text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
Leo Brincat (born 26 September 1949) is a Maltese politician, since 2016 member of the European Court of Auditors.
Brincat was first elected to Maltese parliament in 1982 as a member of the Malta Labour Party and was minister for finance and commerce between 1997 and 1998 and minister for sustainable development, the environment and climate change between 2013 and 2016, when he was nominated to the European Court of Auditors.
Biography
Brincat was qualified as an associate of the Chartered Institute of Bankers, London, and later elected fellow of the same.
Brincat worked for 40 years in the banking sector, joining in 1966 Barclays Bank DCO, which subsequently became Barclays Bank
International, Mid-Med Bank Ltd and HSBC Bank Malta plc, including as head of corporate research from 1998 until 2006. He later consulted businesses on internal financial controls and compliance until 2013.
Brincat was first elected to the Parliament of Malta for the Labour Party in 1982; he stayed as MP until 2016. From 1982 till 1997, Bricat also served as international secretary of the Labour Party, including as its representative at the Socialist International. in 1986-1987 Brincat was parliamentary secretary for housing in the Office of Prime Minister Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici, in the last year of his mandate.
In Alfred Sant's cabinet, Brincat served as Minister for Commerce in 1996-1997 and then for Finance and Commerce in 1997-1998.
In view of the 2003 referendum, Brincat campaigned along with the Labour Party against Malta's accession to the European Union.
In Joseph Muscat's cabinet, Brincat served as Minister for Sustainable Development, the Environment and Climate Change in 2013-2016.
In 2016, Muscat appointed Brincat as Malta's member of the European Court of Auditors, after the European Parliament had rejected his first choice, former deputy leader Toni Abela.
Questioned by MEPs about his vote of confidence in favour of Konrad Mizzi, Brincat claimed having done so because his hands were "tied".
Brincat obtained 11 votes in favour, 9 against and one abstention. In such a position, Brincat earns some €220,000 a year.
he was succeeded in parliament by Clifton Grima.
Brincat was awarded in December 2017 by the Parliament of Malta as Officer of the National Order of Merit (Malta) (U.O.M). He also received an award in May 2019 by the St. Julian's Local Council.
References
Finance Ministers of Malta
Maltese politicians
Labour Party (Malta) politicians
Living people
1949 births
20th-century Maltese politicians
21st-century Maltese politicians
Government ministers of Malta
European Court of Auditors |
```java
Altering format string output by changing a format specifier's `argument_index`
Metadata: creating a user-defined file attribute
Do not perform bitwise and arithmetic operations on the same data
Limit Accessibility of `Fields`
Increase `PermGen` space as to avoid `OutOfMemory` errors
``` |
From the Other Side of the Century: A New American Poetry, 1960–1990 is a poetry anthology published in 1994. It was edited by American poet and publisher Douglas Messerli – under his own imprint Sun & Moon Press – and includes poets from both the U.S. and Canada.
It joined two other collections which appeared at that time: Paul Hoover's Postmodern American Poetry (Norton, 1994) and Eliot Weinberger's American Poetry Since 1950 (Marsilio, 1993). All three perhaps seeking to be for that time what Donald Allen's The New American Poetry (Grove Press, 1960) was for the 1960s. Publishers Weekly noted that "A strength of Messerli's book: he offers space enough to each poet, so that readers can trace developing poetic concerns, beginning with the Objectivists – the anthology's first poem is Charles Reznikoff's 'Children,' a Holocaust piece."
Messerli highlights 81 poets altogether and organizes the anthology by dividing the poets into four thematic "gatherings":
(1) cultural-mythic poets, including Louis Zukofsky, Charles Olson, Robert Duncan, and Allen Ginsberg
(2) urban poets, including Barbara Guest, Frank O'Hara, John Ashbery, and Ted Berrigan
(3) language poets, including Robert Creeley and Charles Bernstein
(4) performance poets, including John Cage and Jerome Rothenberg
Poets included in From the Other Side of the Century anthology
Charles Reznikoff
Lorine Niedecker
Carl Rakosi
Louis Zukofsky
George Oppen
Charles Olson
Robert Duncan
Robin Blaser
Jack Spicer
Allen Ginsberg
Larry Eigner
Gilbert Sorrentino
John Wieners
Robert Kelly
Ronald Johnson
Rosmarie Waldrop
Kenneth Irby
Clarence Major
Susan Howe
Fanny Howe
bpNichol
Aaron Shurin
Dennis Phillips
Christopher Dewdney
Barbara Guest
James Schuyler
Frank O'Hara
John Ashbery
Joseph Ceravolo
Ted Berrigan
Charles North
Ron Padgett
Michael Brownstein
Lewis Warsh
Lorenzo Thomas
Marjorie Welish
John Godfrey
Alice Notley
Diane Ward
Robert Creeley
Hannah Weiner
David Bromige
Clark Coolidge
Lyn Hejinian
Robert Grenier
Ted Greenwald
Nick Piombino
Ray DiPalma
Michael Palmer
Michael Davidson
Bernadette Mayer
James Sherry
Ron Silliman
Rae Armantrout
Bob Perelman
Barrett Watten
Kit Robinson
Charles Bernstein
Alan Davies
Jean Day
John Cage
Jackson Mac Low
Kenward Elmslie
Jerome Rothenberg
David Antin
Amiri Baraka/Leroi Jones
Joan Retallack
John Taggart
Nicole Brossard
Mac Wellman
Douglas Messerli
Peter Inman
Steve McCaffery
Nathaniel Mackey
Leslie Scalapino
Bruce Andrews
Steve Benson
Abigail Child
Tina Darragh
Fiona Templeton
Carla Harryman
See also
1994 in poetry
1994 in literature
American poetry
Canadian poetry
List of poetry anthologies
References
External links
Whose New American Poetry?: Anthologizing in the Nineties article by Marjorie Perloff
1994 poetry books
1994 anthologies
American poetry anthologies
20th-century American literature |
USS Cachalot (SC-4/SS-170), a United States Navy submarine and the lead ship of her class, known as the "V-boats", was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the sperm whale. Her keel was laid down by the Portsmouth Navy Yard. She was launched on 19 October 1933 as V-8 (SC-4) sponsored by Miss K. D. Kempff, and commissioned on 1 December 1933 with Lieutenant Commander Merril Comstock in command. Cachalot was the first submarine to have the Torpedo Data Computer, Arma Corporation's Mark 1, installed.
Design
Cachalot was built by the Portsmouth Navy Yard, as were most of the previous V-boats. Design conservatism and economic realities forced Portsmouth to continue to use riveting in the construction of the inner and outer hulls, although non-critical areas like the superstructure, piping brackets, support framing, and interior tankage were actually welded. Her sister, Cuttlefish (the first submarine built by Electric Boat since the S-class of 1925) had most of the outer hull and fuel tanks welded, while retaining riveting for the inner hull. Both were medium-sized submarines built under the tonnage limits of the London Naval Treaty of 1930. An extensive study was conducted to determine the optimum submarine size under the treaty restrictions, factoring in total force, endurance, and percentage of the force that could be maintained on station far from a base, as in a Pacific war scenario. Despite the calculation process, size reduction had gone too far with the Cachalots, limiting their patrol endurance. After three Pacific war patrols, Cachalot was relegated to training duties in September 1942, once numerous Gato-class boats became available.
The as-built engine specifications were two BuEng-built, MAN-designed M9Vu 40/46 nine-cylinder two-cycle direct drive main diesel engines, each, with one BuEng MAN two-cycle auxiliary diesel engine, driving a electric generator. The auxiliary engine was for charging batteries or for increased surface speed via a diesel-electric system providing power to the main electric motors. As with most V-boats, the main engines proved troublesome, and were replaced in 1937-38 by two Winton GM 16-278 16-cylinder four-cycle diesels, each.
Service history
Inter-war period
After shakedown, further construction, tests, and overhaul, Cachalot sailed for San Diego, California, where on 17 October 1934 she joined the Submarine Force, U.S. Fleet. Operating until 1937 principally on the West Coast, she engaged in fleet problems, torpedo practice, and antisubmarine, tactical, and sonar training exercises. She cruised twice to Hawaiian waters and once to the Panama Canal Zone to participate in large-scale fleet exercises.
Cachalot cleared San Diego on 16 June 1937, bound for New London, Connecticut, and duty in experimental torpedo firing for the Newport Torpedo Station and sonar training for the New London Submarine School until 26 October 1937, when she began a lengthy overhaul at the New York Navy Yard. This included replacement of her troublesome engines with General Motors Winton engines. A year later, she sailed for participation in a fleet problem, torpedo practice and sound training in the Caribbean Sea and off the Canal Zone, and on 16 June 1939 reported at Pearl Harbor for duty with the Submarine Force and the Scouting Force.
World War II
War came to Cachalot as she lay in Pearl Harbor Navy Yard in overhaul. In the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor of 7 December 1941, one of her men was wounded, but the submarine suffered no damage. Yard work on her was completed at a furious pace, and on 12 January 1942 she sailed on her first war patrol. After fueling at Midway Island, she conducted a reconnaissance of Wake Island, Eniwetok, Ponape, Truk, Namonuito, and the Hall Islands, returning to Pearl Harbor on 18 March with vitally needed intelligence of Japanese bases. Her second war patrol, for which she cleared from Midway on 9 June, was conducted off the Japanese home islands, where she damaged an enemy tanker. Returning to Pearl Harbor on 26 July, she cleared on her final war patrol on 23 September, penetrating the frigid waters of the Bering Sea in support of the Aleutian Islands operations.
Over-age and lacking endurance for strenuous war patrols, Cachalot still had a key role to play, acting as training ship for the Submarine School at New London. She served there from late 1942 until 30 June 1945, when she sailed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, being decommissioned there on 17 October. She was sold for scrap on 26 January 1947.
Awards
American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three battle stars for World War II service
World War II Victory Medal
Gallery
See also
List of submarine classes of the United States Navy
Notes
References
Alden, John D. The Fleet Submarine in the U.S. Navy: An Illustrated Design History, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1979 .
Schlesman, Bruce and Roberts, Stephen S., "Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants" (Greenwood Press, 1991),
Lenton, H. T. American Submarines (Navies of the Second World War) (Doubleday, 1973),
Silverstone, Paul H., U.S. Warships of World War II (Ian Allan, 1965),
Campbell, John Naval Weapons of World War Two (Naval Institute Press, 1985),
Whitman, Edward C. "The Navy's Variegated V-Class: Out of One, Many?" Undersea Warfare, Fall 2003, Issue 20
https://web.archive.org/web/20140322093118/http://www.fleetsubmarine.com/sublist.html
Gardiner, Robert, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946, Conway Maritime Press, 1980. .
Friedman, Norman US Submarines through 1945: An Illustrated Design History, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis:1995, .
Johnston, David "No More Heads or Tails: The Adoption of Welding in U.S. Navy Submarines", The Submarine Review, June 2020, pp. 46–64.
Navsource.org USS Cachalot page
Pigboats.com V-7, V-8, and V-9 photo page
DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com later 3"/50 caliber gun
Cachalot-class submarines
V-boats
Ships built in Kittery, Maine
1933 ships
World War II submarines of the United States
Ships present during the attack on Pearl Harbor |
Ronald Michael Pope (born July 23, 1983) is an American singer-songwriter. He is currently based in Nashville.
Background and career
Pope was raised in Marietta, Georgia. He attended East Cobb Middle School and Joseph Wheeler High School. He began playing the guitar at an early age.
After high school, he attended Rutgers University for two years to play baseball. After a career-ending injury, he transferred to New York University in 2003 to pursue his interest in music. After joining a songwriting circle with fellow students, he met friends and future bandmates, Zach Berkman and Paul Hammer. In 2007, he co–wrote the internet hit "A Drop in the Ocean" with Zach Berkman
From there, they created The District with Chris Kienel, Will Frish and Mike Clifford. Following success as a college band, they toured for two years and recorded three albums: The District, The District Does Christmas, and Last Call. In December 2010, The District reunited to record "Wellfleet"
In March 2008, Pope performed on MTV's TRL as a featured up-and-coming artist. Independently, he wrote, produced, and released four full-length albums: Daylight (2008), The Bedroom Demos (2009), Goodbye, Goodnight (2009) and Hello, Love (2010).
In May 2009, Pope signed a year-long recording contract with record label Universal Republic, with whom he released two singles, "A Drop in the Ocean" and "I Believe". "A Drop in the Ocean" was later certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and streaming equivalent of over 1 million Since leaving the label, he has produced and released his music independently via his own label, Brooklyn Basement Records.
Ron founded the record label, Brooklyn Basement Records, alongside his wife, Blair Clark.
Pope's first release since moving to Nashville was "Work" which Rolling Stone lauded as "a stew of musical ideas and stories sourced from many different points in time, but firmly held together by Pope’s consistent songwriting voice."
On March 6, 2017, he took part in a benefit concert celebrating the music of Aretha Franklin at Carnegie Hall.
Television placements
He has had two songs placed on FOX's So You Think You Can Dance in both Canada and the US. He was featured in the season three premiere of The Vampire Diaries on The CW. "A Drop in the Ocean" was performed on the UK television show Made in Chelsea by the British reality star Caggie Dunlop, and also in the fourth season of 90210. He also guest starred as himself in season 3 episode 17 of Nashville.
Solo Discography
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
American rock songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
American male pop singers
American rock singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American male singers
Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state) |
The Associated Schools (TAS) is an incorporated body involving fourteen co-educational independent Queensland secondary schools in a variety of sporting and cultural activities established in 1956 following the disbanded Metropolitan Secondary School Sports Association in 1955, which had been established in 1950.
Schools
The member schools currently participate in one of two competition divisions; The Associated Schools, and the Greater Brisbane Conference.
Sports
Apart from the core sports of Swimming, Cross-country and Athletics, all TAS sport is played on Saturdays over 3 trimesters. Each trimester is approximately nine weeks.
Championships
Swimming
Winning teams on aggregate points across all secondary school age groups for both boys and girls from 2000 onwards are listed below. The Associated Schools had blue and red conference divisions for co-educational carnivals from 2000 to 2013, and the higher blue division championship winners are listed for those years:
Championships, 2000–present: Ormiston (8), St Paul's (8), John Paul (4).
Boys' swimming
Winning teams on aggregate points for all secondary school age groups from 1956 onwards are listed below. The Associated Schools had blue and red conference divisions for boys swimming from 1986 to 2013, and the higher blue division championship winners are listed for those years:
Championships:
1999–present: Ormiston (10), St Paul's (7), John Paul (4).
1956–1998: St Laurence's (20), Ashgrove (7), St Paul's (5), Iona (4), St Columban's (3), De La Salle (2),
Girls' swimming
Winning teams on aggregate points for all secondary school age groups for The Associated Schools (2000 onwards) and the Independent Schools Association (1988–1999) are listed below. The Associated Schools had blue and red conference divisions for girls swimming from 2000 to 2013, and the higher blue division championship winners are listed for those years:
Championships:
2000–present: Loreto (6), Ormiston (6), John Paul (3), Stuartholme (2), St Columban's (1), St Paul's (1), West Moreton (1).
ISA, 1988–1999: Loreto (6), St Peters (6).
Athletics (track and field)
Winning teams on aggregate points across all secondary school age groups for both boys and girls from 2000 onwards are listed below. The Associated Schools had blue and red conference divisions for co-educational carnivals from 2000 to 2013, and the higher blue division championship winners are listed for those years:
Championships, 2000–present: John Paul (13), Canterbury (2), St Columban's College (2), Ormiston (1).
Boys' athletics
Winning teams on aggregate points for all secondary school age groups from 1956 onwards are listed below. The Associated Schools had blue and red conference divisions for boys track and field from 1985 to 2013, and the higher blue division championship winners are listed for those years:
Championships:
1999–present: John Paul (9), St Columban's (5), Ormiston (2), West Moreton (1).
1956–1998: Ashgrove (21), St Laurence's (12), St Peters (4), Iona (3), Villanova (2), St Columban's (1).
Girls' athletics
Winning teams on aggregate points for all secondary school age groups from 2000 onwards are listed below. The Associated Schools had blue and red conference divisions for girls track and field from 2000 to 2013, and the higher blue division championship winners are listed for those years:
Championships, 2000–present: Canterbury (3), St Columban's (1), West Moreton (1).
Boys' premierships
First XV Rugby
List of First XV premiers since 1956 are listed below. The Associated Schools had blue and red conference divisions from 1985 to 2013, and the higher blue division premiership winners are listed for those years:
Premierships:
2000–present: John Paul (7), Ormiston (7), St Columban's (7), St Paul's (2), Rosalie (1), Scots PGC (1).
1956–1998: Ashgrove (24), St Laurence's (9), St Peters (7), Villanova (5), De La Salle (3), Iona (1), St Columban's (1).
indicates shared premiership for the year.
First VI Volleyball
List of First VI premiers since 1956 are listed below. The Associated Schools had blue and red conference divisions from 1985 to 2013, and the higher blue division premiership winners are listed for those years:
Premierships:
2000–present: Ormiston (8), St Paul's (6), Canterbury (2), John Paul (2), Cannon Hill (2),.
1986–1999: Iona (1), St Paul's (1), St Columban's (4), St Peters (1), Villanova (7), Redeemer (1).
indicates shared premiership for the year.
First XI Football
List of First XI premiers since 1956 are listed below. The Associated Schools had blue and red conference divisions from 1985 to 2013, and the higher blue division premiership winners are listed for those years:
Premierships:
2000–present: John Paul (14), St Paul's (4), Canterbury (1), Cannon Hill (1), Ormiston (1), West Moreton (1).
1986–1999: St Paul's (3), Ashgrove (3), John Paul (2), Villanova (1), Rosalie (1), St Laurence's (1), Padua (1).
indicates shared premiership for the year.
First XI Cricket
List of First XI premiers since 1956 are listed below. The Associated Schools had blue and red conference divisions from 1985 to 2013, and the higher blue division premiership winners are listed for those years:
Premierships:
2000–present: John Paul (10), Ormiston (5), St Columban's (2), St Paul's (3), West Moreton (2), Canterbury (1), Redeemer (1).
1956–1998: Ashgrove (18), Rosalie (6), St Laurence's (5), Iona (3), St Paul's (3), St Columban's (2), De La Salle (1), John Paul (1), St Edmund's (1), St Peters (1), Villanova (1).
Girls' premierships
First XI Hockey
List of First XI premiers since 2000 are listed below. The Associated Schools had blue and red conference divisions from 2000 to 2013, and the higher blue division premiership winners are listed for those years:
Premierships:
2000–present: Ormiston (7), Cannon Hill (3), West Moreton (3), Loreto (2), St Paul's (2), Scots PGC (2), Canterbury (1), John Paul (1), St Columban's (1), Stuartholme (1).
indicates shared premiership for the year.
First VII Netball
List of First VII premiers for The Associated Schools (since 2000) and the Independent Schools Association (1988–1999) are listed below. The Associated Schools had blue and red conference divisions from 2000 to 2013, and the higher blue division premiership winners are listed for those years:
Premierships:
2000–present: John Paul (18), St Columban's (2).
ISA, 1988–1999: John Paul (5), Loreto (2), Redeemer (1).
indicates shared premiership for the year.
Notes
Many of these schools withdrew from TAS to form the Associated Independent Colleges after the 1998 competition season.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, no aggregate school championships were awarded in swimming, cross country and athletics (limited individual events were contested only). Open premierships were only awarded for the first trimester sports.
References
1956 establishments in Australia
Australian school sports associations |
```c++
// Class1.cpp
#include "pch.h"
#include "Class1.h"
``` |
Michael Bradford (born 1961) is an American musician. A native of Detroit, Michigan he is known mainly as a bass guitarist but also plays guitar and keyboards, and has done extensive work in music production and engineering. Among others, Bradford has worked with Madonna, Youngstown, Kid Rock, Uncle Kracker and in music for films. He is currently the guitarist for The Felons Club and can be heard on their debut album Welcome to the Club.
Early life
He was born and raised on Detroit's East Side, an area that was once a stable working-class neighborhood, but quickly deteriorated into decay after the city's tumultuous riots in 1967.
The late 1960s and early 1970s were also a remarkable time in Detroit for music. The Motown Sound was sweeping the nation, but also local bands like The Rationals, Bob Seger and The Frost were getting constant exposure on local radio, along with rock from bands like The James Gang, Sly and the Family Stone and Vanilla Fudge. Many of these bands performed at a local concert venue, The Eastown Theatre, on Harper Avenue. The theatre was a converted movie theatre, and was a short distance from the Bradford home. Due to the influence of the rock crowd, the theatre had gotten a reputation for being "one of the city's most notorious drug-infused rock venues". Michael's early exposure to rock music made him want to pursue a career in rock, rather than the more obvious choice of R&B.
In 1973, Michael was admitted to University Liggett School, a private school in Grosse Pointe Michigan. Classmates included Jeffrey Eugenides, who would go on to write The Virgin Suicides and Middlesex. Michael stayed at ULS, graduating from the 12th Grade in 1978.
Gerard Smerek
Eventually, Michael started playing with local bands, and getting work in local Detroit recording studios, such as United Sound, Sound Suite and Ambience Recordings, in suburban Farmington Hills, MI. Ambience was a premiere studio at the time, and many records, commercials and industrial film soundtracks were recorded there. At Ambience, Michael met engineer Gerard Smerek, a local whiz who had production and allowing Michael to assist him recording sessions. Gerard's work ethic, combined with his reminder to become "necessary and useful" to his clients by anticipating their needs, inspired Michael to want to work behind the scenes, at the side of the artists who came into the studio.
Earl Klugh
In 1981, Michael met jazz guitarist Earl Klugh, while working at Ambience. Earl was extremely successful at the time, making albums such as Crazy For You. Earl was one of the most successful of the new instrumental jazz artists, and his compositions were heard on radios all over the world. Earl is still considered to be "one of the finest acoustic guitar players" on the music scene, but what also impressed Michael was the income that Earl was producing from his album sales and the royalties from airplay and TV and film licenses. Earl tutored Michael in composition, using examples from composers like Antonio Carlos Jobim. Earl also educated Michael about the mechanics of publishing, copyright and licensing. This information inspired Michael to become serious about songwriting as a career in which he could make a living.
Anita Baker
Another artist who recorded at Ambience was Anita Baker. Gerard Smerek was her engineer as well, and Gerard brought Michael into Anita's camp to help with keyboard sounds and drum programming, using drum machines, samplers and recordings of percussion instruments to spice up the sound. This eventually led to receiving a production credit on Anita's 1994 album Rhythm of Love. The album went double-platinum, getting great reviews and opening more doors for Michael.
Paul Buckmaster
After the success of Rhythm of Love, Michael was faced with a small dilemma. In 1994, faced with the choice between New York and Los Angeles, Michael chose Los Angeles, for the more agreeable climate. Upon his arrival, Michael was introduced to Paul Buckmaster, a legendary arranger for artists such as Elton John, Carly Simon and Train, and composer for films such as 12 Monkeys. Paul hired Michael as his programmer and engineer. Once again, a mentor relationship developed, and Paul taught Michael about arranging for orchestras, as well as giving Michael a basic understanding of film score techniques. Paul enlisted Michael's sound design and programming skills on independent films such as The Maker, starring Matthew Modine and Murder In Mind, starring Mary-Louise Parker. These sessions began a friendship and collaborative relationship that lasted until Buckmaster's death in 2017.
New Radicals
While working with Paul Buckmaster, Michael was introduced to Gregg Alexander, whose band New Radicals had recently been signed to a record contract with MCA Records. Michael was hired to be an engineer for the album, specializing in editing the dense and complex tracks in order to yield a cohesive set of songs that sounded live and spontaneous. Michael's inspiration for this technique came from reading about the production of Rolling Stones albums, such as Some Girls, that were edited performances that sounded live. Another influence was Paul Buckmaster's stories of Miles Davis and the edited nature of his albums.
Released in 1997 Maybe You've Been Brainwashed Too was a critical and commercial success, going Platinum in the U.S.A., and gold in several other countries.
Madonna
A recurring theme in Michael's life has been his association with artists from his home state of Michigan. Anita Baker, Earl Klugh and Gregg Alexander were all from the Detroit area. For his next project, Michael was introduced to Madonna by New Radicals producer Rick Nowels. Rick enlisted Michael to create electronica-inspired drum loops and beats, which were used as building blocks for songwriting sessions that Rick was having with Madonna. Some of these songs were finished, and became part of Madonna's 1998 album Ray of Light. Prior to this, Michael had worked with Madonna producer Stephen Bray, preparing tracks for an album called In the Beginning, a collection of songs written by Madonna and Bray before Madonna became a household name. Madonna took a liking to Michael, as he was from her home state of Michigan, and took to calling him "Detroit Mike", a nickname that he still is known by today.
Kid Rock
In 1998, Michael had been given a demo by another Michigan native, Kid Rock. Michael called Rock, to express his interest in his music, and to offer to introduce him to record executives in California. Although Kid Rock eventually found his own way to a deal with Atlantic Records, he never forgot Michael's belief in him, and invited Michael to join him on his tour, opening for Limp Bizkit. Michael built a small "rolling studio" on Kid Rock's tour bus, and during this period, they recorded tracks for Kid Rock's triple-platinum album The History of Rock. Also, at this time, Michael met Kid Rock's DJ, Matt Shafer, aka Uncle Kracker. Uncle Kracker was signed to Kid Rock's Top Dog Records, and during the tour, production began on Uncle Kracker's first album, Double Wide.
With Kid Rock, Michael also created music for films such The Crow: Salvation, Any Given Sunday and Shanghai Noon. Michael also contributed to Kid Rock's collaborations with Tommy Lee's Methods of Mayhem and remixes for the band Mindless Self Indulgence.
Uncle Kracker
Uncle Kracker and Michael became frequent collaborators, starting with the co-writing of Kracker's breakout single "Follow Me". This song propelled Double Wide to eventually selling more than 2 million copies in the United States, with "Follow Me" becoming a top ten single in many countries around the world. Michael was also named as a producer of Double Wide, along with Kid Rock.
Michael stayed on to produce Uncle Kracker's next album, No Stranger to Shame, which went gold, and yielded the successful singles "In A Little While" and "Drift Away", a song that broke the record for the most weeks at #1 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Chart.
The next Uncle Kracker album was Seventy Two and Sunny also produced by Michael Bradford. This album explored Bradford and Kracker's fondness for 70's radio pop, and included guests Phil Vassar, Bret Michaels of the band Poison and Kenny Chesney.
For Uncle Kracker's fourth album, Happy Hour (2009), producer Rob Cavallo was brought in to make new recordings. However, some of Michael's songwriting was included, including "I'm Not Leaving" and "Another Love Song". Michael's production of "I'm Not Leaving" was also released on Happy Hour: The South River Road Sessions (2010), an EP of mixes, geared towards the country music market. This album also included "Letter To My Daughters", from No Stranger to Shame.
Another song originally intended for Happy Hour was called "Some People". This song has subsequently been recorded by the Georgia band REHAB.
In addition to album production, Michael and Uncle Kracker have created music for several films, including Good Boy!, Clockstoppers, Osmosis Jones and American Pie 2.
Beth Hart
In 2001, Michael was introduced to Beth Hart by Lava Records' President, Jason Flom. Michael and Beth began a musical collaboration that eventually yielded the 2003 album Leave the Light On. The album was well received by Beth's fans as well as the critics, including website epinions.com, who said of the album, "It's real, it's raw, and it's gorgeous" The album featured Beth Hart's live band, with arrangements by Michael. Michael also played some additional keyboard and guitar overdubs during the post-productionphase of the album.
Deep Purple
In 2002, Michael was contacted by Disney Music Exec Brian Rawlings, who presented Mike with an offer to produce Deep Purple. Mike flew to England to meet Rawlings and then accepted an invite from Bruce Payne manager of Deep Purple to come to one of their concerts in Brighton, England. Upon arriving, Michael met the band and was presented with the opportunity to produce their next album. After the tour ended, Michael and the band set up camp in Los Angeles, to write and record the album Bananas, which was released in 2003. Reviews were positive, with Prog Archives Magazine commenting that Michael "proves himself to be a good songwriter, not just a great producer". The "Bananas" Tour went on to being a very successful run for the band, and Michael appeared onstage with Deep Purple several times during the promotion of the album.
In 2005, Deep Purple reconvened with Michael to record their next album, Rapture of the Deep. This album was recorded at Michael's private studio in Tarzana, California. The album was recorded quickly, due to Bradford's concern that taking a long time would lose the spontaneity of the band. Although some band members felt rushed, the result was an album that caused the BBC to report, "lengthy jams, heavy riffs, chugging basslines, and waves of deliciously smoking Hammond organ signal an intent within the Purple camp. They're back, and they are on form". The Rapture of the Deep tour found the band circling the globe yet again, and once again, Michael joined them on stage periodically, culminating in a 2006 performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival, the site first mentioned in Deep Purple's classic song "Smoke on the Water".
Dave Stewart
In 2007, Michael met artist Dave Stewart, formerly of Eurythmics, who was looking for someone who could put together a band for him to perform a retrospective of his famous songs with, and also to write arrangements so that the songs could be performed with an orchestra. The first of these shows was to be a performance at the Tower Music Festival, in front of the Tower of London. Stewart also had plans to record this material for an album, as well as new songs at a future date. Dave hired Bradford, and thus began a collaboration that has taken the two of then around the world. The album The Dave Stewart Songbook, Vol.1 was released in 2008. In August 2010, Stewart and Bradford traveled to Blackbird Studios in Nashville, TN to record a new album of songs with local musicians.
Film and television
Michael has been active in television and film music, with songs and productions of his appearing in movies as diverse as Disney's Cinderella II: Dreams Come True, Mission: Impossible 2, Freedom, the television series (Fox TV), Hannah Montana, Jump In and The Fan, starring Robert De Niro and Wesley Snipes.
Bass Renaissance
Ringo Starr and Mike
Although known as an accomplished songwriter and producer, Michael has always considered himself a bassist. 2010 has provided him with new opportunities to enjoy his primary instrument. January 2010 saw the release of Ringo Starr's new album Y Not, featuring Bradford on bass on certain tracks, along with fellow bassist Sir Paul McCartney on others. In July 2010, Michael was brought in by Dave Stewart and Glen Ballard to play bass on the upcoming Stevie Nicks album. Michael joined an A-List group of musicians for the album, including Waddy Wachtel, Steve Ferrone, Mick Fleetwood, Mike Rowe and Zac Rae. Michael has also enjoyed live performance in 2010, primarily with Jazz pianist Kevin Toney.
Bass sound
Michael is a proponent of Gibson Basses, primarily the Thunderbird 5-string model. Michael uses the Ampeg SVT-VR Bass Head with the matching 810E speaker cabinet. For live performances he prefers 2 heads and 2 cabinets. Michael uses a rack of effects by Line 6, including their Pod X3 Pro, Filter Pro, Mod Pro and Echo Pro rack-mount effects. Michael also uses the SWR Interstellar Overdrive Bass Preamp as a direct box signal. His slightly overdriven sound was inspired primarily by Deep Purple's Roger Glover, but also by the melodic styles of Jack Bruce, John Paul Jones and Mel Schacher of Grand Funk Railroad.
In addition to his Gibson Basses, Michael has a series of custom 5, 6 and 8-string basses made for him by Washburn Guitars. His most prized, and rarely seen bass is a one-of-a-kind fretless bass made for Michael by Joseph Santavicca, a luthier from Detroit. Joe has since died, making the bass truly irreplaceable. The bass took 2 years to complete, earning it the nickname "Slow Joe". It is usually kept in storage.
Guitar sound
Although primarily a bass player, Michael has played guitar since he was six years old. He has a large collection of electric and acoustic guitars, and is a lover of small-wattage, "boutique" amplifiers from THD, Gerhardt, Komet, and Blockhead. Michael also uses the larger ENGL Powerball, a four-channel amp with a 100 watt power rating. Michael uses 2 custom pedalboards with a variety of effects including the vintage A/DA Flanger and the Foxx Tone Machine, along with a Pete Cornish distortion box.
Production style
Although known for rock albums, Michael tends to take an old-school acoustic approach to recording, relying on microphone placement and room acoustics rather than outboard gear and effects. Working with the artist, Michael prefers a pre-production period where the songs can be written, played and critiqued before entering the studio to record. This requires the full involvement of the artist, and exposes any problems with the material before committing it to being recorded.
Once in the studio, Michael records quickly, following his often-spoken adage "If it takes too long, you are doing it wrong". This comes from Michael's experience with artists who, in search of perfection, end up undoing good work by constantly trying to improve it.
There is no signature "Bradford Sound", as he tries to do what is best for each artist. However, big guitars, simple lyrics and strong drums are his favorite hallmarks.
Michael plays many instruments on his productions, especially if the artist does not have a band, and he also does most of his own engineering and mixing. He is an avid user of Pro Tools software for recording and editing, but he has also been known to record basic tracks to tape.
Michael has had extensive experience recording vocalists including Anita Baker, Terence Trent D'arby and Mick Jagger. Michael prefers the CAD Audio VX2 Microphone, along with a hand built preamp from Frank DiMedia Labs and Manley Laboratories Opto-Compressor.
In Sound on Sound magazine, Michael summed up his philosophy this way: "For me it's really crucial to understand what the artist is basically trying to say through the record," Bradford explains. "That is, assuming the artist is actually trying to communicate some sort of deeper message, as opposed to just singing the song. Both kinds of record are valid – some are purely entertainment, whereas others have this whole level of communication going on, and if you are lucky enough to be part of one of those records, I think it's really important to listen to what the artist is trying to say. You can be of maximum use by just helping him or her to bring that out and get their point across."
Credits
References
External links
The Detroit Riot of 1967: Events
Michael Bradford Interview - NAMM Oral History Library (2016)
1961 births
Living people
Guitarists from Detroit
20th-century American bass guitarists |
Great America is a 1994 acrylic-and-collage-on-canvas painting by American contemporary artist and professor Kerry James Marshall.
Description
From Slow Painting:
"Three young women and a man are crammed in a canoe-like boat that looks like the ones we know from amusement parks. In combination with the texts 'wow' in the word balloon and 'Great America' on a ribbon, this brightly colored painting immediately evokes associations with a commercial billboard—an advertisement to attract visitors...In the upper right corner we can see a fifth figure that seems to be drowning. And what about the dark tunnel the boat appears to be entering? The suggestion of a dramatic, insecure future quite conflicts with an understanding of the image as being related to promoting spooky entertainment."
Interpretation
The National Gallery of Art, where Great America was exhibited in 2013, has described its meaning as:
"This painting reimagines a boat ride into a haunted tunnel at an amusement park as the Middle Passage—the forced journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas. What might in other hands be a work of heavy irony becomes instead a delicate interweaving of the histories of painting and race. The canvas, which is stretched directly onto the wall, creates a screen or backdrop onto which viewers project their own associations triggered by the powerful imagery."
Writing about the painting in The Wall Street Journal, Kelly Crow expands upon the idea of the canvas as an amusement park scene, with a group of black people aboard the "Tunnel of Love" boat ride. Crow explains:
"At first glance, the work's brightly colored palette makes everything seem merry, but Mr. Marshall fills his tunnel with ghostly, hooded shapes that evoke the Ku Klux Klan. The passengers are also crammed into the boat in a way that's reminiscent of the Middle Passage, the centurieslong slave trade that involved shipping kidnapped Africans to the New World."
The Washington Post said of the painting:
"On closer inspection, in fact, the figures are not smiling. They don’t seem to be having the least bit of fun. Nor is this body of water upon which they sail some fun-house lagoon; there are suggestions of turbulence and depth, and mountains in the distance. This is an ocean, it dawns on us, the Atlantic Ocean. And if the people in the boat are contemporary Americans at leisure, they are also their ancestors embarked on the middle passage, the tragic voyage that brought them here from Africa in shackles.
Marhsall himself has said Great American is about, "both the transatlantic slave trade and what it means for present-day black people to be Americans."
History
The National Gallery of Art acquired the painting in 2011. Great America was the centerpiece of an exhibit at the National Gallery of Art entitled "In the Tower: Kerry James Marshall", which was on view from June to December 2013.
At least one study Marshall produced ahead of painting the final canvas for Great America was lost when a fire destroyed the Kent, Washington, D.C. home of art collector Peggy Cooper Cafritz.
Reception and influence
Will Gompertz, writing for BBC News, drew comparisons between Great America and Donald Glover's "This Is America" music video, saying of the video, "Its subject of race, representation, opportunity and acts of extreme violence against African Americans is shared with the work of several other leading contemporary black American artists...Kerry James Marshall's 1994 painting, Great America, for instance."
Chicago magazine described the canvas as, "a tart, haunting rendering of the transatlantic slave trade as a ghastly carnival ride." Complex named Great America one of the greatest American paintings.
See also
African-American art
Visual art of the United States
References
1994 paintings
Contemporary works of art
African-American art
American art
American paintings
Collections of the National Gallery of Art |
```python
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# ==============================================================================
"""Tests for object_detection.predictors.heads.mask_head."""
import unittest
import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
from google.protobuf import text_format
from object_detection.builders import hyperparams_builder
from object_detection.predictors.heads import keras_mask_head
from object_detection.protos import hyperparams_pb2
from object_detection.utils import test_case
from object_detection.utils import tf_version
@unittest.skipIf(tf_version.is_tf1(), 'Skipping TF2.X only test.')
class ConvolutionalMaskPredictorTest(test_case.TestCase):
def _build_conv_hyperparams(self):
conv_hyperparams = hyperparams_pb2.Hyperparams()
conv_hyperparams_text_proto = """
activation: NONE
regularizer {
l2_regularizer {
}
}
initializer {
truncated_normal_initializer {
}
}
"""
text_format.Merge(conv_hyperparams_text_proto, conv_hyperparams)
return hyperparams_builder.KerasLayerHyperparams(conv_hyperparams)
def test_prediction_size_use_depthwise_false(self):
conv_hyperparams = self._build_conv_hyperparams()
mask_prediction_head = keras_mask_head.ConvolutionalMaskHead(
is_training=True,
num_classes=20,
use_dropout=True,
dropout_keep_prob=0.5,
kernel_size=3,
conv_hyperparams=conv_hyperparams,
freeze_batchnorm=False,
num_predictions_per_location=1,
use_depthwise=False,
mask_height=7,
mask_width=7)
def graph_fn():
image_feature = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 17, 19, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
mask_predictions = mask_prediction_head(image_feature)
return mask_predictions
mask_predictions = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 323, 20, 7, 7], mask_predictions.shape)
def test_prediction_size_use_depthwise_true(self):
conv_hyperparams = self._build_conv_hyperparams()
mask_prediction_head = keras_mask_head.ConvolutionalMaskHead(
is_training=True,
num_classes=20,
use_dropout=True,
dropout_keep_prob=0.5,
kernel_size=3,
conv_hyperparams=conv_hyperparams,
freeze_batchnorm=False,
num_predictions_per_location=1,
use_depthwise=True,
mask_height=7,
mask_width=7)
def graph_fn():
image_feature = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 17, 19, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
mask_predictions = mask_prediction_head(image_feature)
return mask_predictions
mask_predictions = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 323, 20, 7, 7], mask_predictions.shape)
def test_class_agnostic_prediction_size_use_depthwise_false(self):
conv_hyperparams = self._build_conv_hyperparams()
mask_prediction_head = keras_mask_head.ConvolutionalMaskHead(
is_training=True,
num_classes=20,
use_dropout=True,
dropout_keep_prob=0.5,
kernel_size=3,
conv_hyperparams=conv_hyperparams,
freeze_batchnorm=False,
num_predictions_per_location=1,
use_depthwise=False,
mask_height=7,
mask_width=7,
masks_are_class_agnostic=True)
def graph_fn():
image_feature = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 17, 19, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
mask_predictions = mask_prediction_head(image_feature)
return mask_predictions
mask_predictions = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 323, 1, 7, 7], mask_predictions.shape)
def test_class_agnostic_prediction_size_use_depthwise_true(self):
conv_hyperparams = self._build_conv_hyperparams()
mask_prediction_head = keras_mask_head.ConvolutionalMaskHead(
is_training=True,
num_classes=20,
use_dropout=True,
dropout_keep_prob=0.5,
kernel_size=3,
conv_hyperparams=conv_hyperparams,
freeze_batchnorm=False,
num_predictions_per_location=1,
use_depthwise=True,
mask_height=7,
mask_width=7,
masks_are_class_agnostic=True)
def graph_fn():
image_feature = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 17, 19, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
mask_predictions = mask_prediction_head(image_feature)
return mask_predictions
mask_predictions = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 323, 1, 7, 7], mask_predictions.shape)
@unittest.skipIf(tf_version.is_tf1(), 'Skipping TF2.X only test.')
class MaskRCNNMaskHeadTest(test_case.TestCase):
def _build_conv_hyperparams(self,
op_type=hyperparams_pb2.Hyperparams.CONV):
hyperparams = hyperparams_pb2.Hyperparams()
hyperparams_text_proto = """
activation: NONE
regularizer {
l2_regularizer {
}
}
initializer {
truncated_normal_initializer {
}
}
"""
text_format.Merge(hyperparams_text_proto, hyperparams)
hyperparams.op = op_type
return hyperparams_builder.KerasLayerHyperparams(hyperparams)
def test_prediction_size(self):
mask_prediction_head = keras_mask_head.MaskRCNNMaskHead(
is_training=True,
num_classes=20,
conv_hyperparams=self._build_conv_hyperparams(),
freeze_batchnorm=False,
mask_height=14,
mask_width=14,
mask_prediction_num_conv_layers=2,
mask_prediction_conv_depth=256,
masks_are_class_agnostic=False)
def graph_fn():
roi_pooled_features = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 7, 7, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
prediction = mask_prediction_head(roi_pooled_features)
return prediction
prediction = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 1, 20, 14, 14], prediction.shape)
def test_prediction_size_with_convolve_then_upsample(self):
mask_prediction_head = keras_mask_head.MaskRCNNMaskHead(
is_training=True,
num_classes=20,
conv_hyperparams=self._build_conv_hyperparams(),
freeze_batchnorm=False,
mask_height=28,
mask_width=28,
mask_prediction_num_conv_layers=2,
mask_prediction_conv_depth=256,
masks_are_class_agnostic=True,
convolve_then_upsample=True)
def graph_fn():
roi_pooled_features = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 14, 14, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
prediction = mask_prediction_head(roi_pooled_features)
return prediction
prediction = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 1, 1, 28, 28], prediction.shape)
@unittest.skipIf(tf_version.is_tf1(), 'Skipping TF2.X only test.')
class WeightSharedConvolutionalMaskPredictorTest(test_case.TestCase):
def _build_conv_hyperparams(self):
conv_hyperparams = hyperparams_pb2.Hyperparams()
conv_hyperparams_text_proto = """
activation: NONE
regularizer {
l2_regularizer {
}
}
initializer {
truncated_normal_initializer {
}
}
"""
text_format.Merge(conv_hyperparams_text_proto, conv_hyperparams)
return hyperparams_builder.KerasLayerHyperparams(conv_hyperparams)
def test_prediction_size(self):
mask_prediction_head = (
keras_mask_head.WeightSharedConvolutionalMaskHead(
num_classes=20,
num_predictions_per_location=1,
conv_hyperparams=self._build_conv_hyperparams(),
mask_height=7,
mask_width=7))
def graph_fn():
image_feature = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 17, 19, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
mask_predictions = mask_prediction_head(image_feature)
return mask_predictions
mask_predictions = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 323, 20, 7, 7], mask_predictions.shape)
def test_class_agnostic_prediction_size(self):
mask_prediction_head = (
keras_mask_head.WeightSharedConvolutionalMaskHead(
num_classes=20,
num_predictions_per_location=1,
conv_hyperparams=self._build_conv_hyperparams(),
mask_height=7,
mask_width=7,
masks_are_class_agnostic=True))
def graph_fn():
image_feature = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 17, 19, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
mask_predictions = mask_prediction_head(image_feature)
return mask_predictions
mask_predictions = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 323, 1, 7, 7], mask_predictions.shape)
if __name__ == '__main__':
tf.test.main()
``` |
Stanton Babcock (January 12, 1904 – March 10, 1979) was an American equestrian. He competed in two events at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Babcock was also a Major General of the Army who commanded the 2nd Armored Division between April 1956 and June 1957.
Family
He was the son of Brigadier General Conrad Stanton Babcock (1876-1950) who was buried at Arlington National Cemetery and the father of actress Barbara Babcock. He was married to Jadwiga Florence Noskowiak (1903-2000). He is also known under the name Conrad Stanton Babcoc Jr.
Life
In 1925 Babock graduated from the United States Military Academy in West Point and was commissioned in the Cavalry. During the following 36 years he advanced through the ranks up to Major General. In 1941 he was assigned as military attache to the United States Ambassador in Japan. After the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the following involvement of the United States in World War II he was interned until being returned to the United States in late 1942. In 1944 Babcock belonged to the staff of the Joint Chiefs of Staff where he served on the strategic plans committee. In 1945 he took part in the Battle of Okinawa where he was wounded. Therefore he was unable to participate in any military actions for the remainder of the war.
In 1950 Babcock served as one of the advisors of John Foster Dulles on the Japanese Peace Treaty negotiations. In the following years he held several positions as staff officer in various headquarters and military units. Between 1951 and 1954 he was attached to the United States Military Mission to United Nations. This was followed by an assignment to the staff of the 7th Infantry Division in South Korea. In 1955 he was assigned to the 2nd Armored Division in Germany where he first served as Assistant division commander. Between April 1956 and June 1957 he commanded this division. His next assignment led him to France where he served as Chief of the Military Assistance Advisory Group. Between 1959 and 1960 Babcock commanded the VIII Corps. Finally he was assigned to the staff of the United States Mission to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Paris. There he was in charge of the Mutual Weapons Development Team. Babock retired in 1961.
Between 1961 and 1976 he worked in various functions for the Stanford Research Institute. Later he moved to Carmel-by-the-Sea in California. He died on 10 March 1979 in that city.
References
External links
1904 births
1979 deaths
American male equestrians
Olympic equestrians for the United States
Equestrians at the 1936 Summer Olympics
People from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |
Heaven's Basement were an English rock band formed in 2008 and signed with Red Bull Records. Band members included Aaron Buchanan (vocals), Sid Glover (guitar, vocals), Rob Ellershaw (bass, backing vocals), and Chris Rivers (drums). The band split up in January 2017.
Their debut album, Filthy Empire, was released in 2013. They released their first single, "Fire, Fire", in September 2012 leading up to their album release. The single peaked at number 11 on the Mainstream Rock chart.
History
Heaven's Basement EP (2008–2010)
Heaven's Basement was renowned for their heavy touring schedules and extremely energetic live performances. The band first performed live in Kettering at The Sawyers venue in April 2008 after a few months of being locked away in a studio writing songs. Since that point, Heaven's Basement toured Europe with the likes of Papa Roach, Buckcherry, Bon Jovi, Theory of a Deadman, Shinedown, Blind Melon, Hardcore Superstar, Tesla, Madina Lake, D-A-D, Thunder, Black Stone Cherry, Halestorm, D'espairsRay and Black Veil Brides as well as playing at many festivals such as Bloodstock Open Air, Hard Rock Hell, Graspop Metal Meeting, Download Festival, and Sonisphere among others. Heaven's Basement also worked with the American record producer Bob Marlette in the studio.
They were invited to open for Bon Jovi on the Manchester show of their tour at the City of Manchester Stadium, playing to an audience of around 50,000 people. Later that summer, the band released their own self-titled E.P. which was recorded at Sandhills studio in Liverpool. The rest of the summer was spent with the band playing small clubs and pubs all across the UK, building their fanbase. In November 2008 Heaven's Basement were invited to be the main support for Thunder on their UK tour, which also helped to rapidly build their fanbase. They ended 2008 with a UK headline tour, with support from fellow upcoming band Wired Desire. After impressing Thunder on their UK tour, Heaven's Basement started 2009 with the main support slot to Thunder on their European tour in Feb/March which included dates in Belgium, Holland, Germany, and Switzerland.
In early September 2009, Heaven's Basement announced on their MySpace page that their bassist, Rob Randell, had left the band for personal reasons. As the band had many gigs lined up for the month after this, Jonny Rocker took on bass duties for some of the shows. The band held auditions for a new bass player, and it was announced late in October that Rob Ellershaw was to take over. Rob had supported Heaven's Basement in his previous band Whitefire for a number of shows in 2008.
In October 2009, Heaven's Basement appeared live alongside Papa Roach and Madina Lake during Papa Roach's Metamorphosis tour of the United Kingdom. According to both Metal Hammer and Kerrang! magazines, as one of the best live bands in Britain. They returned to the UK for a full headlining tour in December 2009, with Dear Superstar and New Device supporting. They also appeared as co-headliners with the Eureka Machines at Rockit '09, Rugby, alongside local act Audio Narcotix.
During 2009, Bob Marlette expressed his interest in working with the band to produce some songs. He traveled to the UK for two sessions with Heaven's Basement at Monow Valley studios. Two of the songs recorded were added to the band's EP ("Can't Let Go" and "Misunderstood" replacing "Saint Routine" and "Fear of Getting Off"). Another song from the sessions, "The Long Goodbye" was released in early 2010 via the band's MySpace site, but others remained unreleased.
In February 2010, just two weeks before the UK headline tour, the band announced that lead singer Richie Hevanz was leaving the band, citing the reason that the demands of constant touring had overwhelmed him. Just as Hevanz left the band, they were also confirmed as main support to Theory of a Deadman across Europe throughout March and April. Heaven's Basement called upon friend Johnny Fallen from UK based band "The Fallen" to sing temporarily whilst they searched for a new frontman. Heaven's Basement appeared at a number of high-profile festivals during the summer of 2010, including Sonisphere at Knebworth park on the Bohemia stage (headlined by Rammstein) and the Swedish Sonisphere pre-party with The Cult. They also appeared at the first Getaway Festival in Sweden alongside Deftones and Airbourne.
Guitarist Jonny Rocker broke his finger whilst playing football in July 2010 a few hours before the band were due to go stage opening for Papa Roach. The band decided to carry on and play the show as a four-piece, and the rest of the summer headline and festival dates were also performed as a four-piece.
Heaven's Basement released a statement in August 2010 informing everyone that they would be spending the rest of 2010 mainly off the road, working on brand new material whilst seeking a new full-time singer.
Unbreakable EP (2011)
On Thursday 17 February 2011, Heaven's Basement released a statement saying that Aaron Buchanan (ex-Oceans Upon Us) would be taking over on lead vocals, and that rhythm guitarist and long-time band member Jonny Rocker would be leaving to pursue a more behind-the-scenes career in music. Heaven's Basement stated that they would, for the foreseeable future, be a four-piece. On the same day, a new song 'Unbreakable' was released which was also revealed to be the title of the band's second EP. The Unbreakable EP was released on 5 May at the band's first show of their UK headline tour, and was later released on iTunes. In May through to June, the band toured extensively across the UK.
Following a highly successful UK tour, Heaven's Basement were offered an acoustic slot at Download Festival and Sonisphere Festival, as well as a main-stage slot at High Voltage Festival in London, alongside the likes of Judas Priest, Dream Theater and Slash. They prepared for these acoustic dates with a warm-up show in The World's End, Camden. Heaven's Basement released a statement in association with these shows, saying that they weren't going to become just a 'soft' acoustic band (as many bands at the time were choosing to perform acoustic sets), and that fans could expect an equally energetic performance from their acoustic shows as they could from their full electric gigs.
In October 2011, Heaven's Basement travelled to Los Angeles for a month to record new material. In November, they announced that they'd signed a deal with Red Bull Records. "Paper Plague", a new song recorded during this recording session, was released as a free download, and three new shows were announced for December 2011.
Filthy Empire, Buchanan's departure and split (2012–2017)
In September 2012, the band released a single from their debut album Filthy Empire entitled "Fire, Fire". John Feldmann produced, co-wrote on, and mixed the album. The band promoted this with a month-long European tour with Halestorm and the band's first ever appearance in America playing alongside The Darkness at Club Nokia in Los Angeles on 24 October 2012. They then went on to do a UK and European tour with Seether in November 2012 and finished off 2012 with a show at the Camden Barfly, London on 18 December 2012. The band returned to perform at Carolina Rebellion and Rock on The Range through the spring and summer of 2013. They had some show dates with Buckcherry, before returning to the UK for their headline run in July. The band then went on tour in the US and Canada with The Pretty Reckless and Louna. They closed out the year in the UK and Europe with Black Veil Brides. They were subsequently scheduled to perform throughout Australia as part of the 2014 Soundwave Festival.
During 2015, the band began recording their new album, stating that the new record would be released sometime later in the year.
Filthy Empire, the band's debut album, was released on 4 February 2013 to excellent reviews, including KKKK from Kerrang, and entered the BBC Rock Album Chart at No. 9 in the UK. This album included the singles "Fire, Fire", "Nothing Left to Lose" and "I Am Electric", each of which was accompanied by a music video. "Fire, Fire" peaked at No. 11 on the US Mainstream Rock chart (Week of 10 May 2013).
On 21 October 2015, it was announced via social media that Aaron Buchanan had parted ways with the band, with the following statement: "We've all had a fantastic few years touring the world with Filthy Empire but we simply feel that our time together has run its course." Buchanan went on to form Aaron Buchanan & The Cult Classics in April 2016, with debut album "The Man With Stars On His Knees" (mastered at Abbey Road Studios) released on 26 May 2017 to critical acclaim.
In 2016, former band member Richie Hevanz became frontman of Fragile Things, following a short stint in a band called Endless Mile.
In July 2021, he became the frontman for Misery's Smile.
In January 2017, Heaven's Basement announced via social media that they had decided to split up. Former band members Sid Glover and Rob Ellershaw went on to found a new band called The Cruel Knives, together with Tom Harris and Al Junior.
Band members
Chris Rivers — drums (2008–2017)
Sid Glover — lead guitar, vocals (2008–2017)
Rob 'Bones' Ellershaw — bass guitar, backing vocals (2009–2017)
David Radahd-Jones (Jonny Rocker) — rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2008–2011)
Rob Randell — bass guitar (2008–2009)
Richie Hevanz — lead vocals (2008–2010)
Aaron Buchanan — lead vocals (2011–2015)
Touring musicians
Johnny Fallen — lead vocals (2010)
James Sinclair — lead vocals (2010)
Danny Worsnop – lead vocals (2015)
Tom Harris — lead vocals (2016–2017)
Discography
Heaven's Basement (EP) (2008)
Unbreakable (EP) (2011)
Filthy Empire (2013)
In popular culture
The song "I Am Electric" is featured on the soundtrack of the video game Need for Speed: Most Wanted and is a playable track in Rock Band 4.
The song "Fire, Fire" is featured on the soundtrack of NHL 14.
References
External links
English rock music groups
English heavy metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 2008
Musical groups disestablished in 2017 |
Julio Gallo (March 21, 1910 – May 2, 1993) was one of two of the founders of the E & J Gallo Winery.
Biography
He was born on March 21, 1910, in Oakland, California to Joseph Gallo, Sr. He had two brothers: his partner in the wine business, Ernest Gallo; and his youngest brother, Joseph Edward Gallo. Joseph Gallo, Sr. died in a murder-suicide when he shot his wife and then took his own life. Julio grew up near Modesto, California and graduated in 1929 from Modesto High School. He married Aileen (1913–1999) and they had: Robert J. Gallo, and Susan Gallo Coleman.
He died on May 2, 1993, when the vehicle he was driving veered off a dirt road on his ranch near Tracy, California. The cause of death was a cervical spine fracture and partial dislocation caused by the blunt-force trauma of the crash.
Awards and honors
1989 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
2006 – Hospitality Industry Hall of Honor, Conrad N. Hilton College, Hilton University of Houston
Further reading
Gallo Family Vineyards
Henderson, Bruce, with Ernest and Julio Gallo. Ernest & Julio: Our Story. Times Books, 1994
References
1910 births
1993 deaths
American people of Italian descent
Wine merchants
20th-century American businesspeople
Gallo family
Road incident deaths in California |
This list includes all ships known or thought to have been shipwrecked on the coast of what is now Australia up to 1699, including those that were refloated. All of them occurred on the west coast; that is, on the coast of what is now Western Australia.
List of 17th century shipwrecks in Australia
Notes
Both the National Shipwreck Database and the Western Australian Shipwrecks Database list an unidentified ship that ran aground at Victoria Harbour on the south coast of Western Australia in 1627. According to the National Shipwreck Database, it was refloated. The Western Australian Shipwrecks Database lists as sources Heeres (1899) p. 51; The West Australian, 4 February 1937; The West Australian, 24 February 1937; and research notes of D. C. Cowan. The first of these appears to be in error, as Heeres makes no mention of a ship grounding on the south coast on that page.
References
Australia history-related lists
Z
17th Century
17th century-related lists
17th-century
Australia transport-related lists
Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company |
```javascript
//@flow
import { request } from '../../utils';
import db from 'shared/testing/db';
import data from 'shared/testing/data';
// various permissions for Spectrum community
const member = data.users.find(({ username }) => username === 'mxstbr');
const noPermissionUser = data.users.find(
({ username }) => username === 'bad-boy'
);
afterEach(() => {
return db
.table('threads')
.filter({ content: { title: 'test thread' } })
.delete()
.run();
});
const variables = {
thread: {
channelId: 'ce2b4488-4c75-47e0-8ebc-2539c1e6a192',
communityId: 'ce2b4488-4c75-47e0-8ebc-2539c1e6a191',
type: 'DRAFTJS',
content: {
title: 'test thread',
body: '',
},
},
};
it('should create a thread if user has permissions', async () => {
const query = /* GraphQL */ `
mutation publishThread($thread: ThreadInput!) {
publishThread (thread: $thread) {
isPublished
isLocked
type
content {
title
}
}
},
`;
const context = {
user: member,
};
expect.assertions(1);
const result = await request(query, { context, variables });
expect(result).toMatchSnapshot();
});
it('should prevent thread publish if user has no permissions', async () => {
const query = /* GraphQL */ `
mutation publishThread($thread: ThreadInput!) {
publishThread (thread: $thread) {
isPublished
isLocked
type
content {
title
}
}
},
`;
const context = {
user: noPermissionUser,
};
expect.assertions(1);
const result = await request(query, { context, variables });
expect(result).toMatchSnapshot();
});
it('should prevent signed out users from publishing a thread', async () => {
const query = /* GraphQL */ `
mutation publishThread($thread: ThreadInput!) {
publishThread (thread: $thread) {
isPublished
isLocked
type
content {
title
}
}
},
`;
expect.assertions(1);
const result = await request(query, { variables });
expect(result).toMatchSnapshot();
});
``` |
```c++
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#include "src/wasm/baseline/liftoff-assembler.h"
#include "src/assembler-inl.h"
#include "src/base/optional.h"
#include "src/compiler/linkage.h"
#include "src/compiler/wasm-compiler.h"
#include "src/counters.h"
#include "src/macro-assembler-inl.h"
#include "src/wasm/function-body-decoder-impl.h"
#include "src/wasm/memory-tracing.h"
#include "src/wasm/wasm-objects.h"
#include "src/wasm/wasm-opcodes.h"
namespace v8 {
namespace internal {
namespace wasm {
using WasmCompilationData = compiler::WasmCompilationData;
constexpr auto kRegister = LiftoffAssembler::VarState::kRegister;
constexpr auto KIntConst = LiftoffAssembler::VarState::KIntConst;
constexpr auto kStack = LiftoffAssembler::VarState::kStack;
namespace {
#define __ asm_->
#define TRACE(...) \
do { \
if (FLAG_trace_liftoff) PrintF("[liftoff] " __VA_ARGS__); \
} while (false)
#define WASM_INSTANCE_OBJECT_OFFSET(name) \
(WasmInstanceObject::k##name##Offset - kHeapObjectTag)
#define LOAD_INSTANCE_FIELD(dst, name, type) \
__ LoadFromInstance(dst.gp(), WASM_INSTANCE_OBJECT_OFFSET(name), \
LoadType(type).size());
constexpr LoadType::LoadTypeValue kPointerLoadType =
kPointerSize == 8 ? LoadType::kI64Load : LoadType::kI32Load;
#if V8_TARGET_ARCH_ARM64
// On ARM64, the Assembler keeps track of pointers to Labels to resolve
// branches to distant targets. Moving labels would confuse the Assembler,
// thus store the label on the heap and keep a unique_ptr.
class MovableLabel {
public:
Label* get() { return label_.get(); }
MovableLabel() : MovableLabel(new Label()) {}
operator bool() const { return label_ != nullptr; }
static MovableLabel None() { return MovableLabel(nullptr); }
private:
std::unique_ptr<Label> label_;
explicit MovableLabel(Label* label) : label_(label) {}
};
#else
// On all other platforms, just store the Label directly.
class MovableLabel {
public:
Label* get() { return &label_; }
operator bool() const { return true; }
static MovableLabel None() { return MovableLabel(); }
private:
Label label_;
};
#endif
compiler::CallDescriptor* GetLoweredCallDescriptor(
Zone* zone, compiler::CallDescriptor* call_desc) {
return kPointerSize == 4 ? compiler::GetI32WasmCallDescriptor(zone, call_desc)
: call_desc;
}
constexpr ValueType kTypesArr_ilfd[] = {kWasmI32, kWasmI64, kWasmF32, kWasmF64};
constexpr Vector<const ValueType> kTypes_ilfd = ArrayVector(kTypesArr_ilfd);
class LiftoffCompiler {
public:
MOVE_ONLY_NO_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTOR(LiftoffCompiler);
// TODO(clemensh): Make this a template parameter.
static constexpr wasm::Decoder::ValidateFlag validate =
wasm::Decoder::kValidate;
using Value = ValueBase;
struct ElseState {
MovableLabel label;
LiftoffAssembler::CacheState state;
};
struct Control : public ControlWithNamedConstructors<Control, Value> {
MOVE_ONLY_WITH_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTORS(Control);
std::unique_ptr<ElseState> else_state;
LiftoffAssembler::CacheState label_state;
MovableLabel label;
};
using Decoder = WasmFullDecoder<validate, LiftoffCompiler>;
struct OutOfLineCode {
MovableLabel label;
MovableLabel continuation;
Builtins::Name builtin;
wasm::WasmCodePosition position;
LiftoffRegList regs_to_save;
uint32_t pc; // for trap handler.
// Named constructors:
static OutOfLineCode Trap(Builtins::Name b, wasm::WasmCodePosition pos,
uint32_t pc) {
return {{}, {}, b, pos, {}, pc};
}
static OutOfLineCode StackCheck(wasm::WasmCodePosition pos,
LiftoffRegList regs) {
return {{}, MovableLabel::None(), Builtins::kWasmStackGuard, pos, regs,
0};
}
};
LiftoffCompiler(LiftoffAssembler* liftoff_asm,
compiler::CallDescriptor* call_descriptor,
compiler::ModuleEnv* env,
SourcePositionTableBuilder* source_position_table_builder,
WasmCompilationData* wasm_compilation_data,
Zone* compilation_zone, std::unique_ptr<Zone>* codegen_zone,
WasmCode* const* code_table_entry)
: asm_(liftoff_asm),
descriptor_(
GetLoweredCallDescriptor(compilation_zone, call_descriptor)),
env_(env),
min_size_(uint64_t{env_->module->initial_pages} * wasm::kWasmPageSize),
max_size_(uint64_t{env_->module->has_maximum_pages
? env_->module->maximum_pages
: wasm::kV8MaxWasmMemoryPages} *
wasm::kWasmPageSize),
source_position_table_builder_(source_position_table_builder),
wasm_compilation_data_(wasm_compilation_data),
compilation_zone_(compilation_zone),
codegen_zone_(codegen_zone),
safepoint_table_builder_(compilation_zone_),
code_table_entry_(code_table_entry) {}
~LiftoffCompiler() { BindUnboundLabels(nullptr); }
bool ok() const { return ok_; }
void unsupported(Decoder* decoder, const char* reason) {
ok_ = false;
TRACE("unsupported: %s\n", reason);
decoder->errorf(decoder->pc(), "unsupported liftoff operation: %s", reason);
BindUnboundLabels(decoder);
}
bool DidAssemblerBailout(Decoder* decoder) {
if (decoder->failed() || !asm_->did_bailout()) return false;
unsupported(decoder, asm_->bailout_reason());
return true;
}
bool CheckSupportedType(Decoder* decoder,
Vector<const ValueType> supported_types,
ValueType type, const char* context) {
char buffer[128];
// Check supported types.
for (ValueType supported : supported_types) {
if (type == supported) return true;
}
SNPrintF(ArrayVector(buffer), "%s %s", WasmOpcodes::TypeName(type),
context);
unsupported(decoder, buffer);
return false;
}
int GetSafepointTableOffset() const {
return safepoint_table_builder_.GetCodeOffset();
}
void BindUnboundLabels(Decoder* decoder) {
#ifdef DEBUG
// Bind all labels now, otherwise their destructor will fire a DCHECK error
// if they where referenced before.
uint32_t control_depth = decoder ? decoder->control_depth() : 0;
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < control_depth; ++i) {
Control* c = decoder->control_at(i);
Label* label = c->label.get();
if (!label->is_bound()) __ bind(label);
if (c->else_state) {
Label* else_label = c->else_state->label.get();
if (!else_label->is_bound()) __ bind(else_label);
}
}
for (auto& ool : out_of_line_code_) {
if (!ool.label.get()->is_bound()) __ bind(ool.label.get());
}
#endif
}
void StartFunction(Decoder* decoder) {
int num_locals = decoder->NumLocals();
__ set_num_locals(num_locals);
for (int i = 0; i < num_locals; ++i) {
__ set_local_type(i, decoder->GetLocalType(i));
}
}
// Returns the number of inputs processed (1 or 2).
uint32_t ProcessParameter(ValueType type, uint32_t input_idx) {
const int num_lowered_params = 1 + needs_reg_pair(type);
// Initialize to anything, will be set in the loop and used afterwards.
LiftoffRegister reg = LiftoffRegister::from_code(kGpReg, 0);
RegClass rc = num_lowered_params == 1 ? reg_class_for(type) : kGpReg;
LiftoffRegList pinned;
for (int pair_idx = 0; pair_idx < num_lowered_params; ++pair_idx) {
compiler::LinkageLocation param_loc =
descriptor_->GetInputLocation(input_idx + pair_idx);
// Initialize to anything, will be set in both arms of the if.
LiftoffRegister in_reg = LiftoffRegister::from_code(kGpReg, 0);
if (param_loc.IsRegister()) {
DCHECK(!param_loc.IsAnyRegister());
int reg_code = param_loc.AsRegister();
RegList cache_regs = rc == kGpReg ? kLiftoffAssemblerGpCacheRegs
: kLiftoffAssemblerFpCacheRegs;
if (cache_regs & (1 << reg_code)) {
// This is a cache register, just use it.
in_reg = LiftoffRegister::from_code(rc, reg_code);
} else {
// Move to a cache register (spill one if necessary).
// Note that we cannot create a {LiftoffRegister} for reg_code, since
// {LiftoffRegister} can only store cache regs.
LiftoffRegister in_reg = __ GetUnusedRegister(rc, pinned);
if (rc == kGpReg) {
__ Move(in_reg.gp(), Register::from_code(reg_code), type);
} else {
__ Move(in_reg.fp(), DoubleRegister::from_code(reg_code), type);
}
}
} else if (param_loc.IsCallerFrameSlot()) {
in_reg = __ GetUnusedRegister(rc, pinned);
ValueType lowered_type = num_lowered_params == 1 ? type : kWasmI32;
__ LoadCallerFrameSlot(in_reg, -param_loc.AsCallerFrameSlot(),
lowered_type);
}
reg = pair_idx == 0 ? in_reg
: LiftoffRegister::ForPair(reg.gp(), in_reg.gp());
pinned.set(reg);
}
__ PushRegister(type, reg);
return num_lowered_params;
}
void StackCheck(wasm::WasmCodePosition position) {
if (FLAG_wasm_no_stack_checks ||
!wasm_compilation_data_->runtime_exception_support()) {
return;
}
out_of_line_code_.push_back(
OutOfLineCode::StackCheck(position, __ cache_state()->used_registers));
OutOfLineCode& ool = out_of_line_code_.back();
__ StackCheck(ool.label.get());
if (ool.continuation) __ bind(ool.continuation.get());
}
// Inserts a check whether the optimized version of this code already exists.
// If so, it redirects execution to the optimized code.
void JumpToOptimizedCodeIfExisting() {
// Check whether we have an optimized function before
// continuing to execute the Liftoff-compiled code.
// TODO(clemensh): Reduce number of temporary registers.
LiftoffRegList pinned;
LiftoffRegister wasm_code_addr =
pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned));
LiftoffRegister target_code_addr =
pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned));
LiftoffRegister code_start_address =
pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned));
// Get the current code's target address ({instructions_.start()}).
__ ComputeCodeStartAddress(code_start_address.gp());
static LoadType kPointerLoadType =
LoadType::ForValueType(LiftoffAssembler::kWasmIntPtr);
using int_t = std::conditional<kPointerSize == 8, uint64_t, uint32_t>::type;
static_assert(sizeof(int_t) == sizeof(uintptr_t), "weird uintptr_t");
// Get the address of the WasmCode* currently stored in the code table.
__ LoadConstant(target_code_addr,
WasmValue(reinterpret_cast<int_t>(code_table_entry_)),
RelocInfo::WASM_CODE_TABLE_ENTRY);
// Load the corresponding WasmCode*.
__ Load(wasm_code_addr, target_code_addr.gp(), Register::no_reg(), 0,
kPointerLoadType, pinned);
// Load its target address ({instuctions_.start()}).
__ Load(target_code_addr, wasm_code_addr.gp(), Register::no_reg(),
WasmCode::kInstructionStartOffset, kPointerLoadType, pinned);
// If the current code's target address is the same as the
// target address of the stored WasmCode, then continue executing, otherwise
// jump to the updated WasmCode.
Label cont;
__ emit_cond_jump(kEqual, &cont, LiftoffAssembler::kWasmIntPtr,
target_code_addr.gp(), code_start_address.gp());
__ LeaveFrame(StackFrame::WASM_COMPILED);
__ emit_jump(target_code_addr.gp());
__ bind(&cont);
}
void StartFunctionBody(Decoder* decoder, Control* block) {
__ EnterFrame(StackFrame::WASM_COMPILED);
__ set_has_frame(true);
pc_offset_stack_frame_construction_ = __ PrepareStackFrame();
// {PrepareStackFrame} is the first platform-specific assembler method.
// If this failed, we can bail out immediately, avoiding runtime overhead
// and potential failures because of other unimplemented methods.
// A platform implementing {PrepareStackFrame} must ensure that we can
// finish compilation without errors even if we hit unimplemented
// LiftoffAssembler methods.
if (DidAssemblerBailout(decoder)) return;
// Parameter 0 is the instance parameter.
uint32_t num_params =
static_cast<uint32_t>(decoder->sig_->parameter_count());
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < __ num_locals(); ++i) {
if (!CheckSupportedType(decoder, kTypes_ilfd, __ local_type(i), "param"))
return;
}
// Input 0 is the call target, the instance is at 1.
constexpr int kInstanceParameterIndex = 1;
// Store the instance parameter to a special stack slot.
compiler::LinkageLocation instance_loc =
descriptor_->GetInputLocation(kInstanceParameterIndex);
DCHECK(instance_loc.IsRegister());
DCHECK(!instance_loc.IsAnyRegister());
Register instance_reg = Register::from_code(instance_loc.AsRegister());
__ SpillInstance(instance_reg);
// Input 0 is the code target, 1 is the instance. First parameter at 2.
uint32_t input_idx = kInstanceParameterIndex + 1;
for (uint32_t param_idx = 0; param_idx < num_params; ++param_idx) {
input_idx += ProcessParameter(__ local_type(param_idx), input_idx);
}
DCHECK_EQ(input_idx, descriptor_->InputCount());
// Set to a gp register, to mark this uninitialized.
LiftoffRegister zero_double_reg(Register::from_code<0>());
DCHECK(zero_double_reg.is_gp());
for (uint32_t param_idx = num_params; param_idx < __ num_locals();
++param_idx) {
ValueType type = decoder->GetLocalType(param_idx);
switch (type) {
case kWasmI32:
__ cache_state()->stack_state.emplace_back(kWasmI32, uint32_t{0});
break;
case kWasmI64:
__ cache_state()->stack_state.emplace_back(kWasmI64, uint32_t{0});
break;
case kWasmF32:
case kWasmF64:
if (zero_double_reg.is_gp()) {
// Note: This might spill one of the registers used to hold
// parameters.
zero_double_reg = __ GetUnusedRegister(kFpReg);
// Zero is represented by the bit pattern 0 for both f32 and f64.
__ LoadConstant(zero_double_reg, WasmValue(0.));
}
__ PushRegister(type, zero_double_reg);
break;
default:
UNIMPLEMENTED();
}
}
block->label_state.stack_base = __ num_locals();
// The function-prologue stack check is associated with position 0, which
// is never a position of any instruction in the function.
StackCheck(0);
DCHECK_EQ(__ num_locals(), __ cache_state()->stack_height());
// TODO(kimanh): if possible, we want to move this check further up,
// in order to avoid unnecessary overhead each time we enter
// a Liftoff-compiled function that will jump to a Turbofan-compiled
// function.
if (FLAG_wasm_tier_up) {
JumpToOptimizedCodeIfExisting();
}
}
void GenerateOutOfLineCode(OutOfLineCode& ool) {
__ bind(ool.label.get());
const bool is_stack_check = ool.builtin == Builtins::kWasmStackGuard;
const bool is_mem_out_of_bounds =
ool.builtin == Builtins::kThrowWasmTrapMemOutOfBounds;
if (is_mem_out_of_bounds && env_->use_trap_handler) {
uint32_t pc = static_cast<uint32_t>(__ pc_offset());
DCHECK_EQ(pc, __ pc_offset());
wasm_compilation_data_->AddProtectedInstruction(ool.pc, pc);
}
if (!wasm_compilation_data_->runtime_exception_support()) {
// We cannot test calls to the runtime in cctest/test-run-wasm.
// Therefore we emit a call to C here instead of a call to the runtime.
// In this mode, we never generate stack checks.
DCHECK(!is_stack_check);
__ CallTrapCallbackForTesting();
__ LeaveFrame(StackFrame::WASM_COMPILED);
__ Ret();
return;
}
if (!ool.regs_to_save.is_empty()) __ PushRegisters(ool.regs_to_save);
source_position_table_builder_->AddPosition(
__ pc_offset(), SourcePosition(ool.position), false);
__ Call(__ isolate()->builtins()->builtin_handle(ool.builtin),
RelocInfo::CODE_TARGET);
safepoint_table_builder_.DefineSafepoint(asm_, Safepoint::kSimple, 0,
Safepoint::kNoLazyDeopt);
DCHECK_EQ(ool.continuation.get()->is_bound(), is_stack_check);
if (!ool.regs_to_save.is_empty()) __ PopRegisters(ool.regs_to_save);
if (is_stack_check) {
__ emit_jump(ool.continuation.get());
} else {
__ AssertUnreachable(AbortReason::kUnexpectedReturnFromWasmTrap);
}
}
void FinishFunction(Decoder* decoder) {
if (DidAssemblerBailout(decoder)) return;
for (OutOfLineCode& ool : out_of_line_code_) {
GenerateOutOfLineCode(ool);
}
safepoint_table_builder_.Emit(asm_, __ GetTotalFrameSlotCount());
__ PatchPrepareStackFrame(pc_offset_stack_frame_construction_,
__ GetTotalFrameSlotCount());
}
void OnFirstError(Decoder* decoder) {
ok_ = false;
BindUnboundLabels(decoder);
}
void NextInstruction(Decoder* decoder, WasmOpcode) {
TraceCacheState(decoder);
}
void Block(Decoder* decoder, Control* block) {
block->label_state.stack_base = __ cache_state()->stack_height();
}
void Loop(Decoder* decoder, Control* loop) {
loop->label_state.stack_base = __ cache_state()->stack_height();
// Before entering a loop, spill all locals to the stack, in order to free
// the cache registers, and to avoid unnecessarily reloading stack values
// into registers at branches.
// TODO(clemensh): Come up with a better strategy here, involving
// pre-analysis of the function.
__ SpillLocals();
// Loop labels bind at the beginning of the block.
__ bind(loop->label.get());
// Save the current cache state for the merge when jumping to this loop.
loop->label_state.Split(*__ cache_state());
// Execute a stack check in the loop header.
StackCheck(decoder->position());
}
void Try(Decoder* decoder, Control* block) { unsupported(decoder, "try"); }
void If(Decoder* decoder, const Value& cond, Control* if_block) {
DCHECK_EQ(if_block, decoder->control_at(0));
DCHECK(if_block->is_if());
if (if_block->start_merge.arity > 0 || if_block->end_merge.arity > 1)
return unsupported(decoder, "multi-value if");
// Allocate the else state.
if_block->else_state = base::make_unique<ElseState>();
// Test the condition, jump to else if zero.
Register value = __ PopToRegister().gp();
__ emit_cond_jump(kEqual, if_block->else_state->label.get(), kWasmI32,
value);
if_block->label_state.stack_base = __ cache_state()->stack_height();
// Store the state (after popping the value) for executing the else branch.
if_block->else_state->state.Split(*__ cache_state());
}
void FallThruTo(Decoder* decoder, Control* c) {
if (c->end_merge.reached) {
__ MergeFullStackWith(c->label_state);
} else if (c->is_onearmed_if()) {
c->label_state.InitMerge(*__ cache_state(), __ num_locals(),
c->br_merge()->arity);
__ MergeFullStackWith(c->label_state);
} else {
c->label_state.Split(*__ cache_state());
}
TraceCacheState(decoder);
}
void PopControl(Decoder* decoder, Control* c) {
if (!c->is_loop() && c->end_merge.reached) {
__ cache_state()->Steal(c->label_state);
}
if (!c->label.get()->is_bound()) {
__ bind(c->label.get());
}
}
void EndControl(Decoder* decoder, Control* c) {}
enum CCallReturn : bool { kHasReturn = true, kNoReturn = false };
void GenerateCCall(const LiftoffRegister* result_regs, FunctionSig* sig,
ValueType out_argument_type,
const LiftoffRegister* arg_regs,
ExternalReference ext_ref) {
static constexpr int kMaxReturns = 1;
static constexpr int kMaxArgs = 2;
static constexpr MachineType kReps[]{
MachineType::Uint32(), MachineType::Pointer(), MachineType::Pointer()};
static_assert(arraysize(kReps) == kMaxReturns + kMaxArgs, "mismatch");
const bool has_out_argument = out_argument_type != kWasmStmt;
const uint32_t num_returns = static_cast<uint32_t>(sig->return_count());
// {total_num_args} is {num_args + 1} if the return value is stored in an
// out parameter, or {num_args} otherwise.
const uint32_t num_args = static_cast<uint32_t>(sig->parameter_count());
const uint32_t total_num_args = num_args + has_out_argument;
DCHECK_LE(num_args, kMaxArgs);
DCHECK_LE(num_returns, kMaxReturns);
MachineSignature machine_sig(num_returns, total_num_args,
kReps + (kMaxReturns - num_returns));
auto* call_descriptor = compiler::Linkage::GetSimplifiedCDescriptor(
compilation_zone_, &machine_sig);
// Before making a call, spill all cache registers.
__ SpillAllRegisters();
// Store arguments on our stack, then align the stack for calling to C.
__ PrepareCCall(sig, arg_regs, out_argument_type);
// The arguments to the c function are pointers to the stack slots we just
// pushed.
int num_stack_params = 0; // Number of stack parameters.
int input_idx = 1; // Input 0 is the call target.
int param_byte_offset = 0; // Byte offset into the pushed arguments.
auto add_argument = [&](ValueType arg_type) {
compiler::LinkageLocation loc =
call_descriptor->GetInputLocation(input_idx);
param_byte_offset +=
RoundUp<kPointerSize>(WasmOpcodes::MemSize(arg_type));
++input_idx;
if (loc.IsRegister()) {
Register reg = Register::from_code(loc.AsRegister());
// Load address of that parameter to the register.
__ SetCCallRegParamAddr(reg, param_byte_offset, arg_type);
} else {
DCHECK(loc.IsCallerFrameSlot());
__ SetCCallStackParamAddr(num_stack_params, param_byte_offset,
arg_type);
++num_stack_params;
}
};
for (ValueType arg_type : sig->parameters()) {
add_argument(arg_type);
}
if (has_out_argument) {
add_argument(out_argument_type);
}
DCHECK_EQ(input_idx, call_descriptor->InputCount());
// Now execute the call.
uint32_t c_call_arg_count =
static_cast<uint32_t>(sig->parameter_count()) + has_out_argument;
__ CallC(ext_ref, c_call_arg_count);
// Reset the stack pointer.
__ FinishCCall();
// Load return value.
const LiftoffRegister* next_result_reg = result_regs;
if (sig->return_count() > 0) {
DCHECK_EQ(1, sig->return_count());
compiler::LinkageLocation return_loc =
call_descriptor->GetReturnLocation(0);
DCHECK(return_loc.IsRegister());
Register return_reg = Register::from_code(return_loc.AsRegister());
if (return_reg != next_result_reg->gp()) {
__ Move(*next_result_reg, LiftoffRegister(return_reg),
sig->GetReturn(0));
}
++next_result_reg;
}
// Load potential return value from output argument.
if (has_out_argument) {
__ LoadCCallOutArgument(*next_result_reg, out_argument_type,
param_byte_offset);
}
}
template <ValueType src_type, ValueType result_type, class EmitFn>
void EmitUnOp(EmitFn fn) {
static RegClass src_rc = reg_class_for(src_type);
static RegClass result_rc = reg_class_for(result_type);
LiftoffRegList pinned;
LiftoffRegister src = pinned.set(__ PopToRegister(pinned));
LiftoffRegister dst = src_rc == result_rc
? __ GetUnusedRegister(result_rc, {src}, pinned)
: __ GetUnusedRegister(result_rc, pinned);
fn(dst, src);
__ PushRegister(result_type, dst);
}
void EmitI32UnOpWithCFallback(bool (LiftoffAssembler::*emit_fn)(Register,
Register),
ExternalReference (*fallback_fn)(Isolate*)) {
auto emit_with_c_fallback = [=](LiftoffRegister dst, LiftoffRegister src) {
if (emit_fn && (asm_->*emit_fn)(dst.gp(), src.gp())) return;
ExternalReference ext_ref = fallback_fn(asm_->isolate());
ValueType sig_i_i_reps[] = {kWasmI32, kWasmI32};
FunctionSig sig_i_i(1, 1, sig_i_i_reps);
GenerateCCall(&dst, &sig_i_i, kWasmStmt, &src, ext_ref);
};
EmitUnOp<kWasmI32, kWasmI32>(emit_with_c_fallback);
}
void EmitTypeConversion(WasmOpcode opcode, ValueType dst_type,
ValueType src_type,
ExternalReference (*fallback_fn)(Isolate*)) {
RegClass src_rc = reg_class_for(src_type);
RegClass dst_rc = reg_class_for(dst_type);
LiftoffRegList pinned;
LiftoffRegister src = pinned.set(__ PopToRegister());
LiftoffRegister dst = src_rc == dst_rc
? __ GetUnusedRegister(dst_rc, {src}, pinned)
: __ GetUnusedRegister(dst_rc, pinned);
if (!__ emit_type_conversion(opcode, dst, src)) {
DCHECK_NOT_NULL(fallback_fn);
ExternalReference ext_ref = fallback_fn(asm_->isolate());
ValueType sig_reps[] = {src_type};
FunctionSig sig(0, 1, sig_reps);
GenerateCCall(&dst, &sig, dst_type, &src, ext_ref);
}
__ PushRegister(dst_type, dst);
}
void UnOp(Decoder* decoder, WasmOpcode opcode, FunctionSig*,
const Value& value, Value* result) {
#define CASE_I32_UNOP(opcode, fn) \
case WasmOpcode::kExpr##opcode: \
EmitUnOp<kWasmI32, kWasmI32>( \
[=](LiftoffRegister dst, LiftoffRegister src) { \
__ emit_##fn(dst.gp(), src.gp()); \
}); \
break;
#define CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(opcode, type, fn) \
case WasmOpcode::kExpr##opcode: \
EmitUnOp<kWasm##type, kWasm##type>( \
[=](LiftoffRegister dst, LiftoffRegister src) { \
__ emit_##fn(dst.fp(), src.fp()); \
}); \
break;
#define CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(opcode, dst_type, src_type, ext_ref) \
case WasmOpcode::kExpr##opcode: \
EmitTypeConversion(kExpr##opcode, kWasm##dst_type, kWasm##src_type, \
ext_ref); \
break;
switch (opcode) {
CASE_I32_UNOP(I32Eqz, i32_eqz)
CASE_I32_UNOP(I32Clz, i32_clz)
CASE_I32_UNOP(I32Ctz, i32_ctz)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F32Abs, F32, f32_abs)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F32Neg, F32, f32_neg)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F32Ceil, F32, f32_ceil)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F32Floor, F32, f32_floor)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F32Trunc, F32, f32_trunc)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F32NearestInt, F32, f32_nearest_int)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F32Sqrt, F32, f32_sqrt)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F64Abs, F64, f64_abs)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F64Neg, F64, f64_neg)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F64Ceil, F64, f64_ceil)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F64Floor, F64, f64_floor)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F64Trunc, F64, f64_trunc)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F64NearestInt, F64, f64_nearest_int)
CASE_FLOAT_UNOP(F64Sqrt, F64, f64_sqrt)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(I32ConvertI64, I32, I64, nullptr)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(I32ReinterpretF32, I32, F32, nullptr)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(I64SConvertI32, I64, I32, nullptr)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(I64UConvertI32, I64, I32, nullptr)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(I64ReinterpretF64, I64, F64, nullptr)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(F32SConvertI32, F32, I32, nullptr)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(F32UConvertI32, F32, I32, nullptr)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(F32SConvertI64, F32, I64,
&ExternalReference::wasm_int64_to_float32)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(F32UConvertI64, F32, I64,
&ExternalReference::wasm_uint64_to_float32)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(F32ConvertF64, F32, F64, nullptr)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(F32ReinterpretI32, F32, I32, nullptr)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(F64SConvertI32, F64, I32, nullptr)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(F64UConvertI32, F64, I32, nullptr)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(F64SConvertI64, F64, I64,
&ExternalReference::wasm_int64_to_float64)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(F64UConvertI64, F64, I64,
&ExternalReference::wasm_uint64_to_float64)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(F64ConvertF32, F64, F32, nullptr)
CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION(F64ReinterpretI64, F64, I64, nullptr)
case kExprI32Popcnt:
EmitI32UnOpWithCFallback(&LiftoffAssembler::emit_i32_popcnt,
&ExternalReference::wasm_word32_popcnt);
break;
case WasmOpcode::kExprI64Eqz:
EmitUnOp<kWasmI64, kWasmI32>(
[=](LiftoffRegister dst, LiftoffRegister src) {
__ emit_i64_eqz(dst.gp(), src);
});
break;
default:
return unsupported(decoder, WasmOpcodes::OpcodeName(opcode));
}
#undef CASE_I32_UNOP
#undef CASE_FLOAT_UNOP
#undef CASE_TYPE_CONVERSION
}
template <ValueType src_type, ValueType result_type, typename EmitFn>
void EmitBinOp(EmitFn fn) {
static constexpr RegClass src_rc = reg_class_for(src_type);
static constexpr RegClass result_rc = reg_class_for(result_type);
LiftoffRegList pinned;
LiftoffRegister rhs = pinned.set(__ PopToRegister(pinned));
LiftoffRegister lhs = pinned.set(__ PopToRegister(pinned));
LiftoffRegister dst =
src_rc == result_rc
? __ GetUnusedRegister(result_rc, {lhs, rhs}, pinned)
: __ GetUnusedRegister(result_rc);
fn(dst, lhs, rhs);
__ PushRegister(result_type, dst);
}
void BinOp(Decoder* decoder, WasmOpcode opcode, FunctionSig*,
const Value& lhs, const Value& rhs, Value* result) {
#define CASE_I32_BINOP(opcode, fn) \
case WasmOpcode::kExpr##opcode: \
return EmitBinOp<kWasmI32, kWasmI32>( \
[=](LiftoffRegister dst, LiftoffRegister lhs, LiftoffRegister rhs) { \
__ emit_##fn(dst.gp(), lhs.gp(), rhs.gp()); \
});
#define CASE_I64_BINOP(opcode, fn) \
case WasmOpcode::kExpr##opcode: \
return EmitBinOp<kWasmI64, kWasmI64>( \
[=](LiftoffRegister dst, LiftoffRegister lhs, LiftoffRegister rhs) { \
__ emit_##fn(dst, lhs, rhs); \
});
#define CASE_FLOAT_BINOP(opcode, type, fn) \
case WasmOpcode::kExpr##opcode: \
return EmitBinOp<kWasm##type, kWasm##type>( \
[=](LiftoffRegister dst, LiftoffRegister lhs, LiftoffRegister rhs) { \
__ emit_##fn(dst.fp(), lhs.fp(), rhs.fp()); \
});
#define CASE_I32_CMPOP(opcode, cond) \
case WasmOpcode::kExpr##opcode: \
return EmitBinOp<kWasmI32, kWasmI32>( \
[=](LiftoffRegister dst, LiftoffRegister lhs, LiftoffRegister rhs) { \
__ emit_i32_set_cond(cond, dst.gp(), lhs.gp(), rhs.gp()); \
});
#define CASE_I64_CMPOP(opcode, cond) \
case WasmOpcode::kExpr##opcode: \
return EmitBinOp<kWasmI64, kWasmI32>( \
[=](LiftoffRegister dst, LiftoffRegister lhs, LiftoffRegister rhs) { \
__ emit_i64_set_cond(cond, dst.gp(), lhs, rhs); \
});
#define CASE_F32_CMPOP(opcode, cond) \
case WasmOpcode::kExpr##opcode: \
return EmitBinOp<kWasmF32, kWasmI32>( \
[=](LiftoffRegister dst, LiftoffRegister lhs, LiftoffRegister rhs) { \
__ emit_f32_set_cond(cond, dst.gp(), lhs.fp(), rhs.fp()); \
});
#define CASE_F64_CMPOP(opcode, cond) \
case WasmOpcode::kExpr##opcode: \
return EmitBinOp<kWasmF64, kWasmI32>( \
[=](LiftoffRegister dst, LiftoffRegister lhs, LiftoffRegister rhs) { \
__ emit_f64_set_cond(cond, dst.gp(), lhs.fp(), rhs.fp()); \
});
#define CASE_I32_SHIFTOP(opcode, fn) \
case WasmOpcode::kExpr##opcode: \
return EmitBinOp<kWasmI32, kWasmI32>( \
[=](LiftoffRegister dst, LiftoffRegister lhs, LiftoffRegister rhs) { \
__ emit_##fn(dst.gp(), lhs.gp(), rhs.gp(), {}); \
});
#define CASE_I64_SHIFTOP(opcode, fn) \
case WasmOpcode::kExpr##opcode: \
return EmitBinOp<kWasmI64, kWasmI64>([=](LiftoffRegister dst, \
LiftoffRegister src, \
LiftoffRegister amount) { \
__ emit_##fn(dst, src, amount.is_pair() ? amount.low_gp() : amount.gp(), \
{}); \
});
#define CASE_CCALL_BINOP(opcode, type, ext_ref_fn) \
case WasmOpcode::kExpr##opcode: \
return EmitBinOp<kWasmI32, kWasmI32>( \
[=](LiftoffRegister dst, LiftoffRegister lhs, LiftoffRegister rhs) { \
LiftoffRegister args[] = {lhs, rhs}; \
auto ext_ref = ExternalReference::ext_ref_fn(__ isolate()); \
ValueType sig_i_ii_reps[] = {kWasmI32, kWasmI32, kWasmI32}; \
FunctionSig sig_i_ii(1, 2, sig_i_ii_reps); \
GenerateCCall(&dst, &sig_i_ii, kWasmStmt, args, ext_ref); \
});
switch (opcode) {
CASE_I32_BINOP(I32Add, i32_add)
CASE_I32_BINOP(I32Sub, i32_sub)
CASE_I32_BINOP(I32Mul, i32_mul)
CASE_I32_BINOP(I32And, i32_and)
CASE_I32_BINOP(I32Ior, i32_or)
CASE_I32_BINOP(I32Xor, i32_xor)
CASE_I64_BINOP(I64And, i64_and)
CASE_I64_BINOP(I64Ior, i64_or)
CASE_I64_BINOP(I64Xor, i64_xor)
CASE_I32_CMPOP(I32Eq, kEqual)
CASE_I32_CMPOP(I32Ne, kUnequal)
CASE_I32_CMPOP(I32LtS, kSignedLessThan)
CASE_I32_CMPOP(I32LtU, kUnsignedLessThan)
CASE_I32_CMPOP(I32GtS, kSignedGreaterThan)
CASE_I32_CMPOP(I32GtU, kUnsignedGreaterThan)
CASE_I32_CMPOP(I32LeS, kSignedLessEqual)
CASE_I32_CMPOP(I32LeU, kUnsignedLessEqual)
CASE_I32_CMPOP(I32GeS, kSignedGreaterEqual)
CASE_I32_CMPOP(I32GeU, kUnsignedGreaterEqual)
CASE_I64_BINOP(I64Add, i64_add)
CASE_I64_BINOP(I64Sub, i64_sub)
CASE_I64_CMPOP(I64Eq, kEqual)
CASE_I64_CMPOP(I64Ne, kUnequal)
CASE_I64_CMPOP(I64LtS, kSignedLessThan)
CASE_I64_CMPOP(I64LtU, kUnsignedLessThan)
CASE_I64_CMPOP(I64GtS, kSignedGreaterThan)
CASE_I64_CMPOP(I64GtU, kUnsignedGreaterThan)
CASE_I64_CMPOP(I64LeS, kSignedLessEqual)
CASE_I64_CMPOP(I64LeU, kUnsignedLessEqual)
CASE_I64_CMPOP(I64GeS, kSignedGreaterEqual)
CASE_I64_CMPOP(I64GeU, kUnsignedGreaterEqual)
CASE_F32_CMPOP(F32Eq, kEqual)
CASE_F32_CMPOP(F32Ne, kUnequal)
CASE_F32_CMPOP(F32Lt, kUnsignedLessThan)
CASE_F32_CMPOP(F32Gt, kUnsignedGreaterThan)
CASE_F32_CMPOP(F32Le, kUnsignedLessEqual)
CASE_F32_CMPOP(F32Ge, kUnsignedGreaterEqual)
CASE_F64_CMPOP(F64Eq, kEqual)
CASE_F64_CMPOP(F64Ne, kUnequal)
CASE_F64_CMPOP(F64Lt, kUnsignedLessThan)
CASE_F64_CMPOP(F64Gt, kUnsignedGreaterThan)
CASE_F64_CMPOP(F64Le, kUnsignedLessEqual)
CASE_F64_CMPOP(F64Ge, kUnsignedGreaterEqual)
CASE_I32_SHIFTOP(I32Shl, i32_shl)
CASE_I32_SHIFTOP(I32ShrS, i32_sar)
CASE_I32_SHIFTOP(I32ShrU, i32_shr)
CASE_I64_SHIFTOP(I64Shl, i64_shl)
CASE_I64_SHIFTOP(I64ShrS, i64_sar)
CASE_I64_SHIFTOP(I64ShrU, i64_shr)
CASE_CCALL_BINOP(I32Rol, I32, wasm_word32_rol)
CASE_CCALL_BINOP(I32Ror, I32, wasm_word32_ror)
CASE_FLOAT_BINOP(F32Add, F32, f32_add)
CASE_FLOAT_BINOP(F32Sub, F32, f32_sub)
CASE_FLOAT_BINOP(F32Mul, F32, f32_mul)
CASE_FLOAT_BINOP(F32Div, F32, f32_div)
CASE_FLOAT_BINOP(F64Add, F64, f64_add)
CASE_FLOAT_BINOP(F64Sub, F64, f64_sub)
CASE_FLOAT_BINOP(F64Mul, F64, f64_mul)
CASE_FLOAT_BINOP(F64Div, F64, f64_div)
default:
return unsupported(decoder, WasmOpcodes::OpcodeName(opcode));
}
#undef CASE_I32_BINOP
#undef CASE_I64_BINOP
#undef CASE_FLOAT_BINOP
#undef CASE_I32_CMPOP
#undef CASE_I64_CMPOP
#undef CASE_F32_CMPOP
#undef CASE_F64_CMPOP
#undef CASE_I32_SHIFTOP
#undef CASE_I64_SHIFTOP
#undef CASE_CCALL_BINOP
}
void I32Const(Decoder* decoder, Value* result, int32_t value) {
__ cache_state()->stack_state.emplace_back(kWasmI32, value);
}
void I64Const(Decoder* decoder, Value* result, int64_t value) {
// The {VarState} stores constant values as int32_t, thus we only store
// 64-bit constants in this field if it fits in an int32_t. Larger values
// cannot be used as immediate value anyway, so we can also just put them in
// a register immediately.
int32_t value_i32 = static_cast<int32_t>(value);
if (value_i32 == value) {
__ cache_state()->stack_state.emplace_back(kWasmI64, value_i32);
} else {
LiftoffRegister reg = __ GetUnusedRegister(reg_class_for(kWasmI64));
__ LoadConstant(reg, WasmValue(value));
__ PushRegister(kWasmI64, reg);
}
}
void F32Const(Decoder* decoder, Value* result, float value) {
LiftoffRegister reg = __ GetUnusedRegister(kFpReg);
__ LoadConstant(reg, WasmValue(value));
__ PushRegister(kWasmF32, reg);
}
void F64Const(Decoder* decoder, Value* result, double value) {
LiftoffRegister reg = __ GetUnusedRegister(kFpReg);
__ LoadConstant(reg, WasmValue(value));
__ PushRegister(kWasmF64, reg);
}
void RefNull(Decoder* decoder, Value* result) {
unsupported(decoder, "ref_null");
}
void Drop(Decoder* decoder, const Value& value) {
__ DropStackSlot(&__ cache_state()->stack_state.back());
__ cache_state()->stack_state.pop_back();
}
void DoReturn(Decoder* decoder, Vector<Value> values, bool implicit) {
if (implicit) {
DCHECK_EQ(1, decoder->control_depth());
Control* func_block = decoder->control_at(0);
__ bind(func_block->label.get());
__ cache_state()->Steal(func_block->label_state);
}
if (!values.is_empty()) {
if (values.size() > 1) return unsupported(decoder, "multi-return");
LiftoffRegister reg = __ PopToRegister();
__ MoveToReturnRegister(reg, values[0].type);
}
__ LeaveFrame(StackFrame::WASM_COMPILED);
__ DropStackSlotsAndRet(
static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptor_->StackParameterCount()));
}
void GetLocal(Decoder* decoder, Value* result,
const LocalIndexOperand<validate>& operand) {
auto& slot = __ cache_state()->stack_state[operand.index];
DCHECK_EQ(slot.type(), operand.type);
switch (slot.loc()) {
case kRegister:
__ PushRegister(slot.type(), slot.reg());
break;
case KIntConst:
__ cache_state()->stack_state.emplace_back(operand.type,
slot.i32_const());
break;
case kStack: {
auto rc = reg_class_for(operand.type);
LiftoffRegister reg = __ GetUnusedRegister(rc);
__ Fill(reg, operand.index, operand.type);
__ PushRegister(slot.type(), reg);
break;
}
}
}
void SetLocalFromStackSlot(LiftoffAssembler::VarState& dst_slot,
uint32_t local_index) {
auto& state = *__ cache_state();
ValueType type = dst_slot.type();
if (dst_slot.is_reg()) {
LiftoffRegister slot_reg = dst_slot.reg();
if (state.get_use_count(slot_reg) == 1) {
__ Fill(dst_slot.reg(), state.stack_height() - 1, type);
return;
}
state.dec_used(slot_reg);
}
DCHECK_EQ(type, __ local_type(local_index));
RegClass rc = reg_class_for(type);
LiftoffRegister dst_reg = __ GetUnusedRegister(rc);
__ Fill(dst_reg, __ cache_state()->stack_height() - 1, type);
dst_slot = LiftoffAssembler::VarState(type, dst_reg);
__ cache_state()->inc_used(dst_reg);
}
void SetLocal(uint32_t local_index, bool is_tee) {
auto& state = *__ cache_state();
auto& source_slot = state.stack_state.back();
auto& target_slot = state.stack_state[local_index];
switch (source_slot.loc()) {
case kRegister:
__ DropStackSlot(&target_slot);
target_slot = source_slot;
if (is_tee) state.inc_used(target_slot.reg());
break;
case KIntConst:
__ DropStackSlot(&target_slot);
target_slot = source_slot;
break;
case kStack:
SetLocalFromStackSlot(target_slot, local_index);
break;
}
if (!is_tee) __ cache_state()->stack_state.pop_back();
}
void SetLocal(Decoder* decoder, const Value& value,
const LocalIndexOperand<validate>& operand) {
SetLocal(operand.index, false);
}
void TeeLocal(Decoder* decoder, const Value& value, Value* result,
const LocalIndexOperand<validate>& operand) {
SetLocal(operand.index, true);
}
void GetGlobal(Decoder* decoder, Value* result,
const GlobalIndexOperand<validate>& operand) {
const auto* global = &env_->module->globals[operand.index];
if (!CheckSupportedType(decoder, kTypes_ilfd, global->type, "global"))
return;
LiftoffRegList pinned;
LiftoffRegister addr = pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg));
LOAD_INSTANCE_FIELD(addr, GlobalsStart, kPointerLoadType);
LiftoffRegister value =
pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(reg_class_for(global->type), pinned));
LoadType type = LoadType::ForValueType(global->type);
__ Load(value, addr.gp(), no_reg, global->offset, type, pinned);
__ PushRegister(global->type, value);
}
void SetGlobal(Decoder* decoder, const Value& value,
const GlobalIndexOperand<validate>& operand) {
auto* global = &env_->module->globals[operand.index];
if (!CheckSupportedType(decoder, kTypes_ilfd, global->type, "global"))
return;
LiftoffRegList pinned;
LiftoffRegister addr = pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg));
LOAD_INSTANCE_FIELD(addr, GlobalsStart, kPointerLoadType);
LiftoffRegister reg = pinned.set(__ PopToRegister(pinned));
StoreType type = StoreType::ForValueType(global->type);
__ Store(addr.gp(), no_reg, global->offset, reg, type, pinned);
}
void Unreachable(Decoder* decoder) { unsupported(decoder, "unreachable"); }
void Select(Decoder* decoder, const Value& cond, const Value& fval,
const Value& tval, Value* result) {
unsupported(decoder, "select");
}
void Br(Control* target) {
if (!target->br_merge()->reached) {
target->label_state.InitMerge(*__ cache_state(), __ num_locals(),
target->br_merge()->arity);
}
__ MergeStackWith(target->label_state, target->br_merge()->arity);
__ jmp(target->label.get());
}
void Br(Decoder* decoder, Control* target) {
Br(target);
}
void BrIf(Decoder* decoder, const Value& cond, Control* target) {
Label cont_false;
Register value = __ PopToRegister().gp();
__ emit_cond_jump(kEqual, &cont_false, kWasmI32, value);
Br(target);
__ bind(&cont_false);
}
// Generate a branch table case, potentially reusing previously generated
// stack transfer code.
void GenerateBrCase(Decoder* decoder, uint32_t br_depth,
std::map<uint32_t, MovableLabel>& br_targets) {
MovableLabel& label = br_targets[br_depth];
if (label.get()->is_bound()) {
__ jmp(label.get());
} else {
__ bind(label.get());
Br(decoder->control_at(br_depth));
}
}
// Generate a branch table for input in [min, max).
// TODO(wasm): Generate a real branch table (like TF TableSwitch).
void GenerateBrTable(Decoder* decoder, LiftoffRegister tmp,
LiftoffRegister value, uint32_t min, uint32_t max,
BranchTableIterator<validate>& table_iterator,
std::map<uint32_t, MovableLabel>& br_targets) {
DCHECK_LT(min, max);
// Check base case.
if (max == min + 1) {
DCHECK_EQ(min, table_iterator.cur_index());
GenerateBrCase(decoder, table_iterator.next(), br_targets);
return;
}
uint32_t split = min + (max - min) / 2;
Label upper_half;
__ LoadConstant(tmp, WasmValue(split));
__ emit_cond_jump(kUnsignedGreaterEqual, &upper_half, kWasmI32, value.gp(),
tmp.gp());
// Emit br table for lower half:
GenerateBrTable(decoder, tmp, value, min, split, table_iterator,
br_targets);
__ bind(&upper_half);
// Emit br table for upper half:
GenerateBrTable(decoder, tmp, value, split, max, table_iterator,
br_targets);
}
void BrTable(Decoder* decoder, const BranchTableOperand<validate>& operand,
const Value& key) {
LiftoffRegList pinned;
LiftoffRegister value = pinned.set(__ PopToRegister());
BranchTableIterator<validate> table_iterator(decoder, operand);
std::map<uint32_t, MovableLabel> br_targets;
if (operand.table_count > 0) {
LiftoffRegister tmp = __ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned);
__ LoadConstant(tmp, WasmValue(uint32_t{operand.table_count}));
Label case_default;
__ emit_cond_jump(kUnsignedGreaterEqual, &case_default, kWasmI32,
value.gp(), tmp.gp());
GenerateBrTable(decoder, tmp, value, 0, operand.table_count,
table_iterator, br_targets);
__ bind(&case_default);
}
// Generate the default case.
GenerateBrCase(decoder, table_iterator.next(), br_targets);
DCHECK(!table_iterator.has_next());
}
void Else(Decoder* decoder, Control* if_block) {
if (if_block->reachable()) __ emit_jump(if_block->label.get());
__ bind(if_block->else_state->label.get());
__ cache_state()->Steal(if_block->else_state->state);
}
Label* AddOutOfLineTrap(wasm::WasmCodePosition position,
Builtins::Name builtin, uint32_t pc = 0) {
DCHECK(!FLAG_wasm_no_bounds_checks);
// The pc is needed for memory OOB trap with trap handler enabled. Other
// callers should not even compute it.
DCHECK_EQ(pc != 0, builtin == Builtins::kThrowWasmTrapMemOutOfBounds &&
env_->use_trap_handler);
out_of_line_code_.push_back(OutOfLineCode::Trap(builtin, position, pc));
return out_of_line_code_.back().label.get();
}
// Returns true if the memory access is statically known to be out of bounds
// (a jump to the trap was generated then); return false otherwise.
bool BoundsCheckMem(Decoder* decoder, uint32_t access_size, uint32_t offset,
Register index, LiftoffRegList pinned) {
const bool statically_oob =
access_size > max_size_ || offset > max_size_ - access_size;
if (!statically_oob &&
(FLAG_wasm_no_bounds_checks || env_->use_trap_handler)) {
return false;
}
// TODO(eholk): This adds protected instruction information for the jump
// instruction we are about to generate. It would be better to just not add
// protected instruction info when the pc is 0.
Label* trap_label = AddOutOfLineTrap(
decoder->position(), Builtins::kThrowWasmTrapMemOutOfBounds,
env_->use_trap_handler ? __ pc_offset() : 0);
if (statically_oob) {
__ emit_jump(trap_label);
Control* current_block = decoder->control_at(0);
if (current_block->reachable()) {
current_block->reachability = kSpecOnlyReachable;
}
return true;
}
DCHECK(!env_->use_trap_handler);
DCHECK(!FLAG_wasm_no_bounds_checks);
uint32_t end_offset = offset + access_size - 1;
// If the end offset is larger than the smallest memory, dynamically check
// the end offset against the actual memory size, which is not known at
// compile time. Otherwise, only one check is required (see below).
LiftoffRegister end_offset_reg =
pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned));
LiftoffRegister mem_size = __ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned);
LOAD_INSTANCE_FIELD(mem_size, MemorySize, LoadType::kI32Load);
__ LoadConstant(end_offset_reg, WasmValue(end_offset));
if (end_offset >= min_size_) {
__ emit_cond_jump(kUnsignedGreaterEqual, trap_label, kWasmI32,
end_offset_reg.gp(), mem_size.gp());
}
// Just reuse the end_offset register for computing the effective size.
LiftoffRegister effective_size_reg = end_offset_reg;
__ emit_i32_sub(effective_size_reg.gp(), mem_size.gp(),
end_offset_reg.gp());
__ emit_cond_jump(kUnsignedGreaterEqual, trap_label, kWasmI32, index,
effective_size_reg.gp());
return false;
}
void TraceMemoryOperation(bool is_store, MachineRepresentation rep,
Register index, uint32_t offset,
WasmCodePosition position) {
// Before making the runtime call, spill all cache registers.
__ SpillAllRegisters();
LiftoffRegList pinned = LiftoffRegList::ForRegs(index);
// Get one register for computing the address (offset + index).
LiftoffRegister address = pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned));
// Compute offset+index in address.
__ LoadConstant(address, WasmValue(offset));
__ emit_i32_add(address.gp(), address.gp(), index);
// Get a register to hold the stack slot for wasm::MemoryTracingInfo.
LiftoffRegister info = pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned));
// Allocate stack slot for wasm::MemoryTracingInfo.
__ AllocateStackSlot(info.gp(), sizeof(wasm::MemoryTracingInfo));
// Now store all information into the wasm::MemoryTracingInfo struct.
__ Store(info.gp(), no_reg, offsetof(wasm::MemoryTracingInfo, address),
address, StoreType::kI32Store, pinned);
__ LoadConstant(address, WasmValue(is_store ? 1 : 0));
__ Store(info.gp(), no_reg, offsetof(wasm::MemoryTracingInfo, is_store),
address, StoreType::kI32Store8, pinned);
__ LoadConstant(address, WasmValue(static_cast<int>(rep)));
__ Store(info.gp(), no_reg, offsetof(wasm::MemoryTracingInfo, mem_rep),
address, StoreType::kI32Store8, pinned);
source_position_table_builder_->AddPosition(
__ pc_offset(), SourcePosition(position), false);
Register args[] = {info.gp()};
GenerateRuntimeCall(arraysize(args), args);
}
void GenerateRuntimeCall(int num_args, Register* args) {
auto call_descriptor = compiler::Linkage::GetRuntimeCallDescriptor(
compilation_zone_, Runtime::kWasmTraceMemory, num_args,
compiler::Operator::kNoProperties, compiler::CallDescriptor::kNoFlags);
// Currently, only one argument is supported. More arguments require some
// caution for the parallel register moves (reuse StackTransferRecipe).
DCHECK_EQ(1, num_args);
constexpr size_t kInputShift = 1; // Input 0 is the call target.
compiler::LinkageLocation param_loc =
call_descriptor->GetInputLocation(kInputShift);
if (param_loc.IsRegister()) {
Register reg = Register::from_code(param_loc.AsRegister());
__ Move(LiftoffRegister(reg), LiftoffRegister(args[0]),
LiftoffAssembler::kWasmIntPtr);
} else {
DCHECK(param_loc.IsCallerFrameSlot());
__ PushCallerFrameSlot(LiftoffRegister(args[0]),
LiftoffAssembler::kWasmIntPtr);
}
// Allocate the codegen zone if not done before.
if (!*codegen_zone_) {
codegen_zone_->reset(
new Zone(__ isolate()->allocator(), "LiftoffCodegenZone"));
}
__ CallRuntime(codegen_zone_->get(), Runtime::kWasmTraceMemory);
__ DeallocateStackSlot(sizeof(wasm::MemoryTracingInfo));
}
void LoadMem(Decoder* decoder, LoadType type,
const MemoryAccessOperand<validate>& operand,
const Value& index_val, Value* result) {
ValueType value_type = type.value_type();
if (!CheckSupportedType(decoder, kTypes_ilfd, value_type, "load")) return;
LiftoffRegList pinned;
Register index = pinned.set(__ PopToRegister()).gp();
if (BoundsCheckMem(decoder, type.size(), operand.offset, index, pinned)) {
return;
}
LiftoffRegister addr = pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned));
LOAD_INSTANCE_FIELD(addr, MemoryStart, kPointerLoadType);
RegClass rc = reg_class_for(value_type);
LiftoffRegister value = pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(rc, pinned));
uint32_t protected_load_pc = 0;
__ Load(value, addr.gp(), index, operand.offset, type, pinned,
&protected_load_pc);
if (env_->use_trap_handler) {
AddOutOfLineTrap(decoder->position(),
Builtins::kThrowWasmTrapMemOutOfBounds,
protected_load_pc);
}
__ PushRegister(value_type, value);
if (FLAG_wasm_trace_memory) {
TraceMemoryOperation(false, type.mem_type().representation(), index,
operand.offset, decoder->position());
}
}
void StoreMem(Decoder* decoder, StoreType type,
const MemoryAccessOperand<validate>& operand,
const Value& index_val, const Value& value_val) {
ValueType value_type = type.value_type();
if (!CheckSupportedType(decoder, kTypes_ilfd, value_type, "store")) return;
LiftoffRegList pinned;
LiftoffRegister value = pinned.set(__ PopToRegister());
Register index = pinned.set(__ PopToRegister(pinned)).gp();
if (BoundsCheckMem(decoder, type.size(), operand.offset, index, pinned)) {
return;
}
LiftoffRegister addr = pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned));
LOAD_INSTANCE_FIELD(addr, MemoryStart, kPointerLoadType);
uint32_t protected_store_pc = 0;
__ Store(addr.gp(), index, operand.offset, value, type, pinned,
&protected_store_pc);
if (env_->use_trap_handler) {
AddOutOfLineTrap(decoder->position(),
Builtins::kThrowWasmTrapMemOutOfBounds,
protected_store_pc);
}
if (FLAG_wasm_trace_memory) {
TraceMemoryOperation(true, type.mem_rep(), index, operand.offset,
decoder->position());
}
}
void CurrentMemoryPages(Decoder* decoder, Value* result) {
unsupported(decoder, "current_memory");
}
void GrowMemory(Decoder* decoder, const Value& value, Value* result) {
unsupported(decoder, "grow_memory");
}
void CallDirect(Decoder* decoder,
const CallFunctionOperand<validate>& operand,
const Value args[], Value returns[]) {
if (operand.sig->return_count() > 1)
return unsupported(decoder, "multi-return");
if (operand.sig->return_count() == 1 &&
!CheckSupportedType(decoder, kTypes_ilfd, operand.sig->GetReturn(0),
"return"))
return;
auto call_descriptor =
compiler::GetWasmCallDescriptor(compilation_zone_, operand.sig);
call_descriptor =
GetLoweredCallDescriptor(compilation_zone_, call_descriptor);
if (operand.index < env_->module->num_imported_functions) {
// A direct call to an imported function.
LiftoffRegList pinned;
LiftoffRegister tmp = pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned));
LiftoffRegister target = pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned));
LiftoffRegister imported_targets = tmp;
LOAD_INSTANCE_FIELD(imported_targets, ImportedFunctionTargets,
kPointerLoadType);
__ Load(target, imported_targets.gp(), no_reg,
operand.index * sizeof(Address), kPointerLoadType, pinned);
LiftoffRegister imported_instances = tmp;
LOAD_INSTANCE_FIELD(imported_instances, ImportedFunctionInstances,
kPointerLoadType);
LiftoffRegister target_instance = tmp;
__ Load(target_instance, imported_instances.gp(), no_reg,
compiler::FixedArrayOffsetMinusTag(operand.index),
kPointerLoadType, pinned);
LiftoffRegister* explicit_instance = &target_instance;
Register target_reg = target.gp();
__ PrepareCall(operand.sig, call_descriptor, &target_reg,
explicit_instance);
source_position_table_builder_->AddPosition(
__ pc_offset(), SourcePosition(decoder->position()), false);
__ CallIndirect(operand.sig, call_descriptor, target_reg);
safepoint_table_builder_.DefineSafepoint(asm_, Safepoint::kSimple, 0,
Safepoint::kNoLazyDeopt);
__ FinishCall(operand.sig, call_descriptor);
} else {
// A direct call within this module just gets the current instance.
__ PrepareCall(operand.sig, call_descriptor);
source_position_table_builder_->AddPosition(
__ pc_offset(), SourcePosition(decoder->position()), false);
// Just encode the function index. This will be patched at instantiation.
Address addr = reinterpret_cast<Address>(operand.index);
__ CallNativeWasmCode(addr);
safepoint_table_builder_.DefineSafepoint(asm_, Safepoint::kSimple, 0,
Safepoint::kNoLazyDeopt);
__ FinishCall(operand.sig, call_descriptor);
}
}
void CallIndirect(Decoder* decoder, const Value& index_val,
const CallIndirectOperand<validate>& operand,
const Value args[], Value returns[]) {
if (operand.sig->return_count() > 1) {
return unsupported(decoder, "multi-return");
}
if (operand.sig->return_count() == 1 &&
!CheckSupportedType(decoder, kTypes_ilfd, operand.sig->GetReturn(0),
"return")) {
return;
}
// Pop the index.
LiftoffRegister index = __ PopToRegister();
// If that register is still being used after popping, we move it to another
// register, because we want to modify that register.
if (__ cache_state()->is_used(index)) {
LiftoffRegister new_index =
__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, LiftoffRegList::ForRegs(index));
__ Move(new_index, index, kWasmI32);
index = new_index;
}
LiftoffRegList pinned = LiftoffRegList::ForRegs(index);
// Get three temporary registers.
LiftoffRegister table = pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned));
LiftoffRegister tmp_const =
pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned));
LiftoffRegister scratch = pinned.set(__ GetUnusedRegister(kGpReg, pinned));
// Bounds check against the table size.
Label* invalid_func_label = AddOutOfLineTrap(
decoder->position(), Builtins::kThrowWasmTrapFuncInvalid);
uint32_t canonical_sig_num = env_->module->signature_ids[operand.sig_index];
DCHECK_GE(canonical_sig_num, 0);
DCHECK_GE(kMaxInt, canonical_sig_num);
// Compare against table size stored in
// {instance->indirect_function_table_size}.
LOAD_INSTANCE_FIELD(tmp_const, IndirectFunctionTableSize,
LoadType::kI32Load);
__ emit_cond_jump(kUnsignedGreaterEqual, invalid_func_label, kWasmI32,
index.gp(), tmp_const.gp());
// Load the signature from {instance->ift_sig_ids[key]}
LOAD_INSTANCE_FIELD(table, IndirectFunctionTableSigIds, kPointerLoadType);
__ LoadConstant(tmp_const,
WasmValue(static_cast<uint32_t>(sizeof(uint32_t))));
// TODO(wasm): use a emit_i32_shli() instead of a multiply.
// (currently cannot use shl on ia32/x64 because it clobbers %rcx).
__ emit_i32_mul(index.gp(), index.gp(), tmp_const.gp());
__ Load(scratch, table.gp(), index.gp(), 0, LoadType::kI32Load, pinned);
// Compare against expected signature.
__ LoadConstant(tmp_const, WasmValue(canonical_sig_num));
Label* sig_mismatch_label = AddOutOfLineTrap(
decoder->position(), Builtins::kThrowWasmTrapFuncSigMismatch);
__ emit_cond_jump(kUnequal, sig_mismatch_label,
LiftoffAssembler::kWasmIntPtr, scratch.gp(),
tmp_const.gp());
if (kPointerSize == 8) {
// {index} has already been multiplied by 4. Multiply by another 2.
__ LoadConstant(tmp_const, WasmValue(2));
__ emit_i32_mul(index.gp(), index.gp(), tmp_const.gp());
}
// Load the target from {instance->ift_targets[key]}
LOAD_INSTANCE_FIELD(table, IndirectFunctionTableTargets, kPointerLoadType);
__ Load(scratch, table.gp(), index.gp(), 0, kPointerLoadType, pinned);
// Load the instance from {instance->ift_instances[key]}
LOAD_INSTANCE_FIELD(table, IndirectFunctionTableInstances,
kPointerLoadType);
__ Load(tmp_const, table.gp(), index.gp(),
(FixedArray::kHeaderSize - kHeapObjectTag), kPointerLoadType,
pinned);
LiftoffRegister* explicit_instance = &tmp_const;
source_position_table_builder_->AddPosition(
__ pc_offset(), SourcePosition(decoder->position()), false);
auto call_descriptor =
compiler::GetWasmCallDescriptor(compilation_zone_, operand.sig);
call_descriptor =
GetLoweredCallDescriptor(compilation_zone_, call_descriptor);
Register target = scratch.gp();
__ PrepareCall(operand.sig, call_descriptor, &target, explicit_instance);
__ CallIndirect(operand.sig, call_descriptor, target);
safepoint_table_builder_.DefineSafepoint(asm_, Safepoint::kSimple, 0,
Safepoint::kNoLazyDeopt);
__ FinishCall(operand.sig, call_descriptor);
}
void SimdOp(Decoder* decoder, WasmOpcode opcode, Vector<Value> args,
Value* result) {
unsupported(decoder, "simd");
}
void SimdLaneOp(Decoder* decoder, WasmOpcode opcode,
const SimdLaneOperand<validate>& operand,
const Vector<Value> inputs, Value* result) {
unsupported(decoder, "simd");
}
void SimdShiftOp(Decoder* decoder, WasmOpcode opcode,
const SimdShiftOperand<validate>& operand,
const Value& input, Value* result) {
unsupported(decoder, "simd");
}
void Simd8x16ShuffleOp(Decoder* decoder,
const Simd8x16ShuffleOperand<validate>& operand,
const Value& input0, const Value& input1,
Value* result) {
unsupported(decoder, "simd");
}
void Throw(Decoder* decoder, const ExceptionIndexOperand<validate>&,
Control* block, const Vector<Value>& args) {
unsupported(decoder, "throw");
}
void CatchException(Decoder* decoder,
const ExceptionIndexOperand<validate>& operand,
Control* block, Vector<Value> caught_values) {
unsupported(decoder, "catch");
}
void AtomicOp(Decoder* decoder, WasmOpcode opcode, Vector<Value> args,
const MemoryAccessOperand<validate>& operand, Value* result) {
unsupported(decoder, "atomicop");
}
private:
LiftoffAssembler* const asm_;
compiler::CallDescriptor* const descriptor_;
compiler::ModuleEnv* const env_;
// {min_size_} and {max_size_} are cached values computed from the ModuleEnv.
const uint64_t min_size_;
const uint64_t max_size_;
bool ok_ = true;
std::vector<OutOfLineCode> out_of_line_code_;
SourcePositionTableBuilder* const source_position_table_builder_;
WasmCompilationData* wasm_compilation_data_;
// Zone used to store information during compilation. The result will be
// stored independently, such that this zone can die together with the
// LiftoffCompiler after compilation.
Zone* compilation_zone_;
// This zone is allocated when needed, held externally, and survives until
// code generation (in FinishCompilation).
std::unique_ptr<Zone>* codegen_zone_;
SafepointTableBuilder safepoint_table_builder_;
// The pc offset of the instructions to reserve the stack frame. Needed to
// patch the actually needed stack size in the end.
uint32_t pc_offset_stack_frame_construction_ = 0;
// Points to the cell within the {code_table_} of the NativeModule,
// which corresponds to the currently compiled function
WasmCode* const* code_table_entry_ = nullptr;
void TraceCacheState(Decoder* decoder) const {
#ifdef DEBUG
if (!FLAG_trace_liftoff || !FLAG_trace_wasm_decoder) return;
OFStream os(stdout);
for (int control_depth = decoder->control_depth() - 1; control_depth >= -1;
--control_depth) {
LiftoffAssembler::CacheState* cache_state =
control_depth == -1
? asm_->cache_state()
: &decoder->control_at(control_depth)->label_state;
bool first = true;
for (LiftoffAssembler::VarState& slot : cache_state->stack_state) {
os << (first ? "" : "-") << slot;
first = false;
}
if (control_depth != -1) PrintF("; ");
}
os << "\n";
#endif
}
};
} // namespace
} // namespace wasm
bool compiler::WasmCompilationUnit::ExecuteLiftoffCompilation() {
base::ElapsedTimer compile_timer;
if (FLAG_trace_wasm_decode_time) {
compile_timer.Start();
}
Zone zone(isolate_->allocator(), "LiftoffCompilationZone");
const wasm::WasmModule* module = env_ ? env_->module : nullptr;
auto call_descriptor = compiler::GetWasmCallDescriptor(&zone, func_body_.sig);
base::Optional<TimedHistogramScope> liftoff_compile_time_scope(
base::in_place, counters()->liftoff_compile_time());
wasm::WasmCode* const* code_table_entry =
native_module_->code_table().data() + func_index_;
wasm::WasmFullDecoder<wasm::Decoder::kValidate, wasm::LiftoffCompiler>
decoder(&zone, module, func_body_, &liftoff_.asm_, call_descriptor, env_,
&liftoff_.source_position_table_builder_, &wasm_compilation_data_,
&zone, &liftoff_.codegen_zone_, code_table_entry);
decoder.Decode();
liftoff_compile_time_scope.reset();
if (!decoder.interface().ok()) {
// Liftoff compilation failed.
isolate_->counters()->liftoff_unsupported_functions()->Increment();
return false;
}
if (decoder.failed()) return false; // Validation error
if (FLAG_trace_wasm_decode_time) {
double compile_ms = compile_timer.Elapsed().InMillisecondsF();
PrintF(
"wasm-compilation liftoff phase 1 ok: %u bytes, %0.3f ms decode and "
"compile\n",
static_cast<unsigned>(func_body_.end - func_body_.start), compile_ms);
}
// Record the memory cost this unit places on the system until
// it is finalized.
memory_cost_ = liftoff_.asm_.pc_offset();
liftoff_.safepoint_table_offset_ =
decoder.interface().GetSafepointTableOffset();
isolate_->counters()->liftoff_compiled_functions()->Increment();
return true;
}
#undef __
#undef TRACE
#undef WASM_INSTANCE_OBJECT_OFFSET
#undef LOAD_INSTANCE_FIELD
} // namespace internal
} // namespace v8
``` |
Arrifes is a civil parish in the municipality of Ponta Delgada on the island of São Miguel in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 7,086, in an area of 25.37 km².
History
The name "Arrifes" has its origin in the Arab word "Al-rife" as meaning "reef" or coastal outcropping/rocks. It is unclear whether this name was attributed to the area around Relva originally (and expanded) or was given for other reasons.
Constructed in the second-half of the 18th-Century, the Church of Nossa Senhora da Saúde, incorporated the older chapel of the same name, originally initiated by D. Margarida Bettencourt da Câmara in her last will and testament on 12 July 1627. In 1764 and 1765 it was subject to remodelling that expanded the structure to the current dimensions. Designed in the Baroque-style of the post-modern period, this structure consists of a single tower and white-facade typical of Azorean churches, while the interior altar and sacristy have ornate gold-leaf cornices and niches.
In the area of Piedade, another chapel was constructed in the name of Nossa Senhora da Piedade, and ordered constructed by João Dias Caridade at the beginning of the 16th-Century, and subject to major renovations in 1791.
Further, the Church of Nossa Senhora dos Milgares, constructed after 1816, by the community and completed in 1831. It was this church that was responsible for elevating the community to the status of parish on 3 April 1959. Romarias and associated festivals are celebrated from this church on the first Sunday after 15 August.
Geography
It is situated northeast of the urbanized core of Ponta Delgada and constituted from three main localities: Piedade, Saúde and Milagres. Also, it extends from these communities toward the north-northeast until Serra Gorda, making it the largest parish in the municipality, and one of the largest on the island. Other localities are Arribanas, Castanheira, Grotinha, Nordela and Recantos.
Landlocked, Arrifes is surrounded by Capelas to the north, São Jose (Ponta Delgada) to the south, São Sebastião and Fajã de Cima to the east, and fronts the parish of Relva and Covoada to the west.
Economy
Its extensive size allows the support of dairy-cattle; in fact, Arrifes is the largest milk-producing region of the Azores, and home of the islands main dairy factories, responsible for supporting most of the island's demand, as well as export requirements.
Architecture
Church of Nossa Senhora da Piedade (), based on a 15th-century, later remodelled in the 20th century comprising a single nave and belltower, illuminated by a uniform series of windows along the lateral wings. The principal facade is decorated by a curvilinear pediment and oculus, the two-story belltower, decorated in cornices and balustrades, similar to the parochial Church of Candelária and Church of Ginetes;
Church of Nossa Senhora da Saude (), a 17th-century chapel transformed into church, comprising a central nave and two aisles, presbytery, annexes and belltower on its left, illuminated intensely by rectangular lateral windows.
The church is not comparable to the Church of Fenais da Luz, which is quite narrow, but to the Church of Nossa Senhora da Ajuda da Bretanha;
Church of Nossa Senhora dos Milagres (), inspired by the latter Baroque, the church has less width than Nossa Senhora da Saúde and carries the same architectural profile as Nossa Senhora da Piedade, including single nave and belltower.
Culture
Festivities
The rural parish celebrates many of its religious festivals from June until late September. Firstly, there is the Romarias and festivities that are realized on the first Sunday after 15 August, from the Church of Nossa Senhora da Saúde. But these are also followed by the celebrations on the third Sunday of September at Nossa Senhora dos Milagres, and on the fourth Sunday of September at the Church of Nossa Senhora do Piedade.
References
Notes
Sources
Parishes of Ponta Delgada |
```c++
//
//
// path_to_url
//
#include "pxr/usd/usdPhysics/collisionAPI.h"
#include "pxr/usd/usd/schemaRegistry.h"
#include "pxr/usd/usd/typed.h"
#include "pxr/usd/sdf/types.h"
#include "pxr/usd/sdf/assetPath.h"
PXR_NAMESPACE_OPEN_SCOPE
// Register the schema with the TfType system.
TF_REGISTRY_FUNCTION(TfType)
{
TfType::Define<UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI,
TfType::Bases< UsdAPISchemaBase > >();
}
/* virtual */
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::~UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI()
{
}
/* static */
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::Get(const UsdStagePtr &stage, const SdfPath &path)
{
if (!stage) {
TF_CODING_ERROR("Invalid stage");
return UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI();
}
return UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI(stage->GetPrimAtPath(path));
}
/* virtual */
UsdSchemaKind UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::_GetSchemaKind() const
{
return UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::schemaKind;
}
/* static */
bool
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::CanApply(
const UsdPrim &prim, std::string *whyNot)
{
return prim.CanApplyAPI<UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI>(whyNot);
}
/* static */
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::Apply(const UsdPrim &prim)
{
if (prim.ApplyAPI<UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI>()) {
return UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI(prim);
}
return UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI();
}
/* static */
const TfType &
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::_GetStaticTfType()
{
static TfType tfType = TfType::Find<UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI>();
return tfType;
}
/* static */
bool
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::_IsTypedSchema()
{
static bool isTyped = _GetStaticTfType().IsA<UsdTyped>();
return isTyped;
}
/* virtual */
const TfType &
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::_GetTfType() const
{
return _GetStaticTfType();
}
UsdAttribute
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::GetCollisionEnabledAttr() const
{
return GetPrim().GetAttribute(UsdPhysicsTokens->physicsCollisionEnabled);
}
UsdAttribute
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::CreateCollisionEnabledAttr(VtValue const &defaultValue, bool writeSparsely) const
{
return UsdSchemaBase::_CreateAttr(UsdPhysicsTokens->physicsCollisionEnabled,
SdfValueTypeNames->Bool,
/* custom = */ false,
SdfVariabilityVarying,
defaultValue,
writeSparsely);
}
UsdRelationship
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::GetSimulationOwnerRel() const
{
return GetPrim().GetRelationship(UsdPhysicsTokens->physicsSimulationOwner);
}
UsdRelationship
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::CreateSimulationOwnerRel() const
{
return GetPrim().CreateRelationship(UsdPhysicsTokens->physicsSimulationOwner,
/* custom = */ false);
}
namespace {
static inline TfTokenVector
_ConcatenateAttributeNames(const TfTokenVector& left,const TfTokenVector& right)
{
TfTokenVector result;
result.reserve(left.size() + right.size());
result.insert(result.end(), left.begin(), left.end());
result.insert(result.end(), right.begin(), right.end());
return result;
}
}
/*static*/
const TfTokenVector&
UsdPhysicsCollisionAPI::GetSchemaAttributeNames(bool includeInherited)
{
static TfTokenVector localNames = {
UsdPhysicsTokens->physicsCollisionEnabled,
};
static TfTokenVector allNames =
_ConcatenateAttributeNames(
UsdAPISchemaBase::GetSchemaAttributeNames(true),
localNames);
if (includeInherited)
return allNames;
else
return localNames;
}
PXR_NAMESPACE_CLOSE_SCOPE
// ===================================================================== //
// Feel free to add custom code below this line. It will be preserved by
// the code generator.
//
// Just remember to wrap code in the appropriate delimiters:
// 'PXR_NAMESPACE_OPEN_SCOPE', 'PXR_NAMESPACE_CLOSE_SCOPE'.
// ===================================================================== //
// --(BEGIN CUSTOM CODE)--
``` |
HMCS Athabaskan was a destroyer that served with the Royal Canadian Navy in the immediate post-Second World War era. She was the second destroyer to bear the name "Athabaskan", after the many tribes throughout western Canada that speak Athabaskan family languages. Both this ship and the original were destroyers and thus this one became known as Athabaskan II.
Built too late to see action in the North Atlantic, Athabaskan II served in the Korean War and played an important role in Canadian postwar naval reform following a crew protest in 1949.
Construction and career
Athabaskan was ordered in April 1942. She was laid down 15 May 1943 at Halifax Shipyards and launched 4 May 1946. She was one of four Tribal-class destroyers built in Halifax during the Second World War. She was commissioned into the Royal Canadian Navy on 20 January 1948 at Halifax.
After commissioning, Athabaskan sailed for the west coast to begin her career as a training ship. She performed this task until the outbreak of the Korean War. It was during this period that the mutiny took place.
1949 'mutiny'
On 26 February 1949, when the Athabaskan was on fueling stop at Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico, ninety leading seamen and below – constituting more than half the ship's company – locked themselves in their messdecks, and refused to come out until getting the captain to hear their grievances.
The captain acted with great sensitivity to defuse the crisis, entering the mess for an informal discussion of the sailors' grievances and carefully avoiding using the term "mutiny" which could have had severe legal consequences for the sailors involved. Specifically, while talking with the disgruntled crew members, the captain is known to have placed his cap over a written list of demands which could have been used as legal evidence of a mutiny, pretending not to notice it. Years later, one of her crew suggested that one specific grievance involved the lack of rum rations, a tradition which continued until 1970.
At nearly the same time, similar incidents happened on at Nanjing, China, and on the carrier in the Caribbean, both of whose captains acted similarly to that of the Athabaskan.
Korean War
Athabaskan operated during the Korean War, earning the battle honour "Korea 1950–53"
Return to training role
Following Korea, Athabaskan underwent a major refit, recommissioning on 25 October 1954 as a destroyer escort. On 1 January 1955, Athabaskan was assigned to the Second Canadian Escort Squadron of Pacific Command. In November 1955, the Second Canadian Escort Squadron was among the Canadian units that took part in one of the largest naval exercises since the Second World War off the coast of California. She returned to her training mission which lasted until January 1959. That month, she transferred to the east coast where she became part of the destroyer squadron made up of the Tribal-class destroyers in the Royal Canadian Navy. She spent the next five years on training cruises with occasional North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) exercises. Athabaskan was placed in reserve in 1964 at Halifax.
Decommissioning and fate
Athabaskan was paid off for disposal on 21 April 1966. She was sold in 1969 and scrapped in 1970 at La Spezia, Italy.
Notes
References
External links
Tribal-class destroyers (1936) of the Royal Canadian Navy
Cold War destroyers of Canada
Ships built in Nova Scotia
Naval mutinies
1945 ships
Korean War destroyers of Canada |
Ammameh Castle () Or Maziar Castle () is a historical castle located in Ammameh village, Shemiranat County, Tehran Province, Iran. The longevity of this fortress dates back to the Ziyarid dynasty.
References
Castles in Iran |
Jawed Siddiqi FBCS is a Pakistani British computer scientist and software engineer. He is professor emeritus of software engineering at Sheffield Hallam University, England. He is the president of NCUP National Council of University Professors in the UK.
Education and academic career
Siddiqi received a BSc degree in mathematics from the University of London, followed by an MSc and PhD in computer science at the University of Aston, Birmingham. During 1991–1993, he was a visiting researcher at the Centre for Requirements and Foundation at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science), working with Professor Joseph Goguen in the area of requirements engineering. Siddiqi has been involved with the BCS Formal Aspects of Computing Science (FACS) Specialist Group for many years. Currently he is chair of the group. Siddiqi is also an executive member of the IEEE Technical Council on Software Engineering (TCSE). Siddiqi is a British computer scientist, fellow of the British Computer Society, a member of the IEEE, and a member of the ACM. He is a co-editor of Formal Methods: State of the Art and New Directions.
Fighting racism
Siddiqi has for three decades has been involved in countering racism and fighting for social justice. He was a founding member and chair of the North Staffordshire Racial Equality Council, executive member of the West Midlands Regional Board for Commission for Racial Equality, secretary of the Black Justice Project and chair of Sheffield Racial Harassment Project. He has written about and been invited to speak on countering racism particularly structural racism. He is the vice chair of The Monitoring Group (TMG). TMG works with all sections of the black and Asian communities to that are facing hostility, abuse and violence from racists. It has been involved in several high-profile cases: the Stephen Lawrence family, Sarfraz Najeib family and Zahid Mubarek family.
Public service
Siddiqi was an active member, an elected officer and an experienced case worker for his trade union the University and College Union (UCU). He has been involved in a number of cases acting as a union representative or advocate for individuals against various public and private sector organisations. In April 2006, Siddiqi successfully defended Professor Richard Bornat of Middlesex University in a hearing concerning his suspension due to controversial emails. Siddiqi has a strong interest in mediation, arbitration and conflict resolution and in various fields but particularly higher education and information technology and is a member of Improving Dispute Resolution Advisory Service (IDRAS) for Higher and Further Education, UK. He has completed training with the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators entitling him to be an Associate of the Institute.
See also
List of British Pakistanis
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Karachi
Muhajir people
Pakistani emigrants to the United Kingdom
Alumni of Aston University
Alumni of the University of London
Pakistani computer scientists
English computer scientists
Formal methods people
Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
Academics of Sheffield Hallam University
Software engineering researchers
Computer systems researchers
People from Stoke-on-Trent
Fellows of the British Computer Society
British academics of Pakistani descent |
Henry III (c. 940 – 5 October 989), called the Younger, a member of the Luitpolding dynasty, was the first Duke of Carinthia from 976 to 978, Duke of Bavaria from 983 to 985 and again Duke of Carinthia from 985 to 989.
Life
Henry the Younger was the only surviving son of Duke Berthold of Bavaria, who at the time of his birth was a loyal supporter of the royal Ottonian dynasty descending from Saxony. In 921 Henry's uncle Arnulf the Bad after two years of struggle had finally acknowledged the rule of Henry the Fowler as King of Germany and in turn achieved a certain autonomy for his Duchy of Bavaria. However, this exceptional status was denied by King Henry's son and successor Otto I, who in 938 had Arnulf's son and successor Duke Eberhard deposed and banned. King Otto appointed Arnulf's younger brother Berthold duke instead, after he had pledged allegiance and renounced the Bavarian privileges.
Duke Berthold remained a loyal vassal of the king, however, his son Henry the Younger was still a minor upon his father's death in 947 and King Otto I took the occasion to cede the Bavarian duchy to his own younger brother Henry I. As Henry I about 937 had married Judith, Duchess of Bavaria, a daughter of the late duke Arnulf the Bad, he could raise claims to the ducal title.
Early years
After he became of age, Henry the Younger waited patiently, though it seemed that Bavaria was ultimately lost for the Luitpoldings, when upon the death of the Ottonian duke Henry I in 955 he was succeeded by his four-year-old son Henry the Wrangler (as Henry II) under the tutelage of his mother Judith. Coming of age, Duke Henry II of Bavaria increased his power: in 954 his sister Hadwig had married Duke Burchard III of Swabia, in 972 he himself married Gisela of Burgundy, the niece of Emperor Otto's wife Adelaide of Italy. The tables began to turn upon Otto's death on 7 May 973, followed by the death of Henry's brother-in-law Duke Burchard III of Swabia on 12 November: Duke Henry II, not satisfied with Bavaria, raised claims to Burchard's Duchy of Swabia upon, trading on the difficulties of the new emperor, his cousin Otto II, to establish his rule. His demands were denied, when Emperor Otto II enfeoffed his nephew Otto, son of late Duke Liudolf, with Swabia.
The next year Duke Henry II of Bavaria openly revolted against his Ottonian cousin Emperor Otto II, backed by Bavarian and Saxon nobles, and even obtained the support of Duke Boleslaus II of Bohemia and Mieszko I of Poland. Emperor Otto II had to struggle for his rule, finally in 976 he marched against the Bavarian capital Regensburg and declared Duke Henry II deposed.
Duke of Carinthia
Now the patient Luitpolding heir Henry the Younger finally gained some compensation, when the emperor took the occasion to rearrange the southeastern German territories. He severed the lands of the former March of Carinthia from Bavaria and Henry the Younger was enfeoffed with the newly established Duchy of Carinthia (as Henry I), including the rule over the marches of Styria, Carniola and Istria, as well as the Italian March of Verona (his father Berthold had already received the title of a Carinthian duke by King Henry I of Germany in 927). The scaled-down Bavarian duchy passed to the loyal Ottonian duke Otto I of Swabia, while Count Leopold of Babenberg was vested with the remaining Bavarian Margraviate of Austria.
In 978 however, Henry the Younger himself was banned, probably because he now had joined the rebellion against Emperor Otto II in the War of the Three Henries, instigated by his predecessor the deposed duke Henry the Wrangler and Bishop Henry I of Augsburg during the emperor's campaign against Bohemia. Together with the forces of Duke Boleslaus II they occupied the Bavarian town of Passau, but were defeated by Otto's troops. At the Easter Imperial Diet of Magdeburg, the emperor deposed Henry the Younger and enfeoffed his Salian nephew Otto of Worms with the Carinthian duchy. All Southern German duchies — Swabia, Bavaria and Carinthia — then were held by the emperor's relatives.
Later years and death
Enfeebled by his defeat against the Sicilian Kalbids at the 982 Battle of Stilo, Emperor Otto II upon the death of Duke Otto I of Swabia and Bavaria recalled Henry the Younger from banishment in 983 and instated him as Bavarian duke (as Henry III) at the Imperial Diet of Verona. Nevertheless, his rule still remained contested by Henry the Wrangler and after the emperor died in the same year, Dowager Empress Theophanu on behalf of the succession of her minor son Otto III finally reconciled with him in 985. Duke Henry III had to renounce Bavaria in favour of Henry the Wrangler and again was given the Duchy of Carinthia instead, which Otto of Worms was forced to cede to him.
When Henry the Younger died without issue in 989, the male line of the Luitpoldings became extinct. He was succeeded in Carinthia and Verona by Henry the Wrangler, who thereby once again united the Bavarian and Carinthian estates under his rule. Henry the Younger was buried at Niederaltaich Abbey.
References
940s births
989 deaths
10th-century dukes of Bavaria
Dukes of Carinthia
Luitpoldings |
Brown Clee Hill is the highest hill in the rural English county of Shropshire, at above sea level. It is one of the Clee Hills, and is in the Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
Geography
Brown Clee Hill lies five miles north of its sister and neighbour, Titterstone Clee Hill. The highest peak of the hill is Abdon Burf, at 540 metres (1772') high with Clee Burf at 510 metres (1673').
Much more of Brown Clee Hill is private land than on Titterstone Clee, and large areas are covered with coniferous plantations. The eastern expanse of the hill is in possession of the Burwarton Estate under ownership of Viscount Boyne, whilst the western fringes of the hill are owned by various private land owners and the parish of Clee St. Margaret.
The common land features the remains of where an Iron Age hill fort once stood (See Below).
Nearby towns are Ludlow, Cleobury Mortimer, Church Stretton, Broseley, Bridgnorth and Much Wenlock.
Several air traffic control radar masts on the summit of the hill can be seen for many miles around. They, along with the ones on top of Titterstone Clee Hill build up a picture of all the aircraft in a hundred-mile radius.
A toposcope (recently built) points out local landmarks and is sited at the summit.
Geology
Like Titterstone Clee to the south, Brown Clee is formed from sedimentary rocks originating during the Carboniferous period, rising above the lower ground which is underlain by older strata of Devonian, and having a capping of hardwearing igneous rock. The gentler relief of the surrounding area is characterised by the mudstones and sandstones of the St Maughans Formation. The lower slopes of the hill itself are formed by the sandstones and conglomerates of the overlying Clee Sandstone Formation, the boundary between the two sets of strata being marked by the narrow outcrop of the Upper Abdon Limestone. Together these constitute the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the area; the middle and upper 'Old Red' are absent locally. This sequence of rocks is unconformably overlain by the mudstones of the Lower and Middle Coal Measures which of course include coal seams. Atop this thickness of sedimentary rocks are the outcrops of dolerite which form the summits of both Abdon Burf and Clee Burf. A dark coloured rock, it is known locally as 'dhustone', dhu perhaps deriving from Welsh 'du' meaning 'black'. This erosion-resistant rock was intruded into the sedimentary rocks in late Carboniferous times, though all overlying strata have long since eroded away.
Extensive areas of head are mapped to the east, and to an extent to the north, of the hill.
History
Several Iron Age hill forts are dotted around the Clee Hills. Nordy Bank is the last 'intact' survivor of three hill forts on Brown Clee. The other two, at Abdon Burf and Clee Burf, have been largely lost to quarrying activity. Nordy Bank occupies a sloping ridge top site and its ramparts are up to three metres (10') high. It was built some time in the British Iron Age first millennium BC and gives a commanding view of the local countryside.
Quarrying dhustone was for long the main income of the area, and it was widely known as a dangerous and gruelling job, this dolerite being a very hard and challenging material to extract. People would walk to the Abdon Quarry on Brown Clee Hill from as far as Bridgnorth and Ludlow, and often they would tend to at least one other job.
The Abdon Clee quarries closed in 1936, and by this time the area had become almost industrial, with a concrete plant, tarmac plant in Ditton Priors, plus a small railway to move the stone - and the quarries themselves. If the wind was coming down over the hill it was apparently possible to hear the stone crusher at the top crunching away, even down in Cleehill village.
After the quarries closed, a lot of the quarrymen went to work at the Cockshutford quarries on the other side of Brown Clee but the dhustone there was not as good quality and durable as over on the Abdon side and that quarry failed too after a short period. Many of the men returned and worked at the naval ammunition depot set up at Ditton Priors at the start of World War II. The quarries totally finished in the 1930s and 40s.
Whilst the radar facilities of the Clee Hills protect aircraft, both hills were once a hazard to aircraft, and a memorial, unveiled on Good Friday in 1981, commemorates the 23 Allied and German airmen killed here when their planes crashed into Brown Clee during World War II, in addition to those of a Jet Provost which crashed on the hill in 1969. The first aircraft to crash into Brown Clee was a German Junkers 88, on 1 April 1941. Two Wellington Bombers, a Hawker Typhoon and at least two Avro Ansons also crashed here. It is now thought that there were more wartime crashes on Brown Clee than any other hill in Britain. The engine and other parts of one of the Wellington Bombers are said to rest on the bottom of Boyne Water, Brown Clee.
Simon Evans (1895-1940), the postman writer of Cleobury Mortimer, had his ashes scattered on Abdon Burf following his death.
Views
References
External links
BBC Shropshire Clee Hills photo gallery
Geology of Shropshire - Brown Clee
Brown Clee Hill Computer Generated Summit Panorama
Hills of Shropshire
Marilyns of England
Extremities of Shropshire
Iron Age sites in England
Buildings and structures in Shropshire
Hill forts in Shropshire
Archaeological sites in Shropshire
Highest points of English counties
Mountains and hills of the United Kingdom with toposcopes |
Parotocinclus variola is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it reportedly occurs in a blackwater creek known as Quebrada Tacana, which is a tributary of the Amazon River in Colombia. The species inhabits sandy areas and reaches 2.9 cm (1.1 inches) SL.
References
Otothyrinae
Fish of Colombia |
The 1994 Grand Prix Passing Shot, also known as the Bordeaux Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Villa Primrose in Bordeaux, France that was part of the World Series of the 1994 ATP Tour. It was the 17th edition of the tournament and was held from 12 September until 18 September 1994. Second-seeded Wayne Ferreira won the singles title.
Finals
Singles
Wayne Ferreira defeated Jeff Tarango 6–0, 7–5
It was Ferreira's 3rd singles title of the year and 5th of his career.
Doubles
Olivier Delaître / Guy Forget defeated Diego Nargiso / Guillaume Raoux 6–2, 2–6, 7–5
References
External links
ITF tournament edition details
Grand Prix Passing Shot
ATP Bordeaux
Grand Prix Passing Shot
Grand Prix Passing Shot |
"She Just Started Liking Cheatin' Songs" is a song written by Kent Robbins and recorded by American country music artist John Anderson. It was released in March 1980 as the third single from the album John Anderson. The song reached #13 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
Chart performance
Alan Jackson version
Alan Jackson covered the song for his 1999 album Under the Influence. Although not released as a single, Jackson's cover charted at #72 due to unsolicited airplay.
References
1980 singles
John Anderson (musician) songs
Alan Jackson songs
Songs written by Kent Robbins
Song recordings produced by Norro Wilson
Warner Records singles
Arista Nashville singles
1980 songs |
was a daimyō during the late Azuchi–Momoyama and early Edo periods. He was the son of Kuroda Kanbei, Toyotomi Hideyoshi's chief strategist and adviser.
Biography
His childhood name was Shojumaru (松寿丸). In 1577, when Nagamasa was a small child, his father was tried and sentenced as a spy by Oda Nobunaga. Nagamasa was kidnapped and nearly killed as a hostage. With the help of Yamauchi Kazutoyo and his wife, Takenaka Hanbei ended up rescuing him. After Nobunaga was killed in the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582, Nagamasa served Toyotomi Hideyoshi along with his father and participated in the invasion of Chūgoku.
Nagamasa also participated in Hideyoshi's Korean campaign, where he commanded the army's 3rd Division of 5000 men during the first invasion (1592–1593). In the second part of the campaign (1597-1598), he held command in The Army of the Right.
Battle Of Sekigahara
Nagamasa was one of the daimyo who were on bad terms with Ishida Mitsunari, due to the latter supposedly not rewarding all those who took part in the Korean invasions for his own benefits.
Later in 1600, he took part in the Battle of Sekigahara on Tokugawa Ieyasu's side. His men killed Shima Sakon, thus securing a part of the Eastern Army's eventual victory. As a reward for his performance at the battle, Ieyasu granted Nagamasa Chikuzen – 520.000 koku – in exchange for his previous fief of Nakatsu in Buzen.
Later in 1614-1615, he participated in the Osaka Castle campaigns.
Family
Father: Kuroda Yoshitaka
Mother: Kushihashi Teru (1553–1627)
Wives:
Itohime (1571-1645)
Eihime (1585-1635)
Concubine: Choshu’in
Children:
Kikuhime married Inoue Yukifusa's son by Itohime
Kuroda Tadayuki (1602-1654) by Eihime
Tokuko married Sakakibara Tadatsugu by Eihime
Kameko married Ikeda Teruoki by Eihime
Kuroda Nagaoki (1610-1665) by Eihime
Kuroda Masafuyu by Choshu’in
Kuroda Takamasa (1612-1639) by Eihime
In popular culture
Nagamasa is a playable character from the Eastern Army in the original Kessen.
Kuroda is also a popular historical figure. His life, and his relationship to Tokugawa, has been dramatized many times in the annual NHK Taiga Drama series.
Taikoki (1965)
Hara no Sakamichi (1971)
Ougon no Hibi (1978)
Onna Taikoki (1981)
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1983)
Kasuga no Tsunobe (1989)
Hideyoshi (1996)
Aoi Tokugawa Sandai (2000)
Komyo ga Tsuji (2006)
Gunshi Kanbei (2014)
Notes
References
Samurai
1568 births
1623 deaths
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Daimyo
People of the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
Kuroda clan
Japanese Roman Catholics
People from Himeji, Hyōgo |
Obregón or Obregon may refer to:
Places
Obregon, California, US
Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
Cañadas de Obregón, Jalisco, Mexico
Other uses
Obregon (surname)
Obregon (pistol), a Mexican-designed semi-automatic pistol
Obregón F.C., a Mexican football club
Obregon Kaine, a fictional character in the CrossGen series Negation
See also
Álvaro Obregón (disambiguation) |
"Year of the Hare" is a single by the Canadian rock band Fucked Up and marks the seventh entry in their Zodiac Series of releases, each named after a different Chinese zodiac sign of the Chinese calendar. The single was released on June 16, 2015 though Jacob Bannon of Converge's label Deathwish Inc., who also contributed to the album's artwork and packaging. The lyrical content, the song's composition and interactive music video all make allusions to time, loops and rabbits.
Recording and composition
The A-side and B-side for the "Year of the Hare" single were recorded over a two-year period in three different studios, including time during the sessions for their 2014 studio album Glass Boys, when the members grew bored of working on the album and wanted to work on something else. Inspired by the books This Is Your Brain on Music and Perfecting Sound Forever, Fucked Up guitarist Mike Haliechuk said the band was looking for more experimental ways to record music that catered to the fact that sound is a subjective experience. The song was also intentionally made to be "a bit confusing and less structured" than a typical Fucked Up track, with a composition inspired by the structures of some movies or books.
The opening of "Year of the Hare" features several minutes of noise, which was a recording of an empty studio that was then played in the studio and recorded again and again through several iterations until the resulting recording became a "gnarly sounding industrial hum." Other experimental recording and production techniques on "Year of the Hare" included a recording of a member thinking of a lyric, recording members entering and exiting the sound stage, digital manipulation of audio, and audio loops inspired by Talking Heads's 1980 album Remain in Light and William Basinski's 2002/2003 album series The Disintegration Loops. The theme of "Year of the Hare" is "time, and becoming lost in it" and the lyrics make several references to rabbits, which are meant to be a "symbol for how little tasks and stresses seem to overpopulate our senses in daily life."
Promotion
Fucked Up teased the single by premiering its 8-minute-long B-side track "California Cold" for online streaming two months ahead of release on April 20, 2015. The band also embarked on a May–August 2015 (expanded with additional dates from its original run ending in July) North American and European Zodiac Tour, in which the band's lineup was expanded to a nine-piece band incorporating members from tour-opener Doomsquad, and they performed various songs from their Zodiac singles.
Interactive music video
On June 3, 2015, the band released an interactive music video for "Year of the Hare" co-created by Fucked Up and Canadian actor/musician Trevor Blumas (Warehouse 13, Twice in a Lifetime, Ice Princess). The video was presented in a series of loops for both the video and the "Year of the Hare" audio—25 short pieces of the whole project repeating an infinite number of times and connected in a random order, resulting in a different experience for each viewer. The viewer was expected to figure out how to progress through the video on his or her own while only being given the pre-video instructions of: "Use your keyboard to escape the loops." Some keyboard commands paused, played or advanced the loops, while others affected the video and audio's speed.
Through the jumbled loops and clips, the video tells the story of a young businessman getting ready for work and heading to the office. Throughout his day, he sees several stuffed rabbits or people in rabbit costumes. Fucked Up compared the video to the 1993 Bill Murray film Groundhog Day, saying the video is loosely about a man who cannot escape the worst day of his life. Fucked Up guitarist Mike Haliechuk said the song is composed of audio loops, and the video in both theme and delivery reinforce this idea. He said, "The video for the song is obviously a stretch and very surreal but it's not really far for some people I don't think. Wake up, make eggs, take the train, have a few suits you wear during the week, etc. I mean everything good is just the result of someone doing something really boring the same way for a long time and then having it transcend." Haliechuk also described the interactive video as being intentionally "unsolvable" because it fit with the theme of the song and that it was "an appropriate way to premiere the song online—in small little chunks of time that are impossible to navigate through, you can only get lost in them and try to find your way out."
Reception
Upon release, "Year of the Hare" was met with average to positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from music critics, the album received an average score of 72, which indicates "generally favorable reviews," based on 6 ratings.
Track listing
Personnel
"Year of the Hare" personnel adapted from LP liner notes.
Fucked Up
Damian Abraham – lyrics for "California Cold," vocals
Jonah Falco – guitars, bass, drums, piano, Mellotron
Mike Haliechuk – lyrics for "Year of the Hare," guitars
Sandy Miranda – bass
Josh Zucker – guitars, Mellotron
Additional musicians
Isla Craig – additional vocals on "Year of the Hare"
Jane Fair (Jonah Falco's mother) – flutes, saxophone
Moshe Rosenburg – synths
Production and recording
Brad Boatright – mastering at Audioseige
Mike Haliechuk – production
Bill Skibbe – recording at Electrical Audio, recording at Key Club Studios, production
Leon Taheny – recording at Candle Studios, production, mixing
Artwork and design
Jacob Bannon – original artwork
Mike Haliechuk – layout, design
Sandy Miranda – layout, design
References
External links
"Year of the Hare" on Bandcamp
"Year of the Hare" interactive video
2015 singles
2015 songs
Deathwish Inc. singles |
```javascript
var t = require('tap')
if (/0\.(10|8)/.test(process.version)) {
t.pass('just a dummy test, no beforeExit in this node version')
} else {
process.on('beforeExit', function (code) {
t.equal(code, 0, 'did not throw')
})
}
var lf = require('lockfile')
lf.unlock('no-file-no-cb')
``` |
```c++
//
// file licence_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
// Auto-generated by boost::lexer, do not edit
#if !defined(BOOST_SPIRIT_LEXER_NEXT_TOKEN_WCL_NOV_10_2009_17_20_29)
#define BOOST_SPIRIT_LEXER_NEXT_TOKEN_WCL_NOV_10_2009_17_20_29
#include <boost/detail/iterator.hpp>
#include <boost/spirit/home/support/detail/lexer/char_traits.hpp>
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// the generated table of state names and the tokenizer have to be
// defined in the boost::spirit::lex::lexertl::static_ namespace
namespace boost { namespace spirit { namespace lex { namespace lexertl { namespace static_ {
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// this table defines the names of the lexer states
char const* const lexer_state_names_wcl[1] =
{
"INITIAL"
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// this variable defines the number of lexer states
std::size_t const lexer_state_count_wcl = 1;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// this function returns the next matched token
template<typename Iterator>
std::size_t next_token_wcl (std::size_t& /*start_state_*/, bool& /*bol_*/,
Iterator &start_token_, Iterator const& end_, std::size_t& unique_id_)
{
enum {end_state_index, id_index, unique_id_index, state_index, bol_index,
eol_index, dead_state_index, dfa_offset};
static const std::size_t npos = static_cast<std::size_t>(~0);
static const std::size_t lookup_[256] = {
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 8, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9 };
static const std::size_t dfa_alphabet_ = 10;
static const std::size_t dfa_[50] = {
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 3, 4, 2, 1, 65536, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 65537,
1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
1, 65538, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0 };
if (start_token_ == end_)
{
unique_id_ = npos;
return 0;
}
std::size_t const* ptr_ = dfa_ + dfa_alphabet_;
Iterator curr_ = start_token_;
bool end_state_ = *ptr_ != 0;
std::size_t id_ = *(ptr_ + id_index);
std::size_t uid_ = *(ptr_ + unique_id_index);
Iterator end_token_ = start_token_;
while (curr_ != end_)
{
std::size_t const state_ =
ptr_[lookup_[static_cast<unsigned char>(*curr_++)]];
if (state_ == 0) break;
ptr_ = &dfa_[state_ * dfa_alphabet_];
if (*ptr_)
{
end_state_ = true;
id_ = *(ptr_ + id_index);
uid_ = *(ptr_ + unique_id_index);
end_token_ = curr_;
}
}
if (end_state_)
{
// return longest match
start_token_ = end_token_;
}
else
{
id_ = npos;
uid_ = npos;
}
unique_id_ = uid_;
return id_;
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// this defines a generic accessors for the information above
struct lexer_wcl
{
// version number and feature-set of compatible static lexer engine
enum
{
static_version = 65536,
supports_bol = false,
supports_eol = false
};
// return the number of lexer states
static std::size_t state_count()
{
return lexer_state_count_wcl;
}
// return the name of the lexer state as given by 'idx'
static char const* state_name(std::size_t idx)
{
return lexer_state_names_wcl[idx];
}
// return the next matched token
template<typename Iterator>
static std::size_t next(std::size_t &start_state_, bool& bol_
, Iterator &start_token_, Iterator const& end_, std::size_t& unique_id_)
{
return next_token_wcl(start_state_, bol_, start_token_, end_, unique_id_);
}
};
}}}}} // namespace boost::spirit::lex::lexertl::static_
#endif
``` |
Britz is a municipality in the district of Barnim in Brandenburg in Germany.
History
From 1815 to 1947, Britz was part of the Prussian Province of Brandenburg, from 1947 to 1952 of the State of Brandenburg, from 1952 to 1990 of the Bezirk Frankfurt of East Germany and since 1990 again of Brandenburg.
Demography
References
Localities in Barnim |
Monastyrshchinsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Smolensk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast and borders with Smolensky District in the north, Pochinkovsky District in the east, Khislavichsky District in the south, Mstsislaw District of Mogilev Region of Belarus in the west, and with Krasninsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the urban locality (a settlement) of Monastyrshchina. Population: 10,788 (2010 Census); The population of Monastyrshchino accounts for 37.7% of the district's total population.
Geography
The whole area of the district belongs to the drainage basin of the Sozh River, a tributary of the Dnieper. The principal river of the district, the Vikhra River, a right tributary of the Sozh, crosses the district from northeast to southwest and then crosses into Belarus. The settlement of Monastyrshchina is located on the left bank of the Vikhra. The rivers in the northern, central, and western parts of the district flow into the Vikhra, whereas those in the eastern and the southern parts belong to the drainage basins of other right tributaries of the Sozh.
History
Between second half of the 14th century and the middle of the 17th century, the area belonged intermittently to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, to Poland, and to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In the 18th century, much of the area belonged to Poland, and in 1772, as a result of the First Partition of Poland, it was transferred to Russia and included in the newly established Mogilev Governorate. It belonged to Mstislavsky Uyezd. In 1919, Mogilev Governorate was abolished, and Mstitlavl Uyezd was transferred to Smolensk Governorate. On 3 March 1924, a half of Mstislavsky Uyezd was transferred to Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, and seven volosts were left in Smolensk Governorate. In 1925, Monastyrshchina Volost was established.
The northern part of the district remained in Russia after the 17th century, and in the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, it was included into Smolensk Governorate and remained there until 1929, with the exception of the brief period between 1775 and 1796, when Smolensk Governorate was transformed into Smolensk Viceroyalty. The area belonged to Krasninsky Uyezd, which was established in 1775.
On 12 July 1929, governorates and uyezds were abolished, and Monastyrshchinsky District with the administrative center in the selo of Monastyrshchina was established. The district belonged to Smolensk Okrug of Western Oblast. On August 1, 1930 the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were subordinated directly to the oblast. On 27 September 1937 Western Oblast was abolished and split between Oryol and Smolensk Oblasts. Monastyrshchinsky District was transferred to Smolensk Oblast. Between 1941 and 1943, during WWII, the district was occupied by German troops. In January 1965, Monastyrshchina was granted urban-type settlement status.
In 1963, during the abortive Khrushchyov administrative reform, Khislavichsky District was merged into Monastyrshchinsky District. In 1965, it was re-established.
Economy
Industry
There is a cheese production factory, located in Monastyrshchina.
Agriculture
There are 20 large- and mid-size farms in the district.
Transportation
The closest railway station is in Pochinok, on the railway connecting Smolensk and Bryansk via Roslavl.
Monastyrshchina is connected by paved roads with Smolensk, Pochinok, and Khislavichi, and has access to the M1 highway, connecting Moscow with Belarus via Smolensk. A road of a poor quality connects Monastyrshchina with Mstsislaw across the border with Belarus. There are local roads as well, with bus traffic originating from Monastyrshchina.
The Vikhra is not navigable.
Culture and recreation
The Sts. Peter and Paul Church in Monastyrshchina was built in 1906. There is a local museum in Monastyrshchina.
References
Notes
Sources
Districts of Smolensk Oblast
States and territories established in 1929 |
Eupithecia vitreotata is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by Samuel E. Cassino in 1927. It is found in the US states of Colorado, Arizona and California.
The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are dark smoky gray with a very thin, upright, black discal streak. The hindwings are dull smoky, deepening outwardly, and with a minute discal dot. Adults have been recorded on wing from February to April.
References
Moths described in 1927
vitreotata
Moths of North America |
Girolamo Sarriano, C.R. (1580–1627) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Vico Equense (1611–1627).
Biography
Girolamo Sarriano was born in Naples, Italy in 1580 and ordained a priest in the Congregation of Clerics Regular of the Divine Providence. On 31 January 1611, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Bishop of Vico Equense. He served as Bishop of Vico Equense until his death on 23 July 1627. While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Cristoforo Caetani, Coadjutor Bishop of Foligno (1623).
References
External links and additional sources
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
17th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Bishops appointed by Pope Paul V
1580 births
1627 deaths
Clergy from Naples
Theatine bishops
16th-century Neapolitan people
17th-century Neapolitan people |
Michigan District is the name of:
Michigan District (Church of the Brethren)
Michigan District (Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod)
another name for Amtrak's Michigan Line |
...No Way Out but Forward Go is a semi-official live album and video by English post-punk band Killing Joke, recorded on 17 August 1985 at the Lorelei Festival, St. Goarshausen, Germany and originally released in 2001 by Pilot Records. It has been reissued several times, sometimes as Love Like Blood, without the video content.
Release
The recording was licensed by the festival organisers without the band's approval, hence the title. Drummer Paul Ferguson said in 2004: "Well, it was a fantastic day. We had a hoot. The Chili Peppers, Parliament, the Blasters. They were friends of ours. So, the hotel after the show was absolutely a riot... And it was a beautiful place, overlooking the banks of the Rhine. But Killing Joke on at three in the afternoon? Excuse me, but that does not work. And it wasn't a great show. We were just there and doing it. And unfortunately, the guy that released it, released it purely because it was the only material that he could get his hands on. That's unfortunately what's happening now, because there wasn't a lot of material and now people are just trying to make a buck here and there."
...No Way Out but Forward Go was initially released on 6 May 2001 by Pilot Records in a double-disc CD edition, the first disc being a normal audio CD, the second a CD-ROM with live videos of all tracks. It was also released as a double LP, and came, of course, without any video.
It was reissued as Love Like Blood in 2002, without the accompanying videos, by Digimode Entertainment on their Brilliant (budget line) series. A remastered version, also called Love Like Blood, was released in 2007 on Candlelight Records, again without videos and with a slightly altered track listing (see below).
The band's own KJ Records released a version in 2006, which included the video content and original track listing.
Reception
Jim Harper of AllMusic felt the album was "hardly a worthy substitute for a studio album, but it does showcase Killing Joke at their finest." Harper criticized the production, saying that "most of the show sounds as if it's been recorded in a rehearsal room, since the audience appears to be almost entirely lifeless", but added that "the band members give it their best effort, however, and throw themselves into the performance wholeheartedly."
Track listing
Note: the CD track listing incorrectly swaps "Chessboards" with "Adorations".
Personnel
Killing Joke
Jaz Coleman – vocals
Kevin "Geordie" Walker – guitar
Paul Raven – bass guitar
Paul Ferguson – drums
Dave Kovacevic – synthesizer
References
Killing Joke live albums
2001 live albums |
Turid Sannes is a Norwegian handball player. She played 54 matches and scored 122 goals for the Norway women's national handball team between 1975 and 1977. She participated at the 1975 World Women's Handball Championship, where the Norwegian team placed 8th.
References
Year of birth missing
Possibly living people
Norwegian female handball players |
```smalltalk
#nullable enable
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.Build.Framework;
using Xamarin.Localization.MSBuild;
using Xamarin.Messaging.Build.Client;
using Xamarin.Utils;
namespace Xamarin.MacDev.Tasks {
public class ReadAppManifest : XamarinTask, ITaskCallback {
public ITaskItem? AppManifest { get; set; }
[Output]
public string? CLKComplicationGroup { get; set; }
[Output]
public string? CFBundleExecutable { get; set; }
[Output]
public string? CFBundleDisplayName { get; set; }
[Output]
public string? CFBundleIdentifier { get; set; }
[Output]
public string? CFBundleVersion { get; set; }
[Output]
public string? MinimumOSVersion { get; set; }
[Output]
public string? NSExtensionPointIdentifier { get; set; }
[Output]
public string? UIDeviceFamily { get; set; }
[Output]
public bool WKWatchKitApp { get; set; }
[Output]
public string? XSAppIconAssets { get; set; }
[Output]
public string? XSLaunchImageAssets { get; set; }
public override bool Execute ()
{
if (ShouldExecuteRemotely ())
return new TaskRunner (SessionId, BuildEngine4).RunAsync (this).Result;
PDictionary? plist = null;
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty (AppManifest?.ItemSpec)) {
try {
plist = PDictionary.FromFile (AppManifest!.ItemSpec);
} catch (Exception ex) {
Log.LogError (null, null, null, AppManifest!.ItemSpec, 0, 0, 0, 0, MSBStrings.E0010, AppManifest.ItemSpec, ex.Message);
return false;
}
}
CFBundleExecutable = plist.GetCFBundleExecutable ();
CFBundleDisplayName = plist?.GetCFBundleDisplayName ();
CFBundleIdentifier = plist?.GetCFBundleIdentifier ();
CFBundleVersion = plist?.GetCFBundleVersion ();
CLKComplicationGroup = plist?.Get<PString> (ManifestKeys.CLKComplicationGroup)?.Value;
MinimumOSVersion = plist?.Get<PString> (PlatformFrameworkHelper.GetMinimumOSVersionKey (Platform))?.Value;
if (Platform == ApplePlatform.MacCatalyst) {
// The minimum version in the Info.plist is the macOS version. However, the rest of our tooling
// expects the iOS version, so expose that.
if (!MacCatalystSupport.TryGetiOSVersion (Sdks.GetAppleSdk (Platform).GetSdkPath (), MinimumOSVersion!, out var convertedVersion, out var knownMacOSVersions))
Log.LogError (MSBStrings.E0187, MinimumOSVersion, string.Join (", ", knownMacOSVersions.OrderBy (v => v)));
MinimumOSVersion = convertedVersion;
}
NSExtensionPointIdentifier = plist?.GetNSExtensionPointIdentifier ();
UIDeviceFamily = plist?.GetUIDeviceFamily ().ToString ();
WKWatchKitApp = plist?.GetWKWatchKitApp () == true;
XSAppIconAssets = plist?.Get<PString> (ManifestKeys.XSAppIconAssets)?.Value;
XSLaunchImageAssets = plist?.Get<PString> (ManifestKeys.XSLaunchImageAssets)?.Value;
return !Log.HasLoggedErrors;
}
public bool ShouldCopyToBuildServer (ITaskItem item) => false;
public bool ShouldCreateOutputFile (ITaskItem item) => false;
public IEnumerable<ITaskItem> GetAdditionalItemsToBeCopied () => Enumerable.Empty<ITaskItem> ();
}
}
``` |
```objective-c
/****************************************************************************
*
* ftsizes.h
*
* FreeType size objects management (specification).
*
* David Turner, Robert Wilhelm, and Werner Lemberg.
*
* This file is part of the FreeType project, and may only be used,
* modified, and distributed under the terms of the FreeType project
* license, LICENSE.TXT. By continuing to use, modify, or distribute
* this file you indicate that you have read the license and
* understand and accept it fully.
*
*/
/**************************************************************************
*
* Typical application would normally not need to use these functions.
* However, they have been placed in a public API for the rare cases where
* they are needed.
*
*/
#ifndef FTSIZES_H_
#define FTSIZES_H_
#include <freetype/freetype.h>
#ifdef FREETYPE_H
#error "freetype.h of FreeType 1 has been loaded!"
#error "Please fix the directory search order for header files"
#error "so that freetype.h of FreeType 2 is found first."
#endif
FT_BEGIN_HEADER
/**************************************************************************
*
* @section:
* sizes_management
*
* @title:
* Size Management
*
* @abstract:
* Managing multiple sizes per face.
*
* @description:
* When creating a new face object (e.g., with @FT_New_Face), an @FT_Size
* object is automatically created and used to store all pixel-size
* dependent information, available in the `face->size` field.
*
* It is however possible to create more sizes for a given face, mostly
* in order to manage several character pixel sizes of the same font
* family and style. See @FT_New_Size and @FT_Done_Size.
*
* Note that @FT_Set_Pixel_Sizes and @FT_Set_Char_Size only modify the
* contents of the current 'active' size; you thus need to use
* @FT_Activate_Size to change it.
*
* 99% of applications won't need the functions provided here, especially
* if they use the caching sub-system, so be cautious when using these.
*
*/
/**************************************************************************
*
* @function:
* FT_New_Size
*
* @description:
* Create a new size object from a given face object.
*
* @input:
* face ::
* A handle to a parent face object.
*
* @output:
* asize ::
* A handle to a new size object.
*
* @return:
* FreeType error code. 0~means success.
*
* @note:
* You need to call @FT_Activate_Size in order to select the new size for
* upcoming calls to @FT_Set_Pixel_Sizes, @FT_Set_Char_Size,
* @FT_Load_Glyph, @FT_Load_Char, etc.
*/
FT_EXPORT( FT_Error )
FT_New_Size( FT_Face face,
FT_Size* size );
/**************************************************************************
*
* @function:
* FT_Done_Size
*
* @description:
* Discard a given size object. Note that @FT_Done_Face automatically
* discards all size objects allocated with @FT_New_Size.
*
* @input:
* size ::
* A handle to a target size object.
*
* @return:
* FreeType error code. 0~means success.
*/
FT_EXPORT( FT_Error )
FT_Done_Size( FT_Size size );
/**************************************************************************
*
* @function:
* FT_Activate_Size
*
* @description:
* Even though it is possible to create several size objects for a given
* face (see @FT_New_Size for details), functions like @FT_Load_Glyph or
* @FT_Load_Char only use the one that has been activated last to
* determine the 'current character pixel size'.
*
* This function can be used to 'activate' a previously created size
* object.
*
* @input:
* size ::
* A handle to a target size object.
*
* @return:
* FreeType error code. 0~means success.
*
* @note:
* If `face` is the size's parent face object, this function changes the
* value of `face->size` to the input size handle.
*/
FT_EXPORT( FT_Error )
FT_Activate_Size( FT_Size size );
/* */
FT_END_HEADER
#endif /* FTSIZES_H_ */
/* END */
``` |
Nimi () is a king of the Suryavamsha (Solar dynasty) featured in Hindu mythology. He is considered to be the first king of the Videha kingdom and is regarded to be the ancestor to the Janaka lineage of Mithila. Nimi is the grandson of Manu, and a son of Ikshvaku.
Hinduism
Nimi's yajña
Once, Nimi performed a yajña and invited Sage Vasishtha to be the main priest to conduct the ceremony. However, the sage had already committed to conduct a yajña for Indra, and he told Nimi that he would officiate as the head priest after having conducted Indra's yajña. Nimi went away without replying. Sage Vashistha was under the impression that King Nimi has assented to wait for him.
The sage conducted Indra's yajña and rushed to preside at Nimi's yajña only to find that the yajña was already being conducted by Gautama. Sage Vasishtha got angry and cursed King Nimi that "he would cease to live in corporal form" while the king was asleep. Thus, King Nimi was left without his body to heaven with Indra, and stayed there for 9,000,000 years. After the yajña was conducted successfully, the priests asked the gods to return King Nimi to his corporal form. However, he refused to return to his bodily form. The account of Nimi is described by Rama to Lakshmana in the Uttara Kanda of Ramayana.
This episode is also detailed in the Vishnu Purana.
Buddhism
In several traditions, a righteous and edifying Videhan King Nimi or Nemi is mentioned, who travels to heaven and hell in a celestial chariot. The story is mentioned in one text of the Pāli Canon, and two Pāli post-canonical texts. The name Nimi or Nemi is explained as "he brings the lineage full circle like the rim () of a carriage wheel". The story relates that a certain King Makhadeva tells his barber that the latter should warn him as soon as the king has his first grey hair, a common memento mori motif found in ancient Indian literature, which goes back to the ancient Indian conception of stages of life. Later on, when his first hairs go grey, and his barber tells him about that, the king goes forth to lead a spiritual life as a hermit, but not before he entrusts his son to do the same when his hair goes grey. The former king is later reborn in a heavenly world. He sees that his descendants all follow the same tradition of becoming hermits when they became old. He then decides to be reborn as the next descendant of the same dynasty, and has the name King Nimi. The story then goes on to say that this king is able to travel to heaven and hell at the invitation of the god Sakka. At the end of the story, King Makhadeva, later reborn as Nimi, is identified as a previous birth of the Buddha, and the barber and heavenly charioteer are identified as the disciple Ānanda.
The story is mentioned in many other early Buddhist texts, both canonical and post-canonical. Translator C. A. F. Rhys Davids compared the legend with Dante's Inferno. The story of King Nimi visiting heaven and hell is iconic in traditional Thai art, and is easily recognizable for the average Thai person. This story, as well as many similar stories that deal with cakravartin kings, attempts to establish that the spiritual life of renunciation is superior to the worldly life, and the solitary life superior to a married life. Moreover, Asian religion scholar Naomi Appleton argues that there is a connection between the stories of the Videhan renouncing kings and the ideal of the solitary Buddha in Buddhism. Solitary Buddhas are often depicted renouncing their worldly life because of certain signs in their environment or on their body, as in the case of Makkhadeva. Finally, according to the scholar Padmanabh Jaini, the story may also have influenced how Buddhist cosmology was interpreted.
In post-canonical Pāli works, the belief is expressed that King Nimi belongs to a long line of Kings descending from Mahāsammata, the first king of humankind. The Buddha is believed to be a descendant of the same dynasty.
Jainism
In Jain texts, a similar motif as in Buddhist texts can be found, of a king called Nami.
See also
Book of Arda Viraf
Divine Comedy
Hekhalot literature
Janaka
Ikshvaku
Dilipa
References
External links
Mithila
Buddhist mythology
Jain texts
Solar dynasty |
Persona 5: The Animation is an anime television series produced by CloverWorks based on the video game Persona 5 by Atlus. The anime series is directed by Masashi Ishihama and written by Shinichi Inotsume, with Tomomi Ishikawa adapting Shigenori Soejima's original character designs for the animation. Atlus employee Kazuma Kaneko created the original demon designs, while music composer Shoji Meguro reprised his role from the game.
The 26-episode series aired in Japan between April and September 2018, followed by four special episodes; one aired in December 2018, a second in March 2019, and two more releases bundled with the Blu-Ray releases in May and June 2019. Additionally, an animated television special by A-1 Pictures, The Day Breakers, aired prior to the game's Japanese release in September 2016. The series is licensed by Sony's Aniplex of America in North America and Crunchyroll Store Australia in Australia.
Voice cast
While most of the voice cast from the original game reprise their roles, several voice actors from the original game were replaced. In the Japanese dub, Miyu Matsuki and Kazunari Tanaka, the voice actors of Chihaya Mifune and Junya Kaneshiro respectively, died in 2015 and 2016, so they were recast by Haruka Terui and Takahiro Fujimoto. In the English dub, Shinya Oda is voiced by Eden Riegel (who also voices Hifumi Togo), rather than Barbara Goodson.
Production
The anime television special The Day Breakers was announced in September 2015 during Atlus' stage event at the Tokyo Game Show. In July 2016, the title of the special was revealed as Persona 5: The Animation – The Day Breakers with Takaharu Ozaki as the director, Shinichi Inotsume as writer, Toshiyuki Yahagi and Keita Matsumoto as the character designers and A-1 Pictures as the studio. It premiered on September 3, 2016 with a runtime of 24 minutes on Tokyo MX, later airing on GTV, GYT and BS11. Aniplex of America licensed the special in North America in October 2016.
The 26-episode anime television series adaptation was announced in July 2017 for a 2018 premiere, with CloverWorks animating the series. The anime series is directed by Masashi Ishihama and written by Inotsume, and features adapted character and demon designs from the game by Tomomi Ishikawa and Kazuma Kaneko, respectively. The soundtrack was written by the game's original lead composer Shoji Meguro, who wrote both new material and arranged music from the game. Lyn performs the series' opening and ending themes; the opening themes are "Break In to Break Out" (episode 1–13) and "Dark Sun" (episode 14–26), while the ending themes are "Infinity" (episodes 2–13), "Found a Light" (episode 8), and "Autonomy" (episode 14–26). The series aired on Tokyo MX and other networks from April 7 to September 30, 2018. The first half of the epilogue to the series, titled Dark Sun..., aired on December 30, 2018. A second TV special, titled Stars and Ours and listed as the second half of the epilogue, was aired on March 23, 2019. Two final special episodes were announced to be included as extras with the 11th and 12th Blu-Ray/DVD volumes of the series.
Aniplex of America has also licensed the series in North America with Crunchyroll simulcasting it. Aniplex of America released the complete series on Blu-ray on September 29, 2020, including an English dub with the cast from the game reprising their roles. Despite the release of Blu-ray, the English dub was available early on August 18 as digital release exclusively on Funimation, which all 26 episodes including 2 special episodes available on that date. Anime Limited acquired the home video and digital rights to the series for the United Kingdom. As of April 2023, the series, along with other anime titles licensed by Anime Limited are currently available on ITV's streaming service ITVX.
Madman Entertainment will release the series in Australia and New Zealand.
Episodes
Reception
The anime received mixed reception. Joe Ballard from CBR praised the anime for the portrayal of the characters that stays true to the original game. However, he criticized the pacing as it doesn't allow the time for those character developments to truly affect the audience. He also criticized how most of the female characters are subjected to excess fan service moments. He finds the shots from purposely sexualized camera angles are unnecessary and demeaning, stating that "it feels like a slap in the face to their personal struggles, especially considering one of the palace storylines revolves around physical and sexual abuse and the resulting mental health struggles." Megan Gudman from the same site praised the anime for bringing back Lyn and Shoji Meguro's music and the expansion of Ren and Akechi's relationship, but criticized the dull animation and its poor handling of the Confidant characters. USGamer criticized Joker's relatively silent personality in the anime adaptation, negatively comparing him to the more talkative Yu Narukami in Persona 4: The Animation.
Notes
References
External links
2018 anime television series debuts
Anime television series based on video games
Tokyo MX original programming
CloverWorks
Megami Tensei anime
Works based on Persona (series)
Persona 5 |
Whoa may refer to:
A voice command asking a horse to stop
Songs
"Whoa!" (Black Rob song), 2000
"Whoa" (Earl Sweatshirt song), 2013
"Whoa" (Lil Kim song), 2006
"Whoa", by Paramore from All We Know Is Falling, 2005
"Whoa!", by Soul Asylum from Made to Be Broken, 1986
"Whoa", by the Soviettes from LP III, 2005
"Whoa", by We the Kings from We the Kings, 2007
"Whoa (Mind in Awe)", by XXXTentacion from Skins, 2018
Other media
Whoa, a character in the film Kung Pow! Enter the Fist
"Whoa!", character Joey Russo's catchphrase on the television show Blossom
Whoa!, a newspaper in the Regional Municipality of Peel, Ontario, Canada
See also
WOAH (disambiguation)
Whoa, Nelly!, an album by Nelly Furtado
"Whoa Oh! (Me vs. Everyone)", a song by Forever the Sickest Kids
"Like Whoa", a song by Aly & AJ |
KBLJ (1400 AM) is a radio station licensed to La Junta, Colorado, United States. The station is owned by Robin and Gary Reed, through licensee Thunder Media, Inc.
History
It first aired on 1370 kHz as KOKO in 1937. It moved to 1400 kHz in 1941 as a result of the NARBA agreement.
On June 1, 2022, KBLJ changed its format from news/talk to classic hits, branded as "Lightning 1400".
Previous logo
References
External links
FCC History Cards for KBLJ
BLJ
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1971 |
Coray may refer to:
People
Artúr Coray (1881–1909), Hungarian track and field athlete
Coray Colina
Ed Coray (1901–1993), American coach
Hans Coray (1906–1991), Swiss artist
Ira Coray Abbott, American soldier
Martha Jane Knowlton Coray (1821–1881)
Places
Coray, Finistère, France
San Francisco de Coray, Honduras |
```javascript
import React from 'react';
import { storiesOf } from '@storybook/react';
import Hero from './Hero';
const chapter = storiesOf('Webapp screens/Marketing/LandingScreen/Hero', module).add(
'default',
() => <Hero />
);
chapter.add('loading', () => <Hero loading />);
``` |
Aladağ is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Tarsus, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 207 (2022). It is situated in Çukurova (Cilicia of the antiquity) plains to the east of Turkish state highway D.750. The distance to Tarsus is and the distance to Mersin is .
References
Neighbourhoods in Tarsus District |
Michel "Mitch" Dorge (born September 15, 1960) is a Canadian drummer, multi-instrumentalist, composer and record producer. He has been the drummer with Crash Test Dummies since 1991, and has produced albums with the band, in addition to his solo work.
Biography
Dorge started taking drum lessons at age six. His first band consisted of an accordion player and him on drums. His friend moved to bass guitar and they jammed to Black Sabbath. He has been with the Crash Test Dummies since 1991, and has been credited as co-producer for both God Shuffled His Feet and A Worm's Life, the former of which reached sales of almost eight million worldwide.
Since 1999 Dorge has worked with Tuesday's Girl and Charlie Redstar as producer, engineer and drummer. Dorge was awarded the Prairie Music Award for Outstanding Instrumental Recording for his solo record, As Trees Walking. Downsampling Perception, a documentary based on Dorge's motivational and educational program "In Your Face and Interactive", has shown in film festivals worldwide, and has been nominated and awarded for best documentary. His soundtrack work for Cemetery Love Story and Mutual Cadence has reached audiences around the world. He is also a worldwide school presenter; he shares stories of his career and other life lessons.
He also travels to schools to bring a motivational awareness program to people on the topic of drugs and alcohol.
Solo discography
Albums
As Trees Walking (2002)
References
External links
Canadian rock drummers
Canadian male drummers
Crash Test Dummies members
1960 births
Living people
Musicians from Winnipeg
Canadian people of Norwegian descent
Canadian record producers
Canadian film score composers
Male film score composers
Canadian television composers
20th-century Canadian drummers |
```smalltalk
// ==========================================================================
// Squidex Headless CMS
// ==========================================================================
// ==========================================================================
using GraphQL.Resolvers;
using GraphQL.Types;
using Squidex.Domain.Apps.Core;
using Squidex.Domain.Apps.Entities.Assets;
using Squidex.Infrastructure;
namespace Squidex.Domain.Apps.Entities.Contents.GraphQL.Types.Assets;
internal sealed class AssetsResultGraphType : SharedObjectGraphType<IResultList<EnrichedAsset>>
{
public AssetsResultGraphType(IGraphType assetsList)
{
// The name is used for equal comparison. Therefore it is important to treat it as readonly.
Name = "AssetResultDto";
AddField(new FieldType
{
Name = "total",
ResolvedType = Scalars.NonNullInt,
Resolver = ResolveList(x => x.Total),
Description = FieldDescriptions.AssetsTotal
});
AddField(new FieldType
{
Name = "items",
ResolvedType = new NonNullGraphType(assetsList),
Resolver = ResolveList(x => x),
Description = FieldDescriptions.AssetsItems
});
Description = "List of assets and total count of assets.";
}
private static IFieldResolver ResolveList<T>(Func<IResultList<EnrichedAsset>, T> resolver)
{
return Resolvers.Sync(resolver);
}
}
``` |
Saint-Pierre-de-Rivière (; Languedocien: Sent Pèire) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.
Population
Inhabitants of Saint-Pierre-de-Rivière are called Saint-Pierrois.
See also
Communes of the Ariège department
References
Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
The 1994–95 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was a multi-race tournament over a season for cross-country skiers. It was the 14th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and women. The World Cup was organised by the International Ski Federation who also run world cups and championships in ski jumping, snowboarding and alpine skiing amongst others.
Bjørn Dæhlie reclaimed the crystal World Cup globe which Vladimir Smirnov had won in the 1993–94 season, thus taking his third overall men's World Cup title in four seasons. Smirnov won more races, with six wins including three during the 1995 World Championships, but Dæhlie was usually the runner-up. Also, one of Smirnov's World Championship wins didn't count towards the overall standings. Silvio Fauner, Harri Kirvesniemi, Torgny Mogren and Alexey Prokurorov also registered World Cup wins during the season.
In the women's Cup, Yelena Välbe won the six first events, and eventually won nine of the 15 races including one gold at the World Championships. Russians occupied the top five spots in the women's World Cup, with multiple races having three or more Russians on top of the standings. Only the Lahti 10 km was not won by a Russian skier, and in 11 of the 15 races did Russians occupy the top two spots in the standings. According to the Norwegian publication Sportsboken, the Russian women had not been this dominant since the 1970s.
Calendar
Men
Women
Men's team
Women's team
Overall results
Below are tables showing the number of points won in the 1994–95 FIS Cross-Country World Cup for men and women.
11 races counted towards the total; the 9 best of the 11 races outside the World Championships, as well as the two best World Championship races.
Men
Women
Achievements
Victories in this World Cup (all-time number of victories as of 1994/95 season in parentheses)
Men
, 6 (22) first places
, 5 (24) first places
, 1 (13) first place
, 1 (6) first place
, 1 (5) first place
, 1 (1) first place
Women
, 9 (33) first places
, 4 (7) first places
, 2 (2) first places
, 1 (4) first place
Notes
References
FIS Official Site World Cup Results
Sportsboken 95-96, ed. Arvid Eriksen, Schibsted, .
External links
FIS Official Site World Cup Results
World Cup 1994-95
World Cup 1994-95
FIS Cross-Country World Cup seasons |
Elias Manoel Alves de Paula (born 30 November 2001), commonly known as Elias Manoel or Elias, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as left-winger or striker for Major League Soccer club New York Red Bulls.
Club career
Gremio
Born in Campinas, Brazil, Elias Manoel began his career in the youth ranks of Guarani. He joined Grêmio's Academy at the age of 16 in 2018. He made his first team debut on 30 March 2021, appearing as a starter in a 2-2 draw with Esporte Clube São Luiz on matchday 8 of the Campeonato Gaúcho. On 19 May 2021, Elias Manoel helped Gremio to a 6-2 victory over Venezuelan side Aragua F.C., scoring his first two goals with the club in a 2021 Copa Sudamericana match.
On 26 January 2022, Elias Manoel scored two goals in a 2-1 victory over Caxias on matchday 1 of the 2022 Campeonato Gaúcho. A few days later, on 29 January he scored from the penalty spot in a 1-1 draw with Grêmio Esportivo Brasil.
On 19 March 2022, Elias Manoel opened the scoring for Gremio in a 3-0 victory over Internacional in the opening leg of the Campeonato Gaúcho semi-finals. On 27 April 2022, Elias Manoel scored his first goal in Série B, the loan goal in a 1-0 victory over Operário. A few days later, on 30 April 2022, Elias Manoel opened the scoring for Gremio in a 2-0 victory over Clube de Regatas Brasil.
Elias Manoel was the top goalscorer during the 2022 Campeonato Gaúcho, scoring 5 goals in 11 matches to help lead Gremio to the title. The young Brazilian ended the 2022 season as Grêmio's second leading scorer behind former Brazilian international Diego Souza, scoring 7 goals in 30 matches.
Loan to New York Red Bulls
During August 2022 Elias Manoel was loaned to New York Red Bulls until December 2022, with a purchase option included in the contract. On 31 August 2022, Elias Manoel made his debut for New York, appearing as a starter in a 1-0 victory versus CF Montréal. On 9 October 2022, Elias Manoel scored his first two goals for New York in a 2-0 victory over Charlotte FC.
New York Red Bulls
Following his loan with the Red Bulls, the club announced on 6 January 2023 that Manoel had signed on a permanent deal. On 25 March 2023, Manoel scored his first goal of the season for New York in a 1-1 draw at Charlotte FC. On 8 August 2023, Manoel scored his first goal in Leagues Cup in a 1-1 draw with Philadelphia Union, a match his club would lose on penalties. On 4 October 2023, Manoel scored the winning goal for New York in a 2-1 victory over FC Cincinnati which kept New York in the playoff race. On 25 October 2023, Manoel recorded a hat trick for New York in a 5-2 victory over Charlotte FC, helping his club advance to the first round of the 2023 MLS Cup Playoffs.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
Grêmio
Campeonato Gaúcho: 2021, 2022
Recopa Gaúcha: 2021, 2022
References
External links
Profile at the Grêmio F.B.P.A. website
2001 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Men's association football forwards
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Footballers from Campinas
New York Red Bulls players
Major League Soccer players
MLS Next Pro players |
Prudence Ann Car (née Guillaume) is an Australian politician serving as the 20th and current deputy premier of New South Wales since March 2023. She has served as the Labor member for Londonderry in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly since 2015. She previously served as the deputy leader of the NSW Opposition, Shadow Minister for Education and Shadow Minister for Early Childhood Learning.
Career
Car was a Penrith City Councillor and national communications manager at MS Australia when she was elected. She had previously been an advisor to Premier Bob Carr from 2003 to 2005 and campaign co-ordinator of the Labor Party from 2005 to 2007. She stood unsuccessfully for the state seat of Mulgoa in 2011.
Car was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as member for Londonderry at the 2015 New South Wales state election. Less than a year later, in 2016, Car was appointed as Shadow Minister for Skills and Shadow Assistant Minister for Education in the Shadow Ministry of Luke Foley. In 2018, she was appointed Shadow Minister for TAFE and Skills and Shadow Minister for Western Sydney in the Shadow Ministry of Michael Daley.
Car was re-elected as member for Londonderry at the 2019 election and was appointed to replace Jihad Dib as Shadow Minister for Education in the Shadow Ministry of Jodi McKay.
On 8 June 2021, Car was elected as deputy leader of the party and deputy leader of the opposition. She retained the Education portfolio and was also appointed as Shadow Minister for Early Childhood Learning in the Shadow Ministry of Chris Minns.
Personal life
Car was born and raised in Western Sydney In New South Wales She has Indian and French heritage with a grandfather who was French and her father from Durgapur, West Bengal, India. Car is married with one son. In 2022, she took leave from parliament to undergo treatment for kidney cancer.
References
External links
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
New South Wales local councillors
Australian people of Indian descent
Australian people of French descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Australian politicians
Women members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Women local councillors in Australia
21st-century Australian women politicians
Deputy Premiers of New South Wales
Australian politicians of Asian descent
Australian politicians of Indian descent |
A virtual firewall (VF) is a network firewall service or appliance running entirely within a virtualized environment and which provides the usual packet filtering and monitoring provided via a physical network firewall. The VF can be realized as a traditional software firewall on a guest virtual machine already running, a purpose-built virtual security appliance designed with virtual network security in mind, a virtual switch with additional security capabilities, or a managed kernel process running within the host hypervisor.
Background
So long as a computer network runs entirely over physical hardware and cabling, it is a physical network. As such it can be protected by physical firewalls and fire walls alike; the first and most important protection for a physical computer network always was and remains a physical, locked, flame-resistant door. Since the inception of the Internet this was the case, and structural fire walls and network firewalls were for a long time both necessary and sufficient.
Since about 1998 there has been an explosive increase in the use of virtual machines (VM) in addition to — sometimes instead of — physical machines to offer many kinds of computer and communications services on local area networks and over the broader Internet. The advantages of virtual machines are well explored elsewhere.
Virtual machines can operate in isolation (for example as a guest operating system on a personal computer) or under a unified virtualized environment overseen by a supervisory virtual machine monitor or "hypervisor" process. In the case where many virtual machines operate under the same virtualized environment they might be connected together via a virtual network consisting of virtualized network switches between machines and virtualized network interfaces within machines. The resulting virtual network could then implement traditional network protocols (for example TCP) or virtual network provisioning such as VLAN or VPN, though the latter while useful for their own reasons are in no way required.
There is a continued perception that virtual machines are inherently secure because they are seen as "sandboxed" within the host operating system. It is often believed that the host, in like manner, is secured against exploitation from the virtual machine itself and that the host is no threat to the virtual machine because it is a physical asset protected by traditional physical and network security. Even when this is not explicitly assumed, early testing of virtual infrastructures often proceeds in isolated lab environments where security is not as a rule an immediate concern, or security may only come to the fore when the same solution is moving into production or onto a computer cloud, where suddenly virtual machines of different trust levels may wind up on the same virtual network running across any number of physical hosts.
Because they are true networks, virtual networks may end up suffering the same kinds of vulnerabilities long associated with a physical network, some of which being:
Users on machines within the virtual network have access to all other machines on the same virtual network.
Compromising or misappropriating one virtual machine on a virtual network is sufficient to provide a platform for additional attacks against other machines on the same network segment.
If a virtual network is internetworked to the physical network or broader Internet then machines on the virtual network might have access to external resources (and external exploits) that could leave them open to exploitation.
Network traffic that passes directly between machines without passing through security devices is unmonitored.
The problems created by the near invisibility of between-virtual machine (VM-to-VM) traffic on a virtual network are exactly like those found in physical networks, complicated by the fact that the packets may be moving entirely inside the hardware of a single physical host:
Because the virtual network traffic may never leave the physical host hardware, security administrators cannot observe VM-to-VM traffic, cannot intercept it, and so cannot know what that traffic is for.
Logging of VM-to-VM network activity within a single host and verification of virtual machine access for regulatory compliance purposes becomes difficult.
Inappropriate uses of virtual network resources and bandwidth consumption VM-to-VM are difficult to discover or rectify.
Unusual or inappropriate services running on or within the virtual network could go undetected.
There are security issues known only in virtualized environments that wreak havoc with physical security measures and practices, and some of these are touted as actual advantages of virtual machine technology over physical machines:
VMs can be deliberately (or unexpectedly) migrated between trusted and untrusted virtualized environments where migration is enabled.
VMs and/or virtual storage volumes can be easily cloned and the clone made to run on any part of the virtualized environment, including a DMZ.
Many companies use their purchasing or IT departments as the IT security lead agency, applying security measures at the time a physical machine is taken from the box and initialized. Since virtual machines can be created in a few minutes by any authorized user and set running without a paper trail, they can in these cases bypass established "first boot" IT security practices.
VMs have no physical reality leaving not a trace of their creation nor (in larger virtualized installations) of their continued existence. They can be as easily destroyed as well, leaving nearly no digital signature and absolutely no physical evidence whatsoever.
In addition to the network traffic visibility issues and uncoordinated VM sprawl, a rogue VM using just the virtual network, switches and interfaces (all of which run in a process on the host physical hardware) can potentially break the network as could any physical machine on a physical network — and in the usual ways — though now by consuming host CPU cycles it can additionally bring down the entire virtualized environment and all the other VMs with it simply by overpowering the host physical resources the rest of the virtualized environment depend upon.
This was likely to become a problem, but it was perceived within the industry as a well understood problem and one potentially open to traditional measures and responses.
Virtual firewalls
One method to secure, log and monitor VM-to-VM traffic involved routing the virtualized network traffic out of the virtual network and onto the physical network via VLANs, and hence into a physical firewall already present to provide security and compliance services for the physical network. The VLAN traffic could be monitored and filtered by the physical firewall and then passed back into the virtual network (if deemed legitimate for that purpose) and on to the target virtual machine.
Not surprisingly, LAN managers, security experts and network security vendors began to wonder if it might be more efficient to keep the traffic entirely within the virtualized environment and secure it from there.
A virtual firewall then is a firewall service or appliance running entirely within a virtualised environment — even as another virtual machine, but just as readily within the hypervisor itself — providing the usual packet filtering and monitoring that a physical firewall provides. The VF can be installed as a traditional software firewall on a guest VM already running within the virtualized environment; or it can be a purpose-built virtual security appliance designed with virtual network security in mind; or it can be a virtual switch with additional security capabilities; or it can be a managed kernel process running within the host hypervisor that sits atop all VM activity.
The current direction in virtual firewall technology is a combination of security-capable virtual switches, and virtual security appliances. Some virtual firewalls integrate additional networking functions such as site-to-site and remote access VPN, QoS, URL filtering and more.
Operation
Virtual firewalls can operate in different modes to provide security services, depending on the point of deployment. Typically these are either bridge-mode or hypervisor-mode (hypervisor-based, hypervisor-resident). Both may come shrink wrapped as a virtual security appliance and may install a virtual machine for management purposes.
A virtual firewall operating in bridge-mode acts like its physical-world firewall analog; it sits in a strategic part of the network infrastructure — usually at an inter-network virtual switch or bridge — and intercepts network traffic destined for other network segments and needing to travel over the bridge. By examining the source origin, the destination, the type of packet it is and even the payload the VF can decide if the packet is to be allowed passage, dropped, rejected, or forwarded or mirrored to some other device. Initial entrants into the virtual firewall field were largely bridge-mode, and many offers retain this feature.
By contrast, a virtual firewall operating in hypervisor-mode is not actually part of the virtual network at all, and as such has no physical-world device analog. A hypervisor-mode virtual firewall resides in the virtual machine monitor or hypervisor where it is well positioned to capture VM activity including packet injections. The entire monitored VM and all its virtual hardware, software, services, memory and storage can be examined, as can changes in these . Further, since a hypervisor-based virtual firewall is not part of the network proper and is not a virtual machine its functionality cannot be monitored in turn or altered by users and software limited to running under a VM or having access only to the virtualized network.
Bridge-mode virtual firewalls can be installed just as any other virtual machine in the virtualized infrastructure. Since it is then a virtual machine itself, the relationship of the VF to all the other VM may become complicated over time due to VMs disappearing and appearing in random ways, migrating between different physical hosts, or other uncoordinated changes allowed by the virtualized infrastructure.
Hypervisor-mode virtual firewalls require a modification to the physical host hypervisor kernel in order to install process hooks or modules allowing the virtual firewall system access to VM information and direct access to the virtual network switches and virtualized network interfaces moving packet traffic between VMs or between VMs and the network gateway. The hypervisor-resident virtual firewall can use the same hooks to then perform all the customary firewall functions like packet inspection, dropping, and forwarding but without actually touching the virtual network at any point. Hypervisor-mode virtual firewalls can be very much faster than the same technology running in bridge-mode because they are not doing packet inspection in a virtual machine, but rather from within the kernel at native hardware speeds.
See also
Virtual security appliance
Network function virtualization
References
Further reading
"Zeus Bot Appears in EC2 Cloud, Detected, Dismissed" Babcock, Charles. InformationWeek Dec 2009
"40,000 Firewalls! Help Please!?" Texiwill. The Virtualization Practice. Sept 2009
"OPINION / Why do we need virtual security? " Ben-Efraim, Amir. Government Security News. Aug 2009
"Keep Your Virtual Networks Safe" Zillion Magazine. July 2009
"The virtual blind spot" Schultz, Beth. NetworkWorld. July 2010
"Cloud security in the real world: 4 examples" Brandel, Mary. CSO: Security & Risk. June 2010
"Securing mixed environments - not everybody will be virtualized" Ogren, Eric. ComputerWorld. June 2010
"New security tools protect virtual machines" Strom, David. Network World March 2011
Computer networking
Virtualization
Ethernet |
Roger Bourland (born December 13, 1952) is an American composer, publisher, blogger, and Professor-Emeritus of Music at the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music.
Biography
Born in Evanston, Illinois, Bourland received a Bachelor of Music in Music Theory and Composition (1976) from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, studying with Leslie Thimmig and Randall Snyder; a Master of Music in Music Composition (1978) from the New England Conservatory of Music, studying with William Thomas McKinley and Donald Martino; and a Master of Arts and Ph.D. in Music Composition from Harvard University, studying with Randall Thompson, Earl Kim and Leon Kirchner.
Bourland studied at Tanglewood with Gunther Schuller and was awarded the Koussevitzky Prize in Composition (1978). Other awards include the John Knowles Paine Fellowship (Harvard), two ASCAP Grants to Young Composers, numerous Meet the Composers grants, and was a co-founder of the Boston-based consortium "Composers in Red Sneakers." Bourland has composed over one hundred fifty works for all media: film, solo, instrumental, chamber, vocal and choral music, electro-acoustic music, and music for orchestra, wind ensemble, and other large ensembles.
From 1983 to 2013, Bourland taught composition, music theory, analysis, orchestration, electro-acoustic composition, and other classes and seminars in the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music. He was awarded the UCLA Distinguished Teaching Award for 2005-6, and served as Chair of the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music, Department of Music from 2007-2011. Professor Bourland retired from UCLA in 2013 and moved to Northern California to devote his time to composition.
Selected compositions
OPERA
Homer in Cyberspace (2009) Book and lyrics by Mel Shapiro (music theater)
Cantatas
The Crocodile's Christmas Ball and other odd tales (2002) for chorus, soloists and wind ensemble; lyrics by William MacDuff
Rosarium (1999) for soloists, chorus and orchestra; libretto by William MacDuff
Flashpoint/Stonewall (1994) for chorus, soloists, four synthesizers, bass and drums; libretto by John Hall
Letters to the Future (1993) for chorus, soloists, three synthesizers, bass and drums; poems by Francisco X. Alarcón, May Swenson, Adrienne Rich, Allen Ginsberg, James Merrill, J. D. McClatchy and Thom Gunn
Hidden Legacies (1992) for chorus, soloists, four synthesizers, bass and drums; libretto by John Hall
Orchestra, Chamber orchestra, Wind ensemble
El Ruisenor Mexicano (2016) for orchestra
Poem (2006) for piano and orchestra
The Night Train (2004) for marimba, tom-toms, violin, viola, violoncello, double bass, flute and alto flute, harp, and strings
Trauermusik (2003) for wind ensemble (By W.A Mozart, orchestrated by Roger Bourland)
Ozma (1996) for orchestra; orchestration for wind ensemble (2003)
Mirabell Jam (1992) for orchestra
Rivers in the Sky (1988) for wind ensemble
Scenes from Gauguin (1987) for orchestra
Broken Arrows (1986) for EVI and EWI instruments designed by Nyle Steiner (EVI), four Yamaha DX7s, and jazz ensemble
Serenade No.1: Far in the Night (1983) for soprano saxophone, bassoon, harp, and strings
Cantilena (1983) for string orchestra
Scenes from Redon (1982) for orchestra
Sweet Alchemy (1980) for orchestra
Clarinet Rhapsody (1979) for clarinet and orchestra
Jackson Pollock in Memoriam (1978) for orchestra
Choral music
Healy Madrigals (2009) for SSAA; poems by Eloise Klein Healy
Alarcón Madrigals, Book 3 (2006) for SSAA; poems by Francisco X. Alarcón
A More Perfect Union (2005) for TTBB and piano; lyrics by Philip Littell
Alarcón Madrigals, Book 2 (2002) for SSAA; poems by Francisco X. Alarcón
Keeping the Ocean Free (2000) for SATB and piano; lyrics by William MacDuff
Spiritual Gifts (2000) for SATB and organ; lyrics by Roger Bourland
Fa La La (Blah, Blah, Blah) (1998) for TTBB, SATB, or SSAA and piano; lyrics by William MacDuff
Look Behind our Song (1996) for TTBB, and piano; lyrics by John Hall
The Acts of Love (1995) for men's chorus; poem by Michael J. Lafferty
Alarcón Madrigals, Book 1 (1993) for SSAA or SATB; poems by Francisco X. Alarcón
All there is is love (1993) for TTBB; text by Paul Monette
The Son of God Was Singing (1987) for SATB and organ or piano; lyrics by Roger Bourland
Christmas Introit (1987) for SATB and organ or piano; lyrics by Roger Bourland
Dickinson Madrigals, Book 3 (1985) for TTBB; poems by Emily Dickinson
Psalm 47, a setting of Psalm 47 (1983) for SATB
His Spirit Lives (1983) for SATB; poem by Amos Niven Wilder
Antiphon (1983) for SATB; poem by George Herbert
Dickinson Madrigals, Book 2 (1983) for SSAA; poems by Emily Dickinson
Dickinson Madrigals, Book 1 (1980) for SSAA; poems by Emily Dickinson
Twelve New Hymns (1980) for SATB; lyrics by Gary Bachlund
Garden Abstract (1976) for SSSAAA (2 sopranos, 2 mezzo-sopranos, 2 altos); poem by Hart Crane
Three Clouds (1975) for mixed chorus; lyrics by Roger Bourland
(For large-scale choral works, see Cantatas below)
Chamber music
Four Poets (2005) for string quartet
Emily (2005) for string quartet, bass, and banjo
Four Painters (2001) for violin, viola, cello, piano
Stories We Tell (1998) for four cellos
American Baroque (1992) for violin, cello, piano
Three Arias (1989) for viola or cello and piano
Recent Dreams (1989) for horn, violin, piano
Aesop, the Peasant (1987) for speaker, flute, clarinet, violin, cello, piano; texts by V.A. Kolve
Serenade No.2: Paintings (1986) for violin, cello, piano, flute, clarinet in Bb
Saxophone Quintet (1984) for soprano saxophone, string quartet
Montana Suite (1984) for string quartet
Dances from the Sacred Harp (1983) for flute, alto fl. in G, piccolo, clarinet in Bb, piano, violin, viola, cello, percussion
Nostos (1982) for flute, alto flute, clarinet, bass clarinet, soprano saxophone, alto saxophone
Stone Quartet (1982) for soprano sax, viola, cello, and piano
Cantilena (1981) for flute, soprano sax, or clarinet in Bb and organ
Three Dark Paintings (1981) for strings, soprano sax, viola and piano
The Death of Narcissus (1980) for piano, strings, and wind ensemble
Beowulf Trio (1979) for flute, violin, cello
Personae (1978) for cello, bass (in solo tuning)
Seven Pollock Paintings (1978) for flute, clarinet, soprano saxophone, bass clarinet, tam tam, violin, viola, cello, bass
Songs
Keyboard music
Composer for Motion Pictures and TV
References
External links
Official website
1952 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American male bloggers
American bloggers
American male classical composers
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
New England Conservatory alumni
American LGBT composers
LGBT classical composers
Living people
UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music faculty
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians |
Robert Nicholas may refer to:
Robert Nicholas (MP) (1758–1826), member of Parliament for Cricklade in England
Robert Carter Nicholas Sr. (1728/9–1780), Virginia politician and judge
Robert C. Nicholas (1787–1856), U.S. senator from Louisiana
Robert C. Nicholas (New York politician) (1801–1854), New York politician
Bob Nicholas (born 1957), American politician
See also
Robert Nicolas (1595–1667), English judge and MP |
Varey is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
David Varey (born 1961), English cricketer
Frank Varey (1908–1988), English motorcycle speedway racer
Matthew Varey (born 1968), Canadian artist and educator
See also
Battle of Varey (1325), Battle in Ain, France |
I'm a Soldier Mom () is a 1966 Soviet drama film directed by .
Plot
A young, stubborn and undisciplined man goes to serve in the army, where he will understand the need for military service...
Cast
Vladimir Grammatikov
Anatoli Ilin
Vladimir Serababin as Voloshin (as Vlandimir Serobabin)
Sergey Shakurov as Peganov
Valentin Zubkov
References
External links
1966 films
1960s Russian-language films
Soviet drama films
1966 drama films |
```python
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# This file is part of satpy.
#
# satpy is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
# version.
#
# satpy is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
# WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
#
# satpy. If not, see <path_to_url
"""Demo data download helper functions for AHI HSD data."""
import os
from satpy import config
def download_typhoon_surigae_ahi(base_dir=None,
channels=(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16),
segments=(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)):
"""Download Himawari 8 data.
This scene shows the Typhoon Surigae.
"""
import s3fs
base_dir = base_dir or config.get("demo_data_dir", ".")
channel_resolution = {1: 10,
2: 10,
3: 5,
4: 10}
data_files = []
for channel in channels:
resolution = channel_resolution.get(channel, 20)
for segment in segments:
data_files.append(f"HS_H08_20210417_0500_B{channel:02d}_FLDK_R{resolution:02d}_S{segment:02d}10.DAT.bz2")
subdir = os.path.join(base_dir, "ahi_hsd", "20210417_0500_typhoon_surigae")
os.makedirs(subdir, exist_ok=True)
fs = s3fs.S3FileSystem(anon=True)
result = []
for filename in data_files:
destination_filename = os.path.join(subdir, filename)
result.append(destination_filename)
if os.path.exists(destination_filename):
continue
to_get = "noaa-himawari8/AHI-L1b-FLDK/2021/04/17/0500/" + filename
fs.get_file(to_get, destination_filename)
return result
``` |
Malassezia dermatis is a fungus that can cause opportunistic infections in animals.
References
Ustilaginomycotina
Parasitic fungi
Yeasts
Fungi described in 2002 |
The Fuchs Medal is a medal awarded by The British Antarctic Survey for "Outstanding devotion to the British Antarctic Survey's interests, beyond the call of normal duty, by men or women who are or were members of the Survey, or closely connected with its work."
Creation
The award was created in 1973 and is named after the polar explorer Sir Vivian Fuchs, who was the director of BAS from 1958 to 1973.
Recipients
Source: British Antarctic Survey Club
See also
List of geography awards
References
External links
Halley Bay 25th Anniversary Reunion - 1981
Obituary: Ray Adie - Scientist and explorer who dedicated his life to Antarctica
Geography awards
Geography of Antarctica
Awards established in 1973 |
Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) was a statement adopted by the Cabinet of Rhodesia on 11 November 1965, announcing that Southern Rhodesia or simply Rhodesia, a British territory in southern Africa that had governed itself since 1923, now regarded itself as an independent sovereign state. The culmination of a protracted dispute between the British and Rhodesian governments regarding the terms under which the latter could become fully independent, it was the first unilateral break from the United Kingdom by one of its colonies since the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776. The UK, the Commonwealth and the United Nations all deemed Rhodesia's UDI illegal, and economic sanctions, the first in the UN's history, were imposed on the breakaway colony. Amid near-complete international isolation, Rhodesia continued as an unrecognised state with the assistance of South Africa and (until 1974) Portugal.
The Rhodesian government, which mostly comprised members of the country's white minority of about 5%, was indignant when, amid the UK colonial government's Wind of Change policies of decolonisation, African colonies to the north without comparable experience of self-rule quickly advanced to independence during the early 1960s while Rhodesia was refused sovereignty under the newly ascendant principle of "no independence before majority rule" ("NIBMAR"). Most white Rhodesians felt that they were due independence following four decades of self-government, and that the British government was betraying them by withholding it.
A stalemate developed between the British and Rhodesian prime ministers, Harold Wilson and Ian Smith respectively, between 1964 and 1965. The dispute largely surrounded the British condition that the terms for independence had to be acceptable "to the people of the country as a whole"; Smith contended that this was met, while the UK and African Nationalist Rhodesian leaders held that it was not. After Wilson proposed in late October 1965 that the UK might safeguard future black representation in the Rhodesian parliament by withdrawing some of the colonial government's devolved powers, then presented terms for an investigatory Royal Commission that the Rhodesians found unacceptable, Smith and his Cabinet declared independence. Calling this treasonous, the British colonial governor, Sir Humphrey Gibbs, formally dismissed Smith and his government, but they ignored him and appointed an "Officer Administering the Government" to take his place.
While no country recognised the UDI, the Rhodesian High Court deemed the post-UDI government legal and de jure in 1968. The Smith administration initially professed continued loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II, but abandoned this in 1970 when it declared a republic in an unsuccessful attempt to win foreign recognition. The Rhodesian Bush War, a guerrilla conflict between the government and two rival communist-backed black Rhodesian groups, began in earnest two years later, and after several attempts to end the war Smith concluded the Internal Settlement with non-militant nationalists in 1978. Under these terms the country was reconstituted under black rule as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in June 1979, but this new order was rejected by the guerrillas and the international community. The Bush War continued until Zimbabwe Rhodesia revoked its UDI as part of the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979. Following a brief period of direct British rule, the country was granted internationally recognised independence under the name Zimbabwe in 1980.
Background
The southern African territory of Rhodesia, officially Southern Rhodesia, was a unique case in the British Empire and Commonwealth: although a colony in name, it was internally self-governing and constitutionally not unlike a dominion. This situation dated back to 1923, when it was granted responsible government within the Empire as a self-governing colony, following three decades of administration and development by the British South Africa Company. Britain had intended Southern Rhodesia's integration into the Union of South Africa as a new province, but this having been rejected by registered voters in the 1922 government referendum, the territory was moulded into a prospective dominion instead. It was empowered to run its own affairs in almost all respects, including defence.
Whitehall's powers over Southern Rhodesia under the 1923 constitution were, on paper, considerable; the British Crown was theoretically able to cancel any passed bill within a year, or alter the constitution however it wished. These reserved powers were intended to protect the indigenous black Africans from discriminatory legislation and to safeguard British commercial interests in the colony, but as Claire Palley comments in her constitutional history of the country, it would have been extremely difficult for Whitehall to enforce such actions, and attempting to do so would have probably caused a crisis. In the event, they were never exercised. A generally co-operative relationship developed between Whitehall and the colonial government and civil service in Salisbury, and dispute was rare.
The 1923 constitution was drawn up in non-racial terms, and the electoral system it devised was similarly open, at least in theory. Voting qualifications regarding personal income, education and property, similar to those of the Cape Qualified Franchise, were applied equally to all, but since most blacks did not meet the set standards, both the electoral roll and the colonial parliament were overwhelmingly from the white minority of about 5%. The result was that black interests were sparsely represented if at all, something that most of the colony's whites showed little interest in changing; they claimed that most blacks were uninterested in Western-style political process and that they would not govern properly if they took over. Bills such as the Land Apportionment Act of 1930, which earmarked about half of the country for white ownership and residence while dividing the rest into black purchase, tribal trust and national areas, were variously biased towards the white minority. White settlers and their offspring provided most of the colony's administrative, industrial, scientific and farming skills, and built a relatively balanced, partially industrialised market economy, boasting strong agricultural and manufacturing sectors, iron and steel industries and modern mining enterprises. Everyday life was marked by discrimination ranging from job reservation for whites to petty segregation of trains, post office queues and the like. Whites owned most of the best farmland, and had far superior education, wages and homes, but the schooling, healthcare, infrastructure and salaries available to black Rhodesians were nevertheless very good by African standards.
In the wider Imperial context, Southern Rhodesia occupied a category unto itself because of the "special quasi-independent status" it held. The Dominions Office, formed in 1925 to handle British relations with the dominions of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa and the Irish Free State (the Statute of Westminster 1931 delineated the rights of the dominions more clearly in that year), also dealt with Southern Rhodesia, and Imperial Conferences included the Southern Rhodesian Prime Minister alongside those of the dominions from 1932. This unique arrangement continued following the advent of Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conferences in 1944. Southern Rhodesians of all races fought for Britain in the Second World War, and the colonial government gradually received more autonomy regarding external affairs. During the immediate post-war years, Southern Rhodesian politicians generally thought that they were as good as independent as they were, and that full autonomy in the form of dominionship would make little difference to them. Post-war immigration to Southern Rhodesia, mainly from Britain, Ireland and South Africa, caused the white community to swell from 68,954 in 1941 to 221,504 in 1961. The black population grew from 1,400,000 to 3,550,000 over the same period. Rhodesian authorities actively promoted immigration and reproduction of whites to boost their numbers while encouraging family planning for blacks to curtail their numbers. They hoped that by altering the demographic content of the territory enough they could have a stronger position from which to petition the British government for more autonomy.
Federation and the Wind of Change
Believing full dominion status to be effectively symbolic and "there for the asking", Prime Minister Godfrey Huggins (in office from 1933 to 1953) twice ignored British overtures hinting at dominionship, and instead pursued an initially semi-independent Federation with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, two colonies directly administered from London. He hoped that this might set in motion the creation of one united dominion in south-central Africa, emulating the Federation of Australia half a century before. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, defined in its constitution as indissoluble, began in 1953, mandated by the results of a mostly white referendum, with Southern Rhodesia, the most developed of the three territories, at its head, Huggins as Federal Prime Minister and Salisbury as Federal capital.
Coming at the start of the decolonisation period, the Federation of self-governing Southern Rhodesia with two directly ruled British protectorates was later described by the British historian Robert Blake as "an aberration of history—a curious deviation from the inevitable course of events". The project faced black opposition from the start, and ultimately failed because of the shifting international attitudes and rising black Rhodesian ambitions of the late 1950s and early 1960s, often collectively called the Wind of Change. Britain, France and Belgium vastly accelerated their withdrawal from Africa during this period, believing colonial rule to be no longer sustainable geopolitically or ethically. The idea of "no independence before majority rule", commonly abbreviated to "NIBMAR", gained considerable ground in British political circles. When Huggins (who had been recently ennobled as Lord Malvern) asked Britain to make the Federation a dominion in 1956, he was rebuffed. The opposition Dominion Party responded by repeatedly calling for a Federal unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) over the next few years. Following Lord Malvern's retirement in late 1956, his successor Sir Roy Welensky pondered such a move on at least three occasions.
Attempting to advance the case for Southern Rhodesian independence, particularly in the event of Federal dissolution, the Southern Rhodesian Prime Minister Sir Edgar Whitehead brokered the 1961 constitution with Britain, which he thought would remove all British powers of reservation over Southern Rhodesian bills and acts, and put the country on the brink of full sovereignty. Despite its containing no independence guarantees, Whitehead, Welensky and other proponents of this constitution presented it to the Southern Rhodesian electorate as the "independence constitution" under which Southern Rhodesia would become a dominion on a par with Australia, Canada and New Zealand if the Federation dissolved. White dissenters included Ian Smith, MP for Gwanda and Chief Whip for the governing United Federal Party (UFP) in the Federal Assembly, who took exception to the constitution's omission of an explicit promise of Southern Rhodesian independence in the event of Federal dissolution, and ultimately resigned his post in protest. A referendum of the mostly white electorate approved the new constitution by a majority of 65% on 26 July 1961. The final version of the constitution included a few extra provisions inserted by the British, one of which—Section 111—reserved full powers to the Crown to amend, add to or revoke certain sections of the Southern Rhodesian constitution by Order in Council at the request of the British government. This effectively negated the relinquishment of British powers described elsewhere in the document, but the Southern Rhodesians did not initially notice it.
The black Rhodesian movement in Southern Rhodesia, founded and organised by urban black elites during the late 1950s, was repeatedly banned by the colonial government because of the political violence, industrial sabotage and intimidation of potential black voters that characterised its campaign. The principal nationalist group, led by the Bulawayo trade unionist Joshua Nkomo, renamed itself with each post-ban reorganisation, and by the start of 1962 was called the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU). Attempting to win black political support, Whitehead proposed a number of reforms to racially discriminatory legislation, including the Land Apportionment Act, and promised to implement these if his UFP won the next Southern Rhodesian election. But intimidation by ZAPU of prospective black voters impeded the UFP's efforts to win their support, and much of the white community saw Whitehead as too radical, and soft on what they saw as black extremism. In the December 1962 Southern Rhodesian election, the UFP was defeated by the Rhodesian Front (RF), a newly formed alliance of conservative voices headed by Winston Field and Ian Smith, in what was widely considered a shock result. Field became Prime Minister, with Smith as his deputy.
Federal dissolution; the roots of mistrust
Meanwhile, secessionist black Rhodesian parties won electoral victories in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and Harold Macmillan's Conservative administration in Britain moved towards breaking up the Federation, resolving that it had become untenable. In February 1962, the British Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, Duncan Sandys, secretly informed the Nyasaland nationalist leader Hastings Banda that secession would be allowed. A few days later, he horrified Welensky by telling him that "we British have lost the will to govern". "But we haven't", retorted Julian Greenfield, Welensky's Law Minister. Macmillan's Deputy Prime Minister and First Secretary of State, R A Butler, who headed British oversight of the Federation, officially announced Nyasaland's right to secede in December 1962. Four months later, he informed the three territories that he was going to convene a conference to decide the Federation's future.
As Southern Rhodesia had been the UK's legislative partner in forming the Federation in 1953, it would be impossible (or at least very difficult) for Britain to dissolve the union without Southern Rhodesia's co-operation. Field could therefore potentially hamstring the British by refusing to attend the conference until they pledged to grant his country full independence. According to Field, Smith and other RF politicians, Butler made several such guarantees orally to ensure their co-operation at the conference, but repeatedly refused to give anything on paper. The Southern Rhodesians claimed that Butler justified his refusal to give a written promise by saying that binding Whitehall to a document rather than his word would be against the Commonwealth's "spirit of trust"—an argument that Field eventually accepted. "Let's remember the trust you emphasised", Smith warned, according to Field's account wagging his finger at Butler; "if you break that you will live to regret it." Southern Rhodesia attended the conference, which was held at Victoria Falls over a week starting from 28 June 1963, and among other things it was agreed to formally liquidate the Federation at the end of the year. In the House of Commons afterwards, Butler flatly denied suggestions that he had "oiled the wheels" of Federal dissolution with secret promises to the Southern Rhodesians.
Field's government was startled by Britain's announcement in October 1963 that Nyasaland would become fully independent on 6 July 1964. While no date was set for Northern Rhodesian statehood, it was generally surmised that it was going to follow shortly thereafter. Smith was promptly sent to London, where he held a round of inconclusive Southern Rhodesian independence talks with the new British Prime Minister, Sir Alec Douglas-Home. Around the same time, the presence and significance of Section 111 of the 1961 constitution emerged in Southern Rhodesia, prompting speculation in political circles that a future British government might, if it were so inclined, go against previous conventions by legislating for Salisbury without its consent, withdrawing devolved powers or otherwise altering the Southern Rhodesian constitution. Fearing what the Labour Party might do if it won the next British general election (which was projected for late 1964), the Southern Rhodesians stepped up their efforts, hoping to win independence before Britain went to the polls, and preferably not after Nyasaland. The Federation dissolved as scheduled at the end of 1963.
Positions and motivations
British government stance
The British government's refusal to grant independence to Southern Rhodesia under the 1961 constitution was largely the result of the geopolitical and moral shifts associated with the Wind of Change, coupled with the UK's wish to avoid opprobrium and loss of prestige in the United Nations (UN) and the Commonwealth. The issue gained international attention in Africa and worldwide as a flashpoint for questions of decolonisation and racism. By the early 1960s, general consensus in the post-colonial UN—particularly the General Assembly, where the communist bloc and the Afro-Asian lobby were collectively very strong—roundly denounced all forms of colonialism, and supported communist-backed black nationalist insurgencies across southern Africa, regarding them as racial liberation movements. Amid the Cold War, Britain opposed the spread of Soviet and Chinese influence into Africa, but knew it would become an international pariah if it publicly expressed reservations or backed down on NIBMAR in the Southern Rhodesia question. Once the topic of Southern Rhodesia came to the fore in the UN and other bodies, particularly the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), even maintaining the status quo became regarded as unacceptable internationally, causing the UK government a great deal of embarrassment.
In the Commonwealth context, too, Britain knew that simply granting independence to Southern Rhodesia was out of the question as many of the Afro-Asian countries were also Commonwealth members. Statehood for Salisbury without majority rule would split the Commonwealth and perhaps cause it to break up, a disastrous prospect for British foreign policy. The Commonwealth repeatedly called on Britain to intervene directly should Southern Rhodesian defiance continue, while liberals in Britain worried that if left unchecked Salisbury might drift towards South African-style apartheid. Anxious to avoid having to choose between Southern Rhodesia and the Commonwealth, Whitehall attempted to negotiate a middle way between the two, but ultimately put international considerations first, regarding them as more important.
At party level, the Labour Party, in opposition until October 1964, was overtly against Southern Rhodesian independence under the 1961 constitution and supportive of the black Rhodesian movement on ideological and moral grounds. The Liberal Party, holding a handful of parliament seats, took a similar stance. The Conservative Party, while also following a policy of decolonisation, was more sympathetic to the Southern Rhodesian government's position, and included members who openly supported it.
Southern Rhodesian government view
The Southern Rhodesian government found it bizarre that Britain was making independent states out of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, which the Rhodesians considered to be less developed territories with little experience of self-rule, while withholding sovereign statehood from Southern Rhodesia, the Federation's senior partner, which had already been self-governing for four decades and which was one of the most prosperous and developed countries in Africa. The principle of majority rule, the basis for this apparent inconsistency, was considered irrelevant by the Southern Rhodesians. They had presumed that in the event of Federal dissolution they would be first in line for independence without major adjustments to the 1961 constitution, an impression confirmed to them by prior intergovernmental correspondence, particularly the oral promises they claimed to have received from Butler. When it did not prove forthcoming they felt cheated. Salisbury contended that its predominantly white legislature was more deserving of independence than the untried black Rhodesian leaders as it had proven its competence over decades of self-rule.
The RF claimed that the bloody civil wars, military coups and other disasters that plagued the new majority-ruled African states to the north, many of which had become corrupt, autocratic or communist one-party states very soon after independence, showed that black Rhodesian leaders were not ready to govern. Influenced strongly by the white refugees who had fled south from the Congo, it presented chaotic doomsday scenarios of what black Rhodesian rule in Southern Rhodesia might mean, particularly for the white community. Proponents of the RF stand downplayed black Rhodesian grievances regarding land ownership and segregation, and argued that despite the racial imbalance in domestic politics—whites made up 5% of the population, but over 90% of registered voters—the electoral system was not racist as the franchise was based on financial and educational qualifications rather than ethnicity. They emphasised the colony's proud war record on Britain's behalf, and expressed a wish in the Cold War context to form an anti-communist, pro-Western front in Africa alongside South Africa and Portugal.
These factors combined with what RF politicians and supporters saw as British decadence, chicanery and betrayal to create the case they put forward that UDI, while dubious legally and likely to provoke international uproar, might nevertheless be in their eyes justifiable and necessary for the good of the country and region if an accommodation could not be found with Whitehall.
Road to UDI
First steps, under Field
Field's failure to secure independence concurrently with the end of the Federation caused his Cabinet's support for him to waver during late 1963 and early 1964. The RF caucus in January 1964 revealed widespread dissatisfaction with him on the grounds that the British seemed to be outwitting him. The Prime Minister was put under immense pressure to win the colony's independence. Field travelled to England later that month to press Douglas-Home and Sandys for independence, and raised the possibility of UDI on a few occasions, but returned empty-handed on 2 February.
The RF united behind Field after Sandys wrote him a terse letter warning him of the likely Commonwealth reaction to a declaration of independence, but the Prime Minister then lost his party's confidence by failing to pursue a possible route to at least de facto independence devised by Desmond Lardner-Burke, a lawyer and RF MP for Gwelo. During March 1964, the Legislative Assembly in Salisbury considered and passed Lardner-Burke's motion that the Governor, Sir Humphrey Gibbs, should submit a petition to the Queen requesting alteration of Section 111 of the 1961 constitution so that the Royal Assent described therein would be exercised at the request of the Southern Rhodesian government rather than that of its British counterpart. This would both remove the possibility of British legislative interference and pave the way for an attempted assumption of independence by Order in Council.
The RF's intention was partly to test whether or not the British would attempt to block this bill after Gibbs had granted Royal Assent to it, but this issue never came to a head because Sandys persuaded Field not to forward it to Gibbs for ratification on the grounds that it had not been unanimously passed. Lord Salisbury, one of Southern Rhodesia's main supporters in Britain, despaired at Field's lack of action, telling Welensky that as he saw it "the simple time to have declared independence, whether right or wrong, would have been when the Federation came to an end". The RF hierarchy interpreted this latest backtrack by Field as evidence that he would not seriously challenge the British on the independence issue, and forced his resignation on 13 April 1964. Smith accepted the Cabinet's nomination to take his place.
Smith replaces Field; talks with Douglas-Home
Smith, a farmer from the Midlands town of Selukwe who had been seriously wounded while serving in the British Royal Air Force during the Second World War, was Southern Rhodesia's first native-born Prime Minister. Regarded in British political circles as a "raw colonial"—when he took over, Smith's personal experience of the UK comprised four brief visits—he promised a harder line than Field in independence talks. The RF's replacement of Field drew criticism from the British Labour Party, whose leader Harold Wilson called it "brutal", while Nkomo described the new Smith Cabinet as "a suicide squad ... not interested in the welfare of all the people but only in their own". Smith said he was pursuing a middle course between black Rhodesian rule and apartheid so that there would still be "a place for the white man" in Southern Rhodesia; this would benefit the blacks too, he claimed. He held that the government should be based "on merit, not on colour or nationalism", and insisted that there would be "no African nationalist government here in my lifetime".
Salisbury's blunt refusal to be part of the Wind of Change caused the Southern Rhodesian military's traditional British and American suppliers to impose an informal embargo, and prompted Whitehall and Washington to stop sending Southern Rhodesia financial aid around the same time. In June 1964, Douglas-Home informed Smith that Southern Rhodesia would not be represented at the year's Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference, despite Salisbury's record of attendance going back to 1932, because of a change in policy to only include representatives from fully independent states. This decision, taken by Britain to preempt the possibility of open confrontation with Asian and black African leaders at the conference, deeply insulted Smith. Lord Malvern equated Britain's removal of Southern Rhodesia's conference seat with "kicking us out of the Commonwealth", while Welensky expressed horror at what he described as "this cavalier treatment of a country which has, since its creation, staunchly supported, in every possible way, Britain and the Commonwealth".
At 10 Downing Street in early September 1964, impasse developed between Douglas-Home and Smith over the best way to measure black public opinion in Southern Rhodesia. A key plank of Britain's Southern Rhodesia policy was that the terms for independence had to be "acceptable to the people of the country as a whole"—agreeing to this, Smith suggested that white and urban black opinion could be gauged through a general referendum of registered voters, and that rural black views could be obtained at a national indaba (tribal conference) of chiefs and headmen. Douglas-Home told Smith that although this proposal satisfied him personally, he could not accept it as he did not believe the Commonwealth, the United Nations or the Labour Party would also do so. He stressed that such a move towards accommodation with Smith might hurt the Conservatives' chances in the British general election the next month, and suggested that it might be in Smith's best interests to wait until after the election to continue negotiations. Smith accepted this argument. Douglas-Home assured Smith that a Conservative government would settle with him and grant independence within a year.
Attempting to form a viable white opposition to the Rhodesian Front, the UFP resurrected itself around Welensky, renamed itself the Rhodesia Party, and entered the Arundel and Avondale by-elections that had been called for 1 October 1964. Perturbed by the prospect of having to face the political heavyweight Welensky in parliament at the head of the opposition, the RF poured huge resources into winning both of these former UFP safe seats, and fielded Clifford Dupont, Smith's deputy, against Welensky in Arundel. The RF won both seats comfortably, and the Rhodesia Party soon faded away. Spurred on by this success, Smith organised the indaba for 22 October, and called a general independence referendum for 5 November 1964. Meanwhile, Wilson wrote a number of letters to black Southern Rhodesians, assuring them that "the Labour Party is totally opposed to granting independence to Southern Rhodesia so long as the government of that country remains under the control of the white minority".
Wilson's Labour government; Salisbury's tests of opinion
Labour defeated the Conservatives by four seats in the British general election on 15 October 1964, and formed a government the next day. Both Labour and the Conservatives told Smith that a positive result at the indaba would not be recognised by Britain as representative of the people, and the Conservatives turned down Salisbury's invitation to send observers. Smith pressed on, telling parliament that he would ask the tribal chiefs and headmen "to consult their people in the traditional manner", then hold the indaba as planned. On 22 October 196 chiefs and 426 headmen from across the country gathered at Domboshawa, just north-east of Salisbury, and began their deliberations. Smith hoped that Britain, having taken part in such indabas in the past, might send a delegation at the last minute, but none arrived, much to his annoyance, particularly as the British government's Commonwealth Secretary Arthur Bottomley was only across the Zambezi in Lusaka at the time.
While the chiefs conferred, Northern Rhodesia became independent Zambia on 24 October 1964, emulating Nyasaland, which had achieved statehood as Malawi three months earlier. Reasoning that it was no longer necessary to refer to itself as "Southern" in the absence of a northern counterpart, Southern Rhodesia began calling itself simply Rhodesia. The same day, the commander of the Rhodesian Army, Major-General John "Jock" Anderson, resigned, announcing publicly that he was doing so because of his opposition to UDI, which he said he could not go along with because of his oath of allegiance to the Queen. Interpreting this as a sign that Smith intended to declare independence if a majority backed it in the referendum, Wilson wrote a stiff letter to Smith on 25 October, warning him of the consequences of UDI, and demanding "a categorical assurance forthwith that no attempt at a unilateral declaration of independence on your part will be made". Smith expressed confusion as to what he had done to provoke this, and ignored it.
When the indaba ended on 26 October, the chiefs and headmen returned a unanimous decision to support the government's stand for independence under the 1961 constitution, attesting in their report that "people who live far away do not understand the problems of our country". This verdict was rejected by the nationalist movement on the grounds that the chiefs received governmental salaries; the chiefs countered that the black MPs in parliamentary opposition also received such salaries, but still opposed the government. Malvern, who was becoming perturbed by the RF's actions, dismissed the indaba as a "swindle", asserting that the chiefs no longer had any real power; the British simply ignored the whole exercise. On 27 October, Wilson released a firm statement regarding Britain's intended response to UDI, warning that Rhodesia's economic and political ties with Britain, the Commonwealth and most of the world would be immediately severed amid a campaign of sanctions if Smith's government went ahead with UDI. This was intended to discourage white Rhodesians from voting for independence in the referendum, for which the RF campaign slogan was "Yes means Unity, not UDI". Wilson was pleased when Douglas-Home, his leading opponent in the House of Commons, praised the statement as "rough but right". On 5 November 1964, Rhodesia's mostly white electorate voted "yes" to independence under the 1961 constitution by a margin of 89%, prompting Smith to declare that the British condition of acceptability to the people as a whole had been met.
Stalemate develops between Smith and Wilson
Smith wrote to Wilson the day after the referendum, asking him to send Bottomley to Salisbury for talks. Wilson replied that Smith should instead come to London. The British and Rhodesians exchanged often confrontational letters for the next few months. Alluding to the British financial aid pledged to Salisbury as part of the Federal dissolution arrangements, Wilson's High Commissioner in Salisbury, J B Johnston, wrote to the Rhodesian Cabinet Secretary Gerald B Clarke on 23 December that "talk of a unilateral declaration of independence is bound to throw a shadow of uncertainty on the future financial relations between the two governments". Smith was furious, seeing this as blackmail, and on 13 January 1965 wrote to Wilson: "I am so incensed at the line of your High Commissioner's letter that I am replying directly to you ... It would appear that any undertakings given by the British government are worthless ... such immoral behaviour on the part of the British government makes it impossible for me to continue negotiations with you with any confidence that our standards of fair play, honesty and decency will prevail."
The two premiers were brought together in person in late January 1965, when Smith travelled to London for Sir Winston Churchill's funeral. Following an episode concerning Smith's non-invitation to a luncheon at Buckingham Palace after the funeral—noticing the Rhodesian's absence, the Queen sent a royal equerry to Smith's hotel to retrieve him, reportedly causing Wilson much irritation—the two Prime Ministers inconclusively debated at 10 Downing Street. They differed on most matters, but agreed on a visit to Rhodesia the next month by Bottomley and the Lord Chancellor, Lord Gardiner, to gauge public opinion and meet political and commercial figures. Bottomley and Gardiner visited Rhodesia from 22 February to 3 March, collected a wide cross-section of opinions, including some from black Rhodesians, and on returning to Britain reported to the House of Commons that they were "not without hope of finding a way towards a solution that will win the support of all communities and lead to independence and prosperity for all Rhodesians". Bottomley also condemned black-on-black political violence, and dismissed the idea of introducing majority rule through military force.
The RF called a new general election for May 1965 and, campaigning on an election promise of independence, won all 50 "A"-roll seats (the voters for which were mostly white). Josiah Gondo, leader of the United People's Party, became Rhodesia's first black Leader of the Opposition. Opening parliament on 9 June, Gibbs told the Legislative Assembly that the RF's strengthened majority amounted to "a mandate to lead the country to its full independence", and announced that the new government had informed him of its intent to open its own diplomatic mission in Lisbon, separate from the British embassy there. The British and Rhodesians argued about this unilateral act by Salisbury, described by the historian J R T Wood as the "veritable straw in the wind", alongside the independence issue until Portugal accepted the mission in late September, much to Britain's fury and Rhodesia's delight. Hoping to bring Smith to heel by stonewalling him, Wilson's ministers deliberately delayed and frustrated the Rhodesian government in negotiations. Rhodesia was again excluded from the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in 1965. The UK's refusal of aid, the Lisbon mission, the informal arms embargo and other issues combined with this to cause the Rhodesian government's sense of alienation from Britain and the Commonwealth to deepen. In his memoirs, Smith accused the British of "resorting to politics of convenience and appeasement". Wilson, meanwhile, became exasperated by what he saw as Rhodesian inflexibility, describing the gap between the two governments as "between different worlds and different centuries".
Final steps to UDI
Amid renewed rumours of an impending Rhodesian UDI, Smith travelled to meet Wilson in London at the start of October 1965, telling the press that he intended to resolve the independence issue once and for all. Both the British and the Rhodesians were surprised by the large numbers of Britons who came out to support Smith during his visit. Smith accepted an invitation from the BBC to appear on its Twenty-Four Hours evening news and current affairs programme, but Downing Street blocked this at the last minute. Following largely abortive talks with Wilson, the Rhodesian Prime Minister flew home on 12 October. Desperate to avert UDI, Wilson travelled to Salisbury two weeks later to continue negotiations.
During these discussions, Smith referred to the last resort of a UDI on many occasions, though he said he hoped to find another way out of the quandary. He offered to increase black legislative representation by expanding the electorate along the lines of "one taxpayer, one vote"—which would enfranchise about half a million, but still leave most of the nation voteless—in return for a grant of independence. Wilson said this was insufficient, and countered that future black representation might be better safeguarded by Britain's withdrawal from the colonial government of the power it had held since 1923 to determine the size and makeup of its parliament. The Rhodesians were horrified by this prospect, particularly as Wilson's suggestion of it seemed to them to have removed the failsafe alternative of keeping the status quo. Before the British Prime Minister left Rhodesia on 30 October 1965, he proposed a Royal Commission to gauge public opinion in the colony regarding independence under the 1961 constitution, possibly chaired by the Rhodesian Chief Justice Sir Hugh Beadle, which would report its findings to both the British and Rhodesian Cabinets. Wilson confirmed in the House of Commons two days later that he intended to introduce direct British control over the Rhodesian parliamentary structure to ensure that progress was made towards majority rule.
Stalemate drew closer as the Rhodesian Cabinet resolved that since Wilson had ruled out maintenance of the status quo, its only remaining options were to trust in the Royal Commission or declare independence. When the terms for the commission's visit were presented to Smith, he found that contrary to what had been discussed during the British Prime Minister's visit, the Royal Commission would operate on the basis that the 1961 constitution was unacceptable to the British government, and that Britain would not commit itself to accepting the final report. Smith said these conditions amounted to a "vote of no confidence in [the commission] before they commenced", and therefore rejected them. "The impression you left with us of a determined effort to resolve our constitutional problem has been utterly dissipated", he wrote to Wilson on 5 November. "It would seem that you have now finally closed the door which you publicly claimed to have opened."
Amid frantic efforts by Beadle and others on both sides to revive the Royal Commission, the Rhodesian government had Gibbs announce a state of emergency the same day on the grounds that black Rhodesian insurgents were reportedly entering the country. Smith denied that this foreshadowed a declaration of independence, but the publishing of his letter to Wilson in the press provoked a worldwide storm of speculation that UDI was imminent. Smith wrote again to Wilson on 8 November, asking him to appoint the Royal Commission under the terms they had agreed in Salisbury and to commit the British government to accepting its ruling, but Wilson did not immediately reply. On 9 November, the Rhodesian Cabinet sent a letter to Queen Elizabeth II, assuring her that Rhodesia would remain loyal to her personally "whatever happens".
Draft, adoption and signing
The Rhodesian Minister for Justice and Law and Order, Desmond Lardner-Burke, presented the rest of the Cabinet with a draft for the declaration of independence on 5 November 1965. When Jack Howman, Minister of Tourism and Information, said that he was also preparing a draft, the Cabinet decided to wait to see his version too. The ministers agreed that if an independence proclamation were issued, they would all sign it. On 9 November, the Cabinet jointly devised an outline for the proclamation document and the accompanying statement to be made by Smith. The final version of the declaration of independence was prepared by a sub-committee of civil servants headed by Gerald Clarke, the Cabinet Secretary, with the United States Declaration of Independence of 1776, the only other such proclamation ever issued by British colonials, used as a model. Strongly alluding to Thomas Jefferson's text throughout, the Rhodesians used one phrase verbatim—"a respect for the opinions of mankind"—but no reference was made to the assertion that "all men are created equal", nor to the "consent of the governed", two omissions later stressed by a number of commentators.
Attached to the declaration of independence was a copy of the 1961 constitution amended for the circumstances, which became the 1965 constitution. In the eyes of the Smith administration, this document removed Whitehall's remaining authority over Rhodesia and made Rhodesia a de jure independent state. However, the Smith government still professed loyalty to Elizabeth II, and accordingly the document reconstituted Rhodesia as a Commonwealth realm with Elizabeth as "Queen of Rhodesia". The new constitution created the concept of allegiance to the "Constitution of Rhodesia," and introduced the post of Officer Administering the Government, a viceregal figure empowered to sign passed legislation into law on behalf of the monarch if she did not appoint a Governor-General.
The Rhodesian Cabinet waited in vain for Wilson's reply for the rest of 9 November and the next day. After briefly meeting Smith late on 10 November, Johnston warned Wilson that evening that the Rhodesians seemed poised to declare independence in the morning. The British Prime Minister tried repeatedly to call Smith, but did not get through until Smith was already chairing a Cabinet meeting on the independence issue around 08:00 Central Africa Time (06:00 in London) on 11 November. Wilson attempted to talk Smith out of unilateral action by telling him the status quo could continue, and the two argued inconclusively about the proposed Royal Commission. Returning to his Cabinet meeting, Smith reported the conversation to his ministers, and, after debating for a while, the Cabinet came to the conclusion that Wilson was simply attempting to buy more time and that there was no sign of actual progress. Smith asked if Rhodesia should declare its independence, and had each Cabinet minister answer in turn. According to Smith's account, "each one, quietly but firmly, without hesitation, said: 'Yes'."
At 11:00 local time on 11 November 1965, Armistice Day, during the traditional two minutes' silence to remember the fallen of the two World Wars, Smith declared Rhodesia independent and signed the proclamation document, with Dupont and the other 10 ministers of the Cabinet following. The timing was intended to emphasise the sacrifices Rhodesia had made for Britain in wartime. As Ken Flower later said, "the rebellion was made to appear as though it was not a rebellion". Smith and his ministers still pledged allegiance to Queen Elizabeth II, whose official portrait hung prominently behind them as they signed; the declaration even ended "God Save The Queen". Four junior members of the Cabinet—Lance Smith, Ian Dillon, Andrew Dunlop and P K van der Byl—did not sign, but were included in the official photograph.
Text of the declaration
Announcement and reactions
Announcement
Prompted by the government, the Rhodesian Broadcasting Corporation told the public to stand by for an important announcement from the Prime Minister at 13:15 local time. Smith went first to Government House to inform Gibbs that his Cabinet had declared independence, then to Pockets Hill Studios in east Salisbury to announce UDI to the nation. He read the proclamation aloud, then stated that independence had been declared because it had become "abundantly clear that it is the policy of the British government to play us along with no real intention of arriving at a solution which we could possibly accept ... I promised the people of this country that I would continue to negotiate to the bitter end and that I would leave no stone unturned in my endeavours to secure an honourable and mutually accepted settlement; it now falls to me to tell you that negotiations have come to an end".
Smith said that he believed that he would be remiss in his duty if he allowed Rhodesia to continue to "drift in its present paralysing state of uncertainty", and that following Britain's abandonment of the Federation his government was determined that "the same will never be allowed to happen here". He claimed that UDI did not mark "a diminution in the opportunities which our African people have to advance and prosper in Rhodesia", described "racial harmony in Africa" as part of his agenda and condemned black Rhodesian activities as attempts to "blackmail the British government into ... handing the country over to irresponsible rule". He then attempted to assuage fears that economic sanctions might destroy the economy, and asked Rhodesians to stand firm: "The mantle of the pioneers has fallen on our shoulders ... In the lives of most nations there comes a moment when a stand has to be made for principles, whatever the consequences. This moment has come to Rhodesia ... the first Western nation in the last two decades to say 'so far and no further'." He concluded with an assertion that the declaration of independence was "a blow for the preservation of justice, civilisation and Christianity".
Domestic reactions
By the time Smith and Dupont arrived at Government House to see Gibbs, Whitehall had instructed the Governor to formally dismiss Smith and his ministers for treason. Gibbs complied without hesitation. Smith and his ministers ignored this, holding that under the new 1965 constitution Gibbs "no longer ha[d] any executive powers in Rhodesia", and his reserve power to sack them no longer existed. The Rhodesian government hoped that Gibbs might obligingly resign in light of his impotent situation, but he did not; following orders from London, he remained at his post at Government House. Gibbs told the Rhodesian military's senior officers, some of whom were troubled by the perceived choice between Queen and country, to remain at their posts to maintain law and order. Wilson briefly flirted with the idea of sending Lord Mountbatten to Rhodesia to support Gibbs as a direct representative of the Queen, but this was dropped after Gibbs asked for somebody "higher up" in the royal family instead. "Not likely", Wilson retorted.
The Rhodesian government accompanied UDI with emergency measures that it said were intended to prevent alarm, unrest and the flight of people and capital. Press censorship and petrol rationing were imposed, import licences were cancelled and emigration allowances were cut to £100. News of UDI was generally received calmly by the local citizenry, apart from some isolated incidents of passing cars being stoned in the black townships outside Bulawayo. A few expected dissenters were arrested, most prominently Leo Baron, Nkomo's lawyer, whose links with black Rhodesians and communists were seen by authorities as "subversive". Baron, the younger brother of the scientist Jacob Bronowski, was arrested nine minutes after UDI was made.
Welensky, who had opposed UDI, stated that he felt it was nevertheless "the duty of every responsible Rhodesian to support the revolutionary government" as he believed the only alternative was a descent into anarchy. João de Freitas Cruz, the Portuguese consul-general in Salisbury, reacted to the news with wild excitement; visiting the Smith residence later in the day, he declared "Only Rhodesians could do this!" A statement from ZAPU's Jason Moyo, who was in London at the time, denounced UDI as an act of "treason and rebellion" and asserted that "the lives particularly of four million unarmed Africans are in jeopardy". Davis M'Gabe of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) said that "For all those who cherish freedom and a meaningful life, UDI has set a collision course which cannot be altered. [It has] marked the turning point of the struggle for freedom ... from a constitutional and political one to primarily a military struggle." Most major Christian denominational leaders in the country publicly rejected UDI and the assertion that it defended Christianity, with the exception of the local Dutch Reformed Church, which stated that it was apolitical and thereafter refrained from comment.
A week after UDI, Smith's government announced that Dupont, the Deputy Prime Minister, had resigned from the Cabinet to accept the post of Officer Administering the Government created by the 1965 constitution. Attempting to assert his claimed prerogatives as Her Majesty's Rhodesian Prime Minister, Smith advised the Queen by letter to appoint Dupont as Governor-General to supersede Gibbs. The letter was ignored, with Buckingham Palace characterising Smith's request as "purported advice". Whitehall maintained that Gibbs was the Queen's only legitimate representative in what it still reckoned as the colony of Southern Rhodesia–and hence, the only lawful authority in the area. Dupont nevertheless effectively replaced the Governor. The Smith administration assigned him the Governor's official residence at Government House, but no attempt was made to forcibly remove Gibbs and his entourage; the post-UDI government stated that the Officer Administering the Government would live at Governor's Lodge instead "until Government House, at present temporarily occupied by Sir Humphrey Gibbs in a private capacity, becomes available".
The Speaker of the Rhodesian parliament, A R W Stumbles, reconvened the Legislative Assembly on 25 November, resolving that if he did not there would be chaos. He feared that Gibbs might dramatically walk into the chamber in an attempt to stop the proceedings, but Gibbs did no such thing. The parliamentary opposition opened the meeting by asking whether the assembly was legal. Ahrn Palley, the lone white opposition MP, announced that as he saw it, "certain Honourable Members in collusion have torn up the constitution under which this House meets. The proceedings have no legal validity whatsoever". Stumbles overruled this objection and two more interruptions from Palley, and suggested that any members with reservations might leave. Palley continued his loud protests until he was forcibly ejected by the Sergeant-at-Arms, shouting "This is an illegal assembly! God save the Queen!" Gondo and eight other opposition MPs followed Palley out; all ten of them rejoined the Legislative Assembly in February 1966.
Gibbs received threatening letters from the Rhodesian public, and on 26 November 1965 Smith's government cut off the telephones at Government House, and removed the ceremonial guard, the official cars "and even the typewriters", Wood records. Gibbs nevertheless refused to step down or to leave Government House, issuing a statement that he would remain there "as the lawful Governor of Rhodesia until such time as constitutional government is restored, which I hope will be soon." He stayed at his post, ignored by the post-UDI government, until the declaration of a republic in 1970.
British and international responses; sanctions
Wilson was astonished by Smith's actions, and found the timing of the declaration to coincide with the Armistice Day silence deeply insulting. Describing Salisbury as "hell-bent on illegal self-destroying", the British Prime Minister, supported in the Commons by the Liberals and most Conservatives, called on Rhodesians to ignore the post-UDI government. Within hours of UDI, the UN General Assembly passed a condemnatory resolution, 107–2—South Africa and Portugal voted against, and France abstained—decrying Rhodesia's actions and calling on Britain to end "the rebellion by the unlawful authorities in Salisbury". The UN Security Council the next day adopted Resolution 216, which denounced the declaration of independence as illegal and racist, and called on all states to refuse recognition and assistance to the Rhodesian government. Security Council Resolution 217, following on 20 November, condemned UDI as an illegitimate "usurpation of power by a racist settler minority", and called on nations neither to recognise what it deemed "this illegal authority" nor to entertain diplomatic or economic relations with it. Both of these measures were adopted by ten votes to none with France abstaining.
Rhodesian nationalists and their overseas supporters, prominently the OAU, clamoured for Britain to remove Smith's government by force. The UN Committee on Independence also strongly advised military intervention. The British government dismissed this option because of various logistical issues, the risk of provoking a Rhodesian attack on Zambia and the psychological problems that were likely to accompany any confrontation between British and Rhodesian troops in what Smith said would be a "fratricidal war". British Foreign Secretary Michael Stewart stated that the United Kingdom thought that Rhodesian forces were well-equipped, well-trained and highly motivated and that an invasion would lead to "a medium sized war of uncertain duration". Wilson instead resolved to end the Rhodesian rebellion through economic sanctions; these principally comprised the expulsion of Rhodesia from the Sterling area, a ban on the import of Rhodesian sugar, tobacco, chrome and other goods and an oil boycott of Rhodesia. When the Rhodesians continued to receive oil, Wilson attempted to directly cut off their main supply lines, namely the Portuguese Mozambican ports at Beira and Lourenço Marques, by posting a Royal Navy squadron to the Mozambique Channel in March 1966. This blockade, the Beira Patrol, was endorsed the following month by UN Security Council Resolution 221. The United Nations proceeded to institute the first mandatory trade sanctions in its history with Security Council Resolutions 232 (December 1966) and 253 (April 1968), which required member states to cease all trade and economic links with Rhodesia.
Wilson predicted in January 1966 that the various boycotts would force Smith to give in "within a matter of weeks rather than months", but the British and UN sanctions had little effect on Rhodesia, largely because South Africa and Portugal went on trading with the breakaway colony, providing it with oil and other commodities. Clandestine "sanction-busting" trade with other nations also continued, initially at a reduced level and the diminished presence of foreign competitors helped domestic industries to slowly mature and expand. Rhodesia thus avoided the economic collapse predicted by Wilson and gradually became more self-sufficient. The Rhodesian government set up a string of front holding companies in Switzerland, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein to help keep trade open with some success; goods that had been imported from Britain were replaced by Japanese, French and West German equivalents. Even many OAU states, while bombarding Rhodesia with vitriol, continued importing Rhodesian food and other products. The United States created a formal exception in its embargo with the Byrd Amendment of 1971, under which the US replaced its import of chrome from the Soviet Union with Rhodesian chrome ore. This breach of the UN sanctions, passed by the US Congress on the back of anti-communist Cold War considerations, was warmly welcomed by several white Southerners in Congress; it aided the Rhodesian economy until 1977, when the new president, Jimmy Carter, successfully pushed Congress to repeal it.
Recognition
Foreign
Official diplomatic recognition by other countries was key for Rhodesia as it was the only way it could regain the international legitimacy it had lost through UDI. Recognition by the UK itself through a bilateral settlement would be the "first prize", in Smith's words, as it would end sanctions and constitutional ambiguity and make foreign acceptance, at least in the West, far more likely. Considering their country a potentially important player in the Cold War as a "bastion against communism" in southern Africa, the RF posited that some Western countries might recognise UDI even without a prior Anglo-Rhodesian rapprochement. Specifically, it expected diplomatic recognition from South Africa and Portugal, and thought that France might recognise Rhodesia to annoy Britain and create a precedent for an independent Quebec. But although South Africa and Portugal gave economic, military and limited political support to the post-UDI government (as did France and other nations, to a lesser extent), neither they nor any other country ever recognised Rhodesia as a de jure independent state. Rhodesia's unsuccessful attempts to win Western support and recognition included offers to the US government in 1966 and 1967, ignored by Lyndon B Johnson's administration, to provide Rhodesian troops to fight alongside the Americans and other anti-communist forces in Vietnam.
Britain withdrew most of its High Commission staff from Salisbury in the days following UDI, leaving a small skeleton staff to man a "residual mission" intended to help Gibbs keep the British government informed of local happenings. Several countries followed Britain's lead and closed their consulates in Salisbury, with one prominent exception to this being the United States, which retained its consulate-general in post-UDI Rhodesia, relabelling it a "US Contacts Office" to circumvent the problem of diplomatic recognition. South Africa and Portugal maintained "Accredited Diplomatic Representative" offices in Salisbury, which were embassies in all but name, while Rhodesia kept its pre-UDI overseas missions in Pretoria, Lisbon and Lourenço Marques. Unofficial representative offices of the Rhodesian government also existed in the US, Japan and West Germany, while a citizen of Belgium was employed to represent Rhodesian interests there. The Rhodesian High Commission in London, located at Rhodesia House on the Strand, remained under the control of the post-UDI government and effectively became its representative office in the UK. Like the South African Embassy on Trafalgar Square, Rhodesia House became a regular target for political demonstrations. These continued even after Britain forced the office to close in 1969.
Because UDI claimed to make Rhodesia independent under the Queen as an effective dominion, many countries justified their retention of missions in Rhodesia concurrently with their non-recognition of the state by pointing out that the envoys' accreditation was to the Queen and not to Smith's government per se. But Rhodesia moved away from its original line of independence as a constitutional monarchy and towards republicanism during the late 1960s, hoping to end ambiguity regarding its claimed constitutional status and elicit official foreign recognition. In March 1970, after the electorate had voted "yes" in a referendum the previous year both to a new constitution and to the abandoning of symbolic ties to the Queen, Smith's government declared Rhodesia a republic. Far from prompting recognition, this led all countries apart from Portugal and South Africa to withdraw their consulates and missions, as the justification of royal accreditation could no longer be used. After Portugal's Carnation Revolution in 1974, the Rhodesian mission in Lisbon was closed in May 1975, with its counterpart in Lourenço Marques following a month later on Mozambican independence. Portugal also withdrew its own remaining officials from Rhodesia, leaving South Africa as the only country with links to Salisbury. Rhodesia's diplomatic activities were thereafter greatly diminished.
Judicial
The Rhodesian High Court's nine Appellate and General Division judges initially neither rejected UDI nor openly supported it. The Chief Justice Sir Hugh Beadle, of the Appellate Division, announced simply that the judges would go on carrying out their duties "according to the law". This originally noncommittal stance evolved over time, largely pivoting around legal cases argued at the High Court in Salisbury between 1966 and 1968. The first of these, Madzimbamuto v. Lardner-Burke N. O. and Others, concerned Daniel Madzimbamuto, a black Rhodesian who was detained without trial by the Rhodesian government on 6 November 1965, the day after the declaration of a state of emergency and five days before UDI, on the grounds that he might pose a danger to the public. Desmond Lardner-Burke, the Rhodesian Minister of Justice and Law and Order, prolonged the state of emergency in February 1966, prompting Madzimbamuto's wife to appeal for his release, arguing that since the United Kingdom had declared UDI illegal and outlawed the Rhodesian government with the Southern Rhodesia Act 1965, the state of emergency (and, by extension, Madzimbamuto's imprisonment) had no legal basis.
The General Division of the Rhodesian High Court ruled on 9 September 1966 that legal sovereignty lay with the British government, but that to "avoid chaos and a vacuum in the law" the Rhodesian government should be considered to be in control of law and order to the same extent as before UDI. In February 1968, ruling on Madzimbamuto's appeal, Beadle concluded that the Smith administration would be recognised by the local judiciary as the de facto government by virtue of its "effective control over the state's territory", but that de jure recognition would be withheld as this was not "firmly established". Madzimbamuto applied for the right to appeal to the British Privy Council; the Rhodesian Appellate Division promptly ruled that he had no right to do so, but the Privy Council considered his case anyway.
In late February 1968, considering the fate of James Dhlamini, Victor Mlambo and Duly Shadreck, three black Rhodesians convicted of murder and terrorist offences before UDI, Beadle ruled that Salisbury retained its pre-UDI powers regarding executions and could carry out death sentences. Whitehall announced on 1 March that at the request of the UK government, the Queen had exercised the royal prerogative of mercy and commuted the three death sentences to life imprisonment. Dhlamini and the others applied for a permanent stay of execution on this basis. At the hearing for Dhlamini and Mlambo on 4 March 1968, Beadle argued that he saw the statement from London as a decision by the UK government and not the Queen herself, and that in any case the 1961 constitution had transferred the prerogative of mercy from Britain to the Rhodesian Executive Council. "The present government is the fully de facto government and as such is the only power that can exercise the prerogative", he concluded. "It would be strange indeed if the United Kingdom government, exercising no internal power in Rhodesia, were given the right to exercise the prerogative of clemency." The Judge President Sir Vincent Quenet and Justice Hector Macdonald agreed, and the application was dismissed. Justice John Fieldsend of the High Court's General Division resigned in protest, writing to Gibbs that he no longer believed the High Court to be defending the rights of Rhodesian citizens. Dhlamini, Mlambo and Shadreck were hanged on 6 March.
On 23 July 1968, the Privy Council in London ruled in Madzimbamuto's favour, deciding that orders for detention made by the Rhodesian government were invalid regardless of whether the 1961 or 1965 constitution was considered effective. It declared the latter, "revolutionary" constitution illegal, and ruled that the former was overridden by the Southern Rhodesia Act 1965, which had effectively outlawed the Rhodesian legislative, administrative and legal authorities in British law. Lord Reid, delivering the majority opinion (Lord Pearce dissented), argued that the "usurper" government, though the effective master of Rhodesia, could not be considered lawful as the UK government was still attempting to regain control and it was impossible to say whether or not it would succeed. He ruled that only Whitehall could determine what constituted the maintenance of "law and order" in Rhodesia, and that the Rhodesian emergency measures were unlawful as they had been formalised by the Officer Administering the Government, a post-UDI figure who was, in British eyes, unconstitutional. Reid concluded that Madzimbamuto was illegally detained. Harry Davies, one of the Rhodesian judges, announced on 8 August that the Rhodesian courts would not consider this ruling binding as they no longer accepted the Privy Council as part of the Rhodesian judicial hierarchy. Justice J R Dendy Young resigned in protest at Davies' ruling on 12 August and four days later was sworn in as Chief Justice of Botswana.
The Rhodesian High Court granted full de jure recognition to the post-UDI government on 13 September 1968, while rejecting the appeals of 32 black Rhodesians who had been a month earlier convicted of terrorist offences and sentenced to death. Beadle declared that while he believed the Rhodesian judiciary should respect rulings of the Privy Council "so far as possible", the judgement of 23 July had made it legally impossible for Rhodesian judges to continue under the 1961 constitution. He asserted that the court therefore faced a choice between the 1965 constitution and a legal vacuum, the latter of which he felt he could not endorse. Referring to the Privy Council's decision that the UK might yet remove the post-UDI government, he said that "on the facts as they exist today, the only prediction which this court can make is that sanctions will not succeed in overthrowing the present government ... and that there are no other factors which might succeed in doing so".
Macdonald, a member of Beadle's ruling panel, argued that since UDI, the British government had acted unconstitutionally and illegally regarding Rhodesia by involving the United Nations in what should have been legally considered a domestic problem, and had concurrently abdicated its right to the allegiance of the Rhodesian people by waging economic war against the country and encouraging other nations to do the same. To support this argument, Macdonald referred to the assertion by the 17th-century Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius that "the purpose of governing and the purpose of destroying cannot subsist together". Since Britain was in a state of economic war against Rhodesia, the court concluded, it could not at the same time be regarded as governing it. UDI, the associated 1965 constitution and the government were thereafter considered de jure by the Rhodesian legal system.
The British Commonwealth Secretary, George Thomson, promptly accused the Rhodesian judges of breaching "the fundamental laws of the land", while Gibbs announced that since his position as Governor existed under the 1961 constitution, which allowed appeals to the Privy Council, he could only reject the Rhodesian court ruling. The Rhodesian judges continued regardless. Their recognition of the post-UDI order carried over to the 1969 republican constitution, adopted in 1970.
Replacement of national symbols
Vestiges of British ties were removed piecemeal by the government over the decade following UDI, and replaced with symbols and terminology intended to be more uniquely Rhodesian. A silver "Liberty Bell", based on the bell of the same name in Philadelphia, was cast during 1966 and rung by the Prime Minister 12 times each year on Independence Day (the anniversary of UDI), with some in the press erroneously believing the number of chimes signifying the number of years since the declaration of independence. The Union Jack and Rhodesia's Commonwealth-style national flag—a defaced Sky Blue Ensign with the Union Jack in the canton—continued to fly over government buildings, military bases and other official locations until 11 November 1968, the third anniversary of UDI, when they were superseded by a new national flag: a green-white-green vertical triband, charged centrally with the Rhodesian coat of arms. The Union Jack continued to be ceremonially raised at Cecil Square in Salisbury on 12 September each year as part of the Pioneers' Day holiday, which marked the anniversary of the establishment of Salisbury (and, by extension, Rhodesia) in 1890.
Since Elizabeth II was still the Rhodesian head of state in the eyes of Smith's administration until 1970, "God Save the Queen" remained the Rhodesian national anthem, and continued to accompany official occasions such as the opening of the Rhodesian parliament. This was intended to demonstrate Rhodesia's continued loyalty to the Queen, but the use of the unmistakably British song at Rhodesian state occasions soon seemed "fairly ironic", as The Times put it. Salisbury started looking for a replacement anthem around the same time as its introduction of the new flag, and in 1974, after four years without an anthem ("God Save the Queen" was formally dropped in 1970), republican Rhodesia adopted "Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia", an anthem coupling original lyrics with the tune of Beethoven's "Ode to Joy". The country's head of state under the republican constitution was the President of Rhodesia, the first of whom was Dupont.
State press censorship, which had been introduced on UDI, was lifted in early April 1968. Decimalisation occurred on 17 February 1970, two weeks before Rhodesia's reconstitution as a republic, with the new Rhodesian dollar replacing the pound at a rate of two dollars to each pound. Following the republic's formal declaration the next month, the Rhodesian military removed nomenclatural and symbolic references to the Crown—the Royal Rhodesian Air Force and Royal Rhodesia Regiment dropped their "Royal" prefixes, new branch and regimental flags were designed, and the St Edward's Crown surmounting many regimental emblems was expunged in favour of the "Lion and Tusk", a motif from the coat of arms of the British South Africa Company that had been used in Rhodesian military symbolism since the 1890s. The air force's new roundel was a green ring with the lion and tusk on a white centre. Later that year, a system of new Rhodesian honours and decorations was created to replace the old British honours. Rhodesia's police force, the British South Africa Police, was not renamed.
Ending UDI
Wilson told the British House of Commons in January 1966 that he would not enter any kind of dialogue with the post-UDI Rhodesian "illegal regime" until it gave up its claim of independence, but by mid-1966 British and Rhodesian civil servants were holding "talks about talks" in London and Salisbury. By November that year, Wilson had agreed to negotiate personally with Smith. The two Prime Ministers unsuccessfully attempted to settle aboard HMS Tiger in December 1966 and HMS Fearless in October 1968. After the Conservatives returned to power in Britain in 1970, provisional agreement was reached in November 1971 between the Rhodesian government and a British team headed by Douglas-Home (who was Foreign Secretary under Prime Minister Edward Heath), and in early 1972 a Royal Commission chaired by Lord Pearce travelled to Rhodesia to investigate how acceptable the proposals were to majority opinion. After extensive consultation, the commission reported that while whites, coloureds and Asians were largely in favour of the presented terms, most blacks rejected them. The deal was therefore shelved by the British government.
The Rhodesian Bush War, a guerrilla conflict pitting the Rhodesian Security Forces against the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), the respective armed wings of ZANU and ZAPU, began in earnest in December 1972, when ZANLA attacked Altena and Whistlefield Farms in north-eastern Rhodesia. The 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal, which over the next year replaced Portuguese support for Smith with an independent, Marxist–Leninist Mozambique on Rhodesia's eastern frontier, greatly swung the war's momentum in favour of the nationalists (particularly ZANU, which was allied with Mozambique's governing FRELIMO party), and caused the sanctions on Rhodesia to finally begin having a noticeable effect. Diplomatic isolation, the sanctions, guerrilla activities and pressure from South Africa to find a settlement led the Rhodesian government to hold talks with the various black Rhodesian factions. Abortive conferences were held at Victoria Falls (in 1975) and Geneva (1976). Despite ideological and tribal rifts, ZANU and ZAPU nominally united as the "Patriotic Front" (PF) in late 1976 in a successful attempt to augment overseas support for the black Rhodesian cause.
By the mid-1970s, it was apparent that white minority rule could not continue forever. Even Vorster realized that white rule in a country where blacks outnumbered whites 22:1 was not a realistic option. Smith, who was decisively re-elected three times during the 1970s, eventually came to this conclusion as well. He announced his acceptance in principle of one man, one vote during Henry Kissinger's Anglo-American initiative in September 1976, and in March 1978 concluded the Internal Settlement with non-militant nationalist groups headed by Bishop Abel Muzorewa, the Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole and Chief Jeremiah Chirau. This settlement, boycotted by the PF and rejected internationally, led to multiracial elections and Rhodesia's reconstitution under majority rule as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in June 1979. Muzorewa, the electoral victor, took office as the country's first black Prime Minister at the head of a coalition Cabinet comprising 12 blacks and five whites, including Smith as minister without portfolio. Dismissing Muzorewa as a "neocolonial puppet", ZANLA and ZIPRA continued their armed struggle until December 1979, when Whitehall, Salisbury and the Patriotic Front settled at Lancaster House. Muzorewa's government revoked UDI, thereby ending the country's claim to be independent after 14 years, and dissolved itself. The UK suspended the constitution and vested full executive and legislative powers in a new Governor, Lord Soames, who oversaw a ceasefire and fresh elections during February and March 1980. These were won by ZANU, whose leader Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister when the UK granted independence to Zimbabwe as a republic within the Commonwealth in April 1980. African nationalist politicians continued to cite their opposition to the UDI as a means of legitimising their rule of Zimbabwe into the 21st century. Since it was issued, the UDI has been recounted in scholarly literature, autobiographies of those involved in its creation, and works of fiction.
See also
No independence before majority rule
Notes
Footnotes
Speeches
Newspaper and journal articles
Online sources
Bibliography
also includes (on pp. 240–256)
Michel, Eddie. The White House and White Africa: Presidential Policy Toward Rhodesia During the UDI Era, 1965-1979 (New York: Routledge, 2019). online review
in
1965 in the British Empire
1965 in international relations
1965 in law
1965 in the United Kingdom
1965 documents
British Empire
Cold War in Africa
Cold War history of the United Kingdom
Rhodesia
Rhodesia–United Kingdom relations
Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
Unilateral Declaration of Independence
History of Zimbabwe
Political history of the United Kingdom
Unilateral Declaration of Independence
Unilateral Declaration of Independence
Unilateral Declaration of Independence
United Kingdom–Zimbabwe relations
Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations
November 1965 events in Africa
Alec Douglas-Home |
Gelnai (formerly , ) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 47 people. It is located from Vandžiogala, by the Mėkla river and its tributary the Klampis, next to the A8 highway, nearby the Labūnava Forest.
There is an agroservice, a wayside chapel (cultural heritage object), a cemetery and many wooden sculptures made by local wood carver.
History
In the beginning of the 20th century, there was Gelnai village and zaścianek in Babtai volost.
Demography
Notable people
Bronius Vyšniauskas (1923–2015), Lithuanian sculptor.
Images
References
Villages in Kaunas County
Kėdainiai District Municipality |
```smalltalk
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Volo.Abp.EventBus.Distributed;
using Volo.Abp.Uow;
namespace Volo.Abp.EntityFrameworkCore.DistributedEvents;
public class DbContextEventOutbox<TDbContext> : IDbContextEventOutbox<TDbContext>
where TDbContext : IHasEventOutbox
{
protected IDbContextProvider<TDbContext> DbContextProvider { get; }
public DbContextEventOutbox(
IDbContextProvider<TDbContext> dbContextProvider)
{
DbContextProvider = dbContextProvider;
}
[UnitOfWork]
public virtual async Task EnqueueAsync(OutgoingEventInfo outgoingEvent)
{
var dbContext = (IHasEventOutbox)await DbContextProvider.GetDbContextAsync();
dbContext.OutgoingEvents.Add(new OutgoingEventRecord(outgoingEvent));
}
[UnitOfWork]
public virtual async Task<List<OutgoingEventInfo>> GetWaitingEventsAsync(int maxCount, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
{
var dbContext = (IHasEventOutbox)await DbContextProvider.GetDbContextAsync();
var outgoingEventRecords = await dbContext
.OutgoingEvents
.AsNoTracking()
.OrderBy(x => x.CreationTime)
.Take(maxCount)
.ToListAsync(cancellationToken: cancellationToken);
return outgoingEventRecords
.Select(x => x.ToOutgoingEventInfo())
.ToList();
}
[UnitOfWork]
public virtual async Task DeleteAsync(Guid id)
{
var dbContext = (IHasEventOutbox)await DbContextProvider.GetDbContextAsync();
await dbContext.OutgoingEvents.Where(x => x.Id == id).ExecuteDeleteAsync();
}
[UnitOfWork]
public virtual async Task DeleteManyAsync(IEnumerable<Guid> ids)
{
var dbContext = (IHasEventOutbox)await DbContextProvider.GetDbContextAsync();
await dbContext.OutgoingEvents.Where(x => ids.Contains(x.Id)).ExecuteDeleteAsync();
}
}
``` |
```smalltalk
Extension { #name : 'BitBlt' }
{ #category : '*FreeType-Graphics' }
BitBlt >> combinationRule [
"Answer the receiver's combinationRule"
^ combinationRule
]
{ #category : '*FreeType-Graphics' }
BitBlt >> copyBitsColor: argbColorSmallInteger alpha: argbAlphaSmallInteger gammaTable: gammaByteArray ungammaTable: ungammaByteArray [
"This entry point to BitBlt supplies an extra argument to specify the fore color
argb value for operation 41. This is split into an alpha value and an rgb value,
so that both can be passed as smallIntegers to the primitive.
rgbColorInteger must be a smallInteger between 0 and 16rFFFFFF.
alpha must be a smallInteger between 0 and 16rFF."
<primitive: 'primitiveCopyBits' module: 'BitBltPlugin'>
"Check for compressed source, destination or halftone forms"
((sourceForm isForm) and: [sourceForm unhibernate])
ifTrue: [^ self copyBitsColor: argbColorSmallInteger alpha: argbAlphaSmallInteger gammaTable: gammaByteArray ungammaTable: ungammaByteArray].
((destForm isForm) and: [destForm unhibernate ])
ifTrue: [^ self copyBitsColor: argbColorSmallInteger alpha: argbAlphaSmallInteger gammaTable: gammaByteArray ungammaTable: ungammaByteArray].
((halftoneForm isForm) and: [halftoneForm unhibernate])
ifTrue: [^ self copyBitsColor: argbColorSmallInteger alpha: argbAlphaSmallInteger gammaTable: gammaByteArray ungammaTable: ungammaByteArray].
self primitiveFailed "Later do nicer error recovery -- share copyBits recovery"
]
{ #category : '*FreeType-Graphics' }
BitBlt >> installFreeTypeFont: aFreeTypeFont foregroundColor: foregroundColor backgroundColor: backgroundColor scale: scale [
"Set up the parameters. Since the glyphs in a TTCFont is 32bit depth form, it tries to use rule=34 to get better AA result if possible."
(FreeTypeSettings current useSubPixelAntiAliasing and: [destForm depth >= 8])
ifTrue:[
self combinationRule: 41.
destForm depth = 8
ifTrue:[self colorMap: (self cachedFontColormapFrom: 32 to: destForm depth)]
ifFalse:[self colorMap: nil]]
ifFalse:[
"use combination rule 34 when rule 41 is not available in the BitBlt plugin,
or the destination form depth <= 8"
destForm depth <= 8
ifTrue: [
self colorMap: (self cachedFontColormapFrom: 32 to: destForm depth).
self combinationRule: Form paint.]
ifFalse: [
self colorMap: nil.
self combinationRule: 34]].
halftoneForm := nil.
sourceX := sourceY := 0.
height := aFreeTypeFont height * scale
]
{ #category : '*FreeType-Graphics' }
BitBlt >> lastFontForegroundColor [
^ nil
]
``` |
Borgaon Dam, is an earthfill dam on local river near Yavatmal in state of Maharashtra in India.
Specifications
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is while the length is . The volume content is and gross storage capacity is .
Purpose
Irrigation
See also
Dams in Maharashtra
List of reservoirs and dams in India
References
Dams in Yavatmal district
Dams completed in 1993
1993 establishments in Maharashtra |
The 2006 Big 12 Conference women's basketball championship, known for sponsorship reasons as the 2006 Phillips 66 Big 12 Women's Basketball Championship, was the 2006 edition of the Big 12 Conference's championship tournament. The tournament was held at the Reunion Arena in Dallas from 7 March until 10 March 2006. The Quarterfinals, Semifinals, and Finals were televised on the ESPN family of networks. The championship game, held on March 10, 2006, featured the number 1 seeded Oklahoma Sooners, and the number 2 seeded Baylor Bears. Oklahoma won this contest by a 72-61 score.
Seeding
Schedule
Tournament bracket
See also
2006 Big 12 Conference men's basketball tournament
2006 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament
2005–06 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings
References
Big 12 Conference women's basketball tournament
Basketball in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Tournament
Big 12 Conference women's basketball tournament
Big 12 Conference women's basketball tournament |
Abi Mohamed Al Morjani Mosque () is a small mosque in the Halfaouine hood, in the north of the Medina of Tunis.
Localization
It is located in 33 El Halfaouine Street.
Etymology
The madrasa Marjania and the mosque got their names from their founder, the sheikh Abou Mohamed Al Morjani (), a close friend of the saint Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili.
History
According to the commemorative plaque at the entrance, it was built in the 13th century. It is known for its minbar that was made in 1493 and where the chahada is engraved. The mosque was restored between 1963 and 1966.
References
Mosques in Tunis
13th-century mosques
13th-century establishments in Africa |
```javascript
import lisp from "highlight.js/lib/languages/lisp";
export default lisp;
``` |
S-61 Delfín (Dolphin in Spanish) is a diesel-electric submarine of the Daphné-class (known in Spain as the Delfín class) that was used by the Spanish Navy between 1973 and 2003. During his 30 years of service, he participated in various national and international exercises and maneuvers, made more than 2,500 voyages, made more than 30,000 hours of immersion and served in this submarine more than a thousand sailors. At the time of her retirement, she was the longest-serving submarine in the history of the Spanish Submarine Fleet.
In 2004 it was donated by the Navy to the town of Torrevieja (province of Alicante, Valencian Community) and converted into a museum ship, thus becoming the first "floating museum" of these characteristics in Spain. It is part of the Museo del Mar y de la Sal (Museum of the Sea and Salt). In the first ten years as a museum it received more than a million visitors.
Construction and features
It was built in the shipyards of Cartagena (Murcia). It's keel laying was carried out on August 13, 1968 and it was launched on March 25, 1972.
It is a French-designed Daphné-class submarine (known as Delfín class or S-60 series in Spain) displaces 860 t on the surface, while submerged it displaced 1040 t. It has a length of 57.75 m, a beam of 6.74 m and a draft of 5.25,2 m. It was propelled by a diesel-electric system, made up of two diesel engines and two electric motors that transmitted to two propellers, with which it reached 13 knots of speed on the surface, and 15.5 knots submerged. The submarine was designed to dive to a depth of 300 m (980 ft) and its autonomy is 30 days.
Regarding its armament, it has 12 torpedo tubes of caliber 550 mm; eight tubes in the bow, two in the stern and one in each fin. While the forward tubes contain full-length torpedoes (either against a ship or against a submarine), the aft tubes only contain shorter torpedoes (only against submarines, in self-defense). It has the possibility of replacing torpedoes with mines, but its great Achilles' heel is the impossibility of carrying reserve torpedoes due to the limited space available.
It is designed for type missions:
patrols against surface or submarine forces
attack on maritime traffic
recognition
mined
special operations
History
The Delfin-class submarine defense program (also called the S-60 series) was approved by the National Defense Board on November 17, 1964 with Pedro Nieto Antúnez as Minister of the Navy and comprised the first two submarines, later expanded to two plus and financed by law 85/65 of November 17. With an initial cost of 700 million pesetas for the first two, the third in the series rose to 1,040 million pesetas (1964).
The names and numbers of the units in the series were assigned by ministerial order 218/73 of March 29. They were named after marine animals: Delfín (Dolphin), Tonina, Marsopa (Porpoise) and Narval (Narwhal), which had a certain precedent in the fleeting Foca class (Seal class) and Tiburón class (Shark class), although, with few exceptions (those mentioned above and the Peral, Monturiol, Cosme García, García de los Reyes, Mola and Sanjurjo), the submarines of the Spanish Navy used to be identified until then only by their numerals.
The Delfín (S-61) was registered in the official list of the Navy on May 3, 1973 in the port of Cartagena in a ceremony attended by the then Minister of the Navy Admiral Adolfo Baturone Colombo.
Throughout its operational life, the Delfín participated in several international maneuvers together with ships from other countries, for example in June 1996 it participated in the Tapón ’96 maneuvers together with the Spanish ships Príncipe de Asturias, Santa María , Numancia and Baleares , the Americans USS Grayling and USS Conolly and the Greek destroyer Formion.
Between 1984 and 1988 , during their first major careening, the Delfín-class submarines underwent a modernization that fundamentally included the weapons system, to be able to launch wire-guided torpedoes and the dsm (underwater detection) system. The modernization gave a somewhat different look to the bow of the submarines, changing the bow dome (jokingly nicknamed the nose), where the sonar is located.
In 1985 he mistakenly fired a torpedo at the Cartagena base.
On May 27, 1989, King Juan Carlos I reviewed the fleet at a naval stop in the waters of Barcelona. In this naval parade, the Dédalo, Príncipe de Asturias, the Baleares frigates: Andalucía, Extremadura and Victoria, the corvettes Descubierta class, Diana, Vencedora and Infanta Cristina, the submarines Delfín and Marsopa participated, among others.and other smaller units; as representatives of other countries, among others, the french Foch, the Italian Giuseppe Garibaldi, the American missile cruiser USS Belknap or the Portuguese frigate Comandante Hermenegildo Capelo.
In 1994 it suffered damage to the fairing of the free movement after a self-launched exercise torpedo hit it. The torpedo made a strange trajectory and ended up attacking launch ship.
The Delfín-serie submarines were decommissioned between 2003 and 2006; in the particular case of the Delfín (S-61) it was officially decommissioned on September 10, 2003 (although it was planned to do so on July 2, 2003, the Portuguese navy was interested in it and although in the end no agreement was reached your discharge was postponed). At that time, she was the Spanish submarine that had served the longest uninterruptedly in the Spanish Navy, after 30 years of service.
It was donated by the Spanish Navy as a museum ship since 2004 to the city of Torrevieja (Alicante), a town that sponsored it for the Navy after its launch and gave it its first combat flag in 1971. Specifically, it arrived towed by the tug civilian Sea Nostromo Primero on May 8, 2004. Since then, she has been moored in the port of that town and is part of the Museo del Mar y de la Sal (Museum of the Sea and Salt). After its installation there in the first ten years it exceeded million visits.
In 2015, he participated in an international amateur radio transmission for 48 hours in an initiative that tried to put all the existing floating museums in the world in contact. In 2019 it became the first floating museum to be adapted for people with functional diversity.
See also
List of submarines of the Spanish Navy
List of retired Spanish Navy ships
References
External links
Información y horario de visita al Submarino Ayuntamiento de Torrevieja
Información para visitar el Submarino S-61 Delfín Portal de turismo de la Comunidad Valenciana
La Armada despide a su submarino más veterano Revista Naval (10 de septiembre de 2003)
Características Generales de la clase Delfín La Vanguardia (24 de marzo de 1974)
Datos técnicos del Submarino Los Barcos de Eugenio
EXPERIENCIAS A BORDO DE UN SUBMARINO DE LA CLASE “DELFIN” por Antonio Bergoños González, ex-comandante del Delfín
El Arma Submarina 100 años en imágenes (1915-2015) Ministerio de Defensa
S-61 Delfín Submarine. Torrevieja Marine LPSPhoto (fotos, página en inglés)
Submarino museo S-61 DELFIN (Torrevieja) Vídeo en YouTube
Enjoy Directo: El Submarino Delfín de Torrevieja Vídeo en YouTube
Submarines of the Spanish Navy
Museum ships in Spain
1972 ships
Daphné-class submarines
Ships built in Cartagena, Spain |
Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard (2 August 1802 – 28 April 1872) was a French inventor, photographer and photo publisher. Being a cloth merchant by trade, in the 1840s he developed interest in photography and focused on technical and economical issues of mass production of photo prints.
Biography
He was born and raised in Lille where he studied chemistry with Charles Frédéric Kuhlmann and miniature painting on porcelain. After Louis Daguerre solved the problem of long exposure time and introduced daguerreotypy, a practical photographic process, to the general public in 1839, Blanquart-Evrard developed interest in photography. He studied the calotype, salt-print negative process, and in 1847 became the first person to publish on negative/positive paper photo process in France. He developed a method of bathing the paper in solutions of potassium iodide and silver nitrate rather than brushing these chemical baths on the surface. In January 1847, he presented his research on stabilizing the photo prints by floating them in the silver solution to the French Academy of Sciences.
Imprimerie Photographique
In 1850, he developed and introduced the albumen paper printing technique, which became the staple process of the soon to be popular carte de visite type of photo prints. In September 1851 in Lille, France, with Hippolyte Fockedey, he started the Imprimerie Photographique de Lille, which was the first large scale printing company to employ a large number of employees. Blanquart-Évrard introduced to public the work of many pioneering European photographers, such as Édouard Loydreau (1820–1905), Charles Marville (1813–1879), Ernest Benecke (1817–1894), Thomas Sutton (1819–1875), and Maxime Du Camp (1822–1894). In the 1850s he became known for publishing John Stewart's views of the Pyrenees and Auguste Saltzmann's views of Jerusalem. However, the calotype process that he adopted and improved had the disadvantage of leaving a blank white sky and dark foreground, which led to artist manipulating and using multiple negatives to add clouds to the sky and make the foreground more distinct. The problem with these manipulations was that often the clouds were taken in the morning and the foreground was taken in the afternoon. Also, due to technology deficiency, photo prints were fading with time and Blanquart-Evrard's business venture had to close in 1855, losing in competition with lithographs.
Towards the end of his life, Blanquart-Evrard collaborated in color printing with Louis Ducos Du Hauron. A three-color carbon print of botanical specimens produced by Blanquart-Evrard in 1871 has survived.
Recognition
In 1860s, Blanquart-Evrard published several influential essays and books, including, On the intervention of art in photography and La photographie: ses origines, ses progrès, ses transformations where he described the first three decades of the progress of photography and formulated important for the future development of photography as a fine art theoretical and aesthetic ideas. He is now considered as a major figure of the 1850s, a golden decade in the development of photography.
References
Further reading
Louis-Désiré Blanquart-Evrard, Traité de photographie sur papier, Librairie encyclopédique Roret, 1851
Louis-Désiré Blanquart Evrard, Intervention de l'art dans la photographie, Leiber, 1864
External links
Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard, The J. Paul Getty Museum
Pioneers of photography
19th-century French photographers
1802 births
1872 deaths
People from Lille |
Mauritius has been administered by various colonial head since it was discovered until it became an independent state;
Governor of Dutch Mauritius (Opperhoofd of Mauritius) – 1598 to 1718
Governor of Isle de France (Mauritius) (Gouverneur d'Isle de France) – 1721 to 1810
Governor of British Mauritius (Governor of Mauritius) – 1810 to 1968
See also
Governor-General of Mauritius – 1968 to 1992
President of Mauritius – 1992 to present
Prime Minister of Mauritius – 1968 to present
Queen of Mauritius – 1968 to 1992
Lists of Mauritian people
Mauritius |
```shell
#!/bin/sh
# Distributed under terms of the GPLv3 license.
{ \unalias command; \unset -f command; } >/dev/null 2>&1
tdir=""
shell_integration_dir=""
echo_on="ECHO_ON"
cleanup_on_bootstrap_exit() {
[ "$echo_on" = "1" ] && command stty "echo" 2> /dev/null < /dev/tty
echo_on="0"
[ -n "$tdir" ] && command rm -rf "$tdir"
tdir=""
}
die() {
if [ -e /dev/stderr ]; then
printf "\033[31m%s\033[m\n\r" "$*" > /dev/stderr;
elif [ -e /dev/fd/2 ]; then
printf "\033[31m%s\033[m\n\r" "$*" > /dev/fd/2;
else
printf "\033[31m%s\033[m\n\r" "$*";
fi
cleanup_on_bootstrap_exit;
exit 1;
}
python_detected="0"
detect_python() {
if [ python_detected = "1" ]; then
[ -n "$python" ] && return 0
return 1
fi
python_detected="1"
python=$(command -v python3)
[ -z "$python" ] && python=$(command -v python2)
[ -z "$python" ] && python=$(command -v python)
if [ -z "$python" -o ! -x "$python" ]; then python=""; return 1; fi
return 0
}
perl_detected="0"
detect_perl() {
if [ perl_detected = "1" ]; then
[ -n "$perl" ] && return 0
return 1
fi
perl_detected="1"
perl=$(command -v perl)
if [ -z "$perl" -o ! -x "$perl" ]; then perl=""; return 1; fi
return 0
}
if command -v base64 > /dev/null 2> /dev/null; then
base64_encode() { command base64 | command tr -d \\n\\r; }
base64_decode() { command base64 -d; }
elif command -v openssl > /dev/null 2> /dev/null; then
base64_encode() { command openssl enc -A -base64; }
base64_decode() { command openssl enc -A -d -base64; }
elif command -v b64encode > /dev/null 2> /dev/null; then
base64_encode() { command b64encode - | command sed '1d;$d' | command tr -d \\n\\r; }
base64_decode() { command fold -w 76 | command b64decode -r; }
elif detect_python; then
pybase64() { command "$python" -c "import sys, base64; getattr(sys.stdout, 'buffer', sys.stdout).write(base64.standard_b64$1(getattr(sys.stdin, 'buffer', sys.stdin).read()))"; }
base64_encode() { pybase64 "encode"; }
base64_decode() { pybase64 "decode"; }
elif detect_perl; then
base64_encode() { command "$perl" -MMIME::Base64 -0777 -ne 'print encode_base64($_)'; }
base64_decode() { command "$perl" -MMIME::Base64 -ne 'print decode_base64($_)'; }
else
die "base64 executable not present on remote host, ssh kitten cannot function."
fi
dcs_to_kitty() { printf "\033P@kitty-$1|%s\033\134" "$(printf "%s" "$2" | base64_encode)" > /dev/tty; }
debug() { dcs_to_kitty "print" "debug: $1"; }
# If $HOME is configured set it here
EXPORT_HOME_CMD
# ensure $HOME is set
[ -z "$HOME" ] && HOME=~
# ensure $USER is set
[ -z "$USER" ] && USER="$LOGNAME"
[ -z "$USER" ] && USER="$(command whoami 2> /dev/null)"
leading_data=""
login_shell=""
login_cwd=""
request_data="REQUEST_DATA"
trap "cleanup_on_bootstrap_exit" EXIT
[ "$request_data" = "1" ] && {
command stty "-echo" < /dev/tty
dcs_to_kitty "ssh" "id="REQUEST_ID":pwfile="PASSWORD_FILENAME":pw="DATA_PASSWORD""
}
read_base64_from_tty() {
while IFS= read -r line; do
[ "$line" = "KITTY_DATA_END" ] && return 0
printf "%s" "$line"
done
}
untar_and_read_env() {
# extract the tar file atomically, in the sense that any file from the
# tarfile is only put into place after it has been fully written to disk
command -v tar > /dev/null 2> /dev/null || die "tar is not available on this server. The ssh kitten requires tar."
tdir=$(command mktemp -d "$HOME/.kitty-ssh-kitten-untar-XXXXXXXXXXXX")
[ $? = 0 ] || die "Creating temp directory failed"
# suppress STDERR for tar as tar prints various warnings if for instance, timestamps are in the future
old_umask=$(umask)
umask 000
read_base64_from_tty | base64_decode | command tar "xpzf" "-" "-C" "$tdir" 2> /dev/null
umask "$old_umask"
. "$tdir/bootstrap-utils.sh"
. "$tdir/data.sh"
[ -z "$KITTY_SSH_KITTEN_DATA_DIR" ] && die "Failed to read SSH data from tty"
case "$KITTY_SSH_KITTEN_DATA_DIR" in
/*) data_dir="$KITTY_SSH_KITTEN_DATA_DIR" ;;
*) data_dir="$HOME/$KITTY_SSH_KITTEN_DATA_DIR"
esac
shell_integration_dir="$data_dir/shell-integration"
unset KITTY_SSH_KITTEN_DATA_DIR
login_shell="$KITTY_LOGIN_SHELL"
unset KITTY_LOGIN_SHELL
login_cwd="$KITTY_LOGIN_CWD"
unset KITTY_LOGIN_CWD
kitty_remote="$KITTY_REMOTE"
unset KITTY_REMOTE
compile_terminfo "$tdir/home"
mv_files_and_dirs "$tdir/home" "$HOME"
[ -e "$tdir/root" ] && mv_files_and_dirs "$tdir/root" ""
command rm -rf "$tdir"
tdir=""
}
get_data() {
started="n"
while IFS= read -r line; do
if [ "$started" = "y" ]; then
[ "$line" = "OK" ] && break
die "$line"
else
if [ "$line" = "KITTY_DATA_START" ]; then
started="y"
else
leading_data="$leading_data$line"
fi
fi
done
untar_and_read_env
}
# ask for the SSH data
get_data
cleanup_on_bootstrap_exit
prepare_for_exec
# If a command was passed to SSH execute it here
EXEC_CMD
# Used in the tests
TEST_SCRIPT
exec_login_shell
``` |
José Rodrigo Lugo Martínez (born 19 July 1997) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Dorados de Sinaloa.
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
Mexican men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Dorados de Sinaloa footballers
Ascenso MX players
Liga de Expansión MX players
Liga Premier de México players
Footballers from Culiacán
Footballers from Sinaloa |
Carl Gottfried Wilhelm Taubert (23 March 1811 – 7 January 1891) was a German pianist, composer, and conductor, and the father of philologist and writer Emil Taubert.
Life
Born in Berlin, Taubert studied under Ludwig Berger (piano) and Bernhard Klein (composition). In 1831, he became assistant conductor and accompanist for Berlin court concerts. Between 1845 and 1848, he was music director of the Berlin Royal Opera and was also court conductor in Berlin from 1845 to 1869. From 1865, he taught music at the Prussian Academy of Arts; Theodor Kullak was one of his pupils.
His compositions include six operas, incidental music, four symphonies, concertos for piano and cello, four string quartets, other orchestral, choral, and piano works, and more than 300 songs. His early compositions were praised by the composer Felix Mendelssohn, who had also studied piano with Berger.
Taubert died in Berlin. His grave is preserved in the Protestant "Friedhof I der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde" (Cemetery No. I of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.
Operas
Die Kirmes, comic opera, libretto by Eduard Devrient, 23 January 1832, Berlin, Königliches Theater
Die Zigeuner, libretto by E. Devrient, 14 September 1834, Berlin, Königliches Theater
Marquis und Dieb, comic opera, libretto by L Schneider, 15 February 1842, Berlin, Königliches Theater
Joggeli, libretto by H. Kloster, 9 October 1953, Berlin, Königliches Theater
Macbeth, libretto by F. H. Eggers, 16 November 1857, Berlin, Königliches Theater
Caesario, oder Was ihr wollt, comic opera, libretto by E. Taubert, 13 November 1874, Berlin, Königliches Theater
References
Stanley Sadie (ed.): "Taubert, Wilhelm", in: The New Grove Dictionary of Opera (London: Macmillan, 1992),
External links
Deutschen Nationalbibliothek catalogue information about the composer, accessed 18 November 2009
1811 births
1891 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century conductors (music)
German classical pianists
German conductors (music)
German male classical composers
German male conductors (music)
German male pianists
German opera composers
German Romantic composers
Male classical pianists
Male opera composers
Pupils of Bernhard Klein
String quartet composers |
```go
//go:build windows
// +build windows
package cancelreader
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"syscall"
"time"
"unicode/utf16"
"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
)
var fileShareValidFlags uint32 = 0x00000007
// NewReader returns a reader and a cancel function. If the input reader is a
// File with the same file descriptor as os.Stdin, the cancel function can
// be used to interrupt a blocking read call. In this case, the cancel function
// returns true if the call was canceled successfully. If the input reader is
// not a File with the same file descriptor as os.Stdin, the cancel
// function does nothing and always returns false. The Windows implementation
// is based on WaitForMultipleObject with overlapping reads from CONIN$.
func NewReader(reader io.Reader) (CancelReader, error) {
if f, ok := reader.(File); !ok || f.Fd() != os.Stdin.Fd() {
return newFallbackCancelReader(reader)
}
// it is necessary to open CONIN$ (NOT windows.STD_INPUT_HANDLE) in
// overlapped mode to be able to use it with WaitForMultipleObjects.
conin, err := windows.CreateFile(
&(utf16.Encode([]rune("CONIN$\x00"))[0]), windows.GENERIC_READ|windows.GENERIC_WRITE,
fileShareValidFlags, nil, windows.OPEN_EXISTING, windows.FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, 0)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("open CONIN$ in overlapping mode: %w", err)
}
resetConsole, err := prepareConsole(conin)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("prepare console: %w", err)
}
// flush input, otherwise it can contain events which trigger
// WaitForMultipleObjects but which ReadFile cannot read, resulting in an
// un-cancelable read
err = flushConsoleInputBuffer(conin)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("flush console input buffer: %w", err)
}
cancelEvent, err := windows.CreateEvent(nil, 0, 0, nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("create stop event: %w", err)
}
return &winCancelReader{
conin: conin,
cancelEvent: cancelEvent,
resetConsole: resetConsole,
blockingReadSignal: make(chan struct{}, 1),
}, nil
}
type winCancelReader struct {
conin windows.Handle
cancelEvent windows.Handle
cancelMixin
resetConsole func() error
blockingReadSignal chan struct{}
}
func (r *winCancelReader) Read(data []byte) (int, error) {
if r.isCanceled() {
return 0, ErrCanceled
}
err := r.wait()
if err != nil {
return 0, err
}
if r.isCanceled() {
return 0, ErrCanceled
}
// windows.Read does not work on overlapping windows.Handles
return r.readAsync(data)
}
// Cancel cancels ongoing and future Read() calls and returns true if the
// cancelation of the ongoing Read() was successful. On Windows Terminal,
// WaitForMultipleObjects sometimes immediately returns without input being
// available. In this case, graceful cancelation is not possible and Cancel()
// returns false.
func (r *winCancelReader) Cancel() bool {
r.setCanceled()
select {
case r.blockingReadSignal <- struct{}{}:
err := windows.SetEvent(r.cancelEvent)
if err != nil {
return false
}
<-r.blockingReadSignal
case <-time.After(100 * time.Millisecond):
// Read() hangs in a GetOverlappedResult which is likely due to
// WaitForMultipleObjects returning without input being available
// so we cannot cancel this ongoing read.
return false
}
return true
}
func (r *winCancelReader) Close() error {
err := windows.CloseHandle(r.cancelEvent)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("closing cancel event handle: %w", err)
}
err = r.resetConsole()
if err != nil {
return err
}
err = windows.Close(r.conin)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("closing CONIN$")
}
return nil
}
func (r *winCancelReader) wait() error {
event, err := windows.WaitForMultipleObjects([]windows.Handle{r.conin, r.cancelEvent}, false, windows.INFINITE)
switch {
case windows.WAIT_OBJECT_0 <= event && event < windows.WAIT_OBJECT_0+2:
if event == windows.WAIT_OBJECT_0+1 {
return ErrCanceled
}
if event == windows.WAIT_OBJECT_0 {
return nil
}
return fmt.Errorf("unexpected wait object is ready: %d", event-windows.WAIT_OBJECT_0)
case windows.WAIT_ABANDONED <= event && event < windows.WAIT_ABANDONED+2:
return fmt.Errorf("abandoned")
case event == uint32(windows.WAIT_TIMEOUT):
return fmt.Errorf("timeout")
case event == windows.WAIT_FAILED:
return fmt.Errorf("failed")
default:
return fmt.Errorf("unexpected error: %w", error(err))
}
}
// readAsync is necessary to read from a windows.Handle in overlapping mode.
func (r *winCancelReader) readAsync(data []byte) (int, error) {
hevent, err := windows.CreateEvent(nil, 0, 0, nil)
if err != nil {
return 0, fmt.Errorf("create event: %w", err)
}
overlapped := windows.Overlapped{
HEvent: hevent,
}
var n uint32
err = windows.ReadFile(r.conin, data, &n, &overlapped)
if err != nil && err != windows.ERROR_IO_PENDING {
return int(n), err
}
r.blockingReadSignal <- struct{}{}
err = windows.GetOverlappedResult(r.conin, &overlapped, &n, true)
if err != nil {
return int(n), nil
}
<-r.blockingReadSignal
return int(n), nil
}
func prepareConsole(input windows.Handle) (reset func() error, err error) {
var originalMode uint32
err = windows.GetConsoleMode(input, &originalMode)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("get console mode: %w", err)
}
var newMode uint32
newMode &^= windows.ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT
newMode &^= windows.ENABLE_LINE_INPUT
newMode &^= windows.ENABLE_MOUSE_INPUT
newMode &^= windows.ENABLE_WINDOW_INPUT
newMode &^= windows.ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT
newMode |= windows.ENABLE_EXTENDED_FLAGS
newMode |= windows.ENABLE_INSERT_MODE
newMode |= windows.ENABLE_QUICK_EDIT_MODE
// Enabling virtual terminal input is necessary for processing certain
// types of input like X10 mouse events and arrows keys with the current
// bytes-based input reader. It does, however, prevent cancelReader from
// being able to cancel input. The planned solution for this is to read
// Windows events in a more native fashion, rather than the current simple
// bytes-based input reader which works well on unix systems.
newMode |= windows.ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_INPUT
err = windows.SetConsoleMode(input, newMode)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("set console mode: %w", err)
}
return func() error {
err := windows.SetConsoleMode(input, originalMode)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("reset console mode: %w", err)
}
return nil
}, nil
}
var (
modkernel32 = windows.NewLazySystemDLL("kernel32.dll")
procFlushConsoleInputBuffer = modkernel32.NewProc("FlushConsoleInputBuffer")
)
func flushConsoleInputBuffer(consoleInput windows.Handle) error {
r, _, e := syscall.Syscall(procFlushConsoleInputBuffer.Addr(), 1,
uintptr(consoleInput), 0, 0)
if r == 0 {
return error(e)
}
return nil
}
``` |
```python
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
"""Customized keras layers used in the EdgeTPU models."""
from collections.abc import MutableMapping
import inspect
from typing import Any, Optional, Union
import tensorflow as tf, tf_keras
from official.modeling import tf_utils
class GroupConv2D(tf_keras.layers.Conv2D):
"""2D group convolution as a Keras Layer."""
def __init__(self,
filters: int,
kernel_size: Union[int, tuple[int, int]],
groups: int,
strides: tuple[int, int] = (1, 1),
padding: str = 'valid',
data_format: str = 'channels_last',
dilation_rate: tuple[int, int] = (1, 1),
activation: Any = None,
use_bias: bool = True,
kernel_initializer: Any = 'glorot_uniform',
bias_initializer: Any = 'zeros',
kernel_regularizer: Any = None,
bias_regularizer: Any = None,
activity_regularizer: Any = None,
kernel_constraint: Any = None,
bias_constraint: Any = None,
batch_norm_layer: Optional[tf_keras.layers.Layer] = None,
bn_epsilon: float = 1e-3,
bn_momentum: float = 0.99,
**kwargs: Any) -> tf_keras.layers.Layer:
"""Creates a 2D group convolution keras layer.
Args:
filters: Integer, the dimensionality of the output space (i.e. the number
of output filters in the convolution).
kernel_size: An integer or tuple/list of 2 integers, specifying the height
and width of the 2D convolution window. Can be a single integer to
specify the same value for all spatial dimensions.
groups: The number of input/output channel groups.
strides: An integer or tuple/list of n integers, specifying the stride
length of the convolution. Specifying any stride value != 1 is
incompatible with specifying any `dilation_rate` value != 1.
padding: one of `"valid"` or `"same"` (case-insensitive).
data_format: The ordering of the dimensions in the inputs. `channels_last`
corresponds to inputs with shape `(batch_size, height, width, channels)`
dilation_rate: an integer or tuple/list of 2 integers, specifying the
dilation rate to use for dilated convolution. Can be a single integer to
specify the same value for all spatial dimensions. Currently, specifying
any `dilation_rate` value != 1 is incompatible with specifying any
stride value != 1.
activation: Activation function to use. If you don't specify anything, no
activation is applied ( see `keras.activations`).
use_bias: Boolean, whether the layer uses a bias vector.
kernel_initializer: Initializer for the `kernel` weights matrix ( see
`keras.initializers`).
bias_initializer: Initializer for the bias vector ( see
`keras.initializers`).
kernel_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to the `kernel` weights
matrix (see `keras.regularizers`).
bias_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to the bias vector ( see
`keras.regularizers`).
activity_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to the output of the
layer (its "activation") ( see `keras.regularizers`).
kernel_constraint: Constraint function applied to the kernel matrix ( see
`keras.constraints`).
bias_constraint: Constraint function applied to the bias vector ( see
`keras.constraints`).
batch_norm_layer: The batch normalization layer to use. This is typically
tf_keras.layer.BatchNormalization or a derived class.
bn_epsilon: Batch normalization epsilon.
bn_momentum: Momentum used for moving average in batch normalization.
**kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
Input shape:
4D tensor with shape: `(batch_size, rows, cols, channels)`
Output shape:
4D tensor with shape: `(batch_size, new_rows, new_cols, filters)` `rows`
and `cols` values might have changed due to padding.
Returns:
A tensor of rank 4 representing
`activation(GroupConv2D(inputs, kernel) + bias)`.
Raises:
ValueError: if groups < 1 or groups > filters
ValueError: if data_format is not "channels_last".
ValueError: if `padding` is not `same` or `valid`.
ValueError: if `batch_norm_layer` is not a callable when provided.
ValueError: when both `strides` > 1 and `dilation_rate` > 1.
"""
if groups <= 1 or groups > filters:
raise ValueError(f'Number of groups {groups} should be greater than 1 and'
f' less or equal than the output filters {filters}.')
self._groups = groups
if data_format != 'channels_last':
raise ValueError(
'GroupConv2D expects input to be in channels_last format.')
if padding.lower() not in ('same', 'valid'):
raise ValueError('Valid padding options are : same, or valid.')
self.use_batch_norm = False
if batch_norm_layer is not None:
if not inspect.isclass(batch_norm_layer):
raise ValueError('batch_norm_layer is not a class.')
self.use_batch_norm = True
self.bn_epsilon = bn_epsilon
self.bn_momentum = bn_momentum
self.batch_norm_layer = []
if self.use_batch_norm:
self.batch_norm_layer = [
batch_norm_layer(
axis=-1, momentum=self.bn_momentum, epsilon=self.bn_epsilon)
for i in range(self._groups)
]
super().__init__(
filters=filters,
kernel_size=kernel_size,
strides=strides,
padding=padding,
data_format=data_format,
dilation_rate=dilation_rate,
activation=activation,
use_bias=use_bias,
kernel_initializer=kernel_initializer,
bias_initializer=bias_initializer,
kernel_regularizer=kernel_regularizer,
bias_regularizer=bias_regularizer,
activity_regularizer=activity_regularizer,
kernel_constraint=kernel_constraint,
bias_constraint=bias_constraint,
groups=1,
**kwargs) # pytype: disable=bad-return-type # typed-keras
def build(self, input_shape: tuple[int, ...]) -> None:
"""Builds GroupConv2D layer as a collection of smaller Conv2D layers."""
input_shape = tf.TensorShape(input_shape)
input_channel = self._get_input_channel(input_shape)
if input_channel % self._groups != 0:
raise ValueError(
f'Number of input channels: {input_channel} are not divisible '
f'by number of groups: {self._groups}.')
self.group_input_channel = int(input_channel / self._groups)
self.group_output_channel = int(self.filters / self._groups)
self.group_kernel_shape = self.kernel_size + (self.group_input_channel,
self.group_output_channel)
self.kernel = []
self.bias = []
for g in range(self._groups):
self.kernel.append(
self.add_weight(
name='kernel_{}'.format(g),
shape=self.group_kernel_shape,
initializer=tf_utils.clone_initializer(self.kernel_initializer),
regularizer=self.kernel_regularizer,
constraint=self.kernel_constraint,
trainable=True,
dtype=self.dtype))
if self.use_bias:
self.bias.append(
self.add_weight(
name='bias_{}'.format(g),
shape=(self.group_output_channel,),
initializer=tf_utils.clone_initializer(self.bias_initializer),
regularizer=self.bias_regularizer,
constraint=self.bias_constraint,
trainable=True,
dtype=self.dtype))
channel_axis = self._get_channel_axis()
self.input_spec = tf_keras.layers.InputSpec(
ndim=self.rank + 2, axes={channel_axis: input_channel})
self._build_conv_op_data_shape = input_shape[-(self.rank + 1):]
self._build_input_channel = input_channel
self._padding_op = self._get_padding_op()
# channels_last corresponds to 'NHWC' data format.
self._conv_op_data_format = 'NHWC'
self.bn_layers = []
if self.use_batch_norm:
for group_index in range(self._groups):
self.bn_layers.append(self.batch_norm_layer[group_index])
self.built = True
def call(self, inputs: Any, training: Optional[bool] = None) -> Any:
"""Performs the GroupConv2D operation on the inputs."""
input_slices = tf.split(inputs, num_or_size_splits=self._groups, axis=-1)
output_slices = []
for i in range(self._groups):
# Apply conv2d to each slice
output_slice = tf.nn.conv2d(
input_slices[i],
self.kernel[i],
strides=self.strides,
padding=self._padding_op,
data_format=self._conv_op_data_format,
dilations=self.dilation_rate)
if self.use_bias:
output_slice = tf.nn.bias_add(
output_slice, self.bias[i], data_format='NHWC')
# Apply batch norm after bias addition.
if self.use_batch_norm:
output_slice = self.bn_layers[i](output_slice, training=training)
if self.activation is not None:
output_slice = self.activation(output_slice)
output_slices.append(output_slice)
# Concat the outputs back along the channel dimension
outputs = tf.concat(output_slices, axis=-1)
return outputs
def get_config(self) -> MutableMapping[str, Any]:
"""Enables serialization for the group convolution layer."""
config = super().get_config()
config['groups'] = self._groups
config['batch_norm_layer'] = self.batch_norm_layer
config['bn_epsilon'] = self.bn_epsilon
config['bn_momentum'] = self.bn_momentum
return config
@classmethod
def from_config(cls, config):
"""Creates a layer from its config.
This method is the reverse of `get_config`, capable of instantiating the
same layer from the config dictionary. It does not handle layer connectivity
(handled by Network), nor weights (handled by `set_weights`).
Also, the get_config returns a config with a list type of `batch_norm_layer`
we need to convert it either to None or the batch_norm class.
Arguments:
config: A Python dictionary, typically the output of get_config.
Returns:
A layer instance.
"""
if not config['batch_norm_layer']:
config['batch_norm_layer'] = None
else:
config['batch_norm_layer'] = type(config['batch_norm_layer'][0])
return cls(**config)
class GroupConv2DKerasModel(tf_keras.Model):
"""2D group convolution as a keras model."""
def __init__(self,
filters: int,
kernel_size: tuple[int, int],
groups: int,
batch_norm_layer: Optional[tf_keras.layers.Layer] = None,
bn_epsilon: float = 1e-3,
bn_momentum: float = 0.99,
data_format: str = 'channels_last',
padding: str = 'valid',
**kwargs: Any) -> tf_keras.Model:
"""Creates a 2D group convolution layer as a keras model.
Args:
filters: Integer, the dimensionality of the output space (i.e. the number
of output filters in the convolution).
kernel_size: An integer or tuple/list of 2 integers, specifying the height
and width of the 2D convolution window. Can be a single integer to
specify the same value for all spatial dimensions.
groups: The number of input/output channel groups.
batch_norm_layer: The batch normalization layer to use. This is typically
tf_keras.layer.BatchNormalization or a derived class.
bn_epsilon: Batch normalization epsilon.
bn_momentum: Momentum used for moving average in batch normalization.
data_format: The ordering of the dimensions in the inputs. `channels_last`
corresponds to inputs with shape `(batch_size, height, width, channels)`
padding: one of `"valid"` or `"same"` (case-insensitive).
**kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed to the underlying conv
layers.
Raises:
ValueError: if groups < 1 or groups > filters
ValueError: if `batch_norm_layer` is not a callable when provided.
ValueError: if `data_format` is not channels_last
ValueError: if `padding` is not `same` or `valid`.
"""
super().__init__()
self.conv_layers = []
self.bn_layers = []
per_conv_filter_size = filters / groups
if groups <= 1 or groups >= filters:
raise ValueError('Number of groups should be greater than 1 and less '
'than the output filters.')
self.batch_norm_layer = batch_norm_layer
self.use_batch_norm = False
if self.batch_norm_layer is not None:
if not inspect.isclass(self.batch_norm_layer): # pytype: disable=not-supported-yet
raise ValueError('batch_norm_layer is not a class.')
self.use_batch_norm = True
if 'activation' in kwargs.keys():
self.activation = tf_keras.activations.get(kwargs['activation'])
kwargs.pop('activation')
else:
self.activation = None
if data_format != 'channels_last':
raise ValueError(
'GroupConv2D expects input to be in channels_last format.')
if padding.lower() not in ('same', 'valid'):
raise ValueError('Valid padding options are : same, or valid.')
self._groups = groups
for _ in range(self._groups):
# Override the activation so that batchnorm can be applied after the conv.
self.conv_layers.append(
tf_keras.layers.Conv2D(per_conv_filter_size, kernel_size, **kwargs))
if self.use_batch_norm:
for _ in range(self._groups):
self.bn_layers.append(
self.batch_norm_layer(
axis=-1, momentum=bn_momentum, epsilon=bn_epsilon)) # pytype: disable=bad-return-type # typed-keras
def call(self, inputs: Any) -> Any: # pytype: disable=signature-mismatch # overriding-parameter-count-checks
"""Applies 2d group convolution on the inputs."""
input_shape = inputs.get_shape().as_list()
if input_shape[-1] % self._groups != 0:
raise ValueError(
f'Number of input channels: {input_shape[-1]} are not divisible '
f'by number of groups: {self._groups}.')
input_slices = tf.split(inputs, num_or_size_splits=self._groups, axis=-1)
output_slices = []
for g in range(self._groups):
output_slice = self.conv_layers[g](input_slices[g])
if self.use_batch_norm:
output_slice = self.bn_layers[g](output_slice)
output_slice = self.activation(output_slice)
output_slices.append(output_slice)
outputs = tf.concat(output_slices, axis=-1)
return outputs
def _nnapi_scalar(value, dtype):
# Resolves "Scalar operand should be constant" at cost of broadcasting
return tf.constant(value, dtype=dtype, shape=(1,))
def _fqop(x, min_val=-128, max_val=127):
"""Wraps an op x with fake quant op and given min/max."""
return tf.quantization.fake_quant_with_min_max_args(
x, min=min_val, max=max_val)
def argmax(input_tensor,
axis=-1,
output_type: tf.DType = tf.dtypes.float32,
name: Optional[str] = None,
keepdims: bool = False,
epsilon: Optional[float] = None):
"""Returns the index with the largest value across axes of a tensor.
Approximately tf.compat.v1.argmax, but not equivalent. If arithmetic allows
value to be anomalously close to the maximum, but not equal to it, the
behavior is undefined.
Args:
input_tensor: A Tensor.
axis: A Value. Must be in the range [-rank(input), rank(input)). Describes
which axis of the input Tensor to reduce across. For vectors, use axis =
0.
output_type: An optional tf.DType. Note that default is different from
tflite (int64) to make default behavior compatible with darwinn.
name: Optional name for operations.
keepdims: If true, retains reduced dimensions with length 1.
epsilon: Optional small number which is intended to be always below
quantization threshold, used to distinguish equal and not equal numbers.
Returns:
A Tensor of type output_type.
"""
fqop = _fqop if output_type.is_floating else tf.identity
safe_axis = axis
if safe_axis < 0:
safe_axis = len(input_tensor.shape) + safe_axis
reduction_size = input_tensor.shape[axis]
axis_max = tf.math.reduce_max(input_tensor, axis=axis, keepdims=True)
zero_if_max = tf.subtract(axis_max, input_tensor)
eps = epsilon if epsilon else 1e-6
if input_tensor.dtype.is_floating:
zero_if_max_else_eps = tf.math.minimum(
_nnapi_scalar(eps, input_tensor.dtype), zero_if_max)
zero_if_max_else_one = zero_if_max_else_eps * _nnapi_scalar(
1 / eps, input_tensor.dtype)
elif input_tensor.dtype.is_integer:
zero_if_max_else_one = tf.math.minimum(
_nnapi_scalar(1, input_tensor.dtype), zero_if_max)
else:
raise ValueError('Please specify epsilon for unknown input data type')
# Input type ends here, output type starts here
zero_if_max_else_one = tf.cast(zero_if_max_else_one, dtype=output_type)
zero_if_max_else_one = fqop(zero_if_max_else_one)
one_if_max_else_zero = fqop(
tf.math.subtract(
fqop(_nnapi_scalar(1, output_type)), zero_if_max_else_one))
rev_index = tf.range(reduction_size, 0, -1, dtype=output_type)
for index in range(safe_axis + 1, len(input_tensor.shape)):
rev_index = tf.expand_dims(rev_index, axis=index - safe_axis)
rev_index = fqop(rev_index)
rev_index_if_max_else_zero = fqop(
tf.math.multiply(one_if_max_else_zero, rev_index))
reverse_argmax = fqop(
tf.math.reduce_max(
rev_index_if_max_else_zero, axis=axis, keepdims=keepdims, name=name))
# Final operation obtains name if argmax layer if provided
return fqop(
tf.math.subtract(
fqop(_nnapi_scalar(reduction_size, output_type)),
reverse_argmax,
name=name))
class ArgmaxKerasLayer(tf_keras.layers.Layer):
"""Implements argmax as a keras model."""
def __init__(self,
axis=-1,
name=None,
output_type=tf.dtypes.int32,
**kwargs: Any) -> tf_keras.Model:
"""Implements argmax as a keras model.
Args:
axis: A Value. Must be in the range [-rank(input), rank(input)). Describes
which axis of the input Tensor to reduce across. For vectors, use axis =
0.
name: Optional name for operations.
output_type: An optional tf.DType.
**kwargs: Other arguments passed to model constructor.
Returns:
A Tensor of type output_type.
"""
super().__init__(name=name, **kwargs)
self.axis = axis
self.output_type = output_type # pytype: disable=bad-return-type # typed-keras
def call(self, inputs: Any) -> Any:
"""Applies argmax on the inputs."""
return argmax(
input_tensor=inputs,
axis=self.axis,
output_type=self.output_type,
name=self.name)
``` |
Bławaty is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzelno, within Mogilno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately north of Strzelno, east of Mogilno, south-west of Toruń, and south of Bydgoszcz.
References
Villages in Mogilno County |
Šampita (Cyrillic: Шампита) is a whipped meringue dessert with egg yolk crust, originating in the Balkans.
Gallery
See also
Cremeschnitte
External links
Serbian meringue slice
Cakes
Desserts
Balkan cuisine
Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine
Croatian desserts
Serbian cuisine
Meringue desserts |
Excalibur was a mine train roller coaster at Six Flags AstroWorld in Houston, Texas. Built by Arrow Dynamics, the ride opened in 1972 as Dexter Frebish's Electric Roller Ride, until the name was changed in 1980. At the time of its closure, it was the 2nd oldest roller coaster at the park after Serpent.
Ride experience
After leaving the station, the ride would turn right, entering a tunnel that doubled as a storage area for extra trains for the coaster. Riders would then enter the lift hill and would turn around before finally going through the first drop. The ride would then go through a banked left turn before going through a left downward helix. Riders would then turn left again before going down a slight drop and over a bunny hop. Another banked turn to the right would lead riders to another bunny hop followed by another banked drop to the right. Finally, the coaster would enter the brake run, leading riders back into the station.
Closure
At the end of the 1998 season, Excalibur was removed in order to be sent to Frontier City in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Unfortunately, somewhere between the dismantling process and the shipping to Frontier City, the ride was damaged and would end up never being built at the park. The trains were eventually sent to Six Flags Over Texas and the track for the ride was scrapped in 2005. The same year Excalibur was scrapped, Six Flags AstroWorld would shut down for good.
References
Six Flags AstroWorld
Roller coasters operated by Six Flags |
Jelani is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
Jelani Cobb (born 1969), American writer, author and educator
Jelani Gardner (born 1975), American-French basketball player
Jelani Jenkins (born 1992), American football player
Jelani McCoy (born 1977), American basketball player
Jelani Smith (born 1991), Canadian-born Guyanese footballer
Jelani Peters (born 1993), Trinidadian footballer
Jelani Woods (born 1998), American football player |
```objective-c
/*
* ezSAT -- A simple and easy to use CNF generator for SAT solvers
*
*
* Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
* purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
* copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
* WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
* ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
* WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
* ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
* OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
*
*/
#ifndef EZMINISAT_H
#define EZMINISAT_H
#define EZMINISAT_SIMPSOLVER 1
#define EZMINISAT_VERBOSITY 0
#define EZMINISAT_INCREMENTAL 1
#include "ezsat.h"
#include <time.h>
// minisat is using limit macros and format macros in their headers that
// can be the source of some troubles when used from c++11. thefore we
// don't force ezSAT users to use minisat headers..
namespace Minisat {
class Solver;
class SimpSolver;
}
class ezMiniSAT : public ezSAT
{
private:
#if EZMINISAT_SIMPSOLVER
typedef Minisat::SimpSolver Solver;
#else
typedef Minisat::Solver Solver;
#endif
Solver *minisatSolver;
std::vector<int> minisatVars;
bool foundContradiction;
#if EZMINISAT_SIMPSOLVER && EZMINISAT_INCREMENTAL
std::set<int> cnfFrozenVars;
#endif
#ifndef _WIN32
static ezMiniSAT *alarmHandlerThis;
static clock_t alarmHandlerTimeout;
static void alarmHandler(int);
#endif
public:
ezMiniSAT();
virtual ~ezMiniSAT();
virtual void clear();
#if EZMINISAT_SIMPSOLVER && EZMINISAT_INCREMENTAL
virtual void freeze(int id);
virtual bool eliminated(int idx);
#endif
virtual bool solver(const std::vector<int> &modelExpressions, std::vector<bool> &modelValues, const std::vector<int> &assumptions);
};
#endif
``` |
Nikolas Epifaniou (born 10 November 1971) is a Cypriot sailor. He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 1996 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
Cypriot male sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for Cyprus
Sailors at the 1992 Summer Olympics – 470
Sailors at the 1996 Summer Olympics – 470
Place of birth missing (living people) |
This is a list of episodes for the anime television series Kekkaishi. The series was adapted by Sunrise from the manga Kekkaishi by Yellow Tanabe. It was directed by Kenji Kodama with character designs by Hirotoshi Takaya and music by Taku Iwasaki. The opening theme for all episodes is "Sha la la -Ayakashi NIGHT-" by Saeka Uura. There are four different ending themes: by Koshi Inaba (episodes 1–15, 38, 40, 48, 52), by Aiko Kitahara (episodes 16–23, 39, 44, 51), by Saeka Uura (episodes 24–30, 41, 46, 49), and by Saeka Uura (episodes 31–37, 42–43, 45, 47, 50).
It was broadcast for 52 episodes in Japan between 16 October 2006 and 12 February 2008 on Nippon Television, Yomiuri TV, and Nippon Television Network System, in the "golden" timeslot of 7 p.m. Monday. During its initial broadcast, episodes were frequently among the top ten rated anime television shows, sometimes as the only original (non-sequel) show to do so. It was later rebroadcast in Taiwan on Taiwan Television, in Malaysia on Animax Asia also (Japanese Dub with English Subtitles) 8TV and NTV7, in Hong Kong on Cable TV Hong Kong, in Philippines on Hero TV (Tagalog dubbed) and on its Competitor Animax Asia (Japanese Audio), and on GMA Network, and in Indonesia on antv, and in India on Animax India. The anime has been licensed in North America by Viz Media, which began broadcasting episodes online through Hulu.com in January 2010. The English dub of the series started airing in the United States on Adult Swim on May 30, 2010, finishing its first run on May 29, 2011. All episodes were broadcast at 12:30 a.m. ET/PT.
Episodes
See also
List of Kekkaishi chapters
List of Kekkaishi characters
References
External links
Sunrise official anime website
Yumiuri TV Japan official anime site
Animax India official website for Kekkaishi
Animax Philippines/Malaysia Official Webpage for Kekkaishi
Kekkaishi |
```kotlin
package net.corda.serialization.internal
import net.corda.core.contracts.ContractAttachment
import net.corda.core.identity.CordaX500Name
import net.corda.core.serialization.*
import net.corda.core.serialization.internal.CheckpointSerializationContext
import net.corda.core.serialization.internal.checkpointDeserialize
import net.corda.core.serialization.internal.checkpointSerialize
import net.corda.testing.contracts.DummyContract
import net.corda.testing.core.internal.CheckpointSerializationEnvironmentRule
import net.corda.coretesting.internal.rigorousMock
import net.corda.testing.node.MockServices
import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY
import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat
import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy
import org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals
import org.junit.Before
import org.junit.Rule
import org.junit.Test
import kotlin.test.assertEquals
class ContractAttachmentSerializerTest {
@Rule
@JvmField
val testCheckpointSerialization = CheckpointSerializationEnvironmentRule()
private lateinit var contextWithToken: CheckpointSerializationContext
private val mockServices = MockServices(emptyList(), CordaX500Name("MegaCorp", "London", "GB"), rigorousMock())
@Before
fun setup() {
contextWithToken = testCheckpointSerialization.checkpointSerializationContext.withTokenContext(
CheckpointSerializeAsTokenContextImpl(
Any(),
testCheckpointSerialization.checkpointSerializer,
testCheckpointSerialization.checkpointSerializationContext,
mockServices))
}
@Test(timeout=300_000)
fun `write contract attachment and read it back`() {
val contractAttachment = ContractAttachment(GeneratedAttachment(EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, "test"), DummyContract.PROGRAM_ID)
// no token context so will serialize the whole attachment
val serialized = contractAttachment.checkpointSerialize()
val deserialized = serialized.checkpointDeserialize()
assertEquals(contractAttachment.id, deserialized.attachment.id)
assertEquals(contractAttachment.contract, deserialized.contract)
assertEquals(contractAttachment.additionalContracts, deserialized.additionalContracts)
assertArrayEquals(contractAttachment.open().readBytes(), deserialized.open().readBytes())
}
@Test(timeout=300_000)
fun `write contract attachment and read it back using token context`() {
val attachment = GeneratedAttachment("test".toByteArray(), "test")
mockServices.attachments.importAttachment(attachment.open(), "test", null)
val contractAttachment = ContractAttachment(attachment, DummyContract.PROGRAM_ID)
val serialized = contractAttachment.checkpointSerialize(contextWithToken)
val deserialized = serialized.checkpointDeserialize(contextWithToken)
assertEquals(contractAttachment.id, deserialized.attachment.id)
assertEquals(contractAttachment.contract, deserialized.contract)
assertEquals(contractAttachment.additionalContracts, deserialized.additionalContracts)
assertArrayEquals(contractAttachment.open().readBytes(), deserialized.open().readBytes())
}
@Test(timeout=300_000)
fun `check only serialize attachment id and contract class name when using token context`() {
val largeAttachmentSize = 1024 * 1024
val attachment = GeneratedAttachment(ByteArray(largeAttachmentSize), "test")
mockServices.attachments.importAttachment(attachment.open(), "test", null)
val contractAttachment = ContractAttachment(attachment, DummyContract.PROGRAM_ID)
val serialized = contractAttachment.checkpointSerialize(contextWithToken)
assertThat(serialized.size).isLessThan(largeAttachmentSize)
}
@Test(timeout=300_000)
fun `throws when missing attachment when using token context`() {
val attachment = GeneratedAttachment("test".toByteArray(), "test")
// don't importAttachment in mockService
val contractAttachment = ContractAttachment(attachment, DummyContract.PROGRAM_ID)
val serialized = contractAttachment.checkpointSerialize(contextWithToken)
val deserialized = serialized.checkpointDeserialize(contextWithToken)
assertThatThrownBy { deserialized.attachment.open() }.isInstanceOf(MissingAttachmentsException::class.java)
}
@Test(timeout=300_000)
fun `check attachment in deserialize is lazy loaded when using token context`() {
val attachment = GeneratedAttachment(EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, "test")
// don't importAttachment in mockService
val contractAttachment = ContractAttachment(attachment, DummyContract.PROGRAM_ID)
val serialized = contractAttachment.checkpointSerialize(contextWithToken)
serialized.checkpointDeserialize(contextWithToken)
// MissingAttachmentsException thrown if we try to open attachment
}
}
``` |
Kevin 'Dambo' Ndayisenga (born 30 January 1995 in Bujumbura) is a Burundian professional footballer who operates as striker for Jomo Cosmos F.C.
Club career
In 2015, he was on the verge of signing for Simba S.C.
Vowing to assist Jomo Cosmos F.C. in their promotion objective just after his arrival, he is seen by some as a replacement for scorer Charlton Mashumba.
Returning to Burundi for a few months to resolve a work permit problem, he went back to South Africa, playing his first game fronting AmaZulu F.C. where he scored.
Severely injured for a month, Kevin was fully recovered by March 2017 and returned to play.
Personal life
For his delectation, Ndayisenga plays PlayStation and listens to music.
References
External links
Living people
1995 births
Burundian men's footballers
Burundi men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Atlético Olympic FC players
Jomo Cosmos F.C. players
National First Division players
Burundian expatriate men's footballers
Burundian expatriate sportspeople in South Africa
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
Footballers from Bujumbura
21st-century Burundian people |
The Baradha people, also spelt Barada and Thar ar ra burra, and also known as Toolginburra, were an Aboriginal Australian people of Central Queensland not far inland from the east coast.
Country
Baradha lands, according to Norman Tindale's estimation, stretched over some . They inhabited the area of the Connors River from Killarney north to Nebo. Their westward extension stopped around Bombandy. They were wedged between the coastal Koinjmal and the Barna to their west. Their northern borders met with those of the Wiri.
Social organisation
The Baradha, like the other Mackay area peoples, are said to have had two main social divisions, or phratries namely the Yungaroo and Wootaroo. These classificatory terms are applied not only to the constituent groups, but to all natural phenomena, which are ascribed to either one or the other of the two basic classes.
Yungaroo are subdivided further into Gurgela and Gurgelan (male and female) and Bunbai and Bunnbaian.
The Wootaroo are subdivided into Koobaroo and Koobarooan, masculine and feminine, and Woongo and Woongoan.
At least two distinct sub-branches or kin groups are known to have formed part of the Baradha.
Thararburra (Thar-ar-ra-burra), centered around Cardowan.
Toolginburra, a name related to their word for "hill", namely tulkun.
Language
The language spoken by the Baradha people was the Baradha dialect of the Biri language, which appears to be extinct, with no speakers recorded since before 1975.
History of contact
While sailing up Queensland’s east coast, Lieutenant James Cook sighted a group of mountains on the coastal plain of today’s Sunshine Coast, and named them the Glass House Mountains after the glass furnaces in Yorkshire. Aboriginal people had long used this area as a meeting place for ceremonies, trading, and gatherings. Cook first landed in Queensland at Round Hill (now known as Seventeen Seventy) on 24 May 1770.
The area around Mackay began to be colonised in 1860, and, according to George Bridgeman,
During the eight or ten years which followed, about one-half of the aboriginal population was either shot down by the Native Mounted Police and their officers, or perished from introduced loathsome diseases before unknown.'
Bridgeman named the Baradha (Toolginburra) as one of the four Mackay tribes that suffered from this decimation, part of the Australian frontier wars occurring throughout the colonies. Though the "dispersal" shootings are thought to have accounted for the majority of deaths, a measles epidemic struck the survivors in 1876, drastically reducing their numbers, and, according to one estimation, the remnants of the original people in 1880 amounted to no more than 100 people, with 80 evenly divided between men and women, and the remainder their children.
Alternative names
Thar-ar-ra-burra/Tha-ra-ra-burra. (horde at Cardowan)
Toolginburra
Natural resource management
A Traditional Owner Reference Group consisting of representatives of the Yuwibara, Koinmerburra, Barada Barna, Wiri, Ngaro, and those Gia and Juru people whose lands are within Reef Catchments Mackay Whitsunday Isaac region, helps to support natural resource management and look after the cultural heritage sites in the area.
Notes
Citations
Sources
Aboriginal peoples of Queensland |
CoNETS (Connecting to the Next Education for Teachers and Students) is a consortium established in September 2013 by 12 textbook publishers and Hitachi Solutions to promote digital textbooks for primary and secondary schools in Japan.
Members
The consortium consists of 13 companies. They are Dainippon Tosho, Jikkyo Shuppan, Kairyudo, Sanseido, Kyoiku Geijyutusha, Mitsumura Tosho, Teikoku-Shoin, Taishukan Publishing, Keirinkan, Yamakawa Shuppansha, Suken Shuppan, Nihon Bunkyou Shuppan and Hitachi Solutions.
The consortium began developing a virtual distribution platform for textbooks. The adopted data format for the platform is EPUB 3.
Chronology
September 5, 2013: Established.
December 20, 2013: A prototype began testing at Ritsumeikan Primary School.
May 21, 2014: A prototype was demonstrated at the fifth EDIX (Educational IT Solutions Expo).
September 17, 2014: A prototype was demonstrated at EDUPUB Tokyo 2014.
References
External links
Education in Japan
2013 establishments in Japan |
Booker T. Washington School was in Montgomery, Alabama. It was at 632 South Union Street and succeeded Swayne College which closed in 1937. The Swayne school building was demolished in 1948 to make way for Booker T. Washington High School, Montgomery's first high school for African American students.
The school was established as a primary school for African Americans in Montgomery after the American Civil War. In 1923 it was reported that Montgomery had a Booker T. Washington School Library. In 1944, Clarence Theodore Smiley's study "A Socio-economic Study of the Students of the Booker T. Washington High School, Montgomery, Alabama, in Relation to Achievement in Selected Educational Areas" was published. In 1955 a study by Tholas House titled "A Survey of the Difficulties Experienced by the Student-teachers in the Teaching of History at Alabama State Laboratory High School and Booker T. Washington High School, Montgomery, Ala" was published. In 1957 Irene C. Williams published A Study of the Relationship Between Retardation and Drop-outs in the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Grades at the Booker T. Washington High School, Montgomery, Alabama, 1953-55 at Alabama State University Press.
Jeremiah Reeves, who played drums at the school, was convicted of rape in 1952 and sentenced to death. His case inspired Claudette Colvin, a 15-year-old student who, on her way home from school on March 2, 1955, refused to give her seat in the "white" section of a bus to a white woman nine months before Rosa Parks' more widely known protest. Colvin was handcuffed, arrested, and convicted. Attorney Fred Gray then won her appeals in the Browder v. Gayle case which, in November, 1956, resulted in the United States Supreme Court decision ending legal segregation on buses in the United States. Colvin was involved in a youth NAACP organization at the school, and her most influential teacher there was Geraldine Nesbitt. Rosa Parks attended the private Montgomery Industrial School for Girls in Montgomery.
The school was closed after the 1969 - 1970 school year and its students sent to Robert E. Lee High School and Jefferson Davis High School.
The Montgomery Improvement Association sponsored an oratorical contest at the school.
Athletics
The school colors were blue and gold. Yellow Jackets were the mascot and the football team played at Hornet Stadium. Carver Montgomery was one of the schools it played in 1969.
Alumni
Jeremiah Reeves, drummer in the high school band
Claudette Colvin, civil rights activist who was arrested protesting segregated busing nine months before Rosa Parks
See also
Booker T. Washington Magnet High School
References
Defunct high schools in the United States |
```javascript
/*
*
* See the LICENSE file at the top-level directory of this distribution
* for licensing information.
*
* Unless otherwise agreed in a custom licensing agreement with the Lisk Foundation,
* no part of this software, including this file, may be copied, modified,
* propagated, or distributed except according to the terms contained in the
* LICENSE file.
*
* Removal or modification of this copyright notice is prohibited.
*/
const { Suite } = require('benchmark');
const { readString, writeString } = require('../dist-node/string');
const suite = new Suite();
const stringBuffer = Buffer.from('>!test@123test#', 'utf8');
suite
.add('readString', () => {
readString(stringBuffer, 0);
})
.add('writeString', () => {
writeString('>!test@123test#');
})
.on('cycle', function (event) {
console.log(String(event.target));
})
.run({ async: true });
/**
* String write benchmark results
* writeString x 1,808,985 ops/sec 1.03% (87 runs sampled)
*/
``` |
```python
import logging
import os
import pytest
import structlog
from raiden.exceptions import ConfigurationError
from raiden.log_config import LogFilter, configure_logging
def test_log_filter():
rules = {"": "INFO"}
filter_ = LogFilter(rules, default_level="INFO")
assert filter_.should_log("test", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("test", "INFO") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("raiden", "INFO") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.cli", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.cli", "INFO") is True
rules = {"": "WARN"}
filter_ = LogFilter(rules, default_level="INFO")
assert filter_.should_log("test", "INFO") is False
assert filter_.should_log("test", "WARN") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden", "INFO") is False
assert filter_.should_log("raiden", "WARN") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.cli", "INFO") is False
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.cli", "WARN") is True
rules = {"test": "WARN"}
filter_ = LogFilter(rules, default_level="INFO")
assert filter_.should_log("test", "INFO") is False
assert filter_.should_log("test", "WARN") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("raiden", "INFO") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden", "WARN") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.cli", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.cli", "INFO") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.cli", "WARN") is True
rules = {"raiden": "DEBUG"}
filter_ = LogFilter(rules, default_level="INFO")
assert filter_.should_log("test", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("test", "INFO") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden", "DEBUG") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.cli", "DEBUG") is True
rules = {"raiden.network": "DEBUG"}
filter_ = LogFilter(rules, default_level="INFO")
assert filter_.should_log("test", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("test", "INFO") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("raiden", "INFO") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.network", "DEBUG") is True
rules = {
"": "WARN",
"raiden": "DEBUG",
"raiden.network": "INFO",
"raiden.network.transport": "DEBUG",
}
filter_ = LogFilter(rules, default_level="INFO")
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.network.transport.matrix", "DEBUG") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.network.transport", "DEBUG") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.network", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.network", "INFO") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.network", "INFO") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden", "DEBUG") is True
assert filter_.should_log("", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("", "INFO") is False
assert filter_.should_log("", "WARN") is True
assert filter_.should_log("other", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("other", "WARN") is True
rules = {"raiden": "DEBUG", "raiden.network": "INFO", "raiden.network.transport": "DEBUG"}
filter_ = LogFilter(rules, default_level="INFO")
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.network.transport.matrix", "DEBUG") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.network.transport", "DEBUG") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.network", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.network", "INFO") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden.network", "INFO") is True
assert filter_.should_log("raiden", "DEBUG") is True
assert filter_.should_log("", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("", "INFO") is True
assert filter_.should_log("", "WARN") is True
assert filter_.should_log("other", "DEBUG") is False
assert filter_.should_log("other", "INFO") is True
assert filter_.should_log("other", "WARN") is True
@pytest.mark.parametrize("module", ["", "raiden", "raiden.network"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("level", ["DEBUG", "WARNING"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("logger", ["test", "raiden", "raiden.network"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("disabled_debug", [True, False])
def test_basic_logging(capsys, module, level, logger, disabled_debug, tmpdir):
configure_logging(
{module: level},
disable_debug_logfile=disabled_debug,
debug_log_file_path=str(tmpdir / "raiden-debug.log"),
colorize=False,
)
log = structlog.get_logger(logger).bind(foo="bar")
log.debug("test event", key="value")
captured = capsys.readouterr()
no_log = level != "DEBUG" or module not in logger
if no_log:
assert captured.err == ""
else:
assert "test event" in captured.err
assert "key=value" in captured.err
assert "foo=bar" in captured.err
def test_debug_logfile_invalid_dir():
"""Test that providing an invalid directory for the debug logfile throws an error"""
with pytest.raises(ConfigurationError):
configure_logging(
{"": "DEBUG"}, debug_log_file_path=os.path.join("notarealdir", "raiden-debug.log")
)
def test_redacted_request(capsys, tmpdir):
configure_logging({"": "DEBUG"}, debug_log_file_path=str(tmpdir / "raiden-debug.log"))
token = "my_access_token123"
# use logging, as 'urllib3/requests'
log = logging.getLogger("urllib3.connectionpool")
log.debug("Starting new HTTPS connection (1): example.org:443")
log.debug(f'path_to_url "GET /endpoint?access_token={token} HTTP/1.1" 200 403')
captured = capsys.readouterr()
assert token not in captured.err
assert "access_token=<redacted>" in captured.err
def test_that_secret_is_redacted(capsys, tmpdir):
configure_logging({"": "DEBUG"}, debug_log_file_path=str(tmpdir / "raiden-debug.log"))
log = structlog.get_logger("raiden.network.transport.matrix.transport")
secret = your_sha256_hash4c"
data = f"""{{"secret": "{secret}", "signature": your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hash081b", "message_identifier": "3887369794757038169", "type": "RevealSecret"}}""" # noqa
log.debug("Send raw", data=data.replace("\n", "\\n"))
captured = capsys.readouterr()
assert secret not in captured.err
assert '"secret": "<redacted>"' in captured.err
``` |
Okete is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
History
A post office called Okete was established in 1887, and remained in operation until 1907. The name was suggested by postal officials.
References
Unincorporated communities in Lincoln County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri |
Robert Woodrow Wilson (born January 10, 1936) is an American astronomer who, along with Arno Allan Penzias, discovered cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) in 1964. The pair won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery.
While doing tests and experiments with the Holmdel Horn Antenna at Bell Labs in Holmdel Township, New Jersey, Wilson and Penzias discovered a source of noise in the atmosphere that they could not explain. After removing all potential sources of noise, including pigeon droppings on the antenna, the noise was finally identified as CMB, which served as important corroboration of the Big Bang theory.
In 1970, Wilson led a team that made the first detection of a rotational spectral line of carbon monoxide (CO) in an astronomical object, the Orion Nebula, and eight other galactic sources. Subsequently, CO observations became the standard method of tracing cool molecular interstellar gas, and detection of CO was the foundational event for the fields of millimeter and submillimeter astronomy.
Life and work
Robert Woodrow Wilson was born on January 10, 1936, in Houston, Texas. He graduated from Lamar High School in River Oaks, in Houston, and studied as an undergraduate at Rice University, also in Houston, where he was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa society. He then earned a PhD in physics at California Institute of Technology. His thesis advisors at Caltech included John Bolton and Maarten Schmidt.
Wilson and Penzias also won the Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences in 1977. Wilson received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1987.
Wilson remained at Bell Laboratories until 1994, when he was named a senior scientist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Wilson has been a resident of Holmdel Township, New Jersey.
Wilson married Elizabeth Rhoads Sawin in 1958.
Wilson is one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics to sign a letter addressed to President George W. Bush in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the Department of Energy's Office of Science, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Wilson was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2009.
References
Sources
"Distinguished HISD Alumni", Houston Independent School District, Houston, Texas, 2008.
Cite Video | BBC/WGBH BOSTON | NOVA #519 | A Whisper From Space | Copyright 1978 | Available With Permission | Consolidated Aircraft - Ronkonkoma, New York
External links
including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1978 The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
1936 births
American astronomers
American Nobel laureates
21st-century American physicists
Lamar High School (Houston, Texas) alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Nobel laureates in Physics
People from Holmdel Township, New Jersey
Rice University alumni
Scientists at Bell Labs
Radio astronomers |
```protocol buffer
syntax = "proto3";
package envoy.config.ratelimit.v2;
import "envoy/api/v2/core/grpc_service.proto";
import "udpa/annotations/status.proto";
import "validate/validate.proto";
option java_package = "io.envoyproxy.envoy.config.ratelimit.v2";
option java_outer_classname = "RlsProto";
option java_multiple_files = true;
option go_package = "github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy/config/ratelimit/v2;ratelimitv2";
option (udpa.annotations.file_status).package_version_status = FROZEN;
// [#protodoc-title: Rate limit service]
// Rate limit :ref:`configuration overview <config_rate_limit_service>`.
message RateLimitServiceConfig {
reserved 1, 3;
// Specifies the gRPC service that hosts the rate limit service. The client
// will connect to this cluster when it needs to make rate limit service
// requests.
api.v2.core.GrpcService grpc_service = 2 [(validate.rules).message = {required: true}];
}
``` |
This is a list of commercial banks in Guinea
UBA Guinée (UBA)
Access Bank Guinée
First Bank of Nigeria - Formerly International Commercial Bank (ICB)
Banque Islamique de Guinée (BIG)
VIstaGui Bank (VGB) (formerly BICIGUI)
Banque Internationale pour le Commerce et l’Industrie de Guinée (BICIGUI)
Société générale de banques en Guinée (SGBG)
Banque Populaire Maroco-Guinéenne (BPMG)
Ecobank Guinée (EBG)
Skye Bank Guinée (SBG)
Banque Sahélo-Saharienne pour l'Investissement et le Commerce (BSIC)
Banque Africaine de Development Agricole et Minier (BADAM)
Orabank Guinée (ORANBANK)
NSIA Banque Guinée (NSIA Banque)
Banque pour le Commerce et l'Industrie Guinée (BCI)
FIBank Guinée (FIBANK)
Banque de Developpement de Guinée (BDG)
18. Société de Financement du Commerce et de l’Industrie (SFCI BANK)
See also
List of banks in Africa
Central Bank of Guinea
Economy of Guinea
List of companies based in Guinea
References
External links
Website of Banque Centrale de la Republique de Guinee (French)
Banks
Guinea
Guinea |
```javascript
function *foo() { yield* 3; }
``` |
Malcolm Hodge (born 28 August 1934) is an Australian cricketer. He played in six first-class matches for South Australia in 1960/61.
See also
List of South Australian representative cricketers
References
External links
1934 births
Living people
Australian cricketers
South Australia cricketers
Cricketers from Adelaide |
Plunder is a farce by the English playwright Ben Travers. It was first given at the Aldwych Theatre, London, the fifth in the series of twelve Aldwych farces presented by the actor-manager Tom Walls at the theatre between 1923 and 1933. Several of the actors formed a regular core cast for the Aldwych farces. The play shows two friends committing a jewel robbery, for arguably honourable reasons, with fatal results.
The piece opened on 26 June 1928 and ran for 344 performances. Travers made a film adaptation, which Walls directed in 1933, with most of the leading members of the stage cast reprising their roles.
Background
The actor-manager Tom Walls produced the series of Aldwych farces, nearly all written by Ben Travers, starring Walls and his co-star Ralph Lynn, who specialised in playing "silly ass" characters. Walls assembled a regular company of actors to fill the supporting roles, including Robertson Hare, who played a figure of put-upon respectability; Mary Brough in eccentric old lady roles; Ethel Coleridge as the severe voice of authority; Winifred Shotter as the sprightly young female lead; and the saturnine Gordon James.
Walls and his team had already enjoyed four substantial hits at the Aldwych, with It Pays to Advertise (1923), which had run for 598 performances; A Cuckoo in the Nest (1925, 376 performances); Rookery Nook (1926, 409 performances); and Thark (1927, 401 performances). All except the first of them were written by Ben Travers. The first two of his scripts were adaptations of his earlier novels. Thark was written with the Aldwych company in mind, with the supernatural as its theme. For Plunder Travers turned to robbery and violent death.
Original cast
Oswald Veal – Robertson Hare
Prudence Malone – Ena Mason
Mrs Hewlett – Mary Brough
Simon Veal – Gordon James
Freddie Malone – Tom Walls
D'Arcy Tuck – Ralph Lynn
Joan Hewlett – Winifred Shotter
Sir George Chudleigh – Archibald Batty
William – Robert Adam
Mrs Orlock – Ethel Coleridge
Chief Constable Grierson – Philip Carlton
Chief Detective-inspector Sibley – Herbert Waring
Police-constable Davies – Alfred Watson
Detective-sergeant Marchant – Arthur Williams
Synopsis
Act I
The library at Marvin Court, near Horsham, afternoon
D'Arcy Tuck has returned to England from Australia with his fiancée, Joan Hewlett, thinking that she has inherited a large country house and even larger fortune from her late grandfather. They find that the old man's housekeeper, the former Mrs Veal, now Mrs Hewlett, married him on his deathbed and inherited his entire estate. Her sinister brother Simon has an unspecified hold over her, and reminds her to follow his bidding.
Among the guests at the house is Freddy Malone, an old schoolfriend of Tuck, who is by profession a gentlemanly burglar of the A J Raffles type. Malone has a female accomplice, masquerading as his sister Prudence, with whom Mrs Hewlett's hapless son, Oswald Veal, is in love. Malone was already planning to rob Mrs Hewlett of her jewellery, and agrees to cut Tuck in on the crime, thus, as they see it, redressing the wrong she has done in contriving Joan's disinheritance.
Act II
Scene 1 – Hall of Freddy Malone's house, The Gables, Walton Heath
A roulette party is in progress. The players are Freddy's house guests, Mrs Hewlett, Oswald, Sir George and Lady Chudleigh, Harry Kenward and Ruth Bennett. After the game the guests go to bed. Tuck arrives, having deceived Joan about his destination. Owing to the carelessness of his manservant, Joan has discovered that Tuck is at The Gables, along with the despised Mrs Hewlett and Oswald Veal. To Tuck's discomfiture she enters and accuses him of trying to get round the old woman and wheedle some of Joan's rightful inheritance out of her. Simon Veal secretly tells Oswald to get Mrs Hewlett to write a cheque for a substantial sum, to be handed over to Simon at three o'clock, when the other guests are asleep. Tuck and Malone are finally left alone; they go over the details of their planned robbery.
Scene 2 – A room at The Gables
Tuck and Malone creep into Mrs Hewlett's bedroom. Tuck accidentally sniffs the chloroform they have brought to dope her with. He falls on the bed beside her and then reels round the room, nearly bringing the attempted robbery to a standstill. Malone and Tuck are interrupted by the appearance outside the window of Simon Veal, who has come for the cheque he has demanded. Malone flings a towel over Veal's head; Veal falls off his ladder into a greenhouse. The robbers make their escape with Mrs Hewlett's jewels as she wakes and raises the alarm.
Scene 3 – Hall of The Gables
The household assembles. Mrs Hewlett tells them of the robbery. Chudleigh reports that Simon Veal has been found unconscious in the greenhouse. The guests give various accounts of what they have seen and done in the past hour. Joan realises the truth, and privately berates Tuck for his stupidity in taking part in the robbery. The police arrive, and Chudleigh tells Malone that Simon Veal has been pronounced dead. Malone explains privately to Tuck that though Veal's fall was accidental, their part in it, during the course of a robbery, renders them liable to the capital charge of murder.
Act III
Scene 1 – Chief Constable Grierson's office at Scotland Yard
At Scotland Yard the police discuss the case among themselves. They strongly suspect Malone and Tuck. They have discovered that Prudence is not Malone's sister, that he has no obvious means to support his lavish life-style, and that he has been in situ at the time of several notable country house robberies.
Inspector Sibley questions Malone and Tuck in turn. They get through their interrogations, Malone by his suave cleverness and Tuck by his baffling idiocy, which completely entangles Sibley. They leave. Sibley continues to suspect the pair, and is confident of their imminent arrest.
Scene 2 – Hall of The Gables
Malone and Tuck question Oswald Veal who reluctantly admits that Simon was blackmailing Mrs Hewlett: when she purportedly married old Mr Hewlett, she was still married to her first husband. Malone and Tuck confront her with the truth, and frighten her into telling the police that the robber was Simon. When Sibley has departed, frustrated, Malone tells Mrs Hewlett that she and Joan will have to come to an arrangement about the division of old Mr Hewlett's estate. He tells her, "In future, be honest. It pays in the end". After she has gone he says the same to Tuck, who vows never to engage in crime again.
Reception
The Times thought the piece "a very entertaining piece of nonsense … Miss Mary Brough bounces through it all with hearty accomplishment; Miss Winifred Shotter decorates it prettily; Mr. Gordon James and Mr. Robertson Hare contribute the farce of solemnity … Mr. Walls and Mr. Lynn at Scotland Yard are delightful". The Observer critic wrote of his "grateful laughter", found the entire cast "in tip-top form" and predicted "A year's hard labour" for them all. The Manchester Guardian called the piece, "an exquisitely involved, briskly moving and thoroughly funny show." The Illustrated London News declared it "London's funniest play".
By the time of the play's second London revival, in 1996, Michael Billington in The Guardian found the piece uncomfortably dated in its snobbish attitudes to class and its sexism, both, in his view exemplified by the slighting remarks about the fat, proletarian character Mrs Hewlett, originally played by Mary Brough. He concluded that Travers assumed that "you can get away with theft, and even an accidental killing, as long as you are well-bred old school chums."
Revivals and adaptations
In 1933 Walls directed a film adaptation of the play. Travers wrote the screenplay, and Walls, Lynn, Hare, Brough, Shotter and James reprised their old stage roles.
The first full-scale professional stage revival of Plunder was at the Bristol Old Vic in 1973, directed by Nat Brenner, with Edward Hardwicke and Peter O'Toole in the Walls and Lynn roles. In 1976 Michael Blakemore directed a production for the National Theatre, which opened at the Old Vic in London, and transferred to the new Lyttelton Theatre in March of the same year. The two main roles were played by Frank Finlay and Dinsdale Landen, with a supporting cast including Diana Quick, Polly Adams and Dandy Nichols. In 1996 Kevin McNally and Griff Rhys Jones starred in a production at the Savoy Theatre, directed by Peter James.
In 2016, Eton College staged Plunder at their Farrer Theatre. This was to be director's Angus Graham-Campbell's last play after more than 30 years at the school.
Notes
References
1928 plays
Aldwych farce
Comedy plays
Plays by Ben Travers
British plays adapted into films |
Richard Mauch (born September 2, 1874, in Weidling, † May 25, 1921 in Dietramszell ) was an Austrian painter and illustrator.
At first Mauch worked primarily as a portrait and genre painter in the conservative style of the Munich School. However, around 1900 he joined the Munich Secession, which paved the way for Art Nouveau. At this time, Mauch's works took on a symbolic, often erotic character. The knight's dream created in 1902 is an example of this tendency.
On April 30, 1904, he became a member of the Vienna Künstlerhaus. In 1909 Mauch moved from Austria to Munich and continued his studies at the Munich Academy. He took part in the exhibitions of the Luitpold group.
Mauch also worked as a graphic artist and illustrator, notably for the prominent weekly magazine ‘Fliegende Blätter’.
His works are in various German and Austrian museums, including the Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus and the Münchner Stadtmuseum.
Gallery
References
Literature and source
Stephen Farthing: 1001 Must-See Paintings . Librero, 2012. ISBN 978-90-8998-209-4
External links
( en ) Mauch on AskArt https://www.askart.com/artist/artist/11052924/artist.aspx
General lexicon of fine artists from antiquity to the present . Founded by Ulrich Thieme and Felix Becker . tape24: Mandere–Möhl. E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1930, S.272.
1874 births
1921 deaths |
WDNC (620 AM) is a sports radio station licensed to Durham, North Carolina but based in Raleigh, North Carolina. Owned and operated by Capitol Broadcasting Company as part of a cluster with NBC affiliate WRAL-TV, Fox affiliate WRAZ, and sister radio stations WCLY, WCMC-FM and WRAL, the station's studios are in Raleigh, and the transmitter site is in Durham. WDNC is branded as The Buzz and is affiliated with the CBS Sports Radio and ESPN Radio networks. In addition, WDNC is the flagship station for the Duke Blue Devils and is the local affiliate of the Charlotte Hornets.
History
Durham's first radio station went on the air in February 1934, when then-Mayor W.F. Carr and several investors saw the need for a radio station in what was then the state's 3rd-largest city. They bought Wilmington-based 1370 WRAM (formerly WRBT) and moved its license and equipment to studios in Durham atop the Washington Duke Hotel downtown at the corner of Corcoran and Chapel Hill Streets (later known as the Carolina and the Jack Tar Hotel; the structure was imploded in 1975). The newly relocated station signed on with 100 watts at 1500 AM as CBS affiliate WDNC. In 1936, WDNC was purchased by the Herald-Sun Newspapers, publishers of the Durham Morning Herald and The Durham Sun. At this time, the station's studios were moved into the Herald-Sun's building at 138 East Chapel Hill Street, literally next door to the Washington Duke Hotel. In 1938, WDNC increased its power from 100 to 250 watts.
The NARBA frequency realignment of 1941 saw the station relocate to 1490 AM. During this time, their antenna was located near present-day Forest Hills Park on South Street. WDNC's last broadcast from this site came on February 28, 1948. On the next day, which was Leap Day, WDNC abandoned its 1490 dial position and 250-watt signal for a new three-tower directional array on Shocoree Drive in western Durham which operated with 5,000 watts daytime and 1,000 watts nighttime at a new frequency on the other end of the dial, 620 AM. Leap Day 1948 turned out to be a very eventful day in Durham broadcasting history: As WDNC fired up their new, more powerful plant, they also signed on WDNC-FM, at 105.1 MHz. Making the day even more memorable was that WDNC's old 1490 dial position was immediately occupied by a new station, WSSB (now WDUR).
In 1952, WDNC's parent company, the Herald-Sun Newspapers, applied to build a TV station in Durham on the city's newly allotted VHF channel 11. The owners of cross-town competitor WTIK had also applied for channel 11. The two parties later joined their efforts under the banner "Durham Broadcasting Enterprises" and signed on WTVD, channel 11 on September 2, 1954. In 1957, Durham Broadcasting sold WTVD to Albany, NY-based Capital Cities Broadcasting in 1957 (the same Capital Cities which bought the ABC TV network in the mid-1980s).
In October 1954, Raleigh, North Carolina had significant damage from Hurricane Hazel. All of the city's radio stations were off the air, so WDNC aired news for the city's residents.
In the late 1970s, Buddy Poole, a former employee of WTIK, hosted the "Country Lovin'" morning show and worked in sales.
WDNC remained a CBS affiliate and the home of big band and popular standards until 1991, when their focus shifted towards more talk-based programming. In 1992, WDNC and its FM sister station, by now known as WDCG "G-105", relocated to Park Forty Plaza, just off Interstate 40 along NC Highway 55 in southeastern Durham, as the newspaper abandoned their downtown building for a new facility at 2828 Pickett Road in southwestern Durham. Shortly thereafter, the newspaper, wanting to focus more on its publishing divisions, put the two radio properties on the market. It was around this time that radio ownership rules were being relaxed.
WDCG was sold in 1993, but there were no takers for WDNC. In 1994, the company entered into a local marketing agreement with Capitol Broadcasting Company (CBC), which allowed the Raleigh-based company control over WDNC's sales, marketing and programming with an option to buy. Capitol, already in the process of moving their minor league baseball team, the Durham Bulls, into the new Durham Bulls Athletic Park being built by the city, announced plans to move WDNC into the ballpark upon its completion in 1995. In the meantime, the station would operate from the basement of the new Herald-Sun building. Capitol redubbed the station the "Smart Choice for News and Sports", and, in late 1995, implemented an all-news format under the handle, "The News Station", using the Associated Press' all-news network supplemented with reports from the WRAL-TV newsroom. After three years, the agreement proved non-profitable for CBC. In 1997, Curtis Media Group took over the LMA from Capitol, replacing the news-centered schedule with more syndicated talk shows and paid programming until it bought the WDNC license from the Herald-Sun in 2000.
In November 2002, WDNC began a simulcast with Raleigh station WDNZ (now WQDR), 570 AM. That arrangement lasted until November 1, 2005, when WDNC entered into yet another LMA, this time with McClatchey Broadcasting, then-owner of WRBZ "850 the Buzz", a more locally oriented sports talk station. The station flipped to sports talk as "620 The Bull".
From July 2006 to June 2007, WDNC was home to an afternoon talk show featuring former ECU football head coach Steve Logan, before moving on to take the offensive coordinator position at Boston College.
Late in 2008, Don Imus returned to the Triangle for the first time since the incident involving the Rutgers women's basketball team. Imus replaced Mike and Mike in the Morning as WDNC de-emphasized ESPN programming.
On August 10, 2009, Curtis Media (which still owned the station) sold WDNC and sister station WCLY to Capitol Broadcasting Company, in exchange for the North Carolina News Network. The move enables Capitol to concentrate its sports programming across three channels, with WDNC and WCMC-FM receiving some carry-over programming from WRBZ (which Curtis Media received from McClatchey Broadcasting), while WCLY will carry Spanish-language sports programming from ESPN Deportes. WDNC was expected to change its handle to 620 the Buzz beginning in September 2009, but the official changeover happened on November 2 with Adam Gold and Joe Ovies transferring their morning show over from WRBZ.
In 2013, WDNC joined CBS Sports Radio but continued to air Dan Patrick.
In April 2014, WDNC signed on a translator at 99.3 FM in Morrisville, serving Raleigh. In October, it added another translator at 96.5 FM in Durham. They serve mainly to fill in the gaps in the main signal.
On April 25, 2017, the Federal Communications Commission issued a Construction Permit for Capitol Broadcasting to move WDNC's transmitter from the station's long-time West Durham location on Shocorree Drive to a diplex arrangement with WDUR 1490 AM, at the latter's transmitter site on Nixon Street in southeastern Durham. This also authorized WDNC to reduce its 5,000 watt daytime power to 1,500 watts non-directional, and its 1,000 watt nighttime power to 41 watts non-directional. By late June 2017, WDNC had built out the construction permit and was broadcasting from its new site. The three towers at its former Shoccoree Drive transmitter site were removed in late October/early November 2017.
On May 1, 2018, WDNC rebranded from "The Buzz" (which continues on WCMC-HD2 and the 96.5 and 99.3 translators) to "The Ticket" (format moved from WCLY 1550 AM Raleigh, which flipped to adult album alternative).
On July 31, 2022, WDNC switched back to "The Buzz" branding, in addition, simulcast on sister stations 1550 WCLY and 99.9 WCMC-HD2.
WDNC past on-air staff
WDNC has a storied history developing personalities. Many of these on-air figures become long-time Raleigh-Durham favorites, and others moved to bigger markets. Below are some of a few.
Jim Sackett (????-1997)
Tom Britt
Tom Gongaware
Will Vickers
Melinda Stubbee
Tom Guild
Rob Friedman
Bill Hard
Doc Searls (weekends, 1974)
Rita Chapman (1980 - 1983)
Tony Wike
Gaylord "Jay" Wood (1958-1962)
Pat Patterson
Cabell Smith
Eddie Crabtree
Bo Bierly
Barry Brown
Kathy Reid
Andy Poe
Bob Harris
Jeff Dantre
Tony Peters
Rollye James
Tom Young (novelist)
Easy Gwynn (moved to WIBC Indianapolis
Fred Hazeltine (moved to WRNL Richmond, Va.
John Dean (morning personality after World War Two)
Woody Woodhouse (sports director 1940s)
Ed Higgins (news director)
Tony Rigsbee
Steve Logan
Frank Morock
Morgan Patrick (MoJo In The Morning)
Joe Ovies (MoJo In The Morning)
Mark Thomas (Mornings)
Mike Maniscalco (Mornings)
Lauren Brownlow (Mornings)
Demetri Ravanos (Mornings)
Bomani Jones
Eroll Reese (The Sports Shop)
Kevin "K-Mac" McClendon (The Sports Shop)
Previous logos
References
External links
WDNC website
Buzz Sports Radio Facebook
620 The Ticket Twitter
Sports radio stations in the United States
DNC
Radio stations established in 1934
1934 establishments in North Carolina
CBS Sports Radio stations |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.