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Roi Soleil Wanga is a DR Congolese recording artist, musician, vocalist and entertainer. At one time, he was a member of the musical band Quartier Latin International, formed and led by Congolese musician Koffi Olomide. In the production Inchallah, Wanga is the third person to sing his solo, behind Fally Ipupa, Bouro Mpela, but ahead of Montana Kamenga, Gibson Butukondolo and Deo Brando.
Discography
Roi Soleil Wanga Discography
See also
References
Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Kinshasa
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo male singers
Democratic Republic of the Congo songwriters
Soukous musicians
Quartier Latin International
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede, of Shulbrede in the County of Sussex, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1930 for the politician Arthur Ponsonby. Ponsonby was the third son of General Sir Henry Ponsonby and the great-grandson of Frederick Ponsonby, 3rd Earl of Bessborough. Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby, was his elder brother. The first Baron's grandson, the third Baron, was also a Labour politician and notably served as Opposition Chief Whip in the House of Lords in the 1980s. the title is held by the latter's only son, the fourth Baron, who succeeded in 1990. He sat on the Labour benches in the House of Lords prior to the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, when he lost his seat. However, in 2000 he was given a life peerage as Baron Ponsonby of Roehampton, of Shulbrede in the County of West Sussex, and was able to retake his seat in the House of Lords.
The family seat is Shulbrede Priory, near Linchmere, West Sussex.
Barons Ponsonby of Shulbrede (1930)
Arthur Augustus William Harry Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede (1871–1946)
Matthew Henry Hubert Ponsonby, 2nd Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede (1904–1976)
Thomas Arthur Ponsonby, 3rd Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede (1930–1990)
Frederick Matthew Thomas Ponsonby, 4th Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede (b. 1958)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Cameron John Jackson Ponsonby (b. 1995)
Arms
See also
Earl of Bessborough
Baron de Mauley
Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly
Baron Sysonby
Lady Caroline Ponsonby
References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.
1930 establishments in the United Kingdom
Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1930
Noble titles created for UK MPs
History of Sussex
History of West Sussex
Baron |
```java
/**
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.thingsboard.server.common.data;
import lombok.Getter;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public enum AttributeScope {
CLIENT_SCOPE(1),
SERVER_SCOPE(2),
SHARED_SCOPE(3);
@Getter
private final int id;
private static final Map<Integer, AttributeScope> values = Arrays.stream(values())
.collect(Collectors.toMap(AttributeScope::getId, scope -> scope));
AttributeScope(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public static AttributeScope valueOf(int id) {
return values.get(id);
}
}
``` |
Boca Raton station is an inter-city rail station in Boca Raton, Florida. It is served by Brightline (which codes the station as BOC in routing), on their line from Miami to Orlando. The station is located near Mizner Park, right next to the Boca Raton Public Library, and is 22,000 sq ft (2,000 m2) on a 1.8-acre site. It was opened on December 21, 2022.
History
In 2019, Mayor Scott Singer of Boca Raton pitched the idea to Brightline about adding a station in Boca Raton because of its key market. Brightline considered the opportunity and decided to send a letter to the city of Boca Raton about the possibility of adding their city as an infill station along the Florida route. Brightline proposed constructing the station and rail infrastructure while the city would cover access and zoning requirements and costs. In December 2019, the Boca Raton City Council approved the station site, which was a former community garden next to the Boca Raton Public Library.
In September 2020, the city was awarded a $16 million grant from the United States Department of Transportation to be used toward the construction of the station and related infrastructure. A portion of the grant would fund the construction of a 455-car parking garage that accommodates both Brightline passengers and patrons of the neighboring public library. Construction of the garage commenced in December 2021 and was completed in the fourth quarter of 2022. Construction of the actual station itself commenced on January 25, 2022, accompanied by an official groundbreaking ceremony hosted by Brightline's president, Patrick Goddard. A ribbon-cutting ceremony was held a day before the station's opening date, and it opened to the public on December 21, 2022, taking less than a year to complete the station.
See also
Boca Raton station (Tri-Rail)
References
Brightline stations
Buildings and structures in Boca Raton, Florida
Florida East Coast Railway
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2022
Transportation buildings and structures in Palm Beach County, Florida |
"Black Capricorn Day" is the fifth and final single released by British funk and acid jazz band Jamiroquai from their fourth studio album, Synkronized. The single was released in November 1999 in Japan only, peaking at number 14 on the Japan Hot 100. Despite the single never being available in the UK, the music video was included on the British version of the High Times: Singles 1992–2006 DVD.
The single contained remixes of previous hits "Canned Heat" and "Supersonic" but no remixes of "Black Capricorn Day". However, the song would later be remixed by French DJ Alex Gopher, titled "Black Capricorn Day (White Knights Remix)", on An Online Odyssey, a promotional album released in the summer of 2001 to promote the then-upcoming release of their next album, A Funk Odyssey.
Music video
The video is influenced by Martin Scorsese's 1985 film After Hours. Lead character Jay Kay finds himself looking at a poster with his picture on which is written "BURGLAR STOP HIM". He is chased through the backstreets of Glasgow by a mob, eventually carjacking a moped and then a BMW 320 to escape them. He is then chased by the police, evading capture until he picks up Jamiroquai drummer Derrick McKenzie under a bridge. The two are found by a police helicopter and run into a warehouse, now chased by both the mob and the police. Jay runs up the stairs, following Derrick. Once they reach the roof, Derrick launches himself over a gap between buildings. With the mob after him, Jay sizes up the jump, and the last shot is of him leaping over the gap. Derrick's name is misspelled as "Derick" in the opening credits.
One version of the video included on the High Times DVD is the version as described above; however, the version broadcast on television in Japan and included on An Online Odyssey is slightly different: one five-second shot, which focuses in on the logo of the third Jamiroquai album, Travelling Without Moving, painted on a wooden panel lying on the ground in an alleyway, is cut.
Track listing
"Black Capricorn Day" (radio edit) – 3:42
"Canned Heat" (MAW Remix) – 8:26
"Supersonic" (Restless Soul Main Vocal) – 7:35
"Supersonic" (Sharp Razor Remix) – 7:05
References
Jamiroquai songs
1999 singles
1999 songs
Epic Records singles
Songs written by Jason Kay
Songs written by Simon Katz
Songs written by Toby Smith |
The Tremulous Hand of Worcester is the name given to a 13th-century scribe of Old English manuscripts with handwriting characterized by large, shaky, leftward leaning figures usually written in light brown ink. He is assumed to have worked in Worcester Priory, because all manuscripts identified as his work have been connected to Worcester.
Variation in work
The variability of his work indicates that the Tremulous Hand of Worcester had a long career in glossing. He glossed sometimes in Middle English and sometimes in Latin and is thought to have written over 50,000 glosses.
In some manuscripts one out of every four words is glossed, while in others only one or two glosses appear on a page. While glossing Old English texts he is also known to have edited the works, adding punctuation marks and in what is identified as his early work changing the vowels and consonants of Old English words to be more like their Middle English counterparts. His earliest work is predominantly glossed in Middle English, but later he begins to gloss equally in both Middle English and Latin.
Although he is most typically identified by light brown ink, the Tremulous Hand used multiple media types and his glossing evolved throughout his career, showing a considerable range characterized by variable "layers". His hand tremor grew worse with time; also whereas in his earliest glosses he uses contemporary Middle English that reveals a close kinship with the language of the Ancrene Wisse manuscript Nero A.xiv (his handwriting also resembles that scribe's), he later appears to be collecting Old English words in the margin, perhaps in order to compile a glossary. He often indicates that something should be noted (using the Latin word nota or an abbreviation) and sometimes makes a doodle.
Layers
In order to differentiate the Tremulous Hand of Worcester’s varied glosses, Christine Franzen, a literary scholar, has categorized his work into seven "layers":
M: The Mature Layer is the most characteristic of The Tremulous Hand of Worcester. It is glossed in light brown ink, is large in size with a conspicuous leftward angle. The tremble is most noticeable in the downward stroke. Middle English and Latin are used almost equally in this layer. Additionally, many of the glosses contain Latin abbreviations.
B: The Bold Layer is related to the M layer but considered to be earlier in The Tremulous Hand of Worcester’s career. The letters are small and neat with a subtle leftward slant and downward tremble. The B layer is considered to be the neatest and most exact. The lettering is small, compact and cohesive. The B layer is written in dark brown ink.
P: The Pencil layer is considered to be roughly contemporary with the B layer, but earlier because some B letters occur on top of P letters. This layer is faint and often illegible, and written with a light pencil-like medium. The P layer is found in the margins of manuscripts, written equally in Middle English and Latin.
C: The Crayon Layer is considered to be roughly contemporary with the M layer, but earlier because some M letters occur on top of C letters. This layer is written with a waxy, crayon-like material in the margins of manuscripts. It has large, distinctly sloped lettering and is written equally in Middle English and Latin.
D: The Dark Layer is written almost entirely in Middle English with considerable pressure and in dark ink. The letters are small and neat, but have a distinct tremble. Only three manuscripts appear in the D layer, and they are all homilies. Additionally, the D layer has the most erasures.
T: The Text Layer applies specifically to the Worcester Cathedral MS F.174. This is an untidy, uneven text that seems unprofessional. It is written in dark ink with a distinct downward tremble and a "þ" identical to the M layer.
L: The Large Layer is related to the T Layer, but differs in the lettering of "d". In the Large Layer, the d has a round back.
Franzen, however, commented informally at a later date that identification of as many as seven layers was perhaps "over zealous".
Manuscripts
Notable glosses by the Tremulous Hand occur in Ælfric of Eynsham's Grammar and Glossary, and in the Worcester manuscripts, St. Bede's Lament, The Soul’s Address to the Body and an Old English translation of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum. The Tremulous Hand is also thought to have glossed a segment of the Bodleian manuscript Junius, which contains the earliest Middle English translation of the Nicene Creed. He is considered to have over 50,000 glosses in total. Only one manuscript remains in Worcester, which was discovered in 1837 by the antiquary Sir Thomas Phillipps, bound into the cover of later Cathedral muniments.
Tremor diagnosis
The weight of the evidence in the features of the handwriting of the Tremulous Hand points to "essential tremor" as his neurological condition. This diagnosis takes into account characteristics of the tremor including its regular amplitude and regular frequency, and that it exhibited fluctuations in severity. Evidence points away from other conditions such as Parkinson's disease, writer's cramp and dystonic tremor. The tremor also shows signs of rapid improvement, possibly due to a combination of rest and the consumption of alcoholic beverages, and this response is consistent with essential tremor.
References
Sources
Franzen, Christine. "On the Attribution of Additions in Oxford, Bodleian MS Bodley 343 to the Tremulous Hand of Worcester". ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews, 2006 Winter; 19 (1): 7–8.
Franzen, Christine. The Tremulous Hand of Worcester: A Study of Old English in the Thirteenth Century. Oxford English Monographs. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
Franzen, Christine. "The Tremulous Hand of Worcester and the Nero Scribe of the Ancrene Wisse". Medium Ævum, 2003; 72 (1): 13–31.
13th-century English writers
Medieval European scribes
Writers from Worcester, England |
His Mother's Boy is a 1917 American silent drama film directed by Victor Schertzinger and written by Ella Stuart Carson. The film stars Charles Ray, Doris May, William Elmer, Josef Swickard, Jerome Storm, and Gertrude Claire. It is based on the short story "Where Life is Marked Down" by Rupert Hughes. The film was released on December 24, 1917, by Paramount Pictures.
Plot
As described in a film magazine, Matthew Denton (Ray) finds out that, because the Centipede oil wells do not pay a dividend, the villagers consider his father to be a swindler. He leaves his mother and New England home to go to Centipede, Texas, to ascertain the cause of the shortage of oil. He becomes an employee under the direction of Banty Jones (Elmer), foreman of the wells, and a crook. He falls in love with Mabel Glenny (May), whom Jones considers to be his "gal." When Mabel shows Matthew her engagement ring, Jones gives him a specified amount of time to get out of town. However, Matthew has found a valve that causes oil to be diverted to another company. He also learns that Jones is receiving the benefit from these stolen oil sales. A fight breaks out between the two men with Matthew the winner. Jones, humiliated, leaves, and Mabel is proud of Matthew. Back home the villagers are happy that the oil wells are safe and that dividends will be forthcoming again.
Cast
Reception
Like many American films of the time, His Mother's Boy was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. The Chicago Board of Censors required a cut of the shooting of a man in the barroom, the intertitle "Well, he can have you when I get through with you", and two closeups of men in a fight where Matthew bites the man's hand, Matthew is thrown against the wall, and Matthew shoots the man.
References
External links
1917 films
1910s English-language films
Silent American drama films
1917 drama films
Paramount Pictures films
Films directed by Victor Schertzinger
American black-and-white films
Films based on works by Rupert Hughes
American silent feature films
1910s American films
English-language drama films |
The Interliber - International Book and Teaching Appliances Fair () is the largest Croatian trade fair for books and teaching appliances.
It is held annually in mid-November at the Zagreb Fair grounds in Zagreb, Croatia.
Representatives from book publishing and multimedia companies from all over the world come to the Interliber in order to present their products to the general public.
References
Book fairs in Croatia
November events
Tourist attractions in Zagreb
Recurring events established in 1977
Culture in Zagreb
1977 establishments in Yugoslavia
Autumn events in Croatia
Festivals in Yugoslavia |
HMS Coventry was a 50-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy, launched at Deptford Dockyard in 1695.
The French 54-gun Auguste, together with the 54-gun Jason, captured Coventry in September 1704.
On 17 March 1709, Portland recaptured Coventry.
See also
List of ships captured in the 18th century
Notes
References
Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. .
Roche, Jean-Michel (2005) Dictionnaire des Bâtiments de la Flotte de Guerre Française de Colbert à nos Jours. (Group Retozel-Maury Millau), Vol. 1.
See also
List of ships captured in the 18th century
Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1690s ships
Captured ships |
Oliver Gordon may refer to:
Oliver Gordon (Royal Navy officer), World War II officer and prisoner of war
Oliver Gordon (rugby league) (born 1992)
Oliver Gordon, stage name of English actor and cricketer Oliver Battcock (1903–1970)
See also
Gordon Oliver (disambiguation) |
Chandrapal Kushwaha is an Indian politician and a member of 17th Legislative Assembly, Uttar Pradesh of India. He represents the ‘Baberu’ constituency in Banda district of Uttar Pradesh.
Political career
Chandrapal Kushwaha has got 76,187 votes where as Kiran Yadav has got 53,886 votes. Bishambhar Singh, member of Samajwadi Party received 51,693 votes and got third position in Uttar Pradesh Pradesh assembly elections 2017. Total 181,766 voters have used their voting rights to cast their votes for Bharatiya Janata Party, Bahujan Samaj Party and Samajwadi Party and Bharatiya Janata Party is winner by 22,301 votes in assembly elections 2017 from seat of Uttar Pradesh.
Chandrapal Kushwaha contested Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election as Bharatiya Janata Party candidate and defeated his close contestant Kiran Yadav from Bahujan Samaj Party with a margin of 22,301 votes.
Posts held
References
Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022
1956 births
Living people
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh
People from Banda district, India |
WAKH (105.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format, licensed to McComb, Mississippi, United States. The station is owned by North Shore Broadcasting Co., Inc. and features programming from Citadel Media. The transmitter is located in Summit, Mississippi.
History
The station was assigned call sign WIXO-FM on February 15, 1979. On May 4, 1979, the station changed its call sign to WIXO then again on September 8, 1981, to the current WAKH.,
On September 21, 2011, Charles W. Dowdy, acting as the sole owner of license holder Southwest Broadcasting, Inc., dissolved the corporation and assigned the broadcast licenses it held (WAKH plus sister stations WAKK, WAPF, WAZA, WFCG, WJSH, WKJN, and WTGG) to himself acting as debtor in possession before initiating a Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The FCC approved the license transfer on December 19, 2011.
On October 25, 2019, the stations emerged and this signal was transferred to North Shore Broadcasting.
References
External links
AKH
Country radio stations in the United States |
Maria J. Esteban (born at Alonsotegi, 1956) is a Basque-French mathematician. In her research she studies nonlinear partial differential equations, mainly by the use of variational methods, with applications to physics and quantum chemistry. She has also worked on fluid-structure interaction.
Education and career
After undergraduate studies at the University of the Basque Country (Bilbao), she did her PhD thesis at the Pierre and Marie Curie University (Paris), under the direction of Pierre-Louis Lions. After her thesis, she became full-time researcher at CNRS, where she holds now a position of emerita director of research. She is a member of CEREMADE, research center of the Université Paris-Dauphine.
Service
Esteban was president of International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics for the 2015–2019 term. She was president of the Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles from 2009 to 2012 and chair of the Applied Mathematics Committee of the European Mathematical Society in 2012 and 2013. She participated in the Forward Look on "Mathematics and Industry" funded by the European Science Foundation and is one of the launchers of the EU-MATHS-IN European network for industrial mathematics. She was member of the Abel Prize committee in 2014 and 2015.
Recognition
She became a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2016 "for distinguished research in partial differential equations and for advancing the profile of applied mathematics internationally."
She was an invited speaker at the 2018 International Congress of Mathematicians
In 2019 she received the SIAM Prize for Distinguished Service to the Profession, and became a member of the Academia Europaea. In 2020, she received the French Academy of Science's Prix Jacques-Louis-Lions, and in 2021, the Blaise Pascal Medal in Mathematics of the European Academy of Sciences.
Major publications
References
External links
Personal webpage.
"Maria J. Esteban, World-Class Mathematician" – CNRS International magazine
. ICIAM 2011, Vancouver
Interviewat Fondation sciences mathématiques de Paris.
1956 births
Living people
People from Alonsotegi
French mathematicians
French women mathematicians
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Members of Academia Europaea |
The MacArthur Maze (or simply the Maze, also called the Distribution Structure) is a large freeway interchange near the east end of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in Oakland, California. It splits Bay Bridge traffic into three freeways—the Eastshore (I-80/I-580), MacArthur (I-580) and Nimitz (I-880).
Description
San Francisco Bay Area traffic funnels across the few bridges spanning the bay, so the Maze's central location near the east end of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge makes it a hub for east–west and north–south traffic accessing San Francisco and Oakland. It is also next to the Port of Oakland, the fourth busiest container port in the United States.
The four freeways intersecting at this interchange are:
Interstate 80 from the Maze heads west across the Bay Bridge into San Francisco, where it joins US 101.
The Interstate 80/Interstate 580 wrong-way concurrency from the Maze heads north through Berkeley and western Contra Costa County. Just north of the Berkeley-Albany border, approximately north of the Maze, the concurrency splits. Interstate 80 heads northeast towards Sacramento. Interstate 580 heads northwest towards the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge and eventually to Marin County, where it joins U.S. 101 in San Rafael.
Interstate 580 from the Maze heads southeast through Oakland. A mile southeast is an interchange with State Route 24/Interstate 980, a corridor for commuters from Contra Costa County. I-580 continues southeast along the foot of the hills (and nearly atop the trace of the Hayward Fault) to Castro Valley. I-580 then turns east and continues through the Livermore Valley, over Altamont Pass, and ending up near Tracy where it terminates at Interstate 5.
Interstate 880 from the Maze heads south and southeast through Oakland along the Oakland Estuary, past the Oakland International Airport, and the Oakland Coliseum, then through southern Alameda County to San Jose where it turns into Highway 17 to Santa Cruz.
Local traffic using the interchange includes East Bay commuters to and from San Francisco via the Bay Bridge, as well as drivers traveling up and down the East Bay. For long-distance traffic accessing other parts of the country, I-80 is the primary Interstate Highway for points east. Although Interstate 5, the main north–south Interstate Highway on the West Coast of the United States, bypasses the Bay Area to the east, connections are provided to the Maze via I-505 and I-80 from the north, and I-580 to the south. Furthermore, drivers on US 101 who want to bypass San Francisco can use I-880 from San Jose to the Maze, and then I-580 across the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge.
Despite the interchange's size, it does not permit complete freedom of movement. Drivers approaching the Maze on I-880 from the south cannot directly access I-580 east, nor can drivers on I-580 from the east directly access I-880 south.
In at least one instance, the MacArthur Maze has been considered to include or instead refer to the four-level stack interchange completed in 1985 between California State Route 24, Interstate 980, and Interstate 580, approximately east of the East Bay Distribution Structure. However, CalTrans unequivocally regards "MacArthur Maze" as only referring to the Distribution Structure.
History
The maze was constructed along with the Bay Bridge in the 1930s; construction of the Distribution Structure itself started on April 8, 1934. Although the official name was the East Bay Distribution Structure, the media and public nicknamed it the "Maze" as early as June of 1936. The site, wholly contained within the city of Oakland, was chosen as it was a key point where tracks from the Southern Pacific, Santa Fe, and Key System railroads intersected. The first configuration was relatively simple: westbound traffic from 38th St (later MacArthur Blvd) merged with northbound traffic from Cypress St and crossed above the Southern Pacific tracks, then split into ramps north to the Eastshore Highway (US 40) and west to the Bay Bridge. A parallel set of ramps handled eastward/southward traffic. Film footage of the early Maze can be seen in the 1941 movie Shadow of the Thin Man, as Nick and Nora Charles drive off the Bay Bridge on their way to Golden Gate Fields in Albany.
In the original 1936 configuration, traffic flows had to weave for approximately ; a third level was completed on October 24, 1955, separating traffic between MacArthur and the Bay Bridge from the north–south traffic between Cypress and the Eastshore Highway. The enlargement to the Maze was consonant with plans already underway to build the double-deck Cypress Viaduct (which was later incorporated into the Nimitz Freeway, I-880). In addition, MacArthur Blvd was planned to be expanded into a freeway (the MacArthur Freeway, I-580). The nickname "MacArthur" Maze originated sometime after the completion of the MacArthur Freeway in the early 1960s.
Another round of extensive re-engineering followed the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, including the addition of diamond lane ramps and a huge girder flyover connecting the relocated northbound Nimitz with the northbound Eastshore Freeway (which is technically I-80 eastbound and I-580 westbound). The original 1936 ramps were removed during this 1990s construction. Reinforcements were completed in 2001–2002.
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
During the 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake, the double-decked Cypress Street Viaduct on I-880 between I-80 and the 14th Street exit collapsed, crushing cars and killing 42 people. Traffic on the MacArthur Maze headed towards I-880 was re-routed to I-580 and I-980, and ramps at both ends of the viaduct leading to the former Cypress Structure were temporarily signed for local traffic access to Cypress Street.
The Cypress Street Viaduct was demolished soon after the earthquake, but a replacement freeway wasn't opened until July 1997, due to lawsuits by environmentalists and local residents. A second connection to the Maze, known as the East Bay Viaduct, opened in 1998 but due to safety concerns, as well as ongoing retrofitting on the eastern I-580 connector, the structure was not fully rebuilt until 2001 (though a connection northwest to the Bay Bridge along the alignment of the old Grand Avenue Viaduct was built in 1995). The replacement sections of the Nimitz Freeway dispensed with the double-deck design. It was built near the Union Pacific railway tracks around the outskirts of West Oakland, rather than bisecting that neighborhood as the Cypress Viaduct had. Cypress Street, which ran on each side of the old double-deck highway, is now a landscaped parkway and has been renamed Mandela Parkway. In 2007 Mandela Parkway was linked at its north end with the west end of Yerba Buena Avenue, creating a new through route into Emeryville.
2007 I-580 East Connector collapse
At 3:42 am on Sunday, April 29, 2007, a tank truck carrying of unleaded gasoline overturned on the connector from Interstate 80 west (from Berkeley) to Interstate 880 south. The intense heat from the subsequent fuel spill and fire weakened the steel structure of the roadway above, which served as the connecting ramp from Interstate 80 east (from San Francisco) to Interstate 580 east (to Oakland), collapsing approximately 168 feet (50 m) of it onto the lower connector. The truck driver involved suffered second degree burns on his hands but was nonetheless able to walk 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to a gas station, where he found a taxi and was given a ride to Oakland Kaiser Medical Center. No other vehicles or persons were involved in the accident.
The California Highway Patrol (CHP) initially reported that they suspected that the tanker had been speeding and bounced off a guard rail, leading to the overturn. The driver was found to have a clean record the preceding decade; drug or alcohol use was determined not to be a factor in the accident.
The collapse of this bridge cut off the return route from San Francisco for many East Bay commuters (primarily those whose destinations are Walnut Creek and southeastern Oakland). To help ease the expected traffic snarl, Caltrans set up temporary detours within the days following the incident, Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) added additional capacity to lines serving areas that had been impacted by the incident, and on Monday April 30, all public transportation in the Bay Area was free, with the estimated cost of $2.5 million paid out of state funds. News commentators have pointed out the similarities to the disruption caused by the Loma Prieta earthquake 18 years earlier. While there was some serious congestion on the detour routes, the expected traffic jams and long delays did not fully materialize. This was possibly due to commuters switching to alternate transit options, indicated by BART posting record ridership numbers during that time.
Rebuilding
Caltrans spokespersons estimated immediately after the accident that it would take weeks to clear the debris from the scene and months to rebuild the affected sections. Initial cost projections for rebuilding the I-580 connector alone reached $10 million. However, due to the urgency to reopen such a vital highway link the project was expedited, and most demolition work and debris removal was completed by the Tuesday following the accident. For a historic comparison, Caltrans did successfully replace a single damaged upper deck panel of the Bay Bridge (after the Loma Prieta earthquake) and the collapsed portion of the I-10 Santa Monica Freeway in Los Angeles (after the Northridge earthquake) in roughly one month by expediting its internal approval process and offering an incentive program for the contractors.
On May 7, 2007, the I-880 connector reopened at 4:30 am to traffic. Substantial work was done to retrofit the strength of the structure, which had sunk due to the collapse of the I-580 connector onto the I-880 connector.
A contractor with a proven track record of rebuilding damaged freeways (most notably the Santa Monica Freeway after the 1994 Northridge earthquake) well ahead of schedule, C. C. Myers, Inc., submitted a winning bid of $876,075 to repair the damage to the I-580 connector. The bid was estimated to cover only one-third of the cost of the work, but the firm counted on making up the shortfall with an incentive of $200,000 per day if the work was completed before June 27, 2007.
On the evening of Thursday, May 24, the I-580 connector re-opened, just before the busy Memorial Day weekend. The deadline to finish the project was beaten by over a month, with the contractor earning a $5 million bonus for early completion. The entire reconstruction project was completed only 26 days after the original accident.
A state projection concluded that the connector collapse had cost $90 million, based on a $6 million per day economic impact estimate. This includes a $491,000 loss in toll revenue for the Oakland Bay Bridge.
On May 25, 2007, the CHP revoked the license for transporting hazardous materials from Sabek Transportation, the owner of the tank truck, after an investigation found 36 violations of its operations and equipment.
References
External links
Traffic Camera (Windows Media format) looking north of the MacArthur Maze on I-80East/580West (right) just over the I-880 interconnect (center) (left is I-80West/580East) – from Caltrans Live Traffic Cameras
Roadway to Bay Bridge collapses after tanker explosion With photographs of 2007 collapse, SFGATE
Construction Photos of the Bay Bridge, including the Distribution Structure
CC Myers project page
1989 in the United States
1989 road incidents
2007 in the United States
2007 road incidents
Fires in California
Road incidents in the United States
Road interchanges in California
Roads in Alameda County, California
Buildings and structures in Oakland, California
Transportation in Oakland, California
San Francisco Bay Area freeways
Interstate 80 |
The French Army, officially known as the Land Army (, ), is the principal land warfare force of France, and the largest component of the French Armed Forces; it is responsible to the Government of France, alongside the French Navy, French Air and Space Force, and the National Gendarmerie. The Army is commanded by the Chief of Staff of the French Army (CEMAT), who is subordinate of the Chief of the Defence Staff (CEMA), who commands active service Army units and in turn is responsible to the President of France. CEMAT is also directly responsible to the Ministry of the Armed Forces for administration, preparation, and equipment.
The French Army, following the French Revolution, has generally been composed of a mixed force of conscripts and professional volunteers. It is now considered a professional force, since the French Parliament suspended the conscription of soldiers.
According to British historian Niall Ferguson, out of all recorded conflicts which occurred since the year 387 BC, France has fought in 168 of them, won 109, lost 49 and drawn 10; this makes France the most successful military power in European history in terms of number of fought and won.
History
Early history
The first permanent army of France, which was paid with regular wages instead of being supplied by feudal levies, was established in the early 15th century under Charles VII. It was formed due to the need for reliable troops during the Hundred Years' War, though the Army was not disbanded because it saw continued use by the Kings of France following the conflict. Upon the outbreak of a conflict, an ordonnance would be issued to govern the length of service, composition and payment of units.
The Compagnies d'ordonnance formed the core of the Gendarme well into the 16th century, and were stationed throughout France and summoned into larger armies as needed. There was also provisions made for francs-archers, which was a militia of bowmen and foot soldiers raised from the non-noble classes, but the units were disbanded once war ended.
Meanwhile, the bulk of infantry was still provided by urban or provincial militias, which were raised from an area or city to fight locally and that were named for their recruiting grounds. Gradually, the units became more permanent, and in the late 15th century, Swiss instructors were recruited, and some of the 'Bandes' (Militia) were combined to form temporary 'Legions' of up to 9000 men. The men would be paid, contracted to fight and receive military training.
Henry II further regularised the French Army by forming standing infantry regiments to replace the Militia structure. The first of them (Régiments de Picardie, Piémont, Navarre and Champagne) were called Les Vieux Corps (The Old Corps). It was normal policy to disband regiments after a war was over as a cost-saving measure with the Vieux Corps and the French Royal Guard being the only survivors.Regiments could be raised directly by the King and so be called after the region in which they were raised or by the nobility and so called after the noble or his appointed colonel. When Louis XIII came to the throne, he disbanded most of the regiments in existence, leaving only the Vieux and a handful of others, which became known as the Petite Vieux and also gained the privilege of not being disbanded after a war.
In 1684, there was a major reorganisation of the French infantry and another in 1701 to fit in with Louis XIV's plans and the War of the Spanish Succession. The reshuffle created many of the modern regiments of the French Army and standardised their equipment and tactics. The army of the Sun King tended to wear grey-white coats with coloured linings. There were exceptions and the foreign troops, recruited from outside France, wore red (Swiss, Irish etc.) or blue (Germans, Scots etc.) while the French Guards wore blue. In addition to the regiments of the line the Maison du Roi provided several elite units, the Swiss Guards, French Guards and the Regiments of Musketeers being the most famous. The white/grey coated French Infantry of the line Les Blancs with their Charleville muskets were a feared foe on the battlefields of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, fighting in the Nine Years' War, the Wars of Spanish and Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War and the American Revolution.
Wars of the Coalition
The French Revolution caused the Army to lose losing most of its officers to aristocratic flight or the guillotine, and thus it became demoralised and ineffective. The revolutionary militias of Sans-culottes, and the bourgeoise National Guard formed the nucleus of the French Revolutionary Army alongside the remnants of the dissolved Royal French Army; it was created following the storming of the Tuileries palace, where the French National Guard joined the revolt, the loyal Swiss Guards were massacred and the King was deposed.
From 1792, the Revolutionary Army fought against a combination of European powers in the French Revolutionary Wars, with the state directing most of its industry and population to war efforts, marking the start of modern conscription in the world, it also allowed more flexible military strategies, setting way for napoleonic warfare. Moreover, many noble officers were retired, decreasing stratification and increasing military specialism. These, and the extreme investments into war efforts allowed France to begin a steady advance into Europe.
Under Napoleon I, the French Imperial Army conquered most of Europe during the Napoleonic Wars. Professionalising again from the Revolutionary forces and using columns of attack with heavy artillery support and swarms of pursuit cavalry the French army under Napoleon and his marshals was able to outmanoeuvre and destroy the allied armies repeatedly until 1812. Napoleon introduced the concept of all arms Corps, each one a traditional army 'in miniature', permitting the field force to be split across several lines of march and rejoin or to operate independently. The Grande Armée operated by seeking a decisive battle with each enemy army and then destroying them in detail before rapidly occupying territory and forcing a peace.
In 1812, Napoleon invaded the Russian Empire with a new Grande Armee, seeking to remove their influence from eastern Europe and secure the frontiers of his empire and client states. The campaign initially went well, but the vast distances of the Russian Steppe and its cold winter forced his army into a shambling retreat preyed on by Russian raids and pursuit. This force could not be replaced and with the "ulcer" of the ongoing war in the Spanish peninsular against Britain and Portugal, the French Army was badly short of trained troops and French manpower was almost exhausted.
After Napoleon's abdication and return, halted by an Anglo-Dutch and Prussian alliance at Waterloo, the French army was placed back under the restored Bourbon Monarchy. The structure remained largely unchanged and many officers of the Empire retained their positions.
The 19th century
The Bourbon restoration was a time of political instability with the country constantly on the verge of political violence. The army was committed to the restoration of Spanish monarchial absolutism in 1824. It achieved its aims in six months, but did not fully withdraw until 1828. By comparison with the earlier Napoleonic invasion, this expedition was rapid and successful.
Taking advantage of the weakness of the local bey, the French invasion of Algiers in 1830 again rapidly overcame initial resistance. The French government formally annexed Algeria but it took nearly 45 years to fully pacify the country. This period of French history saw the creation of the , which included the Légion étrangère. The Army was now uniformed in dark blue coats and red trousers, which it would retain until the First World War.
The news of the fall of Algiers had barely reached Paris in 1830 when the Bourbon Monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the constitutional Orleans Monarchy. During the July 1830 revolution, the Paris mobs proved too much for the troops of the and the main body of the French Army, sympathetic to the crowds, did not become heavily involved.
In 1848 a wave of revolutions swept Europe and brought an end to the French monarchy. The army was largely uninvolved in the street fighting in Paris which overthrew the King but later in the year troops were used in the suppression of the more radical elements of the new Republic which led to the election of Napoleon's nephew as president.
The Pope had been forced out of Rome as part of the Revolutions of 1848, and Louis Napoleon sent a 14,000 man expeditionary force of troops to the Papal State under General Nicolas Charles Victor Oudinot to restore him. In late April 1849, it was defeated and pushed back from Rome by Giuseppi Garibaldi's volunteer corps, but then recovered and recaptured Rome.
The French army was among the first in the world to be issued with Minié rifles, just in time for the Crimean War against Russia, allied with Britain. This invention gave line infantry a weapon with a much longer range and greater accuracy and would lead to new flexible tactics. The French army was more experienced at mass manoeuvre and war fighting than the British and the reputation of the French army was greatly enhanced.
A series of colonial expeditions followed and in 1856 France joined the Second Opium War on the British side against China; obtaining concessions. French troops were deployed into Italy against the Austrians, the first use of railways for mass movement.
The French army was now considered to be an example to others and military missions to Japan and the emulation of French Zouaves in other militaries added to this prestige. However, an expedition to Mexico failed to create a stable puppet régime.
France was humiliated following its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, and while the Army had far superior infantry weapons in the form of the Chassepot and Mitrailleuse, its tactics and artillery were inferior, and by allowing the Prussian Army to take the initiative, the French Army was rapidly bottled up into its fortress towns and defeated. The loss of prestige within the army lead to a great emphasis on aggression and close quarter tactics.
The World Wars
In August 1914, following the outbreak of the Great War, the French Armed Forces numbered some soldiers, and in total the French Army would call up 8,817,000 men, including 900,000 colonial troops, by the end of the war; this resulted in around 1,397,000 French soldiers killed in action, mostly on the Western Front. French soldiers, at the beginning of the war, still wore the colourful uniforms of the Franco-Prussian War, with this conspicuous dress proving unsuited to the trenches and, accordingly, by 1915 the mostly blue and red peacetime uniforms had been replaced by bleu-horizon (light blue-grey), with the Adrian helmet in place of the kepi. The traditional capote of the French infantry continued to be worn in the trenches but in bleu-horizon. Colonial and North African soldiers adopted khaki uniforms.
At the beginning of the Battle of France the French Army deployed 2,240,000 combatants grouped into 94 divisions (of which 20 were active and 74 were reservists) from the Swiss border to the North Sea. These numbers did not include the Army of the Alps facing Italy and 600,000 men dispersed through the French colonial empire are not included in this figure. After defeat in 1940, the Vichy French regime was allowed to retain 100–120,000 Armistice Army personnel in unoccupied France, and larger forces in the French Empire: more than 220,000 in Africa (including 140,000 in French North Africa), and forces in Mandate Syria and French Indochina. Free French Forces, under the command of Charles de Gaulle, continued the fight with the Allies until the final defeat of the Axis in 1945.
The Cold War
After 1945, despite enormous efforts in the First Indochina War of 1945–54 and the Algerian War of 1954–62, both lands eventually left French control. French units stayed in Germany after 1945, forming the French Forces in Germany. 5th Armored Division stayed on in Germany after 1945, while 1st and 3rd Armoured Divisions were established in Germany in 1951. However NATO-assigned formations were withdrawn to fight in Algeria; 5th Armoured Division arrived in Algeria in April 1956. From 1948 to 1966, many French Army units fell under the integrated NATO Military Command Structure. Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Central Europe was a French Army officer, and many key NATO staff positions were filled by Frenchmen. While an upper limit of 14 French divisions committed to NATO had been set by the Treaty of Paris, the total did not exceed six divisions during the Indochina War, and during the Algerian War the total fell as low as two divisions.
The Army created two parachute divisions in 1956, the 10th Parachute Division under the command of General Jacques Massu and the 25th Parachute Division under the command of General Sauvagnac. After the Algiers putsch, the two divisions, with the 11th Infantry Division, were merged into a new light intervention division, the 11th Light Intervention Division, on 1 May 1961.
During the Cold War, the French Army, though leaving the NATO Military Command Structure in 1966, planned for the defence of Western Europe. In 1977 the French Army switched from multi-brigade divisions to smaller divisions of about four to five battalions/regiments each. From the early 1970s, 2nd Army Corps was stationed in South Germany, and effectively formed a reserve for NATO's Central Army Group. In the 1980s, 3rd Army Corps headquarters was moved to Lille and planning started for its use in support of NATO's Northern Army Group. The Rapid Action Force of five light divisions, including the new 4th Airmobile and 6th Light Armoured Divisions, was also intended as a NATO reinforcement force. In addition, the 152nd Infantry Division was maintained to guard the S3 intercontinental ballistic missile base on the Plateau d'Albion.
In the 1970s–1980s, two light armoured divisions were planned to be formed from school staffs (the 12th and 14th). The 12th Light Armoured Division (12 DLB) was to have its headquarters to be formed on the basis of the staff of the Armoured and Cavalry Branch Training School at Saumur.
In the late 1970s an attempt was made to form 14 reserve light infantry divisions, but this plan, which included the recreation of the , was too ambitious. The planned divisions included the 102nd, 104e, 107e, 108e, 109e, 110e, 111e, 112e, 114e, 115th, and 127th Infantry Divisions. From June 1984, the French Army reserve consisted of 22 military divisions, administering all reserve units in a certain area, seven brigades de zone de defence, 22 regiments interarmees divisionnaires, and the 152nd Infantry Division, defending the ICBM launch sites. The plan was put into action from 1985, and brigades de zone, such as the 107th Brigade de Zone, were created. But with the putting-in-place of the "Réserves 2000" plan, the brigades de zone were finally disbanded by mid-1993. 1st Army Corps was disbanded on 1 July 1990; 2nd Army Corps in August 1993.
Decolonisation
At the end of the Second World War, France was immediately confronted with the beginnings of the decolonisation movement. The French army, which had employed indigenous North African spahis and tirailleurs in almost all of its campaigns since 1830, was the leading force in opposition to decolonization, which was perceived as a humiliation. In Algeria the Army repressed an extensive rising in and around Sétif in May 1945 with heavy fire: figures for Algerian deaths vary between 45,000 as claimed by Radio Cairo at the time and the official French figure of 1,020.
The Army saw maintaining control of Algeria as a high priority. By this time, one million French settlers had established themselves, alongside an indigenous population of nine million. When it decided that politicians were about to sell them out and give independence to Algeria, the Army engineered a military coup that toppled the civilian government and put General de Gaulle back in power in the May 1958 crisis. De Gaulle, however, recognized that Algeria was a dead weight and had to be cut free. Four retired generals then launched the Algiers putsch of 1961 against de Gaulle himself, but it failed. After 400,000 deaths, Algeria finally became independent. Hundreds of thousands of Harkis, Moslems loyal to Paris, went into exile in France, where they and their children and grandchildren remain in poorly assimilated "banlieue" suburbs.
The Army repressed the Malagasy Uprising in Madagascar in 1947. French officials estimated the number of Malagasy killed from a low of 11,000 to a French Army estimate of 89,000.
Recent history (1996–present)
In February 1996, President Jacques Chirac began the transition of the Army to a professional force, and as part of the resulting changes, ten regiments were dissolved in 1997. On 1 July 1997, the specialized support brigades were transferred to various communes; Lunéville for signals, Haguenau for artillery and Strasbourg for engineers. On 1 September 1997, the 2nd Armoured Division left Versailles and was installed at Châlons-en-Champagne in place of the disbanded . On 5 March 1998, in view of the ongoing structural adoptions of the French Army, the Minister of Defence decided to disband III Corps, and the dissolution became effective 1 July 1998. The headquarters transitioned to become Headquarters Commandement de la force d'action terrestre (CFAT) (the Land Forces Action Command).
During the late 1990s, during the professionalisation process, numbers dropped from the 236,000 (132,000 conscripts) in 1996 to around 140,000. By June 1999, the Army's strength had dropped to 186,000, including around 70,000 conscripts. 38 of 129 regiments were planned to be stood down from 1997 to 1999. The previous structure's nine 'small' divisions and sundry separate combat and combat support brigades were replaced by nine combat and four combat support brigades. The Rapid Action Force, a corps of five small rapid-intervention divisions formed in 1983, was also disbanded, though several of its divisions were re-subordinated.
Opération Sentinelle is a French military operation with 10,000 soldiers and 4,700 police and gendarmes deployed since the aftermath of the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks, with the objective of protecting sensitive "points" of the territory from terrorism. It was reinforced during the November 2015 Paris attacks, and was part of a state of emergency in France due to continued terror threats and attacks.
Organisation
The organisation of the army is fixed by Chapter 2 of Title II of Book II of the Third Part of the Code of Defense, notably resulting in the codification of Decree 2000-559 of 21 June 2000.
In terms of Article R.3222-3 of the Code of Defence, the Army comprises:
The Army Chief of Staff (Chef d'état-major de l'armée de Terre (CEMAT)).
The army staff (l'état-major de l'armée de Terre or EMAT), which gives general direction and management of all the components;
The Army Inspectorate (l'inspection de l'armée de Terre);
The Army Human Resources Directorate (la direction des ressources humaines de l'armée de Terre or DRHAT);
The forces;
A territorial organisation (seven regions, see below)
The services;
The personnel training and military higher training organisms.
The French Army was reorganized in 2016. The new organisation consists of two combined divisions (carrying the heritage of 1st Armored and 3rd Armored divisions) and given three combat brigades to supervise each. There is also the Franco-German Brigade. The 4th Airmobile Brigade was reformed to direct the three combat helicopter regiments. There are also several division-level (niveau divisionnaire) specialized commands including Intelligence, Information and communication systems, Maintenance, Logistics, Special Forces, Army Light Aviation, Foreign Legion, National Territory, Training.
Arms and Formations
Special Forces
Airborne Units
Infantry (Infanterie)
Armoured Cavalry (Arme blindée cavalerie)
Artillery (Artillerie)
Foreign Legion (Légion étrangère)
Troupes de Marine
French Army Light Aviation (Aviation légére de l'armée de terre, ALAT)
Engineers (Génie)
Paris Fire Brigade (brigade des sapeurs-pompiers de Paris)
Signal Corps (Transmissions)
Transport and logistics (Train)
Matériel (Supply)
Intelligence (Renseignement)
Administrative services
On the administrative side, there are now no more than one Direction and two services.
The Army Human Resources Directorate (DRHAT) manages human resources (military and civilian) of the Army and training.
The two Services are the service of ground equipment, and the integrated structure of operational maintenance of terrestrial materials (SIMMT, former DCMAT). This joint oriented service is responsible for project management support for all land equipment of the French army. The holding-operational equipment the Army is headed by the Service de maintenance industrielle terrestre (SMITer).
Historically there were other services of the Army who were all grouped together with their counterparts in other components to form joint agencies serving the entire French Armed Forces.
After the health service and the fuel service were both replaced respectively by the French Defence Health service and Military Fuel Service, other services have disappeared in recent years:
In 2005, the Army historical service (SHAT) became the "Land" department of the Defence Historical Service (Service historique de la défense);
In September 2005, the Central Engineering Directorate (Direction centrale du génie, DCG) was merged with its counterparts in the air force and the navy to form the Central Directorate of Defense Infrastructure (Direction centrale du service d'infrastructure de la défense);
On 1 January 2006, the Central Directorate of Telecommunications and Informatics (DCTEI) was incorporated into the Central Directorate of the Joint Directorate of Infrastructure Networks and Information Systems (DIRISI);
The Army Commissariat was dissolved on 31 December 2009 and intégrated into the joint-service Service du commissariat des armées.
There is the Diocese of the French Armed Forces which provides pastoral care to Catholic members of the Army. It is headed by Luc Ravel and is headquartered in Les Invalides.
Military regions
On 24 July 1873, the French Parliament passed a law which created 18 military regions in metropolitan France. A 19th Army Corps was created in Algeria in September 1873 (see ). In 1905, the strength of the Troupes coloniales stationed in the 19 military districts of metropolitan France was reported at 2,123 officers and 26,581 other ranks. In 1946, following the Second World War ten military regions were created or recreated, in accordance with a decree of 18 February 1946. They included the 1st (Paris); 2e (Lille); 3e (Rennes); 4e (Bordeaux); 5e (Toulouse); 6e (Metz); 7e (Dijon); 8th (Lyon); the 9th (Marseille), and the 10th in Algeria. The 10th Military Region (France) supervised French Algeria during the Algerian War.
The Défense opérationnelle du territoire supervised reserve and home defence activities from 1959 to the 1970s. However, by the 1980s the number had been reduced to six: the 1st Military Region (France) with its headquarters in Paris, the 2nd Military Region (France) at Lille, the 3rd Military Region (France) at Rennes, the 4th Military Region (France) at Bordeaux, the 5th at Lyons and 6th at Metz. Each supervised up to five division militaire territoriale – military administrative sub-divisions, in 1984 sometimes supervising up to three reserve regiments each. Today, under the latest thorough reform of the French security and defence sector, there are seven each with a territorial ground army region: Paris (or Île-de-France, HQ in Paris), Nord (HQ in Lille), Ouest (HQ in Rennes), Sud-Ouest (HQ in Bordeaux), Sud (HQ in Marseille), Sud-Est (HQ in Lyon), Est (HQ in Strasbourg).
Personnel
Strength
, the French Army employed 118,600 personnel; this includes the French Foreign Legion and Paris Fire Brigade. In addition, the reserves of the French Army consist of 22,750 personnel.
Contracts
Enlistment contracts for French army soldiers can range from a one to a five year contract, which are all renewable. Meanwhile, Non-commissioned officers serve on permanent contracts, or exceptionally on renewable five years-contracts. Though NCO candidates are required to have a high school diploma that grants them access to university. École Nationale des Sous-Officiers d’Active (ENSOA), Basic NCO school of 8 months, followed by combat school of 4 to 36 weeks depending on occupational specialty. A small number of NCO candidates are trained at the Ecole Militaire de Haute Montagne (EMHM) (High Mountain Military School). NCOs with the Advanced Army Technician Certificate (BSTAT) can serve as platoon leaders.
All Career officers serve on permanent contracts, with direct entry cadets with two years of Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles or a bachelor's degree spend three years at École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (ESM), and graduate as First Lieutenants. Direct entry cadets with a master's degree spend one year at ESM, and graduate as First Lieutenants. Non-commissioned officers with three years in the army, spend two years at École militaire interarmes, and graduate as First Lieutenants. 50% of the commissioned officers in the French Army are former NCOs.
Contract officers serve on renewable contracts for a maximum of 20 years service. A bachelor's degree is required. There are two different programs, combat officers and specialist officers. Officers in both programs graduate as Second Lieutenants and may reach Lieutenant Colonels rank. Combat officers spend eight months at ESM, followed by one year at a combat school. Specialist officers spend three months at ESM, followed by a year of on the job-training within an area of specialization determined by the type of degree held.
Women
Civilian women were hired by the French army in the First World War, thereby opening new opportunities for them, forcing a redefinition of military identity, and revealing the strength of anti-Republicanism within the Army. Officers by the 1920s accepted women as part of their institution.
Code
In 1999, the Army issued the Code of the French Soldier, which includes the injunctions:
Equipment
Uniforms
In the 1970s, France adopted a light beige dress uniform which is worn with coloured kepis, sashes, fringed epaulettes, fourragères and other traditional items on appropriate occasions. The most commonly worn parade dress, however, consists of camouflage uniforms worn with the dress items noted above. The camouflage pattern, officially called Centre Europe (CE), draws heavily on the coloration incorporated into the US M81 woodland design, but with a thicker and heavier striping. A desert version called the Daguet has been worn since the First Gulf War which consist of large irregular areas of chestnut brown and light grey on a sand khaki base.
The legionnaires of the Foreign Legion wear white kepis, blue sashes, and green and red epaulettes as dress uniform, while the Troupes de marine wear blue and red kepis and yellow epaulettes. The pioneers of the Foreign Legion wear the basic legionnaire uniform but with leather aprons and gloves. The Chasseurs Alpins wear a large beret, known as the "tarte" (the pie) with dark blue or white mountain outfits. The Spahis retain the long white cloak or "burnous" of the regiment's origin as North African cavalry.
The military cadets of Saint-Cyr and the École Polytechnique retain their late 19th century dress uniforms. A dark blue/black evening dress is authorized for officers and individual branches or regiments may parade bands or "fanfares" in historic dress dating as far back as the Napoleonic period.
See also
Grand Quartier Général
National Office for Veterans and Victims of War
List of military weapons of France
References
Citations
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
Pengelley, Rupert. "French Army transforms to meet challenges of multirole future", Jane's International Defence Review, June 2006, 44–53
Pichichero, Christy. The Military Enlightenment: War and Culture in the French Empire from Louis XIV to Napoleon (2018) online review
Porch, Douglas. The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871–1914 (2003)
Vernet, Jacques. Le réarmement et la réorganisation de l'armée de Terre française, 1943–1946 (Service historique de l'armée de Terre, 1980).
External links
Official website
French Military Reform: Lessons for America's Army?, George A. Bloch (includes explanations of the structure of command)
The French Army: Royal, Revolutionary and Imperial
! 01 |
Macanudo is an album by the American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal of performances by Jamal with an orchestra conducted by Richard Evans. It was recorded in 1962 and released on the Argo label.
Critical reception
AllMusic awarded the album 2 stars.
A reviewer for Billboard wrote: "The album is a solid pop item, a fine thing for change of pace programming... It's very lyric in content and full of gentle and verveful melody with rhythm."
Simon Sweetman, writing for Off the Tracks, called the albumn "wonderful," and praised "the way [Jamal's] lines just coast so easily, effortlessly across the rhythm of each piece." He concluded: "A class act, of course. And something a little different within his vast, impeccable canon of music."
A writer for Ambient Exotica described the album as "something truly special" and "a gem," and commented: "Macanudo... has it all: Latin duskiness, a string-fueled magnificence, brass-infused heterodynes as well as true-to-form Jazz flavors... The album just feels great."
Track listing
All compositions by Richard Evans
"Montevideo" – 2:57
"Bogota" – 4:00
"Sugar Loaf at Twilight" – 3:14
"Haitian Marketplace" – 2:57
"Buenos Aires" – 3:59
"Bossa Nova Do Marilla" – 2:56
"Carnival in Panama" – 3:29
"Belo Horizonte" – 2:32
Personnel
Ahmad Jamal – piano - except track 3, celesta
Art Davis – double bass
Orchestra conducted by Richard Evans
References
Argo Records albums
Ahmad Jamal albums
1963 albums
Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio |
```go
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
package namespace
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"net/http"
"path"
"github.com/gogo/protobuf/jsonpb"
"go.uber.org/zap"
clusterclient "github.com/m3db/m3/src/cluster/client"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/cluster/placementhandler/handleroptions"
nsproto "github.com/m3db/m3/src/dbnode/generated/proto/namespace"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/dbnode/namespace"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/query/api/v1/options"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/query/api/v1/route"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/query/api/v1/validators"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/query/generated/proto/admin"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/query/util/logging"
xerrors "github.com/m3db/m3/src/x/errors"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/x/instrument"
xhttp "github.com/m3db/m3/src/x/net/http"
)
var (
// M3DBAddURL is the url for the M3DB namespace add handler.
M3DBAddURL = path.Join(route.Prefix, M3DBServiceNamespacePathName)
// AddHTTPMethod is the HTTP method used with this resource.
AddHTTPMethod = http.MethodPost
)
// AddHandler is the handler for namespace adds.
type AddHandler struct {
Handler
validator options.NamespaceValidator
}
// NewAddHandler returns a new instance of AddHandler.
func NewAddHandler(
client clusterclient.Client,
instrumentOpts instrument.Options,
validator options.NamespaceValidator,
) *AddHandler {
return &AddHandler{
Handler: Handler{
client: client,
instrumentOpts: instrumentOpts,
},
validator: validator,
}
}
func (h *AddHandler) ServeHTTP(
svc handleroptions.ServiceNameAndDefaults,
w http.ResponseWriter,
r *http.Request,
) {
ctx := r.Context()
logger := logging.WithContext(ctx, h.instrumentOpts)
md, rErr := h.parseRequest(r)
if rErr != nil {
logger.Error("unable to parse request", zap.Error(rErr))
xhttp.WriteError(w, rErr)
return
}
opts := handleroptions.NewServiceOptions(svc, r.Header, nil)
nsRegistry, err := h.Add(md, opts)
if err != nil {
if err == validators.ErrNamespaceExists {
logger.Error("namespace already exists", zap.Error(err))
xhttp.WriteError(w, xhttp.NewError(err, http.StatusConflict))
return
}
logger.Error("unable to add namespace", zap.Error(err))
xhttp.WriteError(w, err)
return
}
resp := &admin.NamespaceGetResponse{
Registry: &nsRegistry,
}
xhttp.WriteProtoMsgJSONResponse(w, resp, logger)
}
func (h *AddHandler) parseRequest(r *http.Request) (*admin.NamespaceAddRequest, error) {
defer r.Body.Close() // nolint:errcheck
rBody, err := xhttp.DurationToNanosBytes(r.Body)
if err != nil {
return nil, xerrors.NewInvalidParamsError(err)
}
addReq := new(admin.NamespaceAddRequest)
if err := jsonpb.Unmarshal(bytes.NewReader(rBody), addReq); err != nil {
return nil, xerrors.NewInvalidParamsError(err)
}
return addReq, nil
}
// Add adds a namespace.
func (h *AddHandler) Add(
addReq *admin.NamespaceAddRequest,
opts handleroptions.ServiceOptions,
) (nsproto.Registry, error) {
var emptyReg nsproto.Registry
md, err := namespace.ToMetadata(addReq.Name, addReq.Options)
if err != nil {
return emptyReg, xerrors.NewInvalidParamsError(fmt.Errorf("bad namespace metadata: %v", err))
}
store, err := h.client.Store(opts.KVOverrideOptions())
if err != nil {
return emptyReg, err
}
currentMetadata, version, err := Metadata(store)
if err != nil {
return emptyReg, err
}
if err := h.validator.ValidateNewNamespace(md, currentMetadata); err != nil {
if err == validators.ErrNamespaceExists {
return emptyReg, err
}
return emptyReg, xerrors.NewInvalidParamsError(err)
}
newMDs := append(currentMetadata, md)
if err = validateNamespaceAggregationOptions(newMDs); err != nil {
return emptyReg, xerrors.NewInvalidParamsError(err)
}
nsMap, err := namespace.NewMap(newMDs)
if err != nil {
return emptyReg, xerrors.NewInvalidParamsError(err)
}
protoRegistry, err := namespace.ToProto(nsMap)
if err != nil {
return emptyReg, fmt.Errorf("error constructing namespace protobuf: %v", err)
}
_, err = store.CheckAndSet(M3DBNodeNamespacesKey, version, protoRegistry)
if err != nil {
return emptyReg, fmt.Errorf("failed to add namespace: %v", err)
}
return *protoRegistry, nil
}
``` |
Little Bearskin Creek is a long 2nd order tributary to Bearskin Creek in Pittsylvania County, Virginia. This is the only stream of this name in the United States.
Course
Little Bearskin Creek rises about 0.25 miles southeast of Rondo, Virginia and then flows southeast to join Bearskin Creek about 2 miles southwest of Weal.
Watershed
Little Bearskin Creek drains of area, receives about 45.9 in/year of precipitation, has a wetness index of 384.44, and is about 54% forested.
See also
List of Virginia Rivers
References
Rivers of Virginia
Rivers of Pittsylvania County, Virginia
Tributaries of the Roanoke River |
V. R. Krishnasamy is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Anaicut constituency in the 1984 election.
References
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989 |
Saeid Safarzadeh (born 21 September 1985 in Tabriz) is an Iranian cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team .
Major results
2013
6th Overall Tour de Filipinas
9th Overall Tour of Iran (Azerbaijan)
2014
5th Time trial, National Road Championships
7th Overall Tour de Singkarak
10th Overall Tour de Ijen
2015
7th Overall Tour of Iran (Azerbaijan)
1st Mountains classification
1st Stage 2
2016
5th Road race, National Road Championships
6th Overall Tour of Fuzhou
2017
8th Overall Tour of Iran (Azerbaijan)
1st Stage 3
2018
National Road Championships
1st Road race
5th Time trial
Tour of Iran (Azerbaijan)
1st Mountains classification
1st Stage 5
1st Mountains classification Tour of Mevlana
6th Overall Tour of Mesopotamia
8th Road race, Asian Games
2019
National Road Championships
1st Time trial
2nd Road race
2021
National Road Championships
1st Road race
3rd Time trial
4th Grand Prix Kayseri
2022
2nd Overall Tour of Iran (Azerbaijan)
1st Mountains classification
1st Stage 4
2023
National Road Championships
1st Road race
1st Time trial
1st Stage 2 Tour of Sakarya
1st Overall Tour of Iran (Azerbaijan)
1st Stage 5
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Iranian male cyclists
Sportspeople from Tabriz
Cyclists at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Iran
Olympic cyclists for Iran
Cyclists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
21st-century Iranian people |
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (September 20, 1833 in Milan, Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia – February 10, 1918) was an Italian journalist, nationalist, revolutionary soldier and later a pacifist and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate. He adopted the motto In varietate unitas! which later inspired Motto of the European Union.
At age 15, Moneta participated in the "Five Days of Milan" (1848 uprising against Austrian rule). He later attended the military academy in Ivrea. In 1859 he joined Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand, and also fought in the ranks of the Italian army against the Austrians in 1866.
Subsequently, he became an international peace activist.
Between 1867 and 1896 he was editor of the Milan democratic paper Il Secolo, published by Edoardo Sonzogno.
In 1890 he founded the Lombard Association for Peace and Arbitration (Unione Lombarda per la Pace e l'Arbitrato), which called for disarmament and envisaged the creation of a League of Nations and Permanent Court of Arbitration. He won (with Louis Renault) the Nobel Peace Prize in 1907.
References
including the Nobel Lecture, August 25, 1909 Peace and Law in the Italian Tradition
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Monograph at nobel-winners.com
Nobel Lectures, Peace 1901-1925, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
External links
Società per la pace e la giustizia internazionale. Founded by Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
1833 births
1918 deaths
Military personnel from Milan
Journalists from Milan
Nobel Peace Prize laureates
Italian Nobel laureates
Italian newspaper editors
Italian male journalists |
Ioan Buteanu (1821–23 May 1849) was a leader of the Transylvanian Romanian Revolutionaries in 1848 and a prefect of Zaránd County between 1848 and 1849.
Early life and activity
Ioan Buteanu was born in 1821 to a noble family. His birthplace is sometimes listed as Sighetu Marmației or Șomcuta Mare, where his father was born. He attended gymnasium in Baia Mare and Carei. He was a Chancellor for three years at Tabula Regia in Târgu Mureș (the Transylvanian Court of Appeals). After obtaining a lawyer's diploma he settled in Abrud. Austrian General Anton Puchner appointed him as the administrator of Zarand, and the Romanian National Committee appointed him prefect in that region.
On May 15, 1848, he gave a speech at the Blaj Assembly, criticizing the intent of the Hungarian revolutionaries to unify Transylvania with Hungary.
Located in Sibiu in the summer of 1848, he received an invitation from Nicolae Bălcescu, asking him to join the Wallachian Revolution. Buteanu asked Avram Iancu to advocate in the National Committee to take action "to help the brothers beyond."
During the 1849 truce between the Hungarian revolutionaries and the Transylvanian Romanians led by Avram Iancu, on May 6, the major adventurer Imre Hatvani with a detachment of Hungarian revolutionaries surprised and disarmed the Romanians in Abrud. On May 7, the prefects Petru Dobra and Ioan Buteanu were taken as prisoners. Dobra was shot at Abrud, and Buteanu was sent to Brad and jailed. On May 19, Major Hatvani withdrew from Abrud to Brad, then through Baia de Criș and Hălmagiu to Gurahonț. Hatvani hanged Buteanu without trial on 23 May 1849 at Josesel.
Legacy
Buteanu was painted by Barbu Iscovescu when he was held prisoner alongside other Wallachian revolutionaries in the Apuseni Mountains.
On May 23, 1999, the Pro-Maramureș Cultural Society "Dragoș Vodă" built a bust in the center of Sighet to commemorate the 150 year anniversary of the death of Buteanu. On the Memorial House, now a place of worship, a commemorative plaque was placed.
The Gurahonț High School in Arad County is named after Buteanu.
His name was also worn by the 6th Regiment of Turda, a regiment commanded between 1972 and 1976 by Ștefan Gușă.
Notes
Bibliography
Traian Mager, Ținutul Hălmagiului, a monography in 4 volumes, Arad: The Diecean Typography, 1937
Silviu Dragomir, Ioan Buteanu, The Zarand Prefect in the years 1848–49, Bucharest, 1928.
Silviu Dragomir, Ioan Buteanu, Prefect of Zarand in the years 1848-49, Bucharest, 1928. Silviu Dragomir, Ioan Buteanu, Prefect of Zarand in the years 1848-49, 2nd edition, coordinated and completed by Vasile Iuga of Săliște, "Dragoș Vodă" Publishing House, 2012.
1821 births
1849 deaths
People from Sighetu Marmației
Romanians in Hungary
Romanian revolutionaries
19th-century Romanian people |
```go
// +build linux freebsd
package fileutils // import "github.com/docker/docker/pkg/fileutils"
import (
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"os"
"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
)
// GetTotalUsedFds Returns the number of used File Descriptors by
// reading it via /proc filesystem.
func GetTotalUsedFds() int {
if fds, err := ioutil.ReadDir(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%d/fd", os.Getpid())); err != nil {
logrus.Errorf("Error opening /proc/%d/fd: %s", os.Getpid(), err)
} else {
return len(fds)
}
return -1
}
``` |
Chartres Brew (31 December 1815 – 31 May 1870) was a Gold commissioner, Chief Constable and judge in the Colony of British Columbia, later a province of Canada.
Brew's name was conferred on two mountain summits in British Columbia, both named Mount Brew. The higher one at is located just south of the Fraser Canyon town of Lillooet, and which is the second-highest in the Lillooet Ranges after Skihist Mountain. The other is just east of Likely, British Columbia in the Cariboo district, , adjacent to Quesnel Lake.
References
Ormsby, Margaret. "Chartres Brew." In Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. IX. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1976, 81-3.
External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
1815 births
1870 deaths
Lawyers in British Columbia
Judges in British Columbia
Pre-Confederation British Columbia people
19th-century Canadian civil servants
People from Corofin, County Clare
Gold commissioners in British Columbia
Canadian police chiefs
British Auxiliary Legion personnel
Royal Irish Constabulary officers
Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871) judges
Irish emigrants to pre-Confederation British Columbia
Members of the Legislative Council of British Columbia
Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866) judges
Lawyers from County Clare
Police officers from County Clare |
Miloš Obilić (, ) was a legendary Serbian knight who is reputed to have been in the service of Prince Lazar during the Ottoman invasion of Serbia in the late 14th century. He is not mentioned in contemporary sources, but features prominently in later accounts of the 1389 Battle of Kosovo as the assassin of Sultan Murad. Although the assassin remains anonymous in sources until the late 15th century, the dissemination of the story of Murad's assassination in Florentine, Serbian, Ottoman and Greek sources suggests that versions of it circulated widely across the Balkans within half a century of the event.
Although his original name was Miloš Kobilić, several variants of this name appear in historical sources and it is not certain that he actually existed. But Lazar's family – strengthening their political control – "gave birth to the myth of Kosovo", including the story of Obilić. He became a major figure in Serbian epic poetry, in which he is elevated to the level of the most noble national hero of medieval Serbian folklore. Along with the martyrdom of Prince Lazar and the alleged treachery of Vuk Branković, Miloš's deed became an integral part of Serbian traditions surrounding the Battle of Kosovo. In the 19th century, Miloš also came to be venerated as a saint in the Serbian Church.
Miloš is also remembered in the Albanian epic poetry from Kosovo, as Millosh Kopiliqi, and his birth place is said to have been in the Drenica region, where villages which bear the name Kopiliq are located.
Name
Miloš is a Slavic given name recorded from the early Middle Ages among the Bulgarians, Czechs, Poles and Serbs. It is derived from the Slavic root mil-, meaning "merciful" or "dear", which is found in a great number of Slavic given names.
Several versions of the hero's surname have been used throughout history. His original surname was Kobilić or Kobilović, a thesis which is further supported by archival findings by historian Mihailo Dinić in Ragusan archives of 1433 which show that Miloš's original surname was indeed Kobilić (). In Albanian folklore, the original name is preserved and he is known as Kopiliq. The root of the name 'Kopiliq' might be in an old Balkan substrat word, in Albanian kopil (child or bastard child), in Romanian copil (child) and in Serbian kopile (bastard child) or kobila (mare, from which kobilić, son of the mare). The etymological origin of his name is indicated in Serbian folk stories which claim that the hero is said to have been nursed by a mare. Jireček connected the surname to two noble families in medieval Ragusa and Trebinje, the Kobilić and Kobiljačić in the 14th and 15th centuries, and noted that they altered their surnames in the 18th century because they considered it "indecent" to be associated with mares. A poem by Croat Andrija Kačić Miošić titled Pisma od Miloscia Cobilichja i Vuka Brancovichja(Pisma od Kobilića i Vuka Brankovića, modern spelling) preserves the old name in the 18th century.
The rendering Obilić has universally been used by Serbian writers in modern times. Its first version is found in the History of Montenegro (1754) by Vasilije Petrović, who wrote of one Miloš Obilijević, and in 1765, the historian Pavle Julinac who rendered the surname as Obilić. According to Czech historian Konstantin Jireček, the surname Obilić and its different renderings are derived from the Serbian words obilan ("plenty of") and obilje ("wealth, abundance").
Miloš is often referred to in the epic poems as "Miloš of Pocerje", and according to local legends, he came from the western Serbian region of Pocerina. In Pocerina there is a spring known as "Miloševa Banja" (Miloš's spring) and an old grave that is claimed to be the grave of Miloš's sister.
Literary sources
The earliest sources on the Battle of Kosovo, which generally favour the cult of Prince Lazar, do not mention Miloš or his assassination of the sultan. The assassination itself is first recorded by Deacon Ignjatije on 9 July 1389, only 12 days after the battle. The assassination of sultan Murad and one of his sons was also mentioned in the instructions of the Venetian Senate issued to Andrea Bembo on 23 July 1389, although Venetians were uncertain if news about the assassination were true. On 1 August 1389 King Tvrtko I of Bosnia (r. 1353-1391) wrote a letter to Trogir to inform its citizens about Ottoman defeat. Victory over the Turks () was also reported by Coluccio Salutati (died 1406), Chancellor of Florence, in his letter to King Tvrtko, dated 20 October 1389, on behalf of the Florentine Senate. The killer is not named but he is described as one of twelve Christian noblemen who managed to break through the Ottoman ranks:
"Fortunate, most fortunate are those hands of the twelve loyal lords who, having opened their way with the sword and having penetrated the enemy lines and the circle of chained camels, heroically reached the tent of Amurat [Murad] himself. Fortunate above all is that one who so forcefully killed such a strong vojvoda by stabbing him with a sword in the throat and belly. And blessed are all those who gave their lives and blood through the glorious manner of martyrdom as victims of the dead leader over his ugly corpse."
Another Italian account, Mignanelli's 1416 work, asserted that it was Lazar who killed the Ottoman sultan.
The assassin's first appearance in Serbian sources is in the biography of Stefan Lazarević, Lazar's son, by Constantine the Philosopher, written in the 1440s. The hero, still anonymous, is described as a man of noble birth whom envious tongues had sought to defame before the prince. To prove his loyalty and courage, he left the front line on the pretext of being a deserter, seized the opportunity to stab the sultan to death and was killed himself shortly afterwards. The initial phase of ignominy and its redemption by a courageous plot of slaying the sultan are narrative ingredients which would become essential to the Serbian legend as it evolved in later times.
The loss of the Sultan also made an impression on the earliest Ottoman sources. They usually describe how Murad was unaccompanied on the battlefield and an anonymous Christian who had been lying among the corpses stabbed him to death. In the early 15th century, for instance, the poet Ahmedi writes that "[s]uddenly one of the Christians, who was covered in blood and apparently hidden among the enemy dead, got up, rushed to Murad and stabbed him with a dagger."
Halil İnalcık explained that one of the most important contemporary Ottomans sources about the Battle of Kosovo is the 1465 work of Enveri (). İnalcık argued that it was based on the testimony of a contemporary eyewitness of the battle, probably Hoca Omer, an envoy sent by the Sultan to Lazar before the battle. In this work Enveri explains that before he became a Serbian nobleman, Miloš (Miloš Ban is how İnalcık rendered the name in Enveri's text) was a Muslim at the Sultan's court who deserted Ottomans and abjured Islam. The Sultan allegedly called him to return to his service many times. Enveri explains that although Miloš always promised to return, he never did. According to this account, when Lazar was captured, Miloš approached the Sultan who was riding a black stallion and said: "I am Miloš Ban, I want to go back to my Islamic faith and kiss your hand." When Miloš came close to the Sultan, he struck him with the dagger hidden in his cuff. The Sultan's men cut Miloš into pieces with swords and axes.
One historian from Edirne, Oruc Bey, explains the lack of protection by saying that the army was preoccupied with pursuing the enemy in rear flight and introduces an element of deception: the Christian "had promised himself as a sacrifice and approached Murad, who was sitting alone on his horse. Pretending he wished to kiss the Sultan's hand, he stabbed the Sultan with a sharp dagger."
Since about the late 15th century, Greek sources also begin to record the event. The Athenian scholar Laonicus Chalcocondyles (d. c. 1490) claims to draw on Greek traditions when he refers to Murad's killer as Miloes, "a man of noble birth [... who] voluntarily decided to accomplish the heroic act of assassination. He requested what he needed from Prince Lazar, and then rode off to Murad's camp with the intention of presenting himself as a deserter. Murad, who was standing in the midst of his troops before the battle, was eager to receive the deserter. Miloes reached the Sultan and his bodyguards, turned his spear against Murad, and killed him." Writing in the second half of the same century, Michael Doukas regarded the story as worthy of inclusion in his Historia Byzantina. He relates how the young nobleman pretended to desert the battle, was captured by the Turks and professing to know the key to victory, managed to gain access to Murad and kill him.
In 1976, Miodrag Popović suggested that the narrative elements of secrecy and stratagem in the Serbian tradition were all introduced from Turkish sources, seeking to defame the capabilities of their Christian opponents by attributing the death of the Murat to "devious" methods. Thomas A. Emmert agrees with him.
Emmert says that Turkish sources mentioned the assassination several times, while Western and Serbian sources didn't mention it until much later. He thinks that Serbians knew about the assassination, but decided not to mention it in their first accounts for unknown reasons.
In 1512, Ottoman historian Mehmed Nesri wrote a detailed account of the battle that became the source for later Ottoman and Western descriptions of the battle. Nesri's account took several elements from popular Serbian tradition, and described the assassination in a way which reflected negatively on the perpetrators.
Oral traditions
Serbian traditions
Miloš Obilić is a major hero of the Serbian legend of Kosovo, whose central part is the Battle of Kosovo. According to the legend, Miloš was a son-in-law of the Serbian Prince Lazar. A quarrel broke out between his wife and her sister who was married to Vuk Branković, about superiority in valour of their respective husbands. As a consequence of this, Branković took offence and picked a fight with Miloš. Filled with hate, Branković maligned Miloš to Lazar, saying that he conspired with Turks to betray the prince. At Lazar's supper on the eve of the battle, the prince reproached Miloš for disloyalty. To prove his loyalty, Miloš went into the Turkish camp feigning defection. At a favourable moment, he stabbed and killed the Turkish Sultan Murad, whose attendants then executed Miloš. The legend then goes on to describe events regarding the battle.
There are two main views about the creation of the Kosovo legend. In one view, its place of origin lies in the region in which the Battle of Kosovo was fought. In the other view, the legend sprang up in more westerly Balkan regions under the influence of the French chansons de geste. Serbian philologist Dragutin Kostić stated that the French chivalric epics had in fact no part in the formation of the legend, but that they "only modified the already created and formed legend and its first poetic manifestations". The nucleus from which the legend developed is found in the cultic literature celebrating Prince Lazar as a martyr and saint, written in Moravian Serbia between 1389 and 1420. Especially important in this regard is the Discourse on Prince Lazar composed by Serbian Patriarch Danilo III. The legend would gradually evolve during the subsequent centuries.
The tale of the maligned hero who penetrated the Turkish camp and killed Sultan Murad, is found in the Life of Despot Stefan Lazarević written in the 1430s by Konstantin the Philosopher. The hero's name is not mentioned in this work. The theme of the quarrel between Lazar's sons-in-law was first recorded in Herzegovina in the mid-15th century. Lazar's supper on the eve of the battle and his reproach of Miloš are mentioned in texts from the 16th century. The argument between Lazar's daughters over the valor of their husbands was first recorded by Mavro Orbin in 1601. The fully developed legend of Kosovo, with all of its elements, is recorded in the Tale of the Battle of Kosovo composed around the beginning of the 18th century in the Bay of Kotor or Old Montenegro. This was a very popular text, whose copies were continuously produced for some 150 years in an area stretching from the south of ex-Yugoslavia to Budapest and Sofia. The Tale played a notable role in the awakening of national consciousness of the Serbs in the Habsburg monarchy, which began in the first half of the 18th century.
The first author to refer to Murad's killer by his full name is Konstantin Mihailović, a Serbian Janissary from the village of Ostrovica, near Rudnik, who wrote his Memoirs of a Janissary or Turkish Chronicle in ca 1497. In a passage intended to infer a moral lesson about disloyalty from the Serbian defeat at Kosovo, Mihailović identifies Miloš Kobica as the knight who on the fateful last Friday of the battle slew Murad. The next time a name is given in the sources is three decades later, in 1530, when the (Slovene) monk Benedikt Kuripečič (Curipeschitz) wrote memoirs of his travels through the Balkan Peninsula. His visit to Murad's tomb in Kosovo Polje provides the occasion for the story of the knight whom he names Miloš Kobilović. Kuripešić elaborates on the humiliation and fall out favour which Miloš endured before the battle, his last dinner with Lazar and his nobles, his admittance to Murad's tent, the brutal murder and his own death on attempting to escape on horseback. The monk, though not explicit about his sources, writes that Miloš was a celebrated figure in the popular traditions of Serbs, who sing about his heroic exploits on the border. He recorded some legends about the Battle of Kosovo and mentions epic songs about Obilić in regions far from Kosovo, like Bosnia and Croatia. In his 1603 work Richard Knolles described the "country songs" of Serbs about the Battle of Kosovo and refer to Obilić as "Cobelitz".
In Serbian epic poetry and song (e.g. "Radul-bey and Bulgarian King Šišman" and the song "Dušan's Wedding"), Miloš Obilić is often grouped along with other literary creations like Karadjordje, Vuk Karadžić and Njegoš as Serbs of Dinaric origin who distinguished themselves as the great moral and/or intellectual minds of the past in contradistinction to Bulgarian contemporaries, who could claim no such status. In the poem "Obilić Dragon's Son", Miloš is given a mythical ancestry as the son of a dragon to emphasise his superhuman strength on a physical and spiritual level; in this, he joins the ranks of many other heroes of Serbian poetry who fought against Turkish oppression and are claimed to have been descendants of a dragon.
Albanian traditions
In Albanian epic poetry, the hero is known as Millosh Kopiliqi, a version of the which corresponds to the original name attested in Slavic. He is thought to have been born in Kopiliq of Drenica region. In Albanian epic poetry, Prince Lazar is not existent in most variants. Instead Milosh Kopiliq, presented as a Christian Albanian warrior, is the sole killer of Sultan Murat. In the story, after Murat's death he is betrayed by an old Slavic woman (shkina in the original) and then is decapitated by the Ottomans. Gligorije Elezović recorded the Albanian version in the 1920s in Kosovo as sung by folk singers. Albert Lord, an expert in Balkan epic poetry, considered the tale of Milos Kobilić as a "mainly Albanian folk expression which traced its major elements to Albanian oral traditions". By comparing the Slavic and Albanian traditions about Kobilić, Lord came to the conclusion that they developed independently, but also borrowed from each other. Lord considers this cultural meeting point to have happened in Sandžak, where Albanians and Slavs lived as neighbours.
Legacy
It was not until the early 19th century that Miloš was also venerated as a saint in the Serbian Church. During the Serbian Revolution (1804–1815), a fresco of Miloš as a haloed, sword-bearing saint was painted in Prince Lazar's narthex in the Hilandar Monastery on Mount Athos (Greece). The historian Rade Mihaljčić suggests that the cult was a popular movement which originated among the Serbs south of the Sava and Danube during the Ottoman period.
Later in the same century, the heroic figure of Miloš was given a national boost in the epic poem The Mountain Wreath (1847) by Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, prince-bishop of Montenegro. The poem praises the assassin's valour in battle, calling him "the victim of a noble feeling, / An all powerful military genius, / A dreadful thunder that smashes crowns". Njegoš also instituted the Obilić medal for courage.
This event and the Battle of Kosovo itself has become embedded in the Serbs' national consciousness, history, and poetry. Njegoš's tales, including Miloš, inspired later generations of Serbs – notably Gavrilo Princip, the assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
In 1913, the Medal of Miloš Obilić was awarded by King Peter I to soldiers for the acts of great personal courage, or for personal courage demonstrated on the battlefield. It was given during the Balkan wars, World War I, and during World War II, to members of the Yugoslav Army or allied forces and was discontinued with the end of the war.
In the late 1980s, religious nationalists began to breathe further life into the figure of Miloš and the Kosovo Myth. Special inspiration was taken from Njegoš's The Mountain Wreath, with its portrayal of Lazar as a Christ-like martyr and Obilić as the Serb sacrificing himself to prove his loyalty and seek retribution. A key event which gave expression to this idea was the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo (Vidovdan) on 28 June 1989, which was held at the Gazimestan plain, near the site of the battle. Obilić's feat has been cited as a source of inspiration in public speeches by political leaders, notably President Milošević, who referred to him in his Gazimestan speech on the occasion of the battle anniversary. His regime often alluded to Obilić frequently in comparison to Milosević, who was proclaimed the "saviour of the nation".
Obilić is featured in Serbian rhymical idiom "Dva loša ubiše Miloša" or "Dva su loša ubila Miloša" which translates as "Two no-goods have killed Miloš". The idiom addresses the issue of quantity prevailing over quality as a sad fact of life, since Obilić was outnumbered by the enemies.
In Serbian epic poetry, there are several blood brotherhoods. Miloš Obilić with Milan Toplica and Ivan Kosančić, Miloš Obilić with Prince Marko, Miloš Obilić with the Jugović brothers.
He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs.
See also
Battle of Kosovo
List of Serbs
History of Serbia
Lazar of Serbia
Annotations
References
References:
Sources
Reproduced online at De Re Militari. The Society for Medieval Military History.
Further reading
Primary sources
Deacon Ignjatije wrote a description of the battle on 27 June 1389, only 12 days after the battle.
The instructions of the Venetian Senate issued to Andrea Bembo on 23 July 1389.
King Tvrtko I of Bosnia sent a letter with information about Ottoman defeat to Trogir on 1 August 1389 "Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum meridionalium", p.48
Coluccio Salutati (chancellor of Florence, died 1406) wrote a letter to King Tvrtko on 20 October 1389.
anonymous Florentine Chronicle, ed. L.A. Muratori, Cronica Volgare di Anonimo Fiorentino dall' anno 1385 al 1409. Rerum Italicarum Scriptores vol. 17, fasc. 152. Citta di Castello, 1917. pp. 77–9.
Bertrando de Mignanelli of Siena, Life of Tamerlane (Timur) (1416)
Constantine the Philosopher, Life of Despot Stefan Lazarević (written 1440s)
Konstantin Mihailović (15th century), Memoirs of a Janissary (or Turkish Chronicle) written in period 1490—1501
Ludovik Crijević Tuberon (written before 1527)
Benedict Kuripešić, Travel memoirs (written 1530)
Ottoman sources
the poet Ahmedi (early 15th century), ed. A. Olesnicki, Turski izvori o Kosovskom boju., Glasnik skopskog naucnog drustva 14 (1934): 60–2.
Uruc, historian
Greek sources
Laonicus Chalcocondyles (late 15th century)
Doukas (mid 15th century)
Later narrations
Richard Knolles, The Generall Historie of the Turkes (1603)
Drama Milos Obilic (1826)
Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, The Mountain Wreath (written 1847)
Secondary sources
Ivanova, Radost (1993). "The Problem of the Historical Approach in the Epic Songs of the Kosovo Cycle." Études balkaniques 4: 111–22.
Khan, Mujeeb R. (1996) "The 'Other' in the Balkans. Historical constructions of Serbs and 'Turks'." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 16.
Kostic, Dragutin (1934–1935). "Milos Kopilic-Kobilic-Obilic." Revue Internationale des Etudes Balkaniques 1–2: 232–54. A study of Miloš Obilić's name.
Mihaljcic, Rade (1989). The Battle of Kosovo. Belgrade.
Мирослав Пантић, "Кнез Лазар и косовска битка у старој књижевности Дубровника и Боке Которске", Зборник радова о кнезу Лазару, Београд, 1975
14th-century Serbian nobility
Medieval Serbian military personnel
Serbian knights
Serbian assassins
Medieval assassins
Characters in Serbian epic poetry
Characters in Albanian epic poetry
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Serbia
Members of the Serbian Orthodox Church
Assassins of heads of state
Regicides
Heroes in mythology and legend
History of Kosovo
Year of birth unknown
1389 deaths
14th-century murderers
Myths
Legendary people |
Alessandro Profumo, current CEO of Leonardo S.p.A. (formerly Finmeccanica), is an Italian manager in banking. He worked as a consultant at McKinsey and Bain and, when CEO of Unicredit, he was involved in the merger with HypoVereinsbank, Bank Austria Creditanstalt and Capitalia with the UniCredit Group. He resigned as CEO of the Unicredit Group on 21 September 2010.
Early life and education
Alessandro Profumo was born in Genoa on 17 February 1957. The youngest of five children, he grew up in Palermo; in 1970, he moved to Milan with his parents, where he went to the Liceo Manzoni and met his future wife Sabina Ratti. His classmate. After finishing high school, Profumo enrolled at Bocconi University.
Having to support a family, Profumo dropped out of university and started his professional career at Banco Lariano. In 1987, Profumo resumed his studies and obtained a degree in Business Economics.
Professional career
From 1998, when UniCredit Group arose from "Credito Italiano", Profumo has acted as its CEO. By December 2005 he was appointed chairman of the supervisory board of HVB.
In April 2012, Profumo was appointed Chairman of Italian bank Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena.
In March 2015, Profumo was acquitted in the Brontos case, an alleged tax fraud perpetrated by Unicredit managers with the support of Barclays managers. The judge closed the case because "the fact did not exist".
In May 2017, the board of directors of Leonardo S.p.A. appointed Profumo as CEO of the group.
Honours
2004: Knight of the Order of Merit for Labour ("Cavaliere al Merito del Lavoro") of the Italian Republic, by then president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
2019: Best CEO in the Defence Industry by Business Worldwide Magazine
Personal life
In 1977, Profumo married Sabina, and his only son Marco was born the same year.
References
1957 births
Bocconi University alumni
Businesspeople from Genoa
Italian male writers
Living people
McKinsey & Company people
Italian people convicted of tax crimes
Harvard Business School people |
```objective-c
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#ifndef V8_WASM_VALUE_TYPE_H_
#define V8_WASM_VALUE_TYPE_H_
#include "src/machine-type.h"
#include "src/wasm/wasm-constants.h"
namespace v8 {
namespace internal {
template <typename T>
class Signature;
namespace wasm {
enum ValueType : uint8_t {
kWasmStmt,
kWasmI32,
kWasmI64,
kWasmF32,
kWasmF64,
kWasmS128,
kWasmAnyRef,
kWasmAnyFunc,
kWasmNullRef,
kWasmExceptRef,
kWasmVar,
};
using FunctionSig = Signature<ValueType>;
inline size_t hash_value(ValueType type) { return static_cast<size_t>(type); }
// TODO(clemensh): Compute memtype and size from ValueType once we have c++14
// constexpr support.
#define FOREACH_LOAD_TYPE(V) \
V(I32, , Int32, 2) \
V(I32, 8S, Int8, 0) \
V(I32, 8U, Uint8, 0) \
V(I32, 16S, Int16, 1) \
V(I32, 16U, Uint16, 1) \
V(I64, , Int64, 3) \
V(I64, 8S, Int8, 0) \
V(I64, 8U, Uint8, 0) \
V(I64, 16S, Int16, 1) \
V(I64, 16U, Uint16, 1) \
V(I64, 32S, Int32, 2) \
V(I64, 32U, Uint32, 2) \
V(F32, , Float32, 2) \
V(F64, , Float64, 3) \
V(S128, , Simd128, 4)
class LoadType {
public:
enum LoadTypeValue : uint8_t {
#define DEF_ENUM(type, suffix, ...) k##type##Load##suffix,
FOREACH_LOAD_TYPE(DEF_ENUM)
#undef DEF_ENUM
};
// Allow implicit convertion of the enum value to this wrapper.
constexpr LoadType(LoadTypeValue val) // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
: val_(val) {}
constexpr LoadTypeValue value() const { return val_; }
constexpr unsigned size_log_2() const { return kLoadSizeLog2[val_]; }
constexpr unsigned size() const { return 1 << size_log_2(); }
constexpr ValueType value_type() const { return kValueType[val_]; }
constexpr MachineType mem_type() const { return kMemType[val_]; }
static LoadType ForValueType(ValueType type) {
switch (type) {
case kWasmI32:
return kI32Load;
case kWasmI64:
return kI64Load;
case kWasmF32:
return kF32Load;
case kWasmF64:
return kF64Load;
default:
UNREACHABLE();
}
}
private:
const LoadTypeValue val_;
static constexpr uint8_t kLoadSizeLog2[] = {
#define LOAD_SIZE(_, __, ___, size) size,
FOREACH_LOAD_TYPE(LOAD_SIZE)
#undef LOAD_SIZE
};
static constexpr ValueType kValueType[] = {
#define VALUE_TYPE(type, ...) kWasm##type,
FOREACH_LOAD_TYPE(VALUE_TYPE)
#undef VALUE_TYPE
};
static constexpr MachineType kMemType[] = {
#define MEMTYPE(_, __, memtype, ___) MachineType::memtype(),
FOREACH_LOAD_TYPE(MEMTYPE)
#undef MEMTYPE
};
};
#define FOREACH_STORE_TYPE(V) \
V(I32, , Word32, 2) \
V(I32, 8, Word8, 0) \
V(I32, 16, Word16, 1) \
V(I64, , Word64, 3) \
V(I64, 8, Word8, 0) \
V(I64, 16, Word16, 1) \
V(I64, 32, Word32, 2) \
V(F32, , Float32, 2) \
V(F64, , Float64, 3) \
V(S128, , Simd128, 4)
class StoreType {
public:
enum StoreTypeValue : uint8_t {
#define DEF_ENUM(type, suffix, ...) k##type##Store##suffix,
FOREACH_STORE_TYPE(DEF_ENUM)
#undef DEF_ENUM
};
// Allow implicit convertion of the enum value to this wrapper.
constexpr StoreType(StoreTypeValue val) // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
: val_(val) {}
constexpr StoreTypeValue value() const { return val_; }
constexpr unsigned size_log_2() const { return kStoreSizeLog2[val_]; }
constexpr unsigned size() const { return 1 << size_log_2(); }
constexpr ValueType value_type() const { return kValueType[val_]; }
constexpr MachineRepresentation mem_rep() const { return kMemRep[val_]; }
static StoreType ForValueType(ValueType type) {
switch (type) {
case kWasmI32:
return kI32Store;
case kWasmI64:
return kI64Store;
case kWasmF32:
return kF32Store;
case kWasmF64:
return kF64Store;
default:
UNREACHABLE();
}
}
private:
const StoreTypeValue val_;
static constexpr uint8_t kStoreSizeLog2[] = {
#define STORE_SIZE(_, __, ___, size) size,
FOREACH_STORE_TYPE(STORE_SIZE)
#undef STORE_SIZE
};
static constexpr ValueType kValueType[] = {
#define VALUE_TYPE(type, ...) kWasm##type,
FOREACH_STORE_TYPE(VALUE_TYPE)
#undef VALUE_TYPE
};
static constexpr MachineRepresentation kMemRep[] = {
#define MEMREP(_, __, memrep, ___) MachineRepresentation::k##memrep,
FOREACH_STORE_TYPE(MEMREP)
#undef MEMREP
};
};
// A collection of ValueType-related static methods.
class V8_EXPORT_PRIVATE ValueTypes {
public:
static inline bool IsSubType(ValueType expected, ValueType actual) {
return (expected == actual) ||
(expected == kWasmAnyRef && actual == kWasmNullRef) ||
(expected == kWasmAnyRef && actual == kWasmAnyFunc) ||
(expected == kWasmAnyRef && actual == kWasmExceptRef) ||
(expected == kWasmAnyFunc && actual == kWasmNullRef) ||
// TODO(mstarzinger): For now we treat "null_ref" as a sub-type of
// "except_ref", which is correct but might change. See here:
// path_to_url
(expected == kWasmExceptRef && actual == kWasmNullRef);
}
static inline bool IsReferenceType(ValueType type) {
// This function assumes at the moment that it is never called with
// {kWasmNullRef}. If this assumption is wrong, it should be added to the
// result calculation below.
DCHECK_NE(type, kWasmNullRef);
return type == kWasmAnyRef || type == kWasmAnyFunc ||
type == kWasmExceptRef;
}
static byte MemSize(MachineType type) {
return 1 << i::ElementSizeLog2Of(type.representation());
}
static int ElementSizeInBytes(ValueType type) {
switch (type) {
case kWasmI32:
case kWasmF32:
return 4;
case kWasmI64:
case kWasmF64:
return 8;
case kWasmS128:
return 16;
case kWasmAnyRef:
case kWasmAnyFunc:
case kWasmExceptRef:
return kSystemPointerSize;
default:
UNREACHABLE();
}
}
static int ElementSizeLog2Of(ValueType type) {
switch (type) {
case kWasmI32:
case kWasmF32:
return 2;
case kWasmI64:
case kWasmF64:
return 3;
case kWasmS128:
return 4;
default:
UNREACHABLE();
}
}
static byte MemSize(ValueType type) { return 1 << ElementSizeLog2Of(type); }
static ValueTypeCode ValueTypeCodeFor(ValueType type) {
switch (type) {
case kWasmI32:
return kLocalI32;
case kWasmI64:
return kLocalI64;
case kWasmF32:
return kLocalF32;
case kWasmF64:
return kLocalF64;
case kWasmS128:
return kLocalS128;
case kWasmAnyRef:
return kLocalAnyRef;
case kWasmAnyFunc:
return kLocalAnyFunc;
case kWasmExceptRef:
return kLocalExceptRef;
case kWasmStmt:
return kLocalVoid;
default:
UNREACHABLE();
}
}
static MachineType MachineTypeFor(ValueType type) {
switch (type) {
case kWasmI32:
return MachineType::Int32();
case kWasmI64:
return MachineType::Int64();
case kWasmF32:
return MachineType::Float32();
case kWasmF64:
return MachineType::Float64();
case kWasmAnyRef:
case kWasmAnyFunc:
case kWasmExceptRef:
return MachineType::TaggedPointer();
case kWasmS128:
return MachineType::Simd128();
case kWasmStmt:
return MachineType::None();
default:
UNREACHABLE();
}
}
static MachineRepresentation MachineRepresentationFor(ValueType type) {
switch (type) {
case kWasmI32:
return MachineRepresentation::kWord32;
case kWasmI64:
return MachineRepresentation::kWord64;
case kWasmF32:
return MachineRepresentation::kFloat32;
case kWasmF64:
return MachineRepresentation::kFloat64;
case kWasmAnyRef:
case kWasmAnyFunc:
case kWasmExceptRef:
return MachineRepresentation::kTaggedPointer;
case kWasmS128:
return MachineRepresentation::kSimd128;
case kWasmStmt:
return MachineRepresentation::kNone;
default:
UNREACHABLE();
}
}
static ValueType ValueTypeFor(MachineType type) {
switch (type.representation()) {
case MachineRepresentation::kWord8:
case MachineRepresentation::kWord16:
case MachineRepresentation::kWord32:
return kWasmI32;
case MachineRepresentation::kWord64:
return kWasmI64;
case MachineRepresentation::kFloat32:
return kWasmF32;
case MachineRepresentation::kFloat64:
return kWasmF64;
case MachineRepresentation::kTaggedPointer:
return kWasmAnyRef;
case MachineRepresentation::kSimd128:
return kWasmS128;
default:
UNREACHABLE();
}
}
static char ShortNameOf(ValueType type) {
switch (type) {
case kWasmI32:
return 'i';
case kWasmI64:
return 'l';
case kWasmF32:
return 'f';
case kWasmF64:
return 'd';
case kWasmAnyRef:
return 'r';
case kWasmAnyFunc:
return 'a';
case kWasmS128:
return 's';
case kWasmStmt:
return 'v';
case kWasmVar:
return '*';
default:
return '?';
}
}
static const char* TypeName(ValueType type) {
switch (type) {
case kWasmI32:
return "i32";
case kWasmI64:
return "i64";
case kWasmF32:
return "f32";
case kWasmF64:
return "f64";
case kWasmAnyRef:
return "anyref";
case kWasmAnyFunc:
return "anyfunc";
case kWasmNullRef:
return "nullref";
case kWasmExceptRef:
return "exn";
case kWasmS128:
return "s128";
case kWasmStmt:
return "<stmt>";
case kWasmVar:
return "<var>";
default:
return "<unknown>";
}
}
private:
DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(ValueTypes);
};
} // namespace wasm
} // namespace internal
} // namespace v8
#endif // V8_WASM_VALUE_TYPE_H_
``` |
```javascript
/**
*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* as published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
*
*/
import { combineReducers, } from 'redux'
import liveValueReducer from './liveValueReducer'
const metadataReducer = combineReducers({
liveValues: liveValueReducer,
})
export default metadataReducer
``` |
```scala
package com.prisma.deploy.connector.postgres
import java.sql.Driver
import com.prisma.config.DatabaseConfig
import com.prisma.deploy.connector._
import com.prisma.deploy.connector.jdbc.PostgresDatabaseInspector
import com.prisma.deploy.connector.jdbc.database.{JdbcClientDbQueries, JdbcDeployMutactionExecutor}
import com.prisma.deploy.connector.jdbc.persistence.{JdbcCloudSecretPersistence, JdbcMigrationPersistence, JdbcProjectPersistence, JdbcTelemetryPersistence}
import com.prisma.deploy.connector.persistence.{CloudSecretPersistence, MigrationPersistence, ProjectPersistence, TelemetryPersistence}
import com.prisma.deploy.connector.postgres.database._
import com.prisma.shared.models.{ConnectorCapabilities, Project, ProjectIdEncoder}
import org.joda.time.DateTime
import slick.dbio.Effect.Read
import slick.dbio.{DBIOAction, NoStream}
import slick.jdbc.PostgresProfile.api._
import scala.concurrent.{ExecutionContext, Future}
import scala.util.{Failure, Success}
case class PostgresDeployConnector(
dbConfig: DatabaseConfig,
driver: Driver
)(implicit ec: ExecutionContext)
extends DeployConnector {
override def capabilities: ConnectorCapabilities = ConnectorCapabilities.postgresPrototype
lazy val internalDatabases = PostgresInternalDatabaseDefs(dbConfig, driver)
lazy val setupDatabases = internalDatabases.setupDatabase
lazy val managementDatabases = internalDatabases.managementDatabase
lazy val projectDatabases = internalDatabases.managementDatabase
lazy val managementDatabase = managementDatabases.primary.database
lazy val projectDatabase = projectDatabases.primary.database
lazy val postgresTypeMapper = PostgresTypeMapper()
lazy val mutationBuilder = PostgresJdbcDeployDatabaseMutationBuilder(managementDatabases.primary, postgresTypeMapper)
override lazy val projectPersistence: ProjectPersistence = JdbcProjectPersistence(managementDatabases.primary, dbConfig)
override lazy val migrationPersistence: MigrationPersistence = JdbcMigrationPersistence(managementDatabases.primary)
override lazy val cloudSecretPersistence: CloudSecretPersistence = JdbcCloudSecretPersistence(managementDatabases.primary)
override lazy val telemetryPersistence: TelemetryPersistence = JdbcTelemetryPersistence(managementDatabases.primary)
override lazy val deployMutactionExecutor: DeployMutactionExecutor = JdbcDeployMutactionExecutor(mutationBuilder)
override lazy val databaseInspector: DatabaseInspector = PostgresDatabaseInspector(projectDatabases.primary)
override def createProjectDatabase(id: String): Future[Unit] = {
val action = mutationBuilder.createDatabaseForProject(id = id)
projectDatabase.run(action)
}
override def deleteProjectDatabase(id: String): Future[Unit] = {
val action = mutationBuilder.deleteProjectDatabase(projectId = id).map(_ => ())
projectDatabase.run(action)
}
override def getAllDatabaseSizes(): Future[Vector[DatabaseSize]] = {
val action = {
val query = sql"""
SELECT schemaname, SUM(pg_total_relation_size(quote_ident(schemaname) || '.' || quote_ident(tablename))) / 1024 / 1024 FROM pg_tables GROUP BY schemaname
"""
query.as[(String, Double)].map { tuples =>
tuples.map { tuple =>
DatabaseSize(tuple._1, tuple._2)
}
}
}
projectDatabase.run(action)
}
override def clientDBQueries(project: Project): ClientDbQueries = JdbcClientDbQueries(project, projectDatabases.primary)
override def getOrCreateTelemetryInfo(): Future[TelemetryInfo] = telemetryPersistence.getOrCreateInfo()
override def updateTelemetryInfo(lastPinged: DateTime): Future[Unit] = telemetryPersistence.updateTelemetryInfo(lastPinged)
override def projectIdEncoder: ProjectIdEncoder = ProjectIdEncoder('$')
override def initialize(): Future[Unit] = {
// We're ignoring failures for createDatabaseAction as there is no "create if not exists" in psql
setupDatabases.primary.database
.run(InternalDatabaseSchema.createDatabaseAction(internalDatabases.dbName))
.transformWith { _ =>
val action = InternalDatabaseSchema.createSchemaActions(internalDatabases.managementSchemaName, recreate = false)
projectDatabase.run(action)
}
.flatMap(_ => setupDatabases.shutdown)
}
override def reset(): Future[Unit] = truncateManagementTablesInDatabase(managementDatabase)
override def shutdown() = {
managementDatabases.shutdown
}
override def managementLock(): Future[Unit] = {
managementDatabase.run(sql"SELECT pg_advisory_lock(1000);".as[String].head.withPinnedSession).transformWith {
case Success(_) => Future.successful(())
case Failure(err) => Future.failed(err)
}
}
protected def truncateManagementTablesInDatabase(database: Database)(implicit ec: ExecutionContext): Future[Unit] = {
for {
schemas <- database.run(getTables())
_ <- database.run(dangerouslyTruncateTables(schemas))
} yield ()
}
private def getTables()(implicit ec: ExecutionContext): DBIOAction[Vector[String], NoStream, Read] = {
sql"""SELECT table_name
FROM information_schema.tables
WHERE table_schema = '#${internalDatabases.managementSchemaName}'
AND table_type = 'BASE TABLE';""".as[String]
}
private def dangerouslyTruncateTables(tableNames: Vector[String]): DBIOAction[Unit, NoStream, Effect] = {
DBIO.seq(tableNames.map(name => sqlu"""TRUNCATE TABLE "#$name" cascade"""): _*)
}
}
``` |
Regeringsgatans bro (The bridge of Regeringsgatan) or more correctly Regeringsgatans viadukt över Kungsgatan (Bridge of Regeringsgatan over Kungsgatan) is a bridge in central Stockholm, Sweden, taking the street Regeringsgatan over Kungsgatan. It was inaugurated in 1910.
Description
The bridge is a combined arch and beam bridge made of three reinforced concrete beams vaulted underneath and resting on two supports. Its vertical sides dressed in granite, the bridge is 11.1 metres wide with a 6.7 metres wide roadway. In contrast to the parallel bridge Malmskillnadsbron, the Bridge of Regeringsgatan is using three arches to cross Kungsgatan; the central span, 14.5 metres in length, passes over the roadway below; while the two spans on it sides, 5.5 metres in length, passes over the pavements of Kungsgatan. The unwieldy intermediate supports makes effective usage of the street width below impossible, and substituting the present construction have therefore been suggested.
Notes
In Swedish the word viadukt has a slightly different meaning from viaduct in English, and can thus signify basically any bridge stretching over land, typically a street or a railway, and itself typically part of a railway or motorway, regardless of the number of spans. Thus, in Swedish the Bridge of Regeringsgatan is therefore officially called a viadukt but name is here translated using the English word "bridge" instead.
See also
List of bridges in Stockholm
Malmskillnadsbron
References
External links
Bridges in Stockholm
Bridges completed in 1910
Beam bridges
Arch bridges
1910 establishments in Sweden |
A lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Russian Court (придворные дамы) was a woman of high aristocracy at the service of a woman of the Imperial family. They were organised according to the strict hierarchy of Peter the Great's table of ranks, following the woman's chin (rank) established on January 24, 1722.
Definition and table of ranks
All the ancient occupations of the women at the Court of Russia, traditionally held by boyarynias (wives of boyars), nurses, housekeepers, servants, nannies etc., were abolished and replaced by a new hierarchy inspired by Versailles Court's etiquette and German models, although many Muscovite and post-reform positions were in charge of identical functions. The new hierarchy used German terminology.
Ober-Hofmeisterin (The Great Mistress of the Court); first class
Wives of members of the Privy council of Russia; second class
Deystvitelnaya Statsdame (literally Acting Lady of the State); third class
Deystvitelnaya Kammer-devitsa (literally Acting Maid of the Bedchamber); fourth class and wives of College's presidents
Hofdame (literally Lady of the Court); fifth class and Generals' wives
Hofdevitsa (Maid of Honour); corresponding to Colonel's wives
Kammer-devitsa (Maid of the Bedchamber)
But in fact, the seven strict ranks were reduced to five by the mid 18th century and their names evolved as well. The four first ranks were only granted to 82 women at the end of the 18th century and only 18 in 1915.
Ober-Hofmeisterin (The Great Mistress of the Court)
Hofmeisterin (since 1748) (The Mistress of the Court)
Statsdame, 12 in 1796 (Lady of the State)
Kammer-Fräulein (Maid of the Bedchamber)
Fräulein (pronounced in a Russian way: Freylina), 12 in 1796 (Maid of Honour)
Service
The Fräulein rank was the most common, around 189 for 203 ladies-in-waiting in 1881. In 1914, they were 261 for 280. A Fräulein or a Kammer-Fräulein were unmarried. A small number of those who married received a higher title but the vast majority had to leave the service at Court. In 1826, Nicolas I decided that only 36 Fräulein would be at the service of the Empress, Grand-Duchesses and Princesses of the Imperial family : they were called Fräulein of the Household. Being a Fräulein gave the right to wear white and red at Court.
The Kammer-Fräulein rank was only granted to 4 or 5 ladies-in-waiting, the Statsdame rank was only granted to 5 ladies in 1914, all of them being married with high rank dignitaries. Most of these ladies, noblewomen of high rank, were members of the Order of St Catherine. Their positions rarely entailed daily service at Court, they were mostly honorific with attendance on great occasions.
The "Hofmeisterin" or "Ober-Hofmeisterin" rank gave precedence over all the other ladies-in-waiting. They were members of the Empress` or Grand-Duchesses' Households and were in charge of introductions of the women invited to Court.
The Hofmeisterin, Statsdame and Kammer-Fräulein ranks entitled their holder to the form of address Your High Excellency (Ваше Высокопревосходительство).
During the official ceremonies, the ladies-in-waiting had to wear specific Court dresses according to a regulation of 1834 fixing the clothing, the manner and the colors allowed for each one. A Hofmeisterin, Statsdame or Kammer-Fräulein wore a miniature portrait of the Empress on their right shoulder and were called dames à portrait, one of the most prestigious positions at Court. After they left active service, they would wear it on their left shoulder. The Fräulein would only wear the Empress or Grand Duchess' initials in diamonds, pinned to their left shoulder. In the 18th century, some of them were granted the right to wear curls.
Founded by Catherine II in 1764, the Smolny Institute near the Smolny convent, used to be a nursery for future ladies-in-waiting.
References
Sources
Придворные дамы Российской империи |
NURP may refer to:
National Undersea Research Program
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program |
VADS Berhad was formed in 1991 as a joint venture between Telekom Malaysia and IBM to take advantage of the convergence of IT and Telecommunications Industry. The company officially started operations the following year. Two other partners joined in the venture in 1993 and 1995, namely Permodalan Nasional Berhad (PNB) and The Employees Provident Fund (EPF) respectively.
Its main activities are Managed Networks Services, Contact Center Services and Systems Integration Services.
VADS was listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange on 7 August 2002 — making it the first Telekom Malaysia Berhad (Telekom Malaysia) subsidiary to be listed. VADS is a member of the TM group of companies.
References
External links
VADS Official Website
VADS Berhad (MYX: 7150), bursamalaysia.com
Company Overview of VADS Berhad, bloomberg.com
1990 establishments in Malaysia
TM Group of Companies
Business process outsourcing companies
Technology companies established in 1990
Malaysian companies established in 1990
Companies formerly listed on Bursa Malaysia
Privately held companies of Malaysia |
Lucius Horatio "Ray" Biglow III (often spelled Bigelow; February 28, 1885 – July 9, 1961) was an American football player and coach. He played right guard for Yale University from 1905 to 1907. He was selected as an All-American in both 1906 and 1907 and served as Yale Bulldogs football coach in 1908.
Biography
Biglow was born on February 28, 1885, in Brooklyn, New York, to Lucius Horatio Biglow II and Susan Ann (née Moser) Biglow.
He was raised in Morristown, New Jersey, and attended the Lawrenceville School. He later enrolled at Yale University, where he graduated in 1908 and was a member of Skull and Bones.
He married Marian Chandler Yeaw; and they had one son, Lucius Horatio, Jr.
College athletics
At Yale, he was the right guard on the school's football team for three years. He also played point on the ice hockey team for two years, helping the Elis win the Intercollegiate Championship in 1908.
Biglow was selected as an All-American in 1906 and unanimously elected as the captain of Yale's 1907 championship football team. He was also tapped for Yale's Skull and Bones society in 1906. A November 1907 newspaper article said of Biglow:"Yale's captain is sturdy right tackle Bigelow. ... Bigelow is typically a Yale football product. During his prep school at Lawrenceville he failed to even make a place on the minor aggregation.
Biglow was also on the Yale crew one year. Despite having "pulled the strongest oar in the varsity shell" during his one year competing on the crew, his parents opposed his rowing any longer.
Career
Yale football coach
Biglow's parents wished for him to commence a business career upon his graduation in 1908, leading him to decline to follow the Yale tradition of having the football team captain return the following fall as the team's coach. However, in January 1908, Yale's new football team captain Robert Burch announced that he had persuaded Biglow to return in the fall as Yale's head football coach.
As Yale's coach, Biglow advocated better moral standards in college athletics:"'The time was,' says Ray Biglow, former captain of the Yale team and now its coach, 'when the best fellow in college was he who could drink all his fellows under the table. I venture to say that two-thirds of the men on the great amateur baseball and football teams now are either out-and-out Christians or morally clean.'"Biglow served in the position as Yale's football coach for one year.
US Army
Biglow enlisted in the US Army in December, 1909, in Troop 1, Squadron A Cavalry, New York City. He attained the rank of 2nd Lieutenant with the 105th machine gun battalion of Squadron A in April of 1917. He was promoted to captain of Company A in 1818 and saw action in engagements at several locations in France during World War I. He was twice cited for his effective leadership, once while sustaining fire while his men were suffering losses and once for leadership and courage for pushing his machine gun squad forward in battle. He was honorably discharged in April of 1919.
Law and publishing
Biglow graduated from Columbia Law school in 1911 and embarked on a career in law, upon his discharge from the US Army. He joined his father's New York publishing company L.H. Bigelow & Company, printers and publishers, and resided successively in Plainfield and Greenwich, Connecticut.
Legacy
In 1912, a newspaper article on the greatest football players produced by Yale referred to the "brilliant Ray Bigelow" who was "always just a little better than anyone than any who played against him." Biglow remained an active supporter of Yale football and, in 1915, created a "sensation" when he advocated hiring of Foster Sanford as the school's head football coach in a letter to the Yale Daily News.
Biglow died after a long illness at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, on July 9, 1961, at the age of 76.
Head coaching record
See also
John Biglow
References
External links
1885 births
1961 deaths
All-American college football players
American football tackles
Yale Bulldogs football players
Yale Bulldogs football coaches
Players of American football from Brooklyn
Sportspeople from Morristown, New Jersey
Players of American football from Morris County, New Jersey
Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey players
American ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey players from New York (state)
Yale Bulldogs rowers
Lawrenceville School alumni
Members of Skull and Bones |
The Centre City Tower (also spelled Center City Tower) is a tall skyscraper in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It contains 26 floors, and stands as the 20th-tallest building in the city. Centre City Tower was constructed in 1971, and was later renovated in 2002. The entire building contains Class B office space, and is an example of modern architecture. Signage for Huntington Bank, the building's major tenant, adorns the outside of the structure.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Pittsburgh
References
Emporis
Skyscraperpage
Skyscraper office buildings in Pittsburgh
Office buildings completed in 1971 |
A negative base (or negative radix) may be used to construct a non-standard positional numeral system. Like other place-value systems, each position holds multiples of the appropriate power of the system's base; but that base is negative—that is to say, the base is equal to for some natural number ().
Negative-base systems can accommodate all the same numbers as standard place-value systems, but both positive and negative numbers are represented without the use of a minus sign (or, in computer representation, a sign bit); this advantage is countered by an increased complexity of arithmetic operations. The need to store the information normally contained by a negative sign often results in a negative-base number being one digit longer than its positive-base equivalent.
The common names for negative-base positional numeral systems are formed by prefixing nega- to the name of the corresponding positive-base system; for example, negadecimal (base −10) corresponds to decimal (base 10), negabinary (base −2) to binary (base 2), negaternary (base −3) to ternary (base 3), and negaquaternary (base −4) to quaternary (base 4).
Example
Consider what is meant by the representation in the negadecimal system, whose base is −10:
The representation (which is intended to be negadecimal notation) is equivalent to in decimal notation, because 10,000 + (−2,000) + 200 + (−40) + 3 = .
Remark
On the other hand, in decimal would be written in negadecimal.
History
Negative numerical bases were first considered by Vittorio Grünwald in an 1885 monograph published in Giornale di Matematiche di Battaglini. Grünwald gave algorithms for performing addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, root extraction, divisibility tests, and radix conversion. Negative bases were later mentioned in passing by A. J. Kempner in 1936 and studied in more detail by Zdzisław Pawlak and A. Wakulicz in 1957.
Negabinary was implemented in the early Polish computer BINEG (and UMC), built 1957–59, based on ideas by Z. Pawlak and A. Lazarkiewicz from the Mathematical Institute in Warsaw. Implementations since then have been rare.
Notation and use
Denoting the base as , every integer can be written uniquely as
where each digit is an integer from 0 to and the leading digit is (unless ). The base expansion of is then given by the string .
Negative-base systems may thus be compared to signed-digit representations, such as balanced ternary, where the radix is positive but the digits are taken from a partially negative range. (In the table below the digit of value −1 is written as the single character T.)
Some numbers have the same representation in base as in base . For example, the numbers from 100 to 109 have the same representations in decimal and negadecimal. Similarly,
and is represented by 10001 in binary and 10001 in negabinary.
Some numbers with their expansions in a number of positive and corresponding negative bases are:
Note that, with the exception of nega balanced ternary, the base expansions of negative integers have an even number of digits, while the base expansions of the non-negative integers have an odd number of digits.
Calculation
The base expansion of a number can be found by repeated division by , recording the non-negative remainders in , and concatenating those remainders, starting with the last. Note that if is with remainder , then and therefore . To arrive at the correct conversion, the value for must be chosen such that is non-negative and minimal. For the fourth line of the following example this means that
has to be chosen — and not nor
For example, to convert 146 in decimal to negaternary:
Reading the remainders backward we obtain the negaternary representation of 14610: 21102–3.
Proof: (((2 · (–3) + 1) · (–3) + 1) · (–3) + 0) · (–3) + 2 = 14610.
Note that in most programming languages, the result (in integer arithmetic) of dividing a negative number by a negative number is rounded towards 0, usually leaving a negative remainder. In such a case we have . Because , is the positive remainder. Therefore, to get the correct result in such case, computer implementations of the above algorithm should add 1 and to the quotient and remainder respectively.
Example implementation code
To negabinary
C#
static string ToNegabinary(int value)
{
string result = string.Empty;
while (value != 0)
{
int remainder = value % -2;
value = value / -2;
if (remainder < 0)
{
remainder += 2;
value += 1;
}
result = remainder.ToString() + result;
}
return result;
}
C++
auto to_negabinary(int value)
{
std::bitset<sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT > result;
std::size_t bit_position = 0;
while (value != 0)
{
const auto div_result = std::div(value, -2);
if (div_result.rem < 0)
value = div_result.quot + 1;
else
value = div_result.quot;
result.set(bit_position, div_result.rem != 0);
++bit_position;
}
return result;
}
To negaternary
C#
static string Negaternary(int value)
{
string result = string.Empty;
while (value != 0)
{
int remainder = value % -3;
value = value / -3;
if (remainder < 0)
{
remainder += 3;
value += 1;
}
result = remainder.ToString() + result;
}
return result;
}
Visual Basic .NET
Private Shared Function ToNegaternary(value As Integer) As String
Dim result As String = String.Empty
While value <> 0
Dim remainder As Integer = value Mod -3
value /= -3
If remainder < 0 Then
remainder += 3
value += 1
End If
result = remainder.ToString() & result
End While
Return result
End Function
Python
def negaternary(i: int) -> str:
"""Decimal to negaternary."""
if i == 0:
digits = ["0"]
else:
digits = []
while i != 0:
i, remainder = divmod(i, -3)
if remainder < 0:
i, remainder = i + 1, remainder + 3
digits.append(str(remainder))
return "".join(digits[::-1])
>>> negaternary(1000)
'2212001'
Common Lisp
(defun negaternary (i)
(if (zerop i)
"0"
(let ((digits "")
(rem 0))
(loop while (not (zerop i)) do
(progn
(multiple-value-setq (i rem) (truncate i -3))
(when (minusp rem)
(incf i)
(incf rem 3))
(setf digits (concatenate 'string (write-to-string rem) digits))))
digits)))
To any negative base
Java
public String negativeBase(int integer, int base) {
String result = "";
int number = integer;
while (number != 0) {
int i = number % base;
number /= base;
if (i < 0) {
i += Math.abs(base);
number++;
}
result = i + result;
}
return result;
}
AutoLisp
from [-10 -2] interval:
(defun negabase (num baz / dig rst)
;; NUM is any number. BAZ is any number in the interval [-10, -2].
;;
;; NUM and BAZ will be truncated to an integer if they're floats (e.g. 14.25
;; will be truncated to 14, -123456789.87 to -123456789, etc.).
(if (and (numberp num)
(numberp baz)
(<= (fix baz) -2)
(> (fix baz) -11))
(progn
(setq baz (float (fix baz))
num (float (fix num))
dig (if (= num 0) "0" ""))
(while (/= num 0)
(setq rst (- num (* baz (setq num (fix (/ num baz))))))
(if (minusp rst)
(setq num (1+ num)
rst (- rst baz)))
(setq dig (strcat (itoa (fix rst)) dig)))
dig)
(progn
(prompt
(cond
((and (not (numberp num))
(not (numberp baz)))
"\nWrong number and negabase.")
((not (numberp num))
"\nWrong number.")
((not (numberp baz))
"\nWrong negabase.")
(t
"\nNegabase must be inside [-10 -2] interval.")))
(princ))))
PHP
The conversion from integer to some negative base:
function toNegativeBase(int $no, int $base): []
{
$digits = [];
$base = intval($base);
while ($no != 0) {
$temp_no = $no;
$no = intval($temp_no / $base);
$remainder = ($temp_no % $base);
if ($remainder < 0) {
$remainder += abs($base);
$no++;
}
array_unshift($digits, $remainder);
}
return $digits;
}
Visual Basic .NET
Function toNegativeBase(Number As Integer , base As Integer) As System.Collections.Generic.List(Of Integer)
Dim digits As New System.Collections.Generic.List(Of Integer)
while Number <> 0
Dim remainder As Integer= Number Mod base
Number = CInt(Number / base)
if remainder < 0 then
remainder += system.math.abs(base)
Number+=1
end if
digits.Insert(0, remainder)
end while
return digits
end function
Shortcut calculation
The following algorithms assume that
the input is available in bitstrings and coded in (base +2; digits in ) (as in most of today's digital computers),
there are add (+) and xor (^) operations which operate on such bitstrings (as in most of today's digital computers),
the set of output digits is standard, i. e. with base ,
the output is coded in the same bitstring format, but the meaning of the places is another one.
To negabinary
The conversion to negabinary (base −2; digits in ) allows a remarkable shortcut
(C implementation):
unsigned int toNegaBinary(unsigned int value) // input in standard binary
{
unsigned int Schroeppel2 = 0xAAAAAAAA; // = 2/3*((2*2)^16-1) = ...1010
return (value + Schroeppel2) ^ Schroeppel2; // eXclusive OR
// resulting unsigned int to be interpreted as string of elements ε {0,1} (bits)
}
Due to D. Librik (Szudzik). The bitwise XOR portion is originally due to Schroeppel (1972).
JavaScript port for the same shortcut calculation:
function toNegaBinary(number) {
var Schroeppel2 = 0xAAAAAAAA;
// Convert to NegaBinary String
return ( ( number + Schroeppel2 ) ^ Schroeppel2 ).toString(2);
}
To negaquaternary
The conversion to negaquaternary (base −4; digits in ) allows a similar shortcut (C implementation):
unsigned int toNegaQuaternary(unsigned int value) // input in standard binary
{
unsigned int Schroeppel4 = 0xCCCCCCCC; // = 4/5*((2*4)^8-1) = ...11001100 = ...3030
return (value + Schroeppel4) ^ Schroeppel4; // eXclusive OR
// resulting unsigned int to be interpreted as string of elements ε {0,1,2,3} (pairs of bits)
}
JavaScript port for the same shortcut calculation:
function toNegaQuaternary(number) {
var Schroeppel4 = 0xCCCCCCCC;
// Convert to NegaQuaternary String
return ( ( number + Schroeppel4 ) ^ Schroeppel4 ).toString(4);
}
Arithmetic operations
The following describes the arithmetic operations for negabinary; calculations in larger bases are similar.
Addition
Adding negabinary numbers proceeds bitwise, starting from the least significant bits; the bits from each addend are summed with the (balanced ternary) carry from the previous bit (0 at the LSB). This sum is then decomposed into an output bit and carry for the next iteration as show in the table:
The second row of this table, for instance, expresses the fact that −1 = 1 + 1 × −2; the fifth row says 2 = 0 + −1 × −2; etc.
As an example, to add 1010101 (1 + 4 + 16 + 64 = 85) and 1110100 (4 + 16 − 32 + 64 = 52),
Carry: 1 −1 0 −1 1 −1 0 0 0
First addend: 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Second addend: 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 +
--------------------------
Number: 1 −1 2 0 3 −1 2 0 1
Bit (result): 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Carry: 0 1 −1 0 −1 1 −1 0 0
so the result is 110011001 (1 − 8 + 16 − 128 + 256 = 137).
Another method
While adding two negabinary numbers, every time a carry is generated an extra carry should be propagated to next bit. Consider same example as above
Extra carry: 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Carry: 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
First addend: 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Second addend: 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 +
--------------------------
Answer: 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Negabinary full adder
A full adder circuit can be designed to add numbers in negabinary. The following logic is used to calculate the sum and carries:
Incrementing negabinary numbers
Incrementing a negabinary number can be done by using the following formula:
Subtraction
To subtract, multiply each bit of the second number by −1, and add the numbers, using the same table as above.
As an example, to compute 1101001 (1 − 8 − 32 + 64 = 25) minus 1110100 (4 + 16 − 32 + 64 = 52),
Carry: 0 1 −1 1 0 0 0
First number: 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Second number: −1 −1 −1 0 −1 0 0 +
--------------------
Number: 0 1 −2 2 −1 0 1
Bit (result): 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
Carry: 0 0 1 −1 1 0 0
so the result is 100101 (1 + 4 −32 = −27).
Unary negation, , can be computed as binary subtraction from zero, .
Multiplication and division
Shifting to the left multiplies by −2, shifting to the right divides by −2.
To multiply, multiply like normal decimal or binary numbers, but using the negabinary rules for adding the carry, when adding the numbers.
First number: 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
Second number: 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 ×
-------------------------------------
1 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 +
-------------------------------------
Carry: 0 −1 0 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 0 −1 0 0
Number: 1 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 0 2 1 0
Bit (result): 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Carry: 0 −1 0 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 0 −1 0 0
For each column, add carry to number, and divide the sum by −2, to get the new carry, and the resulting bit as the remainder.
Comparing negabinary numbers
It is possible to compare negabinary numbers by slightly adjusting a normal unsigned binary comparator. When comparing the numbers and , invert each odd positioned bit of both numbers.
After this, compare and using a standard unsigned comparator.
Fractional numbers
Base representation may of course be carried beyond the radix point, allowing the representation of non-integer numbers.
As with positive-base systems, terminating representations correspond to fractions where the denominator is a power of the base; repeating representations correspond to other rationals, and for the same reason.
Non-unique representations
Unlike positive-base systems, where integers and terminating fractions have non-unique representations (for example, in decimal 0.999... = 1) in negative-base systems the integers have only a single representation. However, there do exist rationals with non-unique representations. For the digits {0, 1, ..., t} with the biggest digit and
we have
as well as
So every number with a terminating fraction added has two distinct representations.
For example, in negaternary, i.e. and , there is
.
Such non-unique representations can be found by considering the largest and smallest possible representations with integer parts 0 and 1 respectively, and then noting that they are equal. (Indeed, this works with any integer-base system.) The rationals thus non-uniquely expressible are those of form
with
Imaginary base
Just as using a negative base allows the representation of negative numbers without an explicit negative sign, using an imaginary base allows the representation of Gaussian integers. Donald Knuth proposed the quater-imaginary base (base 2i) in 1955.
See also
Quater-imaginary base
Binary
Balanced ternary
Quaternary numeral system
Numeral systems
1 − 2 + 4 − 8 + ⋯ (p-adic numbers)
References
Further reading
External links
Non-standard positional numeral systems
Computer arithmetic |
Dukes are titles and office of nobility.
Dukes or The Dukes may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Film and television
The Dukes (TV series), a 1983 animated spinoff of The Dukes of Hazzard
The Dukes (film), a 2007 film starring Chazz Palminteri
Music
The Dukes (Australian band), a 1990s rock band
The Dukes (British band), a 1970s rock band featuring Miller Anderson and Jimmy McCulloch
The Dukes, their 1979 album
The Dukes (New Zealand band), a rock band formed in 2003
Steve Earle & the Dukes, American band formed in the 1970s
Fictional characters
Fred J. Dukes, Marvel Comics supervillain the Blob
Oliver Dukes, primary antagonist in Maurice Walsh's 1950 novel Trouble in the Glen and its 1954 film adaptation
Sports teams
Albuquerque Dukes, a former Triple A baseball team based in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
Duluth-Superior Dukes (1956–70), a minor league baseball team
Duluth–Superior Dukes (1993–2002 team), a professional baseball team
Duquesne Dukes, the athletic teams of Duquesne University in Pittsburgh
James Madison Dukes, the sports teams of James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States
Ingolstadt Dukes, an American football team from Ingolstadt, Germany
Wellington Dukes, a Junior "A" ice hockey team from Wellington, Ontario, Canada
Other uses
Dukes (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters
Dukes (ward), Sefton, Merseyside, England
Dukes County, Massachusetts
The Dukes, Lancaster, formerly known as the Duke's Playhouse, a theatre in Lancaster, England
Dukes brand cricket ball, manufactured by British Cricket Balls Ltd
Dukes Creek, Georgia, United States
Duke's Mayonnaise, a condiment created by Eugenia Duke
The Dukes, a hacker group more commonly known as Cozy Bear
Dukes, a fictional borough based on Queens appearing in Grand Theft Auto IV
See also
Dukes classification, a system for classifying colorectal cancers
Duke's, an Indian soft drink brand of Duke and Sons
The Duhks, a Canadian folk band
Duke (disambiguation) |
Hanchuan railway station is a railway station located in Hanchuan, Xiaogan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, on the Wuhan–Yichang railway, operated by China Railway Wuhan Group. It is located approximately away from the city centre. It opened on 1 July 2012.
Nearby stations
Hankou railway station (Wuhan)
Tianmen South railway station (Tianmen)
References
Railway stations in Hubei
Railway stations in China opened in 2012 |
```kotlin
package `in`.hbb20.countrycodepickerproject
import android.os.Bundle
import android.view.LayoutInflater
import android.view.View
import android.view.ViewGroup
import android.widget.Button
import android.widget.RadioButton
import android.widget.RadioGroup
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment
import com.hbb20.CountryCodePicker
import com.hbb20.CountryCodePicker.Language.*
/**
* A simple [Fragment] subclass.
*/
class LanguageSupportFragment: Fragment() {
private lateinit var radioGroup: RadioGroup
private lateinit var radioEnglish: RadioButton
private lateinit var radioJapanese: RadioButton
private lateinit var radioSpanish: RadioButton
private lateinit var ccp: CountryCodePicker
private lateinit var buttonNext: Button
private lateinit var rootView: View
override fun onCreateView(inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?, savedInstanceState: Bundle?): View? {
rootView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_language_support, container, false)
return rootView
}
override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)
assignViews()
setClickListener()
}
private fun setClickListener() {
radioGroup.setOnCheckedChangeListener { _, checkedId ->
when (checkedId) {
R.id.radioEnglish -> {
ccp.changeDefaultLanguage(ENGLISH)
Toast.makeText(context, "Language is updated to ENGLISH", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
R.id.radioJapanese -> {
ccp.changeDefaultLanguage(JAPANESE)
Toast.makeText(context, "Language is updated to JAPANESE", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
R.id.radioSpanish -> {
ccp.changeDefaultLanguage(SPANISH)
Toast.makeText(context, "Language is updated to SPANISH", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
}
}
buttonNext.setOnClickListener { (activity as ExampleActivity).viewPager.currentItem = (activity as ExampleActivity).viewPager.currentItem + 1 }
}
private fun assignViews() {
ccp = rootView.findViewById(R.id.ccp)
radioGroup = rootView.findViewById(R.id.radioGroup)
radioEnglish = rootView.findViewById(R.id.radioEnglish)
radioJapanese = rootView.findViewById(R.id.radioJapanese)
radioSpanish = rootView.findViewById(R.id.radioSpanish)
buttonNext = view!!.findViewById(R.id.button_next)
}
}
``` |
ARCA or Arca may refer to:
Companies
Arca-Filmproduktion GmbH, the German film production company of Gero Wecker
Arca Fondi SGR, Italian asset management company
Arca South, an industrial estate in the Philippines
ARCAspace, an aerospace company based in Las Cruces, New Mexico
NYSE Arca, an online stock exchange previously known as Archipelago
Equipment
Arca-Swiss style tripod head (camera equipment)
arca (document store), alternately spelled archa
Astroparticle Research with Cosmics in the Abyss, part of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope
Organizations
The American Russian Cultural Association, founded by Nicholas Roerich in 1942
Association for Research into Crimes against Art, a non-profit organization based in Rome
Automobile Racing Club of America, a stock car racing sanctioning formed in 1953 by John Marcum
ARCA Menards Series, the premier division of ARCA
Automobile Racing Club of America, a sports car racing organization formed by the Collier Brothers in 1933 that was a forerunner of the Sports Car Club of America
Associate of the Royal College of Art
People
Arts and entertainment
Arca (musician) (born 1989), a Venezuelan musician
Arca (album), the eponymous 2017 album by Arca
Sports
Julio Arca (born 1981), an Argentine football (soccer) player
Places
Arça or Arsk, a townlet in Tatarstan, Russia
Arca Caesarea, former bishopric became a double Catholic titular see (Latin and Maronite), present-day Arqa
Other uses
Arca (bivalve), a genus of ark clams
See also
Arcas (disambiguation)
Arka (disambiguation)
Arc (disambiguation)
Arqa, a village in Lebanon |
```javascript
const { assert, skip, test, module: describe } = require('qunit');
const { GPU, HeadlessGLKernel, WebGLKernel, WebGL2Kernel, CPUKernel } = require('../../src');
describe('issue #91');
function getResult(mode) {
const A = [
[1, 2],
[3, 4],
[5, 6]
];
const B = [
[6, 5, 4],
[3, 2, 1]
];
const gpu = new GPU({ mode });
function multiply(b, a, y, x) {
let sum = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
sum += b[y][i] * a[i][x];
}
return sum;
}
const kernels = gpu.createKernelMap({
multiplyResult: multiply
}, function (a, b) {
return multiply(b, a, this.thread.y, this.thread.x);
})
.setOutput([2, 2]);
const result = kernels(A, B).result;
assert.deepEqual(Array.from(result[0]), [21,32]);
assert.deepEqual(Array.from(result[1]), [9,14]);
gpu.destroy();
return kernels;
}
(GPU.isWebGL2Supported || (GPU.isHeadlessGLSupported && HeadlessGLKernel.features.kernelMap) ? test : skip)("Issue #91 - type detection auto", () => {
getResult();
});
(GPU.isWebGL2Supported || (GPU.isHeadlessGLSupported && HeadlessGLKernel.features.kernelMap) ? test : skip)("Issue #91 - type detection gpu", () => {
getResult('gpu');
});
(GPU.isWebGLSupported ? test : skip)("Issue #91 - type detection webgl", () => {
const kernel = getResult('webgl');
assert.equal(kernel.kernel.constructor, WebGLKernel, 'kernel type is wrong');
});
(GPU.isWebGL2Supported ? test : skip)("Issue #91 - type detection webgl2", () => {
const kernel = getResult('webgl2');
assert.equal(kernel.kernel.constructor, WebGL2Kernel, 'kernel type is wrong');
});
(GPU.isHeadlessGLSupported ? test : skip)("Issue #91 - type detection headlessgl", () => {
const kernel = getResult('headlessgl');
assert.equal(kernel.kernel.constructor, HeadlessGLKernel, 'kernel type is wrong');
});
test("Issue #91 - type detection cpu", () => {
const kernel = getResult('cpu');
assert.equal(kernel.kernel.constructor, CPUKernel, 'kernel type is wrong');
});
``` |
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
<title>svg collection</title>
<style>
html {
font-family: sans-serif;
line-height: 1.15;
-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%
}
body {
margin: 0
}
article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, footer, header, main, menu, nav, section, summary {
display: block
}
audio, canvas, progress, video {
display: inline-block
}
.si-figure {
padding: 5px 0;
position: relative;
display: inline-block;
margin: 0;
background-color: #f9f9f9;
outline: 1px solid #fff;
height: 100px;
color: #999;
vertical-align: top;
text-align: center;
font-size: 14px;
cursor: pointer
}
.si-figure svg {
width: 50px;
height: 50px;
fill: gray
}
.si-figure:hover {
background-color: #dfd;
color: #337ab7
}
.si-figure:hover svg {
fill: #337ab7
}
.si-figure.selected {
background-color: #337ab7;
color: #fff;
opacity: .9
}
.si-figure.selected svg {
fill: #fff
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
.si-figure {
width: 12%
}
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 768px) {
.si-figure {
width: 24%
}
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 480px) {
.si-figure {
width: 48%
}
}
.si.inline {
height: 1.2em;
width: 1.2em;
vertical-align: sub
}
.si.white {
fill: #fff
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<%= svgSprite %>
<article><% ids.forEach(function (id) { %>
<figure class="si-figure">
<div id="figure-<%= id %>">
<div class="si-wrapper <%= id %>">
<svg class="si">
<use xlink:href="#<%= id %>"></use>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<figcaption><%= id %></figcaption>
</figure><% }); %>
</article>
</body>
</html>
``` |
```smalltalk
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
namespace SampleSite
{
public class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException("Boom!");
CreateHostBuilder(args).Build().Run();
}
public static IHostBuilder CreateHostBuilder(string[] args) =>
Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
.ConfigureWebHostDefaults(webBuilder =>
{
webBuilder.UseStartup<Startup>();
});
}
}
``` |
Randall "Randy" Head (born November 18, 1968) was a Republican member of the Indiana Senate, representing the 18th District since 2008. He used to be Deputy Prosecutor for Cass County. He resigned from the State Senate on August 12, 2019, to become Chief Deputy Prosecutor of Pulaski County. He was replaced by Stacey Donato.
References
External links
Virtual Office of Senator Randy Head official Indiana State Legislature site
1968 births
Living people
21st-century American politicians
Republican Party Indiana state senators
Indiana University Maurer School of Law alumni
Wabash College alumni |
Walraven "Wally" van Hall (10 February 1906 – 12 February 1945) was a Dutch banker and resistance leader during the occupation of the Netherlands in World War II. He founded the bank of the Resistance, which was used to distribute funds to victims of the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands and fund the Dutch resistance. Van Hall was executed by the German occupier in Haarlem shortly before the end of the war and buried at the Erebegraafplaats Bloemendaal.
Early life
Born into an influential Dutch family, Walraven van Hall initially studied to become an officer in the merchant marine, but after having worked for some years as third mate he was rejected because of his eyesight. Unable to work in the merchant marine, he moved to New York City in 1929. His brother, future Mayor of Amsterdam Gijs van Hall, who already worked at a bank, helped him get a job with a Wall Street firm. Having thus been introduced to banking, Walraven van Hall returned to the Netherlands and became a banker and stockbroker.
World War II
After the Germans invaded the Netherlands in May 1940, a fund was established to help families of merchant-sailors (who were stranded abroad when war broke out). Van Hall was asked to help set up the Amsterdam chapter together with his brother Gijs. Because of his banking experience, Walraven van Hall was able to provide funding with the help of guarantees by the Dutch government in London. Soon thereafter, the Germans began taking anti-Jewish and forced labour measures; resistance against these measures increased. Van Hall, who expanded his fund-raising activities for all kinds of resistance groups, became known as the banker to the resistance.
One of the ways in which Van Hall raised funds for the resistance was the "robbing" of De Nederlandsche Bank (Dutch National Bank). With the approval of the Dutch government-in-exile, the Van Halls managed to obtain as much as 50 million Dutch guilders. According to Nout Wellink, former president of the bank, this figure is comparable to a half billion euros in 2010. Together with his brother, Van Hall falsified bank bonds and exchanged them in the bank for the real bonds. With these, paper money was collected. This was done behind the back of Rost van Tonningen, president of the bank and a notorious member of the Dutch Nazi party National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB).
Another way of collecting money was borrowing from wealthy Dutch people. As a proof of their investments, they received a worthless old stock, but after the war they could get their money back in exchange for the stock paper.
In 1944, Walraven was the leader of the NSF (National Support Fund); he was also the coordinator of the Kern ("Nucleus") and the Driehoek ("Triangle"), a cooperation of various Dutch resistance groups. The NSF supported a variety of resistance groups and underground papers like Het Parool, Trouw and Vrij Nederland.
Nicknames
Besides being called the banker to the resistance, Walraven had various additional nicknames in the resistance movement to ensure that his real name was not exposed. Notably, he was called the Olieman (The Oilman) for his abilities to lubricate the friction between resistance groups, as well as Barends, Oom Piet (Uncle Pete) and primarily Van Tuyl (or Van Tuyll).
Courier
His personal courier was Hanneke Ippisch, author of the book Sky: a True Story of Courage during World War II. Her job was to find a safe meeting place every Friday for the resistance leaders.
Arrest
On 27 January 1945, the meeting place was given away by a member of the resistance who had been arrested the day before and who wrongly believed the members of the meeting would know he had been arrested and would not attend the meeting. Although the Germans had a vague idea there had to be somebody who coordinated the finances for the resistance, they never found out it was Van Hall. In January 1945, , a founding member of the Dutch resistance, was betrayed by the Dutch collaborator Johan van Lom. Van Vliet broke under torture; as a result, the Germans were led to several leading members of the resistance, including Van Hall.
Execution and burial
Van Hall was subsequently executed in Haarlem alongside seven other resistance members as revenge for the death of a high-ranking police officer. After the war, he was buried in Overveen in the Erebegraafplaats Bloemendaal (Cemetery of Honour).
Honorable distinctions
Van Hall was posthumously awarded by the government with the Dutch Cross of Resistance (Verzetskruis). The United States awarded him with the Medal of Freedom with Gold Palm. Israel recognised him as "Righteous Among The Nations" in 1978 for supporting and funding for between 800 and 900 Jews in hiding during the war.
In honour of his deeds in the resistance, a monument was erected in autumn 2010 near the office of the Dutch Central Bank, at Frederiksplein 40 in Amsterdam-Centrum.
In media
The Resistance Banker (Bankier van het Verzet), directed by Joram Lürsen and starring Barry Atsma as Van Hall, is a 2018 Dutch World War II period drama film based on Van Hall's work to finance the Dutch resistance during the Second World War.
References
External links
Website about Wally van Hall (In Dutch)
Website by historians.
1906 births
1945 deaths
Dutch bankers
Dutch resistance members
Recipients of the Dutch Cross of Resistance
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Businesspeople from Amsterdam
Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
Dutch people executed by Nazi Germany
Dutch Righteous Among the Nations
Dutch civilians killed in World War II |
Tall Zard () is a village in Hana Rural District, Abadeh Tashk District, Neyriz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 289, in 66 families.
References
Populated places in Abadeh Tashk County |
```go
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package util
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/base64"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"strings"
"time"
)
// GetExp returns token expiration time, or error on failures.
func GetExp(token string) (time.Time, error) {
claims, err := parseJwtClaims(token)
if err != nil {
return time.Time{}, err
}
if claims["exp"] == nil {
// The JWT doesn't have "exp", so it's always valid. E.g., the K8s first party JWT.
return time.Time{}, nil
}
var expiration time.Time
switch exp := claims["exp"].(type) {
case float64:
expiration = time.Unix(int64(exp), 0)
case json.Number:
v, _ := exp.Int64()
expiration = time.Unix(v, 0)
}
return expiration, nil
}
// GetAud returns the claim `aud` from the token. Returns nil if not found.
func GetAud(token string) ([]string, error) {
claims, err := parseJwtClaims(token)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
rawAud := claims["aud"]
if rawAud == nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("no aud in the token claims")
}
data, err := json.Marshal(rawAud)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
var singleAud string
if err = json.Unmarshal(data, &singleAud); err == nil {
return []string{singleAud}, nil
}
var listAud []string
if err = json.Unmarshal(data, &listAud); err == nil {
return listAud, nil
}
return nil, err
}
type jwtPayload struct {
// Aud is JWT token audience - used to identify 3p tokens.
// It is empty for the default K8S tokens.
Aud []string `json:"aud"`
}
// ExtractJwtAud extracts the audiences from a JWT token. If aud cannot be parse, the bool will be set
// to false. This distinguishes aud=[] from not parsed.
func ExtractJwtAud(jwt string) ([]string, bool) {
jwtSplit := strings.Split(jwt, ".")
if len(jwtSplit) != 3 {
return nil, false
}
payload := jwtSplit[1]
payloadBytes, err := DecodeJwtPart(payload)
if err != nil {
return nil, false
}
structuredPayload := jwtPayload{}
err = json.Unmarshal(payloadBytes, &structuredPayload)
if err != nil {
return nil, false
}
return structuredPayload.Aud, true
}
func parseJwtClaims(token string) (map[string]any, error) {
parts := strings.Split(token, ".")
if len(parts) != 3 {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("token contains an invalid number of segments: %d, expected: 3", len(parts))
}
// Decode the second part.
claimBytes, err := DecodeJwtPart(parts[1])
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
dec := json.NewDecoder(bytes.NewBuffer(claimBytes))
claims := make(map[string]any)
if err := dec.Decode(&claims); err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode the JWT claims")
}
return claims, nil
}
func DecodeJwtPart(seg string) ([]byte, error) {
if l := len(seg) % 4; l > 0 {
seg += strings.Repeat("=", 4-l)
}
return base64.URLEncoding.DecodeString(seg)
}
``` |
A trunkline or trunk line may refer to:
A natural gas or oil line using pipeline transport
Trunkline LNG, a liquid natural gas plant in Lake Charles, Louisiana
Trunkline Pipeline, a pipeline that runs from Texas and Louisiana to Illinois and Indiana
Trunking trunkline, a main telecommunications link such as a phone line directly connecting exchanges or switchboards at a considerable distance apart
A main transportation link such as:
A main line (railway)
The rail line on Norway Trunk Line
A component of the Michigan State Trunkline Highway System
See also
Main line (disambiguation)
Central line (disambiguation)
Trunk (disambiguation)
Line (disambiguation) |
Holly Parkinson-Hasler (born February 10, 1979) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.
Biography
Parkinson is originally from Bethesda, Maryland, the second oldest of seven children. Her father is an orthopedic surgeon and gulf war veteran. She began playing tennis at the age of eight and went to school at Westfield HS in Houston. Raised as a Mormon, she attended Brigham Young University in Utah.
A right-handed player, Parkinson won six ITF circuit singles titles between 1997 and 1999, then began competing in the main draw of WTA Tour events. Her best performance came at the Advanta Championships of Philadelphia in 2000 where she made the quarter-finals as a lucky loser. After beating Kristina Brandi in the first round, she received a walkover against Chanda Rubin, before being eliminated by third seed Conchita Martínez.
She featured in the main draw of all four grand slam events during her career. After falling in the final round of qualifying at the 2000 Australian Open, Parkinson received direct entry into the main draw of the other three grand slam tournaments that year courtesy of her ranking, which peaked at 85 in the world in November. At the 2000 US Open she lost in the opening round to Anna Kournikova, in a match that was played in the night session on Arthur Ashe Stadium. Her only win in a grand slam main draw came at the 2001 Australian Open where she defeated Spain's Ángeles Montolio, then lost a three-set match to local wildcard Evie Dominikovic.
ITF singles titles (6)
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
American female tennis players
Brigham Young University alumni
American Latter Day Saints
Tennis people from Texas
Sportspeople from Bethesda, Maryland |
The March of Zeitz () was a march of the Holy Roman Empire. It was created by Emperor Otto I in the division of the marca Geronis in 965, following the death of Gero the Great. Its capital was Zeitz. Its first and only margrave was Wigger. In 982, Zeitz was reunited with the marches of Meissen and Merseburg under Ricdag, who thus temporarily reunited all of the southern marca Geronis save the Saxon Ostmark. In 983, Zeitz was overrun by the Sorbs and the marcher territory fell into the hands of the Slavs. Nevertheless, the march of Zeitz, along with the later March of Lusatia, was a recurring division of the Meissen march during the reign of the Emperor Henry II.
Sources
Thompson, James Westfall. Feudal Germany, Volume II. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1928.
Bernhardt, John W. Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936–1075. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Zeitz
Burgenlandkreis
States and territories established in the 960s
960s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
965 establishments
Otto the Great |
William Mure (10 July 1799 – 1 April 1860) was a Scottish scholar and Conservative politician. He sat in the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1846 to 1855 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Renfrewshire and was Laird of Caldwell in Ayrshire.
Early life
William Mure was born on 10 July 1799 at Caldwell House, near Ayrshire. He was the eldest son of William Mure of Caldwell (d. 1831), colonel of the Renfrew militia, and Lord Rector of Glasgow University from 1793 to 1794, and Anne Blair Mure (d. 1854). She was the eldest daughter of Sir James Hunter Blair, 1st Baronet (1741–1787) of Dunskey, Wigtownshire. His paternal grandfather was William Mure (1718–1776), Baron of the Exchequer, and a descendant of the Mures of Rowallan. His younger brother was M.P. and judge David Mure, Lord Mure (1810–1891).
He was educated at Westminster School, at the University of Edinburgh, and afterwards in Germany at the University of Bonn.
Succession
Mure succeeded to the Caldwell estates on his father's death, 9 February 1831.
Career
When he was about twenty-two he contributed to the Edinburgh Review an article on Spanish literature. His first independent publication was Brief Remarks on the Chronology of the Egyptian Dynasties (against Champollion), issued in 1829; (London, 8vo). It was followed in 1832 by A Dissertation on the Calendar and Zodiac of Ancient Egypt (Edinburgh, 8vo).
In 1838, Mure began a tour in Greece, leaving Ancona for Corfu on 17 February. He studied the 'topography of Ithaca, and visited Acarnania, Delphi, Boeotia, Attica, and the Peloponnese. He published an interesting Journal of a Tour in Greece and the Ionian Islands in 1842 (Edinburgh, 8vo). His principal work, A Critical History of the Language and Literature of Antient Greece, was issued 1850–7, London, 8vo ; 2nd edit. 1859, 8vo ; it consists of five volumes, but deals only with a part of the subject, viz. the early history of writing, Homer, Hesiod, the early lyric poets and historians Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon. It contains no account of the dramatists, orators, or any literature subsequent to 380 B.C. Mure also published The Commercial Policy of Pitt and Peel, 1847, 8vo ; Selections from the Family Papers [of the Mures] preserved at Caldwell, Maitland Club, 1854, 8vo ; Remarks on the Appendices to the second vol. 3rd edit, of Mr. Grote's History of Greece, London, 1851, 8vo; and National Criticism in 1858 (on a criticism of Mure's 'History of the Literature of Greece'), London, 1858, 8vo.
Political career
He was M.P. for Renfrewshire from 1846 to 1855 in the conservative interest, but seldom spoke in the house. He was created D.C.L. by Oxford University on 9 June 1833. He was a man of commanding presence, winning manners, and kindly disposition. He was, like his father, for many years colonel of the Renfrewshire militia, and, like his father and grandfather, was Lord Rector of Glasgow University from 1847 to 1848.
Personal life
On 7 February 1825, Mure married Laura Markham, the second daughter of William Markham of Becca Hall, Yorkshire, and granddaughter of William Markham (1719–1807) the Archbishop of York from 1776 to 1807, and had issue three sons and three daughters.
William Mure (1830–1880), who was Lieutenant-Colonel in the Scots Fusilier Guards, M.P. for Renfrewshire from 1874 to 1880.
Charles Reginald Mure, who became an officer in the 43rd light infantry.
Emma Mure (1833–1911), who married Thomas Lister, 3rd Baron Ribblesdale (1828–1876)
He died at Kensington Park Gardens, London, on 1 April 1860, aged 60. Mure is buried in the parish church of Neilston.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
From Caldwell to Tasmania
1799 births
1860 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
Rectors of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish scholars and academics
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
People from North Ayrshire
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
Scottish Tory MPs (pre-1912)
Politics of Renfrewshire |
The law of Virginia consists of several levels of legal rules, including constitutional, statutory, regulatory, case law, and local laws. The Code of Virginia contains the codified legislation that define the general statutory laws for the Commonwealth.
Sources of law in Virginia
The Constitution of Virginia is the foremost source of state law. Legislation is enacted by the General Assembly, published in the Acts of Assembly, and codified in the Code of Virginia. State agency regulations (sometimes called administrative law) are published in the Virginia Register of Regulations and codified in the Virginia Administrative Code. Virginia's legal system is based on common law, which is interpreted by case law through the decisions of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and Circuit Courts, which may be published in the Virginia Reports, Virginia Court of Appeals Reports, and Virginia Circuit Court Opinions, respectively. Counties and municipalities may also promulgate local ordinances.
Constitutions
The foremost source of state law is the Constitution of Virginia. It provides the process for enacting all state legislation, as well as defining the powers of the state government and the basic rights of the people of Virginia. The Virginia Constitution has had six major revisions, as well as many amendments. The current version of the Constitution took effect in 1971, after having been recommended by a "Commission on Constitutional Revision", then approved by the General Assembly, the Governor, and the voters of Virginia.
As with all states, the Virginia Constitution and any other state laws may be superseded by the Constitution of the United States and U.S. federal laws, to the extent those laws conflict with Virginia laws.
Legislation
Pursuant to the state constitution, the Virginia General Assembly has the power to enact legislation. A bill that has been passed by a majority in both the Virginia House and Senate is then sent to the Governor for endorsement. If the bill is either signed by the Governor or left unsigned for thirty days, it will become an official law of the commonwealth. The Governor may also send the bill back with recommended changes or veto it outright. In either of these cases, the legislation would go back to the General Assembly for further action. An attempt to override the Governor's veto requires approval by a two-thirds vote in both houses of the General Assembly.
Its session laws are published in the Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Virginia. They are in turn codified in the Code of Virginia.
Regulations
Pursuant to certain statutes, state agencies have promulgated regulations, also known as administrative law. The Virginia Register of Regulations is the official publication of state government regulations, petitions for rulemaking, emergency regulations, Governor's executive orders, state lottery regulations and director's orders, and State Corporation Commission orders and regulations. The Virginia Administrative Code is the compilation of permanent regulations that have the force of law. The Virginia Register of Regulations is published by the Virginia Code Commission.
Case law
The legal system of Virginia is based on the common law. Like all U.S. states except Louisiana, Virginia has a reception statute providing for the "reception" of English law. All statutes, regulations, and ordinances are subject to judicial review. Pursuant to common law tradition, the courts of Virginia have developed a large body of case law through the decisions of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and circuit courts.
The decisions of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and circuit courts are published in the Virginia Reports, Virginia Court of Appeals Reports, and Virginia Circuit Court Opinions, respectively. Most circuit court decisions are not published. The decisions of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeals are also published in the unofficial South Eastern Reporter.
Opinions are first published online as a slip opinion, a pamphlet that contains only one decision. Slip opinions are then compiled in soft-bound volumes called advance sheets, and assigned citations (volume and page number) for the official reporters. Advance sheets are then compiled and printed in the hard-bound volumes of the reporters.
Local ordinances
The Code of Virginia provides that the maximum penalty for the violation of a local ordinance is the penalty provided by general law for a class 1 misdemeanor.
See also
Topics
Capital punishment in Virginia
Collection of judgments in Virginia
Drug policy of Virginia
Felony murder rule (Virginia)
Gun laws in Virginia
LGBT rights in Virginia
Virginia Civil Procedure
Other
Politics of Virginia
Law enforcement in Virginia
Crime in Virginia
Law of the United States
References
External links
Virginia law from the Virginia Division of Legislative Automated Systems
Constitution of Virginia from the Virginia Division of Legislative Automated Systems
Code of Virginia from the Virginia Division of Legislative Automated Systems
Virginia Administrative Code from the Virginia Division of Legislative Automated Systems
Acts of Assembly chapters from the Virginia Division of Legislative Automated Systems
Virginia Register of Regulations from the Virginia Division of Legislative Services
Court opinions from the Supreme Court of Virginia
Local ordinance codes from Public.Resource.Org
Case law:
Virginia |
Gaustad is a rapid transit station of the Oslo Metro's Holmenkollen Line. It is situated Gaustad neighborhood of the Oslo, Norway, borough of Vestre Aker. Located from Stortinget, the station is served by Line 1 of the metro every fifteen minutes. Travel time to Stortinget is ten minutes. The National Hospital and several research institutes fall within the station's catchment area.
The station opened on 31 May 1898. A station building was constructed in 1903, and served as a waiting room until 1916. From then a waiting shed was used. The station is being considered for a lengthening of the platforms, but this is difficult due to it being located in a sharp curve.
History
Gaustad Station was opened along with the rest of the Holmenkollen Line on 31 May 1898. Villa Birkely was built in 1903, and functioned as a station building. At the time the platforms in both directions were located in front of the house. As part of a line-wide renovation, a standard waiting shed was built, designed by Erik Glosimodt, which was installed in 1916. The platform was at this time moved northwards and by then the indoor waiting room was closed.
The arrival of the station spurred housing development in the area. After the 1940s the area also received some condominiums. The National Hospital was moved to Gaustad in 1999, falling within the catchment area of the station. The station closed in 2009 for the line to be upgraded, and opened again on 6 December 2010. There was not time for an outright upgrade to the stations, so Gaustad remains with its pre-upgrade platforms and amenities.
Service
The station is served by Line 1 of the Oslo Metro. During regular hours, it operates at a 15-minute headway. Travel time to Stortinget is ten minutes. Operations are carried out by Sporveien T-banen on contract with Ruter, the public transport authority in Oslo and Akershus. The infrastructure itself is owned by Sporveien, a municipal company. Service is provided using MX3000 three-car trains. The station had an average 507 boarding passengers in 2008. Although mid-range for the Holmenkollen Line, this is low for the metro overall. Gaustad is located in fare zone 1.
Unlike most of the stations on the Holmenkollen Line, Gaustad does not primarily serve a residential area. It is situated from the National Hospital and the research facilities in Forskningsveien. The station is located within walking distance to at least parts of the University of Oslo campus at Blindern, although these are much better served by the Sognsvann Line. The station is located adjacent to a bus stop with the same name on Ring 3, and as such is an important transfer station for the Holmenkollen Line.
Facilities
Gaustad is a rapid transit station situated on the Holmenkollen Line, from Stortinget in the city center. It is situated at an elevation of above mean sea level. The station is situated in a sharp curve with a radius. The inbound platform is located to the north of the outbound platform, giving an asymmetrical layout. The platforms are much shorter than the norm for the metro and only have space for two cars. There is a waiting shed on the inbound platform designed by Erik Glosimodt.
The original station building, Villa irkely, was a Swiss chalet style residential house. The ground floor was initially a waiting room, while the upper stories had four apartments which were rented out. The building is paneled in wood and has a gabled roof. The building was manufactured by Strømmen Trævarefabrik. A similar station building was erected at Steinerud Station.
Future
There are plans to upgrade the Holmenkollen Line to full metro standard, which includes new platforms. Gaustad represents a conundrum for the planners. It is situated close to Vinderen and Ris; had it not been for it serving important working places this would have caused it to be closed. The station is also located on a curve. The new standard does not allow platforms to be situated on curves, to avoid a gap. There is also limited space in the area, making it difficult to widen the platforms. Should the line receive a further upgrade, both platforms will probably be extended southwards to reach a sufficient length. Another alternative is an outright closure of the station.
References
Oslo Metro stations in Oslo
Railway stations opened in 1898
1898 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1890s |
Black is an unincorporated community in northern Reynolds County, Missouri, United States. It is located on Route 49 on the Middle Fork of the Black River, approximately six miles north-northeast of Centerville and southwest of Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park.
History
A post office called Black has been in operation since 1883. The community has the name of George Black, an early settler.
The Buford–Carty Farmstead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
Education
Lesterville R-IV School District operates the Lesterville Ranch Campus at Black.
Black has a public library, a branch of the Reynolds County Library District.
References
Unincorporated communities in Reynolds County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri |
Osas Ighodaro (Osariemen Martha Elizabeth Ighodaro); born October 26th is a Nigerian American actress, producer, host and humanitarian. She won the Miss Black USA Pageant in 2010, and founded the Joyful Joy Foundation, a non-profit organization that raises funds to fight malaria. Osas emerged as the highest-grossing Nollywood actress of 2018, and was awarded Best Actress in a Drama consecutively at the 2022 and 2023 AMVCA for her roles in Rattlesnake: The Ahanna Story and Man of God,
respectively.
Early life and background
Osas Ighodaro was born and raised in Bronx, New York, United States, to Nigerian parents from Edo State. She obtained her first degree in Broadcast Journalism with dual minor degrees in Entrepreneurship and Theater from Pennsylvania State University. She further obtained a master's degree in Fine Arts from the Actors Studio Drama School at Pace University. She is a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. She is the founder of the Joyful Joy Foundation a non-profit organization which raises awareness and funds to fight Malaria. She is also the founder of Imuetinyan Productions - a film/TV production company whose mission is to produce & develop inspiring, thought-provoking, and entertaining projects for a global audience.
Career
Osas Ighodaro began her professional acting career in New York City after graduating college. She performed in numerous theatre plays and indie films. She moved to Nigeria in 2012 with the intention of returning to the United States after six months, but secured various acting roles including Adanna in Tinsel and has remained in the country ever since.
Some of her film credits include Cadillac Records, The Smart Money Woman and Gbomo Gbomo Express. Her performance in both Rattlesnake: The Ahanna Story and Man of God earned her the 'Best Actress in a Drama' awards at the 2022 & 2023 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards, respectively.
She co-hosted the The Headies 2023, The Headies 2022, 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards and the family show 'Maltina Dance All'. She was listed as a top female celebrity of 2020.
She is managed by longtime manager Chimdinma R. Maduforo .
Personal life
She married Gbenro Ajibade in June 2015. They had their first child in 2016. They divorced shortly after.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
Awards and nominations
See also
List of Nigerian actresses
References
External links
Official website
Osas Ighodaro Ajibade biography with Huffington Post
Osas Ighodaro interview with Toke Makinwa
Pace University alumni
Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications alumni
American people of Nigerian descent
Nigerian television actresses
Nigerian television personalities
Living people
Actresses from the Bronx
Edo people
Miss Black USA delegates
Nigerian beauty pageant contestants
Nigerian film actresses
21st-century Nigerian actresses
American beauty pageant winners
American film actresses
21st-century American actresses
Nigerian humanitarians
American emigrants to Nigeria
1983 births
American television hosts
Nigerian television producers
Pennsylvania State University alumni
American television producers
Actresses from Edo State
American beauty pageant contestants
Nigerian television presenters |
```objective-c
//
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//
#import "Common/GREYSwizzler.h"
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <objc/runtime.h>
#import "Common/GREYDefines.h"
#import "Common/GREYFatalAsserts.h"
typedef NS_ENUM(NSUInteger, GREYMethodType) {
GREYMethodTypeClass,
GREYMethodTypeInstance
};
#pragma mark - GREYResetter
/**
* Utility class to hold original implementation of a method of a class for the purpose of
* resetting.
*/
@interface GREYResetter : NSObject
/**
* @remark init is not an available initializer. Use the other initializers.
*/
- (instancetype)init NS_UNAVAILABLE;
/**
* Designated initializer.
*
* @param originalMethod Method being swizzled
* @param originalIMP Implementation of the method being swizzled
*/
- (instancetype)initWithOriginalMethod:(Method)originalMethod
originalImplementation:(IMP)originalIMP;
/**
* Reset the original method selector to its unmodified/vanilla implementations.
*/
- (void)reset;
@end
@implementation GREYResetter {
Method _originalMethod;
IMP _originalIMP;
}
- (instancetype)initWithOriginalMethod:(Method)originalMethod
originalImplementation:(IMP)originalIMP {
self = [super init];
if (self) {
_originalMethod = originalMethod;
_originalIMP = originalIMP;
}
return self;
}
- (void)reset {
method_setImplementation(_originalMethod, _originalIMP);
}
@end
#pragma mark - GREYSwizzler
@implementation GREYSwizzler {
NSMutableDictionary *_resetters;
}
- (instancetype)init {
self = [super init];
if (self) {
_resetters = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];
}
return self;
}
- (BOOL)resetClassMethod:(SEL)methodSelector class:(Class)klass {
if (!klass || !methodSelector) {
NSLog(@"Nil Parameter(s) found when swizzling.");
return NO;
}
NSString *key = [[self class] grey_keyForClass:klass
selector:methodSelector
type:GREYMethodTypeClass];
GREYResetter *resetter = _resetters[key];
if (resetter) {
[resetter reset];
[_resetters removeObjectForKey:key];
return YES;
} else {
NSLog(@"Resetter was nil for class: %@ and class selector: %@",
NSStringFromClass(klass),
NSStringFromSelector(methodSelector));
return NO;
}
}
- (BOOL)resetInstanceMethod:(SEL)methodSelector class:(Class)klass {
if (!klass || !methodSelector) {
NSLog(@"Nil Parameter(s) found when swizzling.");
return NO;
}
NSString *key = [[self class] grey_keyForClass:klass
selector:methodSelector
type:GREYMethodTypeInstance];
GREYResetter *resetter = _resetters[key];
if (resetter) {
[resetter reset];
[_resetters removeObjectForKey:key];
return YES;
} else {
NSLog(@"Resetter was nil for class: %@ and instance selector: %@",
NSStringFromClass(klass),
NSStringFromSelector(methodSelector));
return NO;
}
}
- (void)resetAll {
for (GREYResetter *resetter in [_resetters allValues]) {
[resetter reset];
}
[_resetters removeAllObjects];
}
- (BOOL)swizzleClass:(Class)klass
replaceClassMethod:(SEL)methodSelector1
withMethod:(SEL)methodSelector2 {
if (!klass || !methodSelector1 || !methodSelector2) {
NSLog(@"Nil Parameter(s) found when swizzling.");
return NO;
}
Method method1 = class_getClassMethod(klass, methodSelector1);
Method method2 = class_getClassMethod(klass, methodSelector2);
// Only swizzle if both methods are found.
if (method1 && method2) {
// Save the current implementations
IMP imp1 = method_getImplementation(method1);
IMP imp2 = method_getImplementation(method2);
[self grey_saveOriginalMethod:method1
originalIMP:imp1
originalClass:klass
swizzledMethod:method2
swizzledIMP:imp2
swizzledClass:klass
methodType:GREYMethodTypeClass];
// To add a class method, we need to get the class meta first.
// path_to_url
Class classMeta = object_getClass(klass);
if (class_addMethod(classMeta, methodSelector1, imp2, method_getTypeEncoding(method2))) {
class_replaceMethod(classMeta, methodSelector2, imp1, method_getTypeEncoding(method1));
} else {
method_exchangeImplementations(method1, method2);
}
return YES;
} else {
NSLog(@"Swizzling Method(s) not found while swizzling class %@.", NSStringFromClass(klass));
return NO;
}
}
- (BOOL)swizzleClass:(Class)klass
replaceInstanceMethod:(SEL)methodSelector1
withMethod:(SEL)methodSelector2 {
if (!klass || !methodSelector1 || !methodSelector2) {
NSLog(@"Nil Parameter(s) found when swizzling.");
return NO;
}
Method method1 = class_getInstanceMethod(klass, methodSelector1);
Method method2 = class_getInstanceMethod(klass, methodSelector2);
// Only swizzle if both methods are found.
if (method1 && method2) {
// Save the current implementations
IMP imp1 = method_getImplementation(method1);
IMP imp2 = method_getImplementation(method2);
[self grey_saveOriginalMethod:method1
originalIMP:imp1
originalClass:klass
swizzledMethod:method2
swizzledIMP:imp2
swizzledClass:klass
methodType:GREYMethodTypeInstance];
if (class_addMethod(klass, methodSelector1, imp2, method_getTypeEncoding(method2))) {
class_replaceMethod(klass, methodSelector2, imp1, method_getTypeEncoding(method1));
} else {
method_exchangeImplementations(method1, method2);
}
return YES;
} else {
NSLog(@"Swizzling Method(s) not found while swizzling class %@.", NSStringFromClass(klass));
return NO;
}
}
- (BOOL)swizzleClass:(Class)klass
addInstanceMethod:(SEL)addSelector
withImplementation:(IMP)addIMP
andReplaceWithInstanceMethod:(SEL)instanceSelector {
if (!klass || !addSelector || !addIMP || !instanceSelector) {
NSLog(@"Nil Parameter(s) found when swizzling.");
return NO;
}
// Check for whether an implementation forwards to a nil selector or not.
// This is caused when you use the incorrect methodForSelector call in order
// to get the implementation for a selector.
void *messageForwardingIMP = dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "_objc_msgForward");
if (addIMP == messageForwardingIMP) {
NSLog(@"Wrong Type of Implementation obtained for selector %@", NSStringFromClass(klass));
return NO;
}
Method instanceMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(klass, instanceSelector);
if (instanceMethod) {
struct objc_method_description *desc = method_getDescription(instanceMethod);
if (!desc || desc->name == NULL) {
NSLog(@"Failed to get method description.");
return NO;
}
if (!class_addMethod(klass, addSelector, addIMP, desc->types)) {
NSLog(@"Failed to add class method.");
return NO;
}
return [self swizzleClass:klass replaceInstanceMethod:instanceSelector withMethod:addSelector];
} else {
NSLog(@"Instance method: %@ does not exist in the class %@.",
NSStringFromSelector(instanceSelector), NSStringFromClass(klass));
return NO;
}
}
#pragma mark - Private
+ (NSString *)grey_keyForClass:(Class)klass selector:(SEL)sel type:(GREYMethodType)methodType {
GREYFatalAssert(klass);
GREYFatalAssert(sel);
NSString *methodTypeString;
if (methodType == GREYMethodTypeClass) {
methodTypeString = @"+";
} else {
methodTypeString = @"-";
}
return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@[%@ %@]",
methodTypeString,
NSStringFromClass(klass),
NSStringFromSelector(sel)];
}
- (void)grey_saveOriginalMethod:(Method)originalMethod
originalIMP:(IMP)originalIMP
originalClass:(Class)originalClass
swizzledMethod:(Method)swizzledMethod
swizzledIMP:(IMP)swizzledIMP
swizzledClass:(Class)swizzledClass
methodType:(GREYMethodType)methodType {
GREYFatalAssert(originalMethod);
GREYFatalAssert(originalIMP);
GREYFatalAssert(originalClass);
GREYFatalAssert(swizzledMethod);
GREYFatalAssert(swizzledIMP);
NSString *keyForOriginal = [[self class] grey_keyForClass:originalClass
selector:method_getName(originalMethod)
type:methodType];
if (!_resetters[keyForOriginal]) {
GREYResetter *resetter = [[GREYResetter alloc] initWithOriginalMethod:originalMethod
originalImplementation:originalIMP];
_resetters[keyForOriginal] = resetter;
}
NSString *keyForSwizzled = [[self class] grey_keyForClass:swizzledClass
selector:method_getName(swizzledMethod)
type:methodType];
if (!_resetters[keyForSwizzled]) {
GREYResetter *resetter = [[GREYResetter alloc] initWithOriginalMethod:swizzledMethod
originalImplementation:swizzledIMP];
_resetters[keyForSwizzled] = resetter;
}
}
@end
``` |
Sarah Jane Steele (born September 16, 1988) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Marissa Gold on the CBS legal drama series The Good Wife (2011–2016) and its CBS All Access spinoff series The Good Fight (2017–2022).
Early life
Steele was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her mother, Katherine A. High, is a hematology oncology physician at the University of Pennsylvania, and her father, George Steele, is an internal medicine physician specializing in nutrition who was on the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Steele graduated with the class of 2006 from The Episcopal Academy, a private school in southeast Pennsylvania. She graduated from Columbia University in 2011 with a B.A. in English.
Career
Steele had her breakout role as Bernice in the 2004 comedy drama film Spanglish. Steele went on to appear in an episode of the crime drama series Law & Order; the dark comedy film Mr. Gibb, which co-stars Hayden Panettiere, Tim Daly and Dan Hedaya; and the drama film Margaret, which co-stars Matt Damon, Matthew Broderick, Anna Paquin, Mark Ruffalo, and Allison Janney.
Steele appeared in the Off-Broadway production of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, which ran in September 2006 to December 2006 at the Acorn Theater. From 2007 to 2008, she appeared in the Off-Broadway play Speech & Debate. From January to March 2012 she appeared in the Off-Broadway play Russian Transport at the Acorn Theatre, playing the role of Mira. In late 2014, Steele made her Broadway debut in The Country House by Donald Margulies, playing the granddaughter, Susie, opposite Blythe Danner. In 2015, she appeared in the play The Humans, first Off-Broadway and then on Broadway. She has also appeared in other Off-Broadway and regional productions.
In 2009, Steele appeared on Gossip Girl as Kira Abernathy, Jenny Humphrey's rival at Cotillion and Eric van der Woodsen's friend. Steele appeared in three episodes of The Good Wife in 2011 as Marissa Gold, the daughter of Eli Gold (Alan Cumming). She reprised the role from 2014 to 2016 in the show's later seasons, appearing in a total of 22 episodes. She went on to reprise the role of Marissa Gold in the Good Wife spinoff series The Good Fight, which premiered on CBS All Access in 2017.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
References
External links
BroadwayWorld.com interview with Sarah Steele, November 1, 2007
1988 births
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Philadelphia
American child actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Episcopal Academy alumni
Living people |
```java
/*-
* #%L
* This file is part of QuPath.
* %%
* Contact: IP Management (ipmanagement@qub.ac.uk)
* %%
* QuPath is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
*
* QuPath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with QuPath. If not, see <path_to_url
* #L%
*/
package qupath.lib.analysis.algorithms;
import java.util.PriorityQueue;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import qupath.lib.analysis.images.SimpleImage;
import qupath.lib.analysis.images.SimpleModifiableImage;
/**
* Implementation of 2D watershed transform.
* <p>
* TODO: Implement any further optimizations added to the ImageJ version
*
* @author Pete Bankhead
*
*/
public class Watershed {
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Watershed.class);
/**
* Apply a 2D watershed transform.
*
* @param ip image containing intensity information
* @param ipLabels image containing starting labels; these will be modified
* @param conn8 true if 8-connectivity should be used; alternative is 4-connectivity
*/
public static void doWatershed(final SimpleImage ip, final SimpleModifiableImage ipLabels, final boolean conn8) {
doWatershed(ip, ipLabels, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, conn8);
}
/**
* Apply a 2D watershed transform, constraining region growing using an intensity threshold.
*
* @param ip image containing intensity information
* @param ipLabels image containing starting labels; these will be modified
* @param minThreshold minimum threshold; labels will not expand into pixels with values below the threshold
* @param conn8 true if 8-connectivity should be used; alternative is 4-connectivity
*/
public static void doWatershed(final SimpleImage ip, final SimpleModifiableImage ipLabels, final double minThreshold, final boolean conn8) {
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
int width = ip.getWidth();
int height = ip.getHeight();
// Create & initialize a priority queue
WatershedQueueWrapper queue = new WatershedQueueWrapper(ip, ipLabels, minThreshold);
// Process the queue
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
PixelWithValue pwv = queue.poll();
float lastLabel;
if (conn8)
lastLabel = getNeighborLabels8(ipLabels, pwv.x, pwv.y, width, height);
else
lastLabel = getNeighborLabels4(ipLabels, pwv.x, pwv.y, width, height);
if (Float.isNaN(lastLabel))
continue;
ipLabels.setValue(pwv.x, pwv.y, lastLabel);
if (conn8)
addNeighboursToQueue8(queue, pwv.x, pwv.y, width, height);
else
addNeighboursToQueue4(queue, pwv.x, pwv.y, width, height);
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
logger.trace(String.format("Watershed time taken: %.2fs", (endTime - startTime)/1000.0));
}
private static float getNeighborLabels4(final SimpleImage ipLabels, final int x, final int y, final int w, final int h) {
float lastLabel = Float.NaN;
if (x > 0) {
float label = ipLabels.getValue(x-1, y);
if (label != 0) {
// if (Float.isNaN(lastLabel))
lastLabel = label;
// else if (lastLabel != label)
// return Float.NaN;
}
}
if (x < w-1) {
float label = ipLabels.getValue(x+1, y);
if (label != 0) {
if (Float.isNaN(lastLabel))
lastLabel = label;
else if (lastLabel != label)
return Float.NaN;
}
}
if (y > 0) {
float label = ipLabels.getValue(x, y-1);
if (label != 0) {
if (Float.isNaN(lastLabel))
lastLabel = label;
else if (lastLabel != label)
return Float.NaN;
}
}
if (y < h-1) {
float label = ipLabels.getValue(x, y+1);
if (label != 0) {
if (Float.isNaN(lastLabel))
lastLabel = label;
else if (lastLabel != label)
return Float.NaN;
}
}
return lastLabel;
}
private static void addNeighboursToQueue4(final WatershedQueueWrapper queue, final int x, final int y , int w, final int h) {
queue.add(x, y-1);
queue.add(x-1, y);
queue.add(x+1, y);
queue.add(x, y+1);
}
private static float getNeighborLabels8(final SimpleImage ipLabels, final int x, final int y, final int w, final int h) {
float lastLabel = Float.NaN;
for (int yy = Math.max(y-1, 0); yy <= Math.min(h-1, y+1); yy++) {
for (int xx = Math.max(x-1, 0); xx <= Math.min(w-1, x+1); xx++) {
if (xx == x && yy == y)
continue;
float label = ipLabels.getValue(xx, yy);
// TODO: CONSIDER USE OF -1 BOUNDARIES
if (label <= 0)
continue;
if (Float.isNaN(lastLabel))
lastLabel = label;
else if (lastLabel != label)
return Float.NaN;
}
}
return lastLabel;
}
private static void addNeighboursToQueue8(final WatershedQueueWrapper queue, final int x, final int y, final int w, final int h) {
queue.add(x-1, y-1);
queue.add(x, y-1);
queue.add(x+1, y-1);
queue.add(x-1, y);
queue.add(x+1, y);
queue.add(x-1, y+1);
queue.add(x, y+1);
queue.add(x+1, y+1);
}
private static final class WatershedQueueWrapper {
private PriorityQueue<PixelWithValue> queue = new PriorityQueue<>();
private boolean[] queued = null;
private long counter = 0;//Long.MIN_VALUE;
private int width, height;
private SimpleImage ip;
public WatershedQueueWrapper(SimpleImage ip, SimpleImage ipLabels, double minThreshold) {
this.ip = ip;
this.width = ip.getWidth();
this.height = ip.getHeight();
// Keep a record of already-queued pixels
queued = new boolean[width * height];
// Loop through and populate the queue sensibly; background assumed to be zero
for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
float val = ip.getValue(x, y);
// Mark below-threshold pixels as queued (even if they aren't...) to indicate they shouldn't be added later
if (val <= minThreshold) {
queued[y * width + x] = true;
continue;
}
// Mark already-labeled pixels as queued as well,
// and add pixels immediately adjacent to a labeled pixel to the queue
if (ipLabels.getValue(x, y) != 0)
queued[y * width + x] = true;
else {
boolean front = (x > 0 && ipLabels.getValue(x-1, y) != 0) ||
(y > 0 && ipLabels.getValue(x, y-1) != 0) ||
(x < width-1 && ipLabels.getValue(x+1, y) != 0) ||
(y > height-1 && ipLabels.getValue(x, y+1) != 0);
if (front) {
queued[y * width + x] = true;
queue.add(new PixelWithValue(x, y, val, ++counter));
}
}
}
}
}
public final void add(int x, int y) {
// Don't add to the queue twice
if (!mayAddToQueue(x, y))
return;
addWithoutCheck(x, y, ip.getValue(x, y));
}
protected final void addWithoutCheck(int x, int y, float val) {
// Add, while storing a count variable, effectively turning the PriorityQueue into a FIFO queue whenever values are equal
// This is necessary to produce reasonable-looking watershed results where there are plateaus (i.e. pixels with the same value)
queue.add(new PixelWithValue(x, y, val, ++counter));
// Keep track of the fact this has been queued - won't need it again
queued[y * width + x] = true;
}
// public final boolean mayAddToQueue(int x, int y) {
// return !queued[y * width + x];
// }
public final boolean mayAddToQueue(int x, int y) {
return x >= 0 && x < width && y >= 0 && y < height && !queued[y * width + x];
}
public final PixelWithValue poll() {
return queue.poll();
}
public final boolean isEmpty() {
return queue.isEmpty();
}
}
private static final class PixelWithValue implements Comparable<PixelWithValue> {
public int x, y;
public float value;
private long count;
public PixelWithValue(final int x, final int y, final float value, final long count) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.value = value;
this.count = count;
}
@Override
public int compareTo(final PixelWithValue pwv) {
// Profiling indicates that the many comparisons are the slowest part of the algorithm...
if (value < pwv.value) {
return 1;
}
else if (value > pwv.value) {
return -1;
}
return count > pwv.count ? 1 : -1;
// // Profiling indicates that the many comparisons are the slowest part of the algorithm...
// if (value > pwv.value)
// return 1;
// else if (value < pwv.value)
// return -1;
// return count > pwv.count ? 1 : -1;
}
}
}
``` |
Crime is present in various forms in the Philippines, and remains a serious issue throughout the country. Illegal drug trade, human trafficking, arms trafficking, murder, corruption and domestic violence remain significant concerns.
Crime by type
Murder
In 2014, the Philippines had a murder rate of 9.84 per 100,000 people, with a number of 9,784 recorded cases. The country also has the highest rate of murder cases in Southeast Asia in 2013, with a rate of 8.8, followed by Thailand. The murder rate in the Philippines reached its peak in 2002 and 2010, with rates of 8.1 (6,553 cases) and 9.5 (8,894 cases).
Organized crime
Organized crime in the Philippines can be linked to certain families or barkadas (groups) who perpetrate crimes ranging from extortion, sale of illegal narcotics and loan sharking to robbery, kidnapping, and murder-for-hire.
Illegal drug trade
Illegal drug trade is a major concern in the Philippines. Meth ("shabu") and marijuana ("weeds" or "damo"), are the most common drugs accounting most drug-related arrests. Most of the illegal drug trade involved members of large Chinese triad groups operating in the Philippines, owing to its location on drug smuggling routes.
Petty crime
Petty crime, which includes pick-pocketing, is a problem in the Philippines. It takes place usually in locations with many people, ranging from shopping hubs to churches. Traveling alone to withdraw cash after dark is a risk, especially for foreigners.
Rape
Domestic violence
Human trafficking
Human trafficking and the prostitution of children is a significant issue in the Philippines, often controlled by organized crime syndicates.
Human trafficking in the country is a crime against humanity.
In an effort to deal with the problem, the Philippines passed Republic Act (R.A.) 9208, the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003, a penal law against human trafficking, sex tourism, sex slavery and child prostitution. Nevertheless, enforcement is reported to be inconsistent.
Prostitution
Prostitution in the Philippines is illegal. It is a serious crime with penalties ranging up to life imprisonment for those involved in trafficking. It is covered by the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act. Prostitution is still sometimes illegally available through brothels (also known as casa), bars, karaoke bars, massage parlors, street walkers and escort services. , one source estimates that there are 800,000 women working as prostitutes in the Philippines, with some of them believed to be underage. While victims are largely female, and according to the current Revised Penal Code, there are in fact a small minority of them who are male.
Corruption and police misconduct
Corruption is a major problem in the Philippines. In 2013, during the country's elections, some 504 political candidates were accused mostly of corruption and some of violent crimes.
See also
List of gangs in the Philippines
References |
The American Rhododendron Society (ARS) is a non-profit organization whose mission is to encourage interest in, and disseminate information about, the genus Rhododendron. Members' experience ranges from novice to expert. The society provides a means through which people interested in rhododendrons and azaleas can communicate and cooperate with others via its publications, events, local and regional meetings and international conferences. Society activities include public education, plant sales, flower shows, seed exchanges, and scientific research. It has chapters throughout the United States and Canada, as well as in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Scotland, Sikkim, and Sweden.
The ARS publishes a quarterly journal, The Journal of the American Rhododendron Society, covering a wide range of topics including rhododendron culture, propagation techniques, hybridization results, public and private gardens, plant portraits, companion plants, plant hunting explorations, rhododendron scientific research, Society news and events, and much more. The journal was first established in April 1947 as the Quarterly Bulletin of the American Rhododendron Society.
The ARS funds research on rhododendrons and azaleas, presents Rhododendron of the Year awards, and gives gold and silver medals to society members for outstanding service.
References
External links
American Rhododendron Society
Non-profit organizations based in New York (state)
Horticultural organizations based in the United States |
```go
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package wasm
import "istio.io/istio/pkg/monitoring"
// Const strings for label value.
const (
// For remote fetch metric.
fetchSuccess = "success"
downloadFailure = "download_failure"
manifestFailure = "manifest_failure"
checksumMismatch = "checksum_mismatched"
// For Wasm conversion metric.
conversionSuccess = "success"
noRemoteLoad = "no_remote_load"
marshalFailure = "marshal_failure"
unmarshalFailure = "unmarshal_failure"
fetchFailure = "fetch_failure"
missRemoteFetchHint = "miss_remote_fetch_hint"
)
var (
hitTag = monitoring.CreateLabel("hit")
resultTag = monitoring.CreateLabel("result")
wasmCacheEntries = monitoring.NewGauge(
"wasm_cache_entries",
"number of Wasm remote fetch cache entries.",
)
wasmCacheLookupCount = monitoring.NewSum(
"wasm_cache_lookup_count",
"number of Wasm remote fetch cache lookups.",
)
wasmRemoteFetchCount = monitoring.NewSum(
"wasm_remote_fetch_count",
"number of Wasm remote fetches and results, including success, download failure, and checksum mismatch.",
)
wasmConfigConversionCount = monitoring.NewSum(
"wasm_config_conversion_count",
"number of Wasm config conversion count and results, including success, no remote load, marshal failure, remote fetch failure, miss remote fetch hint.",
)
wasmConfigConversionDuration = monitoring.NewDistribution(
"wasm_config_conversion_duration",
"Total time in milliseconds istio-agent spends on converting remote load in Wasm config.",
[]float64{1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16384},
)
)
``` |
Andrea Adorno (1980, Catania) is an Italian Army soldier, recipient of the Gold Medal for Military Honour. He is the first Italian officer to receive the medal while still serving in the military.
Career
Adorno served in the 4th Alpini Paratroopers Regiment, where he was deployed in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq. From 2011 to 2018 he served in the 62nd Infantry Regiment "Sicilia" and 4th Alpine Division Cuneense.
On 16 July 2010, he was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour for his service in Afghanistan.
"Alpine paratrooper, during the operation «Maashin IV», aimed at disrupting the Afghan insurgency, after conquering the objective, he was invested with his unit by overwhelming enemy fire. With uncommon courage and absolute contempt for danger, he reached a tactical foothold from which he reacted with his own weapon to the adversary's action. Upon realizing that the enemy was about to fire on the soldiers of another squad of his platoon, he did not hesitate to interpose himself between them and the threat, interdicting the action. Seriously wounded in a leg, he stoically maintained his position guaranteeing the security necessary for the reorganization of his unit. Fulgid example of elective military virtues."
References
Recipients of the Gold Medal of Military Valor
1980 births
Alpini
Italian soldiers
Living people |
```python
"""
"""
# Created on 2014.04.30
#
# Author: Giovanni Cannata
#
#
# This file is part of ldap3.
#
# ldap3 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# ldap3 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
#
# along with ldap3 in the COPYING and COPYING.LESSER files.
# If not, see <path_to_url
# implements RFC4532
from pyasn1.type.univ import NoValue
from ...extend.operation import ExtendedOperation
from ...utils.conv import to_unicode
from ...protocol.rfc4511 import OctetString
class WhoAmI(ExtendedOperation):
def config(self):
self.request_name = '1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.1.11.3'
self.response_attribute = 'authzid'
def populate_result(self):
try:
self.result['authzid'] = to_unicode(self.decoded_response) if self.decoded_response else None
except TypeError:
self.result['authzid'] = self.decoded_response if self.decoded_response else None
``` |
Quaker Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Duanesburg in Schenectady County, New York. The district includes 61 contributing buildings on 43 properties in the hamlet of Quaker Street. It is predominantly residential, consisting mainly of one and one half and two story frame buildings. The district also includes the Quaker Meetinghouse (), McDonald Shoe Factory (), and Darious Gaige Store (). The buildings date from about 1807 to about 1910 and are representative of vernacular Federal and Greek Revival styles.
The property was covered in a 1984 study of Duanesburg historical resources.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
References
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Federal architecture in New York (state)
Greek Revival architecture in New York (state)
Historic districts in Schenectady County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Schenectady County, New York |
Steppin' Out is a 1976 album containing the works of Neil Sedaka. In America it was the third and final album of a trilogy of albums issued by The Rocket Record Company. (Rocket would issue a compilation album, Neil Sedaka's Greatest Hits, in 1977; but it contained no new material.) Outside America Steppin' Out was issued on the Polydor label. In 1998, the Varèse Sarabande label reissued Steppin' Out and included four bonus tracks.
The title track, a #36 hit in the U.S., featured backing vocals by Sedaka's labelmate, Elton John.
Track listing
Side One
"Sing Me"
"You Gotta Make Your Own Sunshine"
"No. 1 with a Heartache"
"Steppin' Out"
"Love in the Shadows"
"Cardboard California"
Side Two
"Here We Are Falling In Love Again"
"I Let You Walk Away"
"Good Times, Good Music, Good Friends"
"Perfect Strangers"
"Bad and Beautiful"
"Summer Nights"
Singles and EPs
Many of the songs on this album were released on 45 rpm singles; some were even included on a 33-1/3 rpm EP album in the UK. Those songs that saw such a release are as follows:
"Love in the Shadows" (No. 16 on US pop charts in 1976)
"Steppin' Out" (No. 36 on US pop charts in 1976)
"I Let You Walk Away" (B-side of "Steppin' Out")
"No. 1 With A Heartache" (issued as a 45 rpm single in the UK on Polydor label; not issued on a 45 in the US)
"Good Times, Good Music, Good Friends" (B-side of "No. 1 With A Heartache" in the UK)
"You Gotta Make Your Own Sunshine" (No. 52 on US pop charts in late 1976-early 1977)
"Perfect Strangers" (B-side of "You Gotta Make Your Own Sunshine")
In 1976, Polydor issued an EP in the UK entitled, "Make Your Own Sunshine". This EP included "You Gotta Make Your Own Sunshine" and "Summer Nights" along with "Tit For Tat" and "New York City Blues", two songs from earlier Neil Sedaka albums.
Varese Sarabande re-release
In 1998, Varèse Sarabande reissued Steppin' Out and included the following bonus tracks:
(13) "(Baby) Don't Let It Mess Your Mind" (B-side of "Love in the Shadows" in the US)
(14) "Time Waits For No One" (it is unknown when this song was recorded)
(15) "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo" (from the Elektra album A Song; No. 44 on US pop charts in 1977)
(16) "Should've Never Let You Go" (duet with daughter Dara Sedaka; from the Elektra album In the Pocket; No. 19 on US pop charts in 1980)
Notes
The songs "Sing Me" and "Cardboard California" were new versions of songs that Sedaka had originally recorded in 1971 for the RCA album Emergence
The bonus song "(Baby) Don't Let It Mess Your Mind" was a new version of a song that had originally been recorded in 1972 for the RCA album Solitaire
"Sing Me" was covered by other artists such as Lou Christie and Helen Reddy, while "Baby, Don't Let It Mess Your Mind" has been covered by other artists, including Yvonne Elliman.
Elton John served as a backup vocal on the title song "Steppin' Out" just as he had done for Sedaka during his recording of "Bad Blood" in 1975.
NBC-TV promoted the release of this album with a primetime TV special, also titled Steppin' Out, in 1976.
The song "Bad And Beautiful" has proven quite popular with Neil Sedaka's fans in Mexico, and with other Spanish-speaking fans throughout Latin America.
"Bad And Beautiful" was reworked for the 1985 anime Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam as the series' ending theme, Hoshizora no Believe (星空のBelieve lit. "Believe in the Starry Sky"), sung by Mami Ayukawa.
1976 albums
Neil Sedaka albums
The Rocket Record Company albums |
```go
package log
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
import (
"log"
"strings"
)
// StandardLogger returns a new Logger which will write the appropriate prefix for standard log Printf calls.
// This allows the given logger to prefix correctly when passed to third-party or standard library functions which only know about the standard Logger interface.
// It does this by wrapping logger's error print as a writer, and sets that as the new Logger's io.Writer.
//
// prefix is a prefix to add, which will be added immediately before messages, but after any existing prefix on logger and the timestamp.
func StandardLogger(logger *log.Logger, prefix string) *log.Logger {
return log.New(&standardLoggerWriter{realLogger: logger, prefix: prefix}, "", 0)
}
type standardLoggerWriter struct {
realLogger *log.Logger
prefix string
}
// Write writes to writer's underlying log, in the standard log format (note this is not the Event log format).
// The writer.realLogger may be nil, in which case this does nothing.
// This always returns len(p) and nil, claiming it successfully wrote even if it didn't.
func (writer *standardLoggerWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
Logln(writer.realLogger, writer.prefix+strings.TrimSpace(string(p)))
return len(p), nil
}
``` |
Leptophytidae is a family of corals belonging to the order Alcyonacea.
Genera:
Circularius McFadden & van Ofwegen, 2017
Leptophyton van Ofwegen & Schleyer, 1997
Porphyrophyton McFadden & van Ofwegen, 2017
Tenerodus McFadden & van Ofwegen, 2017
References
Alcyoniina
Cnidarian families |
Bagrentsi is a village in Kyustendil Municipality, Kyustendil Province, south-western Bulgaria.
References
Villages in Kyustendil Province |
BURN: One Year on the Frontlines of the Battle to Save Detroit is a 2012 American documentary film, produced and directed by Tom Putnam and Brenna Sanchez. It focuses on Engine Company 50 of the Detroit Fire Department, and the city of Detroit as it faces an economic collapse and rising arson and fire rates. The film was executive produced by Denis Leary and Jim Serpico through their production company, Apostle, as well as Steve Tihanyi and Morgan Neville.
Synopsis
The film follows the firefighters of Engine Company 50 of the Detroit Fire Department over the course of a year as they struggle with the highest arson rate in the country, and a lack of funding from the City of Detroit as it approaches bankruptcy. It highlights 3 specific individuals involved with the Detroit Fire Department.
Dave Parnell is a 33-year veteran firefighter, living in the same neighborhood as Engine 50. The film shows Parnell's last year on the job, approaching retirement as he turns 60 years old, and coming to terms with the death of his ailing, longtime wife, Gloria. He acts as the elder philosopher of the firehouse, spouting wisdom on life, firefighting, love, and the current state of Detroit.
Brendan "Doogie" Milewski, is a straight-shooting, adventurous, 11-year firefighter who becomes paralyzed after a wall crashes down on him while fighting a fire. Newly married, Doogie must adjust to life outside of the fire department, and life as a paraplegic.
After spending 30 years with the Los Angeles Fire Department, Detroit-native Don Austin is hired as Detroit Fire Department's new commissioner facing the task of rehabilitating and revitalizing the organization. He must lead the Department despite Detroit's financial crisis and the growing rate of arson in the city's abandoned buildings.
Development
Putnam and Sanchez began work on the film after learning about the November 2008 death of Walter Harris, a Detroit firefighter who was killed while fighting a blaze in a vacated home. Wondering why firefighters would risk their lives to save an abandoned building in a city that has 80,000 abandoned structures, Putnam and Sanchez began investigating the state of the Detroit Fire Department. They began shooting with Engine 50 in August 2009.
Putnam and Sanchez started asking for corporate donors and taking tax-deductible online donations. General Motors made a donation in December 2010 to start filming while fundraising continued. Over the next 13 months, until January 2012, the film crew was embedded with the firefighters. With the exception of two of its Directors of Photography, BURN employed exclusively local crew.
Denis Leary and Jim Serpico ("Rescue Me") joined as BURN's executive producers in 2011.
Release
The film premiered at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival where it won the Audience Award.
Distribution
Despite an overwhelmingly positive response at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival, the film was unable to secure a buyer for distribution. Putnam and Sanchez decided to self-distribute and release BURN by renting out movie theaters in 35 cities across the United States and embarking on a multi-city tour. These screenings were promoted as industry screenings, targeted at local firefighting companies.
Distributor Area 23a began booking the film into AMC Theatres, though Putnam and Sanchez decided to continue self-distribution after seeing a large difference in profits between the AMC screenings and their own screenings.
In Spring 2013, BURN played in 170 cities across the United States in four-walled screenings.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, the film has a score of 100% based on 16 reviews with an average rating of 8 out of 10. The Washington Post called it "An emotional character study of a group of heroic, yet very human, individuals."
Home media
BURN was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on June 18, 2013.
References
External links
Detroit Fire Department
2012 films
Films set in Detroit
American documentary films
Films about firefighting
Documentary films about Detroit
2010s English-language films
2010s American films |
Grenville County is a former county in the Canadian province of Ontario. It fronted on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River, between the towns of Kingston and Cornwall. The county was created in 1792, and named in honour of William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, who was the British Secretary of State responsible for the colonies in 1790. It consisted of five townships, which were settled primarily by United Empire Loyalists in the late 1700s after the Revolutionary War. Prior to being settled by Europeans, the area was home to many generations of native cultures. Grenville County merged with Leeds County in 1850 to create Leeds and Grenville County. The county covered an area of .
History
Prior to European settlement, numerous Native American villages were present in Grenville County; when the settlers first arrived, these natives still occupied the area and were essentially forced out by the settlements. The French briefly occupied this area at present-day Johnstown, in what was to become Edwardsburgh township, and at Pointe au Baril (present day Maitland) in what would be Augusta township. These French settlements date back to 1670 and 1759 respectively.
In the late 1700s while the region was part of the British Lununberg District in the Province of Quebec, land was surveyed in and around what would later become Grenville County to be distributed as land grants to the United Empire Loyalists and their families for their loyalty to the Crown. The emphasis of the Crown government was on military defense, economic growth and political stability. The strategy was to increase the population, maintain efficient military districts, and develop political counties and townships to be dotted with agricultural hamlets and towns and commercially-oriented cities. There was not emphasis on industrial development because of lack of basic infrastructure in the region. The first townships laid out were called the Royal Townships. Situated along the St. Lawrence River where land was most productive and travel was convenient, two of these townships were to become part of Grenville County – Edwardsburgh, Royal Township Six, and Augusta, Royal Township Seven. In 1791 the Province of Upper Canada was created from part of the Province of Quebec. The Upper Canada partition of Lunenberg District was renamed Eastern District in 1792; Grenville County was one of the counties created in 1792. Shortly after the Loyalist refugee arrivals, Irish and Scottish immigrants began to settle in the area as well.
The European settlers dotted the new townships with small agricultural communities which were mostly self-sustaining. These communities were established out of necessity, as roads in the area were not well-established during nineteenth century and people were travelling on foot or via horse and buggy. Every few kilometres, a village or hamlet was usually present; these villages usually each had their own churches, schools, cemeteries and temperance halls, as well as pioneer businesses such as cheese factories, saw and grist mills, blacksmiths, limekilns, post offices, general stores or asheries. Most residents made their living through small-scale mixed farming operations. But there was an ennui; the Durham Report led to merging the Colony of Upper Canada on 10 February 1841 as Canada West into the (United) Province of Canada, thus assuring lower cost funding for long term improvements in Canada West and more dynamic prospects in British North America.
One reason counties existed was so inhabitants could conduct legal transactions efficiently, as each county was the seat of a county court. As transportation improved within some counties, their political consolidation with neighboring counties could occur leading to better integration and centralization efficiencies. On 1 January 1850, Grenville county was amalgamated with the neighbouring county of Leeds, to become the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, while Johnstown District was abolished. Prior to confederation, the area of Upper Canada was divided by districts, which held the counties, which held the townships; districts changed often in name and in area making records from this era appear confusing. During the mid-1800s within Canada West, counties began amalgamating as transportation improved and the districts were dropped as counties increased in population. At the founding of the Dominion of Canada on 1 July 1867, Grenville County, amalgamated with Leeds, became part of Ontario, with Ontario now being divided neatly by counties.
Territorial evolution
The original county was constituted in 1792, and was an electoral district for the new Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada:
In 1798, the Parliament of Upper Canada withdrew parts of Grenville and Leeds to form Carleton County and the three counties together were constituted as Johnstown District, effective at the beginning of 1800. Grenville consisted of the following townships:
In 1838, the townships of Marlborough and North Gower were transferred to Carleton County, and the township of Montague was transferred to Lanark County.
When the Johnstown District was abolished in 1850, Grenville County was united with Leeds County to form the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville.
Original townships
The five remaining townships at 1838 were Augusta, Edwardsburgh, Oxford-on-Rideau, South Gower, and Wolford.
Augusta township (still exists), covers an area of . It was first surveyed in 1783, and was named in honour of Princess Augusta Sophia, second daughter and sixth child of George III. This township is located along the southern border of Leeds and Grenville along the St. Lawrence River.
Edwardsburgh township (now Edwardsburgh/Cardinal), covers an area of . The township was first surveyed in 1783, and was named in honour of Prince Edward, fourth son and fifth child of George III. This township is located along the southern border of Leeds and Grenville along the St. Lawrence River, east of Augusta township.
Oxford-on-Rideau township (Now part of North Grenville), covered an area of and was first surveyed in 1791. The township was later amalgamated in the 1990s with South Gower township and the town of Kemptville to become North Grenville. This township was located north of both Edwardsburgh and Augusta townships, between Wolford and South Gower.
South Gower township (Now part of North Grenville), covered an area of and was first surveyed in 1799. This township was located north of Edwardsburgh.
Wolford township (now the village-status municipality of Merrickville-Wolford) covered an area of and was first surveyed in 1795. It was named for the Devonshire seat of John Graves Simcoe. This township was located west of Oxford-on-Rideau, and north of Augusta. In the 1990s, Wolford township became known as its own municipality, and was renamed Merrickville–Wolford.
See also
List of Ontario census divisions
List of townships in Ontario
Augusta Township
Edwardsburgh/Cardinal Township
North Grenville Township
Leeds and Grenville County
Johnstown, Ontario
Spencerville, Ontario
Maitland, Ontario
North Augusta, Ontario
Prescott, Ontario
Kemptville, Ontario
Merrickville–Wolford, Ontario
Upper Canada
References
External links
1951 map of Grenville County
Former counties in Ontario |
The Campeonato Paranaense de Futebol Feminino is the women's football state championship of Paraná State, and is contested since 1998.
List of champions
Following is the list with all recognized titles of Campeonato Paranaense Feminino:
Titles by team
Teams in bold stills active.
By city
References
External links
Paranaense Feminino
Paranaense
Paranaense Feminino |
```python
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
import logging
import pprint
from typing import (
Any,
Callable,
Collection,
Dict,
ItemsView,
KeysView,
List,
Optional,
Set,
Tuple,
Type,
Union,
ValuesView,
)
from ray.rllib.core.models.specs.typing import SpecType
from ray.rllib.core.rl_module.rl_module import RLModule, RLModuleSpec
from ray.rllib.policy.sample_batch import MultiAgentBatch
from ray.rllib.utils import force_list
from ray.rllib.utils.annotations import (
ExperimentalAPI,
override,
OverrideToImplementCustomLogic,
)
from ray.rllib.utils.checkpoints import Checkpointable
from ray.rllib.utils.deprecation import Deprecated
from ray.rllib.utils.serialization import serialize_type, deserialize_type
from ray.rllib.utils.typing import ModuleID, StateDict, T
from ray.util.annotations import PublicAPI
logger = logging.getLogger("ray.rllib")
@PublicAPI(stability="alpha")
class MultiRLModule(RLModule):
"""Base class for an RLModule that contains n sub-RLModules.
This class holds a mapping from ModuleID to underlying RLModules. It provides
a convenient way of accessing each individual module, as well as accessing all of
them with only one API call. Whether a given module is trainable is
determined by the caller of this class (not the instance of this class itself).
The extension of this class can include any arbitrary neural networks as part of
the MultiRLModule. For example, a MultiRLModule can include a shared encoder network
that is used by all the individual (single-agent) RLModules. It is up to the user
to decide how to implement this class.
The default implementation assumes the data communicated as input and output of
the APIs in this class are `MultiAgentBatch` types. The `MultiRLModule` simply
loops through each `module_id`, and runs the forward pass of the corresponding
`RLModule` object with the associated `SampleBatch` within the `MultiAgentBatch`.
It also assumes that the underlying RLModules do not share any parameters or
communication with one another. The behavior of modules with such advanced
communication would be undefined by default. To share parameters or communication
between the underlying RLModules, you should implement your own
`MultiRLModule` subclass.
"""
def __init__(self, config: Optional["MultiRLModuleConfig"] = None) -> None:
"""Initializes a MultiRLModule instance.
Args:
config: An optional MultiRLModuleConfig to use. If None, will use
`MultiRLModuleConfig()` as default config.
"""
super().__init__(config or MultiRLModuleConfig())
@override(RLModule)
def setup(self):
"""Sets up the underlying RLModules."""
self._rl_modules = {}
self.__check_module_configs(self.config.modules)
# Make sure all individual RLModules have the same framework OR framework=None.
framework = None
for module_id, module_spec in self.config.modules.items():
self._rl_modules[module_id] = module_spec.build()
if framework is None:
framework = self._rl_modules[module_id].framework
else:
assert self._rl_modules[module_id].framework in [None, framework]
self.framework = framework
@OverrideToImplementCustomLogic
@override(RLModule)
def get_initial_state(self) -> Any:
# TODO (sven): Replace by call to `self.foreach_module`, but only if this method
# supports returning dicts.
ret = {}
for module_id, module in self._rl_modules.items():
ret[module_id] = module.get_initial_state()
return ret
@OverrideToImplementCustomLogic
@override(RLModule)
def is_stateful(self) -> bool:
initial_state = self.get_initial_state()
assert isinstance(initial_state, dict), (
"The initial state of an RLModule must be a dict, but is "
f"{type(initial_state)} instead."
)
return bool(any(sa_init_state for sa_init_state in initial_state.values()))
@classmethod
def __check_module_configs(cls, module_configs: Dict[ModuleID, Any]):
"""Checks the module configs for validity.
The module_configs be a mapping from module_ids to RLModuleSpec
objects.
Args:
module_configs: The module configs to check.
Raises:
ValueError: If the module configs are invalid.
"""
for module_id, module_spec in module_configs.items():
if not isinstance(module_spec, RLModuleSpec):
raise ValueError(f"Module {module_id} is not a RLModuleSpec object.")
def items(self) -> ItemsView[ModuleID, RLModule]:
"""Returns a keys view over the module IDs in this MultiRLModule."""
return self._rl_modules.items()
def keys(self) -> KeysView[ModuleID]:
"""Returns a keys view over the module IDs in this MultiRLModule."""
return self._rl_modules.keys()
def values(self) -> ValuesView[ModuleID]:
"""Returns a keys view over the module IDs in this MultiRLModule."""
return self._rl_modules.values()
def __len__(self) -> int:
"""Returns the number of RLModules within this MultiRLModule."""
return len(self._rl_modules)
@override(RLModule)
def as_multi_rl_module(self) -> "MultiRLModule":
"""Returns self in order to match `RLModule.as_multi_rl_module()` behavior.
This method is overridden to avoid double wrapping.
Returns:
The instance itself.
"""
return self
def add_module(
self,
module_id: ModuleID,
module: RLModule,
*,
override: bool = False,
) -> None:
"""Adds a module at run time to the multi-agent module.
Args:
module_id: The module ID to add. If the module ID already exists and
override is False, an error is raised. If override is True, the module
is replaced.
module: The module to add.
override: Whether to override the module if it already exists.
Raises:
ValueError: If the module ID already exists and override is False.
Warnings are raised if the module id is not valid according to the
logic of ``validate_module_id()``.
"""
from ray.rllib.core.rl_module import validate_module_id
validate_module_id(module_id)
if module_id in self._rl_modules and not override:
raise ValueError(
f"Module ID {module_id} already exists. If your intention is to "
"override, set override=True."
)
# Set our own inference_only flag to False as soon as any added Module
# has `inference_only=False`.
if not module.config.inference_only:
self.config.inference_only = False
self._rl_modules[module_id] = module
# Update our `MultiRLModuleConfig`, such that - if written to disk -
# it'll allow for proper restoring this instance through `.from_checkpoint()`.
self.config.modules[module_id] = RLModuleSpec.from_module(module)
def remove_module(
self, module_id: ModuleID, *, raise_err_if_not_found: bool = True
) -> None:
"""Removes a module at run time from the multi-agent module.
Args:
module_id: The module ID to remove.
raise_err_if_not_found: Whether to raise an error if the module ID is not
found.
Raises:
ValueError: If the module ID does not exist and raise_err_if_not_found is
True.
"""
if raise_err_if_not_found:
self._check_module_exists(module_id)
del self._rl_modules[module_id]
del self.config.modules[module_id]
def foreach_module(
self, func: Callable[[ModuleID, RLModule, Optional[Any]], T], **kwargs
) -> List[T]:
"""Calls the given function with each (module_id, module).
Args:
func: The function to call with each (module_id, module) tuple.
Returns:
The lsit of return values of all calls to
`func([module_id, module, **kwargs])`.
"""
return [
func(module_id, module.unwrapped(), **kwargs)
for module_id, module in self._rl_modules.items()
]
def __contains__(self, item) -> bool:
"""Returns whether the given `item` (ModuleID) is present in self."""
return item in self._rl_modules
def __getitem__(self, module_id: ModuleID) -> RLModule:
"""Returns the RLModule with the given module ID.
Args:
module_id: The module ID to get.
Returns:
The RLModule with the given module ID.
Raises:
KeyError: If `module_id` cannot be found in self.
"""
self._check_module_exists(module_id)
return self._rl_modules[module_id]
def get(
self,
module_id: ModuleID,
default: Optional[RLModule] = None,
) -> Optional[RLModule]:
"""Returns the module with the given module ID or default if not found in self.
Args:
module_id: The module ID to get.
Returns:
The RLModule with the given module ID or `default` if `module_id` not found
in `self`.
"""
if module_id not in self._rl_modules:
return default
return self._rl_modules[module_id]
@override(RLModule)
def output_specs_train(self) -> SpecType:
return []
@override(RLModule)
def output_specs_inference(self) -> SpecType:
return []
@override(RLModule)
def output_specs_exploration(self) -> SpecType:
return []
@override(RLModule)
def _default_input_specs(self) -> SpecType:
"""MultiRLModule should not check the input specs.
The underlying single-agent RLModules will check the input specs.
"""
return []
@override(RLModule)
def _forward_train(
self, batch: MultiAgentBatch, **kwargs
) -> Union[Dict[str, Any], Dict[ModuleID, Dict[str, Any]]]:
"""Runs the forward_train pass.
TODO(avnishn, kourosh): Review type hints for forward methods.
Args:
batch: The batch of multi-agent data (i.e. mapping from module ids to
SampleBaches).
Returns:
The output of the forward_train pass the specified modules.
"""
return self._run_forward_pass("forward_train", batch, **kwargs)
@override(RLModule)
def _forward_inference(
self, batch: MultiAgentBatch, **kwargs
) -> Union[Dict[str, Any], Dict[ModuleID, Dict[str, Any]]]:
"""Runs the forward_inference pass.
TODO(avnishn, kourosh): Review type hints for forward methods.
Args:
batch: The batch of multi-agent data (i.e. mapping from module ids to
SampleBaches).
Returns:
The output of the forward_inference pass the specified modules.
"""
return self._run_forward_pass("forward_inference", batch, **kwargs)
@override(RLModule)
def _forward_exploration(
self, batch: MultiAgentBatch, **kwargs
) -> Union[Dict[str, Any], Dict[ModuleID, Dict[str, Any]]]:
"""Runs the forward_exploration pass.
TODO(avnishn, kourosh): Review type hints for forward methods.
Args:
batch: The batch of multi-agent data (i.e. mapping from module ids to
SampleBaches).
Returns:
The output of the forward_exploration pass the specified modules.
"""
return self._run_forward_pass("forward_exploration", batch, **kwargs)
@override(RLModule)
def get_state(
self,
components: Optional[Union[str, Collection[str]]] = None,
*,
not_components: Optional[Union[str, Collection[str]]] = None,
inference_only: bool = False,
**kwargs,
) -> StateDict:
state = {}
for module_id, rl_module in self.get_checkpointable_components():
if self._check_component(module_id, components, not_components):
state[module_id] = rl_module.get_state(
components=self._get_subcomponents(module_id, components),
not_components=self._get_subcomponents(module_id, not_components),
inference_only=inference_only,
)
return state
@override(RLModule)
def set_state(self, state: StateDict) -> None:
"""Sets the state of the multi-agent module.
It is assumed that the state_dict is a mapping from module IDs to the
corresponding module's state. This method sets the state of each module by
calling their set_state method. If you want to set the state of some of the
RLModules within this MultiRLModule your state_dict can only include the
state of those RLModules. Override this method to customize the state_dict for
custom more advanced multi-agent use cases.
Args:
state: The state dict to set.
"""
for module_id, module_state in state.items():
if module_id in self:
self._rl_modules[module_id].set_state(module_state)
@override(Checkpointable)
def get_checkpointable_components(self) -> List[Tuple[str, Checkpointable]]:
return list(self._rl_modules.items())
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"MARL({pprint.pformat(self._rl_modules)})"
def _run_forward_pass(
self,
forward_fn_name: str,
batch: Dict[ModuleID, Any],
**kwargs,
) -> Dict[ModuleID, Dict[ModuleID, Any]]:
"""This is a helper method that runs the forward pass for the given module.
It uses forward_fn_name to get the forward pass method from the RLModule
(e.g. forward_train vs. forward_exploration) and runs it on the given batch.
Args:
forward_fn_name: The name of the forward pass method to run.
batch: The batch of multi-agent data (i.e. mapping from module ids to
SampleBaches).
**kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the forward function.
Returns:
The output of the forward pass the specified modules. The output is a
mapping from module ID to the output of the forward pass.
"""
outputs = {}
for module_id in batch.keys():
self._check_module_exists(module_id)
rl_module = self._rl_modules[module_id]
forward_fn = getattr(rl_module, forward_fn_name)
outputs[module_id] = forward_fn(batch[module_id], **kwargs)
return outputs
def _check_module_exists(self, module_id: ModuleID) -> None:
if module_id not in self._rl_modules:
raise KeyError(
f"Module with module_id {module_id} not found. "
f"Available modules: {set(self.keys())}"
)
@PublicAPI(stability="alpha")
@dataclass
class MultiRLModuleSpec:
"""A utility spec class to make it constructing MultiRLModules easier.
Users can extend this class to modify the behavior of base class. For example to
share neural networks across the modules, the build method can be overriden to
create the shared module first and then pass it to custom module classes that would
then use it as a shared module.
Args:
multi_rl_module_class: The class of the MultiRLModule to construct. By
default it is set to MultiRLModule class. This class simply loops
throught each module and calls their foward methods.
module_specs: The module specs for each individual module. It can be either a
RLModuleSpec used for all module_ids or a dictionary mapping
from module IDs to RLModuleSpecs for each individual module.
load_state_path: The path to the module state to load from. NOTE: This must be
an absolute path. NOTE: If the load_state_path of this spec is set, and
the load_state_path of one of the RLModuleSpecs' is also set,
the weights of that RL Module will be loaded from the path specified in
the RLModuleSpec. This is useful if you want to load the weights
of a MultiRLModule and also manually load the weights of some of the RL
modules within that MultiRLModule from other checkpoints.
modules_to_load: A set of module ids to load from the checkpoint. This is
only used if load_state_path is set. If this is None, all modules are
loaded.
"""
multi_rl_module_class: Type[MultiRLModule] = MultiRLModule
inference_only: bool = False
# TODO (sven): Once we support MultiRLModules inside other MultiRLModules, we would
# need this flag in here as well, but for now, we'll leave it out for simplicity.
# learner_only: bool = False
module_specs: Union[RLModuleSpec, Dict[ModuleID, RLModuleSpec]] = None
load_state_path: Optional[str] = None
modules_to_load: Optional[Set[ModuleID]] = None
# To be deprecated (same as `multi_rl_module_class`).
marl_module_class: Type[MultiRLModule] = MultiRLModule
def __post_init__(self):
if self.module_specs is None:
raise ValueError(
"Module_specs cannot be None. It should be either a "
"RLModuleSpec or a dictionary mapping from module IDs to "
"RLModuleSpecs for each individual module."
)
def get_multi_rl_module_config(self) -> "MultiRLModuleConfig":
"""Returns the MultiRLModuleConfig for this spec."""
return MultiRLModuleConfig(
# Only set `inference_only=True` if all single-agent specs are
# `inference_only`.
inference_only=all(
spec.inference_only for spec in self.module_specs.values()
),
modules=self.module_specs,
)
@OverrideToImplementCustomLogic
def build(self, module_id: Optional[ModuleID] = None) -> RLModule:
"""Builds either the multi-agent module or the single-agent module.
If module_id is None, it builds the multi-agent module. Otherwise, it builds
the single-agent module with the given module_id.
Note: If when build is called the module_specs is not a dictionary, it will
raise an error, since it should have been updated by the caller to inform us
about the module_ids.
Args:
module_id: The module_id of the single-agent module to build. If None, it
builds the multi-agent module.
Returns:
The built module. If module_id is None, it returns the multi-agent module.
"""
self._check_before_build()
# ModuleID provided, return single-agent RLModule.
if module_id:
return self.module_specs[module_id].build()
# Return MultiRLModule.
module_config = self.get_multi_rl_module_config()
module = self.multi_rl_module_class(module_config)
return module
def add_modules(
self,
module_specs: Dict[ModuleID, RLModuleSpec],
override: bool = True,
) -> None:
"""Add new module specs to the spec or updates existing ones.
Args:
module_specs: The mapping for the module_id to the single-agent module
specs to be added to this multi-agent module spec.
override: Whether to override the existing module specs if they already
exist. If False, they are only updated.
"""
if self.module_specs is None:
self.module_specs = {}
for module_id, module_spec in module_specs.items():
if override or module_id not in self.module_specs:
# Disable our `inference_only` as soon as any single-agent module has
# `inference_only=False`.
if not module_spec.inference_only:
self.inference_only = False
self.module_specs[module_id] = module_spec
else:
self.module_specs[module_id].update(module_spec)
def remove_modules(self, module_ids: Union[ModuleID, Collection[ModuleID]]) -> None:
"""Removes the provided ModuleIDs from this MultiRLModuleSpec.
Args:
module_ids: Collection of the ModuleIDs to remove from this spec.
"""
for module_id in force_list(module_ids):
self.module_specs.pop(module_id, None)
@classmethod
def from_module(self, module: MultiRLModule) -> "MultiRLModuleSpec":
"""Creates a MultiRLModuleSpec from a MultiRLModule.
Args:
module: The MultiRLModule to create the spec from.
Returns:
The MultiRLModuleSpec.
"""
# we want to get the spec of the underlying unwrapped module that way we can
# easily reconstruct it. The only wrappers that we expect to support today are
# wrappers that allow us to do distributed training. Those will be added back
# by the learner if necessary.
module_specs = {
module_id: RLModuleSpec.from_module(rl_module.unwrapped())
for module_id, rl_module in module._rl_modules.items()
}
multi_rl_module_class = module.__class__
return MultiRLModuleSpec(
multi_rl_module_class=multi_rl_module_class,
inference_only=module.config.inference_only,
module_specs=module_specs,
)
def _check_before_build(self):
if not isinstance(self.module_specs, dict):
raise ValueError(
f"When build() is called on {self.__class__}, the module_specs "
"should be a dictionary mapping from module IDs to "
"RLModuleSpecs for each individual module."
)
def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
"""Converts the MultiRLModuleSpec to a dictionary."""
return {
"multi_rl_module_class": serialize_type(self.multi_rl_module_class),
"inference_only": self.inference_only,
"module_specs": {
module_id: module_spec.to_dict()
for module_id, module_spec in self.module_specs.items()
},
}
@classmethod
def from_dict(cls, d) -> "MultiRLModuleSpec":
"""Creates a MultiRLModuleSpec from a dictionary."""
return MultiRLModuleSpec(
multi_rl_module_class=deserialize_type(d["multi_rl_module_class"]),
inference_only=d["inference_only"],
module_specs={
module_id: RLModuleSpec.from_dict(module_spec)
for module_id, module_spec in d["module_specs"].items()
},
)
def update(
self,
other: Union["MultiRLModuleSpec", RLModuleSpec],
override: bool = False,
) -> None:
"""Updates this spec with the other spec.
Traverses this MultiRLModuleSpec's module_specs and updates them with
the module specs from the other MultiRLModuleSpec.
Args:
other: The other spec to update this spec with.
override: Whether to override the existing module specs if they already
exist. If False, they are only updated.
"""
if isinstance(other, RLModuleSpec):
# Disable our `inference_only` as soon as any single-agent module has
# `inference_only=False`.
if not other.inference_only:
self.inference_only = False
for mid, spec in self.module_specs.items():
self.module_specs[mid].update(other, override=False)
elif isinstance(other.module_specs, dict):
self.add_modules(other.module_specs, override=override)
else:
assert isinstance(other, MultiRLModuleSpec)
if not self.module_specs:
self.inference_only = other.inference_only
self.module_specs = other.module_specs
else:
if not other.inference_only:
self.inference_only = False
self.module_specs.update(other.module_specs)
def as_multi_rl_module_spec(self) -> "MultiRLModuleSpec":
"""Returns self in order to match `RLModuleSpec.as_multi_rl_module_spec()`."""
return self
def __contains__(self, item) -> bool:
"""Returns whether the given `item` (ModuleID) is present in self."""
return item in self.module_specs
def __getitem__(self, item) -> RLModuleSpec:
"""Returns the RLModuleSpec under the ModuleID."""
return self.module_specs[item]
@Deprecated(new="MultiRLModuleSpec.as_multi_rl_module_spec()", error=True)
def as_multi_agent(self):
pass
@Deprecated(new="MultiRLModuleSpec.get_multi_rl_module_config", error=True)
def get_marl_config(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
# TODO (sven): Shouldn't we simply use this class inside MultiRLModuleSpec instead
# of duplicating all data records (e.g. `inference_only`) in `MultiRLModuleSpec`?
# Same for RLModuleSpec, which should use RLModuleConfig instead of
# duplicating all settings, e.g. `observation_space`, `inference_only`, ...
@ExperimentalAPI
@dataclass
class MultiRLModuleConfig:
inference_only: bool = False
modules: Dict[ModuleID, RLModuleSpec] = field(default_factory=dict)
def to_dict(self):
return {
"inference_only": self.inference_only,
"modules": {
module_id: module_spec.to_dict()
for module_id, module_spec in self.modules.items()
},
}
@classmethod
def from_dict(cls, d) -> "MultiRLModuleConfig":
return cls(
inference_only=d["inference_only"],
modules={
module_id: RLModuleSpec.from_dict(module_spec)
for module_id, module_spec in d["modules"].items()
},
)
``` |
The Lei River () is a right-bank tributary of the middle Xiang River in Hunan, China. It is also the longest tributary and has the second largest drainage system of the Xiang tributaries after the Xiao River. The Lei River has two sources: the Zhejiang River (), which rises in the Leishan Mountains () in the south of Rucheng County, and the Ou River (), which rises in the Wanyang Mountains () in the north of Guidong County. The two rivers join at Huangcaoping (), Zixing City. The main stream of the Lei River runs generally south to northwest through Rucheng, Zixing, Suxian, Yongxing, Leiyang, Hengnan and Zhuhui counties and joins the Xiang at Leihekou () of Zhuhui District of Hengyang. The main stream of the Lei River has a length of , with its tributaries, and the drainage basin covers an area of .
References
Rivers of Hunan |
Olenus () or Olenum was a polis (city-state) in ancient Achaea, Greece. It was an original member of the Achaean League, one of the 12 Achaean cities, situated on the coast, and on the left bank of the river Peirus, 40 stadia from Dyme, and 80 stadia from Patrae. On the revival of the Achaean League in 280 BCE, it appears that Olenus was still in existence, as Strabo says that it did not join the league; but the inhabitants subsequently abandoned the town, and retired to the neighbouring villages of Peirae (Πειραί), and Euryteiae (Εὐρυτειαί), and to Dyme. In the time of Polybius, however, Olenus was no longer inhabited; and in the time of Pausanias (2nd century) it was in ruins, and its territory belonged to Dyme.
Its site is located near the modern Tsoukalaiika/Kamenitsa.
Rulers
Olenus:eponymous first ruler of olenus.
Crinacus:Second king of Olenus (according to Diodorus Siculus)
References
Populated places in ancient Achaea
Former populated places in Greece
Achaean city-states |
Silent Line: Armored Core, known in Japan as , is a 2003 third-person shooter mecha video game developed by FromSoftware for the PlayStation 2. It is the seventh entry in the Armored Core series and a direct sequel to 2002's Armored Core 3. In 2009, Silent Line: Armored Core was ported to the PlayStation Portable.
Some time after the liberation of the underground city Layered in Armored Core 3, mankind has begun reclaiming the surface. The corporations explore the world and expand their reach, constructing factories and fortresses on the new lands. While exploring the planet, several teams vanish behind the border of a mysterious region known as the Silent Line. The player takes the role of a newly-registered Raven who must unravel the secrets of the region.
Gameplay in Silent Line offers incremental feature updates to the franchise, namely the addition of player-trained computer-controlled versions of the player's Armored Core and a first-person view. Otherwise, the game retains its core structure of customizing mechs, taking on missions or fighting in the Arena, and multiplayer versus modes.
Gameplay
Like its predecessor, Silent Line retains the series' core gameplay mechanics. Players operate customizable Armored Core mechs and take on missions for various clients, usually corporations. Completing missions earns the player credits after costs for repairs and fees for AI helpers are deducted. There are hundreds of parts that can be used to fully customize a player's mech, allowing them to approach missions with different equipment options. As an expansion to Armored Core 3, the game allows players to import save data and retain their Armored Cores, earned credits, and emblems.
An Arena mode allows players to raise additional funds and parts outside of the normal missions structure. Here, they face off against computer-controlled opponents and gain ranks based on their performance. Additional features include the ability to use AI companions and train computer-controlled counterparts to the player so they can play against a trained version of their own Armored Core. Players can also utilize a brand new first-person mode when piloting their mechs.
Returning from previous games is the franchise's local multiplayer options. Players can fight each other in split-screen modes or by linking multiple PlayStation 2 consoles together via Sony I-link Fire Wire cable. The same limitation of requiring multiple televisions and game copies for console link play from previous games remains in Silent Line.
Story
Following the destruction of the machine-run society of Layered at the hands of a Raven, mankind has slowly begun the process of returning to the surface and repopulating the face of the globe. Reconnaissance teams are sent out to search the land, determine what has changed, and seek areas for the returning humanity to go. A single region becomes a source of interest as teams lose contact after crossing the region's border, which earns it the moniker "Silent Line". A mysterious faction, known as the Artificial Intelligence Office, or AIO, grants the three major corporations, Mirage, Crest, and Kisaragi, with advanced technology to further their goals.
Like the previous game, the player takes the role of a Raven from a neutral mercenary organization called Global Cortex. The player is sent on missions to investigate the Silent Line and the missing teams with the support of their manager, Emma Sears. The AIO sends a representative, Sera Cross, to provide intelligence to the player during their missions.
As the player's investigation continues, the technology given by the AIO allows for the discovery of an autonomous satellite cannon. The Mirage Corporation accidentally activates a mechanism that sends out a code that causes the AIO's technology to turn on corporate forces, leading to catastrophic losses. The cannon, triggered by the mechanism, begins firing erratically across the planet, forcing the corporations to send a group of Ravens, including the player, to disable the cannon. It is revealed that not only was the cannon deliberately avoiding any regions behind the Silent Line, but that the code's origin came from deep within the territory. The player is sent to break through the defenses of the Silent Line and discovers a heavily defended fortress. Upon destroying the fortress, it is revealed that it was a relay station for an AI of another underground human settlement like Layered. This AI, IBIS, manipulated events outside of the Silent Line by masquerading as the AIO and its employees, including Sera.
The player infiltrates the underground settlement and confronts IBIS. After a massive battle, IBIS is defeated and claims that its function is complete. Similarly to the defeat of The Controller in the original Layered, the doors of the newly discovered settlement open and allow the residents to return to the surface.
Release
Silent Line: Armored Core was initially released in Japan for the Sony PlayStation 2 on January 23, 2003. FromSoftware partnered with Agetec for its international versions, releasing a North American version on July 17, 2003 and a European version on July 1, 2005.
Armored Core: Silent Line Portable
Silent Line: Armored Core was re-released for the PlayStation Portable as Armored Core: Silent Line Portable. In Japan, it was released on November 19, 2009. A North American version was released on February 4, 2010, while a European version was later released on June 15. The re-release included an ad-hoc multiplayer mode and the ability to import save data from Armored Core 3: Portable.
Reception
The game received "average" reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave the PlayStation 2 version a score of 31 out of 40.
Reviewers criticized Silent Line for continued issues with the franchise, including archaic controls, dated graphics, and a continued lack of innovation in the franchise. In a review by IGN's Tyrone Rodriguez, he quoted the Armored Core 3 review they published a year prior by saying: "Our review of the previous AC pretty much sums up how we feel about this one, 'I just wish the series would commit to more than gradual improvement. At this pace, it looks like I'll be able to give an unqualified thumbs-up round about Armored Core 5 -- say, four or five years from now. From Software could do so much more with these games, and instead it seems committed to doing the same damn thing over and over'".
GameSpot focused on the game's controls, with writer Giancarlo Varanini calling them "sloppy" and adding, "that they detract from the game". Game Revolution's Shawn Sanders agreed, calling the controls "the game’s biggest hurdle".
Silent Line's graphics were referred to as "average" by GamePro's Atomic Dawg, while IGN's Rodriguez felt that the visuals were good enough and wrote, "why fix something if it works?"
Outside of its criticisms, the game was noted for remaining authentic to its core experience, especially in customization and gameplay. Game Revolution's Sanders praised the growth in the customization mechanics and wrote "it has never been this interesting". IGN's Rodriguez added that the gameplay, while not "graceful", was "really satisfying".
Notes
References
External links
Silent Line: Armored Core at FromSoftware
2003 video games
Agetec games
Armored Core
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Third-person shooters
Video game sequels
Video games about mecha
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Kota Hoshino |
```objective-c
/****************************************************************************
*
* psfixed.h
*
* Adobe's code for Fixed Point Mathematics (specification only).
*
*
* This software, and all works of authorship, whether in source or
* object code form as indicated by the copyright notice(s) included
* herein (collectively, the "Work") is made available, and may only be
* LICENSE.TXT. Additionally, subject to the terms and conditions of the
* to any individual or legal entity exercising permissions granted by
* "Your") a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge,
* royalty-free, irrevocable (except as stated in this section) patent
* license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import, and
* otherwise transfer the Work, where such license applies only to those
* patent claims licensable by such contributor that are necessarily
* infringed by their contribution(s) alone or by combination of their
* contribution(s) with the Work to which such contribution(s) was
* submitted. If You institute patent litigation against any entity
* (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
* the Work or a contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes
* direct or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
* the date such litigation is filed.
*
* By using, modifying, or distributing the Work you indicate that you
* have read and understood the terms and conditions of the
* and you accept them fully.
*
*/
#ifndef PSFIXED_H_
#define PSFIXED_H_
FT_BEGIN_HEADER
/* rasterizer integer and fixed point arithmetic must be 32-bit */
#define CF2_Fixed CF2_F16Dot16
typedef FT_Int32 CF2_Frac; /* 2.30 fixed point */
#define CF2_FIXED_MAX ( (CF2_Fixed)0x7FFFFFFFL )
#define CF2_FIXED_MIN ( (CF2_Fixed)0x80000000L )
#define CF2_FIXED_ONE ( (CF2_Fixed)0x10000L )
#define CF2_FIXED_EPSILON ( (CF2_Fixed)0x0001 )
/* in C 89, left and right shift of negative numbers is */
/* implementation specific behaviour in the general case */
#define cf2_intToFixed( i ) \
( (CF2_Fixed)( (FT_UInt32)(i) << 16 ) )
#define cf2_fixedToInt( x ) \
( (FT_Short)( ( (FT_UInt32)(x) + 0x8000U ) >> 16 ) )
#define cf2_fixedRound( x ) \
( (CF2_Fixed)( ( (FT_UInt32)(x) + 0x8000U ) & 0xFFFF0000UL ) )
#define cf2_doubleToFixed( f ) \
( (CF2_Fixed)( (f) * 65536.0 + 0.5 ) )
#define cf2_fixedAbs( x ) \
( (x) < 0 ? NEG_INT32( x ) : (x) )
#define cf2_fixedFloor( x ) \
( (CF2_Fixed)( (FT_UInt32)(x) & 0xFFFF0000UL ) )
#define cf2_fixedFraction( x ) \
( (x) - cf2_fixedFloor( x ) )
#define cf2_fracToFixed( x ) \
( (x) < 0 ? -( ( -(x) + 0x2000 ) >> 14 ) \
: ( ( (x) + 0x2000 ) >> 14 ) )
/* signed numeric types */
typedef enum CF2_NumberType_
{
CF2_NumberFixed, /* 16.16 */
CF2_NumberFrac, /* 2.30 */
CF2_NumberInt /* 32.0 */
} CF2_NumberType;
FT_END_HEADER
#endif /* PSFIXED_H_ */
/* END */
``` |
The House Where Evil Dwells is a 1982 American-Japanese horror film starring Edward Albert, Susan George and Doug McClure about an American family that moves into a reputed haunted house in the hills of Japan. It was directed by Kevin Connor and produced by Martin B. Cohen. It was based on a novel by James Hardiman and turned into a screenplay by Robert Suhosky.
Plot
In 1840, in the rural and wooded hillside region of Kushiata near Kyoto, Japan, a samurai, named Shigero, comes home to find his wife, Otami, in bed with another man, named Masanori. In a violent scene, Shigero kills them both and then himself. Flash-forward to the present day, an American family of three, which includes writer Ted Fletcher, his wife Laura, and their 12-year-old daughter, Amy, moves into this since-abandoned house and starts to experience incidents of haunting and possession. The three dead people still haunt the house and subject each of the Fletcher family to various harassment and mischief which gets more frequent and serious with each passing day.
A Zen monk approaches Ted and tells him the story about the murders and urges him to leave the house. At the same time, Laura slowly becomes consumed by the evil presence of the three ghosts and begins an affair with Alex Curtis, a diplomat friend of Ted's who introduced them to the house. The evil presence within the haunted house, including the ghosts briefly possessing each member of the family to do odd things, reveals that the ghosts are plotting to re-enact the mass murder-suicide so their souls could be free from the confines of the house.
The supernatural incidents becomes more frequent when Ted is nearly drowned in a lake by Otami's ghost, and the ghosts of Shigero and Masanori take the form of giant spider crabs which attack Amy one evening and it leads her to falling from a tree when she tries to escape and is forced to be sent back to America.
At the climax, Ted calls the Zen monk, who exorcises the ghosts from the house and tells them to leave by the morning, before ghosts will return. When Laura tells Ted about her infidelity with Alex, he takes it very badly and attacks her. Alex arrives at the house, whereupon the ghosts also return to the house. They possess all three of them and finally re-enact the gory confrontation from the opening scene, leading to the deaths of Alex, Laura, and Ted. The movie ends with the three ghosts leaving the house for the afterlife, and implying that the souls of Ted, Laura and Alex now haunt the cursed house in their place.
Cast
Edward Albert as Ted Fletcher
Susan George as Laura Fletcher
Doug McClure as Alex Curtis
Amy Barrett as Amy Fletcher
Mako Hattori as Otami
Tsuiyuki Sasaki as Shigero (as Toshiyuki Sasaki)
Toshiya Maruyama as Masanori
Tsuyako Olajima as Majyo Witch (as Tsuyako Okajima)
Henry Mittwer as Zen Monk
Mayumi Umeda as Noriko, the babysitter
Shuren Sakurai as Noh Mask Maker
Hiroko Takano as Wakako
Shôji Ohara as Assistant Mask Maker (as Shoji Ohara)
Jirô Shirai as Tadashi (as Jiro Shirai)
Kazuo Yoshida as Editor
Kunihiko Shinjo as Assistant Editor
Gentaro Mori as Yoshio
Tomoko Shimizu as Aiko
Misao Arai as Hayashi
Chiyoko Hardiman as Mama-San
Hideo Shimedo as Policeman (as Hideo Shimado)
Critical reception
The film drew mixed reviews. Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote, "The House Where Evil Dwells... should satisfy all but the most insatiable appetites for haunted-house movies..."
TV Guide said, "The film has more nudity than chills, but it does have some quirky humor, especially in the exorcism scene."
See also
List of ghost films
References
External links
1982 horror films
1982 films
Films set in Kyoto
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
United Artists films
American ghost films
American supernatural horror films
Japanese ghost films
Japanese horror films
Adultery in films
Toei Company films
Films based on novels
Films directed by Kevin Connor
Films about writers
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Films scored by Ken Thorne
English-language Japanese films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
1980s Japanese films |
```go
// Unless explicitly stated otherwise all files in this repository are licensed
// This product includes software developed at Datadog (path_to_url
//go:build docker
package util
import (
"context"
"regexp"
"strconv"
"strings"
"time"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/comp/core/config"
workloadmeta "github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/comp/core/workloadmeta/def"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/util/ecs/metadata/v3or4"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/util/flavor"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-agent/pkg/util/log"
)
// TaskParser is a function that parses ECS tasks
type TaskParser func(ctx context.Context) ([]workloadmeta.CollectorEvent, error)
// IsTaskCollectionEnabled returns true if the task metadata collection is enabled for core agent
// If agent launch type is EC2, collector will query the latest ECS metadata endpoint for each task returned by v1/tasks
// If agent launch type is Fargate, collector will query the latest ECS metadata endpoint
func IsTaskCollectionEnabled(cfg config.Component) bool {
return cfg.GetBool("ecs_task_collection_enabled") && (flavor.GetFlavor() == flavor.DefaultAgent)
}
// ParseV4Task parses a metadata v4 task into a workloadmeta.ECSTask
func ParseV4Task(task v3or4.Task, seen map[workloadmeta.EntityID]struct{}) []workloadmeta.CollectorEvent {
events := []workloadmeta.CollectorEvent{}
entityID := workloadmeta.EntityID{
Kind: workloadmeta.KindECSTask,
ID: task.TaskARN,
}
seen[entityID] = struct{}{}
arnParts := strings.Split(task.TaskARN, "/")
taskID := arnParts[len(arnParts)-1]
taskContainers, containerEvents := ParseV4TaskContainers(task, seen)
region, awsAccountID := parseRegionAndAWSAccountID(task.TaskARN)
entity := &workloadmeta.ECSTask{
EntityID: entityID,
EntityMeta: workloadmeta.EntityMeta{
Name: taskID,
},
ClusterName: parseClusterName(task.ClusterName),
AWSAccountID: awsAccountID,
Region: region,
Family: task.Family,
Version: task.Version,
DesiredStatus: task.DesiredStatus,
KnownStatus: task.KnownStatus,
VPCID: task.VPCID,
ServiceName: task.ServiceName,
EphemeralStorageMetrics: task.EphemeralStorageMetrics,
Limits: task.Limits,
AvailabilityZone: task.AvailabilityZone,
Containers: taskContainers,
Tags: task.TaskTags,
ContainerInstanceTags: task.ContainerInstanceTags,
PullStartedAt: parseTime(taskID, "PullStartedAt", task.PullStartedAt),
PullStoppedAt: parseTime(taskID, "PullStoppedAt", task.PullStoppedAt),
ExecutionStoppedAt: parseTime(taskID, "ExecutionStoppedAt", task.ExecutionStoppedAt),
}
source := workloadmeta.SourceNodeOrchestrator
entity.LaunchType = workloadmeta.ECSLaunchTypeEC2
if strings.ToUpper(task.LaunchType) == "FARGATE" {
entity.LaunchType = workloadmeta.ECSLaunchTypeFargate
source = workloadmeta.SourceRuntime
}
events = append(events, containerEvents...)
events = append(events, workloadmeta.CollectorEvent{
Source: source,
Type: workloadmeta.EventTypeSet,
Entity: entity,
})
return events
}
// ParseV4TaskContainers extracts containers from a metadata v4 task and parse them
func ParseV4TaskContainers(
task v3or4.Task,
seen map[workloadmeta.EntityID]struct{},
) ([]workloadmeta.OrchestratorContainer, []workloadmeta.CollectorEvent) {
taskContainers := make([]workloadmeta.OrchestratorContainer, 0, len(task.Containers))
events := make([]workloadmeta.CollectorEvent, 0, len(task.Containers))
for _, container := range task.Containers {
containerID := container.DockerID
taskContainers = append(taskContainers, workloadmeta.OrchestratorContainer{
ID: containerID,
Name: container.Name,
})
entityID := workloadmeta.EntityID{
Kind: workloadmeta.KindContainer,
ID: containerID,
}
seen[entityID] = struct{}{}
image, err := workloadmeta.NewContainerImage(container.ImageID, container.Image)
if err != nil {
log.Debugf("cannot split image name %q: %s", container.Image, err)
}
ips := make(map[string]string)
for _, net := range container.Networks {
if net.NetworkMode == "awsvpc" && len(net.IPv4Addresses) > 0 {
ips["awsvpc"] = net.IPv4Addresses[0]
}
}
containerEvent := &workloadmeta.Container{
EntityID: entityID,
EntityMeta: workloadmeta.EntityMeta{
Name: container.DockerName,
Labels: container.Labels,
},
State: workloadmeta.ContainerState{
Running: container.KnownStatus == "RUNNING",
ExitCode: container.ExitCode,
},
Owner: &workloadmeta.EntityID{
Kind: workloadmeta.KindECSTask,
ID: task.TaskARN,
},
ECSContainer: &workloadmeta.ECSContainer{
DisplayName: container.Name,
Type: container.Type,
KnownStatus: container.KnownStatus,
DesiredStatus: container.DesiredStatus,
LogOptions: container.LogOptions,
LogDriver: container.LogDriver,
ContainerARN: container.ContainerARN,
Snapshotter: container.Snapshotter,
Networks: make([]workloadmeta.ContainerNetwork, 0, len(container.Networks)),
Volumes: make([]workloadmeta.ContainerVolume, 0, len(container.Volumes)),
},
Image: image,
NetworkIPs: ips,
Ports: make([]workloadmeta.ContainerPort, 0, len(container.Ports)),
}
containerEvent.Resources = workloadmeta.ContainerResources{}
if _, ok := container.Limits["CPU"]; ok {
cpuLimit := float64(container.Limits["CPU"])
containerEvent.Resources.CPULimit = &cpuLimit
}
if _, ok := container.Limits["Memory"]; ok {
memoryLimit := container.Limits["Memory"]
containerEvent.Resources.MemoryLimit = &memoryLimit
}
if container.StartedAt != "" {
containerEvent.State.StartedAt = *parseTime(containerID, "StartedAt", container.StartedAt)
}
if container.CreatedAt != "" {
containerEvent.State.CreatedAt = *parseTime(containerID, "CreatedAt", container.CreatedAt)
}
for _, network := range container.Networks {
containerEvent.Networks = append(containerEvent.Networks, workloadmeta.ContainerNetwork{
NetworkMode: network.NetworkMode,
IPv4Addresses: network.IPv4Addresses,
IPv6Addresses: network.IPv6Addresses,
})
}
for _, port := range container.Ports {
containerEvent.Ports = append(containerEvent.Ports, workloadmeta.ContainerPort{
Port: int(port.ContainerPort),
Protocol: port.Protocol,
HostPort: port.HostPort,
})
}
for _, volume := range container.Volumes {
containerEvent.Volumes = append(containerEvent.Volumes, workloadmeta.ContainerVolume{
Name: volume.DockerName,
Source: volume.Source,
Destination: volume.Destination,
})
}
if container.Health != nil {
containerEvent.Health = &workloadmeta.ContainerHealthStatus{
Status: container.Health.Status,
Since: parseTime(containerID, "Health.Since", container.Health.Since),
ExitCode: container.Health.ExitCode,
Output: container.Health.Output,
}
}
source := workloadmeta.SourceNodeOrchestrator
containerEvent.Runtime = workloadmeta.ContainerRuntimeDocker
if task.LaunchType == "FARGATE" {
source = workloadmeta.SourceRuntime
containerEvent.Runtime = workloadmeta.ContainerRuntimeECSFargate
}
events = append(events, workloadmeta.CollectorEvent{
Source: source,
Type: workloadmeta.EventTypeSet,
Entity: containerEvent,
})
}
return taskContainers, events
}
func parseTime(fieldOwner, fieldName, fieldValue string) *time.Time {
if fieldValue == "" {
return nil
}
result, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, fieldValue)
if err != nil {
log.Debugf("cannot parse %s %s for %s: %s", fieldName, fieldValue, fieldOwner, err)
}
return &result
}
// parseRegionAndAWSAccountID parses the region and AWS account ID from a task ARN.
func parseRegionAndAWSAccountID(taskARN string) (string, int) {
arnParts := strings.Split(taskARN, ":")
if len(arnParts) < 5 {
return "", 0
}
if arnParts[0] != "arn" || arnParts[1] != "aws" {
return "", 0
}
region := arnParts[3]
if strings.Count(region, "-") < 2 {
region = ""
}
id := arnParts[4]
// aws account id is 12 digits
// path_to_url
if len(id) != 12 {
return region, 0
}
awsAccountID, err := strconv.Atoi(id)
if err != nil {
return region, 0
}
return region, awsAccountID
}
func parseClusterName(cluster string) string {
parts := strings.Split(cluster, "/")
if len(parts) != 2 {
return cluster
}
return parts[1]
}
// ecsAgentRegexp is a regular expression to match ECS agent versions
// \d+(?:\.\d+){0,2} for versions like 1.32.0, 1.3 and 1
// (-\w+)? for optional pre-release tags like -beta
var ecsAgentVersionRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`\bv(\d+(?:\.\d+){0,2}(?:-\w+)?)\b`)
// ParseECSAgentVersion parses the ECS agent version from the version string
// Instance metadata returns the version in the format `Amazon ECS Agent - v1.30.0 (02ff320c)`
func ParseECSAgentVersion(s string) string {
match := ecsAgentVersionRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(s)
if len(match) > 1 {
return match[1]
}
return ""
}
``` |
```swift
import ExpoModulesCore
internal class PictureInPictureUnsupportedException: Exception {
override var reason: String {
"Picture in picture is not supported on this device"
}
}
internal class DRMUnsupportedException: GenericException<DRMType> {
override var reason: String {
"DRMType: `\(param)` is unsupported on iOS"
}
}
internal class DRMLoadException: GenericException<String?> {
override var reason: String {
"Failed to decrypt the video stream: \(param ?? "unknown")"
}
}
internal class PlayerException: GenericException<String?> {
override var reason: String {
"Failed to initialise the player: \(param ?? "unknown")"
}
}
internal class PlayerItemLoadException: GenericException<String?> {
override var reason: String {
"Failed to load the player item: \(param ?? "unknown")"
}
}
``` |
Aarnio is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Eero Aarnio (born 1932), Finnish interior designer
Matti Aarnio (1901–1984), Finnish military officer
Reino Aarnio (1912–1988), American architect
Tero Aarnio (born 1984), Finnish motorcycle speedway rider
References
Finnish-language surnames |
The Cassia crossbill (Loxia sinesciuris) is a passerine bird in the family Fringillidae. It is endemic to the South Hills and Albion Mountains in southern Idaho. Cassia crossbill rarely interbreeds with other call types that move into the South Hills of Idaho yearly, and can be considered to represent a distinct species via ecological speciation. The Cassia crossbill have specialized beaks to access the seeds of the lodgepole pine cones in this region, but are poorly adapted to other pine cones in surrounding regions.
The species was first described in 2009, but only was accepted to be its own species in 2017, when it was found out to be phylogenetically distinct from the red crossbill, and its 10 unique call types.
Description
The Cassia crossbill shares many physical features with the red crossbill and all of its different call types. Adult males display a brick red plumage along its crown, breast, and belly, while its flight feathers have a brown colour. In contrast, adult females have an overall dull green or olive-yellow colour, with brown flight feathers. Its defining feature, a crossed bill, is a crisscrossed bill used to access the pine cone seeds. However, in relation to the red crossbill call types, the Cassia crossbill has a deeper and thicker bill to crack open the harder pine cones in its habitat. Its body mass ranges from 29.2 to 43.9 g, while its wing length 85.0–100.0 mm and bill depth 8.90–10.56 mm.
Habitat and distribution
The Cassia crossbill is found year-round exclusively in the forests of the South Hills and Albion Mountains in South Idaho. Compared to its counterpart, the red crossbill, which is a global species, the total area the Cassia crossbill resides in equates to about 67 km2. They are almost exclusively found in mature and old-growth lodgepole pine dominated forests that do not have American red squirrels as their beak is adapted for a specific type of pine cone. This has led to a coevolutionary arms race with the lodgepole pine, which explains why they are confined in such a small area. Other Red Crossbill call types, typically call type 2 & 5, are also found in these areas, but seldom breed here due to being poorly adapted to the pine cone structure. Due to their restricted range and habitat, there is a cause for concern for this species survival.
Taxonomy
The Cassia crossbill (Loxia sinesciuris) was first described in 2009 as the South Hills crossbill, but The American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) failed to find consensus on the issue of splitting the species from the red crossbill in 2009. The genus “Loxia” means crosswise, while “sinesciuris” means “without squirrel”. Initially, it was considered one of the Red Crossbills’ 10 call types, which had different vocalizations, bill size and were foraging for different conifer species. The idea of reproductive isolation between call types was suggested, but direct evidence was lacking. In 2007, some analyses found that different call types were genetically different including the South Hills crossbill (call type 9). Furthermore, evidence suggested that the South Hills crossbill was in a coevolutionary arms race with the lodgepole pine, further leading to habitat isolation. In 2016, it was identified as phylogenetically distinct from the other call types. This is an example of sympatric speciation. In 2017, the AOU reached a consensus and split the South Hills crossbill from the red crossbill and rename it the Cassia crossbill, because its habitat resided in Cassia County, Idaho.
Behaviour
Diet
The Cassia crossbill will exclusively forage for lodgepole pine cones that are found in the South Hills and Albion Mountains region. A primary reason why this species of crossbill can exist in such a small area and on a singular food source is due to the lack of squirrels, the usual primary seed dispersal of the lodgepole pine. As a result, serotinous cones are especially abundant in this region, which allows cones with seeds to accumulate in high quantities that will last for decades. This has led to a coevolutionary arms race between the crossbill and lodgepole pine, as the Cassia crossbill is the primary selective agent. In result, the lodgepole pine are creating cones with thick-scaled cones, whilst the crossbills have evolved deeper bills to counter this. The seeds of younger serotinous cones (1–10 years) are harder for the crossbill to pry open due to them being strongly bonded together. It is the older and weathered cones that are more readily accessible as the scales begin to separate. The Cassia crossbill will mainly eat seeds from cones on the pine tree itself, but fallen cones are also foraged on as well. The crossbill will use its beak to pry the cone open and then it will use its tongue to obtain the seed. The crossbill will then use a groove inside its mouth to shell the seed to eventually eat it.
Vocalizations
As mentioned previously, the red crossbill had 10 different call types and the Cassia crossbill was call type 9. The Cassia Crossbill fledgling initially imitates its parents’ flight calls and eventually will modify its call to imitate their mate. Compared to the other call types, the Cassia crossbills songs will be more repetitive while using fewer syllables. The individual notes of the song are typically buzzier and will have multiple instances of silence in between call phrases. Their song consists of strained and sharp chip and kip calls. Occasionally when red crossbills forage, there will be overlap between different call types. It is believed that crossbills used the public information of different calls to forage. This eventually led to assortative flocking when crossbills would follow vocalizations that would provide them the easiest route to food. This can be another mechanism to how the Cassia crossbill diverged from the red crossbill.
Reproduction
The Cassia crossbill and the other red crossbill call types will strongly associate with their own call types. Between 2001 and 2006, less than 1% of Cassia crossbills paired with other call types. Compared to the red crossbill call types, which are opportunistic breeders throughout most of the year, the Cassia crossbill will consistently breed from March through July. They tend to build their cup-shaped nests in April, using twigs, grasses and needles. Courtship of the crossbills involves the male attracting the female by singing, flying and feeding them with pine seeds. Males will aggressively defend the female from other breeding males after copulation successfully occurs. Females will lay 2–6 eggs and they will incubate the egg for 12–16 days.
Conservation and status
The current total population estimation is ≈5,800 individuals. Since the Cassia crossbill is a new species, the conservation status of this species has not been assessed yet. However, under the IUCN Red list criteria, it qualifies to be considered critically endangered due to its limited home range, small population and probable habitat degradation. A major threat to the crossbill is climate change. The cumulative hot weather (>32 °C) can result into the early dispersal of the pine cone seeds, thus limiting the food availability for the crossbill. Because of warmer weather, another threat are mountain pine bark beetle infestations. They will burrow in the pine trees and subsequently killing them, which can further exacerbate the food security problem for these birds. The potential for large fires increases every year due to climate change, which can prove disastrous for the crossbills if a significant portion of the pine trees die. It is projected that the lodgepole pines will disappear from the South Hills and Albion Mountains by the end of the century. The species may already lose potentially half its population due to the pending consequences of the 2020 Western United States wildfires, one of which engulfed a large portion of the South Hills, one of the only two strongholds for the bird.
References
External links
The Cassia Crossbill – Idaho’s New Endemic Species - Multiple pictures of the Cassia crossbill
Cassia Crossbill Species Account - Vocalization and the distribution of the Cassia crossbill
Cassia Crossbill - Natural history and vocalizations of multiple red crossbill call types and the Cassia crossbill
Loxia
Endemic birds of the United States
Birds of North America
Birds described in 2009 |
Doveville is an unincorporated community in Fairfax County, in the U.S. state of Virginia. It lies along Virginia State Highway 236, west of Annandale, east of the independent city of Fairfax and southwest of Merrifield. Immediately to the south is Rutherford and immediately to the north is Mantua. Numerous parks are located nearby, including Long Branch Stream Valley Park to the south, Daniels Run Park to the west and Woodburn Road Park and Accotink Stream Valley Park to the northeast.
Notable landmarks
To the east lies Northern Virginia Community College Annandale Campus. Churches of note include Highview Christian Fellowship, Providence Presbyterian Church, Barcroft Bible Church, Fairfax Seventh-Day Adventist and Bethlehem Lutheran Church. The Jewish Community Centre of Northern Virginia also lies in the northeastern part of Doveville. It also contains the Wilbert Tucker Woodson High School, the largest building in the community.
References
Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Fairfax County, Virginia
Washington metropolitan area |
Standing on the Corner is an American avant-garde music collective led by Gio Escobar. Emerging from the New York underground art and music scene, they have been referred to as a post-genre band and praised for their use and blends of different sounds.
History
In 2014, Gio Escobar formed a guitar-based live group called Children of the Corner; the name was an homage to Harlem rap collective Children of the Corn. This project later evolved into Standing on the Corner. Escobar wrote several tape machine-recorded songs that were not initially intended for release. Later Escobar brought some of those same demos he was working on to producer Jasper Marsalis, better known as Slauson Malone, who helped refine them. Work on those songs resulted in the band's 2016 self-titled debut.
In 2017, Standing on the Corner released their second album Red Burns. Soon after the release of Red Burns, Slauson Malone quietly left the group due to ideological differences and in order to work on solo material. In 2019, they contributed to Solange's album When I Get Home, with production and writing credits on the songs "S McGregor (interlude)", "Can I Hold the Mic (interlude)", "Down With the Clique", "Nothing Without Intention (interlude)", and "Exit Scott (interlude)". After their contributions to Solange's project, multi-instrumentalist Caleb Giles announced he was leaving the group on good terms to focus on his solo rap career.
Standing on the Corner earned production credits on Danny Brown's 2019 album uknowhatimsayin¿ for the track "Shine", on which Slauson Malone was also credited; however this is mostly as a result of reusing old material rather than a new collaboration. On May 11, 2020, they released the video for their single "Angel", starring Melvin Van Peebles. Peebles is a major influence for their catalog, with the group having sampled him multiple times, implementing spoken word passages into their record in a similar vein to Peebles' own albums.
In 2023, Standing on the Corner debuted the Taino Needle Science Drone Acupuncture Program, at Performance Space New York. The program ran from February 1 to June 30.
Members
Current members
Gio Escobar (born Giovanni Cortez) - vocals, production, guitar, bass (2014–present)
Standing on the Corner Art Ensemble (2019–present)
Jack Nolan
Lila Ramani
Nate Cox
Oluwaseun Odubiro
Syl Dubenion
Savannah Harris
Tomin Perea Chamblee
Buz
Past members
Slauson Malone (born Jasper Armstrong Marsalis) - vocals, production, guitar (2015–2017)
Caleb Giles - vocals, production, saxophone (2015–2019)
Discography
Studio albums
Standing on the Corner (2016)
Red Burns (2017)
Extended plays
G-E-T-O-U-T!! The Ghetto (2020)
Livestreamed albums
Afroprojection #1: The Atmosphere Phased at 120º and Went Blank When the Universe Collapsed: A Piece on Black Psychiatry and Alternate Dimensions (2018)
Live recordings
SOTC Double Bass Ensemble 4/24/19 (2019)
SOTC Art Ensemble 4/27/19 (2019)
for Taino Needle Science
Feel No Pain: Taino Needle Science (2023)
Health Is NOT Mysterious: Sounds from the Taino Needle Science (2023)
Music 4 Drone Acupuncture (2023)
Other credits
Medslaus - Poorboy (2017)
Guest vocals, production and songwriting on "Wontbleedme!" with Slauson Malone
MIKE - May God Bless Your Hustle (2017)
Production on "Greed"
Caleb Giles - There Will Be Rain (2018)
Guest vocals, production and songwriting on "The Flood" and "Wondering" with Slauson Malone
MIKE - Black Soap (2018)
Instrumentation on all tracks
Earl Sweatshirt - Some Rap Songs (2018)
Mixing and engineering on all tracks with Earl Sweatshirt
Guest vocals and songwriting on "Ontheway!"
Bass guitar on "Ontheway!" and "Riot!"
Solange - When I Get Home (2019)
Production and songwriting on "S McGregor (Interlude)", "Down With the Clique", "Nothing Without Intention (Interlude)", "Exit Scott (Interlude)", and "Not Screwed! (Interlude)" with various others
Guest vocals on "Not Screwed! (Interlude)"
Danny Brown - U Know What I'm Sayin? (2019)
Production and songwriting on "Shine" with Paul White and Slauson Malone
References
American experimental musical groups
American jazz ensembles from New York City
Musical groups established in 2014
Musical groups from Brooklyn
Alternative hip hop groups
2014 establishments in New York City
Jazz musicians from New York (state) |
The Lamson PL-1 Quark was an American high-wing, single-seat, glider that was designed and constructed by Philip Lamson, first flying in early 1965.
Design and development
Lamson designed and built the Quark in 1964 as a lighthearted experimental aircraft project to create a prone position-pilot glider. To this end the pilot was accommodated lying down with his head in the nose bubble.
The PL-1 is constructed from fiberglass, with the wings made from a balsa-fiberglass sandwich that was laid up in a female mold. The wing was originally of span, but this was quickly increased to with tip extensions and finally the aircraft received a new three-piece wing. The airfoil was an Irv Culver modification to the NACA 0012. The landing gear was a monowheel, with small wing tip skids.
Soaring Magazine described the aircraft as "purely a lark and a quirky lark at that". The designer described the performance as "somewhere between a Nimbus and a Rogallo".
Only one Quark was built and it was registered with the US Federal Aviation Administration in the Experimental - amateur-built category.
Operational history
The aircraft logged about 300 hours in its wingspan version. The Quark was removed from the FAA registry on 13 August 2002 and the aircraft likely no longer exists.
Specifications (Quark)
See also
References
1960s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Prone pilot aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1965 |
The Book of Elchasai or the Book of Elxai is a lost prophetic book, written during the reign of Trajan (reigned 98 –117), that contained laws and apocalyptic prophecies pertaining to Jewish Christian and Gnostic doctrines. It is known only from fragments quoted in the early Christian writings of Hippolytus of Rome, Eusebius, Epiphanius of Salamis, and Origen. The book was used by a number of Transjordanian sects, including Ebionites, Essenes, Nazarenes, and especially by Elcesaites who based their origins on it.
Content
According to Hippolytus's Refutation of All Heresies, the Book of Elchasai was the source of a number of Elcesaite beliefs and practices. It encourages following the Law (including circumcision), as well as ascetic practices. Sexual desire is presented as wickedness, but a sin that could be cured through baptism. The book uses numbers and measures to foretell the future and further advocates healing rituals, as well as following a schedule based on astrology. The universe is held to be governed by principles created by God, who is called "the great and most high God". God's son (Christ, also called "the mighty king") along with the Holy Spirit (who is a female entity) are depicted as angels of enormous size. Christ is held to have lived on earth repeatedly through reincarnation, sometimes arriving through virgin births. Seven witnesses are called to confirm the teachings of Elchasai. The book is also apocalyptic, expatiating on an impending crisis. It condemns sacrifices and rejects the eating of meat.
History
The Book of Elchasai was written around the Parthian War of 114-117 AD in Aramaic by a Mesopotamian Jew. The purpose of the book may have been to bring comfort to Jews surviving the massacre during the war. The book describes angelic beings of "stupendous" size and their announcement of universal destruction. These beings revealed the requirements which would allow absolution on the judgment day. Similar enormous angels are also described in 3 Enoch such as Metatron, but Elchasai is particularly describing Christ and the Holy Spirit. The book contains a prediction of a war among wicked angels. Over hundred years later, a Hellenistic version of this manuscript was used by Syrian Judeo-Christians. Epiphananius considered this book heretical.
Alcibiades of Apamea was described by Hippolytus as a "strange demon" having possession of this book of revelations. Hippolytus refuted Alcibiades claims that the book was "a secret writing" and those who listened to the message of the book would receive remission of all their sins. The actual contents of the book were only revealed to converts, those who are willing to follow Alcibiades.
Ibn al-Nadim
Elchasai is considered to be a historical figure. The Kitāb al-Fihrist references a manuscript, written by Muslim scholar Ibn al-Nadim in which he identifies Elchasai instituting the Babylonian baptists sect of Mughtasilah (practitioners of ablution) or katharioi. This sect was based upon the revelations that he had in his twenties. One of the followers of Elchasai was Mani, who joined Elchasai when he was only four years old by his father who was a convert to the Mughtasilah sect. Mani went on to form his own Gnostic sect known as the Manicheans.
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
1st-century books
2nd-century books
Gnostic texts
Gnostic apocrypha
Jewish Christian literature
Lost books
Prophecy in Christianity
Elcesaites |
Edith Chen is a scientist known for researching the psychosocial and biological pathways that explain relationships between low socioeconomic status and physical health outcomes in childhood. She is currently a professor at Northwestern University. Scientific Award for an early career contribution within her first nine years of receiving her PhD. Chen was awarded the 2015 George A. Miller Award for an Outstanding Recent Article on General Psychology for the article “Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms” alongside authors Gregory E. Miller, and Karen J. Parker.
Biography
Chen grew up in Miami, Florida. Since Chen was in high school, she always loved science. Chen competed in science fairs in high school and also was able to work and conduct research in a lab which sparked her interest in science. In 1998 she earned her PhD in Clinical Psychology from University of California, Los Angeles. From 2000-2002, she was an assistant professor at Washington University in St. Louis. From 2003-2012, she was the Canada Research Chair in Health and Society at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. She began her position as Professor of Psychology and Faculty Fellow at the Institute for Policy Research at Northwestern University in 2012. She is currently the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Professor. At Northwestern University she spends time doing research and teaching. On the research side of things, she oversees numerous scientific projects, co-directs a research lab, and writes grants and research articles. On the teaching side of things, she teaches undergraduate lectures and runs seminars for graduate students.
Research
Chen's research is centered around understanding the psychosocial and biological contributors to socioeconomic inequalities in health outcomes in children. One key area of work has been around resilience, that is, the factors that contribute to positive health outcomes among children who grow up under adversity. Overall her findings explore and explain why low income socioeconomic status is associated with poorer physical health not only in childhood but throughout adulthood as well, and the factors that can mitigate these outcomes.
Some of Chen's research projects include an Asthma study, a Mentoring and Health Study, and a Skin-deep resilience study. The asthma study is about investigating youth from low socioeconomic status families and understanding what physical and social environmental factors contribute to their asthma outcomes. This project investigates factors at the neighborhood, family, child, and as well, cellular levels. The mentoring and health study is testing whether youth who receive or provide mentoring gain cardiovascular health benefits from the program. The skin-deep resilience study is testing the idea that low-income youth of color who achieve academic successes often experience a physical health cost to their success.
Representative publications
Chen, E., Matthews, K. A., & Boyce, W. T. (2002). Socioeconomic differences in children's health: how and why do these relationships change with age?. Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 295.
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 959.
Schreier, H. M. C. & Chen, E. (2013). Socioeconomic status and the health of youth: A multi-level multi-domain approach to conceptualizing pathways. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 606-654.
Schreier, H. M. C., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Chen, E. (2013). Effect of volunteering on risk for cardiovascular disease in adolescents: A randomized control trial. JAMA – Pediatrics, 167, 327-332.
Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Miller, G. E., & Chen. E. (2016). Resilience in adolescence, health, and psychosocial outcomes. Pediatrics, 138, e20161042.
Levine, C. S., Markus, H. R., Austin, M. K., Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2019). Students of color show health advantages when they attend schools that emphasize the value of diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 6013-6018.
References
External links
Faculty profile
Foundations of Health Research Center at Northwestern University Profile
Northwestern University faculty
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Harvard College alumni |
The National Museum of the Royal Palace (Italian: Museo nazionale di Palazzo Reale) is a museum housed in a former royal palazzo at 46 Lungarno Antonio Pacinotti in Pisa, Italy. The building was designed in 1583 by Bernardo Buontalenti for Francesco I de' Medici and - like the Signoria in Pisa - replaced the Medici palace near the church and monastery of San Matteo. Housing paintings, sculpture, tapestries and decorative arts, since December 2014 the Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali has placed the museum under the control of the Polo museale della Toscana, renamed the Direzione regionale Musei in December 2019.
References
Museums in Pisa
Art museums and galleries in Italy
Royal residences in Italy |
To Hal and Bacharach is a 1998 tribute album featuring songs written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach covered by Australian artists. The idea, developed by Kurt Luthy, Christa Mitchell and Melissa Whebell, was to have a number of Australian performers cover various David/Bacharach tunes, among them: Regurgitator, Rebecca's Empire, the Whitlams, Tex Perkins, the Avalanches, Dave Graney and Frank Bennett
At the ARIA Music Awards of 1998 the soundtrack was nominated for Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album.
Bacharach has had his songs recorded by many artists. The track listing gives the original artist as well as the covering artist. It also includes timings
Track listing
References
1998 albums
Burt Bacharach tribute albums |
```php
<?php
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
*/
namespace Google\Service\Vault;
class MailCountResult extends \Google\Collection
{
protected $collection_key = 'nonQueryableAccounts';
protected $accountCountErrorsType = AccountCountError::class;
protected $accountCountErrorsDataType = 'array';
protected $accountCountsType = AccountCount::class;
protected $accountCountsDataType = 'array';
/**
* @var string
*/
public $matchingAccountsCount;
/**
* @var string[]
*/
public $nonQueryableAccounts;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $queriedAccountsCount;
/**
* @param AccountCountError[]
*/
public function setAccountCountErrors($accountCountErrors)
{
$this->accountCountErrors = $accountCountErrors;
}
/**
* @return AccountCountError[]
*/
public function getAccountCountErrors()
{
return $this->accountCountErrors;
}
/**
* @param AccountCount[]
*/
public function setAccountCounts($accountCounts)
{
$this->accountCounts = $accountCounts;
}
/**
* @return AccountCount[]
*/
public function getAccountCounts()
{
return $this->accountCounts;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setMatchingAccountsCount($matchingAccountsCount)
{
$this->matchingAccountsCount = $matchingAccountsCount;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getMatchingAccountsCount()
{
return $this->matchingAccountsCount;
}
/**
* @param string[]
*/
public function setNonQueryableAccounts($nonQueryableAccounts)
{
$this->nonQueryableAccounts = $nonQueryableAccounts;
}
/**
* @return string[]
*/
public function getNonQueryableAccounts()
{
return $this->nonQueryableAccounts;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setQueriedAccountsCount($queriedAccountsCount)
{
$this->queriedAccountsCount = $queriedAccountsCount;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getQueriedAccountsCount()
{
return $this->queriedAccountsCount;
}
}
// Adding a class alias for backwards compatibility with the previous class name.
class_alias(MailCountResult::class, 'Google_Service_Vault_MailCountResult');
``` |
```java
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*
*/
package com.netflix.hollow.diff.ui.pages;
import com.netflix.hollow.core.read.engine.HollowTypeReadState;
import com.netflix.hollow.diff.ui.HollowDiffUI;
import com.netflix.hollow.diff.ui.model.HollowDiffOverviewTypeEntry;
import com.netflix.hollow.tools.diff.HollowTypeDiff;
import com.netflix.hollow.ui.HollowUISession;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import org.apache.velocity.VelocityContext;
public class DiffOverviewPage extends DiffPage {
public DiffOverviewPage(HollowDiffUI diffUI) {
super(diffUI, "diff-overview.vm");
}
@Override
protected void setUpContext(HttpServletRequest req, HollowUISession session, VelocityContext ctx) {
String sortBy = param(req, session, "overview", "sortBy", "diffs");
ctx.put("typeOverviewEntries", getTypeEntries(sortBy));
}
private List<HollowDiffOverviewTypeEntry> getTypeEntries(String sortBy) {
List<HollowDiffOverviewTypeEntry> overviewEntries = new ArrayList<>();
for(HollowTypeDiff diff : getDiff().getTypeDiffs()) {
long totalDiffScore = diff.getTotalDiffScore();
int unmatchedInFrom = diff.getUnmatchedOrdinalsInFrom().size();
int unmatchedInTo = diff.getUnmatchedOrdinalsInTo().size();
int fromCount = 0;
try {
fromCount = diff.getTotalItemsInFromState();
} catch (Exception ex) {
System.out.println("DIFF_ERROR: Unable to getTotalItemsInFromState for type=" + diff.getTypeName());
ex.printStackTrace();
}
int toCount = 0;
try {
toCount = diff.getTotalItemsInToState();
} catch (Exception ex) {
System.out.println("DIFF_ERROR: Unable to getTotalItemsInToState for type=" + diff.getTypeName());
ex.printStackTrace();
}
HollowTypeReadState fromTypeState = diff.getFromTypeState();
HollowTypeReadState toTypeState = diff.getToTypeState();
overviewEntries.add(new HollowDiffOverviewTypeEntry(diff.getTypeName(), diff.hasMatchPaths(), totalDiffScore, unmatchedInFrom, unmatchedInTo, fromCount, toCount,
fromTypeState==null ? 0:fromTypeState.getApproximateHeapFootprintInBytes(), toTypeState==null ? 0:toTypeState.getApproximateHeapFootprintInBytes(),
fromTypeState==null ? 0:fromTypeState.getApproximateHoleCostInBytes(), toTypeState==null ? 0:toTypeState.getApproximateHoleCostInBytes()));
}
if(sortBy == null || "diffs".equals(sortBy)) {
overviewEntries.sort((o1, o2) -> {
int result = Comparator
.comparing(HollowDiffOverviewTypeEntry::getTotalDiffScore)
.thenComparing(HollowDiffOverviewTypeEntry::getDeltaSize)
.thenComparing(HollowDiffOverviewTypeEntry::hasData)
.thenComparing(HollowDiffOverviewTypeEntry::hasUnmatched)
.thenComparing(HollowDiffOverviewTypeEntry::hasUniqueKey)
.compare(o2, o1);
// Fallback to Type Name Ordering
if (result==0) {
return o1.getTypeName().compareTo(o2.getTypeName());
}
return result;
});
} else if("unmatchedFrom".equals(sortBy)) {
overviewEntries.sort((o1, o2) -> o2.getUnmatchedInFrom() - o1.getUnmatchedInFrom());
} else if("unmatchedTo".equals(sortBy)) {
overviewEntries.sort((o1, o2) -> o2.getUnmatchedInTo() - o1.getUnmatchedInTo());
} else if("fromCount".equals(sortBy)) {
overviewEntries.sort((o1, o2) -> o2.getTotalInFrom() - o1.getTotalInFrom());
} else if("toCount".equals(sortBy)) {
overviewEntries.sort((o1, o2) -> o2.getTotalInTo() - o1.getTotalInTo());
} else if("fromHeap".equals(sortBy)) {
overviewEntries.sort((o1, o2) -> (int) (o2.getHeapInFrom() - o1.getHeapInFrom()));
} else if("toHeap".equals(sortBy)) {
overviewEntries.sort((o1, o2) -> (int) (o2.getHeapInTo() - o1.getHeapInTo()));
} else if("fromHole".equals(sortBy)) {
overviewEntries.sort((o1, o2) -> (int) (o2.getHoleInFrom() - o1.getHoleInFrom()));
} else if("toHole".equals(sortBy)) {
overviewEntries.sort((o1, o2) -> (int) (o2.getHoleInTo() - o1.getHoleInTo()));
}
return overviewEntries;
}
}
``` |
A base anhydride is an oxide of a chemical element from group 1 or 2 (the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, respectively). They are obtained by removing water from the corresponding hydroxide base. If water is added to a base anhydride, a corresponding hydroxide salt can be [re]-formed.
Base anhydrides are not Brønsted–Lowry bases because they are not proton acceptors. However, they are Lewis bases, because they will share an electron pair with some Lewis acids, most notably acidic oxides. They are potent alkalis and will produce alkali burns on skin, because their affinity for water (that is, their affinity for being slaked) makes them react with body water.
Examples
Quicklime (calcium oxide) is a base anhydride. It reacts with skin to become hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide), which is a strong base, chemically akin to lye.
Sodium oxide reacts readily and irreversibly with water to give sodium hydroxide:
Na2O + H2O → 2 NaOH
See also
Acid anhydride
Acidic oxide
References
Acid–base chemistry |
Nachmani is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Eden Nachmani (born 1990), Israeli footballer
Omer Nachmani (born 1993), Israeli footballer
Stav Nachmani (born 2002), Israeli footballer
See also |
Jamie Murray and Bruno Soares were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Sam Querrey and Donald Young.
Henri Kontinen and John Peers won their maiden Grand Slam title, defeating Bob and Mike Bryan in the final, 7–5, 7–5.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
References
Draw
External links
2017 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Doubles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's doubles |
Justice is a Major Arcana tarot card, numbered either VIII or XI, depending on the deck. This card is used in game playing as well as in divination.
Description
The Justice card, as a member of the tarot deck, appears in early tarot, such as the Tarot de Marseilles. It is part of the tarot's Major Arcana, and usually follows the Chariot, as card VIII, although some decks vary from this pattern. The virtue Justice accompanies two of the other cardinal virtues in the Major Arcana: temperance and strength.
The figure on the card holds a scale made of gold in their left hand, symbolizing a balanced decision.
Interpretation
According to A. E. Waite's 1910 book Pictorial Key to the Tarot, the Justice card carries several divinatory associations:
11. JUSTICE.—Equity, rightness, probity, executive; triumph of the deserving side in law. Reversed: Law in all its departments, legal complications, bigotry, bias, excessive severity.
In astrology, the Justice card is associated with the planet Venus and Libra zodiac sign.
Numbering
Justice is traditionally the eighth card, and Strength the eleventh, but the influential Rider–Waite–Smith deck switched the position of these two cards in order to make them better fit the astrological correspondences worked out by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, under which the eighth card is associated with Leo and the eleventh with Libra. This switch was originally suggested in the mysterious Cipher Manuscripts which formed the basis for the Golden Dawn's teachings regarding tarot and other subjects. Today many divinatory tarot decks use this numbering, particularly in the English-speaking world.
In media
In the manga JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Stardust Crusaders, characters' powers (also known as 'Stands') are named after tarot cards. The Justice 'stand' belongs to Enya, a secondary antagonist.
In the video game Persona 5 Royal some of the "personas" the player is able to use belong to the Justice Arcana.
The character that represents the Justice Arcana in Persona 5 is Goro Akechi.
References
External links
Major Arcana |
```go
package xdr_test
import (
"database/sql"
"github.com/stellar/go/xdr"
. "github.com/stellar/go/xdr"
. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo"
. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo/extensions/table"
. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
)
var _ = Describe("sql.Scanner implementations", func() {
DescribeTable("AccountFlags",
func(in interface{}, val AccountFlags, shouldSucceed bool) {
var scanned AccountFlags
err := scanned.Scan(in)
if shouldSucceed {
Expect(err).To(BeNil())
} else {
Expect(err).ToNot(BeNil())
}
Expect(scanned).To(Equal(val))
},
Entry("zero", int64(0), AccountFlags(0), true),
Entry("required", int64(1), AccountFlags(1), true),
Entry("revokable", int64(2), AccountFlags(2), true),
Entry("immutable", int64(4), AccountFlags(4), true),
Entry("string", "0", AccountFlags(0), false),
)
DescribeTable("AssetType",
func(in interface{}, val AssetType, shouldSucceed bool) {
var scanned AssetType
err := scanned.Scan(in)
if shouldSucceed {
Expect(err).To(BeNil())
} else {
Expect(err).ToNot(BeNil())
}
Expect(scanned).To(Equal(val))
},
Entry("native", int64(0), AssetTypeAssetTypeNative, true),
Entry("credit alphanum4", int64(1), AssetTypeAssetTypeCreditAlphanum4, true),
Entry("credit alphanum12", int64(2), AssetTypeAssetTypeCreditAlphanum12, true),
Entry("string", "native", AssetTypeAssetTypeNative, false),
)
DescribeTable("Int64",
func(in interface{}, val Int64, shouldSucceed bool) {
var scanned Int64
err := scanned.Scan(in)
if shouldSucceed {
Expect(err).To(BeNil())
} else {
Expect(err).ToNot(BeNil())
}
Expect(scanned).To(Equal(val))
},
Entry("pos", int64(1), Int64(1), true),
Entry("neg", int64(-1), Int64(-1), true),
Entry("zero", int64(0), Int64(0), true),
Entry("string", "0", Int64(0), false),
)
DescribeTable("Thresholds",
func(in interface{}, val Thresholds, shouldSucceed bool) {
var scanned Thresholds
err := scanned.Scan(in)
if shouldSucceed {
Expect(err).To(BeNil())
} else {
Expect(err).ToNot(BeNil())
}
Expect(scanned).To(Equal(val))
},
Entry("default", "AQAAAA==", Thresholds{0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, true),
Entry("non-default", "AgACAg==", Thresholds{0x02, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02}, true),
Entry("bytes", []byte("AQAAAA=="), Thresholds{0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, true),
Entry("number", 0, Thresholds{}, false),
)
DescribeTable("ClaimPredicate",
func(in interface{}, val ClaimPredicate, shouldSucceed bool) {
var scanned ClaimPredicate
err := scanned.Scan(in)
if shouldSucceed {
Expect(err).To(BeNil())
} else {
Expect(err).ToNot(BeNil())
}
Expect(scanned).To(Equal(val))
},
Entry("default", "AAAAAA==", xdr.ClaimPredicate{
Type: xdr.ClaimPredicateTypeClaimPredicateUnconditional,
}, true),
)
DescribeTable("Scanning base64 strings (happy paths only)",
func(dest interface{}, in string) {
err := dest.(sql.Scanner).Scan(in)
Expect(err).To(BeNil())
},
Entry("ClaimablePredicate", &ClaimPredicate{},
"AAAAAA=="),
Entry("LedgerEntryChanges", &LedgerEntryChanges{},
"AAAAAgAAAAMAAAABAAAAAAAAAABi/your_sha256_hashAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAAACAAAAAAAAAABi/B0L0JGythwN1lY0aypo19NHxvLCyO5tBEcCVvwF9w3gtrOnY/+cAAAAAAAAAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=="),
Entry("LedgerHeader", &LedgerHeader{},
"AAAAAWPZj1Nu5o0bJ7W4nyOvUxG3Vpok+vFAOtC1K2M7B76ZlmEdOpVCM5HLr9FNj55qa6w2HKMtqTPFLvG8yPU/your_sha256_hashlDMwwqujKcyQzs97F/AETiCgQPrw63wqaPGOtj0VqejCRGn8A4KwJni7nqeau/0Ehh/your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"),
Entry("ScpEnvelope", &ScpEnvelope{},
"AAAAAHrhN3GHEnrzTWJhFpClc59zx+BDb5xg65XqGyour_sha512_hash+your_sha512_hash+ya58L+Lv4KwYBeCxaibmjuqjlYL7EnIYORmAWVQPYHoviKOIidnB6JHfWXkZ+BQ=="),
Entry("ScpQuorumSet", &ScpQuorumSet{},
your_sha256_hash),
Entry("TransactionEnvelope", &TransactionEnvelope{},
"AAAAAGL8HQvQkbK2HA3WVjRrKmjX00fG8sLI7m0ERwJW/AX3AAAAZAAAAAAAAAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA5BFB2+Hs81DQkyour_sha512_hash6BR1M6SG/KVzTJSlIY8ovSVywuthk9dOW9jm23siTiIZE0IAl84wK83gnAcEK"),
Entry("TransactionMeta", &TransactionMeta{},
your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hash8sLI7m0ERwJW/your_sha256_hashAAA"),
Entry("TransactionResult", &TransactionResult{},
"AAAAAAAAAGQAAAAAAAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA="),
)
})
``` |
```ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true
namespace :decidim do
namespace :mailers do
desc "Sends the notification digest email with the daily report"
task notifications_digest_daily: :environment do
notifications_digest(:daily)
end
desc "Sends the notification digest email with the weekly report"
task notifications_digest_weekly: :environment do
notifications_digest(:weekly)
end
end
def notifications_digest(frequency)
target_users = Decidim::User.where(notifications_sending_frequency: frequency)
time = Time.now.utc
target_users.find_each do |user|
Decidim::EmailNotificationsDigestGeneratorJob.perform_later(user.id, frequency, time:)
end
end
end
``` |
North Branch is a village in Lapeer County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,033 at the 2010 census. The village is located within North Branch Township.
History
In 1854 the earliest settling of North Branch was undertaken. The founding fathers were Mr. and Mrs. Richard Beach and Mr. and Mrs. George Simmons. The nucleus of the village was the post office, store and trading post founded by John and Richard Beach. The Village was incorporated in 1881, and at the time, the population was 900. The town of North Branch sits on the north branch of the Flint River which flows through the township and is the principal waterway. The main thoroughfare is Huron Street. Two major fires mark the history of North Branch. The Great Michigan Fire in 1871 and the Thumb Fire in 1881 destroyed many parts of the town.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,033 people, 415 households, and 261 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 484 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.5% White, 0.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 1.3% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.9% of the population.
There were 415 households, of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.0% were married couples living together, 16.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.1% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.07.
The median age in the village was 34 years. 27.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.1% were from 25 to 44; 23.5% were from 45 to 64; and 13.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.0% male and 54.0% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,027 people, 403 households, and 261 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 431 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 97.66% White, 0.19% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.39% from other races, and 1.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.24% of the population.
There were 403 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 15.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.0% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.18.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.2% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $31,071, and the median income for a family was $37,750. Males had a median income of $38,000 versus $24,028 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,782. About 10.9% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.0% of those under age 18 and 11.2% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Village of North Branch Official Website
×
Villages in Lapeer County, Michigan
Villages in Michigan |
Benjamin Banneker High School can refer to schools in the United States:
Benjamin Banneker High School (Georgia) in unincorporated Fulton County, Georgia
Benjamin Banneker Academic High School in Washington, DC |
Matthieu Messagier (19 July 1949 – 1 June 2021) was a French poet.
Biography
Matthieu was the son of painter and abstract artist within the School of Paris Jean Messagier, and ceramic artist Marcelle Baumann-Messagier. He lived in the Latin Quarter of Paris and Franche-Comté from 1954 to 1967. In 1969, he published an anthology on his childhood, titled Œuvres 1954-1969.
In 1966, Messagier began living in Paris on the to devote himself to poetry. He participated in the events of May 68 and published Les Laines penchées in 1975. He wrote Manifeste Électrique aux paupières de jupes, which was published by in 1971. He became heavily active in the 1970s and continued into the 1980s. In 2003, the film , based on Messagier's works, was released.
Matthieu Messagier died in Trévenans on 1 June 2021, at the age of 71.
References
1949 births
2021 deaths
French poets
People from Doubs |
Sylar is an American metalcore band formed in Queens, New York in 2011. The band members formed from various bands in the New York City post-hardcore scene, and took their name from the Heroes villain Sylar. The band is part of the NYHC movement, and consisted of vocalist Jayden Panesso, rhythm guitarist/clean vocalist Miguel Cardona, lead guitarist Dustin Jennings, bassist Travis Hufton, and drummer Cody Ash.
History
Sylar formed in Queens, New York, in 2011, with Jayden Panesso and Thomas Veroutis after the two future band members connected on social media. The band has been described as creating a sound as if they use the studio "like an extra instrument... heavily produced and processed, with angular edits and heavily gated guitars creating an almost mechanical sound." Shortly after their formation, they released their debut EP with Cutting The Ties in 2011. The band were signed to Razor & Tie records in 2013. Their production sound is heavily inspired by Caleb Shomo of Beartooth and Attack Attack! who helped produce their second EP, Deadbeat, in 2013, and their debut album, To Whom It May Concern, in 2014. In 2016 the band released their second studio album, Help!, on Hopeless Records, which was followed by the release of three singles "Assume", "Dark Daze" and "Soul Addiction". Their third album, Seasons, was released on October 5, 2018. On April 11, 2021, the lead vocalist of the band Jayden Panesso announced on his Twitter account that new Sylar music was being worked on after an extended hiatus.
Musical style and influences
In an interview with Dead Press, the members of the band cited Bring Me the Horizon's Sempiternal, Deftones's eponymous fourth album, Slipknot's Iowa, Atreyu's the Curse and Poison's Open Up and Say... Ahh! as their biggest musical influences. They have been categorised as nu metalcore, metalcore and nu metal.
Band members
Current
Jayden Panesso – lead vocals (2011–present)
Miguel Cardona – clean vocals, rhythm guitar (2012–present)
Dustin Jennings – lead guitar (2012–present)
Travis Hufton – bass guitar (2012–present)
Cody Ash – drums, percussion (2017–present; 2016 touring)
Former
Jay Hu – lead guitar (2011)
Stephen "Steve" Dillaro – bass guitar (2011–2012), rhythm guitar (2012)
Evan Buksbaum – lead guitar (2011–2012)
Michael "Mike" Seghposs – rhythm guitar (2011–2012)
Thomas Veroutis – drums, percussion (2011–2017)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
To Whom It May Concern (2014)
Help! (2016) No. 31 Top Rock Albums
Seasons (2018)
EPs
Cutting the Ties (2011)
Deadbeat (2013)
Singles
"Golden Retreat" (2013)
"Mirrors" (2014)
"Assume" (2016)
"Dark Daze" (2016)
"Soul Addiction" (2017) No. 38 Mainstream Rock Songs
"All or Nothing" (2018) No. 35 Mainstream Rock Songs
References
Musical groups from Queens, New York
2011 establishments in New York City
Metalcore musical groups from New York (state) |
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