + a[12];
t[1] = a[13] * x2 + a[11];
t[2] = b[14] * x2 + b[12];
t[3] = b[13] * x2 + b[11];
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[10]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[10]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[3]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[3]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[2]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[1]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[2]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[1]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[1] *= x;
t[3] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[10]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[11]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[10]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[11]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[12]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[13]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[12]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[13]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[14]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[14]);
t[1] *= z;
t[3] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<16>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[15] * x2 + a[13];
t[1] = a[14] * x2 + a[12];
t[2] = b[15] * x2 + b[13];
t[3] = b[14] * x2 + b[12];
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[11]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[10]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[11]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[10]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[3]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[2]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[3]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[2]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[1]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[1]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[0] *= x;
t[2] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[10]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[11]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[10]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[11]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[12]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[13]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[12]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[13]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[14]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[15]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[14]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[15]);
t[0] *= z;
t[2] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<17>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[16] * x2 + a[14];
t[1] = a[15] * x2 + a[13];
t[2] = b[16] * x2 + b[14];
t[3] = b[15] * x2 + b[13];
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[12]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[11]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[12]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[11]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[10]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[10]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[3]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[3]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[2]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[1]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[2]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[1]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[1] *= x;
t[3] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[10]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[11]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[10]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[11]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[12]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[13]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[12]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[13]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[14]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[15]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[14]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[15]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[16]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[16]);
t[1] *= z;
t[3] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
template <class T, class U, class V>
inline V evaluate_rational_c_imp(const T* a, const U* b, const V& x, const mpl::int_<18>*) BOOST_MATH_NOEXCEPT(V)
{
if(x <= 1)
{
V x2 = x * x;
V t[4];
t[0] = a[17] * x2 + a[15];
t[1] = a[16] * x2 + a[14];
t[2] = b[17] * x2 + b[15];
t[3] = b[16] * x2 + b[14];
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[13]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[12]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[13]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[12]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[11]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[10]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[11]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[10]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[3]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[2]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[3]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[2]);
t[0] *= x2;
t[1] *= x2;
t[2] *= x2;
t[3] *= x2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[1]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[0]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[1]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[0]);
t[0] *= x;
t[2] *= x;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
else
{
V z = 1 / x;
V z2 = 1 / (x * x);
V t[4];
t[0] = a[0] * z2 + a[2];
t[1] = a[1] * z2 + a[3];
t[2] = b[0] * z2 + b[2];
t[3] = b[1] * z2 + b[3];
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[4]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[5]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[4]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[5]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[6]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[7]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[6]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[7]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[8]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[9]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[8]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[9]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[10]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[11]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[10]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[11]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[12]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[13]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[12]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[13]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[14]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[15]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[14]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[15]);
t[0] *= z2;
t[1] *= z2;
t[2] *= z2;
t[3] *= z2;
t[0] += static_cast<V>(a[16]);
t[1] += static_cast<V>(a[17]);
t[2] += static_cast<V>(b[16]);
t[3] += static_cast<V>(b[17]);
t[0] *= z;
t[2] *= z;
return (t[0] + t[1]) / (t[2] + t[3]);
}
}
}}}} // namespaces
#endif // include guard
``` |
```forth
*> \brief \b ZPOT01
*
* =========== DOCUMENTATION ===========
*
* Online html documentation available at
* path_to_url
*
* Definition:
* ===========
*
* SUBROUTINE ZPOT01( UPLO, N, A, LDA, AFAC, LDAFAC, RWORK, RESID )
*
* .. Scalar Arguments ..
* CHARACTER UPLO
* INTEGER LDA, LDAFAC, N
* DOUBLE PRECISION RESID
* ..
* .. Array Arguments ..
* DOUBLE PRECISION RWORK( * )
* COMPLEX*16 A( LDA, * ), AFAC( LDAFAC, * )
* ..
*
*
*> \par Purpose:
* =============
*>
*> \verbatim
*>
*> ZPOT01 reconstructs a Hermitian positive definite matrix A from
*> its L*L' or U'*U factorization and computes the residual
*> norm( L*L' - A ) / ( N * norm(A) * EPS ) or
*> norm( U'*U - A ) / ( N * norm(A) * EPS ),
*> where EPS is the machine epsilon, L' is the conjugate transpose of L,
*> and U' is the conjugate transpose of U.
*> \endverbatim
*
* Arguments:
* ==========
*
*> \param[in] UPLO
*> \verbatim
*> UPLO is CHARACTER*1
*> Specifies whether the upper or lower triangular part of the
*> Hermitian matrix A is stored:
*> = 'U': Upper triangular
*> = 'L': Lower triangular
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] N
*> \verbatim
*> N is INTEGER
*> The number of rows and columns of the matrix A. N >= 0.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] A
*> \verbatim
*> A is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDA,N)
*> The original Hermitian matrix A.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] LDA
*> \verbatim
*> LDA is INTEGER
*> The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N)
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in,out] AFAC
*> \verbatim
*> AFAC is COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDAFAC,N)
*> On entry, the factor L or U from the L * L**H or U**H * U
*> factorization of A.
*> Overwritten with the reconstructed matrix, and then with
*> the difference L * L**H - A (or U**H * U - A).
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] LDAFAC
*> \verbatim
*> LDAFAC is INTEGER
*> The leading dimension of the array AFAC. LDAFAC >= max(1,N).
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] RWORK
*> \verbatim
*> RWORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] RESID
*> \verbatim
*> RESID is DOUBLE PRECISION
*> If UPLO = 'L', norm(L * L**H - A) / ( N * norm(A) * EPS )
*> If UPLO = 'U', norm(U**H * U - A) / ( N * norm(A) * EPS )
*> \endverbatim
*
* Authors:
* ========
*
*> \author Univ. of Tennessee
*> \author Univ. of California Berkeley
*> \author Univ. of Colorado Denver
*> \author NAG Ltd.
*
*> \ingroup complex16_lin
*
* =====================================================================
SUBROUTINE ZPOT01( UPLO, N, A, LDA, AFAC, LDAFAC, RWORK, RESID )
*
* -- LAPACK test routine --
* -- LAPACK is a software package provided by Univ. of Tennessee, --
* -- Univ. of California Berkeley, Univ. of Colorado Denver and NAG Ltd..--
*
* .. Scalar Arguments ..
CHARACTER UPLO
INTEGER LDA, LDAFAC, N
DOUBLE PRECISION RESID
* ..
* .. Array Arguments ..
DOUBLE PRECISION RWORK( * )
COMPLEX*16 A( LDA, * ), AFAC( LDAFAC, * )
* ..
*
* =====================================================================
*
* .. Parameters ..
DOUBLE PRECISION ZERO, ONE
PARAMETER ( ZERO = 0.0D+0, ONE = 1.0D+0 )
* ..
* .. Local Scalars ..
INTEGER I, J, K
DOUBLE PRECISION ANORM, EPS, TR
COMPLEX*16 TC
* ..
* .. External Functions ..
LOGICAL LSAME
DOUBLE PRECISION DLAMCH, ZLANHE
COMPLEX*16 ZDOTC
EXTERNAL LSAME, DLAMCH, ZLANHE, ZDOTC
* ..
* .. External Subroutines ..
EXTERNAL ZHER, ZSCAL, ZTRMV
* ..
* .. Intrinsic Functions ..
INTRINSIC DBLE, DIMAG
* ..
* .. Executable Statements ..
*
* Quick exit if N = 0.
*
IF( N.LE.0 ) THEN
RESID = ZERO
RETURN
END IF
*
* Exit with RESID = 1/EPS if ANORM = 0.
*
EPS = DLAMCH( 'Epsilon' )
ANORM = ZLANHE( '1', UPLO, N, A, LDA, RWORK )
IF( ANORM.LE.ZERO ) THEN
RESID = ONE / EPS
RETURN
END IF
*
* Check the imaginary parts of the diagonal elements and return with
* an error code if any are nonzero.
*
DO 10 J = 1, N
IF( DIMAG( AFAC( J, J ) ).NE.ZERO ) THEN
RESID = ONE / EPS
RETURN
END IF
10 CONTINUE
*
* Compute the product U**H * U, overwriting U.
*
IF( LSAME( UPLO, 'U' ) ) THEN
DO 20 K = N, 1, -1
*
* Compute the (K,K) element of the result.
*
TR = DBLE( ZDOTC( K, AFAC( 1, K ), 1, AFAC( 1, K ), 1 ) )
AFAC( K, K ) = TR
*
* Compute the rest of column K.
*
CALL ZTRMV( 'Upper', 'Conjugate', 'Non-unit', K-1, AFAC,
$ LDAFAC, AFAC( 1, K ), 1 )
*
20 CONTINUE
*
* Compute the product L * L**H, overwriting L.
*
ELSE
DO 30 K = N, 1, -1
*
* Add a multiple of column K of the factor L to each of
* columns K+1 through N.
*
IF( K+1.LE.N )
$ CALL ZHER( 'Lower', N-K, ONE, AFAC( K+1, K ), 1,
$ AFAC( K+1, K+1 ), LDAFAC )
*
* Scale column K by the diagonal element.
*
TC = AFAC( K, K )
CALL ZSCAL( N-K+1, TC, AFAC( K, K ), 1 )
*
30 CONTINUE
END IF
*
* Compute the difference L * L**H - A (or U**H * U - A).
*
IF( LSAME( UPLO, 'U' ) ) THEN
DO 50 J = 1, N
DO 40 I = 1, J - 1
AFAC( I, J ) = AFAC( I, J ) - A( I, J )
40 CONTINUE
AFAC( J, J ) = AFAC( J, J ) - DBLE( A( J, J ) )
50 CONTINUE
ELSE
DO 70 J = 1, N
AFAC( J, J ) = AFAC( J, J ) - DBLE( A( J, J ) )
DO 60 I = J + 1, N
AFAC( I, J ) = AFAC( I, J ) - A( I, J )
60 CONTINUE
70 CONTINUE
END IF
*
* Compute norm(L*U - A) / ( N * norm(A) * EPS )
*
RESID = ZLANHE( '1', UPLO, N, AFAC, LDAFAC, RWORK )
*
RESID = ( ( RESID / DBLE( N ) ) / ANORM ) / EPS
*
RETURN
*
* End of ZPOT01
*
END
``` |
Crofton Park is a mainly residential suburb and electoral ward in the London Borough of Lewisham.
It is the original site of the former agricultural hamlet of Brockley. It is located south east of Charing Cross, and is south of Brockley and north of Honor Oak. Major points of interest include the Rivoli Ballroom, the Brockley Jack Theatre and the Arts and Crafts Gothic church of St Hilda.
Crofton Park Ward is bordered by Brockley and Ladywell Cemeteries to the north, and Garthorne Road Nature Reserve in the west with the London to Brighton railway running along the western boundary of the ward and a section of Ladywell Fields to the south east. The area also offers easy access to South East London Green Chain of walks. Nearby, between Honor Oak and Catford, is Blythe Hill Fields, one of a number of hills in south east London and which provide good views of Canary Wharf and the City of London.
History
Before the area was built in the late 19th century, the principal buildings were Brockley Farm, Brockley Hall, and the Brockley Jack public house. The area expanded rapidly in the 1890s with the opening of a new railway line (informally known as the Catford Loop) and railway station which opened in 1892. It was the naming of the station as Crofton Park which gave the area its modern and invented name. Despite this being the historic heart of Brockley, that name had already been used for two earlier railway stations further north – Brockley Station and Brockley Lane Station.
The rapid pace of expansion of the area continued pre-First World War, with the building of more shops and facilities to support the growing population. The London Encyclopaedia describes this development as: "a mixture of terrace houses for 'clerkly classes' and local authority flats and houses." A handsome Edwardian public library was built next to the railway station in 1905 and, eight years later, a local cinema – the Crofton Park Picture Palace – first opened its doors. This later became the Rivoli Ballroom.
Brockley Hall
Brockley Hall, a large private residence, stood on land to the west of the road which now bears its name. The property had a somewhat obscure history. There was a house on the site before 1745 and probably long before that date. It was the most associated with its final owners, the Noakes family who lived there. The Noakes were brewers and their ales were sold in many local pubs, including The Brockley Jack which they owned and was just across the road from Brockley Hall. The Hall's lodge stood in Brockley Grove on the approximate site of what are now the front gardens of nos. 24–28.
The 1901 census returns show Bertram Noakes as head of the household living in Brockley Hall with his five spinster sisters (Pauline, Elizabeth, Kate, Ada and Maude) and four servants.
Maude Noakes was the last survivor. An eccentric, she was well known for her large collection of pets. The old lady would bury her pets in the grounds of Brockley Hall and give each one a marked gravestone – even her pigs and cows.
Following Maude's death in April 1931 the property was quickly sold and demolished. Brockley Hall Road, Bearsted Rise, Horsmonden Road, Sevenoaks Road and the 1930s houses in Brockley Grove were built on the site of the Hall and its grounds by the building company Wates.
The Second World War
In common with many areas of London, Crofton Park was damaged during the Second World War, particularly by V1 flying bombs and V2 rockets, with the area north of Crofton Park Station on Brockley Road suffering many strikes. A V1 'doodlebug' hit on the evening of 18 June 1944 destroyed Brockley Road School and killed five members of the Crofton Park Home Guard. The men are commemorated by a plaque in St Hilda's Church.
Notable buildings
Brockley Jack
The Brockley Jack was formerly a picturesque timber-framed building and one of the earliest landmarks in Crofton Park. It was described by The London Encyclopaedia as: "a curious, rambling hostelry, reputedly the haunt of highwaymen".
For much of the 18th century it was known as 'The Crooked Billet', for much of the 19th century 'The Castle'.
The old Brockley Jack was one of the most photographed pubs in South East London. It was a long, low building with a bay window looking onto the front garden. It had been extended and altered many times during its long history. In the garden were rows of seats and tables beneath old trees, and a large but almost branchless tree stump carrying the pub's sign board. The sign was written on a whale's shoulder blade.
A contemporary account, recorded at about the time of the building's demolition states: "A penthouse on one side sheltered some of the seats and on the other side was a staircase leading to the upper floor of an annex built at right angles to the main building... Within, the rooms are dark with low-pitched ceilings and redolent of beer and tobacco, of which is added the flavour of antiquity from ancient walls and beams."
The association with highwaymen is also cited in the account which continues: "There was a particular staircase so constructed that it could be removed at night, and thus cut off access to the upper storey, in case of criminals being secreted there." The film star comedian Will Hay recalled the old Brockley Jack in his unfinished autobiography, I Enjoyed Every Minute:
"Almost at the corner of the street was romance in the shape of a very old inn, several hundred years old, The Brockley Jack, a reputed haunt and 'pull up' for highwaymen including the famous Dick Turpin. I remember the place quite well – small rooms with the ceiling so low that even a man of ordinary height couldn't stand upright. Alas, the romance didn't long survive on arrival within the district for the place was condemned and pulled down to make way for a modern building."
A 2005 Radio 4 edition of Making History explored the history of Brockley Jack and found that the pub dated to at least 1810 and was close to areas notorious for robberies of travellers. However, the programme concluded that local legends about a highwayman called Brockley Jack may have been later embroidery to drum up business.
Brockley Jack, now a Greene King tied pub, was rebuilt as a more substantial structure of brick and stone in 1898. Its foundation stone was laid by Wickham Noakes. A representation of a whale's shoulderblade hangs on a high gable outside the front of the Jack. The real whale's shoulderblade (on which was once the pub's sign) is exhibited above the fireplace to the right of the bar.
St Hilda's Church
Situated in Stondon Park, St Hilda's Church dates from 1907 and was designed by F H Greenaway and J E Newberry. The Grade II listed building is constructed of Crowborough brick with Chilmark stone dressings and is a fine example of Arts and Crafts ideas superimposed onto Gothic church design. Its English Heritage listing describes it as one of the best Edwardian churches in London. It has been described by the architectural historian Gavin Stamp as one of two "remarkable and inventive buildings" which distinguish this part of South London, the other building being the Horniman Museum at Forest Hill.
The church hall adjacent to the current church was its forerunner and originally served as a mission hall. Designed by J E Newberry, it is also Grade II listed.
The war memorial in front of the church is in the form of a granite Celtic cross and is inscribed with 141 names of the fallen. It was unveiled on 29 May 1920 by General Sir Ian Hamilton and dedicated by the Bishop Suffragan of Woolwich. A woman is listed among the names – Rosabelle Stanley, a nursing sister.
Library
Crofton Park Library, originally known as Brockley Branch Library, was opened in October 1905 to serve the expanding local population. It is a Carnegie library. Its architect was Alfred L Guy, ARIBA, and it was constructed by F J Gortham of Greenwich. The library is of an eclectic Edwardian free-style composition. Its entrance facade is dominated by a broad Dutch gable and an octagonal tower with a domed roof. The building sustained damage when the neighbouring Crofton Park Station was bombed in 1940 and 1945, losing two glass dome skylights and the leaded glass in the ground floor windows. The library was refurbished in 1959–60. The library building has been given local listing by Lewisham Borough Council, which describes it as making "a handsome contribution towards the streetscape".
In 2011, the library was outsourced by the Council to be run as a Community run model, by Eco Computer Systems, now renamed Eco Communities. The library takes computer and book donations to help with the running costs of the building. The library is staffed by volunteers which meant unlike the Council run libraries it was closed for much of the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns, finally reopening in April 2021.
Cultural life and leisure
Eating, drinking and nightlife
The area offers a good range of places to eat without the need to travel into Central London. The Brockley Jack provides pub meals, while you can find jerk straight off the drum at the nearby Jerk Garden, and traditional curries and sambals at the Malaysian Deli. A short walk northwards along the Brockley Road leads to Brockley's Rock fish and chip restaurant. Head less than ten minutes in the other direction for places to eat at Brockley Rise in Honor Oak, including the award-winning Babur modern Indian restaurant and traditional Italian cooking at Le Querce.
Babur, Brockley Rock and Brockley Jack all provide takeaway meals – Babur's dedicated takeaway branch has its own menu and operates from premises opposite the Brockley Jack. There are also several other Indian and Chinese takeaway outlets in the area.
For a daytime coffee and snack in retro 1950s surroundings, the high street features Arlo & Moe's (for sandwiches and light meals) and Pat-a-Cakes (having grown out of the Brick Lane cupcakes stall).
The Brockley Jack stages a number of themed evenings including quiz nights. For a cosy evening, try Mr Lawrence's Wine Bar, which imports an excellent range of wines and ales. Its neighbouring premises is the London Beer Dispensary, a bar specialising in real ales brewed by micro-breweries.
The Jam Circus pub was refurbished in 2013.
Brockley Jack Theatre
When the rebuilt Brockley Jack pub opened in 1898, it had a large function room at the rear of the building. The room has been used variously as a dance hall, a snooker room and a music venue, and by the 1980s, as nothing much at all. A small group of local actors, David Kincaid, Peter Rocca and Michael Bottle, hit upon the idea of staging dramatic productions in this back room. So, in 1993, the first of these ventures took place: 'An evening with Chekhov', featuring two one-handers, 'On the harmfulness of tobacco' and 'Swan Song'. David and Michael starred and Peter directed.
There was no finance and virtually no facilities but the short run proved a big success, especially with local people.
Gradually, finance was secured and with the help of the brewery, Greene King, the room has been transformed over the years into the vibrant little theatre, fully equipped, that it now is. It has now become a hub of local creativity, staging plays as diverse as 'Julius Caesar', 'Of Mice and Men', 'She Stoops to Conquer' and 'Lilies'. New writing is fostered by in regular workshops, part of the 'Write Now Festival'. Artistic Director Kate Bannister and Theatre Manager Karl Swinyard were awarded Best Venue Directors in the Fringe Report Awards 2011.
For more details, see the Brockley Jack Theatre website.
Rivoli Ballroom
Originally built as Crofton Park Picture Palace in 1913, the early cinema was renamed the Rivoli in 1929 and subsequently turned into a ballroom. It has a beautifully conserved interior which largely dates from the 1950s, although the Brockley Road elevation dates from 1931 and the barrel-vaulted ballroom ceiling (originally the cinema auditorium) is also earlier.
It was saved from development as a block of flats after English Heritage gave it a Grade II listing in 2007. A feature in Country Life described it as: "the best dance space in the country".
The English Heritage listing rests largely on the Rivoli's 1950s makeover, describing it as a: "luxuriant, exotic and deeply theatrical" interior, little altered since 1960. Its listing notes that it has special historic interest as witness to the important dance trends of the 1950s and '60s – also noting that attending a dance at Rivoli Ballroom is listed in Time Out's list of 101 things to do in London.
In 2012, it was included in a feature in The Guardian about London's hidden interiors. Described as a popular location of music, fashion and TV shoots because of its kitsch and authentic interior, the article also notes: "There is nothing quite like it anywhere else in London."
It maintains a lively calendar of events, including cabaret, dance competitions and themed evenings, including tea dances, and Jackie's Juke Box, a mixed gay/straight night every month which regularly attracts between 200 and 300 people.
Transport
The area has a network of rail and bus services, with connections to central London and Kent.
National Rail
Crofton Park Station opened in July 1892. It is served by Thameslink services to London Blackfriars (for the South Bank and Bankside), (for the City and St Paul's Cathedral), Farringdon (which will connect with the Crossrail network) and St Pancras International (for Channel Tunnel services). In the southbound direction the service links to Catford, Bromley and Sevenoaks. Disabled access entrances to Crofton Park station were opened from Marnock and Lindal Road in 2008. The station ticket office is open every weekday morning, and an automatic Metro ticket machine is also available.
The South London Rail Utilisation Strategy published by Network Rail in March 2008 proposed improvements to rail services along the Catford loop line (through Crofton Park). These include four stopping Thameslink services per hour at this station, and a Victoria to Bellingham service to provide additional trains per hour.
There are three other train stations within a ten to 15-minute walk of Crofton Park Station: Brockley railway station, Honor Oak Park and Ladywell.
and stations provide rail links to London Bridge, London Victoria, , Highbury & Islington, Crystal Palace, Sydenham, East and West Croydon and Caterham. Both stations are served by Southern and since 2010 London Overground services.
Bus
A number of bus services operate throughout the area providing links to the West End/The city. Services include:
171 – Bellingham Catford to Holborn (via Peckham, Elephant and Castle, and Waterloo)
N171 – Bellingham Catford to Tottenham Court Road bus station
172 – Brockley Rise to St Paul's (via Old Kent Road, Elephant and Castle, and Waterloo)
122 – Crystal Palace to Plumstead
P4 – Brixton Station to Lewisham Station (via Dulwich Village)
284 – Lewisham Station to Grove Park
Local government
Crofton Park electoral ward includes part of the Honor Oak Park area and is one of 18 wards in the London Borough of Lewisham. It is currently represented by two Labour councillors and one Liberal Democrat who were elected on 6 May 2010 when the General Election and London Borough elections took place on the same day.
Across Lewisham, Labour gained heavily from the other parties, taking the council from no overall control to a Labour majority of 24 seats. The Liberal Democrats lost a net of five seats, Crofton Park ward being the party's only gain from Labour anywhere in London. This change was put down to the rapid gentrification of the local area.
Schools
The in the years 2007–2008 renovated Crofton School – now renamed Prendergast Ladywell School – is the main secondary school in the area and is located on Manwood Road. The area has a number of primary schools, including:
Beecroft Garden Primary School (formerly known as Brockley Primary School) which was rebuilt in 2011–12
Stillness Infant And Junior Schools in Brockley Rise
Health
Healthcare for the area is commissioned by Lewisham CCG. There is a modern teaching hospital a short walk away. There are two pharmacies in the area, as well as a local opticians
Football Team
Crofton Park Football Club was formed in May 2007 and is the area's local side.
Famous residents
Jim Connell (1852–1929), writer of the anthem, "The Red Flag", lived close to St Hilda's Church at 22A Stondon Park. A maroon commemorative plaque was unveiled there by Lewisham Council in February 1989.
British film, radio and music hall comedian Will Hay (1888–1949) lived at 7 Eddystone Road and later 40 Merritt Road, Crofton Park as a child in the late 1890s. He also attended the nearby Brockley Primary School (now renamed Beecroft Garden Primary School).
Irish comedian Spike Milligan (1918–2002) lived at 50 Riseldine Road (which is on the Crofton Park side of Honor Oak) in the late 1930s, a few years after coming to England from India. A silver birch tree has been planted in his memory in front of Crofton Park Library.
Nearest places
Brockley
Honor Oak
Ladywell
East Dulwich
Nunhead
Lewisham
Forest Hill
Catford
Greenwich
Nearest railway stations
Crofton Park railway station
Honor Oak Park railway station
Ladywell railway station
Brockley railway station
Forest Hill railway station
Catford railway station
Catford Bridge railway station
References
External links
Crofton Park Community website
Brockley Central Community blog
Crofton Park Local Assembly
Crofton Park Library
Brockley and Crofton Park History (on Lewisham Council website)
The Rivoli Ballroom
The Brockley Jack pub
The Brockley Jack Theatre
The Brockley Jack Film Club
St Hilda's Church
Full details of St Hilda's Church war memorial
Crofton Park Baptist Church
Crofton Park Transport Users Group
Crofton Park Labour Party
World War II V1 flying bombs and V2 rockets in SE4
Haymaking in Crofton Park, 1910
Stondon Park, c.1912
The Church of St Hilda, Crofton Park, (article in 'Ecclesiology Today' by Gavin Stamp, July 2008, pp.77–82)
Areas of London
Districts of the London Borough of Lewisham |
John Abrams may refer to:
John Abrams (field hockey) (born 1934), New Zealand field hockey player
John N. Abrams (1946–2018), United States Army general
See also
John Abram (born 1959), Anglo-Canadian composer |
Dorothy Hope Tisdale Eldridge (June 18, 1904 – October 5, 1991) was an American physical educator, demographer, and statistician.
Early life and education
Hope Tisdale was born in Mobile, Alabama, the daughter of Marion Eugene Tisdale and Helen M. Sturtevant Tisdale. She graduated from Barnard College in 1925. She trained for a career as a physical educator at the Boston Central School of Hygiene and Physical Education. She later completed a master's degree at New York University in 1935, and doctoral studies in sociology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1942. Her doctoral thesis was titled "Urbanization: A Study of the Process of Population Concentration in the United States and its Relation to Social Change".
Career
Tisdale taught physical education at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro from 1927 to 1938. In the 1930s she worked with the Works Progress Administration in North Carolina, and became interested in demography and statistics. Pursuing that interest, she took a job as an analyst with the United States Census Bureau from 1942 to 1947, and then with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. She was editor of the UN's Demographic Yearbook beginning in 1950.
In 1952, Tisdale became a target of the Internal Security Subcommittee of the United States Senate Judiciary Committee, and her refusal to cooperate with their questions led to her dismissal from the UN. She later sued, and was awarded compensation from the United Nations for her firing. She taught sociology at the University of Tampa in 1958.
Selected publications
"The Process of Urbanization" (1942)
The implications of regionalism to folk sociology, with illustrations from the Southern regions (1943)
"Demographic Status of South America" (1945, with Halbert L. Dunn and Nora P. Powell)
"The Changing Sex Ratio in the United States"
Forecasts of the Population of the United States, 1945-1975 (1948, with Pascal Kidder Whelpton and Jacob S. Seigel)
Population policies: A survey of recent developments (1954)
Still Digging: Interleaves from an Antiquary's Notebook (1955)
The materials of demography: A selected and annotated bibliography (1959)
Population Redistribution and Economic Growth, United States, 1870–1950. Vol. III, Demographic Analysis and Interrelations (1964, with Dorothy Swaine Thomas)
"Demographic Analyses and Interrelations" (1964, with Dorothy Swaine Thomas)
"Net Intercensal Migration for States and Geographic Divisions of the United States, 1950-1960: Methodological and Substantive Aspects" (1965)
"The Measurement of Internal Migration" (1966)
"The estimation of intercensal migration from birth-residence statistics: A study of data for the United States, 1950 and 1960" (1968)
"The Estimation of Intercensal Migration from Birth-residence Statistics: A Study of Data for the United States, 1950 and 1960" (1968, with Yun Kim)
Personal life
Hope Tisdale married translator and Romance languages professor Carey DeWitt Eldridge in 1942. Hope Tisdale Eldridge died in 1991. Her papers are archived at Columbia University.
References
1904 births
1991 deaths
People from Mobile, Alabama
Barnard College alumni
University of North Carolina at Greensboro faculty
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Physical education
American demographers
University of Tampa faculty |
Muhammad Rashad Khan is a Pakistani politician from Shangla District who is currently a member of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly and belongs to the Pakistan Muslim League (N). He is also serving as the chairman or as a member of various committees.
Political career
Khan was elected as the member of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly on the ticket of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) from PK-87 (Shangla-I) in the Pakistani general election, 2013.
References
Living people
Pashtun politicians
Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MPAs 2013–2018
People from Shangla District
1980 births |
Per Waldemar Hammenhög (18 April 1902 – 1 November 1972) was a Swedish writer and novelist. The trivial, petty bourgeois urban environment forms the basis of many of his early realistic novels, whereas his later works turned towards religious and moral issues. Writing more than 40 novels, Hammenhög is probably best known for Pettersson & Bendel (1931), a humorous novel adapted twice to screen.
Life and work
Born in Stockholm in 1902 as Waldemar Anderson, he was the son of foreman Per Anderson and his wife Lydia Källgren. After graduating from the Högre realläroverket å Östermalm high school in Stockholm in 1919, Hammenhög worked as an office boy, and later office clerk until 1930. He left his job as a clerk after he was awarded first-prize in a novel competition organized by the Stockholm-based publishing house Natur & Kultur with his debut novel Esther och Albert. He submitted the text under the pseudonym "Hammenhög", which became his official name in 1931.
Among Hammenhög's writing highlights is the humorous novel Petterson & Bendel (1931), adapted to screen in 1933 starring Adolf Jahr as Pettersson; and as P&B (1983) starring Stellan Skarsgård as Petterson and Allan Edwall as Bendel. Esther och Alberts äktenskap (1936) was also a success, adapted to screen as Ung man söker sällskap (1954), starring Ulf Palme and Gaby Stenberg.
In the late 1940s, Hammenhög's writing turned from realistic humor towards moral issues as he was struggling with personal alcoholism. His writing reached a turning point with Torken (1951), a novel about the failure of traditional alcoholic care. The novel is sometimes regarded as Hammenhög's second breakthrough as a novelist. A year later, Hammenhög published Omne animal (1952), a novel which implied that Hammenhög was heading toward Roman Catholicism. Most novels that followed often focused on religious and moral issues.
Later life and death
Hammenhög's early commercial success as a productive novelist led to an extravagant lifestyle, and severe alcoholism. For years, alcoholic problems influenced his writing which was largely devastated by superficiality and haste. Later in life, Hammenhög became a "sober alcoholic". In that capacity, he frequently spoke in public about issues related to his alcoholism.
Writing in newspapers, his signature was W H-g. Hammenhög died in Stockholm in 1972 at the age of 70. He is buried at the Roman Catholic Cemetery, a part of the Norra begravningsplatsen Cemetery in Solna Municipality north of Stockholm.
Bibliography
1930 – Esther och Albert (novel)
1931 – Pettersson & Bendel (novel)
1934 – Lindbergs (novel)
1935 – Svenske Apollo (novel)
1936 – Hustru eller lakej (novel)
1936 – Esthers och Alberts äktenskap (novel)
1937 – Anna Sevardt (novel)
1938 – Uppvaktningen och andra noveller
1938 – Det är bara ovanan, damen (novel)
1939 – Fallet Antonsson (detective novel)
1939 – Fallet Sehling (detective novel)
1939 – Löpande band (novel)
1940 – Kärälskeliga vänner (novel)
1941 – Svar med amatörfoto (novel)
1942 – Edens lustgård (short stories)
1942 – Erik, skogsluffaren (Sports book for youths)
1942 – Det var en gång en musiker (novel)
1943 – Nils, skolungdomsmästaren (Sports book for youths)
1944 – Pettersson & Bendels nya affärer (novel)
1944 – Olle, brottaren (Sports book for youths)
1945 – Sven, skidlöparen (Sports book for youths)
1946 – Hur mycket skall du ha (novel)
1947 – Halvbröderna (novel)
1949 – Livia (novel)
1950 – Sol och vår. Dokumentariska närbilder. (together with Bertel Janson)
1950 – Pettersson och Bendel på Sicilien (novel)
1951 – Torken (novel)
1952 – Omne Animal (novel)
1953 – I en fransk småstad
1953 – Lycklig resa (novel)
1954 – I en svensk sovstad
1955 – Älsken varandra (novel)
Den eviga kärleken:
1957 – Inledningen till ett drama
1958 – Dramat
Berättelsen om Petter Larsson:
1959 – Regeringsgatan
1960 – Helga Lekamens gränd
1961 – Ensittarvägen
1962 – Det är ingen mark att bygga på, min älskade
1962 – Berättelsen om Pisinus
1962 – I en sydengelsk by
1966 – Moderna Häxprocesser
1969 – Gustav Tjäder (novel)
1970 – Lallo (novel)
1971 – Herr Anderson med ett s (novel)
References
1902 births
1972 deaths
Writers from Stockholm
Swedish-language writers
20th-century Swedish novelists
Swedish male novelists
Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen
20th-century Swedish male writers |
This is a list of defunct airlines of Benin.
See also
List of airlines of Benin
List of airports in Benin
References
Benin
Airlines
Airlines, defunct |
Varsen is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is a part of the municipality of Ommen, and lies about 19 km east of Zwolle.
It was first mentioned between 1381 and 1383 as Versen. The etymology is unclear. The postal authorities have placed it under Ommen. In 1840, it was home to 279 people. Archaeological finds have been discovered near Varsen which indicate that the area has been settled by the Funnelbeaker culture.
References
Populated places in Overijssel
Ommen |
A pneumograph, also known as a pneumatograph or spirograph, is a device for recording velocity and force of chest movements during respiration.
Principle of operation
There are various kinds of pneumographic devices, which have different principles of operation. In one mechanism, a flexible rubber vessel is attached to the chest. The vessel is equipped with sensors. Others are impedance based. In these methods, a high frequency (tens to hundreds of kHz) low amplitude current is injected across the chest cavity. The voltage resulting from this current injection is measured and the resistance is derived from the application of Ohm's law (R = V/I). Current flows less easily through the chest as the lungs fill, so the resistance rises with increasing lung volume.
References
External links
Detailed article on pneumography (1905)
Impedance-based pneumographic systems
Measuring volume and flow
Respiratory system procedures
Medical testing equipment |
Independent reading is a term used in educational settings, where students are involved in choosing and reading material (fiction books, non-fiction, magazine, other media) for their independent consumption and enjoyment. Students that read independently have an emphasized creative choice in what they want to read and choose to learn. Usually, independent reading takes place alongside the ongoing curriculum in the classroom or homeschool. Independent reading can be tied to assessment and evaluation or remain as an activity in itself.
More names for independent reading
SSR: Sustained Silent Reading
DEAR: Drop Everything And Read
Voluntary Reading
Aims of independent reading
Students will
Read more willingly and more often.
Become more interested in the printed word in general, including their own writing.
Become more receptive to enrichment activities related to their reading.
Discover that they can think and write in a meaningful way about their reading.
Learn that literature can enrich their lives.
Expand their vocabulary.
Receive higher test scores.
How to include independent reading into a routine
Teachers can
Allot time each to independent, where the student will choose a book and read for that amount of time.
Set a number of pages that students have to read by the end of a specific timeframe.
Have a book report due where the student chooses and reads a book of their choice and explains it to the class.
Parents can:
Set a certain amount of time that their child has to read.
Have their children read them books of their choice.
See also
Compulsory reading
Literature circle
Shared reading
Guided reading
References
Learning to read
Reading (process)
Teaching |
Namie Shimabukuro (born 10 June 1998) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a forward for WE League club Sanfrecce Hiroshima Regina.
Club career
Shimabukuro made her WE League debut on 12 September 2021.
References
1998 births
Living people
Association football people from Gunma Prefecture
Japanese women's footballers
Women's association football forwards
Sanfrecce Hiroshima Regina players
WE League players
Japanese people of Peruvian descent
Sportspeople of Peruvian descent |
"Jackie Blue" is a track recorded by the Ozark Mountain Daredevils for their second album It'll Shine When It Shines released in 1974. Released as a single in February 1975 – subsequent to the album's unsuccessful lead single "Look Away" – "Jackie Blue" became the band's second Top 40 hit – their 1974 debut single "If You Wanna Get to Heaven" having reached #25.
Background
Ozark Mountain Daredevils drummer Larry Lee wrote "Jackie Blue." Lee was inspired by a male drug dealer and bartender whom he'd once known. He later remarked he never saw him during the day. The song first appeared in embryonic form at Nixa Trout Farm, where the Daredevils conceived and rehearsed the songs for their album It'll Shine When It Shines in the final months of 1973. Daredevil Mike Granda would recall Lee previewing the song for the band as "Ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh Jackie Blue/ He was dada, and dada doo/ He did this, he did that/ He went here, he went there/ Blah, blab, blab Ooh ooh Jackie" and despite its obviously rough-form lyrics the song was deemed catchy enough to be performed "as is" at the live shows that the Daredevils played prior to recording the bulk of their next album in the barn at Ruedi Valley Ranch near Bolivar (Missouri) in the summer of 1974.
Even in rough form, Lee's song greatly impressed producer Glyn Johns that he ensured it make the final cut for album inclusion. The Daredevils had completed rough tracks for all of the album's potential cuts when they left Missouri for Los Angeles to mix the favored tracks at Sunset Sound. The exception was "Jackie Blue," which had only been recorded as an instrumental. At Sunset Sound, after Johns overdubbed the studio's grand piano on the one Lee played at the ranch, Lee sang Johns the male-focused lyrics. Johns protested, as Lee would recall: "No, no, no, mate. Jackie Blue has to be a girl." Johns then had Lee and fellow band member Steve Cash step out to "regender" the lyrics (Steve Cash quote): "We started over with some of [Lee's] lyrics, switched them around, and I wrote a couple of verses." (Larry Lee quote:)"We just knocked some new lyrics out in about thirty minutes. [From] some drugged-out guy, we changed Jackie into a reclusive girl."
Hearing the completed track, Cash realized that "Jackie Blue" could afford the band a "radio song:" (Steve Cash quote): "It was completely different than [most] of the music we [had] played up to that point. It had something; it had a [catchy] hook." Band member Jerry Mills would concur: (Jerry Mills quote): "'Jackie Blue' sounds commercial [because] it has a certain structure that happens to sound good on a car radio." "Jackie Blue" was the first of the band's singles to feature Lee on lead vocal, drawing comparisons to the Beach Boys – who were in fact a seminal influence on Larry Lee – and also Fleetwood Mac, with Bill Mann of The Montreal Gazette, apparently assuming the track was sung by a woman, dismissing "Jackie Blue" as "an outrageous [knockoff] of Fleetwood [Mac]'s sound, down to the female lead."
"Jackie Blue" would rise as high as #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in May 1975 and would reach #1 on the singles charts in both Cash Box and Record World. According to Steve Cash the single broke out because of heavy airplay in Baltimore and Chicago and then essentially "sold itself" without the benefit of effective promotion from A&M Records, although Mike Granda would opine that A&M (Mike Granda quote): "knew how to market 'Jackie Blue' and did a fabulous job." According to band member Steve Canaday, the ...Daredevils' album It'll Shine When It Shines underperformed for the parent album of a near #1 hit single (Steve Canaday quote): "['Jackie Blue'] appealed to an audience that was not familiar with our band" and were not necessarily interested in the ...Daredevils beyond that one song, which was "too pop" for fans of the ...Daredevils' self-titled debut album.
"Jackie Blue" would prove to be somewhat of an albatross for the Daredevils, who felt pressured by A&M to cater to the song's fans: (Mike Granda quote): "As soon as 'Jackie Blue' [ran its course] they wanted 'Jackie Green' and 'Jackie Brown'". (Larry Lee quote:) "They wanted a specific sound – they wanted an album full of 'Jackie Blues.'" Although Granda maintains the band "stuck to our guns" both the ...Daredevils' third and fourth albums: The Car Over the Lake Album (1975) and Men from Earth (1976), drew critical comment that the ”...Daredevils were patently courting further Top 40 success à la ‘Jackie Blue’.” – which would however remain their final Top 40 hit.
The album version of the song has a running time of 4:11, while the single was edited to 3:16 with an erroneous time of 3:38. The version that appears on some later CD hit compilations is the actual 3:38 edit. In the edit, the fourth chorus and the third verse at one point and the second part of the fade at the second point were both omitted.
Chart performance
"Jackie Blue" reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 while spending two weeks at #1 (May 10–17, 1975) on the Cashbox Singles Chart. It was also a hit internationally: #2 in Canada, #9 in New Zealand, #10 in South Africa, and #27 in Australia.
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Covers
The song was recorded by The Smashing Pumpkins in 1991 as part of the Gish recording and was later released on the compilation 20 Explosive Dynamic Super Smash Hit Explosions! This recording later appeared in the 2012 re-release of Pisces Iscariot.
Ray Conniff recorded the song for his 1975 album, Another Somebody Did Somebody Wrong Song.
AM & Shawn Lee recorded a cover of "Jackie Blue" for their 2011 album Celestial Electric.
References
External links
1975 singles
Song recordings produced by Glyn Johns
The Smashing Pumpkins songs
Songs written by Larry Lee
1974 songs
A&M Records singles
Songs written by Steve Cash
Songs about loneliness
Cashbox number-one singles
The Ozark Mountain Daredevils songs |
The .43 Egyptian was a centerfire rifle cartridge used by the Egyptian Army and France for the No. 1 Remington Military Rifle, a rolling block rifle. Used between 1870 and the end of the First World War, it is closely linked to the .43 Spanish.
History of use
The Egyptian government originally planned to use the Egyptian .43 cartridge in 1868 "as a matter of national prestige" with 60,000 No. 1 Remington rifles order from Remington. Egypt however was initially unable to meet the payments and the rifles and cartridges were sent to France for use during the Franco-Prussian War. The order was eventually completed in 1876.
Distribution was wide in the Middle East and use continued in the civilian population. It was fired at the British Army in the Mahdist War, and production continued until 1916.
References
Pistol and rifle cartridges
Military cartridges |
Dean Ivor Richards (9 June 1974 – 26 February 2011) was an English professional footballer who played as a defender. He began his career at hometown club Bradford City before a four-year stay with Wolverhampton Wanderers. He left to play Premier League football with Southampton and finally Tottenham Hotspur. He also made four appearances for England under-21s.
Richards retired from playing in 2005 due to health concerns, but later returned to the game as a coach at Bradford. He died six years later at the age of 36.
Personal life
Richards was born in Bradford on 9 June 1974. He attended Allerton Middle School and Rhodesway School in Bradford.
Playing career
Bradford City
As a central-defender, Richards started his career at his hometown club Bradford City as a youth trainee. He signed as a full-time professional in 1992 and made his debut aged 17 in October of the same year in a 3–1 victory over AFC Bournemouth in a game in which he scored. He played 86 league games for the Bantams, scoring four goals, and playing 102 games in all competitions.
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Richards moved on loan to promotion-chasing Wolverhampton Wanderers in March 1995, making his debut on 1 April in a 1–0 win at Southend. A permanent deal was quickly arranged for a fee which was initially £1.3 million but eventually rose to £1.8m once various clauses took effect.
Richards made four England under-21 appearances at the Toulon Tournament in 1995, making his debut as captain against Brazil. England reached the semi-final of the competition but lost to hosts France.
During the 1995–96 season he was elevated to the role of club captain but, in January 1996, he was in a car crash that initially seemed to only leave him with a bruised ankle but later revealed an injured knee and back issues. He subsequently missed much of the following two seasons due to persistent injuries. On the field, his performances earned the attention of the likes of Arsenal and Manchester United.
He remained with the club until his contract expired at the end of the 1998–99 season; ironically his final game saw his former club Bradford win promotion to the Premier League at Molineux while Wolves missed out on a play-off place.
Southampton
In July 1999, Richards reached the Premier League when he was signed for Southampton by Dave Jones on a free transfer. He settled quickly into the Southampton side despite replacing the popular Ken Monkou. He was voted the fans' Player of the Year at the end of his first season.
In the three seasons Richards was at the Saints, he made 79 appearances in all competitions and found the net seven times, before joining Tottenham Hotspur in September 2001.
Tottenham Hotspur
Richards impressed new manager Glenn Hoddle so much that, when Hoddle moved to Tottenham Hotspur in March 2001, he tried to take Richards with him. This led to a drawn-out battle of words between chairman Rupert Lowe and the Tottenham board, which ended when Spurs paid £8.1 million to persuade Lowe to release Richards from his contract which he had only signed a few months earlier. He scored on his debut in a 5–3 home defeat to Manchester United.
Richards never realised his full potential at Tottenham due to persistent injury problems, and never fulfilled his ambition to play for his country. At the time, his transfer fee to Tottenham was the highest amount ever paid by a club for a player who had not played internationally.
In March 2005, he announced his retirement from the game due to illness after receiving "evidence that it would be harmful to his health to continue". A specialist told him that if he continued playing he could suffer from a brain haemorrhage. Richards said: "I am obviously deeply disappointed to be giving up the sport I love, but it's the only choice." He was suffering from frequent dizzy spells and headaches that were initially thought to be an inner-ear infection.
Coach
Having gained his coaching qualifications, Richards returned to Bradford City on 3 August 2007, when it was confirmed that he was taking a part-time role as youth coach. He also worked with a company in Spain.
Death
Richards died at the age of 36 on the morning of 26 February 2011 at St. Gemma's Hospice, Leeds after a long-term illness.
On 6 March 2011, two of his former clubs, Wolves and Tottenham, met in the Premier League. This fixture was designated as a tribute game, and as such featured several official and media tributes to Richards' career and life. Joining the teams in the centre circle at Molineux Stadium for a minute's applause before kick-off were his widow Samantha and his two sons Rio and Jaden as well as representatives from his four former clubs (Ledley King for Tottenham, Claus Lundekvam for Southampton, Matt Murray for Wolves, and Mark Lawn for Bradford City), two of his former managers Graham Taylor and Dave Jones, and two former teammates, Don Goodman and James Beattie.
Career statistics
Notes
Honours
Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 1994–95 Second Division, 1995–96 First Division, 1996–97 First Division
References
Bibliography
External links
1974 births
2011 deaths
English men's footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Bradford City A.F.C. non-playing staff
Footballers from Bradford |
John Steven Pramesa (August 28, 1925 – September 9, 1996) was an American professional baseball player, a catcher in the Major Leagues from – for the Chicago Cubs and Cincinnati Reds. A native of Barton, Ohio, he threw and batted right-handed, stood tall and weighed .
Pramesa spent the full seasons of and as the Reds' second-string catcher, playing behind Homer "Dixie" Howell. In 1950, his best MLB season, Pramesa batted .307 in 74 games played and 228 at bats, with a career-high 30 runs batted in.
External links
1925 births
1996 deaths
Major League Baseball catchers
Chicago Cubs players
Cincinnati Reds players
Anderson A's players
Bristol Twins players
Des Moines Bruins players
Jacksonville Tars players
Jersey City Giants players
Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players
Manchester Giants players
Springfield Cubs players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Trenton Giants players
Baseball players from Ohio
Baseball players from West Virginia
People from Belmont County, Ohio |
Cai Chusheng (January 12, 1906 – July 15, 1968) was a Chinese film director of the pre-Communist era, and was the first Chinese director to win an international film award at the Moscow International Film Festival. Best known for his progressive output in the 1930s, Cai Chusheng was later severely persecuted and died during the Cultural Revolution. His ashes are kept at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery in Beijing.
Biography
Early career
Cai was born in Shanghai to Cantonese parents, but raised in Chaoyang, Guangdong. He only had four years of formal education, and was home-schooled after he had spoken up for his class about the misbehavior of a teacher. While home-schooled, he studied Confucianism and practiced calligraphy and painting. Cai Chusheng initially worked in low-level positions in several small studios during the 1920s, before eventually joining Mingxing Film Company as a director's assistant to Zheng Zhengqiu, another Chaoyang-native. Cai later joined the Lianhua Film Company where he directed a handful of mainstream popular films including Spring in the South and Pink Dream (both 1932). He would not cement his reputation as a leading leftist filmmaker until after the Japanese attack in 1932, when Cai, like many of his colleagues, shifted towards increasingly progressive or leftist filmmaking. This shift can be seen in output after 1932, including the class-struggle dramas Dawn Over the Metropolis (1933), Song of the Fishermen (1934), and the proto-feminist New Women (1934), which starred Ruan Lingyu. Song of the Fishermen, for example, was a major box office success in Shanghai where it played for 87 days, and it would also become the first Chinese film to win an international prize, doing so at the Moscow International Film Festival.
Hong Kong and wartime
During the war, Cai fled first to Hong Kong, where he helped launch Mandarin-language cinema with Situ Huimin. In Hong Kong, Cai would also direct two films, including an anti-Japanese thriller. Cai was also a pioneer in making films in local dialects, and the first to make movies in Cantonese. He also made movies in Chaozhou dialect. When Hong Kong fell to the Japanese, Cai fled to Chongqing, China's wartime capital, where he joined the government-run Nationalist Central Film Studio.
Post-war career
Cai's post-war career saw him returning to Shanghai and becoming a leading member of the Lianhua Film Society (later incorporated as the Kunlun Film Company). His collaboration with Zheng Junli The Spring River Flows East (1947) also proved to be a major film and popular success in the brief "Second Golden Age" of Cinema that followed the end of the Second World War. Following the Communist revolution, Cai worked mainly in major government administrative tasks. He was also actively involved in promoting Chinese film industry and also formed an organization to monitor the quality of movies and to recognize talented artists in the industry. He did make one major post-1949 film, Waves on the Southern Shore (1963).
Death and legacy
As the Cultural Revolution began to gain momentum in the late 1960s, Cai Chusheng, like many artists and intellectuals, became the target of persecution. Cai was forced to self-criticize and admit his mistakes in writing. Cai passed away in 1968. His ashes are now placed at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery. The house where Cai spent his youth is now a museum which is designated by the Chinese government as a certified historical attraction. Cai is honored from time to time at major events like the World Expo 2010 and film festivals.
In Stanley Kwan's 1991 biopic of Ruan Lingyu, Center Stage, Cai Chusheng is portrayed by Hong Kong actor Tony Leung Ka Fai. Ruan was one of the Chinese most prominent actresses. This film is about Ruan's life, including her suicide following release of New Women. Cai condemned the press, which had sparked a ripple effect to raise awareness for responsible conduct in the media. Cai was also very active in promoting the social status and literacy of women: when he had time available, he would teach classes to Chinese women to improve their literacy.
Selected filmography
Notes
References
Pang, Laikwan. Chinese National Cinema. Routledge (2002). .
Pickowicz, Paul. "Victory as Defeat: Postwar Visualizations of China's War of Resistance." Becoming Chinese: Passages to Modernity and Beyond, ed. Wen-Hsin Yeh. University of California Press (2000). .
Shen, Vivian. The Origins of Left-Wing Cinema in China: 1932-1937. Routledge (2005). .
Xiao, Zhiwei. "Shi Dongshan" in Encyclopedia of Chinese Film, ed. by Yingjin Zhang and Zhiwei Xiao. Taylor & Francis (1998). .
External links
Cai Chusheng at the Chinese Movie Database
Cai Chusheng at the BFI Film and TV Database
Essay on Cai Chusheng
1906 births
1968 deaths
Film directors from Shanghai
Screenwriters from Shanghai
Chinese emigrants to Hong Kong
People persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution
Delegates to the 1st National People's Congress
Delegates to the 2nd National People's Congress
Delegates to the 3rd National People's Congress
Chinese silent film directors
People's Republic of China politicians from Shanghai
20th-century screenwriters
Chinese torture victims |
```java
package com.dianping.zebra.filter.wall;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import com.dianping.zebra.util.StringUtils;
import junit.framework.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
public class SqlFlowIdGenerator {
@Test
public void test() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
String token = String.format("/*%s*/%s", "dianpingm3-m1-write", "SwitchsInfo.getAllSwitchsInfo");
String resultId = StringUtils.md5(token).substring(0, 8);
Assert.assertEquals("f14b190b", resultId);
}
}
``` |
Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Roundhouse in Victoria, British Columbia, was completed in 1913 and designated a historic building in 1992.
The roundhouse has been virtually unchanged since its construction. It is surrounded by railway shops and outbuildings, representative of the steam railway era in Canada, once serving its namesake railway.
See also
Island Rail Corridor
List of historic places in Victoria, British Columbia
Railway turntable
References
External links
The Roundhouse
1913 establishments in British Columbia
Buildings and structures in Victoria, British Columbia
Buildings and structures on the National Historic Sites of Canada register
National Historic Sites in British Columbia
Railway roundhouses in British Columbia
Transport infrastructure completed in 1913 |
James A. Porter (novelist) (1836-Jan. 13, 1897) was born in Bellefontaine, Logan County, Ohio. He served as a bugler and bandmaster in the U.S. Civil War. Later, he was a music teacher in Galion, Urbana, and Greenville. After his retirement from teaching, he wrote a novel called
A Prince of Anahuac; A Histori-Traditional Story, which was published by The Crawford Company, Galion, Ohio, in 1894.
The book is available from Google Books and will soon be available from Project Gutenberg.
Reference: Ohio authors and their books : biographical data and selective bibliographies for Ohio authors, native and resident, 1796-1950
by William Coyle; Ernest Wessen; Adlai E Stevenson; James Thurber
Cleveland, World Pub. Co., 1962, p. 505.
1836 births
1897 deaths
19th-century American novelists
American male novelists
People from Bellefontaine, Ohio
Novelists from Ohio
19th-century American male writers |
Katastrophe may refer to:
Katastrophe (rapper) (born 1979), American rapper
"Katastrophe", an episode of SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron
Katastrophe, a character in the comic book series Empowered
See also
Catastrophe (disambiguation)
Katastrofe (Petter Bjørklund Kristiansen, born 1989), Norwegian singer and songwriter |
Sir Harvey Turner (11 September 1889 – 31 December 1983) was a New Zealand auctioneer, horticultural wholesaler and distributor, and businessman. He was born in Auckland, New Zealand, in 1889.
In the 1953 Coronation Honours, Turner was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor, for services to the fruit and produce industry, in the 1967 New Year Honours. He died in Auckland in 1983, and was buried at Purewa Cemetery.
In 2005, Turner was posthumously inducted into the New Zealand Business Hall of Fame.
References
1889 births
1983 deaths
New Zealand horticulturists
People from Auckland
20th-century New Zealand businesspeople
New Zealand Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
New Zealand Knights Bachelor
New Zealand auctioneers
Burials at Purewa Cemetery
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
Auckland Harbour Board members |
The Swiss dagger (Schweizerdolch) is a distinctive type of dagger used in Switzerland and by Swiss mercenaries during the 16th century.
It develops from similar dagger types known as basler which were in use during the 14th and 15th centuries. The characteristic mark of the Swiss dagger are two crescent-shaped, inward-bent metal bars delimiting the hilt.
The curved shape of the Swiss dagger hilt appeared as early as the 13th century and remained peculiar to Switzerland, and does not appear to have been imitated elsewhere. The blade was characteristically double edged, tapering to a point and usually had a diamond shape cross-section.
One of the masterpieces of Hans Holbein the Younger is a 1521 design for a dance of death on the sheath of such a dagger (which was implemented on a number of surviving examples). The dagger was often worn horizontally on the hip, thus the ornaments on the scabbard were often also crafted in a horizontally. After 1550, the Swiss dagger became a prestigious ornamental weapon, with hilt and sheath decorated with precious metal and scenes from the Bible, classical antiquity or Swiss history. Daggers of this period are also referred to as "Holbein" daggers. Schneider (1977) dates the bulk of the extant specimens of this ornamented type to the 1560s to 1570s. The Swiss dagger disappears with the beginning Baroque period, in the early 17th century. Schneider (1977) compiled a full index of all known originals and copies (including a considerable number of 19th-century imitations forgeries), for a total of 156 specimens. Many copies of originals were made in the period of national Romanticism (19th century), using a casting method. Schneider was able to distinguish copies from originals due to a slight shrinking due to the casting process. His conclusion was that only slightly less than half of the extant "Holbein" daggers are originals.
The ordnance dagger issued to officers in the Swiss Armed Forces beginning in 1943 was modeled after the historical Swiss dagger. In Nazi Germany, the hilts of some political and military daggers (worn by members of SS, SA, and NSKK formations) were also modeled on the Swiss dagger.
In the Swiss army, the dagger was removed from the officers' dress uniform in 1995.
See also
List of daggers
Swiss arms and armour
Baselard
Medieval dagger
Swiss degen
References
Hugo Schneider, Der Schweizerdolch, Waffen- und Kulturgeschichtliche Entwicklung mit vollständiger Dokumentation der bekannten Originale und Kopien, Zurich (1977); review: B. Thomas, Zeitschrift für schweizerische Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte 35 (1978), 198f..
E. A. Gessler, "Eine Schweizerdolchscheide mit der Darstellung des Totentanzes", Rapport annuel / Musée National Suisse 39 (1930), 85–94.
Old Swiss Confederacy
Daggers
Renaissance-era weapons |
Charles Grenfill Washburn (January 28, 1857 – May 25, 1928) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts.
Biography
He was born in Worcester on January 28, 1857. Washburn graduated from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1875 and from Harvard University in 1880. He studied law, and was admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1887. He connected with various manufacturing enterprises in the city of his birth.
Washburn was elected a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and served in the Massachusetts Senate. He was a member of the committee to revise the State corporation laws in 1902. He was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1904 and 1916,and was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Rockwood Hoar. He was reelected to the Sixtieth and Sixty-first Congresses and served from December 18, 1906, to March 3, 1911.
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Sixty-second Congress. After completing his term, he served as director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. He became president of the Washburn Co. of Worcester, and served in that capacity until his death in Lenox on May 25, 1928. His interment was in Rural Cemetery in Worcester.
References
Bibliography
Haynes, George Henry.: The Life of Charles G. Washburn. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1931.
Who's who in State Politics, 1908 Practical Politics (1908) p. 22.
External links
Charles G. Washburn at the Library of Congress
Republican Party Massachusetts state senators
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Politicians from Worcester, Massachusetts
Worcester Polytechnic Institute alumni
Harvard University alumni
1857 births
1928 deaths
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Burials at Rural Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts) |
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="path_to_url"><head><title>Flatten_Sig (owl-base.Owl_computation_engine_sig.Flatten_Sig)</title><meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../odoc.support/odoc.css"/><meta name="generator" content="odoc 2.4.2"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"/><script src="../../../odoc.support/highlight.pack.js"></script><script>hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();</script></head><body class="odoc"><nav class="odoc-nav"><a href="../index.html">Up</a> <a href="../../index.html">owl-base</a> » <a href="../index.html">Owl_computation_engine_sig</a> » Flatten_Sig</nav><header class="odoc-preamble"><h1>Module type <code><span>Owl_computation_engine_sig.Flatten_Sig</span></code></h1></header><div class="odoc-content"><div class="odoc-include"><details open="open"><summary class="spec include"><code><span><span class="keyword">include</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_computation_engine/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_types_computation_engine.Sig</a></span></code></summary><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec module anchored" id="module-Graph"><a href="#module-Graph" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">module</span> <a href="Graph/index.html">Graph</a></span><span> : <a href="../../Owl_computation_graph_sig/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_computation_graph_sig.Sig</a></span></code></div></div><h6 id="core-evaluation-functions-of-the-engine"><a href="#core-evaluation-functions-of-the-engine" class="anchor"></a>Core evaluation functions of the engine</h6><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-eval_arr"><a href="#val-eval_arr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> eval_arr : <span><span><a href="Graph/Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Graph.Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-eval_elt"><a href="#val-eval_elt" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> eval_elt : <span><span><a href="Graph/Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Graph.Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-eval_graph"><a href="#val-eval_graph" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> eval_graph : <span><a href="Graph/index.html#type-graph">Graph.graph</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div></details></div><div class="odoc-include"><details open="open"><summary class="spec include"><code><span><span class="keyword">include</span> <a href="../../Owl_computation_graph_sig/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_computation_graph_sig.Sig</a></span></code></summary><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec module anchored" id="module-Optimiser"><a href="#module-Optimiser" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">module</span> <a href="Optimiser/index.html">Optimiser</a></span><span> : <a href="../../Owl_computation_optimiser_sig/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_computation_optimiser_sig.Sig</a></span></code></div></div><h6 id="type-definition"><a href="#type-definition" class="anchor"></a>Type definition</h6><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec type anchored" id="type-graph"><a href="#type-graph" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">type</span> graph</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><h6 id="core-functions"><a href="#core-functions" class="anchor"></a>Core functions</h6><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-shape_or_value"><a href="#val-shape_or_value" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> shape_or_value : <span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-t">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> string</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-graph_to_dot"><a href="#val-graph_to_dot" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> graph_to_dot : <span><a href="#type-graph">graph</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> string</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-graph_to_trace"><a href="#val-graph_to_trace" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> graph_to_trace : <span><a href="#type-graph">graph</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> string</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-save_graph"><a href="#val-save_graph" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> save_graph : <span><span class="type-var">'a</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span>string <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-load_graph"><a href="#val-load_graph" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> load_graph : <span>string <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span class="type-var">'a</span> * <span class="type-var">'b</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-collect_rvs"><a href="#val-collect_rvs" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> collect_rvs :
<span><span><span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-invalidate_rvs"><a href="#val-invalidate_rvs" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> invalidate_rvs : <span><a href="#type-graph">graph</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-make_graph"><a href="#val-make_graph" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> make_graph :
<span><span class="label">input</span>:<span><span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="label">output</span>:<span><span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span>string <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="#type-graph">graph</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get_inputs"><a href="#val-get_inputs" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get_inputs :
<span><a href="#type-graph">graph</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get_outputs"><a href="#val-get_outputs" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get_outputs :
<span><a href="#type-graph">graph</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get_node_arr_val"><a href="#val-get_node_arr_val" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get_node_arr_val :
<span><span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.Device.A.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get_node_elt_val"><a href="#val-get_node_elt_val" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get_node_elt_val :
<span><span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-elt">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.Device.A.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-set_node_arr_val"><a href="#val-set_node_arr_val" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> set_node_arr_val :
<span><span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/Device/index.html#type-value">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.Device.value</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-set_node_elt_val"><a href="#val-set_node_elt_val" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> set_node_elt_val :
<span><span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/Device/index.html#type-value">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.Device.value</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-is_iopair_safe"><a href="#val-is_iopair_safe" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> is_iopair_safe : <span><span><span class="type-var">'a</span> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span><span class="type-var">'a</span> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-make_iopair"><a href="#val-make_iopair" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> make_iopair :
<span><a href="#type-graph">graph</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-update_iopair"><a href="#val-update_iopair" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> update_iopair : <span><a href="#type-graph">graph</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-remove_unused_iopair"><a href="#val-remove_unused_iopair" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> remove_unused_iopair :
<span><span><span><span class="type-var">'a</span> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><span class="type-var">'b</span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><span class="type-var">'a</span> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> * <span><span class="type-var">'b</span> array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-init_inputs"><a href="#val-init_inputs" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> init_inputs :
<span><span>(<span><span><a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Optimiser/Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/Device/index.html#type-value">Optimiser.Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.Device.value</a>)</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="#type-graph">graph</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-optimise"><a href="#val-optimise" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> optimise : <span><a href="#type-graph">graph</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div></details></div><div class="odoc-include"><details open="open"><summary class="spec include"><code><span><span class="keyword">include</span> <a href="../../Owl_computation_optimiser_sig/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_computation_optimiser_sig.Sig</a></span></code></summary><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec module anchored" id="module-Operator"><a href="#module-Operator" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">module</span> <a href="Operator/index.html">Operator</a></span><span> : <a href="../../Owl_computation_operator_sig/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_computation_operator_sig.Sig</a></span></code></div></div><h6 id="core-functions_2"><a href="#core-functions_2" class="anchor"></a>Core functions</h6><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-estimate_complexity"><a href="#val-estimate_complexity" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> estimate_complexity : <span><span><span><span class="type-var">'a</span> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> int * int</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-optimise_nodes"><a href="#val-optimise_nodes" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> optimise_nodes :
<span><span><span><a href="Operator/Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Operator.Symbol.Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div></details></div><div class="odoc-include"><details open="open"><summary class="spec include"><code><span><span class="keyword">include</span> <a href="../../Owl_computation_operator_sig/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_computation_operator_sig.Sig</a></span></code></summary><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec module anchored" id="module-Symbol"><a href="#module-Symbol" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">module</span> <a href="Symbol/index.html">Symbol</a></span><span> : <a href="../../Owl_computation_symbol_sig/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_computation_symbol_sig.Sig</a></span></code></div></div><h6 id="vectorised-functions"><a href="#vectorised-functions" class="anchor"></a>Vectorised functions</h6><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-noop"><a href="#val-noop" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> noop : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>noop arr</code> performs no operation on the array <code>arr</code> and returns it as is. This can be useful as a placeholder function. Returns the input array <code>arr</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-empty"><a href="#val-empty" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> empty : <span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>empty shape</code> creates an uninitialized array with the specified <code>shape</code>. The contents of the array are undefined. Returns a new array with the given shape.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-zeros"><a href="#val-zeros" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> zeros : <span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>zeros shape</code> creates an array with the specified <code>shape</code>, filled with zeros. Returns a new array with all elements initialized to zero.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-ones"><a href="#val-ones" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> ones : <span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>ones shape</code> creates an array with the specified <code>shape</code>, filled with ones. Returns a new array with all elements initialized to one.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-create"><a href="#val-create" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> create : <span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>create shape value</code> creates an array with the specified <code>shape</code>, filled with the given <code>value</code>. Returns a new array with all elements initialized to <code>value</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-sequential"><a href="#val-sequential" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> sequential :
<span><span class="optlabel">?a</span>:<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?step</span>:<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>sequential ?a ?step shape</code> creates an array with the specified <code>shape</code>, filled with a sequence of values starting from <code>a</code> with a step of <code>step</code>. If <code>a</code> is not provided, the sequence starts from 0. If <code>step</code> is not provided, the step size is 1. Returns a new array with sequential values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-uniform"><a href="#val-uniform" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> uniform :
<span><span class="optlabel">?a</span>:<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?b</span>:<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>uniform ?a ?b shape</code> creates an array with the specified <code>shape</code>, filled with random values drawn from a uniform distribution over [a, b\). If <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> are not provided, the default range is [0, 1\) . Returns a new array with uniform random values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-gaussian"><a href="#val-gaussian" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> gaussian :
<span><span class="optlabel">?mu</span>:<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?sigma</span>:<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>gaussian ?mu ?sigma shape</code> creates an array with the specified <code>shape</code>, filled with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution with mean <code>mu</code> and standard deviation <code>sigma</code>. If <code>mu</code> is not provided, the default mean is 0. If <code>sigma</code> is not provided, the default standard deviation is 1. Returns a new array with Gaussian random values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-bernoulli"><a href="#val-bernoulli" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> bernoulli : <span><span class="optlabel">?p</span>:<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>bernoulli ?p shape</code> creates an array with the specified <code>shape</code>, filled with random values drawn from a Bernoulli distribution with probability <code>p</code> of being 1. If <code>p</code> is not provided, the default probability is 0.5. Returns a new array with Bernoulli random values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-init"><a href="#val-init" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> init : <span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span>(<span>int <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a>)</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>init shape f</code> creates an array with the specified <code>shape</code>, where each element is initialized using the function <code>f</code>. The function <code>f</code> takes the linear index of the element as input. Returns a new array with elements initialized by the function <code>f</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-init_nd"><a href="#val-init_nd" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> init_nd :
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>(<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a>)</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>init_nd shape f</code> creates an array with the specified <code>shape</code>, where each element is initialized using the function <code>f</code>. The function <code>f</code> takes the multidimensional index of the element as input. Returns a new array with elements initialized by the function <code>f</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-shape"><a href="#val-shape" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> shape : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span>int array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>shape arr</code> returns the shape of the array <code>arr</code> as an array of integers, each representing the size of the corresponding dimension.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-numel"><a href="#val-numel" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> numel : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> int</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>numel arr</code> returns the total number of elements in the array <code>arr</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get"><a href="#val-get" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>get arr index</code> retrieves the element at the specified multidimensional <code>index</code> in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns the value of the element at the given index.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-set"><a href="#val-set" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> set : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>set arr index value</code> sets the element at the specified multidimensional <code>index</code> in the array <code>arr</code> to the given <code>value</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get_slice"><a href="#val-get_slice" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get_slice : <span><span><span>int list</span> list</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>get_slice slices arr</code> extracts a slice from the array <code>arr</code> according to the list of <code>slices</code>. Each element in <code>slices</code> specifies the range for the corresponding dimension. Returns a new array with the extracted slice.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-set_slice"><a href="#val-set_slice" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> set_slice :
<span><span><span>int list</span> list</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>set_slice slices src dest</code> sets the slice in <code>dest</code> defined by <code>slices</code> with the values from the source array <code>src</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get_fancy"><a href="#val-get_fancy" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get_fancy :
<span><span><a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-index">Owl_types.index</a> list</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>get_fancy indices arr</code> extracts elements from the array <code>arr</code> according to the list of <code>indices</code>. Each element in <code>indices</code> specifies an advanced indexing method. Returns a new array with the extracted elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-set_fancy"><a href="#val-set_fancy" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> set_fancy :
<span><span><a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-index">Owl_types.index</a> list</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>set_fancy indices src dest</code> sets the elements in <code>dest</code> defined by <code>indices</code> with the values from the source array <code>src</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-copy"><a href="#val-copy" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> copy : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>copy arr</code> creates a deep copy of the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array that is a copy of <code>arr</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-copy_"><a href="#val-copy_" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> copy_ : <span><span class="label">out</span>:<span class="type-var">'a</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="type-var">'b</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span class="type-var">'c</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>copy_ ~out src</code> copies the contents of the array <code>src</code> into the pre-allocated array <code>out</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-reset"><a href="#val-reset" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> reset : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>reset arr</code> sets all elements of the array <code>arr</code> to zero.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-reshape"><a href="#val-reshape" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> reshape : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>reshape arr shape</code> reshapes the array <code>arr</code> into the new <code>shape</code>. The total number of elements must remain the same. Returns a new array with the specified shape.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-reverse"><a href="#val-reverse" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> reverse : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>reverse arr</code> reverses the elements of the array <code>arr</code> along each dimension. Returns a new array with the elements reversed.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-tile"><a href="#val-tile" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> tile : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>tile arr reps</code> replicates the array <code>arr</code> according to the number of repetitions specified in <code>reps</code> for each dimension. Returns a new array with the tiled data.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-repeat"><a href="#val-repeat" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> repeat : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>repeat arr reps</code> repeats the elements of the array <code>arr</code> according to the number of repetitions specified in <code>reps</code> for each dimension. Returns a new array with the repeated data.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-pad"><a href="#val-pad" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> pad :
<span><span class="optlabel">?v</span>:<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><span>int list</span> list</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>pad ?v padding arr</code> pads the array <code>arr</code> with the value <code>v</code> according to the <code>padding</code> specification for each dimension. If <code>v</code> is not provided, the default padding value is zero. Returns a new array with the padded data.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-expand"><a href="#val-expand" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> expand : <span><span class="optlabel">?hi</span>:bool <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span>int <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>expand ?hi arr n</code> expands the dimensions of the array <code>arr</code> by inserting a new dimension of size <code>n</code>. If <code>hi</code> is true, the new dimension is added at the beginning; otherwise, it is added at the end. Returns a new array with the expanded dimensions.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-squeeze"><a href="#val-squeeze" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> squeeze : <span><span class="optlabel">?axis</span>:<span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>squeeze ?axis arr</code> removes single-dimensional entries from the shape of the array <code>arr</code>. If <code>axis</code> is provided, only the specified dimensions are removed. Returns a new array with the squeezed shape.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-concatenate"><a href="#val-concatenate" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> concatenate :
<span><span class="optlabel">?axis</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>concatenate ?axis arrays</code> concatenates a sequence of arrays along the specified <code>axis</code>. If <code>axis</code> is not provided, the arrays are concatenated along the first axis. Returns a new array with the concatenated data.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-stack"><a href="#val-stack" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> stack : <span><span class="optlabel">?axis</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>stack ?axis arrays</code> stacks a sequence of arrays along a new dimension at the specified <code>axis</code>. If <code>axis</code> is not provided, the arrays are stacked along the first axis. Returns a new array with the stacked data.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-concat"><a href="#val-concat" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> concat :
<span><span class="label">axis</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>concat ~axis a b</code> concatenates the arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> along the specified <code>axis</code>. Returns a new array with the concatenated data.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-split"><a href="#val-split" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> split : <span><span class="optlabel">?axis</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="type-var">'a</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="type-var">'b</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span class="type-var">'c</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>split ?axis src num_or_sections</code> splits the array <code>src</code> into multiple sub-arrays along the specified <code>axis</code>.</p><ul><li><code>num_or_sections</code> specifies the number of equal-sized sub-arrays or the indices where to split. Returns an array of sub-arrays.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-draw"><a href="#val-draw" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> draw :
<span><span class="optlabel">?axis</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span>int <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> * <span><span class="type-var">'a</span> array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>draw ?axis arr n</code> randomly draws <code>n</code> samples from the array <code>arr</code> along the specified <code>axis</code>. Returns a tuple containing the sampled array and an array of indices from which the samples were drawn.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-map"><a href="#val-map" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> map :
<span><span>(<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a>)</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>map f arr</code> applies the function <code>f</code> to each element of the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the results of applying <code>f</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-fold"><a href="#val-fold" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> fold :
<span><span class="optlabel">?axis</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>(<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a>)</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>fold ?axis f init arr</code> reduces the array <code>arr</code> along the specified <code>axis</code> using the function <code>f</code> and an initial value <code>init</code>. If <code>axis</code> is not provided, the reduction is performed on all elements. Returns a new array with the reduced values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-scan"><a href="#val-scan" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> scan :
<span><span class="optlabel">?axis</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>(<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a>)</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>scan ?axis f arr</code> performs a cumulative reduction of the array <code>arr</code> along the specified <code>axis</code> using the function <code>f</code>. Returns a new array with the cumulative results.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-one_hot"><a href="#val-one_hot" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> one_hot : <span>int <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>one_hot depth arr</code> converts the array <code>arr</code> into a one-hot encoded array with a specified <code>depth</code>. Returns a new array with one-hot encoding.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-delay"><a href="#val-delay" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> delay :
<span><span>(<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.Device.A.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.Device.A.arr</a>)</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>delay f x</code> returns <code>f x</code>. It allows to use a function that is not tracked by the computation graph and delay its evaluation. The output must have the same shape as the input.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-delay_array"><a href="#val-delay_array" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> delay_array :
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>(<span><span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.Device.A.arr</a> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.Device.A.arr</a>)</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>delay_array out_shape f x</code> works in the same way as <code>delay</code> but is applied on an array of ndarrays. Needs the shape of the output as an argument.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-lazy_print"><a href="#val-lazy_print" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> lazy_print :
<span><span class="optlabel">?max_row</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?max_col</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?header</span>:bool <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?fmt</span>:<span>(<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.Device.A.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> string)</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>lazy_print x</code> prints the output of <code>x</code> when it is evaluated. Is implemented as an identity node. For information about the optional parameters, refer to the <code>print</code> function of the <code>Ndarray</code> module.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-print"><a href="#val-print" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> print : <span><span class="optlabel">?max_row</span>:<span class="type-var">'a</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="optlabel">?max_col</span>:<span class="type-var">'b</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="optlabel">?header</span>:<span class="type-var">'c</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="optlabel">?fmt</span>:<span class="type-var">'d</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="type-var">'e</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>print ?max_row ?max_col ?header ?fmt data</code> prints a representation of the given <code>data</code>.</p><ul><li><code>max_row</code> is an optional parameter specifying the maximum number of rows to print.</li><li><code>max_col</code> is an optional parameter specifying the maximum number of columns to print.</li><li><code>header</code> is an optional parameter to include a header in the output.</li><li><code>fmt</code> is an optional parameter to specify the format of the output.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-abs"><a href="#val-abs" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> abs : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>abs arr</code> computes the absolute value of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the absolute values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-neg"><a href="#val-neg" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> neg : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>neg arr</code> negates each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with each element negated.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-floor"><a href="#val-floor" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> floor : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>floor arr</code> applies the floor function to each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the floor of each element.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-ceil"><a href="#val-ceil" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> ceil : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>ceil arr</code> applies the ceiling function to each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the ceiling of each element.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-round"><a href="#val-round" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> round : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>round arr</code> rounds each element in the array <code>arr</code> to the nearest integer. Returns a new array with each element rounded to the nearest integer.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-sqr"><a href="#val-sqr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> sqr : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>sqr arr</code> computes the square of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the square of each element.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-sqrt"><a href="#val-sqrt" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> sqrt : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>sqrt arr</code> computes the square root of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the square roots of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-log"><a href="#val-log" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> log : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>log arr</code> computes the natural logarithm of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the natural logarithms of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-log2"><a href="#val-log2" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> log2 : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>log2 arr</code> computes the base-2 logarithm of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the base-2 logarithms of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-log10"><a href="#val-log10" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> log10 : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>log10 arr</code> computes the base-10 logarithm of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the base-10 logarithms of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-exp"><a href="#val-exp" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> exp : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>exp arr</code> computes the exponential function of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the exponentials of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-sin"><a href="#val-sin" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> sin : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>sin arr</code> computes the sine of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the sines of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-cos"><a href="#val-cos" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> cos : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>cos arr</code> computes the cosine of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the cosines of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-tan"><a href="#val-tan" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> tan : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>tan arr</code> computes the tangent of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the tangents of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-sinh"><a href="#val-sinh" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> sinh : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>sinh arr</code> computes the hyperbolic sine of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the hyperbolic sines of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-cosh"><a href="#val-cosh" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> cosh : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>cosh arr</code> computes the hyperbolic cosine of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the hyperbolic cosines of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-tanh"><a href="#val-tanh" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> tanh : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>tanh arr</code> computes the hyperbolic tangent of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the hyperbolic tangents of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-asin"><a href="#val-asin" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> asin : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>asin arr</code> computes the arcsine of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the arcsines of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-acos"><a href="#val-acos" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> acos : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>acos arr</code> computes the arccosine of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the arccosines of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-atan"><a href="#val-atan" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> atan : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>atan arr</code> computes the arctangent of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the arctangents of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-asinh"><a href="#val-asinh" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> asinh : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>asinh arr</code> computes the inverse hyperbolic sine of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the inverse hyperbolic sines of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-acosh"><a href="#val-acosh" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> acosh : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>acosh arr</code> computes the inverse hyperbolic cosine of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the inverse hyperbolic cosines of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-atanh"><a href="#val-atanh" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> atanh : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>atanh arr</code> computes the inverse hyperbolic tangent of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the inverse hyperbolic tangents of the elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-min"><a href="#val-min" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> min :
<span><span class="optlabel">?axis</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?keep_dims</span>:bool <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>min ?axis ?keep_dims arr</code> computes the minimum value along the specified axis of the array <code>arr</code>.</p><ul><li><code>axis</code> specifies the axis along which to compute the minimum.</li><li><code>keep_dims</code> specifies whether to keep the reduced dimensions. Returns a new array with the minimum values.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-max"><a href="#val-max" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> max :
<span><span class="optlabel">?axis</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?keep_dims</span>:bool <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>max ?axis ?keep_dims arr</code> computes the maximum value along the specified axis of the array <code>arr</code>.</p><ul><li><code>axis</code> specifies the axis along which to compute the maximum.</li><li><code>keep_dims</code> specifies whether to keep the reduced dimensions. Returns a new array with the maximum values.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-sum"><a href="#val-sum" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> sum :
<span><span class="optlabel">?axis</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?keep_dims</span>:bool <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>sum ?axis ?keep_dims arr</code> computes the sum of elements along the specified axis of the array <code>arr</code>.</p><ul><li><code>axis</code> specifies the axis along which to compute the sum.</li><li><code>keep_dims</code> specifies whether to keep the reduced dimensions. Returns a new array with the sum of elements.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-sum_reduce"><a href="#val-sum_reduce" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> sum_reduce :
<span><span class="optlabel">?axis</span>:<span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>sum_reduce ?axis arr</code> computes the sum of elements along the specified axes of the array <code>arr</code>.</p><ul><li><code>axis</code> specifies the axes along which to compute the sum. Returns a new array with the sum of elements.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-signum"><a href="#val-signum" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> signum : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>signum arr</code> computes the signum function of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array where each element is -1, 0, or 1, depending on the sign of the corresponding element in <code>arr</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-sigmoid"><a href="#val-sigmoid" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> sigmoid : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>sigmoid arr</code> computes the sigmoid function of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the sigmoid values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-relu"><a href="#val-relu" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> relu : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>relu arr</code> applies the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) function to each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array where each element is the maximum of 0 and the corresponding element in <code>arr</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dawsn"><a href="#val-dawsn" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dawsn : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>dawsn arr</code> computes Dawson's function of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with Dawson's function values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-min'"><a href="#val-min'" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> min' : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>min' arr</code> computes the minimum value in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns the minimum value as an element.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-max'"><a href="#val-max'" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> max' : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>max' arr</code> computes the maximum value in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns the maximum value as an element.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-sum'"><a href="#val-sum'" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> sum' : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>sum' arr</code> computes the sum of all elements in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns the sum as an element.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-log_sum_exp'"><a href="#val-log_sum_exp'" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> log_sum_exp' : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>log_sum_exp' arr</code> computes the log-sum-exp of all elements in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns the log-sum-exp as an element.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-log_sum_exp"><a href="#val-log_sum_exp" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> log_sum_exp :
<span><span class="optlabel">?axis</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?keep_dims</span>:bool <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>log_sum_exp ?axis ?keep_dims arr</code> computes the log of the sum of exponentials of elements along the specified <code>axis</code> of the array <code>arr</code>.</p><ul><li><code>axis</code> specifies the axis along which to compute the log-sum-exp. If not specified, computes over all elements.</li><li><code>keep_dims</code> if true, retains reduced dimensions with size 1. Returns a new array with the log-sum-exp values.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-l1norm'"><a href="#val-l1norm'" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> l1norm' : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>l1norm' arr</code> computes the L1 norm (sum of absolute values) of all elements in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns the L1 norm as an element.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-l2norm'"><a href="#val-l2norm'" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> l2norm' : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>l2norm' arr</code> computes the L2 norm (Euclidean norm) of all elements in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns the L2 norm as an element.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-l2norm_sqr'"><a href="#val-l2norm_sqr'" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> l2norm_sqr' : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>l2norm_sqr' arr</code> computes the squared L2 norm (sum of squared values) of all elements in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns the squared L2 norm as an element.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-clip_by_value"><a href="#val-clip_by_value" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> clip_by_value :
<span><span class="optlabel">?amin</span>:<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?amax</span>:<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>clip_by_value ?amin ?amax arr</code> clips the values in the array <code>arr</code> to the range <code>amin, amax</code>.</p><ul><li><code>amin</code> specifies the minimum value to clip to.</li><li><code>amax</code> specifies the maximum value to clip to. Returns a new array with the values clipped to the specified range.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-clip_by_l2norm"><a href="#val-clip_by_l2norm" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> clip_by_l2norm :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>clip_by_l2norm max_norm arr</code> clips the values in the array <code>arr</code> so that the L2 norm does not exceed <code>max_norm</code>. Returns a new array with the values clipped by the specified L2 norm.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-pow"><a href="#val-pow" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> pow :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>pow base exp</code> computes each element of the array <code>base</code> raised to the power of the corresponding element in <code>exp</code>. Returns a new array with the power values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-scalar_pow"><a href="#val-scalar_pow" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> scalar_pow :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>scalar_pow scalar arr</code> raises the scalar value <code>scalar</code> to the power of each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the power values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-pow_scalar"><a href="#val-pow_scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> pow_scalar :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>pow_scalar arr scalar</code> raises each element in the array <code>arr</code> to the power of the scalar value <code>scalar</code>. Returns a new array with the power values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-atan2"><a href="#val-atan2" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> atan2 :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>atan2 y x</code> computes the element-wise arctangent of <code>y</code> / <code>x</code>, using the signs of the elements to determine the correct quadrant. Returns a new array with the arctangent values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-scalar_atan2"><a href="#val-scalar_atan2" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> scalar_atan2 :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>scalar_atan2 scalar arr</code> computes the element-wise arctangent of <code>scalar</code> / each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the arctangent values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-atan2_scalar"><a href="#val-atan2_scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> atan2_scalar :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>atan2_scalar arr scalar</code> computes the element-wise arctangent of each element in the array <code>arr</code> / <code>scalar</code>. Returns a new array with the arctangent values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-hypot"><a href="#val-hypot" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> hypot :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>hypot x y</code> computes the hypotenuse (sqrt(x^2 + y^2)) for each element in the arrays <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>. Returns a new array with the hypotenuse values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-min2"><a href="#val-min2" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> min2 :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>min2 a b</code> computes the element-wise minimum of arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Returns a new array with the minimum values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-max2"><a href="#val-max2" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> max2 :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>max2 a b</code> computes the element-wise maximum of arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Returns a new array with the maximum values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-add"><a href="#val-add" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> add :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>add a b</code> computes the element-wise addition of arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Returns a new array with the sum of elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-sub"><a href="#val-sub" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> sub :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>sub a b</code> computes the element-wise subtraction of arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Returns a new array with the difference of elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-mul"><a href="#val-mul" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> mul :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>mul a b</code> computes the element-wise multiplication of arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Returns a new array with the product of elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-div"><a href="#val-div" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> div :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>div a b</code> computes the element-wise division of arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Returns a new array with the quotient of elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-add_scalar"><a href="#val-add_scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> add_scalar :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>add_scalar arr scalar</code> adds the scalar value <code>scalar</code> to each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the resulting values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-sub_scalar"><a href="#val-sub_scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> sub_scalar :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>sub_scalar arr scalar</code> subtracts the scalar value <code>scalar</code> from each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the resulting values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-mul_scalar"><a href="#val-mul_scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> mul_scalar :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>mul_scalar arr scalar</code> multiplies each element in the array <code>arr</code> by the scalar value <code>scalar</code>. Returns a new array with the resulting values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-div_scalar"><a href="#val-div_scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> div_scalar :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>div_scalar arr scalar</code> divides each element in the array <code>arr</code> by the scalar value <code>scalar</code>. Returns a new array with the resulting values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-scalar_add"><a href="#val-scalar_add" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> scalar_add :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>scalar_add scalar arr</code> adds the scalar value <code>scalar</code> to each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the resulting values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-scalar_sub"><a href="#val-scalar_sub" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> scalar_sub :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>scalar_sub scalar arr</code> subtracts each element in the array <code>arr</code> from the scalar value <code>scalar</code>. Returns a new array with the resulting values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-scalar_mul"><a href="#val-scalar_mul" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> scalar_mul :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>scalar_mul scalar arr</code> multiplies each element in the array <code>arr</code> by the scalar value <code>scalar</code>. Returns a new array with the resulting values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-scalar_div"><a href="#val-scalar_div" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> scalar_div :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>scalar_div scalar arr</code> divides the scalar value <code>scalar</code> by each element in the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array with the resulting values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-fma"><a href="#val-fma" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> fma :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>fma a b c</code> computes the fused multiply-add operation, multiplying arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>, then adding array <code>c</code>. Returns a new array with the resulting values.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_equal"><a href="#val-elt_equal" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_equal :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>elt_equal a b</code> performs element-wise equality comparison between arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Returns a new array where each element is <code>true</code> if the corresponding elements in <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> are equal, and <code>false</code> otherwise.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_not_equal"><a href="#val-elt_not_equal" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_not_equal :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>elt_not_equal a b</code> performs element-wise inequality comparison between arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Returns a new array where each element is <code>true</code> if the corresponding elements in <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> are not equal, and <code>false</code> otherwise.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_less"><a href="#val-elt_less" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_less :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>elt_less a b</code> performs element-wise less-than comparison between arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Returns a new array where each element is <code>true</code> if the corresponding element in <code>a</code> is less than that in <code>b</code>, and <code>false</code> otherwise.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_greater"><a href="#val-elt_greater" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_greater :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>elt_greater a b</code> performs element-wise greater-than comparison between arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Returns a new array where each element is <code>true</code> if the corresponding element in <code>a</code> is greater than that in <code>b</code>, and <code>false</code> otherwise.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_less_equal"><a href="#val-elt_less_equal" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_less_equal :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>elt_less_equal a b</code> performs element-wise less-than-or-equal-to comparison between arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Returns a new array where each element is <code>true</code> if the corresponding element in <code>a</code> is less than or equal to that in <code>b</code>, and <code>false</code> otherwise.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_greater_equal"><a href="#val-elt_greater_equal" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_greater_equal :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>elt_greater_equal a b</code> performs element-wise greater-than-or-equal-to comparison between arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Returns a new array where each element is <code>true</code> if the corresponding element in <code>a</code> is greater than or equal to that in <code>b</code>, and <code>false</code> otherwise.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_equal_scalar"><a href="#val-elt_equal_scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_equal_scalar :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>elt_equal_scalar arr scalar</code> performs element-wise equality comparison between each element in the array <code>arr</code> and the scalar value <code>scalar</code>. Returns a new array where each element is <code>true</code> if it equals <code>scalar</code>, and <code>false</code> otherwise.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_not_equal_scalar"><a href="#val-elt_not_equal_scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_not_equal_scalar :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>elt_not_equal_scalar arr scalar</code> performs element-wise inequality comparison between each element in the array <code>arr</code> and the scalar value <code>scalar</code>. Returns a new array where each element is <code>true</code> if it does not equal <code>scalar</code>, and <code>false</code> otherwise.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_less_scalar"><a href="#val-elt_less_scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_less_scalar :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>elt_less_scalar arr scalar</code> performs element-wise less-than comparison between each element in the array <code>arr</code> and the scalar value <code>scalar</code>. Returns a new array where each element is <code>true</code> if it is less than <code>scalar</code>, and <code>false</code> otherwise.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_greater_scalar"><a href="#val-elt_greater_scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_greater_scalar :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>elt_greater_scalar arr scalar</code> performs element-wise greater-than comparison between each element in the array <code>arr</code> and the scalar value <code>scalar</code>. Returns a new array where each element is <code>true</code> if it is greater than <code>scalar</code>, and <code>false</code> otherwise.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_less_equal_scalar"><a href="#val-elt_less_equal_scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_less_equal_scalar :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>elt_less_equal_scalar arr scalar</code> performs element-wise less-than-or-equal-to comparison between each element in the array <code>arr</code> and the scalar value <code>scalar</code>. Returns a new array where each element is <code>true</code> if it is less than or equal to <code>scalar</code>, and <code>false</code> otherwise.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_greater_equal_scalar"><a href="#val-elt_greater_equal_scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_greater_equal_scalar :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>elt_greater_equal_scalar arr scalar</code> performs element-wise greater-than-or-equal-to comparison between each element in the array <code>arr</code> and the scalar value <code>scalar</code>. Returns a new array where each element is <code>true</code> if it is greater than or equal to <code>scalar</code>, and <code>false</code> otherwise.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-conv1d"><a href="#val-conv1d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> conv1d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>conv1d ?padding input kernel strides</code> performs a 1-dimensional convolution on the <code>input</code> array using the specified <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length. Returns a new array with the result of the convolution.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-conv2d"><a href="#val-conv2d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> conv2d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>conv2d ?padding input kernel strides</code> performs a 2-dimensional convolution on the <code>input</code> array using the specified <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length. Returns a new array with the result of the convolution.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-conv3d"><a href="#val-conv3d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> conv3d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>conv3d ?padding input kernel strides</code> performs a 3-dimensional convolution on the <code>input</code> array using the specified <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length. Returns a new array with the result of the convolution.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-transpose_conv1d"><a href="#val-transpose_conv1d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> transpose_conv1d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>transpose_conv1d ?padding input kernel strides</code> performs a 1-dimensional transposed convolution (also known as deconvolution) on the <code>input</code> array using the specified <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length. Returns a new array with the result of the transposed convolution.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-transpose_conv2d"><a href="#val-transpose_conv2d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> transpose_conv2d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>transpose_conv2d ?padding input kernel strides</code> performs a 2-dimensional transposed convolution (also known as deconvolution) on the <code>input</code> array using the specified <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length. Returns a new array with the result of the transposed convolution.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-transpose_conv3d"><a href="#val-transpose_conv3d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> transpose_conv3d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>transpose_conv3d ?padding input kernel strides</code> performs a 3-dimensional transposed convolution (also known as deconvolution) on the <code>input</code> array using the specified <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length. Returns a new array with the result of the transposed convolution.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dilated_conv1d"><a href="#val-dilated_conv1d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dilated_conv1d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>dilated_conv1d ?padding input kernel strides dilations</code> performs a 1-dimensional dilated convolution on the <code>input</code> array using the specified <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>dilations</code> specifies the dilation rate. Returns a new array with the result of the dilated convolution.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dilated_conv2d"><a href="#val-dilated_conv2d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dilated_conv2d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>dilated_conv2d ?padding input kernel strides dilations</code> performs a 2-dimensional dilated convolution on the <code>input</code> array using the specified <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>dilations</code> specifies the dilation rate. Returns a new array with the result of the dilated convolution.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dilated_conv3d"><a href="#val-dilated_conv3d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dilated_conv3d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>dilated_conv3d ?padding input kernel strides dilations</code> performs a 3-dimensional dilated convolution on the <code>input</code> array using the specified <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>dilations</code> specifies the dilation rate. Returns a new array with the result of the dilated convolution.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-max_pool1d"><a href="#val-max_pool1d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> max_pool1d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>max_pool1d ?padding input pool_size strides</code> applies a 1-dimensional max pooling operation on the <code>input</code> array.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>pool_size</code> specifies the size of the pooling window.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length. Returns a new array with the result of the max pooling.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-max_pool2d"><a href="#val-max_pool2d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> max_pool2d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>max_pool2d ?padding input pool_size strides</code> applies a 2-dimensional max pooling operation on the <code>input</code> array.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>pool_size</code> specifies the size of the pooling window.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length. Returns a new array with the result of the max pooling.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-max_pool3d"><a href="#val-max_pool3d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> max_pool3d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>max_pool3d ?padding input pool_size strides</code> applies a 3-dimensional max pooling operation on the <code>input</code> array.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>pool_size</code> specifies the size of the pooling window.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length. Returns a new array with the result of the max pooling.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-avg_pool1d"><a href="#val-avg_pool1d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> avg_pool1d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>avg_pool1d ?padding input pool_size strides</code> applies a 1-dimensional average pooling operation on the <code>input</code> array.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>pool_size</code> specifies the size of the pooling window.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length. Returns a new array with the result of the average pooling.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-avg_pool2d"><a href="#val-avg_pool2d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> avg_pool2d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>avg_pool2d ?padding input pool_size strides</code> applies a 2-dimensional average pooling operation on the <code>input</code> array.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>pool_size</code> specifies the size of the pooling window.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length. Returns a new array with the result of the average pooling.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-avg_pool3d"><a href="#val-avg_pool3d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> avg_pool3d :
<span><span class="optlabel">?padding</span>:<a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>avg_pool3d ?padding input pool_size strides</code> applies a 3-dimensional average pooling operation on the <code>input</code> array.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy (default is "valid").</li><li><code>pool_size</code> specifies the size of the pooling window.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length. Returns a new array with the result of the average pooling.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-upsampling2d"><a href="#val-upsampling2d" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> upsampling2d : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>upsampling2d input size</code> performs a 2-dimensional upsampling on the <code>input</code> array.</p><ul><li><code>size</code> specifies the upsampling factors for each dimension. Returns a new array with the upsampled data.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-conv1d_backward_input"><a href="#val-conv1d_backward_input" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> conv1d_backward_input :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>conv1d_backward_input input kernel strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 1-dimensional <code>input</code> array.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-conv1d_backward_kernel"><a href="#val-conv1d_backward_kernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> conv1d_backward_kernel :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>conv1d_backward_kernel input kernel strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 1-dimensional convolutional <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the kernel.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-conv2d_backward_input"><a href="#val-conv2d_backward_input" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> conv2d_backward_input :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>conv2d_backward_input input kernel strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 2-dimensional <code>input</code> array.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-conv2d_backward_kernel"><a href="#val-conv2d_backward_kernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> conv2d_backward_kernel :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>conv2d_backward_kernel input kernel strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 2-dimensional convolutional <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the kernel.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-conv3d_backward_input"><a href="#val-conv3d_backward_input" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> conv3d_backward_input :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>conv3d_backward_input input kernel strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 3-dimensional <code>input</code> array.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-conv3d_backward_kernel"><a href="#val-conv3d_backward_kernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> conv3d_backward_kernel :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>conv3d_backward_kernel input kernel strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 3-dimensional convolutional <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the kernel.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-transpose_conv1d_backward_input"><a href="#val-transpose_conv1d_backward_input" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> transpose_conv1d_backward_input :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>transpose_conv1d_backward_input input kernel strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 1-dimensional <code>input</code> array for the transposed convolution operation.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the transposed convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the transposed convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-transpose_conv1d_backward_kernel"><a href="#val-transpose_conv1d_backward_kernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> transpose_conv1d_backward_kernel :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>transpose_conv1d_backward_kernel input kernel strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 1-dimensional transposed convolutional <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the transposed convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the transposed convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the kernel.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-transpose_conv2d_backward_input"><a href="#val-transpose_conv2d_backward_input" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> transpose_conv2d_backward_input :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>transpose_conv2d_backward_input input kernel strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 2-dimensional <code>input</code> array for the transposed convolution operation.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the transposed convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the transposed convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-transpose_conv2d_backward_kernel"><a href="#val-transpose_conv2d_backward_kernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> transpose_conv2d_backward_kernel :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>transpose_conv2d_backward_kernel input kernel strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 2-dimensional transposed convolutional <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the transposed convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the transposed convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the kernel.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-transpose_conv3d_backward_input"><a href="#val-transpose_conv3d_backward_input" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> transpose_conv3d_backward_input :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>transpose_conv3d_backward_input input kernel strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 3-dimensional <code>input</code> array for the transposed convolution operation.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the transposed convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the transposed convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-transpose_conv3d_backward_kernel"><a href="#val-transpose_conv3d_backward_kernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> transpose_conv3d_backward_kernel :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>transpose_conv3d_backward_kernel input kernel strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 3-dimensional transposed convolutional <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the transposed convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the transposed convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the kernel.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dilated_conv1d_backward_input"><a href="#val-dilated_conv1d_backward_input" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dilated_conv1d_backward_input :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>dilated_conv1d_backward_input input kernel strides dilations grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 1-dimensional <code>input</code> array for the dilated convolution operation.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the dilated convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>dilations</code> specifies the dilation rate.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the dilated convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dilated_conv1d_backward_kernel"><a href="#val-dilated_conv1d_backward_kernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dilated_conv1d_backward_kernel :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>dilated_conv1d_backward_kernel input kernel strides dilations grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 1-dimensional dilated convolutional <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the dilated convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>dilations</code> specifies the dilation rate.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the dilated convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the kernel.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dilated_conv2d_backward_input"><a href="#val-dilated_conv2d_backward_input" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dilated_conv2d_backward_input :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>dilated_conv2d_backward_input input kernel strides dilations grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 2-dimensional <code>input</code> array for the dilated convolution operation.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the dilated convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>dilations</code> specifies the dilation rate.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the dilated convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dilated_conv2d_backward_kernel"><a href="#val-dilated_conv2d_backward_kernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dilated_conv2d_backward_kernel :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>dilated_conv2d_backward_kernel input kernel strides dilations grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 2-dimensional dilated convolutional <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the dilated convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>dilations</code> specifies the dilation rate.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the dilated convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the kernel.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dilated_conv3d_backward_input"><a href="#val-dilated_conv3d_backward_input" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dilated_conv3d_backward_input :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>dilated_conv3d_backward_input input kernel strides dilations grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 3-dimensional <code>input</code> array for the dilated convolution operation.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the dilated convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>dilations</code> specifies the dilation rate.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the dilated convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dilated_conv3d_backward_kernel"><a href="#val-dilated_conv3d_backward_kernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dilated_conv3d_backward_kernel :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>dilated_conv3d_backward_kernel input kernel strides dilations grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 3-dimensional dilated convolutional <code>kernel</code>.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>kernel</code> is the dilated convolutional kernel used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>dilations</code> specifies the dilation rate.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the dilated convolutional layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the kernel.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-max_pool1d_backward"><a href="#val-max_pool1d_backward" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> max_pool1d_backward :
<span><a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>max_pool1d_backward padding input pool_size strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 1-dimensional <code>input</code> array after max pooling.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>pool_size</code> specifies the size of the pooling window.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the max pooling layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-max_pool2d_backward"><a href="#val-max_pool2d_backward" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> max_pool2d_backward :
<span><a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>max_pool2d_backward padding input pool_size strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 2-dimensional <code>input</code> array after max pooling.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>pool_size</code> specifies the size of the pooling window.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the max pooling layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-max_pool3d_backward"><a href="#val-max_pool3d_backward" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> max_pool3d_backward :
<span><a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>max_pool3d_backward padding input pool_size strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 3-dimensional <code>input</code> array after max pooling.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>pool_size</code> specifies the size of the pooling window.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the max pooling layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-avg_pool1d_backward"><a href="#val-avg_pool1d_backward" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> avg_pool1d_backward :
<span><a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>avg_pool1d_backward padding input pool_size strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 1-dimensional <code>input</code> array after average pooling.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>pool_size</code> specifies the size of the pooling window.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the average pooling layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-avg_pool2d_backward"><a href="#val-avg_pool2d_backward" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> avg_pool2d_backward :
<span><a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>avg_pool2d_backward padding input pool_size strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 2-dimensional <code>input</code> array after average pooling.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>pool_size</code> specifies the size of the pooling window.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the average pooling layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-avg_pool3d_backward"><a href="#val-avg_pool3d_backward" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> avg_pool3d_backward :
<span><a href="../../Owl_types/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types.padding</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>avg_pool3d_backward padding input pool_size strides grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the 3-dimensional <code>input</code> array after average pooling.</p><ul><li><code>padding</code> specifies the padding strategy used during the forward pass.</li><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>pool_size</code> specifies the size of the pooling window.</li><li><code>strides</code> specifies the stride length.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the average pooling layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-upsampling2d_backward"><a href="#val-upsampling2d_backward" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> upsampling2d_backward :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>upsampling2d_backward input size grad_output</code> computes the gradient of the loss with respect to the <code>input</code> array after 2-dimensional upsampling.</p><ul><li><code>input</code> is the original input array.</li><li><code>size</code> specifies the upsampling factors for each dimension.</li><li><code>grad_output</code> is the gradient of the loss with respect to the output of the upsampling layer. Returns a new array with the gradients of the input.</li></ul></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-row_num"><a href="#val-row_num" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> row_num : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> int</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>row_num arr</code> returns the number of rows in the array <code>arr</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-col_num"><a href="#val-col_num" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> col_num : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> int</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>col_num arr</code> returns the number of columns in the array <code>arr</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-row"><a href="#val-row" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> row : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="type-var">'a</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>row arr idx</code> extracts the row at index <code>idx</code> from the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array containing the specified row.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-rows"><a href="#val-rows" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> rows : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>rows arr indices</code> extracts multiple rows specified by <code>indices</code> from the array <code>arr</code>. Returns a new array containing the selected rows.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-copy_row_to"><a href="#val-copy_row_to" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> copy_row_to : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="type-var">'a</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="type-var">'b</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>copy_row_to src src_idx dest_idx</code> copies the row at index <code>src_idx</code> in the array <code>src</code> to the row at index <code>dest_idx</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-copy_col_to"><a href="#val-copy_col_to" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> copy_col_to : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="type-var">'a</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="type-var">'b</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>copy_col_to src src_idx dest_idx</code> copies the column at index <code>src_idx</code> in the array <code>src</code> to the column at index <code>dest_idx</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-diag"><a href="#val-diag" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> diag : <span><span class="optlabel">?k</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>diag ?k arr</code> extracts the k-th diagonal from the array <code>arr</code>. If <code>k</code> is not provided, the main diagonal is extracted. Returns a new array containing the diagonal elements.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-trace"><a href="#val-trace" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> trace : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>trace arr</code> computes the sum of the elements on the main diagonal of the array <code>arr</code>. Returns the trace as an element.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-dot"><a href="#val-dot" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> dot :
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>dot a b</code> computes the dot product of the arrays <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>. Returns a new array with the result of the dot product.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-transpose"><a href="#val-transpose" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> transpose :
<span><span class="optlabel">?axis</span>:<span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>transpose ?axis arr</code> transposes the array <code>arr</code>. If <code>axis</code> is provided, the transpose is performed according to the specified axes. Returns a new array with the transposed data.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-to_rows"><a href="#val-to_rows" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> to_rows : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="type-var">'a</span> array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>to_rows arr</code> converts the array <code>arr</code> into an array of row vectors. Returns an array where each element is a row from the original array.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-of_rows"><a href="#val-of_rows" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> of_rows : <span><span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>of_rows rows</code> creates an array by stacking the row vectors in <code>rows</code>. Returns a new array constructed from the row vectors.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-to_cols"><a href="#val-to_cols" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> to_cols : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span class="type-var">'a</span> array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>to_cols arr</code> converts the array <code>arr</code> into an array of column vectors. Returns an array where each element is a column from the original array.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-of_cols"><a href="#val-of_cols" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> of_cols : <span><span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>of_cols cols</code> creates an array by stacking the column vectors in <code>cols</code>. Returns a new array constructed from the column vectors.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-of_array"><a href="#val-of_array" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> of_array :
<span><span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>of_array data shape</code> creates an array from a flat array <code>data</code> with the specified <code>shape</code>. Returns a new array with the data arranged according to the shape.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-of_arrays"><a href="#val-of_arrays" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> of_arrays : <span><span><span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> array</span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>of_arrays data</code> creates an array from a 2D array <code>data</code>, where each sub-array represents a row. Returns a new array with the data from the 2D array.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-to_arrays"><a href="#val-to_arrays" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> to_arrays : <span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Symbol.Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span><a href="Symbol/Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Symbol.Shape.Type.elt</a> array</span> array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>to_arrays arr</code> converts the array <code>arr</code> into a 2D array where each sub-array represents a row. Returns a 2D array with the data from the original array.</p></div></div><h6 id="scalar-functions"><a href="#scalar-functions" class="anchor"></a>Scalar functions</h6><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec module anchored" id="module-Scalar"><a href="#module-Scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">module</span> <a href="Scalar/index.html">Scalar</a></span><span> : <span class="keyword">sig</span> ... <span class="keyword">end</span></span></code></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec module anchored" id="module-Mat"><a href="#module-Mat" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">module</span> <a href="Mat/index.html">Mat</a></span><span> : <span class="keyword">sig</span> ... <span class="keyword">end</span></span></code></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec module anchored" id="module-Linalg"><a href="#module-Linalg" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">module</span> <a href="Linalg/index.html">Linalg</a></span><span> : <span class="keyword">sig</span> ... <span class="keyword">end</span></span></code></div></div></details></div><div class="odoc-include"><details open="open"><summary class="spec include"><code><span><span class="keyword">include</span> <a href="../../Owl_computation_symbol_sig/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_computation_symbol_sig.Sig</a></span></code></summary><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec module anchored" id="module-Shape"><a href="#module-Shape" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">module</span> <a href="Shape/index.html">Shape</a></span><span> : <a href="../../Owl_computation_shape_sig/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_computation_shape_sig.Sig</a></span></code></div></div><h6 id="core-functions_3"><a href="#core-functions_3" class="anchor"></a>Core functions</h6><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-op_to_str"><a href="#val-op_to_str" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> op_to_str : <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-op">Shape.Type.op</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> string</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-is_random_variable"><a href="#val-is_random_variable" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> is_random_variable : <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-op">Shape.Type.op</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-refnum"><a href="#val-refnum" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> refnum : <span><span><span class="type-var">'a</span> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> int</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-node_shape"><a href="#val-node_shape" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> node_shape : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span>int array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-node_numel"><a href="#val-node_numel" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> node_numel : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> int</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-is_shape_unknown"><a href="#val-is_shape_unknown" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> is_shape_unknown : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-infer_shape_graph"><a href="#val-infer_shape_graph" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> infer_shape_graph : <span><span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-shape_to_str"><a href="#val-shape_to_str" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> shape_to_str : <span><span><span><span>int array</span> option</span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> string</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-node_to_str"><a href="#val-node_to_str" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> node_to_str : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> string</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-node_to_arr"><a href="#val-node_to_arr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> node_to_arr : <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-t">Shape.Type.t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-arr_to_node"><a href="#val-arr_to_node" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> arr_to_node : <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-t">Shape.Type.t</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-node_to_elt"><a href="#val-node_to_elt" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> node_to_elt : <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-t">Shape.Type.t</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_to_node"><a href="#val-elt_to_node" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_to_node : <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-t">Shape.Type.t</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-make_node"><a href="#val-make_node" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> make_node :
<span><span class="optlabel">?name</span>:string <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?value</span>:<span><a href="Shape/Type/Device/index.html#type-value">Shape.Type.Device.value</a> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?shape</span>:<span><span><span>int array</span> option</span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?freeze</span>:bool <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?reuse</span>:bool <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span class="optlabel">?state</span>:<a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-state">Shape.Type.state</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-op">Shape.Type.op</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-make_then_connect"><a href="#val-make_then_connect" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> make_then_connect :
<span><span class="optlabel">?shape</span>:<span><span><span>int array</span> option</span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-op">Shape.Type.op</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-var_arr"><a href="#val-var_arr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> var_arr : <span><span class="optlabel">?shape</span>:<span>int array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span>string <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-var_elt"><a href="#val-var_elt" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> var_elt : <span>string <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-const_arr"><a href="#val-const_arr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> const_arr : <span>string <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Shape.Type.Device.A.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-const_elt"><a href="#val-const_elt" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> const_elt : <span>string <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-elt">Shape.Type.Device.A.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-new_block_id"><a href="#val-new_block_id" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> new_block_id : <span>unit <span class="arrow">-></span></span> int</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>new_block_id ()</code> returns an unused block id.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-make_empty_block"><a href="#val-make_empty_block" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> make_empty_block : <span><span class="optlabel">?block_id</span>:int <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span>int <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-block">Shape.Type.block</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>make_empty_block s</code> returns an empty block of memory of size <code>s</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-make_value_block"><a href="#val-make_value_block" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> make_value_block :
<span><a href="Shape/Type/Device/index.html#type-value">Shape.Type.Device.value</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>make_value_block value node</code> creates a block of memory initialised with <code>value</code> and links the new block to <code>node</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get_block"><a href="#val-get_block" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get_block : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-block">Shape.Type.block</a> array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>get_block node</code> returns the memory block allocated to <code>node</code>. If no block is allocated, throws an exception.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-add_node_to_block"><a href="#val-add_node_to_block" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> add_node_to_block :
<span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-block">Shape.Type.block</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>Link a node to a reusable block and initialises its memory on the memory of the block.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get_active_node"><a href="#val-get_active_node" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get_active_node : <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-block">Shape.Type.block</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> option</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>Return the node that is currently using the memory of the block.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-set_active_node"><a href="#val-set_active_node" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> set_active_node :
<span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-block">Shape.Type.block</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>Update the node that is currently using the block of memory.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get_block_id"><a href="#val-get_block_id" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get_block_id : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> int</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>get_block_id node</code> returns the id of the block assigned to <code>node</code>. If <code>node</code> has not been assigned yet, returns <code>-1</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-set_value"><a href="#val-set_value" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> set_value :
<span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><a href="Shape/Type/Device/index.html#type-value">Shape.Type.Device.value</a> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get_value"><a href="#val-get_value" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get_value : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Shape/Type/Device/index.html#type-value">Shape.Type.Device.value</a> array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-set_operator"><a href="#val-set_operator" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> set_operator : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-op">Shape.Type.op</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get_operator"><a href="#val-get_operator" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get_operator : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-op">Shape.Type.op</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-set_reuse"><a href="#val-set_reuse" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> set_reuse : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span>bool <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get_reuse"><a href="#val-get_reuse" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get_reuse : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-is_shared"><a href="#val-is_shared" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> is_shared : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-get_shared_nodes"><a href="#val-get_shared_nodes" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> get_shared_nodes :
<span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>get_shared_nodes node</code> returns the nodes sharing the same block of memory as <code>node</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-is_var"><a href="#val-is_var" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> is_var : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-is_const"><a href="#val-is_const" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> is_const : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-is_node_arr"><a href="#val-is_node_arr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> is_node_arr : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-is_node_elt"><a href="#val-is_node_elt" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> is_node_elt : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-is_assigned"><a href="#val-is_assigned" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> is_assigned : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>is_assigned node</code> checks if a block of memory has been assigned to <code>node</code>.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-check_assigned"><a href="#val-check_assigned" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> check_assigned : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>check_assigned node</code> throws an exception if <code>node</code> has not been assigned to a block.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-is_valid"><a href="#val-is_valid" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> is_valid : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-validate"><a href="#val-validate" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> validate : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-invalidate"><a href="#val-invalidate" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> invalidate : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-invalidate_graph"><a href="#val-invalidate_graph" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> invalidate_graph : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-is_freeze"><a href="#val-is_freeze" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> is_freeze : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-freeze"><a href="#val-freeze" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> freeze : <span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-freeze_descendants"><a href="#val-freeze_descendants" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> freeze_descendants : <span><span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-freeze_ancestors"><a href="#val-freeze_ancestors" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> freeze_ancestors : <span><span><span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-attr">Shape.Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-pack_arr"><a href="#val-pack_arr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> pack_arr : <span><a href="Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Shape.Type.Device.A.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Shape.Type.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-unpack_arr"><a href="#val-unpack_arr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> unpack_arr : <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Shape.Type.Device.A.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-pack_elt"><a href="#val-pack_elt" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> pack_elt : <span><a href="Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-elt">Shape.Type.Device.A.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-unpack_elt"><a href="#val-unpack_elt" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> unpack_elt : <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-elt">Shape.Type.Device.A.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-unsafe_assign_arr"><a href="#val-unsafe_assign_arr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> unsafe_assign_arr : <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Shape.Type.Device.A.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-assign_arr"><a href="#val-assign_arr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> assign_arr : <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-arr">Shape.Type.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Shape.Type.Device.A.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-assign_elt"><a href="#val-assign_elt" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> assign_elt : <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="Shape/Type/Device/A/index.html#type-elt">Shape.Type.Device.A.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> unit</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-float_to_elt"><a href="#val-float_to_elt" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> float_to_elt : <span>float <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Shape.Type.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_to_float"><a href="#val-elt_to_float" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_to_float : <span><a href="Shape/Type/index.html#type-elt">Shape.Type.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> float</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div></details></div><div class="odoc-include"><details open="open"><summary class="spec include"><code><span><span class="keyword">include</span> <a href="../../Owl_computation_shape_sig/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_computation_shape_sig.Sig</a></span></code></summary><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec module anchored" id="module-Type"><a href="#module-Type" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">module</span> <a href="Type/index.html">Type</a></span><span> : <a href="../../Owl_computation_type_sig/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_computation_type_sig.Sig</a></span></code></div></div><h6 id="core-functions_4"><a href="#core-functions_4" class="anchor"></a>Core functions</h6><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-infer_shape"><a href="#val-infer_shape" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> infer_shape :
<span><a href="Type/index.html#type-op">Type.op</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><span><a href="Type/index.html#type-attr">Type.attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span>
<span><span><span>int array</span> option</span> array</span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div></details></div><div class="odoc-include"><details open="open"><summary class="spec include"><code><span><span class="keyword">include</span> <a href="../../Owl_computation_type_sig/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_computation_type_sig.Sig</a></span></code></summary><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec module anchored" id="module-Device"><a href="#module-Device" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">module</span> <a href="Device/index.html">Device</a></span><span> : <a href="../../Owl_types_computation_device/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_types_computation_device.Sig</a></span></code></div></div><h6 id="type-definition_2"><a href="#type-definition_2" class="anchor"></a>Type definition</h6><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec type anchored" id="type-state"><a href="#type-state" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">type</span> state</span><span> = </span></code><ol><li id="type-state.Valid" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-state.Valid" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Valid</span></span></code></li><li id="type-state.Invalid" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-state.Invalid" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Invalid</span></span></code><div class="def-doc"><span class="comment-delim">(*</span><p>TODO</p><span class="comment-delim">*)</span></div></li></ol></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec type anchored" id="type-t"><a href="#type-t" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">type</span> t</span><span> = <span><a href="#type-attr">attr</a> <a href="../../Owl_graph/index.html#type-node">Owl_graph.node</a></span></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec type anchored" id="type-block"><a href="#type-block" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">and</span> block</span><span> = </span><span>{</span></code><ol><li id="type-block.size" class="def record field anchored"><a href="#type-block.size" class="anchor"></a><code><span>size : int;</span></code></li><li id="type-block.block_id" class="def record field anchored"><a href="#type-block.block_id" class="anchor"></a><code><span>block_id : int;</span></code></li><li id="type-block.active" class="def record field anchored"><a href="#type-block.active" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">mutable</span> active : <span><a href="#type-t">t</a> option</span>;</span></code></li><li id="type-block.memory" class="def record field anchored"><a href="#type-block.memory" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">mutable</span> memory : <a href="Device/index.html#type-value">Device.value</a>;</span></code></li><li id="type-block.nodes" class="def record field anchored"><a href="#type-block.nodes" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">mutable</span> nodes : <span><a href="#type-t">t</a> list</span>;</span></code></li></ol><code><span>}</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p><code>block</code> type keeps a reference to a block of memory and to the nodes sharing that block.</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec type anchored" id="type-attr"><a href="#type-attr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">and</span> attr</span><span> = </span><span>{</span></code><ol><li id="type-attr.op" class="def record field anchored"><a href="#type-attr.op" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">mutable</span> op : <a href="#type-op">op</a>;</span></code></li><li id="type-attr.freeze" class="def record field anchored"><a href="#type-attr.freeze" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">mutable</span> freeze : bool;</span></code></li><li id="type-attr.reuse" class="def record field anchored"><a href="#type-attr.reuse" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">mutable</span> reuse : bool;</span></code></li><li id="type-attr.state" class="def record field anchored"><a href="#type-attr.state" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">mutable</span> state : <a href="#type-state">state</a>;</span></code></li><li id="type-attr.shape" class="def record field anchored"><a href="#type-attr.shape" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">mutable</span> shape : <span><span><span>int array</span> option</span> array</span>;</span></code></li><li id="type-attr.value" class="def record field anchored"><a href="#type-attr.value" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">mutable</span> value : <span><a href="Device/index.html#type-value">Device.value</a> array</span>;</span></code></li><li id="type-attr.block" class="def record field anchored"><a href="#type-attr.block" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">mutable</span> block : <span><span><a href="#type-block">block</a> array</span> option</span>;</span></code></li></ol><code><span>}</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec type anchored" id="type-arr"><a href="#type-arr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">and</span> arr</span><span> = </span></code><ol><li id="type-arr.Arr" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-arr.Arr" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Arr</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="#type-t">t</a></span></code></li></ol></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec type anchored" id="type-elt"><a href="#type-elt" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">and</span> elt</span><span> = </span></code><ol><li id="type-elt.Elt" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-elt.Elt" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Elt</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="#type-t">t</a></span></code></li></ol></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec type anchored" id="type-op"><a href="#type-op" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">and</span> op</span><span> = </span></code><ol><li id="type-op.Noop" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Noop" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Noop</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Var" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Var" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Var</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Const" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Const" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Const</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Empty" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Empty" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Empty</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Zeros" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Zeros" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Zeros</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Ones" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Ones" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Ones</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Create" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Create" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Create</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Sequential" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Sequential" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Sequential</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Uniform" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Uniform" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Uniform</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Gaussian" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Gaussian" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Gaussian</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Bernoulli" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Bernoulli" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Bernoulli</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Init" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Init" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Init</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span> * <span>int <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="#type-elt">elt</a></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Get" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Get" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Get</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Set" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Set" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Set</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.GetSlice" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.GetSlice" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">GetSlice</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span><span>int list</span> list</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.SetSlice" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.SetSlice" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">SetSlice</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span><span>int list</span> list</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.GetFancy" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.GetFancy" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">GetFancy</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span><a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-index">Owl_types_common.index</a> list</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.SetFancy" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.SetFancy" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">SetFancy</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span><a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-index">Owl_types_common.index</a> list</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Copy" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Copy" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Copy</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Reset" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Reset" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Reset</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Reshape" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Reshape" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Reshape</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Reverse" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Reverse" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Reverse</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Tile" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Tile" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Tile</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Repeat" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Repeat" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Repeat</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Pad" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Pad" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Pad</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="#type-elt">elt</a> * <span><span>int list</span> list</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Concatenate" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Concatenate" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Concatenate</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> int</span></code></li><li id="type-op.Stack" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Stack" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Stack</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> int</span></code></li><li id="type-op.Split" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Split" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Split</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> int * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Draw" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Draw" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Draw</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> int * int</span></code></li><li id="type-op.Map" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Map" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Map</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span><a href="#type-elt">elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="#type-elt">elt</a></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Fold" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Fold" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Fold</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> int * <span><a href="#type-elt">elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="#type-elt">elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="#type-elt">elt</a></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scan" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scan" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scan</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> int * <span><a href="#type-elt">elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <span><a href="#type-elt">elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="#type-elt">elt</a></span></code></li><li id="type-op.OneHot" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.OneHot" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">OneHot</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> int</span></code></li><li id="type-op.OfArray" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.OfArray" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">OfArray</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Delay" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Delay" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Delay</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span><a href="Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Device.A.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Device.A.arr</a></span></code></li><li id="type-op.DelayArray" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.DelayArray" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">DelayArray</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span> * <span><span><a href="Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Device.A.arr</a> array</span> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="Device/A/index.html#type-arr">Device.A.arr</a></span></code></li><li id="type-op.LazyPrint" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.LazyPrint" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">LazyPrint</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int option</span>
* <span>int option</span>
* <span>bool option</span>
* <span><span>(<span><a href="Device/A/index.html#type-elt">Device.A.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> string)</span> option</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Abs" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Abs" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Abs</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Neg" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Neg" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Neg</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Floor" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Floor" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Floor</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Ceil" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Ceil" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Ceil</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Round" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Round" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Round</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Sqr" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Sqr" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Sqr</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Sqrt" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Sqrt" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Sqrt</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Log" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Log" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Log</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Log2" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Log2" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Log2</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Log10" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Log10" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Log10</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Exp" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Exp" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Exp</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Sin" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Sin" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Sin</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Cos" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Cos" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Cos</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Tan" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Tan" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Tan</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Sinh" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Sinh" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Sinh</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Cosh" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Cosh" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Cosh</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Tanh" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Tanh" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Tanh</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Asin" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Asin" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Asin</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Acos" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Acos" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Acos</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Atan" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Atan" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Atan</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Asinh" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Asinh" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Asinh</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Acosh" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Acosh" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Acosh</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Atanh" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Atanh" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Atanh</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Min" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Min" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Min</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> bool * int</span></code></li><li id="type-op.Max" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Max" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Max</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> bool * int</span></code></li><li id="type-op.Sum" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Sum" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Sum</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> bool * int</span></code></li><li id="type-op.SumReduce" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.SumReduce" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">SumReduce</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Signum" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Signum" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Signum</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Sigmoid" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Sigmoid" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Sigmoid</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Relu" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Relu" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Relu</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Dawsn" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Dawsn" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Dawsn</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Min'" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Min'" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Min'</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Max'" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Max'" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Max'</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Sum'" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Sum'" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Sum'</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.LogSumExp'" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.LogSumExp'" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">LogSumExp'</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.LogSumExp" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.LogSumExp" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">LogSumExp</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> bool * int</span></code></li><li id="type-op.L1norm'" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.L1norm'" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">L1norm'</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.L2norm'" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.L2norm'" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">L2norm'</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.L2NormSqr'" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.L2NormSqr'" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">L2NormSqr'</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.ClipByValue" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.ClipByValue" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">ClipByValue</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.ClipByL2norm" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.ClipByL2norm" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">ClipByL2norm</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Pow" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Pow" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Pow</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.ScalarPow" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.ScalarPow" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">ScalarPow</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.PowScalar" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.PowScalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">PowScalar</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Atan2" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Atan2" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Atan2</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.ScalarAtan2" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.ScalarAtan2" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">ScalarAtan2</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Atan2Scalar" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Atan2Scalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Atan2Scalar</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Hypot" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Hypot" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Hypot</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Min2" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Min2" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Min2</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Max2" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Max2" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Max2</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Add" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Add" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Add</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Sub" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Sub" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Sub</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Mul" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Mul" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Mul</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Div" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Div" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Div</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.AddScalar" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.AddScalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">AddScalar</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.SubScalar" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.SubScalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">SubScalar</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.MulScalar" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.MulScalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">MulScalar</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.DivScalar" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.DivScalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">DivScalar</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.ScalarAdd" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.ScalarAdd" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">ScalarAdd</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.ScalarSub" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.ScalarSub" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">ScalarSub</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.ScalarMul" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.ScalarMul" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">ScalarMul</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.ScalarDiv" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.ScalarDiv" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">ScalarDiv</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.FMA" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.FMA" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">FMA</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.EltEqual" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.EltEqual" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">EltEqual</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.EltNotEqual" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.EltNotEqual" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">EltNotEqual</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.EltLess" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.EltLess" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">EltLess</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.EltGreater" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.EltGreater" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">EltGreater</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.EltLessEqual" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.EltLessEqual" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">EltLessEqual</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.EltGreaterEqual" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.EltGreaterEqual" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">EltGreaterEqual</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.EltEqualScalar" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.EltEqualScalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">EltEqualScalar</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.EltNotEqualScalar" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.EltNotEqualScalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">EltNotEqualScalar</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.EltLessScalar" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.EltLessScalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">EltLessScalar</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.EltGreaterScalar" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.EltGreaterScalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">EltGreaterScalar</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.EltLessEqualScalar" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.EltLessEqualScalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">EltLessEqualScalar</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.EltGreaterEqualScalar" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.EltGreaterEqualScalar" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">EltGreaterEqualScalar</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Conv1d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Conv1d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Conv1d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Conv2d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Conv2d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Conv2d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Conv3d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Conv3d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Conv3d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.TransposeConv1d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.TransposeConv1d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">TransposeConv1d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.TransposeConv2d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.TransposeConv2d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">TransposeConv2d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.TransposeConv3d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.TransposeConv3d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">TransposeConv3d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.DilatedConv1d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.DilatedConv1d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">DilatedConv1d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.DilatedConv2d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.DilatedConv2d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">DilatedConv2d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.DilatedConv3d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.DilatedConv3d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">DilatedConv3d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.MaxPool1d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.MaxPool1d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">MaxPool1d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.MaxPool2d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.MaxPool2d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">MaxPool2d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.MaxPool3d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.MaxPool3d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">MaxPool3d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.AvgPool1d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.AvgPool1d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">AvgPool1d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.AvgPool2d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.AvgPool2d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">AvgPool2d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.AvgPool3d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.AvgPool3d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">AvgPool3d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.UpSampling2d" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.UpSampling2d" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">UpSampling2d</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Conv1dBackwardInput" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Conv1dBackwardInput" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Conv1dBackwardInput</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Conv1dBackwardKernel" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Conv1dBackwardKernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Conv1dBackwardKernel</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Conv2dBackwardInput" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Conv2dBackwardInput" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Conv2dBackwardInput</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Conv2dBackwardKernel" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Conv2dBackwardKernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Conv2dBackwardKernel</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Conv3dBackwardInput" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Conv3dBackwardInput" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Conv3dBackwardInput</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Conv3dBackwardKernel" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Conv3dBackwardKernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Conv3dBackwardKernel</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.TransposeConv1dBackwardInput" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.TransposeConv1dBackwardInput" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">TransposeConv1dBackwardInput</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.TransposeConv1dBackwardKernel" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.TransposeConv1dBackwardKernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">TransposeConv1dBackwardKernel</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.TransposeConv2dBackwardInput" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.TransposeConv2dBackwardInput" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">TransposeConv2dBackwardInput</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.TransposeConv2dBackwardKernel" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.TransposeConv2dBackwardKernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">TransposeConv2dBackwardKernel</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.TransposeConv3dBackwardInput" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.TransposeConv3dBackwardInput" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">TransposeConv3dBackwardInput</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.TransposeConv3dBackwardKernel" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.TransposeConv3dBackwardKernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">TransposeConv3dBackwardKernel</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.DilatedConv1dBackwardInput" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.DilatedConv1dBackwardInput" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">DilatedConv1dBackwardInput</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.DilatedConv1dBackwardKernel" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.DilatedConv1dBackwardKernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">DilatedConv1dBackwardKernel</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.DilatedConv2dBackwardInput" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.DilatedConv2dBackwardInput" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">DilatedConv2dBackwardInput</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.DilatedConv2dBackwardKernel" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.DilatedConv2dBackwardKernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">DilatedConv2dBackwardKernel</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.DilatedConv3dBackwardInput" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.DilatedConv3dBackwardInput" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">DilatedConv3dBackwardInput</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.DilatedConv3dBackwardKernel" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.DilatedConv3dBackwardKernel" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">DilatedConv3dBackwardKernel</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.MaxPool1dBackward" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.MaxPool1dBackward" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">MaxPool1dBackward</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.MaxPool2dBackward" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.MaxPool2dBackward" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">MaxPool2dBackward</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.MaxPool3dBackward" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.MaxPool3dBackward" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">MaxPool3dBackward</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.AvgPool1dBackward" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.AvgPool1dBackward" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">AvgPool1dBackward</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.AvgPool2dBackward" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.AvgPool2dBackward" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">AvgPool2dBackward</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.AvgPool3dBackward" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.AvgPool3dBackward" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">AvgPool3dBackward</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-padding">Owl_types_common.padding</a> * <span>int array</span> * <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.UpSampling2dBackward" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.UpSampling2dBackward" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">UpSampling2dBackward</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.RowNum" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.RowNum" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">RowNum</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.ColNum" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.ColNum" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">ColNum</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Row" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Row" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Row</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Rows" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Rows" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Rows</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.CopyRowTo" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.CopyRowTo" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">CopyRowTo</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.CopyColTo" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.CopyColTo" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">CopyColTo</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Dot" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Dot" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Dot</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> bool * bool * <a href="#type-elt">elt</a> * <a href="#type-elt">elt</a></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Inv" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Inv" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Inv</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Trace" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Trace" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Trace</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Transpose" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Transpose" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Transpose</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span>int array</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.ToRows" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.ToRows" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">ToRows</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.OfRows" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.OfRows" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">OfRows</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Add" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Add" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Add</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Sub" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Sub" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Sub</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Mul" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Mul" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Mul</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Div" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Div" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Div</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Pow" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Pow" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Pow</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Atan2" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Atan2" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Atan2</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Abs" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Abs" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Abs</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Neg" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Neg" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Neg</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Sqr" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Sqr" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Sqr</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Sqrt" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Sqrt" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Sqrt</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Exp" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Exp" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Exp</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Log" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Log" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Log</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Log2" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Log2" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Log2</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Log10" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Log10" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Log10</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Signum" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Signum" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Signum</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Floor" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Floor" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Floor</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Ceil" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Ceil" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Ceil</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Round" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Round" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Round</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Sin" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Sin" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Sin</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Cos" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Cos" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Cos</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Tan" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Tan" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Tan</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Sinh" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Sinh" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Sinh</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Cosh" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Cosh" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Cosh</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Tanh" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Tanh" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Tanh</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Asin" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Asin" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Asin</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Acos" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Acos" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Acos</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Atan" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Atan" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Atan</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Asinh" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Asinh" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Asinh</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Acosh" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Acosh" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Acosh</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Atanh" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Atanh" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Atanh</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Relu" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Relu" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Relu</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Dawsn" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Dawsn" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Dawsn</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Scalar_Sigmoid" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Scalar_Sigmoid" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Scalar_Sigmoid</span></span></code></li><li id="type-op.Fused_Adagrad" class="def variant constructor anchored"><a href="#type-op.Fused_Adagrad" class="anchor"></a><code><span>| </span><span><span class="constructor">Fused_Adagrad</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> float * float</span></code><div class="def-doc"><span class="comment-delim">(*</span><p>TODO</p><span class="comment-delim">*)</span></div></li></ol></div></div></details></div><div class="odoc-include"><details open="open"><summary class="spec include"><code><span><span class="keyword">include</span> <a href="../../Owl_types_computation_device/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_types_computation_device.Sig</a></span></code></summary><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec module anchored" id="module-A"><a href="#module-A" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">module</span> <a href="A/index.html">A</a></span><span> : <a href="../../Owl_types_ndarray_mutable/module-type-Sig/index.html">Owl_types_ndarray_mutable.Sig</a></span></code></div></div><h6 id="type-definition_3"><a href="#type-definition_3" class="anchor"></a>Type definition</h6><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec type anchored" id="type-device"><a href="#type-device" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">type</span> device</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec type anchored" id="type-value"><a href="#type-value" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">type</span> value</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><h6 id="core-functions_5"><a href="#core-functions_5" class="anchor"></a>Core functions</h6><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-make_device"><a href="#val-make_device" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> make_device : <span>unit <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="#type-device">device</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-arr_to_value"><a href="#val-arr_to_value" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> arr_to_value : <span><a href="A/index.html#type-arr">A.arr</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="#type-value">value</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-value_to_arr"><a href="#val-value_to_arr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> value_to_arr : <span><a href="#type-value">value</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="A/index.html#type-arr">A.arr</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-elt_to_value"><a href="#val-elt_to_value" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> elt_to_value : <span><a href="A/index.html#type-elt">A.elt</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="#type-value">value</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-value_to_elt"><a href="#val-value_to_elt" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> value_to_elt : <span><a href="#type-value">value</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> <a href="A/index.html#type-elt">A.elt</a></span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-value_to_float"><a href="#val-value_to_float" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> value_to_float : <span><a href="#type-value">value</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> float</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-is_arr"><a href="#val-is_arr" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> is_arr : <span><a href="#type-value">value</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-is_elt"><a href="#val-is_elt" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> is_elt : <span><a href="#type-value">value</a> <span class="arrow">-></span></span> bool</span></code></div><div class="spec-doc"><p>TODO</p></div></div></details></div><div class="odoc-spec"><div class="spec value anchored" id="val-number"><a href="#val-number" class="anchor"></a><code><span><span class="keyword">val</span> number : <a href="../../Owl_types_common/index.html#type-number">Owl_types_common.number</a></span></code></div></div></div></body></html>
``` |
NOAH Green Journey in Nagoya 2023 was a professional wrestling event promoted by CyberFight's sub-brand Pro Wrestling Noah. It took place on June 17, 2023, in Nagoya, Japan, at the Nagoya Congress Center. The event aired on CyberAgent's AbemaTV online linear television service and CyberFight's streaming service Wrestle Universe.
Ten matches were contested at the event, including three on the pre-show, and three of Noah's five championships were on the line. The main event saw Jake Lee defeat Takashi Sugiura to retain the GHC Heavyweight Championship. Other top matches included Real (Timothy Thatcher and Saxon Huxley) defeating Masa Kitamiya and Yoshiki Inamura to retain the GHC Tag Team Championship, and Hayata defeated Dante Leon to retain the GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship.
Production
Background
The event will feature ten professional wrestling matches that involve different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portray villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that build tension and culminate in a wrestling match or series of matches.
Event
The preshow contained three bouts which were broadcast live on Noah's YouTube channel. The first match started with the confrontation between the team of Akitoshi Saito, Seiki Yoshioka and Stallion Rogers, and Muhammad Yone, Alejandro and Super Crazy, solded with the victory of the initial trio as a result of six-man tag team action. Next up, Kongo stablemates Hi69 and Hajime Ohara battled in singles competition with the victory of the latter. The third preshow bout saw Kaito Kiyomiya, Amakusa and Super Crazy picking up a victory over GHC National Champion El Hijo de Dr. Wagner Jr., Yoshinari Ogawa and Kai Fujimura. In the first main card bout, Hideki Suzuki defeated Shuhei Taniguchi in singles action. Next up, Daiki Inaba and Atsushi Kotoge defeated Naomichi Marufuji and Eita. In the sixth bout, Jack Morris, Tadasuke and Yo-Hey defeated Sean Legacy, Chris Ridgeway and Daga in six-man tag team action. Next up, Go Shiozaki and Katsuhiko Nakajima defeated Kenoh and Manabu Soya. In the eighth bout, Hayata defeated Dante Leon to secure the second consecutive title defense of the GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship in that respective reign. In the semi main event, Timothy Thatcher and Saxon Huxley defeated Masa Kitamiya and Yoshiki Inamura to secure their first defense of the GHC Tag Team Championship.
In the main event, Jake Lee defeated Takashi Sugiura to secure the third consecutive defense of the GHC Heavyweight Championship in that resepctive reign.
Results
Notes
References
External links
Pro Wrestling Noah official website
Pro Wrestling Noah
CyberAgent
2023 in professional wrestling
May 2023 events in Japan
Pro Wrestling Noah shows
Sports competitions in Nagoya |
A matrix clock is a mechanism for capturing chronological and causal relationships in a distributed system.
Matrix clocks are a generalization of the notion of vector clocks. A matrix clock maintains a vector of the vector clocks for each communicating host.
Every time a message is exchanged, the sending host sends not only what it knows about the global state of time, but also the state of time that it received from other hosts.
This allows establishing a lower bound on what other hosts know, and is useful in applications such as checkpointing and garbage collection.
References
See also
Lamport timestamps
Vector clock
Version vector
Logical clock algorithms |
Kavaközü () is a village in the Siirt District of Siirt Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Botikan tribe and had a population of 194 in 2021.
References
Villages in Siirt District
Kurdish settlements in Siirt Province |
Jidou Ould Khaye El Moctar (born 8 July 1985 in Nouakchott, Mauritania) is a Mauritanian runner who competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 200 m event. He was the flagbearer of Mauritania at the opening ceremony. El Moctar was eliminated in the first round but finished with a personal best time of 22.94 seconds.
He competed in the 100 m event at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He finished 6th in his heat during the preliminary round and did not qualify for the first round of the finals. He was the flagbearer for Mauritania during the Parade of Nations.
References
1985 births
Living people
People from Nouakchott
Olympic athletes for Mauritania
Mauritanian male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for Mauritania |
Palagnedra is a village and a locality part of the municipality of Centovalli in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Lago di Palagnedra is located below the village, on the Melezza river.
History
Palagnedra is first mentioned in 1379 as Pallagnidrio.
During the Middle Ages, Palagnedra was the administrative and religious center in the 13th-century Centovalli valley community. In the 16th century it became part of the Locarno and Ascona region, followed by the bailiwick of Locarno. In 1864 the village became independent.
The church of San Michele was built between 1640-1732 and renovated in 1964-66 and again between 1999 and 2001. It was the mother church of the Centovalli valley and contains the best preserved late gothic cycle of frescoes by Antonio da Tradate.
Traditionally the local economy was based around agriculture and grazing. Starting in the 16th century some of the income came from the seasonal migration to Italy. Initially, most of the seasonal workers were laborers. This changed in the 19th century to cooks going to Tuscany. Until the 1950s, the vicinity of the Italian Swiss border encouraged smuggling. In 1950-52 a hydroelectric dam was built. In 2005 about a third of the jobs in Palagnedra related to the agricultural sector.
On 25 October 2009 the municipalities of Borgnone, Intragna and Palagnedra merged into the municipality of Centovalli.
A large part of the community of Palagnedra is formed by the notorious family name "Mazzi"
Location
The former municipality is located in the Locarno district on a terrace on the southern slope of the Centovalli. It includes various districts, including Bordei, Bolade and Crup.
Historic population
The historical population is given in the following table:
References
Former municipalities of Ticino |
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