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A huissier de justice (literally French for "justice usher"), sometimes anglicized as judicial officer, is an officer of the court in France and Belgium, and The officer is appointed by a magistrate of the court (or in France, by the Minister of Justice) and holds a monopoly on the service and execution of court decisions and enforceable instruments. Huissiers de justice also serve as formal witnesses to events (constat d'huissier) in the manner of a notary public.
In their role as a member of the legal profession they are authorized to serve process, and as such are responsible for delivering legal documents and authenticating the parties to whom they are delivered; proceed in the enforcement and recovery of any court and legal claims, including bankruptcy, property claims, seizures, and evictions; issue court summonses (assignments and quotations); and perform other actions. They may also exercise authorizations of a Court of Appeals, and act in insurance and property actions. Further, they have the sole right to call police hearings to guarantee execution of court orders, and to conduct other activities such as amicable settlements, draft findings of private deeds, and offer limited legal advice. They are authorized to authenticate character findings, which may serve as evidence during litigation. Some elements of their statements cannot be challenged except by way of improbation.
References
External links
International Union of Judicial Officers
Huissiers de Justice
Chambre des huissiers de justice du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg
Koninklijke Beroepsorganisatie van Gerechtsdeurwaarders
Nationale Kamer van Gerechtsdeurwaarders (Belgium)
Conferentie Vlaamse Gerechtsdeurwaarders (Flanders)
la Chambre des huissiers de justice du Québec
(pdf) Handbook of the Hague Service Convention — explains the difference between signification and notification in legal systems based on the Napoleonic Code
Definitions of French legal system roles
Qualification
Law of France
Region-specific legal occupations |
Cheese It, the Cat! is a 1957 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon, directed by Robert McKimson. The short was released on May 4, 1957, and is the second of three McKimson cartoons parodying television's The Honeymooners (the others being The Honey-Mousers and Mice Follies).
Plot
Ralph comes home to prepare a surprise birthday for his wife Alice. What prevents Ralph from getting the birthday cake is a cat in the kitchen. Ralph goes to the kitchen sink to ask Ned Morton for help.
Ned gets Ralph to ride a clockwork armored car with a cannon. As Ralph prepares to fire the cannon on the cat, the cat backfires the cannon on Ralph, forcing Ralph to retreat. Next, Ralph paints so-called invisible ink (actually water) on Ned, convincing him that he is invisible. Ned confidently walks past the cat, even honking his nose and plucking a whisker. When Ned returns, he has eaten the cake he was supposed to bring. Ralph, getting impatient, has Ned paint him with the "invisible ink" and Ralph goes to the fridge, only to be massacred by the cat. Next, Ned launches Ralph from a champagne bottle cork right into the cat's mouth and through his tail right over to the fridge, but the cat forces Ralph to retreat again. Both mice then lure the cat onto the sink so that they can put his tail down the plughole. Then they activate the garbage disposal, causing the cat to lose much of his fur and giving the mice the chance to take a cupcake from the fridge.
Ralph and Ned finally have everything ready for Alice. Alice is flattered by Ralph's surprise. Unfortunately, Ned put firecrackers instead of candles on the cupcake. After passing it to and fro, Ralph and Ned push the cupcake in the cat's face through Ralph's front door, causing the cat to fly on to the ceiling light, leaving him dazed.
See also
Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1950–59)
References
External links
Looney Tunes shorts
Films directed by Robert McKimson
1957 animated films
1957 short films
1950s Warner Bros. animated short films
1950s parody films
Films based on television series
American parody films
Animated films about mice
Animated films about cats
1957 films
Films scored by Carl Stalling
Films scored by Milt Franklyn
Films produced by Edward Selzer
Animated films about birthdays
1950s English-language films
The Honeymooners |
Canadian Falls may refer to:
Horseshoe Falls, Niagara Falls, Niagara River, Canada; the Canadian portion of Niagara Falls (the U.S. portion being "American Falls")
Niagara Falls, Niagara River, Canada-USA; sometimes the entire waterfalls is called "Canadian Falls"
Shoshone Falls, Snake River, Idaho, USA; formerly called "Canadian Falls"
See also
Canadian (disambiguation)
Falls (disambiguation)
Fall (disambiguation) |
This is a list of singles that charted in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 during 1997. During this year, "How Do I Live" by LeAnn Rimes became the longest-running top-ten single, breaking a record for 32 weeks (a record that went unmatched for over nineteen years).
Puff Daddy and Mase each had four top-ten hits in 1997, tying them for the most top-ten hits during the year.
Top-ten singles
Key
– indicates single's top 10 entry was also its Hot 100 debut
1996 peaks
1998 peaks
See also
1997 in music
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1997
Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1997
References
General sources
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Nineties ()
Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.
1997
1997 record charts |
James L. Breese House, also known as "The Orchard", is a historic home located at Southampton in Suffolk County, New York. It was designed as a summer residence between 1897 and 1906 by the prominent architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White in the Colonial Revival style. An 1858 house original to the site was incorporated into the structure. It is two and one half stories high and clad with white painted wood shingles. It features a two-story portico, reminiscent of Mount Vernon.
James Lawrence Breese was a close friend of architect Stanford White, commissioning modifications and additions until the latter's death. The home's spectacular 70-foot "music room" is believed to be White's last completed project.
From 1926 to 1956, it was owned by Charles E. Merrill (1885–1956), who deeded it to Amherst College. Amherst College later sold it to the Nyack School for Boys, which closed in 1977. It is located within the Southampton Village Historic District.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Colonial Revival architecture in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1898
Houses in Suffolk County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Suffolk County, New York |
Agnes Geziena Wolbert (born 20 August 1958) is a Dutch politician. As a member of the Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid) she was an MP between 30 November 2006 and 23 March 2017. She focused on matters of senior citizen policy, normal and special health care, and home care.
References
External links
House of Representatives biography
1958 births
Living people
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
People from Oldenzaal
21st-century Dutch politicians
21st-century Dutch women politicians |
David Richard Kadela, Jr. (born May 6, 1978, Dublin, Ohio) is an American football player who played offensive lineman for the Carolina Panthers, Atlanta Falcons, and the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League.
High school career
Kadela lettered two years in football and lacrosse at Dublin Coffman High School in Ohio. He earned all-conference and all-district honors as a defensive end and offensive lineman. He prepped for a year at Fork Union Military Academy in Fork Union, Virginia where he was recruited by Virginia Tech.
College career
He started his final 34 consecutive contests at right tackle for Virginia Tech, where he protected former Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick and gave up 1.5 sacks. He was named first-team All-Big East as a senior in 2000, and also garnered second-team All-Big East recognition as a junior in 1999.
Professional career
Kadela was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Atlanta Falcons before the 2001 NFL season. After being waived by the Falcons before the season, he was signed and then released by the Jacksonville Jaguars. Atlanta re-signed him, and he spent the remainder of the season with the team. He spent most of the next season as a backup before being waived and signed by Jacksonville again. He was waived before the 2003 NFL season, and was picked up by the Panthers. Carolina allocated him to the Berlin Thunder of NFL Europe, and he started all 10 games for the Thunder. In addition to the team leading the league in offense and winning the World Bowl, he made the All-NFL Europe team. He was brought back to Carolina full-time for the 2004 season, where he played backup to Todd Fordham and Jordan Gross. He is no longer active in the NFL.
External links
Dave Kadela at Panthers.com
1978 births
Living people
American football offensive linemen
Atlanta Falcons players
Berlin Thunder players
Carolina Panthers players
Fork Union Military Academy alumni
Jacksonville Jaguars players
People from Dublin, Ohio
Virginia Tech Hokies football players |
Hear is the seventh studio album released by American-born, Australian-based hard rocker, Diesel. It was nominated for Best Independent Release at the ARIA Music Awards of 2003, but lost to Up All Night by the Waifs.
Track listing
All tracks written by Diesel (a.k.a. Mark Lizotte) except where noted.
"Angel Face" – 3:09
"Faith and Gasoline" – 3:40
"Getta Kick" (Diesel, Guy Davies) – 3:55
"She's High" – 3:27
"Brighter than the Sun" (Diesel, Davies) – 4:18
"Battleworn" – 4:15
"Don't Send Another" (Diesel, G. Wattenberg) – 2:26
"I'm Here" (Diesel, Lee Moloney, Richie Vez, Rob Woolf) – 4:45
"On Your Sand" (Diesel, Moloney, Vez, Woolf) – 3:50
"Lotion" (Diesel, Davies) – 4:17
"The Embers" – 3:27
"I Wanna Fly" – 3:54
Personnel
Diesel – vocals, guitar, cello and bass (tracks 3, 5, 12)
Lee Moloney – drums, percussion
Richie Vez – bass guitar
Rob Woolf – keyboards, backing vocals (track 8)
Additional musicians
Guy Davies – keyboards and programming (tracks 3, 5), backing vocals (track 3)
Gary Pinto – backing vocals (track 2)
Graphics
Design, layout – artofthestate.com.au
Photography – Tracy Stevenson
Recording details
Producer – Diesel and Craig Porteils (except track 3), Diesel, Porteils and Guy Davies (track 3); at Eargasm and Studios 301, Sydney
Mixer – Craig Porteils at Studios 301
Mastering – Leon Zervos at Masterdisk, NYC
Assistant engineer – Nick Cervanaro
External links
References
2002 albums
Diesel (musician) albums |
```javascript
(function (factory) {
/* global define */
if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
// AMD. Register as an anonymous module.
define(['jquery'], factory);
} else if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
// Node/CommonJS
module.exports = factory(require('jquery'));
} else {
// Browser globals
factory(window.jQuery);
}
}(function ($) {
// Extends plugins for adding hello.
// - plugin is external module for customizing.
$.extend($.summernote.plugins, {
/**
* @param {Object} context - context object has status of editor.
*/
'hello': function (context) {
var self = this;
// ui has renders to build ui elements.
// - you can create a button with `ui.button`
var ui = $.summernote.ui;
// add hello button
context.memo('button.hello', function () {
// create button
var button = ui.button({
contents: '<i class="fa fa-child"/> Hello',
tooltip: 'hello',
click: function () {
self.$panel.show();
self.$panel.hide(500);
// invoke insertText method with 'hello' on editor module.
context.invoke('editor.insertText', 'hello');
}
});
// create jQuery object from button instance.
var $hello = button.render();
return $hello;
});
// This events will be attached when editor is initialized.
this.events = {
// This will be called after modules are initialized.
'summernote.init': function (we, e) {
console.log('summernote initialized', we, e);
},
// This will be called when user releases a key on editable.
'summernote.keyup': function (we, e) {
console.log('summernote keyup', we, e);
}
};
// This method will be called when editor is initialized by $('..').summernote();
// You can create elements for plugin
this.initialize = function () {
this.$panel = $('<div class="hello-panel"/>').css({
position: 'absolute',
width: 100,
height: 100,
left: '50%',
top: '50%',
background: 'red'
}).hide();
this.$panel.appendTo('body');
};
// This methods will be called when editor is destroyed by $('..').summernote('destroy');
// You should remove elements on `initialize`.
this.destroy = function () {
this.$panel.remove();
this.$panel = null;
};
}
});
}));
``` |
Delayed differentiation or Postponement is a concept in supply chain management where the manufacturing process starts by making a generic or family product that is later differentiated into a specific end-product. This is a widely used method, especially in industries with high demand uncertainty, and can be effectively used to address the final demand even if forecasts cannot be improved.
An example would be Benetton and their knitted sweaters that are initially all white, and then dyed into different colors only when the season/customer color preference/demand is known. It is usually necessary to redesign the product specifically for delayed differentiation, and resequencing to modify the order of production manufacturing steps.
See also
Postponement
Mass customization
Typically all paint companies were burdened with the problem of having more than 200 shades, each available in more than 5 container sizes, making more than 1000 Stock keeping Units (SKUs). The cost of keeping so many final products was almost killing the business.
Paint companies changed their process to make white paint and the dyes of three basic colours. The final mixing was done by a machine at the retail end. This minimised the inventory kept by the retailer whilst improving customer service by giving the customer a choice of millions of shades in the exact quantity required.
References
Supply chain management |
Bruce Hinkley (born 1949) is a Canadian politician who was elected in the 2015 Alberta general election to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta representing the electoral district of Wetaskiwin-Camrose.
Electoral history
2012 general election
2015 general election
References
Alberta New Democratic Party MLAs
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
21st-century Canadian politicians
1949 births |
Hercules Computer Technology, Inc. was a manufacturer of computer peripherals for PCs and Macs founded in 1982.
History
Hercules was formed in 1982 in Hercules, California, by Van Suwannukul and Kevin Jenkins and was one of the major graphics card companies of the 1980s. Its biggest products were the MDA-compatible Hercules Graphics Card (HGC) and Hercules Graphics Card Plus (HGC+) and the associated standard, which was widely copied and survived into the 1990s.
The Hercules Graphics Card included a "Centronics compatible" parallel printer port, the same as the IBM Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter board that the card was based on. The company also produced CGA compatible cards, and with the unsuccessful Hercules InColor Card, it tried to go head-to-head with the Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA).
After low sales with InColor, Hercules stopped making its own graphics core and bought graphics chipsets from other manufacturers. The company name gradually declined through the 1990s while graphics chipsets firms such as Tseng Labs, S3 Graphics, 3Dfx, nVidia and ATI Technologies became popular, but Hercules sales of graphic cards were still at US$20 million in 1998. An acquisition of Hercules by German graphics card maker ELSA fell through in 1998 after the companies could not agree on terms.
Brand acquisition by Guillemot
The Hercules brand was acquired by the French-Canadian based Guillemot Corporation for $1.8 million. In 2000 Hercules became the brand name for Guillemot 3D Prophet graphic cards, based on nVIDIA chipsets, switching to ATI Technologies chipsets in 2002.
Also in 2000, Guillemot introduced a new sound card, Game Theater XP, with the Hercules brand name, and Hercules gradually became the computer peripherals brand in Guillemot Corporation.
In 2004, Guillemot announced it would cease to produce graphics cards. Within the Guillemot group, computer peripherals (audio interfaces, speakers, webcams, networking) are designed by the Hercules division and given the Hercules brand, while game peripherals are designed by the Thrustmaster division and receive the Thrustmaster brand.
In 2010, the Hercules brand was used on computer speakers, computer DJ controllers, webcams and wireless networking peripherals.
Hercules turnover was €40.9 million (US$56.5 million) in 2010.
Organization
Headquarters: in France (President: Claude Guillemot),
Research and development: offices in Canada, France, Hong-Kong and Romania,
Sales: via Guillemot sales branches in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK, USA,
Distribution to retailers: through distributors,
Technical support: customer phone and email support by Guillemot technical support team.
Products
Computer DJing: DJ Console – controllers with audio interface (DJ Console Mk2, Mk4, Rmx, 4-Mx) / DJ Control = DJ controllers without audio (DJ Control MP3, MP3 e2, Steel)
Netbooks: eCafe ec-800, 900, 1000W, 1010W
Speakers: XPS: Stereo, 2.1, for iPod and 5.1
Webcams: DualPix: Classic, Infinite, Exchange, Emotion
Networking: Wireless (WiFi) and ePlug (PowerLine)
Former products: Graphic cards
Hercules based: Hercules Graphics Card (HGC), Hercules Graphics Card Plus (HGC+ with RAMFONT), Hercules InColor Card, Hercules Network Card Plus, Hercules Color Card
Tseng Labs based: Dynamite Pro
Rendition based: Thriller 3D
3Dfx based: Stingray 128/3D
S3 based: Terminator Professional, 64, Beast, Beast SuperCharged
Intel based: Terminator 2x/i (i740)
nVidia based: Dynamite (before 1999) TNT, TNT2, TNT2 Ultra
nVidia based: Maxi Gamer Phoenix & Xentor (TNT, TNT2, Vanta)
nVidia based: 3D Prophet (after 2000) DDR-DVI, 3D Prophet 2, 2-Mx, 2 Ultra, 3
ATI based: 3D Prophet 7000, 7500, 8500, 9200, 9500, 9600, 9700
ST Kyro based: 3D Prophet 4000, 4000XT, 4500
Former products: Sound cards
DIGIFIRE 7.1
Guillemot Maxi Sound Muse
Hercules Gamesurround Muse Pocket USB
Hercules Game Theater XP 6.1, 7.1
Hercules Gamesurround Muse XL
Hercules Gamesurround Muse LT
Hercules Gamesurround Muse 5.1 DVD
Hercules Gamesurround Fortissimo II Digital Edition
Hercules Gamesurround Fortissimo III 7.1
References
External links
Hercules technical support
Hercules hot line
Hercules Company Website
Hercules DJ Mix Room
Hercules eCafe
Hercules Sound cards
American companies established in 1982
American companies disestablished in 1998
Companies based in Fremont, California
Computer companies established in 1982
Computer companies disestablished in 1998
Defunct companies based in California
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Graphics hardware companies
Sound cards
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area |
Zarnan (, also Romanized as Zarnān; also known as Zarna) is a village in Silakhor-e Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Azna County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 647, in 141 families. The Bayat, Rezaei and Bahmanesh families are educated and artistic families of this village
References
Populated places in Azna County |
STPI - Creative Workshop & Gallery, Singapore (formerly known as Singapore Tyler Print Institute) is a creative workshop and contemporary art gallery based in Singapore that specialises in artistic experimentation in the medium of print and paper. To date, STPI has collaborated with over 90 artists from all over the world.
Situated in a restored 19th century warehouse by the Singapore River at Robertson Quay, the 4,000-square metre facility houses specialised printmaking presses and equipment, a paper mill, 400-square metre gallery, guest workshop, artist studio, artist apartments, staff offices and The Corner Shop.
STPI sits alongside National Gallery Singapore and the Singapore Art Museum as part of the national Visual Arts Cluster of leading institutions in the region. STPI is also a member of the Art Galleries Association of Singapore (AGAS), a non-profit organisation that represents the interests of gallery owners and operators in Singapore.
S.E.A. Focus is a showcase of contemporary art from Southeast Asia, an initiative led by STPI since its inaugural edition in 2019.
History
STPI is a not-for-profit organisation established with the support of the Ministry of Information, Communication and the Arts (presently known as the Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth – MCCY), Singapore Tourism Board, and Singapore Totalisator Board, in line with the government’s Renaissance City Plan to position the nation as the prime arts hub of Southeast Asia.
The concept of establishing a large print workshop and paper mill in Singapore was first proposed in the mid-1990s to Kenneth E. Tyler, a long-standing American innovator, printer and publisher of fine art prints. On 10 April 2002, STPI was officially opened by Singapore's Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence at the time, Dr. Tony Tan. Welcomed as an opportunity with long-term benefits that would add to the growth of the nation’s reputation as a City for the Arts, Singapore was seen as the ideal place for facilitating the amalgamation of Eastern and Western printmaking techniques, papermaking methods and various artistic practices.
Mission
STPI seeks to help develop Singapore as a leading player in the global contemporary art world by collaborating with top international artists. Through its artist collaborations, artworks, exhibitions and public programmes, STPI engages the international art community, collectors and the Singapore public with the aim of developing an appreciation of the print and paper art practice.
Artist collaborations
Artist collaborations lie at the heart of STPI’s programmes. Visiting artists live in the guest apartments at STPI, with access to the artist’s studio and workshop. They are also invited to give public talks to introduce their practice and studio work, and share their collaboration experience. At the end of each collaboration, works produced are exhibited and catalogued for public appreciation and sale.
Aaron Curry (2018)
Adeline Kueh (2021)
Agus Swage (2009)
Ahmad Zakii Anwar (2005)
Alfredo and Isabel Aquilizan (2017, 2022)
Amanda Heng (2017, 2021)
Anri Sala (2017, 2020)
Ashley Bickerton (2006, 2014, 2016, 2020)
Atul Dodiya (2006)
BenCab (2006, 2011)
Brent Harris (2005)
Carsten Holler (2017)
Chang Fee Ming (2009)
Charles Lim Yi Yong (2021)
Christine Ay Tjoe (2006, 2009)
Chua Ek Kay (2007, 2010)
Chun Kwang-Yong (2006, 2009)
David Chan (2009)
Dinh Q. Lê (2018, 2020)
Do Ho Suh (2015, 2016, 2022)
Donald Sultan (2004)
Donna Ong (2009)
Eko Nugroho (2013, 2016, 2020, 2021)
Entang Wiharso (2015, 2020, 2021)
Eric Chan (2007)
Genevieve Chua (2011, 2020, 2021, 2022)
Geraldine Javier (2012)
Ghada Amer (2008, 2021)
Goh Beng Kwan (2007, 2020, 2022)
Haegue Yang (2013, 2016, 2021)
Han Sai Por (2014, 2016, 2022)
Handiwirman Saputra (2012, 2016, 2021, 2022)
Hema Upadhyay (2008, 2014,2020, 2021)
Heman Chong (2007, 2014, 2021)
Heri Dono (2016, 2020, 2021)
Hong Zhu An (2012, 2014, 2020, 2022)
Ian Woo (2021)
Inga Svala Thorsdottir (2014, 2016, 2020)
Jane Lee (2016, 2021)
Jason Lim (2021)
Jason Martin (2015, 2019, 2020)
Jimmy Ong (2010)
Jorinde Voigt (2015)
Jumaldi Alfi (2011, 2021)
Kim Beom (2017, 2021)
Kim Lim (2020)
Lieko Shiga (2007)
Lin Tian Miao (2007, 2014, 2021)
Lyra Garcellano (2011)
Manuel Ocampo (2019, 2020, 2021)
Melati Suryodarmo (2019, 2021, 2022)
Nataraj Sharma (2007)
Natee Utarit (2007)
Ong Kim Seng (2004)
Pacita Abad (2003)
Pae White (2021)
Phunk Studio (2009)
Pinaree Sanpitak (2019, 2020, 2021)
Prabhavathi Meppayil (2021)
Qiu Zhijie (2008, 2014, 2020)
R.E. Hartanto (2011)
Reza Farkhondeh (2008, 2021)
Richard Deacon (2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2020)
Rirkrit Tiravanija (2014, 2017, 2020, 2022)
Ronald Ventura (2014, 2017, 2020, 2022)
Russel Wong (2005, 2021)
Ryan Gander (2015, 2016)
Shambhavi Singh (2011, 2016, 2020, 2021)
Shinro Ohtake (2016, 2020)
Shirazeh Houshiary (2015, 2016, 2020, 2021)
Soo Pieng (2019)
Srihardi Soedarsono (2005, 2021)
Sun Xinping (2006)
Sun Xun (2014)
Sunaryo Soetono (2008, 2021)
Suzann Victor (2015, 2016, 2020, 2021)
Tabaimo (2010)
Takashi Murakami (2019)
Teppei Kaneuji (2014, 2016, 2020, 2022)
Teresita Fernandez (2011)
Thukral & Tagra (2011, 2014, 2021)
Tobias Rehberger (2017)
Trenton Doyle Hancock (2010)
Wilson Shieh (2009)
Wu Shanzhuan (2014, 2016, 2020)
Yim Ja-Hyuk (2007, 2022)
Zhan Wang (2012)
Zhu Wei (2005, 2014)
Zul Mahmod (2021)
STPI Gallery
STPI Gallery hosts exhibitions of works produced in the Creative Workshop and regularly participates in local and international art fairs.
Programmes offered
The gallery holds 6-8 exhibitions a year, following successive artist collaborations, artist talks, panel discussions, regular docent-led tours, film screenings, performances and coffee & conversations.
Education and outreach
STPI organises print and papermaking workshops, guided tours, and an annual open house.
Annual special exhibitions
The annual special exhibition is a yearly segment that showcases works from the Singapore Art Museum Collection that were previously under the ownership of Kenneth E. Tyler, as well as various private collections and artist estates.
Friends of STPI
This membership programme was launched in September 2015. It aims to draw a closer connection between avid art lovers with artists and fellow collectors. Members are entitled to exclusive artist studio visits, VIP previews, overseas trips, and artist dinners.
Art fairs
Art fair participations include: S.E.A. Focus (Singapore), Art Stage Singapore (Singapore), Art Basel (Basel, Hong Kong and Miami Beach), The Armory Show (New York), FIAC Paris (Paris), Frieze Art Fair (London, Seoul), IFPDA Fine Art Print Fair (New York), Art Fair Philippines (Philippines), Korean International Art Fair (South Korea), Art Paris Art Fair (Paris), Print Basel (Basel), Pulse (New York) and SH Contemporary (Shanghai).
Biennales
Other projects
Hermes ALOFT, Platform STPI Projects, collaborations with international contemporary art galleries, for example, Neugerimschneider, Lisson Gallery, Lehmann Maupin, and Victoria Miro.
Notable acquisitions
Works produced at STPI have been included in collections such as the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York; Philadelphia Museum of Art; Mori Art Museum, Tokyo; Bennesse Foundation, Japan; M+, Hong Kong; QAGOMA, Australia; Sherman Contemporary Art Foundation, Australia; Monash University Museum of Art, Australia; OHD Museum of Modern & Contemporary Indonesian Art, Indonesia; National Gallery Singapore and the Singapore Art Museum, amongst others.
STPI Creative Workshop
The STPI Creative Workshop comprises specialised facilities such as industry-grade print presses and a paper mill, as well as a team of print and papermakers.
Techniques offered include:
Lithography
Screen print
Intaglio
Relief print
Publications
Since 2002, STPI has produced its own catalogues following the end of each artist collaboration. The list of catalogues that STPI has produced to date are:
See also
Ministry of Information, Communication and the Arts
National Heritage Board (Singapore)
Singapore Tourism Board
References
External links
Official website
Art museums and galleries in Singapore
Art galleries established in 2002 |
Fritz Kern (28 September 1884 - 21 May 1950) was a German medievalist historian who became involved in politics. He held teaching chairs on History at Frankfurt (Main) University between 1914 and 1922, and at Bonn University between 1922 and 1946.
Life
Provenance
Max Friedrich Ludwig Hermann Kern - always identified in sources simply as Fritz Kern - was born into an upper middle-class Catholic family in Stuttgart. Both his parents came from legal-administrative "establishment" families, and were members of what would have been considered Württemberg's "minor aristocracy". Hermann von Kern (1854–1932), his father, was a senior government administrator who later became a "Staatsrat" (loosely, "national councillor") for the Kingdom of Württemberg. His mother, born Marie von Hufnagel (1860–1944), was a daughter of Georg Ludwig von Hufnagel (1825–1900), a lawyer who towards the end of his career served as senate president (in this instance a senior judicial position) in Stuttgart. Fritz Kern had a sister who was four years younger than he was and a brother who was eleven years his junior.
Formal education
Following two years in a pre-school, Fritz Kern was still only 8 when he was enrolled at Stuttgart's prestigious Karls-Gymnasium, a "humanist" secondary school with a strong focus on Greek and Roman culture in its curriculum. He continued to attend this school for ten years. Kern was a scholarly pupil, winning many prizes including one, in 1902 for a speech he delivered as part of the celebrations for of the emperor's birthday, on the intriguing subject "Frederick the Great as Crown Prince". After passing his school final exams, during 1902/03 he spent two terms at the University of Lausanne studying Jurisprudence, out of respect for his family's traditions. Lausanne was chosen both on account of its climate and the perceived purity of the lakeside air, thought likely to reduce his tendency to Bronchitis and in order that he might perfect his French. However, in 1903 he decided he wished to become not a lawyer but an historian. His father agreed to this change of direction only with the greatest reluctance. There followed six terms as a history student, of which the first two were spent studying at Tübingen where he was taught by Georg von Below (1858 - 1927), who became a life-long friend. Von Below had a reputation as a fierce defender of prevailing traditions of political and constitutional historiography: he was more than happy to share with students his own fascination with the precision of the legalistic presentational style habitually involved with constitutional history. In 1904 Kern moved to the Friedrich Wilhelm University (as the Humboldt was known at that time) in Berlin. Here he passed through the school of Karl Zeumer (1849 - 1914), a noted specialist in legal history. Another tutor at Berlin by whom he was particularly strongly influenced was Dietrich Schäfer, an old fashioned German nationalist whose lectures on medieval history positively glowed with enthusiasm as he related the deeds and exploits of the more heroic among the German emperors of the medieval period. Schäfer was an unapologetic advocate of the "Greater Germany" solution to the problem (from the perspective of Berlin) of what to do about Austria. On 15 August 1906, still aged only 22, Kern received his doctorate at Berlin for a piece of work entitled "Dorsualkonzept und Imbreviatur. Zur Geschichte der Notariatsurkunde in Italie". His dissertation earned him a "magna cum laude" certification from the assessors and a "valde laudabilis" commendation from his own supervisor. It was published towards the end of that same year as a book. His doctoral research concerned the history of deeds issued by notaries in Italy: it was supervised by Michael Tangl (1864 – 1921).
Academic progression
Over the next two and a half years Kern made a number of lengthy "archive study trips", visiting France and England in 1908 and, possibly most importantly, Italy during the first part of 1909. Between 1906 and 1908, working under the auspices of Karl Zeumer he was employed as a research assistant for the long-running Monumenta Germaniae Historica project, on which scholars were by this time working on the third volume. Kern's old tutor, Karl Zeumer, had taken responsibility for the period covered by the reign of Charles IV - roughly the third quarter of the fourteenth century. Zeumer was in failing health and losing his sight. Kern provided extensive practical help in terms of collating, transcribing and publishing primary source document. During his foreign visits over this period he was able to work both on the Monumenta Germaniae Historica and on his own complementary researches which concerned the evolution of state institutions and political developments more generally in Medieval France.
His marriage towards the end of 1909 prompted the realisation that he could not afford to lead a life of total independence. Fritz Kern received his habilitation (higher academic qualification) on 10 November 1909, this time from the University of Kiel. The qualification opened up the path to a life-long university career, and he now accepted an academic post at Kiel as a "Privatdozent" (sub-professorial tutor). The post involved no class teaching duties, and he was for the most part able to determine his own academic timetabling. There were also important developments in his personal life at this time. He earned his habilitation with a piece of work on the early centuries of French expansionist policy up until 1308 ("Grundlagen der französischen Ausdehnungspolitik bis zum Jahre 1308"). The dissertation was published in book form in 1910. Although it highlights its author's formidable skills as a meticulous researcher and interpreter of sources, the book also repeatedly discloses elements of the underlying Franco-German antagonism which were features of the intensified Franco–German rivalry that followed the Franco-Prussian War, but which post-1945 appear as distractions in a work focused on developments in the Medieval period. It is fair to add that during the id-1920s, apparently influenced by the foreign policy approach of Gustav Stresemann, Kern came round to a more mainstream view of the evolution of the France during the medieval period, seeing the issues in the context of European political evolution more broadly. With regard to the twentieth century, however, his fevered preoccupation with Franco–German enmity would endure. In 1913, despite his relative youth, Fritz Kern was offered and accepted an extraordinary professorship at Kiel.
Government service
In July 1914 he accepted the offer of a full professorship in Medieval and Modern History at the newly launched University of Frankfurt. At 30, he was the youngest of the university's professors. Weeks later, war broke out. For Fritz Kern it became an over-riding duty to seek out men of political influence and make himself available for "political" work: between 1914 and 1918 he undertook government work, at times in place of and at times in parallel with, his university responsibilities. Under-secretary of State Zimmermann persuaded the university authorities that Kern's first term at the new university should be replaced by a "holiday" whereby his linguistic abilities and familiarity with "abroad" might be used in the service of the imperial state. His initially assignment on behalf of the Foreign Ministry involved travelling to Rome where he worked on influencing the press. (Italy entered the war only in May 1915, following careful negotiation and calculation by the government over which side to back.) There were also briefer missions on behalf of the German Foreign Ministry to Bucharest and Constantinople. Kern was also able to engage in networking during his time working for the foreign ministry, becoming acquainted with Foreign Minister von Bülow, who later turned out to be a valuable political ally.
After working for some weeks as a simultaneous interpreter among the prisoners of war being held at the processing facility at Döberitz, in August 1915 he took charge of setting up and then running an "archive" for the "Nachrichten-Offizier-Berlin" (NOB: loosely, "military intelligence service in Berlin"). Although described in some sources as an archive, the department he headed up also specialised in various other document related activities, involving coded messaging, helping to brief German intelligence operatives sent to work abroad and producing false identity papers for them. Between 1916 and 1918 he was in effect commuting on a slightly irregular basis between Berlin and the family home at Kronberg, at the end of the local railway line into Frankfurt, ten miles away. Given the stress and pressures of combining family duties with two demanding parallel careers in different parts of the country, his health - never robust - deteriorated: during several months directly following the war he largely absented himself from the public sphere, and was seriously ill during the winter of 1918/1919.
During the war and directly after it Kern became an increasingly vocal and fervent advocate of an intensely nationalist-conservative position, grappling passionately with the "war guilt" question. Notably, he teamed up with Grand admiral von Tirpitz during 1918/19 to compose an autobiographical memoir on behalf of the latter. The access afforded to the private papers and insights of a "larger than life" figure who had known the emperor well, served in the imperial navy - mostly in the upper ranks - for more than half a century, and combined his naval service with ministerial office for nearly two decades, was an invaluable resource for Kern as an historian and as a constant participant on the fringes of politics. On a personal level the two remained firm friends until von Tirpitz died, in 1930. The Tirpitz memoire was viewed by critics as explosive because of the way, they thought, it carefully sought to put the role of the German military in an "appropriate" light. The book also highlighted the importance of sustaining Germany as a bulwark on behalf of western Europe against "Bolshevism". (The former Russian empire was undergoing its own Civil War agonies throughout this period.) Despite his support for conservatism, Kern was careful to steer clear of the extremist right. Nevertheless, at least during the immediate post-war period, Kern was no admirer of the new republican order, and viewed the emergence of democratic institutions and practices during 1918/1919 with deep misgivings.
After the war
December 1919 marked a reinvigorated return to political engagement as Fritz Kern became the producer of Die Grenzboten, a weekly (or sometimes fortnightly) literary and political magazine steeped in the still potent National liberalism that had emerged during the nineteenth century. His own contributions dealt with characteristic passion about the tragic denouement of the war, returning frequently to material included in the Tirpitz memoire. Over the next few years he engaged in politics through his parallel career as a journalist and commentator. Meanwhile, in 1922 he moved down-river, from Frankfurt to the University of Bonn, where Friedrich von Bezold, by now aged 73, had retired the previous year. Kern succeeded to the Bonn History professorship. His wife and children remained in the family home just outside Frankfurt for more than a year, but in July 1923 a suitable newly constructed "professor house" became available for rent in the Baumschulwäldchen quarter of the town and they joined him in Bonn.
The period was one of domestic and international crisis, with the value of money collapsing and French forces still occupying the Rhineland as the government in Paris sought to exploit problems over reparations as justification for the permanent annexation of this coal-rich part of Germany, or at least the permanent conversion of it into a quasi-autonomous "buffer state" under French influence. Towards the end of 1923 Kern was involved in obtaining weapons from the army for the students "defending themselves against Rhineland separatists" who had launched an anti-government insurrection in Aegidienberg and the surrounding countryside. The background to the incident is one of desperate economic austerity coupled with considerable political complexity and disagreement over finding a way ahead: Kern's interest was presumably fuelled by the fact that the so-called Siebengebirge ("seven hills") insurrection took place a short distance upriver from Bonn where he was now working.
During the middle and later 1920s various events took place which went some way towards "normalising" Germany's relations with the rest of Europe. These included the conclusion, in 1922, of the Treaty of Rapallo with Russia and the various Locarno Treaties of 1925, along with the Dawes Plan of 1925 and the Young Plan of 1929 which dealt with the war reparations issue. Through this period, and even more clearly during the early 1930s, Fritz Kern's own attitudes to the international situation also evolved. He became increasingly committed to cultural exchange and mutual understanding between nations and peoples, and to the need for pan-European reconciliation. As economic crisis was followed by destructive levels of unemployment, political polarisation and parliamentary deadlock, during the run-up to 1933, Fritz Kern in his journalism and teaching became preoccupied with preventing a National Socialist government from coming to power in Germany. Any retreat from his traditionalist ultra-conservatism remained at best ambivalent, however. During the early months of the Hitler government the security services were principally concerned with targeting communists. Kern was clearly no communist. Nevertheless, he had for many years been warning Germans against Hitler, and as the nature of the regime became ever clearer he was clearly, as a known opponent of the National Socialists in some danger. Between 1933 and 1944 Fritz Kern remained in Germany, choosing a form of "Inner emigration" which, especially before 1939, seems to have involved staying in Bonn and focusing on his university responsibilities.
Twelve Hitler years
It is known that, as early as 1934, Fritz Kern was closely associated with the anti-government resistance group set up at the University of Bonn by the Communist doctoral student Walter Markov. He continued to support Markov's group even after Markov himself was arrested, sentenced, and in 1936 imprisoned, despite the associated dangers to himself.
War returned in September 1939. Kern was keen to rush to Berlin and make himself available to go back to his "old job" - presumably a reference to his work between 1915 and 1918, running an archive for the intelligence department on behalf of the Combined Military High Command ("Oberkommando der Wehrmacht" / OKW). In Berlin he found that a group of conservative traditionalists under the leadership of Vice-Admiral Wilhelm Canaris and General Major Hans Oster had already set in place a clandestine opposition to the government's war preparations, which within the higher echelons of the military establishment were widely deplored or mistrusted. Subsequently, Kern also came into contact with the Prussian Finance Minister Johannes Popitz and other members the so-called Wednesday Society. At some point Kern's willingness to work for the military success of Nazi Germany evolved into a position of opposition to the war, and he was persuaded to remain quietly in Bonn. he was never among the leaders of the anti-war movement, however. His personal life was also in crisis, as he was forced to accept that his elder daughter was incurably ill and would never be able to support herself. In 1941 Fritz and Bertha Kern were divorced. Kern remarried later that year. At around the same time his entire library was destroyed by enemy bombs.
As far as can be determined, between 1941 and 1944 Fritz Kern underwent a form of self-imposed exile, trying to keep out of the way of the authorities and avoiding contact with opposition groups or anyone else of possible significance to the security services. He did not simply remain in Bonn, however, but seems to have left the Rhineland as frequently and for as long as the opportunities allowed. The late summer and autumn of 1941 he spent on the shores of the Bodensee. During the summer of 1942 he spent two months in Slovakia (which was a German puppet state through the war years). Between August and October 1943 he took an extended summer vacation near Graz where, thanks to contacts sustained through the 1930s, he was able to use a library and call upon the services of research assistants. In October 1943 he arranged for his extensive accumulation of "research materials" to be conveyed to Öblarn, a remote village in the mountains between Graz and Salzburg, and in August 1944 he joined them there. However, he subsequently arranged to have his family and surviving worldly goods sent to Kißlegg, close to the Bodensee and the frontier with Switzerland.
Between 1942 and 1944 Canaris and Oster played a desperate double-game as members of the military establishment who were also in touch with British intelligence. Johannes Popitz went a step further, conducting secret talks during the summer of 1943 with Heinrich Himmler, attempting to persuade the government "minister for almost everything" to turn his back on the leader and take part in attempts to negotiate with the Americans and British in order to obtain an "acceptable peace". With the benefit of hindsight it is clear that the hopes of the Canaris group were far-fetched. Nevertheless, it is apparent that in or before October 1944 Fritz Kern became a member of the resistance group. Popitz, Canaris and Oster were all unmasked and during the closing weeks of the war executed for their treason. Through a sense of duty, by the time the University of Bonn was destroyed in a bomb attack on 18 October 1944, Kern was back in town. He survived the destruction and made his way to Berlin, but before Christmas 1944 was back in Kißlegg. In February 1945 Fritz Kern entrusted his German assets to the custody of a lawyer in the border-town of Lindau, and on 27 April he crossed into Switzerland. Two days the Swiss authorities arranged for Kern's wife and child to be "most gently kidnapped" (to quote the English language term used in an allied report of the matter) and bought across the frontier to join him. Had Kern been aware that the German surrender was less than two weeks away, and that he would be banned from returning to Germany for the next three years, it is far from certain that he would have chosen the "emigration" option.
Swiss exile
After May 1945 the eastern third of Germany became parts of Poland and the Soviet Union while the western two thirds were divided between the principal allied powers into four military occupation zones. The military occupation authorities saw no reason to prioritize the return of exiled Germans, which was accordingly prohibited by default. It was not the 1918-style armistice that Kern had anticipated and for which he had been prepared. In Switzerland he had no money and no work permit. Instead of a quick return home he was stuck in Basel with his wife and their youngest child, surviving on the small amounts of income that his wife was able to earn from domestic work in the homes of strangers (which was allowed without a work permit). It was a period of acute privation. Optimistic that they would soon be allowed home, Kern remained near the frontier, in Basel. As far as hunger and his always delicate health permitted, he worked in the libraries there on his latest academic preoccupations. After accepting that the enforced Swiss exile was not coming to an end any time soon he moved to Fribourg, settling near the university. He was able to obtain some support for historical research work from the Societas Verbi Divini in Posieux-Froideville, having already established a relationship of trust with the society's large Vienna Mission in the course of his travels and studies during happier times. The principal product of his studies during this period was a much expanded version of his 1932 essay "Anfangen der Weltgeschichte" which would be published posthumously as "Die Anfänge der Weltgeschichte. Ein Forschungsbericht und Leitfaden" in 1953.
Meanwhile, on 17 November 1945 the University of Bonn was permitted to re-open, and "that part of the teaching body remaining intact" were invited to present themselves to a commission of enquiry established by the university senate in order that any necessary "cleansing" ("denazification") requirements might be determined. Kern was self-evidently still "intact" and he expressed the hope that he might be permitted to return on a special train being organised by "the Quakers", and so resume his teaching duties for the Summer 1946 term. However, he had been personally isolated from colleagues (and from virtually everyone else) during the war years, and his flight to Switzerland had opened him up to suspicion and bureaucratic hurdles. As it became clear that the university was in no hurry to welcome him, and his health continued to deteriorate, he instead applied for early retirement. During 1945/46 he had undergone three surgical interventions in connection with a long-standing kidney disease. 1947 was a year of medical urgency thanks to an inflamed appendix which was deemed inoperable on account of the weakened condition of his heart. The alternative treatment, involving a savagely light diet, kept him alive for three more years, but his deteriorating health was nevertheless by this stage a continuing concern. Fritz Kern's retirement took effect at the end of term in July 1946, while he himself was still in Switzerland. Due to lengthy denazification procedures on which the British military authorities insisted, the retirement process took a further nine months, and so formally took effect only on 1 April 1947, by means of a letter dated 17 April 1947 and supplied by the appropriate ministry department. Kern now hoped and believed that his return to Germany could no longer be deferred. Meanwhile, after a long period of "preparation", in the first part of 1948 he signed a contract with Francke Verlag, a publishing house in Bern, for a ten volume "Historia Mundi" ("History of the World"). Ideas for the project had evidently been forming in his mind for many years, and securing the publication contract represented the fulfilment of a longstanding ambition: in the event the work would not be published during his lifetime, however.
There were further delays before Kern was able to resume his German residency. He was now in receipt of income in Germany now including, presumably, his university pension, but for the first eight months following his formal retirement any money he received in occupied Germany was directed into a special closed account due to inscrutable financial regulations imposed by the British military authorities, the ambiguities of which were copper-plated with ultra-cautious interpretations inferred by nervous German officials. It was only on 17 August 1948 that Kern was able to enter the French occupation zone of Germany, thanks to the intervention of his old friend Jean de Pange who arranged for his invitation to join a History Symposium in Speyer, after which the payments began to flow again, though they continued to be subjected to a 10% deduction by the authorities until the currency reforms of 9 May 1949. By that time, however, he was at least no longer prevented from returning to Germany.
Detoxifying history teaching
In Autumn 1948, notwithstanding the bureaucratic hurdles involving visas and other documentation and the continuing deductions on his currency receipts, Kern felt well enough to undertake a major round trip in connection with the ten volume "Historia Mundi" for which he was making preparations. Between 20 September and 14 November he visited Amsterdam, Brussels, London and Paris, renewing old contacts and setting up new ones. In December he spent more time in Paris. In January 1949 he visited Bonn and Düsseldorf in order to try and resolve "salary
issues" before setting off on a second round trip on 19 January in connection the "Historia Mundi" project. This time his trip, lasting around seven weeks, took him to Strasbourg, London, Paris and Madrid. During the second half of March 1949, while he was passing through Baden-Baden and Speyer, he was contacted by Raymond Schmittlein, the general director for Cultural Affairs in the French zone, with an invitation to become involved in a project for the "detoxifying" German history books used in the schools. Kern elaborated the idea into the plan that had already set out in August 1948 at the Speyer History Symposium, for a new "Institute for European History" to be based in Mainz, with a "Universal History" department which he would head up and a "Religious History" department to be led by Joseph Lortz. In place of the destructive nationalist polemical approach to history that had prevailed across Europe for so long, the idea was to present a universal-historical perspective, grounded in the "Historia Mundi" on which Fritz Kern was already working. The "Institute for European History" was established in 1950. Kern lived long enough to be its founding director, with Lortz serving as co-director. The "Historia Mundi" idea was taken forward by others.
Death
Fritz Kern died in a Mainz hospital on 21 May 1950.
Work
A focus of Kern's work was the study of the comparative legal and constitutional history in the Medieval period and the universal history of humanity. His major work, "Gottesgnadentum und Widerstandsrecht im früheren Mittelalter" (loosely, "The Grace of God and Rights to Resist in the Early Middle Ages"), published originally in 1914, reset the compass, and remains influential more than a century later. He intended it as a "comparative constitutional history of the Middle Ages" and an investigation of the "interconnections between law and the world vision". The underlying theme of the book is defined by the author in its 1914 introduction as "the relationship between ruler and the people in the creation of government, its implementation and its termination". An English edition, entitled "Kingship and law", followed in 1939. In 1954, after Kern had died, Rudolf Buchner produced a new German edition of the work.
Extremely influential in its day was Kern's substantial essay "Recht und Verfassung im Mittelalter" (loosely, "Law and Constitution") which appeared in 1919, and in which he sought to show how the law derives from that which is "old and good".
His universal historical treatise "Die Anfänge der Weltgeschichte" ("Beginnings of World History") appeared first in 1933. After 1945 Kern comprehensively reworked the text. The book showcases the cultural framework that Kern had by this time developed, whereby he sought to supersede the old historical prisms of bourgeois-liberal evolutionism together with biologically derived social darwinism. It was perhaps a reflection of the work's vast ambitions that only the first part was completed. It presents "a guide to the centuries and millennia of base culture" and was published posthumously in 1953. By the early 1960s Fritz Kern's intensively forensic approach to sources had fallen out of fashion, while his interpretations, which a generation earlier might have been deemed merely "conservative-traditionalist", were being critiqued, if at all, merely as "old-fashioned".
Kern's earlier published work, setting out a curiously deterministic vision of the expansion, during the early and middle medieval periods, of what later became the highly centralised French state, became a standard work and has in some ways retained the respect of subsequent scholars more effectively than some of his more recent and more ambitiously scoped works. For German scholars there is an obvious contrast to be drawn with the success of the decentralised evolution of the Holy Roman empire and its successors. Nevertheless, the patterns identified by Kern also attract dissent. In 2009 Jean-Marie Moeglin wrote an essay in which he evaluated and dismissed as "myth" Kern's thesis of a French "expansionist policy" during the medieval period at the expense of "the empire".
Personal
In 1909 Fritz Kern became engaged to and then married Bertha the sixth recorded child and youngest daughter of the recently deceased philosopher Eduard von Hartmann (1842–1906). The marriage would be followed in due course by the births of two daughters, and Gisela, along with one son, Berthold.
Fritz Kern's first marriage ended in divorce in 1941. Later that same year he married Elisabeth Charlotte Ahrens (1904 - ), the daughter of Dr. Reinhold Ahrens, a health official from Remscheid. The marriage was followed by the birth of the couple's son, Fritz Kern's fourth recorded child and second son.
Published output (selection)
Dorsualkonzept und Imbreviatur. Zur Geschichte der Notariatsurkunde in Italien, doctoral dissertation, Berlin 1906.
Die Anfänge der französischen Ausdehnungspolitik bis zum Jahr 1308. Mohr, Tübingen 1910.
als Herausgeber: Acta Imperii Angliae et Franciae ab anno 1267 ad annum 1313. Dokumente vornehmlich zur Geschichte der auswärtigen Beziehungen Deutschlands. Mohr, Tübingen 1911 (reprinted. Olms, Hildesheim and others 1973, ).
Gottesgnadentum und Widerstandsrecht im früheren Mittelalter. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Monarchie (= Mittelalterliche Studien. vol. 1, H. 2, ). Koehler, Leipzig 1914 (7th edition, unchanged reprint of the 2nd edition of 1954. Produced by Rudolf Buchner. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1980, ).
Dante. 4 Vorträge zur Einführung in die Göttliche Komödie. Mohr, Tübingen 1914.
Humana civilitas (Staat, Kirche und Kultur). Eine Dante-Untersuchung (= Mittelalterliche Studien. vol. 1, section 1). Koehler, Leipzig 1913.
Recht und Verfassung im Mittelalter. In: Historische Zeitschrift. vol. 120, 1919, pp. 1–79, , (Special rerelease of the 1952 edition. Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2008, ).
Stammbaum und Artbild der Deutschen und ihrer Verwandten. Ein kultur- und rassengeschichtlicher Versuch. Lehmann, München 1927.
Die Anfänge der Weltgeschichte. Ein Forschungsbericht und Leitfaden. Teubner, Leipzig u. a. 1933.
Geschichte und Entwicklung (Evolution). Aus dem Nachlass herausgegeben von Liselotte Kern. Francke, Bern 1952.
Notes
References
Historians from Stuttgart
German medievalists
Academic staff of Goethe University Frankfurt
Academic staff of the University of Kiel
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
German resistance members
1884 births
1950 deaths |
is a Japanese rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
References
1948 births
Living people
Japanese male rowers
Olympic rowers for Japan
Rowers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Mie Prefecture |
Edward Lewis (3 January 1935 – 2 May 2011) was an English footballer who played as a centre-forward and later as a full-back. Born in Manchester, he played for Goslings before joining the now-famous Manchester United Junior Athletic Club (MUJAC). He made his debut for Manchester United in 1952, but struggled to nail down a regular place in the starting XI and was sold to Preston North End in 1955.
A year later, he transferred to West Ham United, with Frank O'Farrell moving in the opposite direction. In 1958, he was part of the West Ham team that finished on top of the Second Division before joining Leyton Orient. At Leyton Orient, Lewis was converted from his former position at centre-forward to become the team's regular left-back, and he was part of the team that was promoted to the First Division in 1962 and relegated just a year later. In May 1964, Lewis joined Folkestone Town, before embarking on a short managerial career with Clapton and Ford Sports.
In 1970, Lewis emigrated to South Africa, where he was involved in coaching several sides, including Wits University, Kaizer Chiefs and Moroka Swallows. He also worked as an analyst for SuperSport. He contracted cancer in his later years and died in May 2011.
Career
Born in Manchester, Lewis was one of the original Busby Babes. He played for Goslings and then for the Manchester United Junior Athletic Club (MUJAC), joining the Old Trafford ground staff in the 1947–48 season.
He made 24 appearances for United during the 1950s and scored 11 goals, but was never a regular first-team player due to fierce competition from Bobby Charlton, Liam Whelan, Tommy Taylor and Dennis Viollet.
In 1956 Lewis signed for West Ham United from Preston North End in a swap deal that saw Frank O'Farrell move in the other direction. He helped West Ham win promotion during the 1957–58 season, and did the same with Leyton Orient in 1961–62. He was converted from centre forward to full back with Leyton Orient, and probably played his best seasons in that position. He went on to play for Folkestone Town and later managed Clapton and Ford Sports in the Greater London League.
Lewis emigrated to South Africa in 1970 and – after a short spell selling insurance – he spent time as a part-time coach of Primary School Soccer at Glenhazel Primary school in the 1980s, and Wits University, Kaizer Chiefs, Giant Blackpool, Moroka Swallows, Manning Rangers, Free State Stars and AmaZulu. He also worked as an analyst for the TV sports station SuperSport and also for PA Sports.
In July 2007, 72-year-old Lewis was appointed as a technical advisor for Moroka Swallows under their new manager Ian Gorowa, a former Zimbabwe international striker.
After a long battle with cancer, Lewis died in a Johannesburg hospital on 2 May 2011.
References
Kaufman, Neilson N. (2003) The Men Who Made Leyton Orient FC. Tempus Publishing
Kaufman, Neilson N. (2006 [1990]). The Complete Record of Leyton Orient FC. Breedon Book Publishing
Kaufman, Neilson N. (2008) The Eddie Lewis Story: From Manchester to Soweto. Derwent Press
1935 births
2011 deaths
English men's footballers
Footballers from Manchester
Manchester United F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Folkestone F.C. players
English Football League players
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Clapton F.C. managers
Kaizer Chiefs F.C. managers
Wits University F.C. managers
Free State Stars F.C. managers
Giant Blackpool managers
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Manning Rangers F.C. managers
AmaZulu F.C. managers
English expatriates in South Africa
Deaths from cancer in South Africa
Expatriate soccer managers in South Africa
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football defenders |
Vinod Chandra Pande (16 February 1932 – 7 February 2005) was an Indian Civil Servant of the Rajasthan Cadre, and was, notably, Cabinet Secretary in 1989–1990. He was a prolific writer and an erudite astrologer.
He was born to a family which contributed two other Cabinet Secretaries (B. D. Pande and Kamal Pande). His elder brother was noted scholar and historian Govind Chandra Pande
He was Cabinet Secretary from 23 December 1989 to 11 December 1990 under Prime Minister V. P. Singh (and earlier, revenue secretary under him when the latter was Finance Minister). They had earlier studied together at Allahabad University.
He served as Governor of Bihar (1999–2003), Jharkhand (briefly during 2002), and Arunachal Pradesh (2003–04), as an appointee of the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government.
He had been a bachelor. He was a scholar of Hindi, Pali, and Sanskrit, and a prolific writer in Hindi. He died in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, two months after leaving the governorship of Arunachal Pradesh.
Further reading
Cabinet Secretariat, India
Bihar Raj Bhavan
Jharkhand Raj Bhavan
Transfer to Arunachal Raj Bhavan
Arunachal Raj Bhavan
Obituary
1932 births
2005 deaths
University of Allahabad alumni
V. P. Singh administration
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Abiel is a given name. Notable people with the given name include:
Abiel (biblical figure), two minor biblical figures
Abiel Abbot (1770–1828), American clergyman
Abiel Chandler (1777–1851), American merchant
Abiel Foster (1735–1806), American clergyman and politician
Abiel Holmes (1763–1837), American clergyman and historian
Abiel Leonard (1848–1903), American Anglican bishop
Abiel Abbot Low (1811–1893), American entrepreneur, businessman, trader and philanthropist
Abiel Wood (1772–1834), American politician
See also
Abeel
Masculine given names |
Bwiam, or Bwiam-Kankuntu, is a small town in southwestern Gambia. It is located in Foni Kansala District in the Western Division. As of 2009, it has an estimated population of 3,834.
Notable people
Sainey Nyassi (born 31 January 1989) - Footballer
Sanna Nyassi (born 31 January 1989) - Footballer
Tijan Jaiteh (born 31 December 1988) - Footballer
Sulayman Badjie (born 8 August 1969) - Former Commander of the Republican National Guard under Yahya Jammeh.
Culture and Sights
Near catholic Fatima secondary school is a local sight called Bwiam cooking pot, a big cast iron pot, believed to have been here for more than a hundred years.
Between Bwiam und Bondali is a holy / sacred tree as place of worship known under the name of Kanjendi.
References
Populated places in the Gambia |
The Marshallese records in athletics are maintained by the Marshall Islands' national athletics federation: the Marshall Islands Athletics Federation (MIAF).
Outdoor
Key to tables:
ht = hand timing
# = not ratified by federation
OT = oversized track (> 200m in circumference)
Men
Women
Indoor
Men
Women
References
External links
Marshallese
Records
Athletics
Athletics |
```objective-c
#ifndef PDFVIEWERCONFIG_H
#define PDFVIEWERCONFIG_H
#include "iconfig.h"
#include "webresource.h"
namespace vnotex
{
class PdfViewerConfig : public IConfig
{
public:
PdfViewerConfig(ConfigMgr *p_mgr, IConfig *p_topConfig);
void init(const QJsonObject &p_app, const QJsonObject &p_user) Q_DECL_OVERRIDE;
QJsonObject toJson() const Q_DECL_OVERRIDE;
const WebResource &getViewerResource() const;
private:
friend class MainConfig;
void loadViewerResource(const QJsonObject &p_app, const QJsonObject &p_user);
QJsonObject saveViewerResource() const;
WebResource m_viewerResource;
};
}
#endif // PDFVIEWERCONFIG_H
``` |
Ablabesmyia moniliformis is a species of fly discovered by Ernst Josef Fittkau in 1962. No sub-species specified in Catalogue of Life.
References
Tanypodinae
Insects described in 1962 |
Ischia is a town and one of the six comuni on Ischia island, in the Tyrrhenian Sea. With a population of about 18,000, it's the largest settlement on the island.
Administratively, it's part of the Metropolitan city of Naples, in the Campania region of Southern Italy.
It is famed for its thermal baths due to the volcanic nature of the island.
Overview
The town is formed by two distinct boroughs, called "Ischia Porto" and "Ischia Ponte". The latter was named after an ancient wooden bridge (in Italian language, ponte) which, until the 18th century, connected it to the Aragonese Castle.
Twin towns
Marino, Italy
San Pedro, California, United States
Mar del Plata, Argentina
References
External links
Official Comune Ischia website—
.
Coastal towns in Campania
Cities and towns in Campania |
Albany Highway links Western Australia's capital city Perth with its oldest settlement, Albany, on the state's south coast. The highway travels through the southern Wheatbelt and Great Southern regions, and is designated State Route 30 for most of its length. Outside of Perth the highway is predominately a sealed, single carriageway with regular overtaking lanes in some undulating areas. Albany Highway commences at The Causeway, a river crossing that connects to Perth's central business district. The highway heads south-east through Perth's metropolitan region, bypassed in part by Shepperton Road and Kenwick Link, and continues south-eastwards through to Albany. It intersects several major roads in Perth, including the Leach, Tonkin, Brookton, and South Western highways. The rural section of Albany Highway connects to important regional roads at the few towns and roadhouses along the route, including Coalfields Highway at Arthur River, Great Southern Highway at Cranbrook, and Muirs Highway at Mount Barker.
Prior to European settlement, the indigenous Noongar people had a considerable network of tracks, including a trade route between the areas now known as Perth and Albany. Construction of a road between Perth and Albany began soon after the naming of Albany in 1832, but progress was slow, with only completed by 1833. A monthly mail route which operated in the 1840s had such trouble with the journey that a new contractor was required each year, and from 1847 the mail route detoured via Bunbury. The introduction of convicts in 1850, and thus convict labour, allowed a road along the direct route to be fully constructed by 1863.
The rise of the motor vehicle era in the early 20th century saw the road gain prominence once more, and by 1939 the whole road had been sealed. Congestion at the Perth end of the road in the 1930s led to parallel roads Berwick Street and Shepperton Road being upgraded to provide bypasses. The entire Perth−Albany road was renamed Albany Highway on 2 October 1940, in recognition of its importance as an arterial traffic route. From the late 1970s, $49 million over ten years was spent on repairing Albany Highway, and the experience saw Main Roads develop a program of interventions to prevent costly road reconstruction. Since the 1990s Main Roads has been upgrading various portions along the length of Albany Highway, including widening sections to dual carriageways in Perth, and the construction of the Kenwick Link bypass.
Route description
Albany Highway commences at The Causeway, a river crossing that connects to Perth's central business district. The highway heads south-east through Perth's metropolitan region, and continues through the southern Wheatbelt and Great Southern regions to Albany on the south coast of Western Australia. Albany Highway is generally a two-lane single carriageway road, but with additional lanes and dual-carriageway sections in Perth and Albany. The highway is allocated State Route 30, except for bypassed sections in Perth, and the southernmost portion in Albany. The part bypassed by Kenwick Link is allocated Alternate State Route 30, and a short length in Arthur River is concurrently allocated State Route 107. Albany Highway also carries sections of Heritage Country Tourist Drive (Tourist Drive 205) and Great Southern Tourist Way (Tourist Drive 356).
Main Roads Western Australia monitors traffic volume across the state's road network, including various locations along Albany Highway. In the 2013/14 financial year, the recorded traffic volumes ranged between 3880 and 70,690 vehicles per weekday in Perth, 1980 to 3880 in the Wheatbelt, and 1720 to 5120 in the Great Southern. The highest percentage of heavy traffic was 29.2%, south of Jarrahdale Road in the Wheatbelt. Reports commissioned by the Royal Automobile Club of Western Australia (RAC) in 2006 and 2008 gave the majority of the highway a three-star safety rating out of five, with an approximately section south-east of Armadale rated at a two star level. The overall highway network was generally rated as three-star or four-star, but around 10% in 2006 and 5% in 2008 received a two-star rating.
Perth to Armadale
In Perth, Albany Highway's north-western terminus is at a parclo interchange with The Causeway, Shepperton Road, and Great Eastern and Canning Highways in Victoria Park. The first of the road is one-way into the interchange, but only connecting to The Causeway and Canning Highway – there is no direct access to the other roads. For the next , the highway is a two-lane, two-way high street serving Victoria Park's town centre, and continuing south-east through East Victoria Park. The nearby four-lane Shepperton Road serves as a bypass, carrying through-traffic as well as State Route 30.
The two roads converge at an intersection with Welshpool Road, and for Albany Highway serves as an arterial route in Perth's south-eastern suburbs, varying between a single carriageway and dual carriageway, and between a four- and six-lane capacity. This part of the highway is dominated by commercial shopping precincts in Bentley, Cannington, Maddington, Gosnells and Kelmscott, with numerous sets of traffic lights. The section of Albany Highway through Beckenham and Kenwick is allocated Alternate State Route 30, while State Route 30 follows a bypass, Kenwick Link.
Albany Highway has a folded diamond interchange with Tonkin Highway in Gosnells, and continues south for past commercial and residential properties in Kelmscott and Mount Nasura. The highway has a T junction that is the western terminus of Brookton Highway, at the boundary between Kelmscott, and Mount Nasura. Further south in Armadale, the highway intersects the eastern end of Armadale Road and northern end of South Western Highway.
Regional highway
Albany Highway proceeds east and then south from Armadale, around the suburb of Mount Richon. The road continues south-east, with signs of human activity becoming more sparse as the highway crosses the Darling Scarp, and the scenery transitions to native forest. Further south, after , it transitions again to pastures, with farming activities such as livestock rearing and orchards. Over the next , the highway encounters few towns: Williams, Kojonup and Mount Barker are on the highway, but are apart. Roadhouses exist at North Bannister, Crossman and Arthur River, while many of the service towns in the region are approximately to the east on Great Southern Highway, including Narrogin, Wagin and Katanning.
Closer to Albany, there are large tracts of blue gum eucalypt plantations. from the road's south-eastern terminus, it passes Albany Airport. The highway passes by suburban areas before intersecting South Coast Highway at a Y intersection, and only beyond it, a large five-way roundabout. This roundabout is the southern terminus of State Route 30, and connects the highway with Chester Pass Road (which continues east to South Coast Highway), North Road, and Hanrahan Road. The final stretch takes the highway south-east into the centre of Albany.
History
Background
Prior to European settlement, the indigenous Noongar people had a considerable network of tracks around their territory in the south-west of Western Australia. One such track, used as a trade route, linked the Swan River (in modern-day Perth) with the area now known as Albany. The track followed a similar alignment to modern-day Albany Highway.
On 25 December 1826, the New South Wales colonial government brig Amity, under the command of Major Edmund Lockyer, arrived at King George Sound to establish a military garrison. On 21 January 1827, as instructed by the Colonial Secretary, the Union Jack was raised and a feu de joie fired by the troops, formally annexing the territory, in assertion of the first official claim by the Imperial Government to British possession over the whole continent of Australia. On 7 March 1831 the King George Sound and colony was made part of the Swan River Colony and a free settlement. Albany was officially named by Governor Stirling at the beginning of 1832, at the time that political authority passed to the Swan River colony. The construction of a road from Albany to Perth began soon thereafter, but only had been completed by 1833. Due to this slow progress, the settlers of Albany petitioned England to supply convicts to work on the road. At the time the government in Perth derided the proposal, and Western Australia would not become a penal colony until 1849.
Surveying and initial routes
In October and November 1835, Governor Stirling and Surveyor-General John Septimus Roe travelled overland from Perth to Albany, with the focus of the journey being the route south of the Hotham River. A more comprehensive survey was undertaken in July–September 1836 by Assistant Surveyors Alfred Hillman and D. Smith. Hillman started from the Albany end, while Smith concurrently commenced from Perth. A few months later, in February 1837, Hillman accompanied a group that made the trip to Perth in 12 days travelling time, journeying via Chorkurup, Thokokup, Mount Barker, Lake Matilda, Kojonup, Williams and Arthur River. This group was led by Mr J. Harris, and included Lieutenant Armstrong with eight soldiers of the 21st Fusiliers, Albany settlers Patrick Taylor and Dr. Thomas Harrison, as well as Kartrull, who was referred to as "the native 'Handsome. The place where they arrived in Williams was right opposite the road from Kelmscott to Williams, Mr Harris describe Hillnman as please having previously survey the route from Perth to Kelmscott. In April 1838 four bridges were built near Albany by John Young, and in 1839 Governor John Hutt ventured out to Albany on an official visit, travelling through Williams and Kojonup. Assistant Surveyor Hillman led a large group of Albany settlers to Perth in 1840, via Kinunup, Yarenup, Joseph's Wells, Balgarrup and Mandalup; whilst in the same year Edward John Eyre shepherded 550 sheep and 70 cattle from Albany to York, and then over to Perth.
A monthly mail route was set up in June 1841, travelling from Albany to Perth via Kojonup and Williams. The following year, a service through Guildford commenced. The tough conditions of the mail route saw a different contractor providing the service each year. The 1845 contractor James Martin had particular trouble with debts, which led to his mail horse being seized; while he managed to acquire a replacement animal, he also had trouble servicing the resultant debt of £2. In 1847, the Perth–Albany route was adjusted, so that the mail would travel from Albany to Kojonup, then head to Bunbury on the coast, and subsequently up to Perth via Rockingham and Fremantle. The new route still had difficulties, such as flooding in the winter of 1847 that resulted in a "terrible trip" which took a month to complete. The people of Albany, who could travel as passengers on the mail cart, found the trip to Perth long and deplorable.
With the arrival of the convict ship Scindian on 1 June 1850 and the advent of convict labour, early completion of the Perth–Albany road seemed assured. Investigations of a direct route via Kelmscott, Hotham, Williams and Kojonup began in late 1851. Assistant Surveyor A. C. Gregory reported in 1852 that the direct route would be shorter than the route via Bunbury, and shorter than the York route. Construction was recommended in late 1852, after the mail contractor George Maxwell completed a journey along the proposed route in September, and soon commenced. had been completed by October 1853, and the whole road was finished in 1863. The road served as the main link between Perth and Albany until the 1880s, when the Great Southern Railway opened.
Early 20th century
The rise of the motor vehicle era in the early 20th century saw the road gain prominence once more. The newly formed Main Roads Board took over control and maintenance of the Perth–Albany road and twenty-one other important roads between 1926 and 1928, which were declared "main roads". At this stage the Perth–Albany road was not much more developed than a bush track. To increase the usability of the overall main road network, the Board's work schedule prioritised upgrading the worst individual segments, rather than any one road. In 1928/29, twenty-two separate sections of the Perth–Albany road were improved, but many were short, and drivers would experience quite varied conditions, from new sealed road to gravel road, and then a boggy dirt in just a few miles. By 1932, the improved conditions allowed an average speed of to be reached, for a total trip of eight to nine hours instead of two days. In 1938, a total of had been sealed, and the following year the whole route had been completed.
In 1935, a town planning report for the City of Perth noted traffic congestion on Albany Road in Victoria Park. As widening the existing road would have left the council liable for compensation from affected businesses and properties, the provision of bypass routes was recommended instead. To provide the bypasses, parallel roads would be upgraded and extended: Berwick Street to the south-west, and Shepperton Road to the north-east. In 1937, work had progressed on extending Berwick Street eastwards, and it had been extended to Alday Street by November 1938. A new causeway to extend Berwick Street north over the Swan River, and make it a truck route, was considered by the state government in 1940. The existing Causeway, from which Albany Road commenced, had experienced almost a doubling of traffic volume between 1930 and 1939. However, the new Causeway was eventually constructed adjacent to old Causeway, which was then demolished.
The cooperation of the Canning Road District would be required to continue the Berwick Street bypass south-east beyond the city's boundary at Boundary Road, and ultimately through to Albany Road. The South Perth Road Board was also in favour of such a bypass, which would improve access for South Perth residents. A deputation from the Canning and South Perth Road Boards to the Acting Minister For Works, Mr E. H. Gray, in June 1940 complained about the congestion in Albany Road. The traffic delays were worsened by cars parked on both sides of the road and slow-moving trams. The deputation suggested extending Berwick Street to Albany Highway as the solution, as well as removing the trams. Gray contended that parking should be prohibited, and refused to scrap the trams, but said he would consider the resumption of land east of Berwick Street to enable a extension to Albany Road. However, Berwick Street was diverted to the south-west to connect with Chapman Road, providing a longer continuous route west of Albany Highway.
Shepperton Road ran parallel to Albany Road between Harvey Street, from The Causeway, and Somerset Street, further along. In 1937, a road from Asquith Street to Albany Road was constructed, to eventually link in with Shepperton Road. In the same year, the intersection of Albany Road, Milford Street, and Welshpool Road was reconfigured to improve visibility, and in anticipation of an eastern extension to Shepperton Road. In April 1940, that extension was nearing completion, which was expected to be by the end of May, while the demolition of houses on land resumed for the western extension was being arranged. On 29 September 1941, the Perth City Council decided to construct the link between Asquith Street and Harvey Street early the following year, completing the Shepperton Road bypass. Buses were rerouted onto Shepperton Road in 1946, by which time it had become the preferred route for motorists.
In November 1939, the State Advisory Committee on Nomenclature recommended that the Perth–Albany road be named Great Southern Highway, in recognition of its importance as an arterial traffic route. This suggestion followed on from the naming of Great Eastern Highway, in April of the previous year. The committee sent letters to all the local governments in the area to advise them of the proposal. Feedback was mixed; whilst the name was "thoroughly approved" by the Tambellup Road Board, and the Perth City Council's general purposes committee recommended that no objection be raised, the Kojonup Road Board believed that "sufficient grounds [did] not exist for the proposed change", and the Albany Municipal Council objected strongly to not retaining "Perth–Albany" in the name.
The State Advisory Committee made a new recommendation in April 1940 for Albany Highway instead of Great Southern Highway. This new proposal received support from the Albany Municipal Council and Tambellup Road Board. However, the Perth City Council still preferred Great Southern Highway, and recommended that within its boundaries – from The Causeway to Welshpool – the road be named Albany Road, and that one of the proposed bypasses in the area would be better suited to the highway name. The entire road was renamed Albany Highway on 2 October 1940, superseding the previously used names Albany Road, Perth–Albany Road, and High Street in Kojonup.
Post-World War II
During World War II, the Main Roads Department focused its activities on the war effort. Roads in rural areas deteriorated, especially after the Pearl Harbour attack brought the war to the Pacific, and only the most urgent maintenance works were authorised on roads for civilian purposes. Following the war, Main Roads returned to its usual operations, repairing and maintaining the road network. The rural road network expanded in the 1950s, with Main Roads both repairing the worst segments of its roads, through numerous small jobs, and assisting local governments to seal their roads. Such activity was spurred on by the closure of railway lines in addition to the establishment of new land settlements.
In Perth, a roundabout was constructed at the north-western end of Albany Highway, to improve the flow of traffic onto and off The Causeway. It opened in 1952, with guides on the usage of the roundabout published in newspapers. In 1973 construction began to upgrade the intersection to a partial cloverleaf interchange at the eastern end of The Causeway. The $1.3 million interchange opened on 8 March 1974.
By the late 1970s, the road sections sealed in the 1950s and 1960s were in need of repair or maintenance to prolong the pavement life. Old bitumen surfaces would deteriorate and crack. Resealing such cracks was a high priority, as expensive reconstruction would be required if water was allowed to enter the road base. Over a ten-year period, $49 million was spent on repairing Albany Highway. The techniques used in this process were then formalised into the 4R Program, which aimed to alleviate a growing maintenance problem – based on a thirty-five-year pavement lifespan, the amount of reconstruction required would be more than double the actual rate of reconstruction. "4R" abbreviated the options that could be used keep roads serviceable:
Restoration – maintaining the condition of a road
Resurfacing – resealing a bitumen surface which was no longer waterproof, to prevent pavement failure
Rehabilitation – improving a deteriorated road to its original condition
Reconstruction – done when deterioration was beyond the point of repairs
Interventions to prevent a road requiring reconstruction, the most costly option, would save money.
From the 1980s Main Roads began planning for the future needs of Albany Highway within the City of Canning in Perth, in conjunction with the City and the Metropolitan Region Planning Authority. A section between Leach Highway and Nicholson Road was subsequently upgraded between November 1992 and June 1994. The four-lane undivided road had been one of the most congested in Perth but was improved by adding a third lane in each direction as well as a median strip. The project was recognised with an Excellence Award from the Institution of Engineers Australia in 1994. In the 1990s several other improvement projects were planned across the length of the highway, including between Bedfordale and North Bannister, through Mount Barker, and between Narrikup and Albany. Closer to Perth, the section along Bedfordale Hill (south-east of Armadale) was upgraded to a four-lane dual carriageway, with work completed in June 1999.
This period also saw the planning and construction of additional junctions with new major roads in Perth. At Armadale, Armadale Road would connect to what had been a three-way junction with South Western Highway, while a highway deviation was proposed to connect to the extension of Roe Highway through Beckenham. The proposed deviation became Kenwick Link, constructed as part of the Roe Highway extension towards Fremantle. It was initially built as a single carriageway, and upgraded to a dual carriageway later. It opened on 17 April 1998, ahead of the Roe Highway extensions from Welshpool Road to Kenwick Link (opened 30 November 2002) and from Kenwick Link to Nicholson Road (opened 21 January 2003).
Further work was undertaken in Perth in 2011 and 2012, between John Street in Bentley and Leach Highway. The road was widened and a median installed to increase both safety and efficiency. The works also upgraded intersection, including installation of new traffic lights. Downer EDI Works Pty Ltd completed the work under a $3.65 million contract. In January 2014, work began on widening and reconstructing of Albany Highway north of Kojonup.
Major intersections
See also
Highways in Australia
List of highways in Western Australia
Notes
References
External links
Main Roads Western Australia
State Library of Western Australia Pictorial collection of historical Albany Highway photographs
Highways and freeways in Perth, Western Australia
Highways in rural Western Australia |
Statistics of the Scottish Football League in season 1899–1900.
Overview
Rangers were champions of the Scottish Division One.
Partick Thistle won the Scottish Division Two.
Scottish League Division One
Scottish League Division Two
See also
1899–00 in Scottish football
References
1899-1900 |
The 2002 African Cup of Nations squads is given as follows:
Group A
Nigeria
Coach: Shaibu Amodu
Mali
Coach: Henryk Kasperczak
Liberia
Coach: Dominic George Vava
Algeria
Coach: Rabah Madjer
Group B
South Africa
Coach: Carlos Queiroz
Ghana
Coach: Fred Osam Duodu
Morocco
Coach: Humberto Coelho
Burkina Faso
Coach: Jacques Yameogo & Pihouri Weboanga
Group C
Cameroon
Coach: Winfried Schäfer
DR Congo
Coach: Louis Watunda
Togo
Coach: Bana Tchanilé
Ivory Coast
Coach: Lama Bamba
Group D
Senegal
Coach: Bruno Metsu
Egypt
Coach: Mahmoud Al Gohary
Tunisia
Coach: Henri Michel
Zambia
Coach: Roald Poulsen
Notes
References
RSSSF
Africa Cup of Nations squads
2002 African Cup of Nations |
Kabaddi events were held from 26 September 2022 to 1 October 2022 at Transtadia EKA Arena, Ahemdabad.
Medal table
Medal summary
Men's Team:
Gold🥇 Uttar Pradesh
Silver🥈 Maharashtra
Bronze🥉 Haryana
Bronze🥉 Services
Women's Team:
Gold🥇 Himachal Pradesh
Silver🥈 Maharashtra
Bronze🥉 Haryana
Bronze🥉 Tamil Nadu
References
2022 National Games of India
Kabaddi competitions in India
2022 in kabaddi |
The Zeb Spaulding House is a historic First Period house in Carlisle, Massachusetts. It is a -story timber-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, large central chimney, and clapboard siding. It was built c. 1725, with additions extending from its rear that date to the 18th and 19th centuries. Its interior beams have quirk beading, a late First Period feature, and there is a Federal period mantel around the fireplace in the right side parlor.
The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Carlisle, Massachusetts |
Jackson Township is one of thirteen townships in Putnam County, Indiana. As of the 2010 census, its population was 854 and it contained 376 housing units.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , all land.
Cities and towns
Roachdale (partial)
Unincorporated towns
Barnard at
New Maysville at
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)
References
External links
Indiana Township Association
United Township Association of Indiana
Townships in Putnam County, Indiana
Townships in Indiana |
Hjørring East railway halt () is a railway halt located in the eastern part of the city of Hjørring in Vendsyssel, Denmark. The halt serves the area's many educational institutions as well as the nearby hospital.
The halt is located on the Vendsyssel Line from Aalborg to Frederikshavn, between Hjørring station and Sindal station. It opened in 2021. The train services are operated by the railway company Nordjyske Jernbaner which runs frequent regional train services to Aalborg and Frederikshavn.
See also
List of railway stations in Denmark
References
External links
Banedanmark – government agency responsible for maintenance and traffic control of most of the Danish railway network
Nordjyske Jernbaner – Danish railway company operating in North Jutland Region
Danske Jernbaner – website with information on railway history in Denmark
Nordjyllands Jernbaner – website with information on railway history in North Jutland
Railway stations in the North Jutland Region
Railway stations in Denmark opened in 2021 |
Conodon nobilis, the barred grunt, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is found in the Western Atlantic Ocean where it is a target species for some commercial fisheries.
Description
Conodon nobilis has a relatively robust, elongate, laterally compressed body with a large eye. The upper body is brownish, the abdomen is whitish and there are yellowish horizontal lines along the flanks. They normally show 8 wide dark vertical bars on the back. The soft-rayed part of the dorsal fin, the anal fin and the pelvic fin are yellow. The dorsal fin contains 12 spines and 13 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 7 soft rays. This species attains a maximum total length of , although is more typical.
Distribution
Conodon nobilis is found in the western Atlantic Ocean. Its range extends from northeastern Florida to the upper Florida Keys and along the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico westwards from Louisiana to the northern Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, south through the Caribbean Sea from Hispaniola to Tobago. It is also found along the coast of Central and South American from Mexico south to Argentina.
Habitat and ecology
Conodon nobilis is found at depths down to . It occurs largely in sandy coastal areas, although it is also found along rocky shores and in brackish and estuarine waters. It mainly uses the surf zone as a nursery instead of estuaries. It feeds at night, mostly on small fishes and crustaceans, mysids being the most important crustaceans in the diet, with amphipods also being important. There appears to be a peak of recruitment into the Spring.
Systematics
Conodon nobilis was first formally described in 1758 as Perca nobilis by Carolus Linnaeus in the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae. The French anatomist Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) described a species he named Conodon antillanus in 1830, creating a new genus, Conodon, for it. Cuvier's C. antillanus was later shown to be a synonym of Linnaeus's Perca nobilis and, thus, this species is the type species of the genus Conodon. The specific name, nobilis, means "notable", "majestic" or "excellent" but Linnaeus did not explain why he chose this adjective.
Utilisation
Conodon nobilis is a target for the commercial fisheries, the catch being sold fresh. It is also frequently caught as bycatch in other fisheries, for example it is commonly caught in the fishery for shrimp off Mexico and Brazil. It is also a quarry for sports fishing and appears in the aquarium trade. It is caught using seine nets, trawls and hook and line.
References
Haemulinae
Fish described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
```smalltalk
using System.Buffers;
using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Tiff.Utils;
using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Memory;
using SixLabors.ImageSharp.PixelFormats;
namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Tiff.PhotometricInterpretation;
/// <summary>
/// Implements decoding pixel data with photometric interpretation of type 'YCbCr' with the planar configuration.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="TPixel">The type of pixel format.</typeparam>
internal class YCbCrPlanarTiffColor<TPixel> : TiffBasePlanarColorDecoder<TPixel>
where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
{
private readonly YCbCrConverter converter;
private readonly ushort[] ycbcrSubSampling;
public YCbCrPlanarTiffColor(Rational[] referenceBlackAndWhite, Rational[] coefficients, ushort[] ycbcrSubSampling)
{
this.converter = new YCbCrConverter(referenceBlackAndWhite, coefficients);
this.ycbcrSubSampling = ycbcrSubSampling;
}
/// <inheritdoc/>
public override void Decode(IMemoryOwner<byte>[] data, Buffer2D<TPixel> pixels, int left, int top, int width, int height)
{
Span<byte> yData = data[0].GetSpan();
Span<byte> cbData = data[1].GetSpan();
Span<byte> crData = data[2].GetSpan();
if (this.ycbcrSubSampling != null && !(this.ycbcrSubSampling[0] == 1 && this.ycbcrSubSampling[1] == 1))
{
ReverseChromaSubSampling(width, height, this.ycbcrSubSampling[0], this.ycbcrSubSampling[1], cbData, crData);
}
int offset = 0;
int widthPadding = 0;
if (this.ycbcrSubSampling != null)
{
// Round to the next integer multiple of horizontalSubSampling.
widthPadding = TiffUtilities.PaddingToNextInteger(width, this.ycbcrSubSampling[0]);
}
for (int y = top; y < top + height; y++)
{
Span<TPixel> pixelRow = pixels.DangerousGetRowSpan(y).Slice(left, width);
for (int x = 0; x < pixelRow.Length; x++)
{
Rgba32 rgba = this.converter.ConvertToRgba32(yData[offset], cbData[offset], crData[offset]);
pixelRow[x] = TPixel.FromRgba32(rgba);
offset++;
}
offset += widthPadding;
}
}
private static void ReverseChromaSubSampling(int width, int height, int horizontalSubSampling, int verticalSubSampling, Span<byte> planarCb, Span<byte> planarCr)
{
// If width and height are not multiples of ChromaSubsampleHoriz and ChromaSubsampleVert respectively,
// then the source data will be padded.
width += TiffUtilities.PaddingToNextInteger(width, horizontalSubSampling);
height += TiffUtilities.PaddingToNextInteger(height, verticalSubSampling);
for (int row = height - 1; row >= 0; row--)
{
for (int col = width - 1; col >= 0; col--)
{
int offset = (row * width) + col;
int subSampleOffset = (row / verticalSubSampling * (width / horizontalSubSampling)) + (col / horizontalSubSampling);
planarCb[offset] = planarCb[subSampleOffset];
planarCr[offset] = planarCr[subSampleOffset];
}
}
}
}
``` |
Khaseh Tarash (, also Romanized as Khāşeh Tarāsh; also known as Khavāş Tarāsh) is a village in Olya Rural District, in the Central District of Ardestan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 35, in 9 families.
References
Populated places in Ardestan County |
Actinic conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the eye contracted from prolonged exposure to actinic (ultraviolet) rays. Symptoms are redness and swelling of the eyes. Most often the condition is caused by prolonged exposure to Klieg lights, therapeutic lamps or acetylene torches. Other names for the condition include Klieg conjunctivitis, eyeburn, arc-flash, welder's conjunctivitis, flash keratoconjunctivitis, actinic ray ophthalmia, X-ray ophthalmia and ultraviolet ray ophthalmia.
Symptoms
Conjunctivitis eye condition contracted from exposure to actinic rays. Symptoms are redness and swelling.
Causes
Conjunctivitis is prevalent among children of the highlands of Ecuador. The finding supports the hypothesis that prolonged exposure to the sun at altitude, in the less dense atmosphere (with the resultant lower UV absorption), is one cause of the condition.
Diagnosis
Management
See also
Conjunctivitis
Photokeratitis
References
External links
Eye diseases
Inflammations
Disorders of conjunctiva |
The coat of arms of Natal was the official heraldic symbol of Natal as a British colony from 1907 to 1910, and as a province of South Africa from 1910 to 1994. It is now obsolete.
History
As a British colony, Natal's first official symbol was a Public Seal, authorised by Queen Victoria in 1846, and also used as a flag badge from 1870.
The seal was of a standard pattern which first came into use on the Great Seal of Newfoundland in 1839 and was described as follows: "Within a Chippendale-type frame, a on plain, two Wildebeest in full course at random (to sinister), with the words COLONY OF NATAL beneath the frame. The frame itself is ensigned with the Royal Arms and around the circumference appears the legend VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIAR. REG. F.D." It depicted the British royal coat of arms in the upper half; in the lower half was an ornamental frame enclosing a scene of two wildebeest (gnu) galloping across a plain.
The wildebeest became the popular symbol of Natal, and when the government decided in 1905 to obtain an official coat of arms, the wildebeest was an obvious choice for the design. The arms, designed by G. Ambrose Lee, the York Herald at the College of Arms, were granted by King Edward VII by Royal Warrant on 16 May 1907.
After Natal became a province of the Union of South Africa in 1910, the provincial administration took over the arms. They were used as provincial arms until Natal was reconstituted as KwaZulu-Natal in 1994.
Blazon
In their original form, as used by the colonial government, the Arms of 1907 consisted only of a shield, blazoned as follows:
Azure, in front of mountains and on a plain two black wildebeesten in full course at random all proper.
The provincial administration embellished the arms by placing an imperial crown (so-called 'Tudor crown') above the shield, and a riband inscribed 'Natal' below it. New artwork, introduced in 1930, altered details of the crown, by replacing the fleurs de lis with crosses and omitting the pearls from the transverse arch. This version appeared on the province's Official Gazette and other publications.
The arms were recorded in this form at the College of Arms in July 1955, and registered at the Bureau of Heraldry in January 1969.
See also
Coat of arms of the Cape Colony
Coat of arms of the Orange Free State
Coat of arms of the Orange River Colony
Coat of arms of South Africa
Coat of arms of the Transvaal
South African heraldry
References
Brownell, F.G. (1993). National and Provincial Symbols.
Leverton, B.J. (1962). 'The Origin of the Natal Coat of Arms' in Lantern (September 1962).
Pama, C. (1965). Lions and Virgins.
External links
South African Heraldry Website
Natal
Natal
Natal
Colony of Natal |
Iron Tank: The Invasion of Normandy, known as in Japan, is a 1988 top-view action shooting game produced by SNK for the Nintendo Entertainment System.
Summary
This video game is based on SNKs 1985 arcade game TNK III (which was released as TANK in Japan). Set in World War II during the invasion of Normandy, the player takes control of a commando named Paul and codenamed SNAKE (Colonel Ralf in the Japanese version, who also appeared in Ikari Warriors), as he mans the titular Iron Tank to infiltrate the Nazi German stronghold. Within PAL-A regions, it was only released in Australia.
History
Iron Tank is considered by some to be a spiritual successor to SNK's earlier game Guerilla War due to many similarities in gameplay, graphics and overall layout.
Gameplay
The game opens with the titular tank landing on a beach, then advancing forward while fighting various enemies that include soldiers, officers, tanks of various types and fixed guns. In addition the player will have the opportunity to rescue captured soldiers (some of which give the player intel); and will have to negotiate various other obstacles and enemies such as armored trains, submarines, gunboats, land mines, airplane strafing runs, electric fences and gigantic rocket strikes. Great Tank, the original Japanese version of the game features historically accurate Nazi imagery for the game's villains, including depictions of the Swastika on the German flags shown on the game's scenery. In Iron Tank, all Nazi symbolism was removed from the game, the Swastika was removed from the flags, and the color of the flags themselves are changed from red (the Nazi flag) to green or blue (depending on which level is being played in the game). The reason for this is because of the policies of Nintendo of America at the time which forbade any use of Nazi symbols, even for the Nazi villains in a World War II game and games that already had the symbolism needed to have it removed for Nintendo to approve its release in North America. The changes for the North American release were retained for Australia. In all versions of the game, one of the developers, Yukio Kaneda, placed a message hidden in the game's files. Kaneda, under the pseudonym "KNT" wrote a message in Japanese where he used profanity. The message was written in the Roman alphabet in block capitals instead of standard Japanese writing systems due to technical limitations with the NES software.
Controls
The tank is controlled by a standard NES controller: Directional buttons control the tank's movement, "A" fires the tank's machine-gun, "B" fires the main gun, "Start" pauses the game on the main screen, and "Select" opens the in-game menu. The turret can point in the standard 8 directions and is rotated by simultaneously pressing "A" and the desired direction. The turret will maintain its direction on the screen regardless of the tank's movements or facing and using this is part of the game's strategy.
In-game menu
While in the game, pressing the "Select" button will open the in-game menu. From here, the player can activate or deactivate main gun fire options, read incoming radio messages, check progress on the game map and turn on the automated "Refuel" option. There are four main gun options, which when activated, alter the main gun's properties. They are:
V - "Rapid-Fire" - Increases rate of fire. Player may hold down the A button.
F - "Armor Pierce" - Shoots "through" walls and terrain features to hit enemies beyond them. This also doubles the shot's damage.
B - "Bomb Shells" - Shots explode when they hit or reach maximum range. This also doubles the shot's damage.
L - "Long Range" - Each shot's range is doubled (to almost the full screen's distance).
Power-ups
While advancing through the game, the player will also come across power-up icons—red squares with a white letter in them. Some of the benefits from these include:
E - Restores a portion of the tank's health meter.
R - Fully restores the tank's health meter and adds left-over points to the tank's "Reserve" option (accessed via the in-game menu).
V, F, B, & L - Add a portion of energy to each of their respective option meters. Each of these will also add one point to the tank's health or (if full) its "Refuel" option meter.
? - a superweapon that destroys everything on the screen when selected. It is very rare.
In addition to the above, running over soldiers with the tank will add one point to the tank's health meter while running over officers will add one health point and a point to the "V" option meter.
Level path
Like most NES action shooters, Iron Tank is divided into multiple levels, with bosses at the end of each. However, gameplay is continuous; there are no breaks between levels as the defeat of one boss directly leads to the start of the next level. One unique aspect that separates it from other action shooters is the ability of the player choose different paths to the final level by driving down the path of his choice. Some paths have fewer but more difficult levels, resulting in a shorter game if the player can successfully negotiate them while others are the reverse. The paths break and converge at specific points in the game's progress, allowing the player to mix and match level paths as the game progresses.
Level bosses
The level bosses are various different, powerful weapons that include giant tanks, railway artillery, fortresses and grounded aircraft. Most have some degree of movement either in two directions—such as the railway gun, or freely around the screen like any of the several giant tanks. All of them have predictable movement and firing patterns and exploiting this is necessary to defeat them.
References
1988 video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Tank simulation video games
Run and gun games
World War II video games
SNK games
Video games developed in Japan |
"Spitting Games" is the lead single from Snow Patrol's third album, Final Straw, released on 15 September 2003.
Original release
Snow Patrol released the song during their first UK Tour during the Final Straw Tour. To mark the release, the band made a previously unheard song for a free download on their official site, titled "Half the Fun of It".
Snow Patrol were one of the acts chosen in AOL Music's "Breakers" in December 2003, a program to promote bands for months leading up to the release of their respective albums in the United States. During the time of the band's promotion, lead UK single "Spitting Games" was downloaded a million times, and was released as a stand-alone single in March 2004 in the week of the band's appearance at South by Southwest Festival.
Track listings
CD
"Spitting Games" – 3:48
"Steal" – 2:44
"Brave" – 4:12
"Spitting Games" (Video)
7" vinyl
"Spitting Games" – 3:48
"Steal" – 2:44
Reception
Music Week reviewed the single positively, calling it a classic indie song. It praised the "British chugging guitar" and "bittersweet melodies". IrishCentral called the song an alternative rock "masterpiece" and said it had made the band "cool".
Yahoo! Music's Simon Ward reviewed the single positively, awarding it 7 stars out of 10, though he criticized the song for being "an indie anthem of the kind Ash used to make ten years ago." He praised the song's "nagging 'do-doo harmonies and driving guitars" though said that it wasn't "going to rewrite rock history." He still felt "it's competent indie-pop that will doubtless signal skies full of water and bouncing moshpits at the rest of the summer's festivals. Which is, frankly, all that's asked of it."
Re-release
"Spitting Games" was re-released on 12 July 2004, on both E-CD and 7" formats. The enhanced CD featured a cover of Beyoncé's "Crazy in Love", which was first performed on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show and another cover of Will Oldham's "New Partner", again from a Radio 1 Session for Steve Lamacq in 2002. The song made the A lists of BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 2 and 95.8 Capital FM radio station of London. Due to heavy airplay by the radio stations, the single peaked at number six on the UK Airplay Chart. It helped the album Final Straws sales, which reached number five, its highest chart placing after 23 weeks. The re-release of "Spitting Games" was the band's first charting single in the United States, and peaked at number 39 on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart on June 5, 2004.
Track listings
CD
"Spitting Games" - 3:48
"Crazy In Love" (BBC Live Version) - 4:25
"New Partner" (BBC Live Version) - 4:05
"Spitting Games" (Video version 2)
7" vinyl
"Spitting Games" - 3:48
"Wow (Acoustic)" - 3:09
Promo CD
"Spitting Games (AAA Mix)" - 3:28
Charts
In popular culture
It was featured on the video game MVP Baseball 2004 and numerous Club Football 2005 titles. The track was also featured in "Everything Changes", the first episode of the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood, and later in the episode "Greeks Bearing Gifts", in 2006. It was featured on an episode of the second season of the teen drama One Tree Hill and in the movie Boy Eats Girl.
References
External links
2003 singles
2004 singles
Snow Patrol songs
Song recordings produced by Jacknife Lee
Songs written by Gary Lightbody
2003 songs
Songs written by Nathan Connolly
Songs written by Jonny Quinn
Songs written by Mark McClelland |
Shipwrecked is the second and final album by the San Diego, California rock and roll band Sultans, released in 2004 by Swami Records. When the band reconvened to record the album in November 2003, original guitarist Andy Stamets chose not to rejoin the group. Singer/bassist John Reis took over the guitar position and his brother Dean Reis joined the band on bass, taking the stage name "Black Velvet." And on drums Tony Brown Diprima. As well as backing vocals.
According to the album's liner notes, Shipwrecked was recorded using borrowed instruments, previously owned VHS tapes as a master source, and live in front of a studio audience between the hours of 3:00am and 6:00am. However, Reis has a propensity for exaggeration and fabrication when describing his musical endeavors, often "dressing up" the truth in favor of telling an interesting story. That said, it is well known that the Sultans preferred a much more stripped-down, raw and direct approach to recording and playing than most of Reis' other projects, opting for a "live" feel to their recordings with minimal effects, studio tweaking or mixing adjustments.
In April 2004 the band toured in support of Shipwrecked on the Swami Southwest Seance tour of southern California, featuring other acts also signed to the Swami label. Afterwards Reis returned to work with Hot Snakes, one of his other musical projects. Over the next year the Sultans would perform sporadically around the San Diego area as Reis' schedule permitted. Both Hot Snakes and Reis' main band Rocket From the Crypt disbanded in the Summer and Fall of 2005. The Sultans continued to perform infrequently in the San Diego area until disbanding in January 2007. reforming with Tony Brown Diprima in 2008-2019
Track listing
"It Meant Nothing"
"Try to Forget You"
"Shut Up and Sit Down"
"Please Don't Leave Me on the Highway"
"I Can't Change"
"Jet Lag"
"I Just Can't Take It"
"Too Tough"
"Walk of Shame"
"Regret"
"I Wanna Be With You Tonight"
"Peril-ized"
"One Way St."
"I Don't Care What She Thinks of Me"
Personnel
Slasher (John Reis) – guitar, lead vocals
Black Velvet (Dean Reis) – bass, backing vocals
Tony Brown Di Prima – drums, backing vocals
K'Londo – keyboards on "Walk of Shame"
Jimmy Driscoll and Thad Robles – backing vocals on "Shut Up and Sit Down," "I Just Can't Take It" and "Too Tough"
Aaron Pores – backing vocals on "Jet Lag" and "One Way St."
Technical
Long Gone John – producer
John Reis – producer
Dave Gardner – mastering, equalizing
Layout by Dave Lively – layout
2004 albums
Swami Records albums
Sultans (band) albums |
Torossian is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gariné Torossian, Armenian-Canadian filmmaker
Krikor Torosian, Ottoman illustrator and genocide victim
Ronn Torossian (born 1974), American public relations executive
Sarkis Torossian (1891–1954), Ottoman army captain |
"Sounds and Silences" is episode 147 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone. It originally aired on April 3, 1964 on CBS.
Opening narration
Plot
Roswell G. Flemington, owner of a model ship company and formerly a serviceman of the United States Navy, grew up in a home where his mother required silence. Thus, as an adult, he makes as much noise as he possibly can, is obsessed with the Navy (a photo of him in his youth shows he had reached the rank of Seaman Apprentice), and behaves thunderously in response to any slight.
After twenty years, his wife has had enough of his obsession with noise and finally walks out on him. Now alone, he begins to hear every little noise – a drip of water, the margin bell on a typewriter – like an explosion or gunshot. He sees a psychiatrist who helps him understand that conflict with his wife has caused him to relive his resentment against his mother to the point that he internalizes his mother's affliction. He now realizes it is all in his head, all he needs to do is overcome the mental block with "mind over matter", and he does. The only problem is that when his wife returns to pick up her jewelry, he tells her about it and proceeds to "shut her out". Unfortunately, his solution proves too effective, and Flemington finds that he can hear nothing. Now desperate to hear anything, Flemington puts a record on, setting the volume at its highest setting. Although the scene is silent, the insides of his apartment vibrate from the sound of his stereo. As the episode ends, Flemington opens up the windows to the street below, and begs for noise.
Closing narration
Cast
John McGiver as Roswell G. Flemington
Penny Singleton as Mrs. Lydia Flemington
Billy Benedict as Conklin
Francis De Sales as Doctor
Michael Fox as Psychiatrist
Litigation
In 1961, a script titled "The Sound of Silence" was submitted to the producers and rejected. Following the first screening of "Sounds and Silences", the original author successfully sued Rod Serling for plagiarism because of similarities in the plot, and was awarded $3,500 in damages. Since litigation was ongoing at the time of the initial syndication package creation the episode was withheld until 1984 when it first resurfaced on a special holiday presentation.
References
DeVoe, Bill. (2008). Trivia from The Twilight Zone. Albany, GA: Bear Manor Media.
Grams, Martin. (2008). The Twilight Zone: Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic. Churchville, MD: OTR Publishing.
External links
1964 American television episodes
The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series season 5) episodes
Television episodes written by Rod Serling |
Sascha Fischer (born 24 December 1971, in Stuttgart) is retired a German international rugby union player, having last played for Le Bugue athletic club in the Federale 1 and also the German national rugby union team.
He played his last game for Germany against Belgium on 10 November 2007.
He played professionally for CS Bourgoin-Jallieu in France, a club he played Heineken Cup and European Challenge Cup matches for.
Honours
National team
European Nations Cup - Division 2
Champions: 2008
Stats
Sascha Fischer's personal statistics in club and international rugby:
Club
As of 15 December 2010
National team
European Nations Cup
Friendlies & other competitions
As of 15 December 2010
References
External links
Sascha Fischer at scrum.com
Sascha Fischer at totalrugby.de
1971 births
Living people
German rugby union players
Germany international rugby union players
DSV 78 Hannover players
CS Bourgoin-Jallieu players
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Rugby union locks
Sportspeople from Stuttgart
German expatriate rugby union players
German expatriate sportspeople in France |
Sainthal (some times pronounced as Senthal or Saithal) is a nagar panchayat in Nawabganj tehsil, Bareilly district, Uttar Pradesh, India.
History
The ancient name of this town was Sherthal (Land of Lions) which evolved into Sainthal over the time
Sainthal is said to have been founded by Syed Jalal-ul-Deen Lad Baraha and his son Syed Amanullah Baraha, both courtiers of Akbar the Great, who received this area from the Sultan of Delhi after his victory over the joint army of Muzaffar Khan and Mitrasen.
Geography
It is situated on Hafizganj-Jaadopur road, 4 km away from NH-30 and 32 km away from Bareilly City. Sainthal is located at . It is well connected by Indian Railways.
There are also some ruins of small fort still present in form of "Teela" in southern part of Sainthal.
Demographics
As per 2011 Census of India the total population of Sainthal is 15,332 out of which 7,916 are males and 7,416 are females thus the Average Sex Ratio of Sainthal is 937. Sainthal is mainly home to Zaidi Sayyids.
The population of children of age 0–6 years in Sainthal city is 2176 which is 14% of the total population. There are 1097 male children and 1079 female children between the age 0–6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011 the Child Sex Ratio of Sainthal is 984 which is greater than Average Sex Ratio (937).
As per the 2011 Census of India the literacy rate of Sainthal is 56.2%. Thus Sainthal has lower literacy rate compared to 58.5% of Bareilly district. The male literacy rate is 54.9% and the female literacy rate is 41.2% in Sainthal.
References
Villages in Bareilly district |
Renato Kelić (born 31 March 1991) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a centre back who plays for BG Pathum United in Thailand.
Honours
Slovan Liberec
Czech First League: 2011–12
Universitatea Craiova
Cupa României: 2017–18
Supercupa României: Runner-up 2018
Chonburi
Thai FA Cup: Runner-up 2020–21
External links
1991 births
Living people
Footballers from Vinkovci
Men's association football central defenders
Croatian men's footballers
Croatia men's youth international footballers
Croatia men's under-21 international footballers
FC Slovan Liberec players
Calcio Padova players
Puskás Akadémia FC players
CS Universitatea Craiova players
HNK Cibalia players
Renato Kelic
Renato Kelic
Renato Kelic
Czech First League players
Serie B players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Liga I players
First Football League (Croatia) players
Renato Kelic
Croatian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in the Czech Republic
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Thailand
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Thailand |
Red Ninja may refer to:
Kai (Ninjago), also known as the "Red Ninja" a character in Ninjago
Red Ninja (G.I. Joe), G.I. Joe characters
Red Ninja: End of Honor, 2005 video game
The Red Ninja, a Kick Fighter character |
Hanno Koffler (born March 25, 1980) is a German actor and musician. His most famous films include Summer Storm, Krabat and Free Fall. He also starred in the Oscar-nominated film, Never Look Away (2018), directed by Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck.
Life and career
Koffler was born in West Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. He was raised with his three brothers in Charlottenburg by a working middle-class family. With the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Koffler family was severely affected, as Hanno's father fell professionally, forcing the family to move to Saxony-Anhalt. At an early age, Koffler began acting in small roles in plays.
In 1994 he founded the band "Kerosin" with his brother Max Koffler, Hanno being the drummer. The band ranked second in the world's largest live band contest "Emergenza" in 2002.
Upon returning to Berlin at the age of 18, Koffler applied for admission to the Ernst Busch Theater School, but was rejected. In 2002, he would officially begin his acting career with various roles in cinema films such as Anatomy 2 and in Marco Kreuzpaintner films, including the 2004 Summer Storm and Krabat in 2008. He later moved to Austria. to study acting until 2007 at the Max Reinhardt Seminar in Vienna, where he would play roles in various theatrical productions directed by Klaus Maria Brandauer.
After several performances in television, theater, and cinema, in 2013 he starred in the film Free Fall, along with Max Riemelt and Katharina Schüttler. The film was directed by Stephan Lacant and became a huge success both in Germany and internationally.
In 2015, he was nominated for a Best Actor for the Deutscher Filmpreis for the drama/documentary film Tough Love (Härte), by director Rosa von Praunheim, in which he plays Andreas Marquardt. It was screened in the Panorama section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival where it won third place in the Panorama Audience Award.
In 2016, he appeared in the miniseries, playing Rudolf Dassler.
In 2018, he starred in Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck's Oscar-nominated film Never Look Away with Tom Schilling, Sebastian Koch, Paula Beer, and Saskia Rosendahl.
In 2019, he joined the original Amazon Beat series, again under the direction of Marco Kreuzpaintner, playing the character of Paul. That same year, he was part of the cast of the first season of German series, Pagan Peak.
He assumed the recurring role of Walther Stennes in Babylon Berlin'''s third and fourth seasons.
Awards
Filmfestival Durban, South Africa (2008) - Best male Actor for A Hero's Welcome (Nacht vor Augen) Franz-Hofer-Preis, Filmhaus Saarbrücken (2009) for A Hero's Welcome (Nacht vor Augen) 2014 - German Film Award - Nominated Film Award in Gold Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role - Freier Fall (film)
Filmography (selection)
2002: Die Dickköpfe (TV)
2003: Ganz und gar 2003: Anatomy 2 2004: Summer Storm 2004: Hallesche Kometen 2004: Charlotte und ihre Männer (TV)
2005: Rabenbrüder 2008: The Red Baron 2008: Krabat 2008: 2009: Tatort – Im Sog des Bösen (TV)
2009: 2010: (TV)
2010: Keiner geht verloren (TV)
2011: If Not Us, Who? 2012: 2013: Free Fall 2014: Coming In 2014: (TV)
2015: Tough Love 2015: (TV)
2016: (TV)
2017: (TV)
2018: Beat (TV)
2018: Never Look Away 2019: Pagan Peak (TV)
2021: Prey''
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
German male film actors
German male stage actors
Male actors from Berlin
21st-century German male actors |
```yaml
machine:
node:
version: 7.4.0
services:
- docker
environment:
CLOUDSDK_CORE_DISABLE_PROMPTS: 1
dependencies:
override:
- sudo apt-get update
- sudo apt-get install curl libc6 libcurl3 zlib1g
- npm install
post:
- curl -LO path_to_url -s path_to_url
- chmod +x ./kubectl
- sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl
test:
pre:
- docker build -t cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:3.0.$CIRCLE_BUILD_NUM .
override:
- echo "NO TESTS REQUIRED FOR storage-analytics-service"
deployment:
staging:
branch: staging
commands:
- docker build -t cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:staging .
- docker login --username $DOCKERUSERNAME --password $DOCKERPASSWORD --email $DOCKEREMAIL
- docker push cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:3.0.$CIRCLE_BUILD_NUM
- docker push cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:staging
- git clone path_to_url
- cd kube-cred && openssl enc -in config.enc -out config -d -aes256 -k $KUBE_ENC
- mkdir ~/.kube
- cd kube-cred && mv config ~/.kube/
- kubectl rolling-update cloudboost-sas-staging --image=cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:staging --image-pull-policy=Always
production:
branch: master
commands:
- docker build -t cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:latest .
- docker login --username $DOCKERUSERNAME --password $DOCKERPASSWORD --email $DOCKEREMAIL
- docker push cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:3.0.$CIRCLE_BUILD_NUM
- docker push cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:latest
- git clone path_to_url
- cd kube-cred && openssl enc -in config.enc -out config -d -aes256 -k $KUBE_ENC
- mkdir ~/.kube
- cd kube-cred && mv config ~/.kube/
- kubectl rolling-update cloudboost-sas --image=cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:latest --image-pull-policy=Always
``` |
Kordon may refer to:
Geographic locations
Kordon, İzmir, a street and promenade in the Alsancak quarter of İzmir, Turkey
Kordon, Poland, a village in Gmina Narewka of Hajnówka County of Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland
Kordon, Russia, several rural localities in Russia
People
Andrian Kordon (born 1977), Israeli judoka
Other uses
The Cordon (Serbo-Croatian: Kordon), a 2002 Serbian film
See also
Cordon (disambiguation) |
Cloatley Manor Farm Meadows () is a 12.1 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire, notified in 1997.
The site is managed as a nature reserve by Wiltshire Wildlife Trust.
Sources
Natural England citation sheet for the site (accessed 23 March 2022)
External links
Cloatley Meadows - Wiltshire Wildlife Trust
Natural England website (SSSI information)
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1997
Wiltshire Wildlife Trust reserves
Meadows in Wiltshire |
Morvillers is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.
See also
Communes of the Oise department
References
Communes of Oise |
```xml
import { TemplateRef } from '@angular/core';
export interface IListItem {
text?: string;
template?: TemplateRef<any>;
}
``` |
The Hand of Robin Squires is a 1977 historical adventure novel written by Joan Clark, and published by Clarke, Irwin & Company.
Plot
The story takes place in 1703 and is linked to finds in the alleged Money Pit on Oak Island off the coast of Nova Scotia. When his father, Charles, dies after coming back from America, Robin Squires agrees to join his uncle and help him build an underground complex of tunnels, and assemble a pump that his father had invented. Once he has left England he quickly discovers that his uncle is a pirate, seeking to hide his treasure. Robin, and a captured Mi'kmaq Indian, Actaudin, who has become his friend, are forced to build along with his uncle's black slaves. In the end Robin was chained by a wristlock, and his Uncle had ordered his first mate to murder him after his job was complete because they wanted no loose ends, it was Actaudin who came back to rescue Robin. He uses an axe to cut off Robin's hand to remove the lock. Billy Boles (the first mate) pursued them into the wilderness and was mauled by a bear. Robin goes to Boston to pay his passage for England and meets an old sailor who tells him how the Queen's Privateer (The ship they traveled on) went down in a storm.
References
1977 Canadian novels
Canadian historical novels
Novels set in Nova Scotia
Oak Island
Clarke, Irwin & Company books
Fiction set in 1703
Novels set in the 1700s |
Ironton is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Charlevoix County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population of the CDP was 148 at the 2020 census. It is located within Eveline Township on a narrow portion of Lake Charlevoix that is traversed by the Ironton Ferry.
History
In 1879, Robert Cherry settled here along the shores of Pine Lake (now known as Lake Charlevoix). Cherry worked for the Pine Lake Iron Company of Chicago and built a plant here that opened in 1881. The plant used iron ore brought in by barges from the Upper Peninsula and turned it into pig iron. A post office opened in Ironton on January 31, 1881, and the community was platted in 1884. The iron operation ultimately failed in 1893, but the community remained. The post office closed on December 30, 1965.
The community of Ironton was listed as a newly-organized census-designated place for the 2010 census, meaning it now has officially defined boundaries and population statistics for the first time.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Ironton CDP has a total area of , all land.
Ironton is located in the western segment of Eveline Township, which is divided by Lake Charlevoix. The Ironton Ferry within the community connects the two segments of the township along a narrow stretch of the lake.
Major highways
runs south–north through the community.
Demographics
Education
Ironton is served primarily by Charlevoix Public Schools to the northwest in Charlevoix, while some southwestern portions of the community may be served by East Jordan Public Schools farther to the south in East Jordan.
References
Unincorporated communities in Charlevoix County, Michigan
Unincorporated communities in Michigan
Census-designated places in Charlevoix County, Michigan
Census-designated places in Michigan
Populated places established in 1879
1879 establishments in Michigan |
Louise McWhirter (October 19, 1896 – November 1, 1957) was a financial astrologer who purported to use astrology to forecast the financial markets. In 1937, she published her only book, Astrology and Stock Market Forecasting. Some believe that “Louise McWhirter” was only an alias of famous market forecaster W. D. Gann.
McWhirter’s theory
The Nodal cycle
McWhirter's main theory was that the major of primary trend of business volume and finance is clearly pointed out by the 18.6-year cycle of the North Node as it passes through the twelve signs of the zodiac. During a long-term trend, the four crucial points of the stock market are reached when the Node enters the four fixed signs respectively:
Aquarius: This is the extreme low of business activity, the bottom of the cycle.
Pisces: The business activity approaches the bottom of the cycle.
Aries: The business activity starts to fall below the normal level.
Taurus: The business activity reaches a normal level, but the trend is going down.
Gemini: The business continues to fall lower towards the normal level.
Cancer: The business activity fades from the top.
Leo: This is the extreme high of business activity, the top of the cycle.
Virgo: The business activity goes even higher.
Libra: The business activity starts to go above the normal level.
Scorpio: The business activity reaches a normal level, and the trend is going up.
Sagittarius: The business continues to go higher towards the normal level.
Capricorn: The business activity turns up from the bottom.
It has been noted that the four crucial signs (the top, bottom and two break-even points) correspond to the four heads of the cherubim in the Book of Ezekiel.
Below is a table of stock market crashes and the respective North Node locations. Please note that the motion of the North is retrograde by default, so that it always travels from West to East, in the opposite way of other planets.
Aspects and positions of major planets
McWhirter also lists several secondary factors which tend to raise or depress business, mostly related to aspects of major planets like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto:
The NYSE natal chart
McWhirter maintained that one should pay attention when a planet moves to 14° Cancer (104°) and 24° Pisces (354°), because these places are where the Ascendant and Midheaven were when the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) was initiated by an agreement on 17 May 1792, though only after rectifying the exact time to 7:52 am. Similarly, since the tenth house of the NYSE chart was in Pisces and Aries, which are ruled by Neptune and Mars respectively, she also thought that aspects to these two planets are important.
New moon analysis
In a shorter timeframe, McWhirter uses the new moon for timing market turns. The key idea is that she would pay attention to planets which make an astrological aspect to the new moon, and watch them as the moon passes through them later.
Comparison with W. D. Gann
Identity suspicion
M. G. Bucholtz suspects that “Louise McWhirter” is not the author's real name. His reason is that he comes across no other books by McWhirter and finds no other sources mentioning this person. He believes that the real identity of Louise McWhirter was famous market forecaster W. D. Gann, whom Bucholtz believes used similar techniques in market predictions. According to Pythagorean numerology, the names “W. D. Gann” and “Louise McWhirter” share the same numerological root of “9”. It is possibly not an coincidence, since some people believe that Gann was an numerologist.
Gann’s financial timetable
One of the biggest connection between McWhirter and Gann is that McWhirter's Nodal cycle theory is very similar to Gann's “financial timetable”. It is timetable with alternating 18- and 19-year cycle, which mimics the Nodal cycle very closely. Like McWhirter's theory, Gann also found that the stock market follows a rhythm of 18–19 years. Here is a modernised example of the table:
References
1896 births
1957 deaths
20th-century astrologers |
Persac () is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.
See also
Communes of the Vienne department
References
Communes of Vienne |
"Parted Ways" is a single from the album Arrow by Heartless Bastards. It is the first song by the band to chart.
Charts
References
2012 singles
Heartless Bastards songs
2012 songs
Partisan Records singles |
Manuel Chaves González (born 7 July 1945 in Ceuta) is a Spanish politician who served as Third Deputy Prime Minister of Spain from 2009 to 2011 and Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain in 2011. He is a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and was the Chairman of PSOE from 2000 to 2012. From 1990 to 2009 he was the President of the Regional Government of Andalusia.
He is a trustee of the Fundacion IDEAS, a socialist think tank. On 17 February 2015, together with former President of Andalusia, José Antonio Griñán, was implicated in the ERE case, a huge corruption scandal in the region.
National MP
Chaves entered national politics in 1977 when he was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies, representing Cádiz serving in Congress until 1990.
Minister of the Spanish Government (1986-1990)
Manuel served as the Minister of Work and National Health Service (Seguridad Social) of Spain between 1986 and 1990, under Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez.
In 1988, he suffered a general strike (first in the current Spanish democracy) call by, among others, the UGT and CCOO due to a proposed law change.
President of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia (1990-2009)
In 1990, he became president of the Regional Government of Andalusia. At the time he was considered to be one of three barons of the PSOE, together with Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra and José Bono, who were also autonomous presidents.
After the defeat of his party in the general election of 12 March 2000, after which Joaquín Almunia resigned as General Secretary of the party, Manuel took charge of the Political Commission. He organized the 35th Congress of the PSOE, which elected José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero as General Secretary.
Deputy Prime Minister of Spain (2009-2011)
In April 2009, Prime Minister Zapatero designated Chaves as Third Vice President of the Government and Minister of Territorial Policy (the former Ministry of Public Administrations). Chaves was promoted to Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain in July 2011 after Elena Salgado became First Deputy Prime Minister. He left office in December 2011.
References
1945 births
Living people
Presidents of the Regional Government of Andalusia
People from Ceuta
Government ministers of Spain
Members of the constituent Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 1st Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 2nd Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 3rd Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 4th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Deputy Prime Ministers of Spain
Members of the 3rd Parliament of Andalusia
Members of the 4th Parliament of Andalusia
Members of the 5th Parliament of Andalusia
Members of the 6th Parliament of Andalusia
Members of the 7th Parliament of Andalusia
Members of the 8th Parliament of Andalusia |
Alicia Florrick (née Cavanaugh) is the lead character of CBS television series The Good Wife and is portrayed by Julianna Margulies, who has received widespread acclaim for her performance, winning two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.
Alicia's storyline focuses on her romantic relationships, including the struggle between staying with or divorcing her unfaithful husband, Peter Florrick, or pursuing other relationships with other men, most notably Will Gardner. Other storylines include Alicia's transformation from "the victim" to "the victimizer", her dealing with the negative consequences of her actions, her devotion to her children among political turmoil, her obsession with power, and her growth in confidence.
Character biography
Background
Alicia Cavanaugh was born in 1967 to Veronica Cavanaugh (Stockard Channing) and an unknown father, from whom Veronica separated prior to her first appearance in the series in Season 4. She is the older sister of Owen Cavanaugh (Dallas Roberts), whom she loves very much, having grown close during their parents' separation, despite his tendency to meddle in her personal life. Her mother, now going by the name of Veronica Loy, makes her first appearance in "A Defense of Marriage" during Season 4, where it is revealed that Alicia had become estranged from her mother due to her various remarriages following her separation from Alicia's father as well as her infidelity. Veronica never afforded Alicia a motherly connection, and her father was never given the opportunity to, leading Alicia to become emotionally withdrawn, a tendency she has demonstrated frequently throughout the series. Ironically, Alicia has engaged in several of the same practices as her mother that she disapproves of, including infidelity, various relationships, and estrangement from her children.
Alicia attended Georgetown University Law Center, where she graduated at the top of her class in 1992, despite her tendency to sleep during lectures she didn’t find interesting. While attending, she met and befriended Will Gardner (Josh Charles), who graduated alongside her. During their time in law school, Will and Alicia had an unofficial relationship, but never evolved into a proper relationship due to their "bad timing". Following her graduation from Georgetown, she became a junior litigator at mid-sized Chicago law firm Crozier, Abrams & Abbott, where she clocked the most billable hours of any associate. Despite that, it is mentioned that the firm wanted to fire her before she went on maternity leave because of her lack of a "killer instinct". While working there, she meets Peter Florrick (Chris Noth), another lawyer with political ambitions, whom she marries a few years later and adopts the Florrick surname. Alicia doesn’t share Peter's political ambition, but accommodates his, resigning from Crozier, Abrams & Abbott to become a political "good wife" where she acts as a political instrument during campaigns and fundraisers. For this role, she receives the moniker of "Saint Alicia", a label she initially finds irritating, but later comes to think of as humorous. The two eventually move to Highland Park, an upscale neighborhood in the Chicago suburbs where she and Peter raise Zachary "Zach" Florrick (Graham Phillips), and Grace Florrick (Makenzie Vega). She befriends her neighbors, but quickly becomes ostracized following a highly publicized sex scandal concerning her husband, the incumbent State's Attorney for Cook County, Illinois.
Months prior to the series, a political rival of Peter's, Glenn Childs (Titus Welliver), who had his sights set on Peter's job, leaks a sex tape of Peter and Amber Madison (Kim Shaw), a Chicago escort. The tape raises questions over whether Peter abused his office, with accusations of trading political favors for sexual services and material items being lobbied against him. The story first breaks on CNBC, and Alicia immediately shields her children from all news stations. Peter resigns in order to avoid impeachment, but is ultimately convicted of charges of corruption, leading Alicia to believe that she, as well as her children, had become collateral damage in a political feud between Peter and Childs. Upon his resignation, Alicia slaps Peter for victimizing her and their children.
Having been out of the workforce for nearly a decade, and left with no income, Alicia assumes the role of breadwinner of the Florrick family. She, Zach, and Grace move to a condo in inner Chicago while she searches for a new job, which she has trouble doing due to her family's damaged reputation. Eventually, she reconnects with Will, who is now a name partner at Chicago law firm Stern, Lockhart, & Gardner. He offers her a job at his firm, which she accepts, but soon comes to learn that the position offered to her was already filled by a younger, Harvard-educated lawyer, Cary Agos (Matt Czuchry). Being a friend of Will's, he and another name partner, Diane Lockhart (Christine Baranski), organize an arrangement by which the two will compete for the job and, in six months, one will be laid off.
Work life
Alicia is designated the role by Diane of being "the branch between the legal and political", using her husband, who then resides in a county prison, to solicit information on cases she is working, much to the displeasure of judges, who view this practice as unethical. She is shown to be a competent lawyer, which allows her to keep her job at Lockhart/Gardner, resulting in a vindictive Cary being laid off. As a consequence, Alicia becomes the target of attacks by Cary, now working under Glenn at the State's Attorney's office.
Lockhart/Gardner enters financial trouble in the fourth season, finding itself hundreds of millions of dollars in debt. Will and Diane hire an accountant (Clark Hayden) to ensure the firm remains solvent, but he soon becomes overzealous in his efforts and over-invested in the firm's financial survival that he attempts to remove Will and Diane as name partner following their inability to repay debts to their shareholders in a timely manner. In an effort to quickly raise capital for their repayments, Will and Diane offer Alicia a partnership at the firm. Believing this to be a reward for her efforts and success, Alicia is overjoyed to become a partner, but becomes furious when she learned that this had only been an attempt to raise money, as a partnership had been offered to all fourth-year associates, including a newly rehired Cary.
Cary proposed that he and Alicia begin their own firm, and take the other fourth year associates, as well as one of the in-house investigators, with them. While initially rejecting this offer, she begins to grow sympathetic to this idea due to her contempt for other employees at Lockhart/Gardner. Beginning in season five, Alicia and Cary conspire to leave Lockhart/Gardner and poach several big-name clients for themselves. While downloading documents for ongoing cases they intend to continue litigating at Florrick/Agos, Diane discovers her plot, and informs Will, who confiscates her laptop and cellphone. Will promptly fires Alicia and Cary, as well as all others who have been attempting to poach Lockhart/Gardner clients.
Will, betrayed due to the generosity he extended to Alicia, becomes reinvigorated, and initiates an expansion of Lockhart/Gardner into the east and west coast. However, Alicia utilizes Peter, who had been released from prison and subsequently elected governor of Illinois, to continue poaching clients. In one instance, Peter threatens to apply sales tax to the Internet and Internet-based companies in a subtle warning to ChumHum (a spoof of Google) that, should they not hire Florrick/Agos as their civil litigator firm, he will hurt their business. However, following Will's death, Diane and Alicia and Cary reunite to form Florrick/Agos & Lockhart.
Alicia returns to work at Lockhart, Agos, & Lee following her withdrawal from the state's attorney race, and on her first day back, her former coworkers stall her in a room so that they may poach remaining clients that left the firm when Alicia resigned. When Alicia discovers this, she proposes starting a law firm with Finn Polmar (Matthew Goode), an unofficial significant other. These plans fall through when Finn leaves town, so Alicia, in search of employment, becomes a bond court lawyer. There, she meets and befriends Lucca Quinn (Cush Jumbo), a fellow bond court lawyer. The two begin their own law firm, but this is eventually dissolved when both of them are hired by Lockhart, Agos, & Lee. Diane, over the objections of Cary, makes Alicia a name partner in a bid to make a female-led firm. Cary, after a feud with Diane over Alicia's position, resigns to become a guest lecturer at a local college, sick of office politics he has been embroiled in over the past three years. Diane and Alicia eventually remove David Lee (Zach Grenier) as a name partner, and the two become the name partners of a female-led law firm.
Alicia has made no appearances on The Good Fight, but has been revealed to have resigned from Florrick & Lockhart within a year after the firm's readjustment.
Politics
The name of the show is a reference to Alicia's position within Peter's life: the political good wife. Her role is solely to bolster Peter's political career, a job she continues to do following Peter's release from prison. However, while she tolerates the political spotlight, she refuses to let her children be exploited for the same purposes, which often leads to conflict between her and Eli Gold (Alan Cumming), Peter's campaign manager, who sees Zach and Grace as effective political props.
At the end of season five, Eli, now Peter's chief of staff, proposes she run for state's attorney of Cook County, the office her husband previously occupied. While initially rejecting this offer, Alicia acquiesces due to her objections regarding the incumbent states attorney's abuse of power. The incumbent eventually departs from the race, and Alicia, instead, runs opposed to Frank Prady (David Hyde Pierce), a television legal analyst. Initially, Alicia and Prady form an alliance in which they both agree not to resort to personal attacks. However, both renege of their promises when Prady criticizes Alicia's ethics and accuses her of being open to political favors for her past clients and when Alicia released an ad that accused Prady of being a closeted-Republican, as well as insinuating that he may be gay. Alicia is also seen lying to influential Cook County figures in order to secure their endorsements. These lies included denying knowledge that Lemond Bishop (Mike Colter), infamous drug kingpin and serial killer, donated to her campaign, when she had already been made aware of the fact that Bishop had set up her PAC, as well as suggesting that Prady is gay to a homophobic Democratic donor in order to acquire funds.
Alicia eventually wins the election, but is forced to resign by Mike Landau (Mike Pniewski), head of the Illinois Democratic Party. After reports of voter fraud surface, Landau reveals to Alicia that he rigged the voting machines in order to preserve the Democratic supermajority in the Illinois state legislature. However, in order to maintain the façade of a fair election, Landau forces Alicia to resign.
In the seventh season, Peter runs for president, in hopes of becoming Hillary Clinton’s vice president, in which Alicia continues to support him. However, Peter comes in fourth in the Iowa caucuses, diminishing any hope of him being tapped for the nomination, signaling Alicia’s exit from politics.
Finale
The seventh season follows Peter’s prosecution, once again, for corruption, accused of destroying evidence to secure funds from a wealthy Democratic donor, whose son was on trial, during his tenure as state’s attorney. Alicia agrees to forestall their divorce until after the trial so as to not give the impression that he may be guilty. However, Alicia intends to pursue a divorce if Peter is acquitted, but any such separation would be jeopardized should Peter be convicted.
Desperate to acquit Peter so she may divorce him in favor of pursuing her relationship with Jason Crouse (Jeffrey Dean Morgan), Alicia, Diane, and Lucca pursue the strategy of proving Peter had no reason to discard the evidence because the donor’s son wasn’t guilty. In doing so, Alicia brings Diane’s husband, Kurt McVeigh (Gary Cole), a ballistics expert, to testify that the bullets likely didn’t come from the donor’s son’s gun. This testimony is immediately undercut by another ballistics expert named Holly. Alicia, seeking to refute this testimony, calls Kurt back to the stand, and pressures him to contradict this testimony. But when Kurt refuses, Lucca accuses (at Alicia's request) him of protecting Holly due to an affair they had while Kurt was married to Diane.
Diane, hurt and betrayed, blames Alicia for destroying her marriage. After attending Peter’s resignation, she confronts Alicia and, without saying anything, slaps Alicia and walks away. This scene was significant to writer Robert and Michelle King, who saw this as symbolizing Alicia’s transition from being the "victimized", having her life ruined by her unfaithful and corrupt husband, to the "victimizer" having destroyed Kurt and Diane's marriage so she may pursue her own relationship. In effect, by the finale, Alicia had become Peter.
Reception
The characterization of Alicia has received critical acclaim, with many favorable comparisons being drawn between her, The Sopranos Tony Soprano, Breaking Bads Walter White, and Mad Mens Don Draper. Writing for Vanity Fair, Joanna Robinson writes, "While Alicia took her final bow in an era when the ice zombies on Game of Thrones and the sweaty zombies on The Walking Dead rule pop-culture, Alicia Florrick belongs to the time of Walter White, Don Draper, and the other stars of the golden age of the TV antihero." However, Robinson highlights the difference between Alicia and other anti-heroes, writing "Alicia ends up more callous than either Walter White (who at least went out apologizing to Skyler and saving Pinkman) or Don Draper (who, hey, bought the world a Coke!). Alicia throws Diane right under the bus in a way that the Kings describe as 'collateral damage.' The most charitable interpretation we can come up with is that at least Alicia was partially thinking of Grace as she did it".
Margulies has received critical acclaim for her performance as Alicia Florrick. In his initial review of the series, Rob Owen of Pittsburgh Post-Gazette praised Margulies' performance, calling the show "a terrific showcase for actress Julianna Margulies, who elevates the already-good material with her perceptive, open performance."
Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praised Margulies' performance, writing that "the excellence of Margulies' performance has rested in her refusal to make Alicia easy to understand, in keeping up a complicated wall and choosing those few moments in which to expose emotional cracks." And later compared her performance to those of James Gandolfini on The Sopranos or Bryan Cranston on Breaking Bad, writing that "Margulies' performance sometimes put Alicia in that Tony Soprano/Walter White/Don Draper category of cable anti-heroes."
Accolades
For her performance, Margulies won a Critics' Choice Television Award, a Golden Globe Award, two Primetime Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and a Television Critics Association Award.
References
American female characters in television
Atheism in television
Fictional American lawyers
Fictional characters from Chicago
Fictional Democrats (United States)
Fictional government officials
The Good Wife characters
Television characters introduced in 2009
Fictional female lawyers |
This is a list of cases reported in volume 22 (9 Wheat.) of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1824.
Nominative reports
In 1874, the U.S. government created the United States Reports, and retroactively numbered older privately-published case reports as part of the new series. As a result, cases appearing in volumes 1–90 of U.S. Reports have dual citation forms; one for the volume number of U.S. Reports, and one for the volume number of the reports named for the relevant reporter of decisions (these are called "nominative reports").
Henry Wheaton
Starting with the 14th volume of U.S. Reports, the Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States was Henry Wheaton. Wheaton was Reporter of Decisions from 1816 to 1827, covering volumes 14 through 25 of United States Reports which correspond to volumes 1 through 12 of his Wheaton's Reports. As such, the dual form of citation to, for example, The Margaret is 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 421 (1824).
Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.]
The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice).
When the cases in 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) were decided, the Court comprised these seven justices:
Notable Cases in 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.)
Gibbons v. Ogden
Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 1 (1824), is a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court held that the power to regulate interstate commerce granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution encompassed the power to regulate navigation.
United States v. Perez
In United States v. Perez, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat) 579 (1824) the Supreme Court held that when a criminal trial results in a hung jury, the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment does not bar a retrial.
Citation style
Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region.
Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions.
"C.C.D." = United States Circuit Court for the District of . . .
e.g.,"C.C.D.N.J." = United States Circuit Court for the District of New Jersey
"D." = United States District Court for the District of . . .
e.g.,"D. Mass." = United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
"E." = Eastern; "M." = Middle; "N." = Northern; "S." = Southern; "W." = Western
e.g.,"C.C.S.D.N.Y." = United States Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York
e.g.,"M.D. Ala." = United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama
"Ct. Cl." = United States Court of Claims
The abbreviation of a state's name alone indicates the highest appellate court in that state's judiciary at the time.
e.g.,"Pa." = Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
e.g.,"Me." = Supreme Judicial Court of Maine
List of cases in 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.)
Notes and references
See also
certificate of division
External links
Case reports in volume 22 (9 Wheat.) from Court Listener
Case reports in volume 22 (9 Wheat.) from the Caselaw Access Project of Harvard Law School
Case reports in volume 22 (9 Wheat.) from Google Scholar
Case reports in volume 22 (9 Wheat.) from Justia
Case reports in volume 22 (9 Wheat.) from Open Jurist
Website of the United States Supreme Court
United States Courts website about the Supreme Court
National Archives, Records of the Supreme Court of the United States
American Bar Association, How Does the Supreme Court Work?
The Supreme Court Historical Society
1824 in United States case law |
Francisco David Sousa Franquelo (born 3 February 1980 in Málaga, Andalusia) is a Spanish former footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.
Football career
A youth graduate from Real Madrid who never made it past the B-side, Sousa played his first La Liga match for Real Valladolid (on loan from Madrid) on 31 August 2002, in a 1–0 away win against Racing de Santander. After another season with Valladolid – which now held the totality of the player's rights – which ended in relegation, he would play two further campaigns in the second division, subsequently joining Getafe CF, a team from the capital outskirts, for 2006–07's top flight.
Sousa appeared sparingly for Getafe during two-and-a-half seasons, scoring twice in a 2–4 loss at RCD Mallorca on 7 October 2007. He featured in no games whatsoever in the first part of 2008–09, which led to a January 2009 loan to Rayo Vallecano in the second level.
In late July 2009, Sousa was released by Getafe and continued in division two, moving to Albacete Balompié and being relegated in his second year. In late January 2012, aged nearly 32, he moved abroad for the first time in his career, joining several compatriots at Nea Salamis Famagusta FC in the Cypriot First Division.
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Málaga
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Real Madrid C footballers
Real Madrid Castilla footballers
Real Valladolid players
Getafe CF footballers
Rayo Vallecano players
Albacete Balompié players
Xerez CD footballers
Cypriot First Division players
Nea Salamis Famagusta FC players
Spain men's youth international footballers
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus |
Gallant is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
A. Ronald Gallant (born 1942), American econometrician
Brett Gallant (born 1990), Canadian curler
Brian Gallant (born 1982), Canadian Liberal politician
Cheryl Gallant (born 1960), Canadian Conservative politician
Christopher Gallant (born 1992), American singer-songwriter known by the mononym Gallant
Corinne Gallant (1922–2018), Canadian philosophy professor and feminist
Gary William Gallant (born 1972), Canadian professional wrestler who wrestles under the ring name Gary Williams
Gerard Gallant (born 1963), Canadian ice hockey coach and retired player
Gord Gallant (born 1950), Canadian retired ice hockey player
Hubert Gallant (born 1955), Canadian retired professional wrestler
John Gallant (born 1978), Canadian lacrosse player
Jonathan Gallant (born 1976), Canadian rock bass guitarist.
Karl Gallant, American congressional aide and lobbyist
Lennie Gallant (born 1955), Canadian singer-songwriter
Matt Gallant (born 1964), American television host
Mavis Gallant (1922–2014), Canadian writer
Patsy Gallant (born 1948), Canadian pop singer and musical theatre actress
Peter Gallant (born 1958), Canadian curler
Shannon Gallant (born 1986), Australian rugby league player
Thomas Gallant, American oboist
Thomas Gallant (historian), American historian
Yoav Gallant (born 1958), Israeli politician
Fictional characters:
Felicia Gallant, a romance novelist in the TV Soap Opera Another World
Michael Gallant, a medical doctor in the TV Series ER |
Biblioteksentralen AL is a library center for public libraries in Norway, with offices in Oslo. It is the primary supplier of books, equipment and services to these libraries.
Libraries make use of Biblioteksentralen's centralized library catalog system, BIBBI. It contains 170,000 bibliographic records, with 11,000 records added each year. A simplified version of the MARC21/NORMARC format is used, called BSMARC.
Biblioteksentralen is cooperatively owned (the "AL" suffix to the name means "andelslag" or cooperatively held corporation) by 425 municipalities, 14 counties, the Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities, and the Norwegian Library Association. It was established in this form in February 1952 after a government resolution in the previous year, but its predecessor Folkeboksamlingenes Ekspedisjon had been around since 1902. The corporation has 56 employees and a turnover of (2006) with a profit from operations of 2 million.
See also
National Library of Norway
Bibsys
References
External links
BIBBI
Cooperatives in Norway
Business services companies of Norway
Library centers
Companies based in Oslo
Business services companies established in 1952
Bibliographic database providers
Bibliographic databases and indexes
1952 establishments in Norway
Government-owned companies of Norway |
So Kwang-chol (; born 23 January 1987) is a North Korean footballer. He represented North Korea on at least seven occasions between 2007 and 2008.
Career statistics
International
References
1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Pyongyang
North Korean men's footballers
North Korea men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Amnokgang Sports Club players |
Aaron Joel Brown (born 1980) is an Australian-American violinist, composer and teacher, specializing in Early Music. He is a founder of the trio, Guido's Ear. Brown became a member of the Australian Brandenburg Orchestra in 2009. He has worked with American early music groups, Early Music New York, Opera Lafayette and the New York Collegium.
Brown studied music at the Juilliard School, the Mannes School of Music and Hunter College. His teachers were Dorothy Delay and Lewis Kaplan.
Discography
Solo records:
Aaron Brown - Baroque Violin (2008)
Early Modern (2016)
With the Australian Brandenburg Orchestra:
Tapas Taste of the Baroque (2010)
Brandenburg Celebrates (2015)
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Australian violinists
21st-century American composers
Australian composers
American people of Australian descent
21st-century American violinists |
Russia has the fourth-largest exclusive economic zone of with from its shores.
Geography
The EEZ borders with Norway, Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Lithuania and Poland to the west, the United States to the east, Japan, North Korea and South Korea to the south east and Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Turkey and Ukraine to the south.
Disputes
Active
Japan
There is a longstanding dispute with Japan over the southern part of the Kuril islands. The dispute dates back to the Soviet Union and the Yalta Agreement (February 1945). The United States maintains that until a peace treaty between Japan and Russia is concluded, the disputed Northern Territories remain under Russian control via General Order No. 1.
Resolved
Norway
In 2010, the Norway and Russia dispute of both territorial sea and EEZ with regard to the Svalbard archipelago as it affects Russia's EEZ due to its unique treaty status was resolved. A treaty was agreed in principle in April 2010 between the two states and subsequently officially ratified, resolving this demarcation dispute. The agreement was signed in Murmansk on 15 September 2010.
See also
Geography of Russia
Exclusive economic zone of Japan
Exclusive economic zone of Poland
References
Russia
Borders of Russia
Economy of Russia
Japan–Russia relations |
Washed red blood cells are red blood cells which have had most of the plasma, platelets and white blood cells removed and replaced with saline or another type of preservation solution. The most common reason for using washed red blood cells in transfusion medicine is to prevent the recurrence of severe allergic transfusion reactions that do not respond to medical treatment. The usual cause of these allergic reactions is proteins in the donor plasma. These proteins are removed by the process of washing the red blood cells.
Methods of washing red cells
There are multiple methods of washing red cells. These can include automated or manual methods. They can use centrifugation or centrifugation-free methods. The red cells can be re-suspended in saline or other types of special preservative solutions for red cells e.g. SAG-M.
Medical Uses
Prevention of recurrence of severe allergic reactions
The most common reason for using washed red blood cells in transfusion medicine is to prevent the recurrence of severe allergic transfusion reactions. The allergen is usually a protein in the plasma that is removed by the process of washing the red blood cells. Various proteins, such as antibodies directed against IgA or haptoglobin in people with IgA and haptoglobin deficiency have been suggested to have a causal relationship with the allergic reaction. Cytokines and chemokines, which accumulate during the storage of blood components, have also been suggested as causative agents. However, the literature is scarce and conflicting as passive infusion of anti-IgA antibodies in to recipients has not been found to cause an allergic reaction.
Reduction in transfusion-related complications
In neonates transfusion has been associated with an increased risk of serious side-effects including:
Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC)
Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH)
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
Chronic lung disease (CLD)
Death
Transfusion-related immune modulation has been thought to be the underlying mechanism. Washing red cells has been thought to be one way of potentially decreasing the risk of theses transfusion-related side-effects. However, in neonates, there is insufficient evidence to say whether washing red cells has any effect.
Storage
Once red blood cells have been washed they can only be kept for up to a day.
References
Blood cells
Transfusion medicine |
Bonou is a town, arrondissement, and commune in the Ouémé Department of south-eastern Benin. The commune covers an area of 275 square kilometres and as of 2002 had a population of 29,656 people.
References
Communes of Benin
Arrondissements of Benin
Populated places in the Ouémé Department |
Katherine Elizabeth Firth (born 24 February 1979) is a British-Australian poet and librettist. She is the inaugural Head of Lisa Bellear House in the University of Melbourne. She previously was Academic Coordinator at International House, University of Melbourne, a university lecturer at La Trobe University, Melbourne, and a research associate at Trinity College Theological School, Melbourne, the theological college of the Anglican Province of Victoria.
Education
Firth was born in Western Australia and raised in Melbourne, the Northern Territory and Hong Kong, where she completed her schooling at King George V School. She read English literature at Newnham College, Cambridge, and completed a Master's degree in Music, History and Culture at Oxford Brookes University, where she also gained her doctorate for her thesis, The MacNeices and their Circles: Poets & Composers in Collaboration 1939-54.
Career
Poet and librettist
Firth has created libretti for collaborations with award-winning Sydney composer Andrew Schultz, and Melbourne composers Michael Leighton Jones, and Peter Campbell. Her collaboration with Andrew Schultz, 'Southern Cantata', op. 102, was first performed on Advent Sunday 2017 at St John's Church Southbank, Victoria. The work was first broadcast on 3MBS Radio in February 2018.
Her collaboration with Michael Leighton Jones, 'Anthem for the Feast of any Healer' was first performed by the Choir of Trinity College, Cambridge directed by Stephen Layton. It was subsequently recorded by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation performed by the librettist and the Choir of Trinity College (University of Melbourne) under the direction of the composer.
Two collaborations with Peter Campbell, 'Sunlight touches the roses' and 'In Advent heat' were written for and recorded by the Choir of Trinity College (University of Melbourne).
Firth has reflected on the poetry of Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Encounter program.
Academic and educator
Firth has collaborated with her partner Andreas Loewe on a detailed study of Martin Luther's use of the arts to promote his reformation, Martin Luther and the Arts: Music, Images, and Drama to Promote the Reformation. She has published on Lutheran compositions with Loewe, creating English study translations of the German libretti of Bach's St John Passion, and Martin Luther's iconic hymn "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"). Both contributed a joint reflection on the word setting and music of Bach to Ida Lichter's The Secret Magic of Music: Conversations with Musical Masters.
Firth has published widely in the field of poetry and music, including articles on modernist poets T. S. Eliot, Louis MacNeice and Ezra Pound, Australian and British women poets Judith Wright and Kathleen Raine, and composers such as Gerald Finzi.
In 2013, she received the University of Melbourne's Norman Curry Award for her work in developing Thesis Boot Camp with educators Peta Freestone and Liam Connell. Her academic skills work centres on fostering academic writing skills. Her How to fix academic writing trouble, with Inger Mewburn and Shaun Lehmann, is being published by Open University Press.
References
Living people
Alumni of Oxford Brookes University
Women librettists
1979 births
Writers from Western Australia
Academic staff of La Trobe University
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Australian women poets |
Katayevo () is a rural locality (a village) in Yugskoye Rural Settlement, Cherepovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 25 as of 2002.
Geography
Katayevo is located southeast of Cherepovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Shishovka is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Cherepovetsky District |
is a railway station in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
Lines
Kintetsu Railway
Kyoto Line
Building
The station has one platform and four tracks.
Platforms
History
1940 - The station opens as a station of Nara Electric Railroad
1963 - NER merges and the station becomes part of Kintetsu
1999 - Passing lines are completed
2007 - Starts using PiTaPa
Surroundings
Kuzabashi Street
Aburakoji Street
Nintendo
Yasaka Bus Depot
Kyoto Bus Rakunan Office
Adjacent stations
References
External links
Station Facilities and Service
station Map
Railway stations in Kyoto
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1940 |
Vukan's Gospel ( Vukanovo jevanđelje) is a 13th-century Serbian illuminated manuscript (Gospel Book) in Serbian recension of Church Slavonic. It is one of the oldest preserved Serbian medieval books, with more than 189 pages.
It was produced in Ras, which was the capital of the medieval Principality of Serbia, by the monk Simeon for Prince Vukan, the son of King Stefan Nemanja. It is the oldest aprakos written in Rascian.
Miniatures in Vukan's Gospel from the beginning of the 13th century, are representative of the Raška miniature style. They were executed in the spirit of the late Comnenus art, characterized by graphic interpretations. The old monk Symeon left a long note saying that the manuscript had been made for the Great Zupan of the city of Ras, Vukan Nemanjić. It is quite possible that Simeon was the author of the miniatures.
See also
Medieval Serbian literature
References
Vukan Gospel. Complete Aprakos. About 1200. Serbian version. One of scribes: Monk Simeon
Church Slavonic biblical manuscripts
Medieval documents of Serbia
Serbian literature
Serbian manuscripts
Gospel Books
13th-century biblical manuscripts
13th-century illuminated manuscripts
Cyrillic manuscripts
Cyrillo-Methodian studies |
is a Japanese footballer currently playing as a defender for Gainare Tottori.
Club career
While studying at the Hiroshima Shudo University, Nagai was announced as a Gainare Tottori player ahead of the 2022 season.
Career statistics
Club
.
Notes
References
2000 births
Living people
Association football people from Ehime Prefecture
Hiroshima Shudo University alumni
Japanese men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
J3 League players
Gainare Tottori players |
The Philippe Daudet Affair, named after Philippe Daudet (1909–1923), was a French legal filing and subsequent controversy following the suicide of Philippe Daudet at age 14. The initial investigation into Philippe's death concluded he had committed suicide via gunshot, following plans to carry out anarchist attacks against the French government and other high-profile individuals. Philippe was the son of Action française founder Léon Daudet, who successfully petitioned to the court to investigate Philippe's death, whilst rejecting the results of the initial investigation. Léon instead claimed there was a grander conspiracy against himself and his family. Léon mobilized Action française and the Daudet family, both claiming that anarchist groups, French police, and the French government had conspired in his son's death. The case and its appeals were concluded in 1925, with the official ruling being that there was no evidence of murder or conspiracy.
The case received significant media coverage, with French newspapers promoting Léon Daudet's claims of political assassination. This event occurred during the same time as the Germaine Berton trial, where Berton, a French anarchist, had admitted to but was subsequently acquitted of the assassination Action française member Marius Plateau. Léon Daudet was later jailed after he called for violence against multiple French politicians for their perceived mishandling of both cases.
Background
Philippe Daudet was the son of Léon Daudet and his second wife, Marthe Allard. Born in 1909, his father Léon Daudet was a journalist, political figure, and member of the royalist movement Action française. Philippe had a history of running away from home. On November 20, 1923, a 14-year-old Philippe fled from his parental home in Paris, taking a train to Le Havre and stealing money from his parents to pay for a boat trip to Canada. When the sum of money was insufficient for the boat ride, Philippe returned to Paris under false name, meeting and receiving shelter from Georges Vidal, administrator of the anarchist newspaper Le Libertaire. Here Phillippe would confide his sympathy for anarchism and informed Vidal he intended to commit attacks against Raymond Poincaré (then President of France), Alexandre Millerand (then Prime Minister of France), or even against his father. Vidal attempted to dissuade him from carrying out attacks, later kicking Philippe out of his lodging, and writing Philippe off as a "madman or agent provocateur". Another anarchist activist took Phillippe in during this time, stating that Daudet told stories, "typical of the exaggeration of adolescence ", in particular "that his father beat him, punished him too severely, hated him, that he [Philippe] hated him and all the bourgeoisie he had fled, now that he wanted to take revenge on everyone by committing a dazzling crime", but Philippe did not receive any further aid in his planned attacks. Whilst running away, Philippe met the explorer Louis-Frédéric Rouquette , and allegedly purchased a revolver. He then wrote three letters to his parents, one to his mother, writing "For a long time I was an anarchist, without daring to say so" and two additional letters announcing his suicide. None of the three letters were sent, having been discovered after his death.
On November 24, Philippe met and stated his desire to carry out a political assassination to Le Flaouter, an anarchist bookseller, supporter Germaine Berton, and police informant (which was later revealed by the anarchist André Colomer). Philippe asked Le Flaouter for ammunition but Le Flaouter attempted to dissuade Philippe. Le Flaouter told Philippe to return to his bookstore later that day, offering a book by Baudelaire to Philippe, before informing Comptroller General Lannes of the Sûreté Générale (Committee of General Security) who dispatched eight inspectors and four policemen to the store. That afternoon, around 4 pm, a taxi carrying Philippe stopped at 126 boulevard de Magenta. Daudet had initially entered the taxi, where the driver had witness him collapse in the back seat, only later to discover that Daudet had been shot in the head. Philippe Daudet died 2 hours later at the Lariboisière Hospital, anonymously. In total, Philippe was on the run for 5 days. On November 25, the newspaper Le Petit Parisien ran a paragraph on Philippe's suicide, which was noticed by his mother, Mrs. Léon Daudet. The Daudet family sent their friend Doctor Bernard to the hospital to identify the body, ruling that "Suicide then seems to be in no doubt". Léon Daudet requested the Public Prosecutor's Office to bury Philippe without an autopsy. The religious funeral occurred at Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin before Philippe was buried at Père-Lachaise in the family vault. Doctor Bernard certified the death as a suicide, citing Philippe's "disturbed mind" but Léon Daudet would initially claim Philippe's death was the result of fast-acting meningitis.
The affair
The Philippe Daudet Affair began on December 2, 1923, when a special issue of Le Libertaire had announced: “The tragic death of Philippe Daudet, anarchist! Léon Daudet stifles the truth”. Georges Vidal gave an account of the circumstances of Philippe's disappearance, describing him as a "hero of anarchy"; criticizing Léon Daudet of having stiffeld the voice of his son. Vidal ended by stating that Léon Daudet was responsible for the death of his son. The last page reproduced a series of poems by Philippe. On December 4, Le Libertaire would claim that Philippe returned to Paris to kill his father but instead killed himself in a fit of depression. Also on December 4, Vidal wrote in a separate article that Germaine Berton, a French anarchist currently standing trial for the assassination Action française member and friend of Léon Daudet, Marius Plateau. Videl described Berton's feelings towards Philippe as "her admiration, I will say more her love" and calling Berton "[Philippe's] his mistress". Videl would go on to claim Berton;'s deteriorating mental health was due to this love. Le Libertaire would publish a letter signed by eleven surrealists, including Louis Aragon stating “We are wholeheartedly with Germaine Berton and Philippe Daudet; we value every true act of revolt".
On December 3, one day after Le Libertaire's special addition, L'Action française released "The assassination of Philippe Daudet", a six column editorial written by Léon Daudet. claiming that Philippe was killed as a result of premeditated murder. It stated, "The conviction of all our friends and mine, is that after having been lured - through his escape - into an ambush, chambered, suggested or coerced, and stripped of all his papers, Philippe was thrown to his death." Léon would then claim that his son was killed as an act of "political revenge" and stated that it was "odious and imbecilic" to believe Philippe was an anarchist. He concluded stated his was to carry out his own investigation into Philippe's death and was ready to begin filing voluntary manslaughter and misappropriation of a minor changes.
For over a year, the examining magistrate and L'Action française both conducted in inquiry into the Philippe's death. In 1925, Daudet learned the magistrate intended to dismiss the case, prompting him to file a new complaint on January 26. While the first inquiry did not name a specific suspect, the second filing claimed that Police Commissioner Colombo had carried out the execution, and three senior officials of the Sûreté Générale (including Controller General Lannes) and Le Flaouter conspired in the murder. The first case was dismissed and the second case was taken up by the court of appeal. On July 30, 1925, the court, after examining Léon Daudet's arguments (six in total: implausibility of suicide, contradictions of the cab driver, absence of bullet in the barrel of the gun, suspicious discovery of the cartridge case in the cab ten days after the tragedy, absence of trace of bullet in the cab, implausibilities contained in the account of the surveillance of November 24 in front of the bookstore Le Flaouter where ten experienced policemen let Philippe Daudet out of the bookstore) retained the thesis of suicide and issued an order of dismissal. The Public Prosecutor concluded that anarchists knew Philippe's identity and had decided to exploit his presence among them "by having him arrested as an anarchist in order to cause a resounding scandal. Philippe Daudet, having finally vented the machination, would have killed himself of despair" concluding the suicide appeared to him as the only possible solution.
Aftermath
Media coverage
Following the inquires, public opinion was divided and the newspaper L'Humanité describes this affair as a "historical enigma". The theory of assassination was propagated further by Édouard Herriot, André Lefèvre, Georges Vidal, and André Colomer, the latter of which left Le Libertaire and founded L'Insurgé as a result of the affair. On November 14, 1925, Colomer would publicly come out in support of Léon Daudet in his accusation of the State's hand in Philippe's death. Edmond Du Mesnil, director of Le Rappel, and Pierre Bertrand, editor-in-chief of Le Quotidien, accuse Le Flaouter, "by his machinations before, and by his silence after", Le Flaouter was the "accountant of the blood shed by Philippe Daudet”.
Léon Daudet
Léon Daudet continued to claim his son was mortally wounded, placed in the taxi, and murdered. Daudet's distrust in the justice system deepened following the acquittal of Germaine Berton who had previously admitted conspiring to kill Léon Daudet and had successfully assassinated Marius Plateau. Following the Court of Cassation dismissing his appeal, Daudet wrote numerous articles in L'Action française where he denounced and called for violence against the Sûreté générale, the taxi driver Bajot, Le Flaouter, and even the French government. These articles eventually landed him in legal trouble. Léon Daudet was sued for defamation by the cab driver, Bajot, whom Daudet had accused of being a police officer. Daudet was sentenced to a 1,500 franc fine and five months in prison, and was incarcerated at La Santé prison on June 13, 1927. Le Figaro, Le Soir, and Le Temps all called for clemency to be granted to Daudet. This was followed by a petition for his clemency, notably signed by Anna de Noailles, Paul Valéry, Henri Bernstein, and Paul Bourget. Charlotte Montard then assisted in Daudet escaping from prison, where Léon Daudet then fled to Belgium. The French Press proceeded to criticize the Ministry of the Interior and the Sûreté générale for their handling of the situation. Daudet was pardoned by Daladier on December 30, 1929, and returned to France.
Homage
On February 16, 1929, members of Action française led a demonstration in honor of Philippe Daudet.
Gallery
Notes
References
Bibliography
Eugen Weber, L'Action française, Fayard, 1985
Laurent Bourdelas, Le Paris de Nestor Burma - L'Occupation et les Trente Glorieuses de Léo Malet, L'Harmattan, 2007, revient sur la vision de Malet sur cette affaire.
Henry Bordeaux, Procès politiques : Germaine Berton, Philippe Daudet, dans Écrits de Paris, no 199, 1961, p. 56-64.
René Breval, Philippe Daudet a bel et bien été assassiné, Paris, Éditions du Scorpion, 1959.
Marthe Daudet, La Vie et la Mort de Philippe, Paris, Arthème Fayard et Cie, 1926.
Marcel Guitton et André Seguin, Du scandale au meurtre. La mort de Philippe Daudet, Paris, Les Cahiers de la Quinzaine, 1925.
Georges Larpent, The Philippe Daudet affair according to the Scherdlin indictment. The Attorney General to the aid of the assassins, Librairie de L'Action française, 1925
Louis Noguères, Le suicide de Philippe Daudet, plaidoirie prononcée les 12 et 13 novembre 1925 devant la cour d'assises de la Seine, Paris, Librairie du travail, 1926.
Gabriel Oberson, Une cause célèbre : la mort de Philippe Daudet. État de la question à l'issue du procès Bajot, Fribourg, Imprimerie de L. Delaspre, 1926.
Maurice Privat, L'énigme Philippe Daudet, Paris-Neuilly, « Les Documents secrets », 1931.
Georges-Michel Thomas, Le Flaouter et l'affaire Daudet, dans Cahiers de l'Iroise, nouvelle série, 33rd année, no 1, 1986, p. 56-57.
Léon Daudet, La police politique : Ses moyens et ses crimes, (chapitre VI), Denoel et Steele, Paris, 1934
Stefan Zweig, L'odyssée et la fin de Pierre Bonchamps, la tragédie de Philippe Daudet, (Irrfahrt und Ende Pierre Bonchamps. Die Tragödie Philippe Daudets), Neue Freie Presse, Vienne, 1926.
External links
Eugen Weber, Action française: royalism and reaction in twentieth century France, Stanford University Press, 1962.
Albert Marty, L'Action française racontée par elle-même, Nouvelles Éditions Latines, 1968.
1923 in France
Legal action
Action Française
Daudet family |
China-Ghanaian relations refer to the current and historical relationship between the Republic of Ghana and the People's Republic of China (PRC).
History
China and Ghana established diplomatic relations on July 5, 1960. Since then Ghana has provided substantial diplomatic support to the PRC with the PRC reciprocating with material support for Ghana's development.
In the 1960s President Nkrumah lobbied for the PRC's reinstatement in the United Nations. Nkrumah also supported the PRC during the Sino-Indian War in 1962. Nkrumah's dressing changed to the Chinese-supplied Mao suit.
After the coup, Nkrumah stayed in Beijing for four days and Premier Zhou Enlai treated Nkrumah with courtesy. The post-coup Ghana government closed the Chinese embassy in 1966, because in its view China continued to support Nkrumah, who had taken refuge in Guinea. Chinese government personnel left Ghana in November 1966.
Ghana and China restored diplomatic relations in January 1972.
In the early 1990s, China built Ghana's National Theatre as a reward for Ghana's diplomatic support following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. After Kufuor was elected president of Ghana in 2001 the PRC gave Ghana a US$2.4 million grant to renovate the theatre.
Official visits
The two countries have enjoyed a strong relationship since 1960, with high-level official visits to China by then President Nkrumah and reciprocal visits to Ghana by Premier Zhou Enlai. In 2002 Ghana's President John Kufuor made a high-level visit to China, and in 2003 China's President Hu Jintao visited Ghana. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited Ghana on the second leg of his seven-nation tour of Africa in 2007.
In September 2010 Ghanaian President John Evans Atta Mills visited China on an official visit. China reciprocated with a visit in November 2011 by the Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China Zhou Tienong who visited Ghana and met with Ghana's then Vice President John Dramani Mahama.
Economy
Since the 2000s the volume of Chinese trade and investment in Ghana has increased greatly. From a mere $4.4 million Chinese projects registered by the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre in 2000, Chinese registered flows had increased to $1.6 billion in 2014 alone. Despite the manufacturing sector regaining its lead as the largest retainer of Chinese investments in 2014, the General Trade sector has received a largely steady flow of Chinese investments especially since 2004 and therefore the Chinese impact felt more in the trading sector. By 2015, however, Building and Construction sectors of the Ghanaian economy had emerged the largest recipient of Chinese investment flows followed by Manufacturing and General Trade. The Liaison sector which did not attract any Chinese FDI from 2000 to 2008 began to attract Chinese investments from 2009. The Services sector also emerged a significant recipient of Chinese investments from 2006. Despite these economic flows and the tangible physical outcomes of Chinese companies highlighted in buildings and infrastructure, for most Ghanaian the Chinese presence is manifest in individual Chinese migrants trading in spaces that were hitherto dominated by Ghanaian merchants.
An indication of the importance China attaches to its economic relationship with Ghana in the West African region was the decision to open the fourth office of the China-Africa Development Fund in Accra. Opened in November 2011 the office in Ghana focuses on the West African region for the fund.
Economic assistance
Premier Wen Jiabao's 2007 visit resulted in the signing of six agreements and a US$66 million Chinese loan to expand and upgrade Ghana's telecommunications network. Beijing provided a concessionary loan of US$30 million to support the first phase of a telecommunications project to link all ten regional capitals and 36 towns in Ghana with fiber optic cables.
Other Chinese aid projects include:
A $6 billion concessionary loan from the China Export Import Bank which Ghana is using to extend its rail network
A total of US$43.5 million in development assistance to Ghana between 1964 and 1970 and has written off US$25 million of debt. Recently the China Export and Import Bank (Exim Bank) granted US$562 million loan for the construction of the US$622 million Bui hydro-electric dam.
US$28 million interest-free loan for the construction of the 17 km Ofankor-Nsawam road completed in 2009.
US$99 million interest-free loan for the construction of landing sites for fishing communities and the Afife rice project.
China has provided substantial technical support to Ghana with more than 700 Ghanaians having attended Chinese-funded training courses in education, trading, communication, energy, auditing, agriculture and fisheries operation.
China-Ghanaian trade and Foreign Direct Investment
China is currently the second largest exporter to Ghana. In 2005 US$433.74 million worth of imports came into Ghana from China with Ghana exporting US$0.1 worth of exports. This reflects a sharp rise in two-way trade between the two countries from $93.13 million in 2000 to $433.74 million in 2005. Most of China's foreign direct investment in Ghana is focused on manufacturing, construction, tourism, trading and services with total investments worth US$75.8 million in 2008. Of 283 projects that Chinese nationals and SOEs have investments in 97 are in manufacturing, 59 in trading, 48 in tourism, 44 in services and 15 in construction. By 2014, total Chinese investments in Ghana had increased to $1.6 billion in that year alone. Whereas total Chinese FDI in Ghana for the 2000 to 2007 period was $199 million, cumulative investments for the 2008 to 2015 period was $2.2 billion.
In addition to macro trade and investment flows, Ghana has seen an increasing influx of Chinese entrepreneurial migrants. Largely independent of Chinese SOEs, they either remained in the country after working for big Chinese firms in Ghana or moved from China to Ghana just to trade. The capital might of the Chinese merchants trading in Ghana have culminated in substantial impacts on Ghanaian traders and trading spaces. Despite affording the average Ghanaian consumer low priced goods, they have displaced not only local Ghanaian traders but also goods coming from neighboring African countries. These have culminated in frictions between the Ghana Union of Traders Association and some Ghanaian traders in general on one part, and Chinese migrants on the other hand. Often drawing contrast with Indian and Lebanese merchants trading in Ghana, Ghanaian traders decry the indiscriminate trading patterns of Chinese merchants and their increasing concentration in spaces that are contested as markets.
Media
StarTimes, CGTN Africa, and Xinhua News Agency have a significant presence in Ghana's media landscape and present a pro-Chinese government viewpoint to Ghanaian audiences.
Security
In April 2007 the CPPCC's Chairman, Jia Qinglin, granted a US$30 million concessional loan for the Dedicated Communications Project to foster closer military and security ties between the two countries. This included a grant of a US$7.5 million for the construction of an office complex for Ghana's Ministry of Defence.
Ghanaian Chinese
Ghanaian Chinese are an ethnic group of Chinese diaspora in Ghana. The ancestors of ethnic Chinese migrants to Ghana were of Hong Kong origin. They began arriving in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, some of the Hong Kong migrants began to bring their wives and children over to Ghana. Migrants from Shanghai also began to arrive round this time. With the economic reform and opening up in the PRC, migrants from mainland China began arriving. Migration from mainland China intensified in the 1990s; some came as employees, but most were independent traders running import-export businesses or restaurants. The sources of migration have also expanded; whereas earlier migrants came mostly from Hong Kong or Shanghai, later Chinese migrants have arrived from Guangdong and Henan as well as the Republic of China on Taiwan. As of 2009 there were an estimated 700,000 ethnic Chinese migrants that have settled in Ghana.
References
Works cited
Africa–China relations
China, Peoples Republic
Ghana |
Goudgeri is a village in Dharwad district of Karnataka, India.
Demographics
As of the 2011 Census of India there were 557 households in Goudgeri and a total population of 2,903 consisting of 1,526 males and 1,377 females. There were 426 children ages 0-6.
References
Villages in Dharwad district |
```javascript
class Foo {
foo() {
switch (1) {
case (MatrixType.IsScaling | MatrixType.IsTranslation):
}
}
bar() {
switch ((typeA << 4) | typeB) {}
}
}
``` |
Legislative elections were held in Kazakhstan on 10 October 1999, with a second round on 24 October. The result was a victory for the new Otan party, which won 23 of the 77 seats. Voter turnout was 62.5%.
Background
President Nursultan Nazarbayev announced by public decree on 7 July 1999 that the elections to both Houses of the Parliament (the Senate and Assembly) would take place on 17 September 1999 and 10 October 1999 respectively.
The former Soviet republic, independent since 1991, wanted to project with these elections a democratic image because its January presidential election had been criticized in the West as unfair. For the first time, 10 of the 77 seats in the Assembly were contested on a party basis and opposition candidates were given access to the media.
Elections
International and domestic observers described the parliamentary election as flawed. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, that had deployed 200 observers to monitor the vote, reported that the election had fallen far short of international standards. It was alleged that innocent candidates had been treated unfairly and that voters had been pressured not to vote for certain candidates.
About 60 percent of the eight million registered voters turned out for the ballot which was a much lower turnout than the one for the 1995 elections, at which voter participation was 79%.
In the election to the Assembly, the ten seats allotted to political parties were decided in the first round on October 10, as well as 20 seats where candidates secured a majority. The remaining 47, where there was no clear majority, were decided at a second round which took place on 24 October.
Kazakhstan's election commission called for new voting to be held in three of the 67 voting districts. The new polls would be held in Atyrau city and the South Kazakhstan and Dzhambul regions. The Kazakh election laws do not allow the original candidates to run again in the new voting in these three districts.
For the Senate, on 17 September, deputies in the regional and city assemblies elected the 16 contested seats. Twelve of the new senators were nominated by Maslihats (provinces) and the other four were self-nominated.
Results
References
External links
Inter-Parliamentary Union Report on 1999 Kazakhstan Elections
Parliament of Republic of Kazakhstan
Central Election Commission
Kazakhstan
Legislative election
Elections in Kazakhstan
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
The 1890 Boston Beaneaters season was the 20th season of the franchise.
Regular season
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Roster
Player stats
Batting
Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Pitching
Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
References
1890 Boston Beaneaters season at Baseball Reference
Boston Beaneaters seasons
Boston Beaneaters
Boston Beaneaters
19th century in Boston |
Julian H. Scaff is a design director, educator, futurist, filmmaker, electronic musician and media artist from California. His areas of expertise include interaction design, user experience design, creative strategy and future studies.
He received his BA in Film and Video from Pitzer College, his MA in Film Critical Studies from UCLA, an MFA in Art and Design from the Dutch Art Institute , and a certificate in Human-Computer Interaction from MIT.
His recent work in interaction and user experience design include designing future technology for Hitachi, designing the first augmented reality experience for the Pasadena Rose Parade, and conversational interfaces leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning. He has innovated scientific processes in the field of design, including the Curiosity Matrix that uses neuroscience to understand human motivations and adapting empirical methodology to the design process.
Julian has also shown his artwork and short digital movies in various galleries and film festivals around the world, and produced radio programs for ResonanceFM in London, Epsilonia Festival Radiophonique in Paris, and Voice of the People in Lebanon.
In 1997 Scaff founded and edited Strobe, which according to the UCLA Bruin was the first academic journal published exclusively on the internet. Contributions included articles by the famous film theorists Peter Wollen and Nick Browne.
Scaff also produced the first online version of the famous Walter Benjamin essay The Work of Art In The Age of Mechanical Reproduction, and Scaff's essay Art and Authenticity in the Age of Digital Reproduction has been widely referenced in cultural and media studies.
His film credits include The Cosmodrome Futurists, Genomatica, and Piles of dirt (film). He also starred in the film The Many Faces of Julian H. Scaff directed by Bob Recon. His recent film Tecopa which explores the site of a Native American massacre in California is featured at the Zonderling Media Art Festival in the Netherlands and has been garnering much attention in the media there.
His landscape art/design projects have included "Water, Trees, Path, Cranes" in Enschede, Netherlands, and "Dazzled Windscape," a proposal for making the controversial Cape Wind project in Nantucket Sound, Massachusetts more environmentally and culturally friendly.
Scaff is the Design Director at the digital agency Interactivism, and Associate Professor of Interaction Design at ArtCenter College of Design in Pasadena, California.
External links
Julian H. Scaff's Official Website
Julian Scaff faculty page at ArtCenter College of Design
The Science of UX - talk by Julian Scaff at the Carnegie Observatory.
Designing for Inclusion - talk by Julian Scaff at World IA Day 2019.
A Story From The Future - talk by Julian Scaff at Design Slam 2018.
UX and the Future of Healthcare - talk by Julian Scaff at Cross Campus 2017.
Designing Change for Good - TEDx talk by Julian Scaff at TEDx Crenshaw 2015.
Filmography for Julian H. Scaff
Breukvlak: Tales of a Highway (2007)
Tecopa (2006)
Piles of Dirt (2006)
Genomatica (2005) *
Day of the Dead (2005)
The Cosmodrome Futurists (2004)
Desert Mosaic (2004)
My Daily Commute (1996)
Selected publications
Glitchscapes (book)
Sketch Your Soundscape (book)
Experience Design Workbook (book, with Sofia M. Khan)
Jamal & Damilola: A Nigerian Banking Scam Romance (book)
Futureplexity: The Analog/Digital Architecture of Detroit Techno published in Cross-Reference Magazine, The Hague
Quietscapes: Noise, Silence, and (Re)Designing the Public Sonosphere published in the journal Open, Rotterdam
Sonic Notes from a Taipei Noodle Restaurant published in the journal Locus Sentio, Werkplaatstypogrfie, Arnhem, Netherlands
Art and Authenticity in the Age of Digital Reproduction published by the Digital Arts Institute
UCLA Film School alumni
Landscape artists
American video artists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American experimental filmmakers
American designers |
```javascript
import { test } from '../../test';
export default test({
get props() {
return { x: false, things: ['a'] };
},
test({ assert, component, target, raf }) {
component.x = true;
const div1 = /** @type {HTMLDivElement & { foo: number }} */ (target.querySelector('div'));
raf.tick(0);
assert.equal(div1.foo, undefined);
raf.tick(100);
assert.equal(div1.foo, undefined);
component.things = ['a', 'b'];
assert.htmlEqual(target.innerHTML, '<div></div><div></div>');
const div2 = /** @type {HTMLDivElement & { foo: number }} */ (
target.querySelector('div:last-child')
);
raf.tick(100);
assert.equal(div1.foo, undefined);
assert.equal(div2.foo, 0);
raf.tick(200);
assert.equal(div1.foo, undefined);
assert.equal(div2.foo, 1);
component.x = false;
assert.htmlEqual(target.innerHTML, '');
}
});
``` |
Cividate Camuno (Camunian: ) is an Italian comune of 2,774 inhabitants (2011), in Val Camonica, province of Brescia, in Lombardy.
Geography
The territory of Cividate Camuno is bordered by several municipalities: to the east Bienno, on the north Breno and Malegno, to the west Piancogno, and south Esine and Berzo Inferiore.
History
Originally a Roman town, the Civitas Camunnorum, Cividate Camuno was known as Civethate in the medieval period.
Between 1863 and 1887 Cividate assumed the name "Cividate Alpino", but because of bureaucratic confusion, in 1887 the village re-took the name "Cividate Camuno" .
Main sights
The main tourist sights of Cividate Camuno are:
Parish Church of Santa Maria Assunta, standing on the site of the baptismal chapel dedicated to St. John the Baptist, which was replaced after the 11th century by the Romanesque church.
Church of Santo Stefano. Commanding the countryside, it is accessed by a ladder with four flights with no other possibility of approach (the ladder is dated 1770). Archaeological excavations have reported pre-Christian elements.
Medieval tower of the 12th-13th century
Renaissance gates
Museo nazionale della Valcamonica
The Roman park of the theatre and amphitheatre
Culture
The scütüm are in camunian dialect nicknames, sometimes personal, elsewhere showing the characteristic features of a community. The one which characterize the people of Cividate Camuno is Pàtate, Bö or Maia Hüche.
People
Blessed Giuseppe Tovini
Blessed Mosè Tovini
References
External links
Historical photos - Intercam
Historical photos - Lombardia Beni Culturali
Archaeological park with Roman theatre and amphitheatre and national museum
Cities and towns in Lombardy |
Li Xiayan (17 December 1989, Dali) is a Chinese swimmer. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed in the Men's 100 metre breaststroke, finishing in 28th place in the heats, failing to reach the semifinals. He was also part of the Chinese men's medley relay team.
References
Living people
Swimmers from Yunnan
Olympic swimmers for China
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Chinese male breaststroke swimmers
Sportspeople from Kunming
Asian Games medalists in swimming
Swimmers at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games bronze medalists for China
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
1989 births
21st-century Chinese people |
31824 Elatus (, provisional designation: ) is a very red centaur from the outer Solar System, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 29 October 1999, by astronomers of the Catalina Sky Survey at Mount Lemmon Observatory in Arizona, United States. The minor planet was named after Elatus, a centaur from Greek mythology.
Orbit and classification
Elatus orbits the Sun at a distance of 7.3–16.3 AU once every 40 years and 7 months (14,826 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.38 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at Apache Point Observatory in September 1998, thirteen months prior to its official discovery observation.
Naming
This minor planet was named after Elatus, a centaur from Greek mythology, who was killed during a battle with Heracles (also see 5143 Heracles) by a poisoned arrow that passed through his arm and continued to wound Chiron in the knee (also see 2060 Chiron). The name "Elatus" means "fir man" and is associated with woodlands. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2003 ().
Physical characteristics
Rotation period
Two rotational lightcurves of Elatus were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than-average rotation period of 26.5 and 26.82 hours with a concurring brightness variation of 0.10 magnitude ().
Diameter and albedo
According to observations by ESA's Herschel Space Observatory with its PACS instrument and the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Elatus measures 49.8 and 57.000 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.049 and 0.050, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous minor planets of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 45.87 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.42.
See also
References
External links
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (30001)-(35000) – Minor Planet Center
Centaurs (small Solar System bodies)
031824
Named minor planets
19991029 |
The Peep Tempel was a punk rock band from Melbourne, Australia. The band's line-up for most of its tenure was Blake Scott (vocals, guitar), Steven Carter (drums) and Stewart Rayner (bass guitar). The band released three studio albums: The Peep Tempel (2012), Tales (2014) and Joy (2016).
History
2008–2013: formation and The Peep Tempel
The Peep Tempel was formed in 2008 as a two-piece by singer-songwriter Blake Scott and drummer Steven Carter who were neighbours at the time. As a two-piece, the band recorded in their own home studio and released two 7-inch singles through the imprint Wing Sing. The band's name came from a strip club in Vienna.
In late 2011, Stewart Rayner joined the band to play bass guitar and during 2012 the band toured both in Australia and Europe as a three-piece.
In 2011 The Peep Tempel invited Matthew Duffy, who had recorded the band's first two singles along with Clinton Kraus, to join the band to play bass guitar for their debut studio album. The Peep Tempel recorded and released their debut album The Peep Tempel in 2012 through Wing Sing. The Peep Tempel was nominated in the category of Best Independent Hard Rock or Punk Album at the AIR Awards of 2012.
In 2013, the band recorded the EP Modern Professional, which was released through Wing Sing in June 2013.
2014–2017: Tales & Joy
In 2014 the band recorded their second studio album Tales, which was released through Wing Sing in October 2014. Tales was shortlisted for the 2014 Australian Music Prize and nominated in the category of Best Independent Hard Rock, Heavy or Punk Album at the AIR Awards of 2015.
"Carol," a song featured on Tales, was shortlisted for the 2014 Song of the Year APRA Awards (Australia) and nominated in the category of Best Song at the Music Victoria Awards of 2015.
In 2016, The Peep Tempel recorded their third album Joy at Sing Sing Studios with Anna Laverty. The album was released 14 October 2016. The band played their final shows in 2017 before entering an indefinite hiatus.
Since the band's hiatus, Carter and Rayner have formed a new band, Shepparton Airplane. Scott, meanwhile, released his debut solo album Niscitam in October 2020.
Discography
Albums
Extended plays
Awards
AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.
|-
| AIR Awards of 2012
|The Peep Tempel
| Best Independent Hard Rock or Punk Album
|
|-
| AIR Awards of 2015
| Tales
| Best Independent Hard Rock or Punk Album
|
|-
APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters". They commenced in 1982.
!
|-
| 2015
| "Carol" (Steven Carter, Stewart Rayner & Blake Scott)
| Song of the Year
|
|
|-
Australian Music Prize
The Australian Music Prize (the AMP) is an annual award of $30,000 given to an Australian band or solo artist in recognition of the merit of an album released during the year of award. The commenced in 2005.
|-
| 2014
| Tales
| Australian Music Prize
|
|-
| 2016
| Joy
| Australian Music Prize
|
|-
Music Victoria Awards
The Music Victoria Awards (previously known as The Age EG Awards and The Age Music Victoria Awards) are an annual awards night celebrating Victorian music.
!
|-
| rowspan="3"| Music Victoria Awards of 2015
| "Carol"
| Best Song
|
| rowspan="5"|
|-
| themselves
| Best Band
|
|-
| themselves
| Best Live Band
|
|-
| Music Victoria Awards of 2016
| themselves
| Best Live Band
|
|-
| Music Victoria Awards of 2017
| themselves
| Best Live Act
|
|-
References
Australian indie rock groups
Musical groups from Melbourne |
The First Second () is the Taiwanese Mandopop artist Danson Tang's () third Mandarin studio album. Two versions of the album were released on 24 June 2010 by Avex Taiwan: The First Second (Dance Edition) and The First Second (Touch Edition), they include a bonus DVD and a photo book respectively. Two more editions were released: The First Second (MV Edition) and The First Second (Summer Cool Edition), both on 23 July 2010, they include a bonus DVD and postcards respectively.
The first lead track, "I'm Back", a high-tempo dance track, features English and Korean rap by Amber of the Korean girl band f(x), who also starred in the music video. The track "灰色河堤" (Grey Riverbank) is listed at number 97 on Hit Fm Taiwan's Hit Fm Annual Top 100 Singles Chart (Hit-Fm年度百首單曲) for 2010.
Track listing
"I'm Back" (rap feat. Amber) - 3:32
"灰色河堤" huī sè hé dī (Grey Riverbank) - 3:40
"陪你" péi nǐ (Accompany You) - 4:09
"放過你自己吧" fàng guo nǐ zì jǐ ba (Let Go of Yourself) - 4:01
"Be With You" - 4:19
"不成文規定" bù chéng wén guī dìng (Not Yet Written) - 3:23
"你那首歌" nǐ nà shǒu gē (Your Song) - 4:33
"You Are The One" - 4:36
"淚偶" lèi ǒu (Rain Tears) - 4:41
"開心對不對" kāi xīn duì bù duì (Happy, Right) - 2:55
Music videos
"I'm Back" (rap feat Amber) MV
"灰色河堤" (Grey Canel) MV
"Be With You" MV
"放過你自己吧" (Let Go of Yourself) MV
"陪你" (Accompany You) - feature clips from autograph singing events
Releases
Four editions were released by Avex Taiwan:
24 June 2010 - The First Second (Dance Edition) (D1秒 Dance舞動個性版) (CD+DVD) - includes DVD with "I'm Back" music video and making of
24 June 2010 - The First Second (Touch Edition) (D1秒 Touch型男魅力版) (CD+DVD) - includes a Danson photobook
23 July 2010 - The First Second (MV Edition) (D1秒 燃燒熱力影音版) (CD+DVD) - includes DVD with 3 music videos and making of:
"I'm Back" (rap feat Amber) MV and making of
"灰色河堤" (Grey Canel) MV and making of
"放過你自己吧" (Let Go of Yourself) MV and making of
23 July 2010 - The First Second (Summer Cool Edition) (D1秒 陪你消暑酷愛版) (CD+MV DVD) - includes a set of 4 postcards and a mini-poster
References
External links
Danson Tang@Avex Taiwan official homepage
Danson Tang discography@Avex Taiwan
2010 albums
Danson Tang albums
Avex Taiwan albums |
Zisa Corona is a corona found on the planet Venus at latitude 12° north, longitude 221° rast. It has a diameter of 850 kilometers, and is the 3rd largest corona on Venus.
It is named for Zisa a German/Nordic harvest goddess and consort of Tyr.
Notes
Surface features of Venus |
Arnaud Amanieu (also Arnold and Amaneus, 4 August 1338–1401) was the Lord of Albret from 1358.
Amanieu held lands in Gascony which by the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) were obtained by Edward III of England. Edward III appointed his son Edward, the Black Prince Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony, and in 1363 Amanieu paid homage to the two Edwards. In 1368 Amanieu in a secret treaty switched his allegiance to Charles V of France.
Biography
Arnaud Amanieu was the son of Bernard Ezi IV and Mathe of Armagnac.
In 1330, Edward III of England sent men to Gascony to negotiate with the nobles. Bernard Ezi IV attempted to arrange a marriage between Arnaud Amanieu and a daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent but failed.
In 1363, Edward the Black Prince, then Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony, went to his province to procure the homage of his barons, chief among whom was Arnaud Amanieu. In the cathedral of Bordeaux on 9 July, the lord of Albret was the first to kneel sans belt and cap before the Prince and swear an oath of fealty (save his allegiance to the King of England), then to kiss a Bible and a cross, and finally to kiss the Prince on the mouth (a "holy kiss" signifying fellowship and peace). However, good relations did not last long between Lord and Prince.
In 1368, while preparing to cross the Pyrenees to join in the Castilian Civil War, Edward demanded a contingent from Arnaud Amanieu, but the forces requested were more than the lord of Albret could suffice. Arnaud Amanieu refused, causing the Black Prince to say:
Edward's Council also declared a fouage, a new tax, which was bitterly resented by the great landholders. John I of Armagnac, Peter-Raymond II of Comminges, Roger Bernard of Périgord, and Arnaud Amanieu sent appeals to Charles V of France, appeals which are preserved to this day in the Archives Nationales in Paris. They addressed him as the "sovereign lord of the duchée de Guienne and the other lands baillées to the king of England by the treaty of peace". Needless to say, the king of France readily received the Gascon rebels into his fold.
On 30 June 1368, after Arnaud Amanieu married Margaret of Bourbon, a secret treaty was signed between Charles V, Arnaud Amanieu, John, and Roger Bernard. Charles pledged aid in the event of war and he swore never to give up his claims of sovereignty over Gascony. The lords agreed to serve Charles—for pay—in Auvergne, Toulouse, Berry, and Touraine, and to take an oath to him. The fouage was remitted for the next decade, unless the barons chose to reimpose it on themselves. A body of lawyers and barons was called to decide the sovereignty question and they unanimously affirmed that Charles was sovereign over Gascony. Amanieu remained close to the French monarchy until his death in 1401.
Family
His son, Charles I, became Constable of France.
References
Bibliography
House of Albret
1338 births
1401 deaths |
Below is a list of newspapers published in Afghanistan.
Newspapers
See also
Communications in Afghanistan
Media of Afghanistan
External links
Afghanistan newspapers List of Afghan newspapers and online news sites in English
Newspapers List of Afghanistan
Newspaper map worldwide
Kārawān in DigitalCommons@UNO
References
Afghantistan
Newspapers |
The 604th Special Operations Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force squadron It was last active at Bien Hoa Air Base, Vietnam, where it was inactivated in September 1970.
The squadron was first activated in the spring of 1944 as the 4th Fighter Reconnaissance Squadron, although it was soon redesignated the 4th Fighter Squadron (Commando). It moved to the Pacific in the fall of 1944 and earned a Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation for combat in the Philippines. After the surrender of Japan, it served in the occupation forces until being inactivated in March 1946.
The squadron was active briefly as the 604th Fighter Squadron, Commando from 1963 to 1964 in a build-up of Air Force counterinsurgency units in a period of increased American involvement in Southeast Asia. It was activated again as the 604th Air Commando Squadron, Fighter in 1967 to test the combat capability of the Cessna A-37A Dragonfly and moved to Vietnam where it engaged in combat until 1970, when it was inactivated as the Air Force began to withdraw forces from the country. The squadron was awarded two Presidential Unit Citations, an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" Device and three Vietnamese Gallantry Crossed with Palm for its actions during the war.
History
World War II
The squadron was first activated at Drane Field in the spring of 1944 as the 4th Fighter Reconnaissance Squadron, one of the original squadrons of the 3d Air Commando Group. After training in Florida until October, the squadron shipped overseas to the Philippines as the 4th Fighter Squadron, Commando. Under Fifth Air Force, it attacked Japanese airfields, railways and other targets in the Philippines and Taiwan and supported ground forces in the Philippines. The unit flew escort missions for attacks on Taiwan and the Chinese coast and provided top cover for ship convoys. For its actions in the liberation of the Philippines the squadron was awarded a Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation.
In August 1945 the squadron moved to Ie Shima and flew a few patrols over Japan before the surrender of Japan. It moved to Chitose Airfield and served with the occupation forces until inactivating in March 1946. The squadron was disbanded in October 1948 while inactive.
Vietnam War
The squadron was activated again at Eglin Air Force Base Auxiliary Airfield#9 (Hurlburt Field), Florida on 1 July 1963 as the 604th Fighter Squadron, Commando. Its parent, the 1st Air Commando Wing was in the process of expanding from a group in response to the United States Air Force's expansion of special operations forces in the face of insurgencies in Southeast Asia. The squadron was inactivated in November 1964.
The 604th was redesignated the 604th Air Commando Squadron, Fighter and activated again at England Air Force Base, Louisiana in January 1967. The squadron was equipped with the Cessna A-37 Dragonfly, testing the plane's suitability for combat in project Combat Dragon. This project had been inspired by the dwindling availability of Douglas A-1 Skyraiders, which had been performing the special operations attack mission. After training until July, the squadron moved to Bien Hoa Air Base to continue testing the A-37 in combat. Although initially assigned to the 14th Air Commando Wing the unit was operationally part of the 3d Tactical Fighter Wing while stationed in Vietnam.
At Bien Hoa, the squadron was nicknamed the "Mattel Marauders" by the pilots of the 3d wing's larger North American F-100 Super Sabre pilots. The squadron flew its first combat mission on 15 August 1967, only three months after receiving its first A-37. The slower speed at which the Dragonfly delivered its ordnance gave it improved accuracy and its small size made it a more difficult target for enemy antiaircraft defenses. The test of the A-37A ended in December 1967. In addition to close air support, the squadron flew forward air control missions during the test. Once the test was complete, the unit continued to engage in combat, later flying the improved A-37B. until being inactivated on 30 September 1970 as the Air Force discontinued its combat units at Bien Hoa in preparation to transfer the base to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force.
Lineage
Constituted as the 4th Fighter Reconnaissance Squadron on 25 April 1944
Activated on 1 May 1944
Redesignated 4th Fighter Squadron, Commando on 2 June 1944
Inactivated on 25 March 1946
Disbanded on 8 October 1948
Reconstituted, redesignated 604th Fighter Squadron, Commando and activated on 15 April 1963 (not organized)
Organized on 1 July 1963
Discontinued and inactivated on 8 November 1964
Redesignated 604th Air Commando Squadron, Fighter on 16 January 1967 and activated (not organized)
Organized on 25 January 1967
Redesignated 604th Special Operations Squadron on 1 August 1968
Inactivated on 30 September 1970
Assignments
3d Air Commando Group: 1 May 1944 – 25 March 1946
Tactical Air Command: 15 April 1963 (not organized)
1st Air Commando Wing: 1 July 1963 – 8 November 1964
Tactical Air Command: 16 January 1967 (not organized)
United States Air Force Tactical Fighter Weapons Center, 25 January 1967
14th Air Commando Wing: 15 November 1967 (attached to 3d Tactical Fighter Wing)
3d Tactical Fighter Wing: March 1970 – 30 September 1970
Stations
Drane Field, Florida, 1 May 1944
Alachua Army Air Field, Florida, 21 August 1944
Drew Field, Florida, 6 October 1944 – 27 October 1944
Leyte, Philippines 5 January 1945
Mangaldan, Luzon, Philippines, 26 January 1945
Laoag, Luzon, Philippines, 15 April 1945
Ie Shima, Ryukyu Islands, 9 August 1945
Chitose Airfield, Japan. 27 October 1945 – 25 March 1946
Eglin Air Force Base Auxiliary Airfield No. 9, Florida, 1 July 1963 – 8 November 1964
England Air Force Base, Louisiana, 25 January 1967
Bien Hoa Air Base, Vietnam, 28 July 1967 – 30 September 1970
Aircraft
Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, 1944
North American P-51 Mustang, 1944–1946
Unknown, 1963–1964 (probably Douglas A-1 Skyraider or North American AT-28 Trojan)
Cessna A-37A Dragonfly, 1967–1970
Awards and campaigns
See also
List of Douglas A-1 Skyraider operators
List of United States Air Force fighter squadrons
List of United States Air Force special operations squadrons
References
Notes
Bibliography
AF Pamphlet 900-2, Unit Decorations, Awards and Campaign Participation Credits, Vol II Department of the Air Force, Washington, DC, 30 September 1976
External links
Special operations squadrons of the United States Air Force |
Enrico Caruso (, , ; 25 February 1873 – 2 August 1921) was an Italian operatic first lyric tenor then dramatic tenor. He sang to great acclaim at the major opera houses of Europe and the Americas, appearing in a wide variety of roles that ranged from the lyric to the dramatic. One of the first major singing talents to be commercially recorded, Caruso made 247 commercially released recordings from 1902 to 1920, which made him an internationally popular entertainment star.
Biography
Early life
Enrico Caruso came from a poor but not destitute background. Born in Naples in the via Santi Giovanni e Paolo n° 7 on 25 February 1873, he was baptised the next day in the adjacent Church of San Giovanni e Paolo. His parents originally came from Piedimonte d'Alife (now called Piedimonte Matese), in the Province of Caserta in Campania, Southern Italy.
Caruso was the third of seven children and one of only three to survive infancy. There is a story of Caruso's parents having had 21 children, 18 of whom died in infancy. However, on the basis of genealogical research (amongst others conducted by Caruso family friend Guido D'Onofrio), biographers Pierre Key, Francis Robinson, and Enrico Caruso Jr. and Andrew Farkas, have proven this to be an urban legend. Caruso himself and his brother Giovanni may have been the source of the exaggerated number. Caruso's widow Dorothy also included the story in a memoir that she wrote about her husband. She quotes the tenor, speaking of his mother, Anna Caruso (née Baldini): "She had twenty-one children. Twenty boys and one girl – too many. I am number nineteen boy."
Caruso's father, Marcellino, was a mechanic and foundry worker. Initially, Marcellino thought his son should adopt the same trade, and at the age of 11, the boy was apprenticed to a mechanical engineer who constructed public water fountains. (Whenever visiting Naples in future years, Caruso liked to point out a fountain that he had helped to install.) Caruso later worked alongside his father at the Meuricoffre factory in Naples. At his mother's insistence, he also attended school for a time, receiving a basic education under the tutelage of a local priest. He learned to write in a handsome script and studied technical draftsmanship. During this period he sang in his church choir, and his voice showed enough promise for him to contemplate a possible career in music.
Caruso was encouraged in his early musical ambitions by his mother, who died in 1888. To raise cash for his family, he found work as a street singer in Naples and performed at cafes and soirées. Aged 18, he used the fees he had earned by singing at an Italian resort to buy his first pair of new shoes. His progress as a paid entertainer was interrupted, however, by 45 days of compulsory military service. He completed this in 1894, resuming his voice lessons upon discharge from the army.
Early career
On 15 March 1895 at the age of 22, Caruso made his professional stage debut at the Teatro Nuovo in Naples in the now-forgotten opera, L'Amico Francesco, by the amateur composer Mario Morelli. A string of further engagements in provincial opera houses followed, and he received instruction from the conductor and voice teacher Vincenzo Lombardi that improved his high notes and polished his style. Three other prominent Neapolitan singers taught by Lombardi were the baritones Antonio Scotti and Pasquale Amato, both of whom would go on to partner Caruso at the Metropolitan Opera and the tenor Fernando De Lucia, who would also appear at the Met and later sing at Caruso's funeral.
Money continued to be in short supply for the young Caruso. One of his first publicity photographs, taken on a visit to Sicily in 1896, depicts him wearing a bedspread draped like a toga since his sole dress shirt was away being laundered.
During the final few years of the 19th century, Caruso performed at a succession of theatres throughout Italy until 1900, when he was rewarded with a contract to sing at La Scala. His La Scala debut occurred on 26 December of that year in the part of Rodolfo in Giacomo Puccini's La bohème with Arturo Toscanini conducting. Audiences in Monte Carlo, Warsaw and Buenos Aires also heard Caruso sing during this pivotal phase of his career and, in 1899–1900, he appeared before the Tsar and the Russian aristocracy at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg and the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow as part of a touring company of first-class Italian singers.
The first major operatic role that Caruso created was Federico in Francesco Cilea's L'arlesiana (1897); then he was Loris in Umberto Giordano's Fedora (1898) at the Teatro Lirico, Milan. At that same theatre, he created the role of Maurizio in Francesco Cilea's Adriana Lecouvreur (1902). Puccini considered casting the young Caruso in the role of Cavaradossi in Tosca at its premiere in January 1900, but ultimately chose the older, more established Emilio De Marchi instead. Caruso appeared in the role later that year and Puccini stated that Caruso sang the part better.
Caruso took part in a grand concert at La Scala in February 1901 that Toscanini organised to mark the recent death of Giuseppe Verdi. Among those appearing with him at the concert were two other leading Italian tenors of the day, Francesco Tamagno (the creator of the protagonist's role in Verdi's Otello) and Giuseppe Borgatti (the creator of the protagonist's role in Giordano's Andrea Chénier). In December 1901, Caruso made his debut at the San Carlo Opera House in Naples in L'Elisir d'Amore to a lukewarm reception; two weeks later he appeared as Des Grieux in Massenet's Manon which was even more coolly received. The indifference of the audiences and harsh critical reviews in his native city upset him deeply and he vowed never to sing there again. He later said: "I will never again come to Naples to sing; it will only be to eat a plate of spaghetti". Caruso embarked on his last series of La Scala performances in March 1902, creating the principal tenor part of Federico Loewe in Germania by Alberto Franchetti.
A month later, on 11 April, he was engaged by the Gramophone Company to make his first group of acoustic recordings in a Milan hotel room for a fee of 100 pounds sterling. These ten discs swiftly became best-sellers. Among other things, they helped spread 29-year-old Caruso's fame throughout the English-speaking world. The management of London's Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, signed him for a season of appearances in eight different operas ranging from Verdi's Aida to Mozart's Don Giovanni. His successful debut at Covent Garden occurred on 14 May 1902, as the Duke of Mantua in Verdi's Rigoletto. Covent Garden's highest-paid diva, the Australian soprano Nellie Melba, partnered him as Gilda. They would sing together often during the early 1900s. In her memoirs, Melba praised Caruso's voice but considered him to be a less sophisticated musician and interpretive artist than Jean de Reszke—the Met's biggest tenor drawcard prior to Caruso.
Metropolitan Opera
In 1903, Caruso made his debut with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. The gap between his London and New York engagements had been filled by a series of performances in Italy, Portugal and South America. Caruso's contract had been negotiated by his agent, the banker and impresario Pasquale Simonelli. Caruso's debut was in a new production of Rigoletto on 23 November 1903. This time, Marcella Sembrich sang opposite him as Gilda. A few months later, he began his lifelong association with the Victor Talking Machine Company. He made his first American records on 1 February 1904, having signed a lucrative financial deal with Victor. Thereafter, his recording career ran in tandem with his Met career, both bolstering each other, until his death in 1921.
Caruso purchased the Villa Bellosguardo, a palatial country house near Florence, in 1904. The villa became his retreat away from the pressures of the operatic stage and the grind of travel. Caruso's preferred address in New York City was a suite at Manhattan's Knickerbocker Hotel. Caruso commissioned the New York jewellers Tiffany & Co. to strike a 24-carat-gold medal adorned with the tenor's profile. He presented the medal in gratitude to Simonelli as a souvenir of his many well-remunerated performances at the Met.
In addition to his regular New York engagements, Caruso gave recitals and operatic performances in a large number of cities across the United States and sang in Canada. He also continued to sing widely in Europe, appearing again at Covent Garden in 1904–07 and 1913–14, and undertaking a UK tour in 1909. Audiences in France, Belgium, Monaco, Austria, Hungary and Germany also heard him before the outbreak of World War I. In 1909, Melba asked him to participate in her forthcoming tour of Australia, but he declined because of the significant amount of travel time that such a trip would entail.
Members of the Met's roster of artists, including Caruso, had visited San Francisco in April 1906 for a series of performances. Following an appearance as Don José in Carmen at the city's Grand Opera House, a strong jolt awakened Caruso at 5:13 on the morning of the 18th in his suite at the Palace Hotel. He found himself in the middle of the San Francisco earthquake, which led to a series of fires that destroyed most of the city. The Met lost all the sets, costumes and musical instruments that it had brought on tour, but none of the artists were harmed. Holding an autographed photo of President Theodore Roosevelt, Caruso ran from the hotel but was composed enough to walk to the St. Francis Hotel for breakfast. Charlie Olson, the broiler cook, made the tenor bacon and eggs. Apparently, the quake had no effect on Caruso's appetite, as he cleaned his plate and tipped Olson $2.50. Caruso made an ultimately successful effort to flee the city, first by boat and then by train. He vowed never to return to San Francisco and kept his word.
In November 1906, Caruso was charged with an indecent act allegedly committed in the monkey house of New York's Central Park Zoo. The police accused him of pinching the buttocks of a married woman. Caruso claimed a monkey did the bottom-pinching. He was found guilty and fined 10 dollars, although suspicions linger that he may have been entrapped by the victim and the arresting officer. The leaders of New York's opera-going high society were outraged initially by the incident, which received widespread newspaper coverage, but they soon forgot about it and continued to attend Caruso's Met performances. Caruso's fan base at the Met was not restricted, however, to the wealthy. Members of America's middle classes also paid to hear him sing—or buy copies of his recordings—and he enjoyed a substantial following among New York's 500,000 Italian immigrants.
Caruso created the role of Dick Johnson in the world premiere of Puccini's La fanciulla del West on 10 December 1910. The composer conceived the music for Johnson with Caruso's voice specifically in mind. With Caruso appeared two more of the Met's star singers, the Czech soprano Emmy Destinn and baritone Pasquale Amato. Toscanini, then the Met's principal conductor, presided in the orchestra pit.
Extortion by Black Hand
Caruso's success in the Metropolitan Opera drew the attention of Black Hand extortionists. They threatened to injure his throat with lye or harm him and his family if he did not pay them money. He initially paid their extortion fee of $2,000 (US$ in ) expecting the matter to be settled, but his willingness to pay made them more brazen. They subsequently demanded an even larger sum of $15,000 (US$ in )." He was aided by New York City police detective Joseph Petrosino who, impersonating Caruso, captured the extortionists. Two Italian men, Antonio Misiano and Antonio Cincotto, would be later specifically accused of the crime.
Later career and personal life
Caruso's timbre darkened as he aged and, from 1916 onwards, he began adding heroic parts such as Samson, John of Leyden, and Eléazar to his repertoire. Caruso toured the South American nations of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil in 1917, and two years later performed in Mexico City. In 1920, he was paid the enormous sum of US$10,000 a night (US$ in ) to sing in Havana, Cuba.
The United States entered World War I in 1917, sending troops to Europe. Caruso did extensive charity work during the conflict, raising money for war-related patriotic causes by giving concerts and participating enthusiastically in Liberty Bond drives. The tenor had shown himself to be a shrewd businessman since arriving in America. He put a sizable proportion of his earnings from record royalties and singing fees into a range of investments. Biographer Michael Scott writes that by the end of the war in 1918, Caruso's annual income tax bill amounted to $154,000 (US$ in ).
Prior to World War I, Caruso had been romantically linked to an Italian soprano, Ada Giachetti, who was a few years older than he was. Though already married, Giachetti bore Caruso four sons during their liaison, which lasted from 1897 to 1908. Two survived infancy: Rodolfo Caruso (1898–1951) and singer/actor Enrico Caruso Jr. (1904–1987). Ada had left her husband, manufacturer Gino Botti, and an existing son to cohabit with the tenor. Information provided in Scott's biography of Caruso suggests that she was his vocal coach as well as his lover. Statements by Enrico Caruso Jr. in his book tend to substantiate this. Her relationship with Caruso broke down after 11 years and they separated. Giachetti's subsequent attempts to sue him for damages were dismissed by the courts.
Towards the end of the war, Caruso met and courted a 25-year-old socialite, Dorothy Park Benjamin (1893–1955). She was the daughter of a wealthy New York patent lawyer. In spite of the disapproval of Dorothy's father, the couple wed on 20 August 1918. They had a daughter, Gloria Caruso (1919–1999). Dorothy wrote two biographies of Caruso, published in 1928 and 1945. The books include many of Caruso's letters to his wife.
A fastidious dresser, Caruso took at least two baths a day and enjoyed good food and convivial company. He forged a particularly close bond with his Met and Covent Garden colleague Antonio Scotti – an amiable and stylish baritone from Naples. Caruso was superstitious and habitually carried several good-luck charms with him when he sang. He played cards for relaxation and sketched friends, other singers, and musicians. His wife, Dorothy, said that by the time she knew him, her husband's favourite hobby was compiling scrapbooks. He also amassed valuable collections of rare postage stamps, coins, watches and antique snuffboxes. Caruso was a heavy smoker of strong Egyptian cigarettes. This deleterious habit, combined with a lack of exercise and the punishing schedule of performances that Caruso willingly undertook season after season at the Met, may have contributed to the persistent ill-health which afflicted the last year of his life.
Illness and death
On 16 September 1920, Caruso concluded three days of recording sessions at Victor's Trinity Church studio in Camden, New Jersey. He recorded several discs, including the Domine Deus and Crucifixus from the Petite messe solennelle by Rossini. These recordings were to be his last.
Dorothy Caruso noted that her husband's health began to decline in late 1920 after he returned from a lengthy North American concert tour. In his biography, Enrico Caruso Jr. points to an on-stage injury suffered by Caruso as the possible trigger of his fatal illness. A falling pillar in Samson and Delilah on 3 December had hit him on the back, over the left kidney (and not on the chest as popularly reported). A few days before a performance of Pagliacci at the Met (Pierre Key says it was 4 December, the day after the Samson and Delilah injury) he suffered a chill and developed a cough and a "dull pain in his side". It appeared to be a severe episode of bronchitis. Caruso's physician, Philip Horowitz, who usually treated him for migraine headaches with a kind of primitive TENS unit, diagnosed "intercostal neuralgia" and pronounced him fit to appear on stage, although the pain continued to hinder his voice production and movements.
During a performance of L'elisir d'amore by Donizetti at the Brooklyn Academy of Music on 11 December 1920, he suffered a throat haemorrhage and the performance was cancelled at the end of Act 1. Following this incident, a clearly unwell Caruso gave only three more performances at the Met, the final one being as Eléazar in Halévy's La Juive, on 24 December 1920. By Christmas Day, the pain in his side was so excruciating that he was screaming. Dorothy summoned the hotel physician, who gave Caruso some morphine and codeine and called in another doctor, Evan M. Evans. Evans brought in three other doctors and Caruso finally received a correct diagnosis: purulent pleurisy and empyema.
Caruso's health deteriorated further during the new year. He lapsed into a coma and nearly died of heart failure at one point. He experienced episodes of intense pain because of the infection and underwent seven surgical procedures to drain fluid from his chest and lungs. He slowly began to improve and he returned to Naples in May 1921 to recuperate from the most serious of the operations, during which part of a rib had been removed. According to Dorothy Caruso, he seemed to be recovering but allowed himself to be examined by an unhygienic local doctor, and his condition worsened dramatically after that. The Bastianelli brothers, eminent medical practitioners with a clinic in Rome, recommended that his left kidney be removed. He was on his way to Rome to see them but, while staying overnight in the Vesuvio Hotel in Naples, his condition deteriorated and he was given morphine to help him sleep.
Caruso died at the hotel shortly after 9:00 a.m. local time, on 2 August 1921. He was 48. The Bastianellis attributed the cause of death to peritonitis arising from a burst subphrenic abscess. The King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, opened the Royal Basilica of the Church of San Francesco di Paola for Caruso's funeral, which was attended by thousands of people. His embalmed body was preserved in a glass sarcophagus at Del Pianto Cemetery in Naples for mourners to view. In 1929, Dorothy Caruso had his remains sealed permanently in an ornate stone tomb.
Historical and musical significance
Caruso's career, which lasted from 1895 to 1920, included 863 appearances with the New York Metropolitan Opera (both at the Met and on tour) before his death in 1921 at the age of 48. Thanks largely to his tremendously popular phonograph records, Caruso was one of the most famous entertainment personalities of his day, and his fame has continued to endure to the present. He was one of the first examples of a global media celebrity. Beyond records, Caruso's name became familiar to millions throughout the world via newspapers, books, magazines, and the new media technology of the 20th century: cinema, the telephone, and telegraph.
Caruso toured widely both with the Metropolitan Opera touring company and on his own, giving hundreds of performances throughout Europe, and North and South America. He was a client of the noted promoter Edward Bernays, during the latter's tenure as a press agent in the United States. Beverly Sills noted in an interview: "I was able to do it with television and radio and media and all kinds of assists. The popularity that Caruso enjoyed without any of this technological assistance is astonishing."
Caruso biographers Pierre Key, Bruno Zirato and Stanley Jackson attribute Caruso's fame not only to his voice and musicianship but also to a keen business sense and an enthusiastic embrace of commercial sound recording, then in its infancy. Many opera singers of Caruso's time rejected the phonograph (or gramophone) owing to the low fidelity of early discs. Others, including Adelina Patti, Francesco Tamagno and Nellie Melba, exploited the new technology once they became aware of the financial returns that Caruso was reaping from his initial recording sessions.
Caruso made more than 260 extant recordings in America for the Victor Talking Machine Company (later RCA Victor) from 1904 to 1920, and he and his heirs earned millions of dollars in royalties from the retail sales of these records. He was also heard live from the stage of the Metropolitan Opera House in 1910 when he participated in the first public radio broadcast to be transmitted in the United States.
Caruso also appeared in two motion pictures. In 1918, he played a dual role in the American My Cousin (silent film, entirely restored in July 2021) for Paramount Pictures. This film included a sequence depicting him on stage performing the aria Vesti la giubba from Leoncavallo's opera Pagliacci. The following year Caruso played a character called Cosimo in another film, The Splendid Romance. Producer Jesse Lasky paid Caruso $100,000 (US$ in ) each to appear in these two efforts but My Cousin flopped at the box office, and The Splendid Romance was apparently never released. Brief candid glimpses of Caruso offstage have been preserved in contemporary newsreel footage.
While Caruso sang at such venues as La Scala in Milan, the Royal Opera House, in London, the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, and the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, he appeared most often at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, where he was the leading tenor for 18 consecutive seasons. It was at the Met, in 1910, that he created the role of Dick Johnson in Giacomo Puccini's La fanciulla del West.
Caruso's voice extended up to high D-flat in its prime and grew in power and weight as he grew older. At times, his voice took on a dark, almost baritonal colouration. He sang a broad spectrum of roles, ranging from lyric, to spinto, to dramatic parts, in the Italian and French repertoires. In the German repertoire, Caruso sang only two roles, Assad (in Karl Goldmark's The Queen of Sheba) and Richard Wagner's Lohengrin, both of which he performed in Italian in Buenos Aires in 1899 and 1901, respectively.
Honours
During his lifetime, Caruso received many orders, decorations, testimonials and other kinds of honours from monarchs, governments and miscellaneous cultural bodies of the various nations in which he sang. He was also the recipient of Italian knighthoods. In 1917, he was elected an honorary member of the Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the national fraternity for men involved in music, by the fraternity's Alpha chapter of the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. One unusual award bestowed on him was that of "Honorary Captain of the New York Police Force". In 1960, for his contribution to the recording industry, Caruso received a star located at 6625 Hollywood Boulevard on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Caruso was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1987. On 27 February of that same year, the United States Postal Service issued a 22-cent postage stamp in his honour. He was voted into Gramophones Hall of Fame in 2012.
Repertoire
Caruso's operatic repertoire consisted primarily of Italian works, along with a few roles in French. He also performed two German operas, Wagner's Lohengrin and Goldmark's Die Königin von Saba, singing in Italian, early in his career. Below are the first performances by Caruso, in chronological order, of each of the operas that he undertook on the stage. World premieres are indicated with **.
L'amico Francesco (Morelli) – Teatro Nuovo, Napoli, 15 March 1895 (debut)**
Faust – Caserta, 28 March 1895
Cavalleria rusticana – Caserta, April 1895
Camoens (Musoni) – Caserta, May 1895
Rigoletto – Napoli, 21 July 1895
La traviata – Napoli, 25 August 1895
Lucia di Lammermoor – Cairo, 30 October 1895
La Gioconda – Cairo, 9 November 1895
Manon Lescaut – Cairo, 15 November 1895
I Capuleti e i Montecchi – Napoli, 7 December 1895
Malia (Francesco Paolo Frontini) – Trapani, 21 March 1896
La sonnambula – Trapani, 25 March 1896
Mariedda () – Napoli, 23 June 1896
I puritani – Salerno, 10 September 1896
La Favorita – Salerno, 22 November 1896
A San Francisco (Sebastiani) – Salerno, 23 November 1896
Carmen – Salerno, 6 December 1896
Un Dramma in vendemmia (Fornari) – Napoli, 1 February 1897
Celeste (Marengo) – Napoli, 6 March 1897**
Il Profeta Velato (Napolitano) – Salerno, 8 April 1897
La bohème – Livorno, 14 August 1897
La Navarrese – Milano, 3 November 1897
Il Voto (Giordano) – Milano, 10 November 1897**
L'arlesiana – Milano, 27 November 1897**
Pagliacci – Milano, 31 December 1897
La bohème (Leoncavallo) – Genova, 20 January 1898
The Pearl Fishers – Genova, 3 February 1898
Hedda (Leborne) – Milano, 2 April 1898**
Mefistofele – Fiume, 4 March 1898
Sapho (Massenet) – Trento, 3 June (?) 1898
Fedora – Milano, 17 November 1898**
Iris – Buenos Aires, 22 June 1899
La regina di Saba (Goldmark) – Buenos Aires, 4 July 1899
Yupanki (Berutti)– Buenos Aires, 25 July 1899**
Aida – St. Petersburg, 3 January 1900
Un ballo in maschera – St. Petersburg, 11 January 1900
Maria di Rohan – St. Petersburg, 2 March 1900
Manon – Buenos Aires, 28 July 1900
Tosca – Treviso, 23 October 1900
Le maschere (Mascagni) – Milano, 17 January 1901**
L'elisir d'amore – Milano, 17 February 1901
Lohengrin – Buenos Aires, 7 July 1901
Germania – Milano, 11 March 1902**
Don Giovanni – London, 19 July 1902
Adriana Lecouvreur – Milano, 6 November 1902**
Lucrezia Borgia – Lisbon, 10 March 1903
Les Huguenots – New York, 3 February 1905
Martha – New York, 9 February 1906
Madama Butterfly – London, 26 May 1906
L'Africana – New York, 11 January 1907
Andrea Chénier – London, 20 July 1907
Il trovatore – New York, 26 February 1908
Armide – New York, 14 November 1910
La fanciulla del West – New York, 10 December 1910**
Julien – New York, 26 December 1914
Samson et Dalila – New York, 24 November 1916
Lodoletta – Buenos Aires, 29 July 1917
Le prophète – New York, 7 February 1918
L'amore dei tre re – New York, 14 March 1918
La forza del destino – New York, 15 November 1918
La Juive – New York, 22 November 1919
Caruso also had a repertory of more than 500 songs. They ranged from classical compositions to traditional Italian melodies and popular tunes of the day, including a few English-language titles such as George M. Cohan's "Over There", Henry Geehl's "For You Alone" and Arthur Sullivan's "The Lost Chord".
Recordings
Caruso possessed a phonogenic voice which was "manly and powerful, yet sweet and lyrical", to quote the singer/author John Potter (see bibliography, below). He became one of the first major classical vocalists to make numerous recordings. Caruso and the disc phonograph, known in the United Kingdom as the gramophone did much to promote each other in the first two decades of the 20th century. Many of Caruso's recordings have remained continuously available since their original issue over a century ago, and all of his surviving recordings (including several unissued takes) have been remastered and reissued several times over the years. Although recordings of complete operas have been available since the early 1900s, (Carmen in 1908 for example), Caruso never participated in a complete opera recording.
Caruso's first recordings were arranged by recording pioneer Fred Gaisberg and cut on disc in three separate sessions in Milan during April, November and December 1902. They were made with piano accompaniments for HMV/EMI's forerunner, the Gramophone & Typewriter Limited. In April 1903, he made seven further recordings, also in Milan, for the Anglo-Italian Commerce Company (AICC). These were originally released on discs bearing the Zonophone label. Three more Milan recordings for AICC followed in October 1903, released by Pathé Records on cylinders as well as on discs. He made one final recording for the Gramophone & Typewriter Ltd in April 1904. On 1 February 1904, Caruso made his first recordings in America for the Victor Talking Machine Company and thereafter recorded exclusively for Victor. While most of Caruso's American recordings would be made in Victor's studios in New York and its headquarters
in Camden, New Jersey, Caruso later recorded in Camden's Trinity Church, which Victor acquired as a recording studio in 1917 for its acoustical properties and which could accommodate a large band of musicians. Caruso's first recordings for Victor in 1904 were made in Room 826, a small vocal studio at Carnegie Hall in New York. "Questa o quella" and "La donna è mobile" from Verdi's Rigoletto were the first to be recorded. Caruso's final recording session took place at Victor's Trinity Church studio in Camden on 16 September 1920, with the tenor singing the "Domine Deus" and "Crucifixus" from Rossini's Petite messe solennelle.
Caruso's earliest Victor records of operatic arias from 1904 to 1905, like their thirty or so Milan-made predecessors, were all accompanied by piano. From February 1906, however, orchestral accompaniments became the norm, utilizing an ensemble of between eleven and twenty musicians. The regular conductors of these recording sessions with the orchestra were Walter B. Rogers and, from 1916, Josef Pasternack. Beginning in 1932, RCA Victor in the US and EMI (HMV) in the UK, reissued several of the Caruso discs with the original accompaniment over-dubbed by a larger electrically recorded orchestra. Earlier experiments using this re-dubbing technique, carried out by Victor in 1927, had been considered unsatisfactory. In 1950, RCA Victor reissued a number of Caruso recordings on 78-rpm discs pressed on red vinylite instead of the usual shellac. As long-playing discs (LPs) became popular, many of his recordings were electronically enhanced with reverb and similar effects to make them sound "fuller" for release on the extended format. RCA Victor issued its first Caruso collections on LP in 1951; most of these early compilations were also simultaneously released on RCA Victor's new 45-rpm format.
Caruso recorded with several sopranos including Nellie Melba, Geraldine Farrar, Amelita Galli-Curci, Frances Alda, Emmy Destinn, Alma Gluck, Frieda Hempel, Luisa Tetrazzini, Johanna Gadski, Marcella Sembrich, and Bessie Abott. Among the mezzo-sopranos and contraltos with whom Caruso made records, are Louise Homer, Minnie Egener, Flora Perini and Ernestine Schumann-Heink.
During the 1970s, Thomas G. Stockham of the University of Utah developed an early computer reprocessing technique called "Soundstream" to remaster Caruso's recordings for RCA. This digital recording process claimed to remove or reduce some of the undesirable resonances and to reduce surface noise typical of the early acoustically recorded discs (critics of the process claimed that the recordings were merely "re-equalized" by increasing bass and reducing treble). From 1978 to 1985, RCA issued The Complete Caruso series on LP and cassette, utilizing these early digitised recordings (RCA never finished The Complete Caruso series on LP and the pre-1906 European and early Victor recordings were never remastered using the Soundstream process). RCA issued its first Caruso collection on compact disc in 1987. Finally in 1990, RCA Victor issued Caruso's complete recordings in a boxed set on twelve CDs (the recordings were repackaged and reissued by RCA again in 2004 and (minus the pre-Victor recordings) for a third time, in 2017). Other complete sets of Caruso's recordings in new remasterings were issued on CD on the Pearl label and in 2000–2004 by Naxos. The Pearl and Naxos sets were remastered by the noted American audio-restoration engineer Ward Marston. In 1993, Pearl also released a two-CD collection devoted to RCA and EMI's electrically over-dubbed versions of some of Caruso's original acoustic discs, originally issued in the 1930s. Since 2000, RCA Victor has issued three CDs of Caruso recordings with digitally recorded over-dubbed orchestral accompaniments. Since the expiration of their original copyrights, Caruso's records are now in the public domain in the United States and have been reissued by several different record labels with varying degrees of sound quality. They are also available over the internet as digital downloads. Caruso's best-selling downloads at iTunes have been the popular Italian folk songs "Santa Lucia" and "'O sole mio".
Caruso died before the introduction of high fidelity, electrical recording technology in 1925. All of his recordings were made using the acoustic process, which required the recording artist to sing into a metal horn or funnel which relayed sound directly to a wax master disc via a stylus. This antiquated process captured only a limited range of the overtones and nuances present in his singing voice. Caruso's 12-inch acoustic recordings were limited to a maximum duration of around four and one-half minutes. Consequently, most of the selections that he recorded were limited to those that could be edited to fit this time constraint. Longer selections were occasionally issued on two or more record sides.
Media
[[File:Jules Massenet, Enrico Caruso, O Souverain, O Juge, O Pere.ogg|thumb|none|233px|"O souverain, O juge, O père!" from Massenet's Le Cid (1916)]]
See also
Caruso sauce
The Young Caruso, 1951 Italian film
The Great Caruso, 1951 US film
Caruso-Kronenboden-Collection, Berlin, Caruso sings againNotes
References
Further reading
Anadón Mamés, Roberto, Lanzola, Andrea and Mouchon, Jean-Pierre (Eds.): Enrico Caruso. Nel centenario della morte (1921-2021), Milano, Rugginenti, 2023. ISBN 978-88-7665-692-7
Caruso, Dorothy, and Goddard, Torrance Wings of Song: The Story of Caruso, (Milton, Balch & Company, New York, 1928).
Douglas, Nigel, Legendary Voices (Andre Deutsch, London, 1992).
Gargano, Pietro and Cesarini, Gianni, Caruso, Vita e arte di un grande cantante (Longanesi, 1990).
Gargano, Pietro, Una vita una leggenda (Editoriale Giorgio Mondadori, 1997).
Griffith, Hugh, CD liner notes for The Complete Recordings of Enrico Caruso, volumes 1 & 2, produced by Ward Marston (Naxos Historical, 8.110703, 8.110704, 2000 HNH International Ltd).
Il Progresso italo americano, Il banchiere p. 1 at bluehawk.monmouth.edu; che portò Caruso, negli US, sezione B – supplemento illustrato della domenica, New York, 27 luglio 1986.
, "Particularités physiques et phonétiques de la voix enregistrée de Caruso", foreword by Prof.André Appaix (in Le Sud Médical et Chirurgical, 99e année, n°2509, Marseille, France, 31 October 1964, pp. 11812–11829).
Mouchon, Jean-Pierre, "Enrico Caruso. 1873–1921. Sa vie et sa voix. Étude psycho-physiologique, physique, phonétique et esthétique", foreword by Dr. Édouard-Jean Garde (Académie régionale de chant lyrique, Marseille, France, 1966, 106 p. ill.).
Mouchon, Jean-Pierre, "Enrico Caruso. His Life and Voice" (Éditions Ophrys, Gap, France, 1974, 77 p. ill.).
Mouchon, Jean-Pierre, "Enrico Caruso. L'homme et l'artiste, 4 vol.: Première partie. L'homme (Étude psycho-physiologique et historique), pp. 1–653 bis, ill.; deuxième partie. L'artiste (étude physique, phonétique, linguistique et esthétique), pp. 654–975 bis, bibliographie critique, index des représentations données par Enrico Caruso entre 1895 et 1920, index de ses concerts et récitals, pp. 976–1605 (Paris-Sorbonne 1978, published by Atelier national de reproduction des thèses, Université de Lille III, 9, rue Auguste Angellier, 59046 Lille, France in three volumes, and by Didier-Érudition, Paris, in microfiches).
Mouchon, Jean-Pierre, "Chronologie de la carrière artistique du ténor Enrico Caruso" (Académie Régionale de Chant Lyrique, Marseilles, France, 1992, 423 p., ill.).
Mouchon, Jean-Pierre, "Caruso in Concert" (in "Étude" n. 46, "Hommage à Marguerite-Marie Dubois", January–February–March–April 2010, pp. 12–37, Journal of Association internationale de chant lyrique "Titta Ruffo", Marseilles, France, edited by Jean-Pierre Mouchon).
Mouchon, Jean-Pierre, "Enrico Caruso. L'homme et l'artiste", two volumes (Terra Beata, Société littéraire et historique), 45, bd. Notre-Dame, 13006, Marseille, France, 2011, 1359 pp., ill.
Mouchon, Jean-Pierre, "Enrico Caruso. Deuxième partie. (La voix et l'art, les enregistrements). Étude physique, phonétique, linguistique et esthétique." Volume III (Association internationale de chant lyrique Titta Ruffo, 2012, 433 p. ill. ).
Mouchon, Jean-Pierre, "Le Ténor Enrico Caruso. Volume I (La voix et l'art),Étude physique, phonétique, linguistique et esthétique". Édilivre, Saint-Denis, 2015, 131 pp., ill.)
Mouchon, Jean-Pierre, "Le Ténor Enrico Caruso. Volume II (Les enregistrements), Étude physique, phonétique, linguistique et esthétique". Édilivre, Saint-Denis, 2015, 381 pp., ill.)
Mouchon, Jean-Pierre, "Enrico Caruso, interprète de Turiddu et de Canio" (in Avant-Scène Opéra, "Cavalleria rusticana/Pagliacci. Mascagni/Leoncavallo", 147 pp., n° 295, 2016, pp. 15–18).
Pleasants, Henry, The Great Singers (Macmillan Publishing, London, 1983).
Potter, John, Tenor: History of a Voice (Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 2009).
Steane, John, The Grand Tradition: 70 Years of Singing on Disc (Duckworth, London, 1974).
Vaccaro, Riccardo, Caruso'', foreword by Dr. Ruffo Titta (Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, Naples, Italy, 1995).
External links
Complete Thesis of Jean-Pierre Mouchon "Enrico Caruso. The Man and the Artist" (Terra Beata, 45, bd. Notre-Dame, 13006. Marseille, France, 2011, 1359 p. ill. )
Caruso, Enrico and Luisa Tetrazzini: Caruso and Tetrazzini on the Art of Singing (1909), complete text at Project Gutenberg
"Caruso and the San Francisco Earthquake" San Francisco Museum
Enrico Caruso recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
The Enrico Caruso Museum of America
The Enrico Caruso Page
Enrico Caruso – Sound Clips and Narration at History of the Tenor
Recordings of Caruso Part 1, Part 2 Audio files at Internet Archive
Video of Caruso at 1908 opening of Teatro Colon in Buenos Aires
Simonelli, Pasquale (2012), Enrico Caruso Unedited Notes, Charleston, SC.: S.E.A.O. Inc.
1873 births
1921 deaths
1906 San Francisco earthquake survivors
19th-century Italian male singers
20th-century Italian male opera singers
Articles containing video clips
Burials in Italy
Deaths from peritonitis
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Italian emigrants to the United States
Italian operatic tenors
Singers from Naples
Victor Records artists
Italian tenors
Italian singers
Pathé Records artists |
The 1996 Ju-Jitsu World Championship were the 2nd edition of the Ju-Jitsu World Championships, and were held in Paris, France from November 23 to November 24, 1996.
Schedule
23.11.1996 – Men's and Women's Fighting System, Women's Duo System – Classic, Mixed Duo System – Classic
24.11.1996 – Men's and Women's Fighting System, Men's Duo System – Classic
European Ju-Jitsu
Fighting System
Men's events
Women's events
Duo System
Duo Classic events
References
External links
Svenska Budoförbundet 1996/97 (MCT, Malmö 1997) – all medal holders, pages 25–24
TOP3 results (not complete) |
Joe Hickey (7 March 1929 – 11 November 2021) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Family
The son of Daniel James Hickey (1890-1954), and Josephine Marie Hickey (1894-1988), née Wilson, Joseph Hickey was born on 7 March 1929.
He married Audrey May Hoare in 1955.
Joe Hickey’s granddaughter is Australian Olympian Madeline Heiner; and, according to Joe, she acquired all her running ability from him.
Football
Ftitzroy (VFL)
Hickey was a key forward, recruited to Fitzroy from Shepparton.
He made 13 appearances for Fitzroy in 1952, including their preliminary final loss to Collingwood. In 1953 he was Fitzroy's leading goal-kicker with 40 goals, including 8 eight goals against North Melbourne at Brunswick Street Oval.
After Fitzroy
Following the death of his father in a road accident on 25 February 1954, Hickey decided to work at his Invergordon farm full-time.
References
External links
1929 births
2021 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Fitzroy Football Club players
Shepparton Football Club players |
```objective-c
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#ifndef V8_BASE_UTILS_RANDOM_NUMBER_GENERATOR_H_
#define V8_BASE_UTILS_RANDOM_NUMBER_GENERATOR_H_
#include <unordered_set>
#include <vector>
#include "src/base/base-export.h"
#include "src/base/macros.h"
namespace v8 {
namespace base {
// your_sha256_hash-------------
// RandomNumberGenerator
// This class is used to generate a stream of pseudo-random numbers. The class
// uses a 64-bit seed, which is passed through MurmurHash3 to create two 64-bit
// state values. This pair of state values is then used in xorshift128+.
// The resulting stream of pseudo-random numbers has a period length of 2^128-1.
// See Marsaglia: path_to_url
// And Vigna: path_to_url
// NOTE: Any changes to the algorithm must be tested against TestU01.
// Please find instructions for this in the internal repository.
// If two instances of RandomNumberGenerator are created with the same seed, and
// the same sequence of method calls is made for each, they will generate and
// return identical sequences of numbers.
// This class uses (probably) weak entropy by default, but it's sufficient,
// because it is the responsibility of the embedder to install an entropy source
// using v8::V8::SetEntropySource(), which provides reasonable entropy, see:
// path_to_url
// This class is neither reentrant nor threadsafe.
class V8_BASE_EXPORT RandomNumberGenerator final {
public:
// EntropySource is used as a callback function when V8 needs a source of
// entropy.
typedef bool (*EntropySource)(unsigned char* buffer, size_t buflen);
static void SetEntropySource(EntropySource entropy_source);
RandomNumberGenerator();
explicit RandomNumberGenerator(int64_t seed) { SetSeed(seed); }
// Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed int value from this
// random number generator's sequence. The general contract of |NextInt()| is
// that one int value is pseudorandomly generated and returned.
// All 2^32 possible integer values are produced with (approximately) equal
// probability.
V8_INLINE int NextInt() V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT { return Next(32); }
// Returns a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed int value between 0
// (inclusive) and the specified max value (exclusive), drawn from this random
// number generator's sequence. The general contract of |NextInt(int)| is that
// one int value in the specified range is pseudorandomly generated and
// returned. All max possible int values are produced with (approximately)
// equal probability.
int NextInt(int max) V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
// Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed boolean value from
// this random number generator's sequence. The general contract of
// |NextBoolean()| is that one boolean value is pseudorandomly generated and
// returned. The values true and false are produced with (approximately) equal
// probability.
V8_INLINE bool NextBool() V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT { return Next(1) != 0; }
// Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed double value between
// 0.0 and 1.0 from this random number generator's sequence.
// The general contract of |NextDouble()| is that one double value, chosen
// (approximately) uniformly from the range 0.0 (inclusive) to 1.0
// (exclusive), is pseudorandomly generated and returned.
double NextDouble() V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
// Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed int64 value from this
// random number generator's sequence. The general contract of |NextInt64()|
// is that one 64-bit int value is pseudorandomly generated and returned.
// All 2^64 possible integer values are produced with (approximately) equal
// probability.
int64_t NextInt64() V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
// Fills the elements of a specified array of bytes with random numbers.
void NextBytes(void* buffer, size_t buflen);
// Returns the next pseudorandom set of n unique uint64 values smaller than
// max.
// n must be less or equal to max.
std::vector<uint64_t> NextSample(uint64_t max,
size_t n) V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
// Returns the next pseudorandom set of n unique uint64 values smaller than
// max.
// n must be less or equal to max.
// max - |excluded| must be less or equal to n.
//
// Generates list of all possible values and removes random values from it
// until size reaches n.
std::vector<uint64_t> NextSampleSlow(
uint64_t max, size_t n,
const std::unordered_set<uint64_t>& excluded =
std::unordered_set<uint64_t>{}) V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
// Override the current ssed.
void SetSeed(int64_t seed);
int64_t initial_seed() const { return initial_seed_; }
// Static and exposed for external use.
static inline double ToDouble(uint64_t state0, uint64_t state1) {
// Exponent for double values for [1.0 .. 2.0)
static const uint64_t kExponentBits = uint64_t{0x3FF0000000000000};
static const uint64_t kMantissaMask = uint64_t{0x000FFFFFFFFFFFFF};
uint64_t random = ((state0 + state1) & kMantissaMask) | kExponentBits;
return bit_cast<double>(random) - 1;
}
// Static and exposed for external use.
static inline void XorShift128(uint64_t* state0, uint64_t* state1) {
uint64_t s1 = *state0;
uint64_t s0 = *state1;
*state0 = s0;
s1 ^= s1 << 23;
s1 ^= s1 >> 17;
s1 ^= s0;
s1 ^= s0 >> 26;
*state1 = s1;
}
private:
static const int64_t kMultiplier = V8_2PART_UINT64_C(0x5, deece66d);
static const int64_t kAddend = 0xb;
static const int64_t kMask = V8_2PART_UINT64_C(0xffff, ffffffff);
int Next(int bits) V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
static uint64_t MurmurHash3(uint64_t);
int64_t initial_seed_;
uint64_t state0_;
uint64_t state1_;
};
} // namespace base
} // namespace v8
#endif // V8_BASE_UTILS_RANDOM_NUMBER_GENERATOR_H_
``` |
```c++
#include <stdio.h>
class c{
public:
long long f;
};
class c2{
public:
long long f2;
};
static class sss: public c, public c2{
public:
long long m;
} sss;
#define _offsetof(st,f) ((char *)&((st *) 16)->f - (char *) 16)
int main (void) {
printf ("++Class with longlong inhereting classes with longlong & longlong:\n");
printf ("size=%d,align=%d\n", sizeof (sss), __alignof__ (sss));
printf ("offset-f=%d,offset-f2=%d,offset-m=%d,\nalign-f=%d,align-f2=%d,align-m=%d\n",
_offsetof (class sss, f), _offsetof (class sss, f2), _offsetof (class sss, m),
__alignof__ (sss.f), __alignof__ (sss.f2), __alignof__ (sss.m));
return 0;
}
``` |
Superhero Brother (2008) is the eighth studio album released by American trio G. Love and Special Sauce.
Track listing
"Communication" (3:21)
"City Livin'" (4:05)
"Wiggle Worm" (4:05)
"Peace, Love, and Happiness" (3:42)
"Soft and Sweet" (3:21)
"Wont'cha Come Home" (2:32)
"Crumble" (4:47)
"What We Need" (3:20)
"Grandmother" (2:42)
"Georgia Brown" (3:17)
"Who's Got the Weed" (5:45)
"Superhero Brother" (4:24)
Personnel
G. Love - vocals, guitar, harmonica on "City Livin'", "Wiggle Worm", "Peace, Love and Happiness", "Soft and Sweet", "Grandmother" and "Superhero Brother", claps on "City Livin'" and "Peace, Love and Happiness", whistle on "Wiggle Worm", backing vocals on "Crumble" and "Who Got the Weed?", beatbox on "What We Need"
Jeffrey Clemens - drums, backing vocals, percussion on "Communication", "Soft and Sweet", "Wontcha Come Home", "What We Need" and "Grandmother", claps on "City Livin'"
Jimi "Jazz" Prescott - string bass, electric bass on "Communication", "Wiggle Worm", "What We Need" and "Grandmother", claps on "City Livin'"
Mark Boyce - piano, organ on "Peace, Love and Happiness", "Soft and Sweet", "Crumble", "What We Need" and "Grandmother", backing vocals on "Communication", "Wiggle Worm" and "What We Need", Analogue synthesizer on "Wiggle Worm", clavinet on "Who's Got the Weed?", claps on "City Livin'"
Chris DiBeneditto - percussion on "Peace, Love and Happiness", "Wontcha Come Home", "Grandmother" and "Who's Got the Weed?", backing vocals on "Wontcha Come Home" and "Who's Got the Weed?", claps on "City Livin'"
Pete Donelly - backing vocals, percussion, claps on "Peace, Love and Happiness"
Fred Berman - percussion, claps on "Peace, Love And Happiness"
Dela - saxophone on "City Livin'"
Sheffer Bruton - trombone on "City Livin'"
C-Money - trumpet on "City Livin'"
Tre Hardson (Formally of The Pharcyde) - vocals, backing vocals on "Who's Got the Weed?"
References
2008 albums
G. Love & Special Sauce albums |
The Women's 700 metres grade II event was one of the events held in Ice sledge speed racing at the 1988 Winter Paralympics.
In total, five competitors from three nations competed in the event. All three medals were won by Norwegian competitors.
Results
Final
References
700 metres grade II |
Bathytoma neocaledonica is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae.
Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Southwestern Pacific off New Caledonia.
Description
The height of this species varies between 40 mm and 44 mm.
References
Puillandre N., Sysoev A.V., Olivera B.M., Couloux A. & Bouchet P. (2010) Loss of planktotrophy and speciation: geographical fragmentation in the deep-water gastropod genus Bathytoma (Gastropoda, Conoidea) in the western Pacific. Systematics and Biodiversity 8(3): 371-394
External links
Gastropods.com: Bathytoma neocaledonica
neocaledonica
Gastropods described in 2010 |
Eriocaulon decangulare, commonly known as ten-angled pipewort, hat pin and bog button, is a monocotyledonous plant native to the eastern United States, Mexico and Nicaragua. The plant's distribution is quite irregular, with several disjunct populations and a discontinuous primary range. Most of its habitat in the United States is found on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. It is found in areas of relatively low elevation and does not occur higher than 300 metres above sea level. This plant is found in peat and sand that is moist to wet, and is associated with savannahs, bogs, pinelands, ditches and the banks of cypress domes.
Distribution and habitat
Eriocaulon decangulare is found in the United States, Mexico and Nicaragua. In the United States it is mainly confined to the Atlantic Coastal Plain, but several significant outlying populations also exist in more mountainous and inland regions. It does appear to be absent from the intermediate Piedmont region, however. The northernmost populations are in coastal New Jersey and Delaware, stretching south to Florida. There is a significant break in the range along the coast in Georgia. The range then extends along the Gulf Coast though Alabama and Mississippi and just enters Louisiana. There is also a relatively large disjunct distribution in northern Alabama. The primary range breaks once more before starting again in central Louisiana, whence it extends into eastern Texas. Southern Arkansas supports another large disjunct distribution.
Ecology
A study in North Carolina of three inland, mountainous populations found the ten-angled pipewort has a high affinity for acidic soil, ranging from a pH 4.1 to 5.2 in their samples. At all sites, 58 to 71% of all the plants it occurred with were either obligate or facultative wetland plants. Sphagnum mosses were another conspicuous element of the habitat, with 30 to 60% of the studied sites being covered with them. The results of the study suggest that Eriocaulon decangulare benefits from disturbance due to its affinity for high sunlight. The smallest population examined was in only 50% full sunlight, while the other two were in full sunlight more than 90% of the day and supported much larger populations. As such, the control of woody plant growth, either naturally or artificially, is important to maintain healthy populations of the plant. The ten-angled pipewort was found to occur with several rare or threatened wetland plants, such as Cleistes divaricata (spreading pogonia), Drosera rotundifolia (round-leaved sundew), Carex trichocarpa (hairy-fruit sedge) and Sanguisorba canadensis (Canada burnet), though these associations differed from site to site.
References
Further reading
External links
Profile at USDA PLANTS Database
decangulare
Flora of Northern America
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
Hryhoriy Mykytovych Vasiura (, ; 15 February 1915 – 2 October 1987) was originally a senior lieutenant in the Red Army who was captured during the Nazi invasion of the USSR in 1941 and subsequently volunteered for service in the Schutzmannschaft (the Nazi collaborationist auxiliary police) and the Waffen-SS. Vasiura's wartime activities were not fully revealed until the mid-1980s, when he was convicted as a war criminal by a Soviet military court and executed in 1987 for his role in the Khatyn massacre.
Biography
Early life and Soviet military
Vasiura was born on 9 February 1915 (according to other data, in 1913) in the city of Chyhyryn (now Cherkasy Region, Ukraine). He worked as a school teacher before World War II. In 1936, he graduated from the Kiev Military School of Communications.
By the beginning of the Nazi invasion of the USSR in June 1941, Vasiura commanded a communication squad of the 67th Rifle Division (according to data of his war prisoner card, he served in the artillery forces). During the battle of Liepāja on June 28, he was wounded in the thigh and captured.
Vasiura was imprisoned in the camp Stalag III-A. While in captivity he agreed to collaborate with the Germans, and in February 1942 he was sent to the school of propagandists (first in Wustrau, later in Wutzetz) organized within the camp Stalag III-D under the authority of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories.
Service in the ranks of punitive forces
After graduating from the school of propagandists in October 1942, Vasiura was sent to Kiev, where he joined the 118th Schutzmannschaft battalion composed of former Soviet soldiers and Ukrainian collaborators. Some sources state that along with other members of the unit he took part in executions of Jews in Babi Yar.
Vasiura quickly advanced in the service. From platoon commander, he was promoted to chief of staff over his predecessor in December 1942. The unit had a double leadership: German Major Erich Körner was in charge, while Vasiura supervised the battalion on a daily basis. That same month, the unit was transferred to the occupied Byelorussian SSR to conduct punitive operations against partisans. The battalion first arrived at Minsk, and then deployed to the town of Pleshchenitsy.
From January 1943 to July 1944, Vasiura and his battalion conducted dozens of pacification actions – including operations Hornung, Draufgänger, Cottbus, Hermann and Wandsbeck – that were part of the "dead zone" policy of annihilating hundreds of Belarusian villages in order to remove the support base for the alleged partisans. 60 major and 80 smaller actions affected 627 villages across occupied Belarus.
Khatyn massacre
On the morning of 22 March 1943, three vehicles with the 118th battalion staff were ambushed by "Uncle Vasya's" partisan squad near the village of Khatyn. Partisans killed Hans Woellke, the hauptmann (captain) of the auxiliary police and commander of the first battalion's company, who was on his way to the Minsk airport. He was well known as the shot-put champion of the 1936 Olympics. Hitler knew him personally.
Woellke's death enraged the policemen, who suspected local peasants of helping the partisans. On the Pleshchenitsy–Logoysk road they stopped 50 inhabitants of the village of Kozyri, and killed 26 of them. Soon the 118th battalion and SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger surrounded the village of Khatyn.
Following Körner's orders, the soldiers under Vasiura's direction forced the peasants into a barn which they set on fire. They shot everybody who tried to escape. In total, 149 people died (including 75 children).
Later war crimes in Belarus
Vasiura continued serving in the 118th battalion in Belarus.
On 13 May 1943 he commanded a unit in a battle against partisans for the village of Dalkovichi, and on May 27, his battalion executed 78 people in the village of Osovi. Then, within the punitive operation Cottbus, the unit massacred residents of the village of Vileika and its suburbs. Afterwards they burned the villages of Makovie and Uborok, where nobody was left alive, and then executed 50 Jews in the village of Kaminska Sloboda.
Vasiura later transferred to the 76th Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the 30th Grenadier SS-Division, where he fought until the end of the war. Supposedly, his regiment was smashed in France, where some part of the 118th Schutzmannschaft battalion went over to French partisans.
Körner hid the civilian deaths, reporting to his superiors that the 118th battalion fought only against numerous partisan squads. This was due to the decree, issued on 18 November 1942, that forbade involving locals in criminal liability because many villages were "under partisans' oppression".
Post-war times
While at the Soviet filtration camp, Vasiura hid the fact of his service in the auxiliary police and SS. In 1952, the Kiev Military Tribunal sentenced him to 25 years imprisonment, but on 17 September 1955 he was amnestied in accordance with a decree issued by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. Usually, Vasiura explained his post-war imprisonment by the fact that he had previously been taken prisoner by the Germans, and obtained an official certificate confirming this.
Vasiura moved to the village Velyka Dymerka (Brovary District, Kyiv Region) and became the economic director of the Velikodymersky state farm. The farm was quite successful under his leadership. However, farm-workers sometimes complained about Vasiura's heavy-handed management as he would cruelly beat the employees. He built a big house, was encouraged several times for conscientious work, and received a membership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). In 1984, he was awarded the medal Veteran of Labour. He married, and two of his daughters were school teachers.
Vasiura became an honorary cadet of the Kiev Military School of Communications. He would give patriotic speeches in front of cadets and pioneers, making reference to his fictional battle feats, pretending that he was a Red Army veteran.
Detention and trial
In 1985, Vasiura demanded the Order of the Patriotic War as a veteran. In the archives, employees found only the fact that he went missing in June 1941. Further searches in the archives forced them to review some results of the interrogation of Vasyl Meleshko, Vasiura's former fellow soldier, who was executed in 1975 for collaboration with the Nazis and participation in the burning of Khatyn. A criminal case was opened "due to the newly discovered circumstances". In November 1986, Vasiura was arrested and transferred to Minsk.
With almost no survivors of the Khatyn massacre, the 26 witnesses were former soldiers of the 118th Schutzmannschaft battalion, most of whom had already served their sentences in Soviet camps and prisons.
Vasiura initially denied his guilt; he claimed that he did not participate in the punitive operation and did not kill any civilians. But the witnesses all testified that Vasiura gave them orders to kill the villagers. Transcripts of the court case totaled 14 volumes, and the investigators managed to reconstruct the events of 22 March 1943, with accuracy to the minute. Irrefutable evidence of his participation in these military crimes, particularly in the episode at Khatyn, was found.
When Vasiura realized that there was no point denying it, he confessed, shouting, "Yes, I burned your Khatyn!" On 26 December 1986 the Tribunal of the Belorussian Military District, headed by Judge Viktor Glazkov, sentenced Vasiura to death by shooting. He was executed by shooting at Pishchalauski Castle on 2 October 1987.
The trial was private; only two correspondents – of the newspaper Izvestiya and the agency BelTA – were assigned to report on it. They completed their articles but were later informed that the materials would not be published. Glazkov claimed that this happened due to the direct involvement of the general secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, and the Communist Party of Byelorussia First Secretary Mikalai Sliunkov. Both were concerned that a public trial of a Ukrainian war criminal would undermine the official discourse of the brotherhood between Soviet peoples.
Vasiura was buried in a forest near Logoysk, in the same place where many of his victims lay. There are papers in the archives which contain the coordinates of the place where his body was buried. He has no grave marker.
The Belarusian government declassified the records of the trial in March 2008.
See also
Come and See
Generalplan Ost
Belarusian Auxiliary Police
Kaminski Brigade
Oskar Dirlewanger
Volodymyr Katriuk
Antonina Makarova
Feodor Fedorenko
John Demjanjuk
External links
"Declassified History. The Executioners of Khatyn", a documentary by the channel Russia-Cultura, 2014 (in Russian)
Bibliography
Oushakine, Serguei Alex (2013). "Postcolonial Estrangements: Claiming a Space between Stalin and Hitler". Rites of Place: Public Commemoration in Russia and Eastern Europe.
Rudling, Per Anders (2011). "Terror and Local Collaboration in Occupied Belarus: The Case of Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118. Part I: Background". Historical Yearbook. Bucharest: Romanian Academy "Nicolae Iorga" Historical Institute. VIII: 195–214.
Rudling, Per Anders (2012). "The Khatyn Massacre in Belorussia: A Historical Controversy Revisited" (PDF). Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 26 (1): 29–58.
Laputska, Valeria (2016). " World War II Criminals in Belarusian Internet Mass-Media: The Cases of Anthony Sawoniuk and Vladimir Katriuk" (PDF). The Journal of Belarusian Studies.
Singh, Shantanu (2017). "Khatyn Massacre: One of The Worst Nazi Atrocities". Catharsis Magazine.
References
1915 births
1987 deaths
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Executed Ukrainian collaborators with Nazi Germany
People executed by the Soviet Union by firearm
People from Chyhyryn
People from Kiev Governorate
People from Kyiv Oblast
Russian Waffen-SS personnel
Soviet defectors
Executed Soviet mass murderers
Soviet military personnel of World War II from Ukraine
Ukrainian mass murderers
Ukrainian people convicted of war crimes
Ukrainian people executed abroad
Ukrainian defectors
Ukrainian people executed by the Soviet Union |
Waldemar Aureliano de Oliveira Filho, usually known as Mazinho Oliveira (born 26 December 1965), is a retired Brazilian footballer who played as a forward.
Career statistics
Club
International
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
Santos FC players
FC Bayern Munich footballers
Sport Club Internacional players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Clube Atlético Bragantino players
CR Flamengo footballers
Kashima Antlers players
Kawasaki Frontale players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
J1 League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Bundesliga players
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
People from Guarujá
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from São Paulo (state) |
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