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Fairy Meadow railway station is located on the South Coast railway line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the northern Wollongong suburb of Fairy Meadow opening in 1887 as Cramsville. It was renamed Para-meadow on 3 October 1888, Balgownie on 13 December 1909 and Fairy Meadow in January 1956.
The station underwent maintenance in early 2011. This included the resurfacing of the two platforms, new garden beds underneath the stairs and repainted exteriors. During 2013, the level crossing was upgraded. Featuring newer and safer barriers, louder sound alert and resurfaced walkway over the rail.
On 4 October 2019, a man between the age of 35 and 45 was hit and killed by a train passing through the station.
Platforms and services
Fairy Meadow has two side platforms serviced by NSW TrainLink South Coast line services travelling from Waterfall and Thirroul to Port Kembla. Some peak hour and late night services operate to Sydney Central, Bondi Junction and Kiama.
References
External links
Fairy Meadow station details Transport for New South Wales
Buildings and structures in Wollongong
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1888
Regional railway stations in New South Wales
Fairy Meadow, New South Wales |
Coert Stevense van Voorhees (1637–1702), a settler of New Netherland is remembered today as progenitor of numerous American families, and as an early settler of Brooklyn.
Early life
He was born around April 1637 in Hees, near Ruinen, Drenthe, Netherlands, the son of Steven van Voorhees and Aeltje Wessels. Van Voorhees arrived in New Amsterdam when he was 22 years of age sailing on the de Bonte Koe in 1660.
Career
He was a member and deacon of the Dutch Reformed Church in Flatlands in 1677 and captain of the militia in 1689, as well as representative of Flatlands in the Assembly held at city hall in New Amsterdam on 10 April 1664.
He took his oath of allegiance in September 1687 as Coert Stevense Van Voorhuys, having been in the country 27 years. On 8 March 1691, he purchased land from John Tilton of Gravesend and conveyed the property to his son Albert on 20 June 1694.
Personal life
Van Voorhees married Marretje Gerritse van Couwenhoven, daughter of Gerret Wolfertse van Couwenhoven and Aeltje Cool, and granddaughter of Wolphert Gerretse, an original patentee of the New Netherland colony. He died sometime around or shortly after 1702.
Legacy
He is known as the previous owner of the property where the Hendrick I. Lott House now stands, he sold the land in 1719 to Johannes Lott. The property and house is now a New York City Landmark.
References
Further reading
Christoph, Florence A. (2000). The Van Voorhees Family in America, First Six Generations. Gateway Press.p. 2-4.
Van Voorhees Association. (1992). Through a Dutch Door: 17th Century Origins of the Van Voorhees Family. Gateway Press.p. 155, 158, 161.
1637 births
People from Drenthe
Dutch emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
Coert Van
Dutch emigrants to New Netherland
1702 deaths |
was a compilation video album released by the Japanese band The Blue Hearts. The video was a documentary to the band's final tour of Japan in 1994 and includes recordings from 15 of the 30 venues.
Chapter listing
Opening
"Tegami"
"Party"
"Midori no Happa"
"King of Rookie"
"Yoru no Tōzokudan"
"Yūgure"
Medley ("Ame Agari", "Muchi to Manto", "Takaramono", "Toshi o Torō", "Torch Song")
"Chance"
"Sutegoma"
"Yume"
"Tabibito"
"Inspiration"
"Taifū"
"Ore wa Ore no Shi o Shinitai"
"Yaru ka Nigeru ka"
"Tsuki no Bakugekiki"
"1000 no Violin"
Medley ("Mirai wa Bokura no Te no Naka", "Bakudan ga Okkochiru Toki", "Roku de Nashi", "No No No", "Fūsen Bakudan", "Hammer", "Hito ni Yasashiku", "Dance Number")
"Linda Linda"
"Train-Train"
References
The Blue Hearts video albums
1995 live albums
1995 video albums
Live video albums |
is a traditional Japanese card game that is similar to Baccarat. It is typically played with special kabufuda cards. A hanafuda deck can also be used, if the last two months are discarded, and Western playing cards can be used if the face cards are removed from the deck and aces are counted as one. Oicho-Kabu means 8-9 and uses the Japanese kabufuda names for the numbers one to ten. As in baccarat, this game also has a dealer, whom the players try to beat.
The goal of the game is to reach 9. As in baccarat, the last digit of any total over 10 makes your hand: a 15 counts as 5, a 12 as 2, and a 20 as 0.
One of the two worst hands in oicho-kabu is an eight, a nine and a three, phonetically expressed as "ya-ku-za". This is the origin of the Japanese word for "gangster," yakuza.
References
Hanafuda card games
Gambling games
Japanese card games |
was a Japanese samurai of the early Edo period. He was a retainer and karō in the service of the Shimazu clan of Satsuma Domain.
Hirata took part in Battle of Sekigahara. After Western Army lost the war, he saved Shimazu Yoshihiro's wife and Shimazu Iehisa's wife, let them go back to Satsuma safely.
Shimazu clan decided to invade Ryukyu Kingdom in 1609, Hirata Masumune was appointed vice general. The invasion of Ryukyu was successful, Satsuma troops captured King Shō Nei and his ministers, and took them to Kagoshima. But Hirata got involved in family conflict of Shimazu clan, and was murdered by Oshikawa Kimichika () in the next year.
See also
Kabayama Hisataka
References
1566 births
1610 deaths
Samurai
Shimazu clan
Karō |
The William and Margaret Mecum House is located at 168 Lighthouse Road in Pennsville Township of Salem County, New Jersey, United States. Built in 1737, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 2018, for its significance in architecture. The house is part of the Traditional Patterned Brickwork Buildings in New Jersey Multiple Property Submission (MPS).
History and description
William Mecum had the original section of the house built in 1737. It was expanded by his son and has the initials WM and the date 1737 in the gable brickword. The two-story house uses Flemish bond brickwork and features Georgian architecture. The farm was reduced in size in the early 1970s when the United States Fish and Wildlife Service bought for the Supawna Meadows National Wildlife Refuge.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Salem County, New Jersey
List of the oldest buildings in New Jersey
References
External links
Pennsville Township, New Jersey
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Houses completed in 1737
Houses in Salem County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Salem County, New Jersey
1737 establishments in New Jersey
Brick buildings and structures
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Georgian architecture in New Jersey |
This is a list of fire departments in Pennsylvania organized by county. This is not a comprehensive list and not all counties are represented in this list.
Allegheny County
Aleppo Township Volunteer Fire Company (Aleppo, Sewickley Heights), Station 101
Allegheny County Airport Authority Fire & Rescue, Station 100
Allegheny County HazMat
Gold Team, Station 410
Blue Team, Station 420
Silver Team, Station 430
Red Team, Station 440
Green Team, Station 450
Allegheny Valley VFC (Harmar, Springdale Township), Station 315
Aspinwall VFD, Station 102
Avalon VFD, Station 103
Baldwin VFD
South Baldwin VFC, Station 104
Baldwin #1 VFD, Station 105
Option VFD, Station 107
Bellevue VFC, Station 108
Bell Acres VFD, Station 307
Ben Avon VFD, Station 109
Bethel Park VFC, Station 110
Blawnox VFC, Station 111
Brackenridge VFD - Station 112
Bradford Woods VFD - Station 115
Brentwood VFD - Station 116
Bridgeville Fire Department, Station 117
Carnegie Volunteer Fire & Rescue, Station 118
Castle Shannon Volunteer Fire Department, Station 119
Chalfant VFD, Station 120
Cheswick VFD, Station 121
Churchill VFD, Station 122
Clairton VFD, Station 123
Cochran Hose Co VFD (Edgeworth, Glen Osborne, Sewickley), Station 258
Collier VFD
Kirwan Heights VFD, Station 124
Presto VFD, Station 125
Rennerdale VFD, Station 126
Coraopolis VFD, Station 127
Coulters Vol Fire & Rescue (South Versailles), Station 272
Crafton VFD (Crafton, Thornburg, Rosslyn Farms), Station 128
Crescent Township VFD, Station 129
Dormont Fire Department, Station 130
Dravosburg #1, Station 131
Duquesne VFD, Station 133
East Deer Volunteer Hose Company, Station 134
Edgewood VFD, Station 137
Elizabeth Boro VFC, Station 139
Elizabeth Township
Greenock VFC Co 4, Station 140-4
Blythedale VFC, Station 140-3
Blaine Vill VFC, Station 142
Buena Vista VFC, Station 145
Central VFC Co 7, Station 140-7
Emsworth VFC, Station 148
Etna VFD, Station 149
Fawn VFD
Fawn #1, Station 150
Fawn #2, Station 151
Imperial VFD (Findlay), Station 152
Forest Hills VFD, Station 153
Forward Township
Gallatin-Sunnyside VFD, Station 154
Forward Township VFD, Station 155
Fox Chapel VFD, Station 157
Franklin Park VFD, Station 158
Frazer Township
Frazer #1 VFD, Station 159
Frazer #2 VFD, Station 160
Glassport Fire Department, Station 161
Greentree VFD, Station 163
Hampton VFD
Hampton Township VFD #1, Station 164
North Hampton VFD, Station 165
Harrison Township
Citizen Hose #2 VFD, Station 167
Hilltop VFD, Station 168
Harrison Hills VFD, Station 169
Heidelberg VFD, Station 170
Homestead VFC, Station 171
Indiana Township
Dorseyville VFD, Station 172
Middle Road VFD, Station 174
Rural Ridge VFD, Station 175
Jefferson Hills
Jefferson Hills Fire & Rescue, Station 177
Floreffe VFC, Station 178
Gill Hall VFC, Station 179 (Idled)
Jefferson 885 VFC, Station 180
Kennedy Township VFD, Station 181
Fair Oaks VFD (Fair Oaks, Leet Township), Station 308
Leetsdale VFD, Station 309
Liberty Boro VFD, Station 183
Lincoln Boro VFRC, Station 184
Marshall Township VFD, Station 185
McCandless
Highland VFD, Station 186
Ingomar VFD, Station 187
Peebles VFD, Station 188
McDonald VFD, Station 310
McKees Rocks VFD, Station 189
McKeesport Bureau of Fire, Station 190
Millvale VFD, Station 191
Monroeville
Monroeville #1 VFD, Station 192
Monroeville #3 VFD, Station 193
Monroeville #4 VFD, Station 194
Monroeville #5 VFD, Station 195
Monroeville #6 VFD, Station 196
Moon Township VFD, Station 197
Mt. Lebanon Fire Department, Station 198
Mt. Oliver VFD, Station 199
Munhall
Munhall #1 VFD, Station 200
Munhall #2 VFD, Station 201
Munhall #4 VFD, Station 203
Munhall #5 VFD, Station 204
Neville Island VFD, Station 205
North Braddock VFD, Station 207
North Fayette Township VFD Station 209
North Versailles
Crestas Terrace VFD, Station 212
Fire Department of North Versailles, Station 213
West Wilmerding VFD, Station 211
Oakdale VFD, Station 215
Oakmont VFD, Station 216
O'Hara
Pleasant Valley VFD, Station 217
Parkview VFD, Station 218
Ohio Township VFD, Station 220
Penn Hills Fire Department
Lincoln Park VFD, Station 221
Rosedale VFD, Station 222
North Bessemer VFD, Station 223
Point Breeze VFD, Station 224
Thad Stevens VFD, Station 225
Penn VFD, Station 227
Pitcairn #1 VFD, Station 229
Pittsburgh Bureau of Fire
Pleasant Hills VFC, Station 232
Plum Borough
Unity VFD, Station 233
Renton VFD, Station 234
Logans Ferry VFD, Station 235
Holiday Park VFD, Station 236
Reserve Township VFD, Station 317
Richland Township
Richland VFD, Station 241
Valencia VFD, Station 242
River's Edge VFD (Braddock, East Pittsburgh, Rankin), Station 113
Robinson Township
Forest Grove VFD, Station 243
Groveton VFD, Station 244
Moon Run VFD, Station 245
Ross Township
Evergreen VFD, Station 246
Berkeley Hills VFD, Station 247
Perrysville VFD, Station 248
Quaill VFD, Station 249
Fairview VFD, Station 250
Seville VFD, Station 251
Keating VFD, Station 252
Laural Gardens VFD, Station 253
Ross Township Fire Police, Station 254
Scott Township
Bower Hill VFD, Station 255
East Carnegie VFD, Station 256
Glendale Hose Co. #1, Station 257
Shaler Township
Bauerstown VFD, Station 259
Cherry City VFD, Station 260
Elfinwild VFD, Station 261
Shaler Villa VFD, Station 262
Sharps Hills VFD, Station 263
Undercliff VFD, Station 264
Sharpsburg VFD, Station 265
South Fayette Township
South Fayette VFD Co. 1, Station 266
Sturgeon VFD, Station 267
Fairview VFD, Station 268
Oak Ridge VFD, Station 269
South Park Township
Broughton VFD, Station 270
Library VFD, Station 271
Springdale Boro VFD, Station 273
Stowe Township VFD, Station 275
Swissvale Boro
Swissvale #1, Station 278-1
Swissvale #2, Station 278-2
Tarentum Borough
Highland Hose Co., Station 280
Eureka Fire Rescue, Station 281
Summit Hose Co, Station 282
Trafford VFD, #1, Station 311
Turtle Creek VFD, Station 283
Upper St. Clair VFD, Station 284
United Vol. Fire & Rescue (Wall, E. McKeesport), Station 287
Vigilant Hose #1 VFD (Port Vue), Station 237
Verona VFD, Station 285
Versailles VFD, Station 286
West Deer Township
West Deer #1 VFC, Station 288
West Deer #2 VFC, Station 289
West Deer #3 VFC, Station 290
West Elizabeth VFD, Station 291
West Homestead VFD, Station 292
West Mifflin
Homeville #1 VFD, Station 293
Duquesne Annex #2 VFD, Station 294
West Mifflin #3 VFD, Station 295
Skyview #4 VFC, Station 296
West View VFD, Station 297
Wexford VFC, Station 228 (Pine, Wexford)
Whitaker VFD, Station 298
White Oak
White Oak #1, Station 299
Rainbow VFD, Station 300
Whitehall VFD, Station 301
Wilkins Township
Wilkins #1 VFC, Station 302
Wilkins #3 VFC, Station 303
Wilkins #4 VFC, Station 304
Wilmerding VFD, Station 306
Armstrong County
Apollo
Apollo #2 VFD, Station 20
Apollo #3 VFD, Station 40
Bethel Township VFD, Station 270
Burrell Township VFD, Station 290
Dayton District VFD, Station 30
Distant VFD, Station 300
Elderton District VFD, Station 50
Ford Cliff VFC, Station 80
Ford City Hose Company #1, Station 90
Freeport VFD, Station 70
Gilpin Township VFD, Station 100
Kiski Township VFD, Station 140
Kittanning
Kittanning Hose, Hook & Ladder Company #1, Station 110
Kittanning Hose Company #4, Station 120
Kittanning Hose Company #6, Station 130
Kittanning Township VFD, Station 310
Leechburg VFD, Station 150
Manor Township VFD, Station 160
North Apollo VFD, Station 170
Parker City VFD, Station 180
Parks Township VFD, Station 200
Pine Township VFC, Station 190
Rayburn Township VFC, Station 260
Rural Valley Hose Company #1, Station 210
South Buffalo Township VFC, Station 220
Sugarcreek VFD, Station 230
Washington Township VFD, Station 280
West Kittanning VFD, Station 240
West Hills Emergency Services, Station 60
Worthington VFD, Station 250
Beaver County
Aliquippa Bureau of Fire, Station 91
Ambridge Fire Department, Station 71
Baden Fire Department, Station 47
Beaver VFD, Station 101
Beaver Falls VFD, Station 11
Big Beaver VFD, Station 14
Bridgewater, Station 28
Brighton Township VFD, Station 63
Center Township
Center Township #1, Station 36
Center Township #2, Station 37
Center Township #3, Station 38
Chippewa Township VFD, Station 22
Crescent Township VFD, Station 129
Conway VFD, Station 49
Darlington Township VFD, Station 18
Daugherty, Station 86
Economy VFD, Station 69
Ellwood City VFD, Station 103
Enon Valley VFD, Station 12
Fallston VFD, Station 50
Franklin Township VFD, Station 70
Freedom VFD, Station 27
Hanover VFD, Station 68
Harmony Township VFD, Station 48
Homewood VFD, Station 19
Hookstown VFD, Station 60
Hopewell Township VFD, Station 92
Independence VFD, Station 80
Industry VFD, Station 97
Leetsdale VFD, Station 30
Koppel VFD, Station 17
Midland VFD, Station 95
Monaca
Monaca VFD #1, Station 56
Monaca VFD #4, Station 57
Monaca VFD #5, Station 58
New Brighton, Station 84
New Galilee VFD, Station 15
New Sewickley
Big Knob VFD, Station 26
Pine Run VFD, Station 59
North Sewickley, Station 13
Ohioville VFD, Station 39
Patterson Heights VFD, Station 33
Patterson Township VFC, Station 90
Potter Township VFD, Station 34
Pulaski Township VFD, Station 89
Raccoon Township VFD, Station 35
Rochester VFD, Station 23
Shippingport VFD, Station 96
South Beaver VFD, Station 61
South Heights VFD, Station 45
Vanport VFD, Station 24
West Mayfield VFD, Station 99
White Township, Station 44
Berks County
Butler County
Adams Area Fire District, Station 42
Bruin VFD, Station 29
Buffalo Township VFC, Station 27
Butler Bureau of Fire, Station 1
Butler Township Fire District, Station 3
Callery VFD, Station 19
Chicora VFD, Station 26
Connoquenessing VFC, Station 12
Cranberry Township VFC, Station 21
East Butler VFD, Station 9
Eau Claire VFD, Station 32
Evans City Area VFD, Station 50
Harmony Fire District, Station 22
Harrisville VFD, Stsation 34
Herman VFC, Station 10
Lick Hill VFD, Station 8
Marion Township VFC, Station 31
Middlesex Township VFC, Station 16
North Washington VFD, Station 30
Oneida Valley VFC, Station 35
Penn Township VFD, Station 11
Petrolia VFD, Station 28
Portersville-Muddycreek Township VFD, Station 24
Prospect VFD, Station 13
Sarver VFC, Station 36
Saxonburg VFC, Station 15
Slippery Rock VFC, Station 33
Unionville VFC, Station 14
Butler VA Hospital FD, Station 38
West Sunbury VFD, Station 25
Winfield VFC, Station 46
Chester County
Berywyn, Station 2
Paoli, Station 3
Malvern, Station 4
East Whiteland, Station 5
West Whiteland, Station 6
Keystone Valley, Station 8
Chester County Hazardous Materials Team, Station 15
Union Fire Co, Station 21
West Grove, Stations 12/22/23
Avondale, Station 23
Kennet Square, Station 24
Longwood, Station 25
Cochranville, Station 27
Sadsburyville, Station 31
Honey Brook, Station 33
Wagontown, Station 35
Po-Mar-Lin, Station 36
Modena, Station 37
Thorndale, Station 38
West Bradford, Station 39
Coatesville Fire Dept, Stations 41/43
Westwood, Station 44
Alert of Downingtown, Station 45
Miniquas of Downingtown, Station 46
Lionville, Station 47
Glen Moore, Station 48
East Brandywine, Station 49
First West Chester Fire, Station 51
Good Will Fire Co, Station 52
Fame Fire Co, Station 53
Goshen, Stations 54/56
Kimberton, Station 61
Ridge Fire Co, Station 62
Liberty Fire Co, Station 63
Norfolk Fire Co, Station 64
Phoenixville Hook and Ladder, Station 65
Friendship of Phoenixville, Station 66
West End, Station 67
Valley Forge, Station 68
Twin Valley, Station 69
Ludwig’s Corner, Station 73
International Steel, Station 75
Chester County Dive Rescue, Station 77
Clarion County
Callensburg VFD, Station 510
Clarion Fire & Hose Co.1, Station 520
East Brady VFD, Station 530
Farmington Township VFD, Station 540
Foxburg, Station 550
Hawthorn VFD, Station 560
Knox VFC, Station 570
Limestone VFC, Station 580
Millcreek Twp VFD, Station 590
New Bethlehem Fire Co.1, Station 600
Perry Township Fire Department, Station 610
Rimersburg Hose Co, Station 620
Shippenville-Elk Township VFD, Station 630
Sligo VFD, Station 640
St. Petersburg, Station 650
Strattanville VFD, Station 660
Washington Township VFD, Station 670
Centre County
Logan Fire Company #1
Undine Fire Company #2 (Companies #1 and #2 make up the Bellefonte Fire Department #56)
Boalsburg Fire Company #3
Centre Hall Fire Company #4
Alpha Fire Company #5 (State College)
Snow Shoe Fire Company #6
Gregg Township Fire Company #7
Pleasant Gap Fire Department #8
Citizen's Hook and Ladder Company #9 (Milesburg)
Hope Fire Company #11
Reliance Fire Company #12 (Companies #11 and #12 make up the Phillipsburg Fire Department #57)
Mountain Top Fire Company #13 (Sandy Ridge)
Howard Fire Company #14
Port Matilda Fire Company #15
Walker Township Fire Company #16
Pine Glen Fire Company #17
Millheim Fire Company #18
Miles Township Fire Company #19
University Park Airport ARFF #20
Clinton County
Avis Fire Company, Station 8
Beech Creek/Blanchard Fire Company, Station 9
Castanea Fire Company, Station 3
Chapman Township Fire Company, Station 27
Citizen's Hose Company (Lock Haven), Station 6
Citizen's Hose Company (South Renovo), Station 28
Dunnstown Fire Company, Station 5
Goodwill Hose Company (Flemington), Station 7
Haneyville Fire Company, Station 18
Hand In Hand Hose Company (Lock Haven), Station 1
Hope Hose Company (Lock Haven), Station 2
Kettle Creek Hose Company, Station 26
Lamar Township Fire Company, Station 11
Mill Hall Fire Company, Station 4
Nittany Valley Fire Company (Lamar), Station 17
Renovo Fire Department, Station 29
Sugar Valley Fire Company, Station 13
Wayne Township Fire Company, Station 10
Woolrich Fire Company, Station 12
Crawford County
Bloomfield Township Fire Department
Blooming Valley Fire Department
Cambridge Springs Fire Department
Centerville Fire Department
Cherry Tree Fire Department
Cochranton Fire Department
Conneaut Lake Fire Department
Conneaut Lake Park Fire Department
Conneautville Fire Department
East Mead Fire Department
Fallowfield Fire Department
Greenwood Fire Department
Hayfield Fire Department
Hydetown Fire Department
Linesville Fire Department
Meadville Fire Department
North Shenango Fire Department
Randolph Fire Department
Saegertown Fire Department
Spartansburg Fire Department
Springboro Fire Department
Summit Township Fire Department
Titusville Fire Department
Townville Fire Department
Venango Fire Department
Vernon Central Fire Department
Vernon Township Fire Department
West Mead No. 1 Fire Department
West Mead No. 2 Fire Department
Dauphin County
Harrisburg City
Harrisburg Bureau of Fire
Harrisburg River Rescue (Station 10)
Millersburg Borough
Millersburg Vol. Fire Company (Station 20)
Elizabethville Borough
Elizabethville Fire Department (Station 21)
Lykens Borough
Liberty Hose Company #2 (station 22)
Wiconisco Township
Wiconisco Vol. Fire Company (Station 23)
Williamstown Borough
Liberty Hose Company #1 (Station 24)
Berrysburg Borough
Berrysburg & Community Fire Company (Station 26)
Gratz Borough
Gratz Area Fire Company (Station 27)
Pillow Borough
Pillow Fire Company #1 (Station 28)
Halifax Borough
Halifax Fire Department (Station 29)
Pennbrook Borough
Citizen's Fire Co. 1 of Penbrook (Station 30)
Susquehanna Township
Progress Vol. Fire Company (Station 32)
Rescue Fire Company (Station 37)
Lower Paxton Township
Colonial Park Fire Company (Station 33)
Paxtonia Fire Company (Station 34)
Linglestown Fire Company (Station 35)
West Hanover Township
West Hanover Township Fire Company (Station 36, 36-1, & 36-2)
Dauphin Borough
Dauphin-Middle Paxton Fire Company (Station 38)
East Hanover Township
Grantville Fire Company (Station 39)
Paxtang Borough
Paxtang Fire Company (Station 40)
Swatara Township
Bressler Fire Company (Station 41)
Rutherford Fire Company (Station 45)
Chambers Hill Fire Company (Station 456)
Swatara Township Volunteer Fire Company (Station 49)
Hummelstown Borough
Chemical Fire Company of Hummelstown (Station 46)
South Hanover Township
Union Deposit Vol. Fire Company (Station 47 & 47-1)
Derry Township
Hershey Vol. Fire Company (Station 48)
Steelton Borough
Steelton Vol. Fire Department (Station 50)
Londonderry Township
Londonderry Fire Company (Station 54)
Highspire Borough
Citizen Fire Company #1 (Station 55)
Harrisburg International Airport
Harrisburg Internation Airport Fire Department (Station 70)
Harrisburg Air National Guard Base
193rd Air National Guard Fire Department (Station 71)
Cleveland-Cliffs Steelton Steel Mill
Cleveland-Cliffs Steelton Fire Department (Station 73)
Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station
Three Mile Island Fire Brigade (Station 74)
Middletown Borough
Middletown Vol. Fire Department (Station 88)
Delaware County
Folcroft Fire Company
Norwood Fire Company
Clifton Heights Fire Company
Darby Fire Company #1
Glenolden Fire Company #1
Collingdale Fire Company #1
Ridley Park Fire Company
Prospect Park Fire Department
Sharon Hill Fire Company
Colwyn Borough Fire Company
Morton - Rutledge Fire Company
Eddystone Fire Company
Swarthmore Fire and Protective Association
Radnor Fire Company
Yeadon Fire Company
Folsom Fire Company
Lansdowne Fire Company
Aston Fire Company
Garrettford Drexel Hill Fire Company
Darby Fire Patrol #2
Milbourne Fire Company
Media Fire Hook and Ladder Company
Highland Park Fire Company
Llanerch Fire Company
Brookline Fire Company
Upper Darby Fire Company #1
Oakmont Fire Company
Lower Chichester Volunteer Fire Company
Boothwyn Fire Company
Newtown Square Fire Company
Collingdale Fire Company # 2
Holmes Fire Company
Springfield Fire Company
Parkside Fire Company
Rocky Run Fire Company
Chester Township Company
Tinicum Township Fire Company
Milmont Park Fire Company
Middletown Fire Company No. 1
South Media Fire Company
Brookhaven Fire Company
Broomall Fire Company
Ogden Fire Company
Manoa Fire Company
Upland Fire Company
Bon Air Fire Company
Concordville Fire & Protective Association
Reliance Hook and Ladder Company
S. M. Vaculain Fire Company
Green Ridge Fire Company
Edgemont Fire Company
Garden City Fire Company
Bethel Township Hose Company
Woodlyn Fire Company
Marcus Hook Fire Company
Leedom Fire Company
Chester Heights Fire Company
Rose Tree Fire Company
Primos Secane Westbrook Park Fire Company
Boeing Fire Department
Chester Fire Department Station. 81
Chester Fire Department Station. 82
Erie County
A.F. Dobler Hose & Ladder Company (Girard Boro, Girard Township) Station 54
Albion VFD (Albion Boro, Conneaut Township), Station 62
Belle Valley Fire Department, Station 36
Brookside Fire Company, Station 24
Corry Fire Department, Station 107
Cranesville Fire Department, Station 60
Crescent Hose Company #2, Station 21
Edinboro VFD, Station 38
Elgin-Beaverdam Dam Hose Company, Station 66
Erie International Airport Crash-Fire-Rescue, Station 82
Erie County HazMat, Station 80
Erie Fire Department, Station 32
Fairfield Hose Company, Station 26
Fairview Fire Department
Fairview Fire & Rescue, Station 52
Fairview Fire Department, Station 53
Franklin Township Fire Department, Station 72
Fuller Hose Company No.1, Station 20
Greenfield Township VFC, Station 70
Harborcreek VFD, Station 22
Kearsarge VFD, Station 44
Kuhl Hose Company
Kuhl Hose Company, Station 68
Kuhl Hose Company, Station 69
Lake City Fire Company
Lake City Fire Company, Station 56
Lake City Fire Company, Station 57
Lake Shore Fire Department, Station 50
Lawrence Park Fire Department, Station 28
McKean Hose Company, Station 40
Millcreek Response Team, Station 92
Mill Village Fire Department, Station 12
Perry Hi-Way Hose Company
Perry Hi-Way Hose Company, Station 42
Perry Hi-Way Hose Company, Station 43
Platea Fire Department, Station 58
Springfield Fire Department, Station 64
Stancliff Hose Company, Station 14
Union City Fire Department, Station 113
Wattsburg Hose Company
Wattsburg Hose Company, Station 17
Wattsburg Hose Company, Station 18
Wesleyville Hose Company, Station 30
West Lake Fire Department
West Lake Fire Department. Station 48
West Lake Fire Department, Station 49
West Ridge Fire Department
West Ridge Fire Department, Station 44
West Ridge Fire Department, Station 47
Forest County
Marienville Volunteer Fire Company
Tionesta Volunteer Fire Department
West Hickory Volunteer Fire Department.
Huntingdon County
Alexandria VFD, Station 1
Mapleton VFC, Station 2
Marklesburg VFC, Station 3
Petersburg VFD, Station 4
Mount Union VFD, Station 7
Orbisonia-Rockhill VFC, Station 9
Smithfield VFC, Station 10
Shavers Creek VFC, Station 11
Three Springs VFC, Station 12
Shade Gap VFC, Station 14
R.W.&BT VFC, Station 17
Stone Creek Valley VFC, Station 19
Mill Creek VFC, Station 20
Trough Creek Valley VFC, Station 21
Warriors Mark VFC, Station 22
Huntingdon Regional Fire & Rescue, Dept 65 -Walker TWP, Station 65-1 -Huntingdon Borough, Station 65-2 -Oneida TWP, Station 65-3
Indiana County
Plumville VFD, Station 350
Cherry Tree VFC, Station 520
Lackawanna County
Archbald Fire Department, Station 21
Archbald Hose Company No. 1, Station 21-1
Black Diamond Hose Company No. 2, Station 21-2
East Side Hose Company No. 4, Station 21-3
Blakely Hose Company, Station 22
Carbondale City Fire Department, Station 51
Mitchell Hose Company, Station 51-1
Columbia Fire Company, Station 51-5
Chinchilla Hose Company (South Abington Township) Station 2
Clarks Summit Fire Department, Station 4
Covington Fire Department, Station 14
Dalton Fire Company, Station 5
Dunmore Fire Department, Station 6
Eagle Hose Company No. 1 (Dickson City Borough), Station 23
Elmhurst-Roaring Brook Fire Department, Station 15
Eynon Hose Company No. 3, Station 33
Fleetville Fire Company (Benton Township), Station 63
Gouldsboro Volunteer Fire Company, Station 55
Grattan-Singer Hose Company No. 1 (Fell Township), Station 61
Greenfield Township Volunteer Fire Company, Station 24
Greenwood Hose Company (Moosic Borough), Station 98
Jefferson Township Fire Department, Station 29
Jermyn Fire Department, Station 58
Crystal Fire Company, Station 58-1
Artisan Fire Company, Station 58-2
Jessup Hose Company No. 1, Station 31
Jessup Hose Company No. 2, Station 25
Justus Fire Company (Scott Township, Justus), Station 28
Madisonville Fire Department (Madison Township), Station 56
Mayfield Fire Department
Mayfield Hose Company No. 1, Station 59-1
Whitmore Hose Company No. 2, Station 59-2
William Walker Hose Company, Station 59-3
Meredith Hose Company (Carbondale Township), Station 60
Moscow Fire and Hose Company, Station 7
Newton/Ransom Volunteer Fire Department, Station 8
Old Forge Fire Department, Station 93
Old Forge Fire Company, Station 93-1
Lawrence Hose Company, Station 93-1
Eagle McClure Hose Company, Station 93-3
Olyphant Fire Department, Station 26
Excelsior Hose Company No. 1, Station 26-1
Olyphant Hose and Engine Company No. 2, Station 26-2
Eureka Hose Company No. 4, Station 26-4
Liberty Hose Company No. 6, Station 26-6
Queen City Hose Company No. 8, Station 26-8
Scott Township Hose Company, Station 36
Scranton Fire Department, Station 50
Fire Headquarters
Rescue Company No. 1
Engine Company No. 2
Truck Company No. 4
Engine Company No. 7
Engine Company No. 8
Engine Company No. 10
Springbrook Township Volunteer Fire Department, Station 53
Taylor Fire Department, Station 95
Taylor Fire Company, Station 95-1
Taylor Fire and Rescue, Station 95-2
Thornhurst Fire Department, Station 54
Throop Fire Department, Station 27
Thoop Hose Company No. 1, Station 27-1
Throop Hose Company No. 2, Station 27-2
Volunteer Hose Company of Throop, Station 27-3
Whites Crossing Fire and Rescue (Carbondale Township), Station 62
Wilson Fire Company (Blakely Borough, Peckville), Station 20
Lehigh County
Allentown Fire Department
America Hook and Ladder 25/53
Alpha Fire Company
Altoona City Fire
Beale Township Fire Department (Juniata County)
Bellwood Fire Department
Bethlehem Fire Department
Benton Fire Company
Bernville Fire Company (Berks County)
Bristol Consolidated Fire Department
Bristol Fire Co.
Cetronia Volunteer Fire Department
Chester Hill Hose Company (Clearfield County station 14)
Connellsville Township Volunteer Fire Department
Citizens Hose Company #5 (County Station #6)
Columbia Fire Company (Clearfield County station 22)
Croydon Fire Company
Dawson Volunteer Fire Department
Delano Fire Company No. 1
Delaware County Firefighting
Dunnstown Fire Company
Reliance Hose Company #1, Elisabethville
Elmhurst-Roaring Brook Volunteer Fire Company
Goodwill Hose Co., Bristol Borough
Hand-In-Hand Hose Company #1
Harleysville Volunteer Fire Company
Hamlin Fire and Rescue
Hershey Fire Department
Hope Hose Company #2, Lock Haven
Keystone Valley Volunteer Fire Company No. 08
Kimberton Fire Company
Lake Carey Volunteer Fire Company, Lemon Township, Wyoming County
Levittown Fire Company No. 1
Levittown Fire Company No. 2
Logan Township Fire
Malvern Fire Company
Mehoopany Vol. Fire Co.
Minersville Fire Rescue
Montgomery Volunteer Fire Department
Morrisville Fire Department
Northmoreland Township Volunteer Fire Company
Nuremberg-Weston Volunteer Fire Company
Old Forge Fire Department
Radnor Fire Company, Wayne
Rangers Hose Company, Girardville
Reading Fire Department
Republic Volunteer Fire Company
Rosedale Volunteer Fire Department
Shanksville Volunteer Fire Department
Scalp Level and Paint Borough Fire Company
South Media Fire Co.
Springdale Volunteer Fire Department
Union Fire Company
Thompson Hose Company
Tilbury Plymouth Twp 169
Township of Spring Volunteer Fire Rescue
Trevose Fire Company 4, Feasterville-Trevose
Trevose Fire Company 84
Towamencin Volunteer Fire Company
Union Fire Company No. 1, Oxford
United Fire Co., Montrose
Upper Darby Fire Department
West Chester Fire Department
Worcester Volunteer Fire Company
Luzerne County
Ashley Fire Department (St. 111)
Avoca Fire Department (St. 112)
Bear Creek Fire Department (St. 113)
Shades Creek Fire Department (St. 115)
Valley Regional Fire Department (St. 116)
Mocanaqua Volunteer Fire Company #1 (St. 118)
Pond Hill-Lily Lake Fire Department (St. 218)
Courtdale Fire Department (St. 119)
Back Mountain Regional Fire Department (St. 121)
Kunkle Fire Department (St. 122)
Dennison Township Fire Department (St. 123)
Dorrance Township Volunteer Fire Department (St. 124)
Dupont Fire Department (St. 125)
Germania Hose Company (St. 126)
Excelsior Hose Company (St. 226)
Edwardsville Fire Department (St. 127)
Exeter Township Fire Department (St. 128)
Harding Fire Department (St. 129)
Mt. Zion Fire Department (St. 229)
Fairmount Township Volunteer Fire Department (St. 131)
Mountain Top Hose Company No. 1 (St. 132)
Fearnots Fire Department (St. 134)
Franklin Township Fire Department (St. 135)
Freeland Fire Department (St. 136)
Hanover Township Fire Department (St. 137)
Harvey's Lake Fire Department (St. 138)
Hazleton City Fire Department (St. 139)
Hazle Township Fire Department (St. 141)
Harwood Fire Department (St. 241)
Hobbie Volunteer Fire Department (St. 142)
Hughestown Fire Department (St. 143)
Hunlock Township Fire Department (St. 144)
Huntington Fire Department (St. 145)
Jackson Township Fire Department (St. 146)
Jenkins Fire Department (St. 148)
Kingston/Forty Fort Fire Department (St. 149)
Trucksville Volunteer Fire Department (St. 151)
Shavertown Volunteer Fire Company (St. 251)
Laflin Borough Fire Department (St. 152)
Larksville Volunteer Fire Company #1 (St. 154)
Laurel Run Volunteer Fire Department (St. 155)
Lake Silkworth Volunteer Fire Department (St. 256)
Idetown Fire Department (St. 356)
Luzerne Borough Fire Department (St. 157)
Nanticoke City Fire Department (St. 158)
Nescopeck Borough Volunteer Fire Department (St. 159)
Nescopeck Township Fire Department (St. 161)
Newport Township Fire Department (St. 163)
Nuangola Volunteer Fire Department (St. 164)
Pittston City Fire Department (St. 165)
Pittston Township Fire Department (St. 166)
Plains Township Fire Department (St. 167)
Plymouth Borough Volunteer Fire Company #1 (St. 168)
Goodwill Hose Company #2 (St. 168)
Elm Hill Fire Company #3 (St. 168)
Plymouth Township Fire Department (St. 169)
Pringle Volunteer Fire Department (St. 171)
Sweet Valley Volunteer Fire Company (St. 173)
Salem Township Fire Department (St. 174)
Shickshinny Borough Fire Department (St. 175)
Slocum Township Volunteer Fire Company (St. 176)
Sugarloaf Township Volunteer Fire Department (St. 177)
Sugarnotch Volunteer Fire Department (St. 178)
Brodericks Fire Company #2 (St. 279)
Maltby Fire Rescue #3 (St. 379)
West Hazleton Fire Department (St. 183)
West Pittston Fire Department (St. 184)
West Wyoming Fire Company #1 (St. 185)
West Wyoming Fire Company #1 (St. 285)
White Haven Fire Company #1 (St. 186)
Wilkes-Barre City Fire Department (St. 187)
Wilkes-Barre Township Fire Department (St. 188)
Wright Township Volunteer Fire Department (St. 189)
Wyoming Borough Fire Company #1 (St. 191)
Wyoming Borough Fire Company #2 (St. 291)
Yatesville Fire Department (St. 192)
Lycoming County
Antes Fort VFD, Station 31
Black Forest VFC, Station 36
Brown Township VFC, Station 35
Citizen's Hose Co (Jersey Shore), Station 45
Clinton Township VFC, Station 12
Duboistown Fire Dept, Station 8
Eldred Township VFC, Station 22
Hepburn Township VFC, Station 15
Hughesville VFC, Station 24
Independent Hose Co (Jersey Shore), Station 3
Lairdsville Community VFC, Station 27
Loyalsock Volunteer Fire Company, Station 18
Montgomery VFC, Station 13
Muncy Area VFC, Station 39
Muncy Township Vol Fire Co (Pennsdale), Station 23
Nippenose Valley VFC, Station 6
Nisbet VFC, Station 7
Old Lycoming Township VFC, Station 14
Picture Rocks VFC, Station 26
Plunketts Creek Township VFD, Station 25
Ralston VFC, Station 17
South Williamsport VFD, Station 5
Trout Run VFC, Station 16
Unityville VFC, Station 32
Washington Township VFC, Station 21
Waterville Fire Dept, Station 28
Williamsport Bureau of Fire, Station 1
Williamsport Regional Airport, Station 19
Willing Hand Hose Co (Montoursville), Station 20
Woodward Township VFC, Station 2
Montgomery County
Glenside Fire Company, Station 1
La Mott Fire Company, Station 2
Elkins Park Fire Company, Station 3
Cheltenham Fire Company, Station 4
Flourtown Fire Company, Station 6
Wissahickon Fire Company, Station 7
Huntingdon Valley Fire Company No. 1, Station 8
Rockledge Volunteer Fire Department No. 1, Station 9
Willow Grove Fire Company, Station 10
Bryn Athyn Fire Company, Station 11
Colmar Volunteer Fire Company, Station 12
Lansdale Fairmount Fire Company, Station 14
Horsham Fire Company, Station 15
Independent Fire Company No. 2, Station 16
Hatfield Fire Company, Station 17
Fire Department of Montgomery Township, Station 18
Penn Wynne/Overbrook Hills Fire Company, Station 21
Belmont Hills Fire Company, Station 22
Bryn Mawr Fire Company, Station 23
Gladwyne Fire Company, Station 24
Merion Fire Company of Ardmore, Station 25
Narberth Fire Company, Station 26
Norristown Fire Department, Station 27
Norris Hose Fire Company, Station 27A
Montgomery Hose Company, Station 27B
Humane Fire Company No. 1, Station 27C
Fairmount Engine Company No. 2, Station 27D
Hancock Fire Company, Station 27E
Union Fire Association, Station 28
Barren Hill Volunteer Fire Company, Station 29
Bridgeport Fire Company, Station 31
Good Will Fire Company, Station 32
Centre Square Fire Company, Station 33
Collegeville Fire Company No. 1, Station 34
Conshohocken Fire Company No. 2, Station 55A
Washington Fire Company, Station 55B
New Hanover Township Fire Company No. 1, Station 37
East Greenville Fire Company, Station 38
George Clay Steam Fire Engine & Hose Co No. 1, Station 39
North Penn Goodwill Service, Station 41
Green Lane Fire Company, Station 42
Plymouth Fire Company No. 1, Station 43
Harmonville Fire Company No. 1, Station 44
Spring Mill Fire Company No. 1, Station 45
Jefferson Fire Company No. 1, Station 46
King of Prussia Volunteer Fire Company, Station 47
Swedeland Volunteer Fire Company No. 1, Station 48
Swedesburg Volunteer Fire Company, Station 49
Limerick Fire Department, Station 51
Limerick Fire Department - Limerick, Station 51A
Limerick Fire Department - Linfield, Station 51B
Lower Frederick Fire Company, Station 52
Lower Providence Township Fire Department, Station 53
Mont Clare Fire Company, Station 55
Stowe West End Fire Company No. 1, Station 57
Sanatoga Fire Company, Station 58
Ringing Hill Fire Company, Station 59
Norriton Fire Engine Company, Station 61
North Penn Volunteer Fire Company, Station 62
Oaks Fire Company, Station 63
Telford Volunteer Diving & Rescue Unit, Station 64
Pennsburg Fire Company, Station 65
Perkiomen Township Fire Company No. 1, Station 66
Gilbertsville Fire Company, Station 67
Sassamansville Fire Company, Station 68
Pottstown Fire Department, Station 69
Goodwill Fire Company, Station 69A
Philadelphia Steam, Station 69B
North End Fire Company, Station 69D
Red Hill Fire Company, Station 71
Tylersport Fire Company, Station 72
Schwenksville Fire Company, Station 73
Perseverance Fire Company, Station 74
Telford Volunteer Fire Company, Station 75
Towamencin Volunteer Fire Company, Station 76
Trappe Fire Company, Station 77
Upper Salford Volunteer Fire Company, Station 78
Upper Pottsgrove Township Fire Company No. 1, Station 79
Upper Gwynedd Township Fire Department, Station 80
Wyndmoor Hose Company No. 1, Station 82
Worcester Volunteer Fire Department, Station 83
Skippack Fire Company, Station 86
Upper Frederick Fire Company No. 1, Station 87
Fort Washington Fire Company No. 1, Station 88
Harleysville Fire Company, Station 89
Enterprise Fire Company of Hatboro, Station 95
Pioneer Fire Company of Jenkintown, Station 96
Royersford Fire Department, Station 98
Abington Township Fire Department
Abington Fire Company, Station 100
McKinley Fire Company, Station 200
Weldon Fire Company, Station 300
Edge Hill Fire Company No. 1, Station 400
Roslyn Fire Company, Station 500
Oreland Volunteer Fire Company No. 1, Station 700
Philadelphia County
Philadelphia Fire Department
Sullivan County
Dushore VFC, Station 57
Eagles Mere VFC, Station 51
Endless Winds VFC, Station 55
Eldredsville VFC, Station 56
Forksville VFD, Station 53
Hillsgrove VFC, Station 54
Laporte VFC, Station 50
Mildred VFC, Station 58
Muncy Valley Area VFC, Station 52
Venango County
Cherrytree VFD, Station 2
Clintonville VFD, Station 3
Cooperstown VFD, Station 5
Cornplanter VFD, Station 6
Emlenton VFD, Station 55
Franklin VFD, Station 9
Kennerdell VFD, Station 30
Oakland VFD, Station 13
Oil City Fire Department, Station 14
Pinegrove VFD, Station 15
Pleasantville VFD, Station 16
Polk Fire Rescue, Station 17
President VFD, Station 18
Reno VFD, Station 19
Rockland VFD, Station 20
Rocky Grove VFD, Station 21
Rouseville VFD, Station 22
Sandycreek Township VFD, Station 23
Seneca VFD, Station 24
Utica VFD, Station 27
Washington County
Amwell Township VFD, Station 34
Avella Township VFD, Station 35
Bentleyville VFD, Station 11
Burgettstown VFC, Station 21
California VFD, Station 23
Canton Township Fire & Rescue, Station 52
Canonsburg VFD, Station 69
Carroll Township VFD, Station 63
Cecil Township
Lawrence VFC #1, Station 28
Muse VFC #2, Station 29
Cecil Township VFC #3, Station 10
Charleroi Fire Department, Station 33
Chartiers VFD, Station 25
Claysville VFD, Station 31
Cokeburg VFD, Station 68
Denbo-Vista #6 VFD #6, Station 19
Donora VFD, Station 66
East Bethlehem VFC, Station 15
Eldersville VFD, Station 49
Ellsworth-Somerset VFD, Station 38
Elrama VFC, Station 24
Fallowfield VFD, Station 47
Finleyville VFD, Station 26
Hanover VFD, Station 45
Houston VFD, Station 65
Jefferson VFD, Station 49
Lock #4 VFC (North Charleroi), Station 22
Lone Pine VFD, Station 50
Marianna VFC, Station 67
McDonald VFD, Station 12
Meadowlands VFD, Station 25
Midway VFD, Station 13
Monongahela VFD, Station 62
Morris Township VFD, Station 42
Mt. Pleasant VFC, Station 41
New Eagle VFD, Station 14
North Franklin VFC, Station 43
North Strabane Fire Rescue, Station 48
Peters Township VFD, Station 64
Richeyville VFD, Station 27
Roscoe VFD, Station 16
Slovan-Smith Township VFD, Station 18
South Franklin VFD, Station 52
South Strabane VFD, Station 44
Stockdale VFD, Station 17
Washington City Fire Department, Station 54
Washington County HazMat, Station 92
Taylorstown VFD, Station 36
West Alexander VFD, Station 39
West Brownsville VFD, Station 61
West Finley VFD, Station 53
West Middletown VFD, Station 30
Valley Inn VFD, Station 46
Westmoreland County
Alcoa Technical Center FD, Station 122
Allegheny Township
Allegheny Township VFC #1, Station 99
Markle VFD, Station 101
Arnold VFD, Station 95
Avonmore VFD, Station 55
Bell Township VFD, Station 67
Chestnut Ridge VFD
Delmont VFD, Station 30
Derry Boro VFC, Station 41
Derry Township
Bradenville VFD, Station 71
East Huntingdon Township VFD, Station 74
Everson VFD, Station 60
Fairfield Twp VFD, Station 111
Grandview VFD, Station 106
Greensburg VFD, Station 79
Hose Co #1, Station 79-1
Truck/Foam Co #2, Station 79-2
Hose Co #3, Station 79-3
Hose Co #6, Station 79-6
Hose Co #7, Station 79-7
Hose Co #8, Station 79-8
Hempfield Township
Adamsburg VFD, Staton 10
Bovard VFD, Station 84
Carbon VFD, Station 23
Fort Allen VFD, Station 104
Grapeville VFD, Station 21
Hannastown VFD, Station 75
Hempfield VFD #2, Station 29
High Park VFD, Station 61
Luxor VFD, Station 93
Midway-St Clair VFD, Station 28
North Hempfield VFD, Station 65
West Point VFD, Station 96
Hunker VFD, Station 27
Hyde Park / West Leechburg VFD, Station 53
Irwin VFD, Station 57
Jeannette FD, Station 112
Latrobe
Goodwill Hose Co #1, Station 113-1
Hook & Ladder Co #2, Station 113-2
Freewill Hose Co #3, Station 113-3
Good Friends Hose Co #5, Station 113-5
Free Service Fire Unit #6, Station 113-6
Ligonier
Darlington VFD, Station 42
Ligonier Volunteer Hose Co #1, Station 43
Waterford VFD #1, Station 44
Wilpen VFD #2, Station 45
Lower Burrell
Kinloch VFC #1, Station 54
Lower Burrell VFC #3, Station 69
Madison VFD, Station 18
Manor VFD, Station 13
Monessen Bureau of Fire
Monessen #1, Station 81-1
Monessen Hilltop #2, Station 81-2
Mt Pleasant Boro VFD, Station 38
Mt Pleasant Township
Calumet VFD, Station 109
Hecla VFD, Station 88
Kecksburg VFD, Station 76
Norvelt VFD, Station 37
Trauger VFD, Station 35
Murrysville
Export VFD, Station 22
Murrysville VFC #1, Station 20
Sardis VFD, Station 78
White Valley VFD, Station 64
New Florence VFD, Station 46
New Alexandria VFD, Station 77
New Kensington Bureau of Fire, Station 56
New Kensington #1, Station 56-1
New Kensington #2, Station 56-2
New Kensington #3, Station 56-3
New Kensington #4, Station 56-4
New Kensington #5, Station 56-5
New Stanton VFD, Station 25
North Belle Vernon VFD, Station 80
North Huntingdon
Circleville VFD, Station 8
Fairmont-Hahntown VFD, Station 6
Hartford Heights VFD, Station 4
Larimer VFD, Station 1
North Huntingdon Rescue Truck, Station 214
Shafton VFD, Station 5
Strawpump VFD, Station 2
Westmoreland City VFD, Station 3
North Irwin VFD, Station 12
Oklahoma VFD, Station 49
Penn Borough VFD, Station 94
Penn Township
Claridge VFD, Station 63
Grandview VFD, Station 106
Harrison City VFD, Station 87
Level Green VFD, Station 9
Paintertown VFD, Station 7
Rostraver Township
Collinsburg VFC, Station 103
Rostraver Central VFC, Station 105
Webster VFD #1, Station 31
Salem Township
Slickville VFD, Station 59
Forbes Road VFC #2, Station 90
Scottdale VFD, Station 58
Seward VFD, Station 47
Sewickley Township
Herminie VFD, Station 15
Hutchinson VFD, Station 85
Lowber VFC, Station 16
Rillton VFD, Station 14
Smithton VFD, Station 17
South Greensburg FD, Station 32
South Huntingdon Township
Turkeytown VFD, Station 107
Yukon VFD, Staiton 19
Southwest Greensburg VFD, Station 24
Sutersville VFD, Station 11
Trafford VFD, Station 86
Unity Townhip
Crabtree VFD, Station 34
Dry Ridge VFD, Station 91
Lloydsville VFD, Station 114
Marguerite VFD, Station 33
Mutual VFD, Station 83
St Vincent College VFD, Station 117
Pleasant Unity VFD, Station 36
Whitney Hostetter VFD, Station 73
Youngstown VFD, Station 39
Upper Burrell Twp FD, Station 115
Vandergrift
Vandergrift VFD #1, Station 51
Vandergrift VFD #2, Station 50
Washington Township VFC #1, Station 102
Westinghouse Waltz Mills FD, Station 116
Westmoreland County
Airport Authority, Station 121
HAZMAT Team, Station 800
Rough Terrain Team, Station 211
Tactical Rope Team, Station 143
Trench Rescue Team, Station 148
Water Rescue Team, Station 175
West Newton VFC, Station 82
Youngwood Hose Co #1, Station 26
See also
List of fire departments#United States
List of Pennsylvania state agencies
References
Pennsylvania
fire departments |
William Brownlow (1 September 1755 – 10 July 1815) of Lurgan, County Armagh was an Anglo-Irish Tory politician.
He was the eldest son of William Brownlow (1726–1794) and his wife Judith Letitia Meredith from whom he inherited one of the largest landholdings in Armagh.
He was pricked High Sheriff of Armagh in 1787 and succeeded his father as MP for County Armagh constituency in the Irish House of Commons between 1795 and 1797. In 1807 he was elected as the Tory Member of Parliament for Armagh in the United Kingdom House of Commons, sitting for the seat until his death in 1815.
He founded, with three partners, the private bank of William Brownlow Esq., & Co.
He married in 1803 Charity, the daughter of Matthew Ford of Seaford, but died childless in 1815. He was succeeded by his brother Charles, the father of Charles Brownlow, 1st Baron Lurgan .
References
1755 births
1815 deaths
18th-century Anglo-Irish people
19th-century Anglo-Irish people
William
Irish MPs 1790–1797
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Armagh constituencies (1801–1922)
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1812–1818
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Armagh constituencies
High Sheriffs of Armagh |
```emacs lisp
;;; rmailkwd.el --- part of the "RMAIL" mail reader for Emacs
;; Inc.
;; Maintainer: emacs-devel@gnu.org
;; Keywords: mail
;; Package: rmail
;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.
;; GNU Emacs is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
;; (at your option) any later version.
;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
;; along with GNU Emacs. If not, see <path_to_url
;;; Commentary:
;;; Code:
(require 'rmail)
;; Global to all RMAIL buffers. It exists for the sake of completion.
;; It is better to use strings with the label functions and let them
;; worry about making the label.
(defvar rmail-label-obarray (make-vector 47 0)
"Obarray of labels used by Rmail.
`rmail-read-label' uses this to offer completion.")
;; Initialize with the standard labels.
(mapc (lambda (s) (intern (cadr s) rmail-label-obarray))
rmail-attr-array)
(defun rmail-make-label (s)
"Intern string S as a downcased symbol in `rmail-label-obarray'."
(intern (downcase s) rmail-label-obarray))
;;;###autoload
(defun rmail-add-label (label)
"Add LABEL to labels associated with current RMAIL message.
Completes (see `rmail-read-label') over known labels when reading.
LABEL may be a symbol or string. Only one label is allowed."
(interactive (list (rmail-read-label "Add label")))
(rmail-set-label label t))
;;;###autoload
(defun rmail-kill-label (label)
"Remove LABEL from labels associated with current RMAIL message.
Completes (see `rmail-read-label') over known labels when reading.
LABEL may be a symbol or string. Only one label is allowed."
(interactive (list (rmail-read-label "Remove label")))
(rmail-set-label label nil))
;;;###autoload
(defun rmail-read-label (prompt)
"Read a label with completion, prompting with PROMPT.
Completions are chosen from `rmail-label-obarray'. The default
is `rmail-last-label', if that is non-nil. Updates `rmail-last-label'
according to the choice made, and returns a symbol."
(let* ((old nil)
(result
(progn
;; If the summary exists, we've already read all the
;; existing labels. If not, read the ones in this message.
(or (eq major-mode 'rmail-summary-mode)
(rmail-summary-exists)
(and (setq old (rmail-get-keywords))
(mapc 'rmail-make-label (split-string old ", "))))
(completing-read (concat prompt
(if rmail-last-label
(concat " (default "
(symbol-name rmail-last-label)
"): ")
": "))
rmail-label-obarray
nil
nil))))
(if (string= result "")
rmail-last-label
(setq rmail-last-label (rmail-make-label result)))))
(declare-function rmail-summary-update-line "rmailsum" (n))
(defun rmail-set-label (label state &optional msg)
"Set LABEL as present or absent according to STATE in message MSG.
LABEL may be a symbol or string."
(or (stringp label) (setq label (symbol-name label)))
(if (string-match "," label)
(error "More than one label specified"))
(with-current-buffer rmail-buffer
(rmail-maybe-set-message-counters)
(if (zerop (or msg (setq msg rmail-current-message)))
(error "No message"))
;; Force recalculation of summary for this message.
(aset rmail-summary-vector (1- msg) nil)
(let (attr-index)
;; Is this label an attribute?
(dotimes (i (length rmail-attr-array))
(if (string= (cadr (aref rmail-attr-array i)) label)
(setq attr-index i)))
(if attr-index
;; If so, set it as an attribute.
(rmail-set-attribute attr-index state msg)
;; Is this keyword already present in msg's keyword list?
(let* ((header (rmail-get-keywords msg))
(regexp (concat ", " (regexp-quote label) ","))
(present (not (null
(string-match regexp (concat ", " header ","))))))
;; If current state is not correct,
(unless (eq present state)
;; either add it or delete it.
(rmail-set-header
rmail-keyword-header msg
(if state
;; Add this keyword at the end.
(if (and header (not (string= header "")))
(concat header ", " label)
label)
;; Delete this keyword.
(let ((before (substring header 0
(max 0 (- (match-beginning 0) 2))))
(after (substring header
(min (length header)
(- (match-end 0) 1)))))
(cond ((string= before "")
;; If before and after both empty, delete the header.
(unless (string= after "")
after))
((string= after "")
before)
(t (concat before ", " after))))))))))
(if (rmail-summary-exists)
(rmail-select-summary (rmail-summary-update-line msg)))
(if (= msg rmail-current-message)
(rmail-display-labels))))
;; Motion on messages with keywords.
;;;###autoload
(defun rmail-previous-labeled-message (n labels)
"Show previous message with one of the labels LABELS.
LABELS should be a comma-separated list of label names.
If LABELS is empty, the last set of labels specified is used.
With prefix argument N moves backward N messages with these labels."
(interactive "p\nsMove to previous msg with labels: ")
(rmail-next-labeled-message (- n) labels))
(declare-function mail-comma-list-regexp "mail-utils" (labels))
;;;###autoload
(defun rmail-next-labeled-message (n labels)
"Show next message with one of the labels LABELS.
LABELS should be a comma-separated list of label names.
If LABELS is empty, the last set of labels specified is used.
With prefix argument N moves forward N messages with these labels."
;; FIXME show the default in the prompt.
(interactive "p\nsMove to next msg with labels: ")
(if (string= labels "")
(setq labels rmail-last-multi-labels))
(or labels
(error "No labels to find have been specified previously"))
(set-buffer rmail-buffer)
(setq rmail-last-multi-labels labels)
(rmail-maybe-set-message-counters)
(let ((lastwin rmail-current-message)
(current rmail-current-message)
(regexp (concat " \\("
(mail-comma-list-regexp labels)
"\\)\\(,\\|\\'\\)")))
(while (and (> n 0) (< current rmail-total-messages))
(setq current (1+ current))
(if (string-match regexp (rmail-get-labels current))
(setq lastwin current n (1- n))))
(while (and (< n 0) (> current 1))
(setq current (1- current))
(if (string-match regexp (rmail-get-labels current))
(setq lastwin current n (1+ n))))
(if (< n 0)
(error "No previous message with labels %s" labels)
(if (> n 0)
(error "No following message with labels %s" labels)
(rmail-show-message-1 lastwin)))))
(provide 'rmailkwd)
;; Local Variables:
;; generated-autoload-file: "rmail-loaddefs.el"
;; End:
;;; rmailkwd.el ends here
``` |
The World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) is the international governing body for pool (pocket billiards). It was formed in 1987, and was initially headed by a provisional board of directors consisting of representatives from Australia, Americas, Africa, and Europe. As of 2023, the WPA president is Ishaun Singh of South Africa. It is an associate of the World Confederation of Billiards Sports (WCBS), the international umbrella organization that encompasses the major cue sports.
History
In the late 1970s, Kazuo Fujima of Japan invited various European players to compete in the All Japan Championship. This led to cooperation with Europe, being the first time contacts between Europe and Asian associations had been made. However, most of the efforts were initiated by individuals, and progressed slowly. By the mid-80s, many European players, who had the European Pool Championship as their highest level of competition, have been aware of pool events in the United States and were dissatisfied with the development of the sport in the continent, and wanted to compete at a higher level.
In November 1987, at a European Pocket Billiard Federation (EPBF) board meeting in Germany, the idea of a worldwide competition resurfaced. The EPBF board members used their own money to fund a group to create a logo, letterheads and communications with various pool organizations. Kazuo Fujima of Japan replied that Asia was interested in participating.
In May 1988, the group's general assembly was held in conjunction alongside the European Pool Championship in Stockholm, Sweden. The group formed a provisional board that consisted of Kazuo Fujima (Japan), Paul Gerni (USA), Jorgen Sandman (Sweden), and Horst Vondenhoff (Germany).
In March 1990, the inaugural WPA World Nine-ball Championship was held in Bergheim, Germany. The playing field included 32 men and 16 women in separate divisions, and has since become an annual event.
On March 3, 1990, the World Pool-Billiard Association was sanctioned by the general assembly as the international governing body for pool. The acronym WPA was selected so it would not conflict with the existing Women's Professional Billiard Association (WPBA).
Membership in the WPA has grown since its inception. In 1991, Australia and New Zealand, under the umbrella of the Australasian Pool Association, became members. In 1999, the organizations associated with Latin America and the Caribbean became members, and in 2000, a substantial portion of the organizations from Africa joined.
Currently sanctioned tournaments
WPA World Nine-ball Championship
WPA World Ten-ball Championship
WPA World Eight-ball Championship
WPA World Blackball Championship
WPA World Artistic Pool Championship
Member confederations and countries
The WPA members are grouped by six continental/regional confederations, who in turn, consist of members from a country's national federation. The chart and table shows the WPA's members :
Board members
, the WPA board consist of:
Ishaun Singh (South Africa), President
Shane Tyree (North America), Vice President & Sports Director
Javiera Rivera (South America), Board Member
Melvin Chia (Malaysia), Board Member
Stuart Rogers (Australia), Board Member
Jorgen Sandman (Sweden), Board Member
Kelly Fisher (Great Britain), Player Representative
See also
List of professional sports leagues
List of world eight-ball champions
List of WPA World Nine-ball champions
Notes
References
External links
Cue sports governing bodies
Pool organizations
Carom billiards organizations
Sports organizations established in 1987
Organisations based in Sydney |
Spiritual Discourses (also known as Spiritual Sayings () or Spiritual Freedom ()) is a book of fifteen lectures delivered by Morteza Motahhari. The common aspect of all of these lectures is their reflection on self-improvement and self-cultivation, though they also address social issues at some points.
Background
Most of the lectures were delivered in Hosseiniyeh Ershad between 1968 and 1971 in Iran, Tehran. Their subject matter concerns spiritual issues around self-construction and self-cultivation. Morteza Motahhari references philosophical anthropology to explain and explore these concepts.
The first edition of Spiritual Discourses was published in 1986, consisting of thirteen lectures across eight chapters in Iran. In the nineteenth edition, two lectures were added to the second chapter. The Persian title of the book, , was renamed to Spiritual Freedom () after several editions by the publisher. It has been reprinted more than 80 times in Iran.
Chapters
The book has eight chapters:
Spiritual Freedom () – two lectures delivered in 1969 in Hosseiniyeh Ershad, Tehran.
Worship and Prayer () – four lectures delivered in 1970 in Hosseiniyeh Ershad, Tehran.
Repentance () – two lectures delivered in 1970 in Hosseiniyeh Ershad, Tehran.
Migration and Jihad () – three lectures delivered in 1971 in Naarmak Mosque, Tehran.
Nobility and Magnanimity of Spirit () – a lecture delivered on November 8, 1970, in Hosseiniyeh Ershad, Tehran.
Belief in the Unseen () – a lecture delivered in November 1968 in a private home.
The Criteria for Humanity () – a university lecture.
The School of Humanity () – a lecture delivered at the College of Engineering, University of Tehran.
Reception
In a meeting with a group of poets on August 15, 2011, Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran, recommended the book after pointing out the usefulness of reading the Quran, Nahj al-Balagha and Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya.
Translations
The book was originally published in Persian, and has been translated into English, Urdu, Spanish and Arabic.
See also
The Principles of Philosophy and the Method of Realism
Sexual Ethics in Islam and in the Western World
Understanding Islamic Sciences
Anecdotes of pious men
Atlas of Shia
Hadiqat al Haqiqa
Reflection on the Ashura movement
Step by Step Up to Union With God
References
1986 books
Iranian books
Books by Morteza Motahhari |
Kebab pizza (Swedish: kebabpizza) is a Swedish style of pizza topped with kebab meat and other ingredients, the precise topping often varying between restaurants. A combination of Italian and Middle Eastern cuisines, the kebab pizza was created by Middle Eastern immigrants in the 1980s. Since its creation, the kebab pizza has increased in popularity and is today one of Sweden's most popular pizzas, and one of the most popular fast food dishes overall. Due to its popularity the dish has reached a position of cultural prominence in Sweden as well as all over Scandinavia, sometimes being invoked in popular culture and politics.
Origin and history
The kebab pizza was invented in Sweden and combines Italian and Middle Eastern cuisine. The first pizzeria in Sweden opened in Västerås in 1947 following the arrival of 300 guest workers from Italy to the city. Further pizzerias were founded in the 1960s and pizza gradually became the most common fast food in the country. After the first wave of Italian immigration into Sweden, few Italians moved to the country with the ambition to make pizzas. Pizzerias in Sweden are today instead predominantly run by immigrants from the Middle East and the Balkans who were unable to find work within the fields they had been educated in their home countries and thus adopted pizza-making as a first business. In the 1980s, kebab and falafel restaurants began to crop up throughout Sweden and in many smaller towns it was common for restaurants to offer both pizza and kebab. The kebab pizza originated at some point during this time, though the original creator and precise time is unknown.
According to the Swedish food company Schysst käk, the kebab pizza can be traced back to 1982. Unlike many other influential dishes, no pizzeria in Sweden has made the claim to be the point of origin of the kebab pizza. The earliest known record of a kebab pizza in the menu collections of the National Library of Sweden dates to 1986 and is from Pizza Dali at in Bromma. Pizza Dali called their pizza the "shish kebab-pizza" and it included tomatoes, cheese, onions, bell peppers, and beef tenderloin. The next earliest record is from 1988 at Pizzeria Amigo in Eksjö, where the pizza was topped with cheese, tomatoes, kebab meat, onions, champignons, friggitelli, and Béarnaise sauce.
Varieties
Kebab pizzas can vary greatly from restaurant to restaurant. They are typically topped with kebab meat, onions, friggitelli and sauce. The kebab meat is typically lamb but is sometimes substituted for chicken. The sauce used, called kebab sauce (kebabsås) in Sweden, is most often a mixture of yogurt or sour cream and various spices. The most significant difference between kebab pizzas from different pizzerias is whether the common sides to kebab (such as french fries and lettuce) are also added to the pizza.
Some pizzerias also serve a "Viking kebab pizza", a kebab pizza that has been folded to resemble the shape of a Viking ship. In 2021, the Sweden national football team developed the "football pizza" (fotbollspizza), a variation of kebab pizza with kebab, mozzarella cheese, tomato sauce, garlic sauce, herbs, champignons, onions, chili pepper, and . Vegan kebab pizzas may substitute the kebab meat for seitan or soy kebab.
International spread
Although the kebab pizza remains most prolific in Sweden, it has also spread internationally, even to Italy. The exact ingredients used as topping vary between countries. It is for instance common for the toppings of kebab pizzas in Norway to include maize and for Danish and Finnish kebab pizzas to include garlic. Kebab pizzas in the United Kingdom typically use lamb meat.
Pizzerias serving Swedish-style pizzas and kebab restaurants have also spread the kebab pizza, with few differences from the Swedish original, even further internationally to countries such as the United States, Spain, Australia, and Malta. Pizza Karma, a restaurant in Minneapolis, Minnesota, opened in 2018, serves chicken kebab pizzas inspired by Indian cuisine.
In 2020, British Domino's Pizza restaurants began to offer kebab pizzas in the form of the "beef doner pizza", though it was only available for a limited time. Domino's also serve chicken kebab pizzas with garlic sauce in France and in the Netherlands. Pizza Hut has, with reportedly mixed results, experimented with kebab pizzas in Pakistan in an attempt to appeal to the local market, introducing products such as the "bihari kabob pizza" with meat infused with masala and mustard oil. Frozen kebab pizzas have also begun being sold internationally, including by the British supermarket Iceland.
Though the two dishes are unrelated, the Swedish author has compared the kebab pizza to the Middle Eastern lahmacun, a type of flatbread sometimes topped with kebab meat.
Culture
The kebab pizza has reached a position of cultural prominence in Sweden and is a common comfort food and hangover food. Although rarely considered to be part of traditional Swedish cuisine, the kebab pizza has been described as among the "most recognizable dishes in Sweden", one of the "most Swedish foods", the "most essential weird Swedish food" and a "uniquely Swedish creation". The Swedish author described the kebab pizza in 2012 as a "typically Swedish culinary innovation" that could not have been invented elsewhere; Priftis noted that its creation was only possible in a country where the same chefs made both kebab and pizzas and where the consumers view both foods as interchangeable products. Priftis further noted that although it was developed by immigrants, it was developed for the general Swedish public and was thus in his opinion an example of evolving Swedish culture rather than "immigrant culture". The Swedish author Annika Windahl Pontén has compared the kebab pizza's place in Swedish cuisine to that of kåldolmar, a type of cabbage rolls that originated as a Swedish version of the Turkish dolma in the 18th century, and speculated that it like kåldolmar may one day too be seen as a traditional dish.
Kebab pizza is sometimes jokingly called the national dish of Sweden. According to yearly surveys by , kebab pizza is one of the most popular pizzas in Sweden and most years it has been the most sold named pizza, sometimes losing to Vesuvio (a pizza topped with ham); it is thus perhaps the most popular fast food dish in the country. New Year's Day is the day when most pizzas are sold in Sweden, often twice as many as on other days. In 2016, the politician Robert Hannah, member of the Riksdag and son of a pizza baker, proposed making New Year's Day into "kebab pizza day" both due to how high sales of pizzas are on New Year's Day and as a way to honor Sweden's foreign culinary heritage and highlight positive effects of immigration. Hannah's motion called the kebab pizza the "shining star among all pizzas". During the COVID-19 pandemic, kebab pizzas have been one of the most ordered fast foods in Sweden, particularly in major cities; it has for instance been the most ordered dish through the company Foodora in both Gothenburg and Linköping.
The kebab pizza has been described by some commentators as combining Italian and Turkish food in a way that might horrify or confuse both nationalities and as a "Frankenstein's monster-like creation". The Swedish chef Magnus Nilsson argued in 2015 that the kebab pizza differs so much from its Italian origins that "it's no longer an Italian thing made in Sweden, it's Swedish". Also in 2015, Ellie Bennett of The Local Italy called the kebab pizza "decidedly un-Italian". Some Italians have lamented the kebab pizza as an insult to Italian cuisine and cultural heritage.
In Melodifestivalen 2008, the band Andra Generationen performed the song Kebabpizza Slivovitza.
On 21 July 2021, two inmates at the near Tumbo took two correctional officers as hostages and demanded a helicopter to use for escaping and twenty kebab pizzas, one for each inmate in their department. After nine hours of negotiations, the release of the hostages was secured and the inmates were taken into custody. Although no helicopter was provided, the inmates did receive the twenty kebab pizzas. The pizzas were made by the pizza baker Beshar Toma of Hällby Pizzeria. Due to being in a hurry, the police left with the pizzas without paying. Both Hällby Pizzeria and the Swedish Prison and Probation Service later confirmed that the pizzeria was paid the next day.
See also
List of pizza varieties by country
Pizza toppings
References
Pizza varieties
Food and drink in Sweden
Kebabs |
Demay may refer to:
People with the surname
Coralie Demay (born 1992), French cyclist
Layla Demay (born 1971), French journalist and writer
Places
Demay, Alberta, a locality in Alberta, Canada
Demay Point, a headland of King George Island, South Shetland Islands |
Andres Mihai Dumitrescu (; born 11 March 2001) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Czech First League club Slavia Prague.
Club career
Early career / Sepsi OSK
Born in Slatina, Olt County, Dumitrescu represented Argeș Pitești, Viitorul Pitești, Padova and Lugano at junior level.
Dumitrescu returned to Romania at Sepsi OSK in January 2020, making his professional debut in a 2–1 Liga I win against Chindia Târgoviște on 23 November that year. On 29 August 2021, he scored his first goal in a 1–1 draw with Botoșani.
On 21 July 2022, Dumitrescu played his first European match in a 3–1 victory over Olimpija Ljubljana in the UEFA Europa Conference League second qualifying round.
Slavia Prague
On 4 September 2023, Dumitrescu moved to Czech team Slavia Prague on a four-year contract. Sepsi owner László Diószegi reported the transfer fee to be worth €1 million plus 10% interest on a future sale.
International career
On 15 June 2023, Dumitrescu was selected by manager Emil Săndoi in the Romania under-21 squad for the 2023 UEFA European Championship.
Style of play
A left-back, Dumitrescu has cited former Romanian international Cristian Chivu as a point of reference.
Honours
Sepsi OSK
Cupa României: 2021–22, 2022–23
Supercupa României: 2022, 2023
References
External links
2001 births
Living people
Footballers from Slatina, Romania
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Liga I players
Liga III players
Sepsi OSK Sfântu Gheorghe players
SK Slavia Prague players
Czech First League players
Romania men's youth international footballers
Romania men's under-21 international footballers
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in the Czech Republic
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic |
Dorothy Creole was one of the first African women to arrive in New York. She arrived in 1627. That year, three enslaved African women set foot on the southern shore of Manhattan, arriving in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam). Property of the Dutch West India Company, these women were brought to the colony to become the wives of enslaved African men who had arrived in 1625. One of these women was named Dorothy Creole, a surname that she acquired in the New World.
Dorothy's world was one in which West Africans and Europeans had mixed and traded for more than two centuries. The Dutch had established trading posts in present-day Angola on the Slavenkust or Slave Coast to acquire slaves for their New World colonies. It was also the year of the supposed sale of the island of Manhattan to the Dutch by native inhabitants for the equivalent of 24 dollars of trade goods. What is significant to Dorothy Creole's story is that by 1625, New Amsterdam was a place where Europeans, Native Americans and Africans had significant interaction.
New Amsterdam
The colony was a business venture of the Dutch West India Company (WIC); and Dorothy Creole was a part of that business. The agricultural profits of the DWIC came from New World products that relied upon slave labor from Africa. The company's warehouses in Amsterdam, Europe, filled with tobacco, sugar and coffee that had been produced with slave labor from Africa and unloaded in Europe from the holds of ships returning from the New World. On Manhattan, Dorothy became a tiny link in the chain of the company business.
When Dorothy arrived in New Amsterdam, it was a village of thirty wooden houses clinging to the southern tip of Manhattan, today's financial capital of the world. It was also the island at the center of corporate world, linking the New World with Africa and the European continent.
The DWIC had a lucrative monopoly on the Dutch North American fur trade with the Native Americans. Beaver pelts were used for making broad-brimmed beaver hats which were warm and water repellent, as well as expensive status symbols.
The wealthy men in Rembrandt's Syndics of the Drapers' Guild wear hats made from beaver pelts from the New Amsterdam colony. The fur trade, crucial to the success of the Dutch colony, had been established by Juan (Jan) Rodriguez, the first known person of African descent to arrive on Manhattan.
Kieft's War, named for the DWIC Director-General, Willem Kieft (also known as the Wappinger War), between the Dutch and the local population from 1643 to 1645, grew from Kieft's unauthorized order for an attack on the Lenape camps, in which the Dutch massacred native inhabitants. This unified the local Algonquian tribes against the Dutch, causing many attacks on both sides. Dutch settlers began to return to the Netherlands, slowing the growth of the colony.
Half-free
Part of Keift's solution was to use the African population as a buffer between the Indians and the Dutch. At the height of the fighting, Kieft opened the frontier north of New Amsterdam for settlement by Blacks. Company records show that in 1644, one Paulo d'Angola and other enslaved Africans petitioned the DWIC for their freedom, as well as the freedom of their wives. The wife of Paulo d'Angola appears to be none other than Dorothy Creole. Records of the colony show that the previous year, Dorothy had adopted a young Black child who had lost both his parents. Keift conditionally granted the petition. He conferred what was called "half-freedom," declaring them "free and at liberty on the same footing as other free people here in New Netherlands." This group of former slaves was also granted title to land in the Dutch colony. Only the names of the men appear in the records. Some historians feel that half-freedom for the petitioners' wives came only when these men paid for the women's half-freedom.
These families received the right to own land north of the settlement to farm and settle. Called the "Land of the Blacks" or the "Negro Frontier," this two-mile stretch from Canal Street to today's 34th Street was established as one of the first free Black communities in North America, clearly outside the boundaries of the colony.
Half-freedom was given by the DWIC with many conditions. Men and women who were half-free paid an annual tax of "30 skepels (around 3/4 bushel) of maize, wheat, peas or beans and one fat hog.” Further, half-free residents of the Dutch colony had to work for the settlement when required. This work might include, for example, building the palisade at Wall Street in 1653 to defend the colony. Like other defensive walls, the palisade also provided for the passage of people and goods. Blacks thus often found themselves interacting between the Dutch and the native inhabitants.
Half-free men were required to serve in the colony's militia. It is true that there conditions and contributions were often required by the city's free, white population. However, offspring of half-free residents did not enjoy the same status as their parents. They remained slaves of the DWIC, binding them in perpetuity to the company.
The land grant received by Dorothy Creole and Paulo d’Angola from eight to twelve acres, a sizable piece of property that would confer their status as among the largest black landowners in the entire history of New York City to this day. This property would allow the couple to raise crops for sale and taxes. They would have also had a kitchen garden for their own use and pastureland for animals. Many Dutch resident planted orchards, and Dorothy and Paulo likely planted apple, peach, plum and cherry trees. The couple built their house themselves, using wood and thatch from resources on Manhattan island using the same materials as the Dutch citizens living in the city proper, south of the palisade at Wall Street.
The Journal of Jasper Danckaerts (1679-1680) describes this area and its inhabitants:
These negroes were formerly the proper slaves of the (West India) company, but, in consequence of the frequent changes and conquests of the country, they have obtained their freedom and settled themselves down where they have thought proper, and thus on this road, where they have ground enough to live on with their families.
The road formerly called the Negroes' Causeway connected several farms in the Land of the Blacks with the settlement located south of the palisade at Wall Street. It is located in today's Greenwich Village. Minetta Lane is all that remains of a road that once ran alongside Minetta Creek.
DWIC records have no mention of either Dorothy or Paulo until 1653. In that year, one Dorothy d’Angola, then a widow, marries Emanuel Pietersen. Missing also is information on her adopted child or land and property that survived her demise. There is no record of her place of burial. But we can contextualize Dorothy Creole's life and legacy in the history of the colony of New Amsterdam to try and fill in information where lacunae exist.
The DWIC did not approve of Willem Kieft's rule as director-general of New Amsterdam. His conflict with local native groups was bad for the fur trade, which was the primary economic motor of the colony. Called back to the Netherlands in disgrace, Kieft died in a shipwreck during his return journey. His replacement, was Pieter Stuyvesant, a seasoned administrator and soldier, who was counted upon to renew the failing Dutch colony.
In 1664, Stuyvesant surrendered the colony to an English invasion force without firing a shot, an event which would lead to the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The settlement of New Amsterdam was renamed New York after the Duke of York. Over the following decades, the new colonial administration gradually eroded the rights of the Free Black population in New York, and after a 1712 slave rebellion, a series of slave codes were passed which forbade Black New Yorkers from owning property. It is likely that the farm owned by Dorothy and Paulo was confiscated as a result of the introduction of these codes.
See also
Juan Rodriguez
References
People from New Netherland
17th-century African-American women
17th-century American women
17th-century African-American people
Dutch slaves |
Piršenbreg (; in older sources also Piršni Breg, ) is a settlement in the hills north of Brežice in the Municipality of Brežice in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.
The local church, built north of the settlement on the territory of the neighbouring settlement of Blatno, is dedicated to Saint Barbara. It belongs to the Parish of Pišece. It was built in the 17th century.
References
External links
Piršenbreg on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Brežice |
```java
/*
* FindBugs - Find Bugs in Java programs
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
*
* This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
*/
package edu.umd.cs.findbugs;
/**
* @author pugh
*/
public class PluginDoesntContainMetadataException extends PluginException {
public PluginDoesntContainMetadataException(String msg) {
super(msg);
}
}
``` |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
var constantFunction = require( './../lib' );
var fcn;
var arr;
var v;
var i;
fcn = constantFunction( 3.14 );
for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) {
v = fcn();
console.log( v );
// => 3.14
}
arr = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
fcn = constantFunction( arr );
for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) {
v = fcn();
console.log( v === arr );
// => true
}
``` |
```python
from c7n.utils import yaml_load
from .common import BaseTest
import logging
from pprint import pformat
logger = logging.getLogger(name="c7n.tests")
class PutMetricsTest(BaseTest):
record = False
EXAMPLE_EC2_POLICY = """
policies:
- name: track-attached-ebs
resource: ec2
comment: |
Put the count of the number of EBS attached disks to an instance
#filters:
# - Name: tracked-ec2-instance
actions:
- type: put-metric
key: BlockDeviceMappings[].DeviceName
namespace: Usage Metrics
metric_name: Attached Disks
dimensions:
- { a: b }
op: distinct_count
"""
EXAMPLE_S3_POLICY = """
policies:
- name: bucket-count
resource: s3
comment: |
Count all the buckets!
#filters:
# - Name: passthru
# type: value
# key: Name
# value: 0
actions:
- type: put-metric
key: Name
namespace: Usage Metrics
metric_name: S3 Buckets
op: count
"""
def _get_test_policy(self, name, yaml_doc, record=False):
if record:
logger.warn("TestPutMetrics is RECORDING")
session_factory = self.record_flight_data("test_cw_put_metrics_" + name)
else:
logger.debug("TestPutMetrics is replaying")
session_factory = self.replay_flight_data("test_cw_put_metrics_" + name)
policy = self.load_policy(
yaml_load(yaml_doc)["policies"][0], session_factory=session_factory
)
return policy
def _test_putmetrics_s3(self):
""" This test fails when replaying flight data due to an issue with placebo.
"""
policy = self._get_test_policy(
name="s3test", yaml_doc=self.EXAMPLE_S3_POLICY, record=self.record
)
resources = policy.run()
logger.debug(
"these are the results from the policy, assumed to be resources that were processed"
)
logger.debug(pformat(resources))
self.assertGreaterEqual(
len(resources), 1, "PutMetricsTest appears to have processed 0 resources."
)
def test_putmetrics_ec2(self):
policy = self._get_test_policy(
name="ec2test", yaml_doc=self.EXAMPLE_EC2_POLICY, record=self.record
)
resources = policy.run()
logger.debug(
"these are the results from the policy, assumed to be resources that were processed"
)
logger.debug(pformat(resources))
self.assertGreaterEqual(
len(resources),
1,
"PutMetricsTest appears to have processed 0 resources. "
"Are there any running ec2 instances?",
)
def test_putmetrics_permissions(self):
from c7n.actions import PutMetric
self.assertTrue("cloudwatch:PutMetricData" in PutMetric.permissions)
pma = PutMetric()
self.assertTrue("cloudwatch:PutMetricData" in pma.get_permissions())
def test_putmetrics_schema(self):
import jsonschema
from c7n.actions import PutMetric
data = yaml_load(self.EXAMPLE_EC2_POLICY)
action_schema = PutMetric.schema
res = jsonschema.validate(data["policies"][0]["actions"][0], action_schema)
self.assertIsNone(res, "PutMetric.schema failed to validate.")
``` |
Heart Strings is an album by British singer-songwriter Linda Lewis. It was her last album with Reprise Records.
This album is essentially a compilation which includes tracks from her first three solo records Reprise label releases and also includes three tracks that were only otherwise available on singles: "Safe and Sound," "Sideway Shuffle" and "Rock a Doodle Do". The record was released following Lewis' departure to Arista Records, but before her hit "It's in His Kiss".
Track listing
Side 1
"Sideway Shuffle" – March 1974 single
"Old Smokey" – from the Lark album
"We Can Win" – from the Say No More album
"I'm In Love Again" – from the Fathoms Deep album
"Reach For The Truth" – from the Lark album
Side 2
"Rock A Doodle Doo" – June 1973 single
"On The Stage" – from the Fathoms Deep album
"Fathoms Deep" – from the Fathoms Deep album
"Safe And Sound" – b-side of "Sideway Shuffle"
"I Dunno" – from the Say No More album
Credits
Engineer – Ken Scott, Phil McDonald
Producer – Jim Cregan (tracks: A1, A2, A4 to B5)
Lyrics – Linda Lewis
Notes
Tracks A2 and A5 from Lark LP. Tracks A4, B2 and B3 from Fathoms Deep LP.
References
http://www.discogs.com/Linda-Lewis-Heart-Strings/release/2357988
http://www.allmusic.com/album/heart-strings-mw0000852526
original record sleeve notes
1974 albums
Linda Lewis albums
Reprise Records compilation albums |
Cold Skin may refer to:
Cold Skin (novel), novel by Albert Sánchez Piñol
Cold Skin (film), 2017 French / Spanish sci-fi horror film based on the novel
"Cold Skin" (Seven Lions and Echos song), 2016 |
```xml
import { c } from 'ttag';
import { naiveGetIsDecryptionError } from '@proton/shared/lib/calendar/helper';
export const getEventErrorMessage = (error: Error) => {
if (!error) {
return '';
}
const errorMessage = error.message || '';
return naiveGetIsDecryptionError(error)
? c('Error').t`Decryption error: Decryption of this event's content failed.`
: c('Error').t`Error: ${errorMessage}`;
};
export const getEventLoadingMessage = () => c('Info').t`Loading event`;
``` |
The Dalla, also known as Jinibara, are an indigenous Australian people of southern Queensland whose tribal lands lay close to Brisbane.
Language
The term Dalla refers to a variety of staghorn fern, which was said to be applied also the language they spoke. The language itself was closely related to the Gubbi Gubbi language.
Country
Dalla lands, estimated by Norman Tindale to encompass around , were centred on the hinterland ranges just north of Brisbane, such as the D'Aguilar, Glass House, Blackall and Jimna ranges west of the present-day Sunshine Coast. The territory encompassed Nanango, ran east to Nambour, Palmwoods, Durundur, including the upper Brisbane River and the headwaters of the Mary River. To their west were the Wakka Wakka people, the Gubbi Gubbi were to their north, divided from them by the Mary River. East towards the coast was the southern Undanbi clan of the Ningy Ningy who, together with the Djindubari on Bribie Island, the Dalla referred to as 'Saltwater people' (Mwoirnewar).
Social system
The Dalla traditionally comprised five clans:
(1) Dalla (alternatively called the Dalambara, Dallanbarah, Ngoera). These inhabited the headwaters of the Mary and Brisbane rivers
(2) The Dungidau, (a language name) centred in the Kilcoy region
(3) The Nalbo (also called Njalbo, Nalboo) inhabited the eastern foothills from Eumundi south as far as Beerwah and Caboolture.
(4) The Dungibara (Doongibarra, Doongiburra) were on the Upper Pine River and the D'Aguilar Range.
(5) The Garumga (also written Garumnga, Garumgma) lay west of the Brisbane River as far as Crows Nest and the Cooyar Range, with a southern limit at Esk.
Food
The Dalla lived in an ecologically rich environment, flush with kangaroo, possum, bandicoot, echidnas, goanna, scrub turkey and a rich assortment of birdlife. The rivers yielded freshwater turtle, cod, eels, mussels and crayfish. The native grasses were harvested for seeds and nuts and bread was made from fern roots. Roasted and crushed river chestnuts, once soaked, were mixed with honey for cakes. Cunjevoi seeds, once leached of their toxins, were also used to make cakes that were a sidedish for eating with roasted game. Other vegetables in their diet were a waterlily with a flavour not unlike that of an artichoke, pencil orchid roots and wild yams. They had access to a native passionfruit, limes, oranges and quandong berries, eaten after they had been sweetened in sand pits. Most prized was the bunya nut which flourished in the region.
The ripeness of bunya nuts was signaled by the onset of bark loss in stands of sugar and white gums. Messages were sent to relatives and nearby tribes to meet up and feast on the harvested nuts at bush clearing set in the mountains as Baroon Pocket, a site described as a paradise in the wilderness by a German missionary who saw it, and one now flooded out by the Baroon Pocket Dam. This intertribal feasting was reciprocated by the coastal peoples who, when the Blue Mountain lorikeets showed up on the Brisbane river, who alert hinterland tribes like the Dalla that mullet (and flounder, bream and whiting) were now running in the bay, ready for fishing. The Dalla would camp on the shores of Moreton Bay and join the culling, which included huge quantities of oysters, so plentiful that they were dredged up by the ton to be burnt for lime when whites settled there.
History of contact with whites
A late attempt at salvage ethnology undertaken by Lindsay Page Winterbotham who, supported and advised by Norman Tindale, conducted over several years (1950-1955) in-depth interviews with a Jinibara man, Gaiarbau (Willie Mackenzie) which resulted in a massive manuscript conserving Dalla traditions and music which, on failing to get published, he entrusted to the Queensland Museum.
Ngoera
Jarbu. The exonym for the Dalla (meaning 'inlanders') used by the Undanbi and other coastal tribes.
Jinibara
Djunggidjau
Notable people
Dundalli
Notes
Citations
Sources
Aboriginal peoples of Queensland |
```python
"""SCons.Tool.aixc++
Tool-specific initialization for IBM xlC / Visual Age C++ compiler.
There normally shouldn't be any need to import this module directly.
It will usually be imported through the generic SCons.Tool.Tool()
selection method.
"""
#
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
# the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
# in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY
# KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
# WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#
__revision__ = "src/engine/SCons/Tool/aixcxx.py bee7caf9defd6e108fc2998a2520ddb36a967691 2019-12-17 02:07:09 bdeegan"
import os.path
import SCons.Platform.aix
import SCons.Tool.cxx
cplusplus = SCons.Tool.cxx
#cplusplus = __import__('cxx', globals(), locals(), [])
packages = ['vacpp.cmp.core', 'vacpp.cmp.batch', 'vacpp.cmp.C', 'ibmcxx.cmp']
def get_xlc(env):
xlc = env.get('CXX', 'xlC')
return SCons.Platform.aix.get_xlc(env, xlc, packages)
def generate(env):
"""Add Builders and construction variables for xlC / Visual Age
suite to an Environment."""
path, _cxx, version = get_xlc(env)
if path and _cxx:
_cxx = os.path.join(path, _cxx)
if 'CXX' not in env:
env['CXX'] = _cxx
cplusplus.generate(env)
if version:
env['CXXVERSION'] = version
def exists(env):
path, _cxx, version = get_xlc(env)
if path and _cxx:
xlc = os.path.join(path, _cxx)
if os.path.exists(xlc):
return xlc
return None
# Local Variables:
# tab-width:4
# indent-tabs-mode:nil
# End:
# vim: set expandtab tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4:
``` |
The Army of Independence () was an Armenian armed group that was active in the period leading up to Armenia becoming an independent state in 1991. It was founded in late 1989 by members of the Union for National Self-Determination, including Ashot Navasardyan, Movses Gorgisyan, , and Razmik Markosyan.
The declared goal of the Army of Independence was to "protect the process of Armenia becoming an independent country," and to this end it engaged in clashes with the Soviet authorities in Armenia, as well as with Azerbaijani forces on the Armenia-Azerbaijan border and in Nagorno-Karabakh. Soon after the group's founding, one of its founders, Movses Gorgisyan, was killed during a battle with Azerbaijani forces near Yeraskh.
In February 1990, the Army of Independence participated in the creation of a defense coordination committee that was meant to coordinate the activities of the various armed militias in Armenia.
On March 23, 1990, the Army of Independence cut ties with the Union for National Self-Determination and became an independent group. Several leaders of the Army of Independence joined the ranks of the Republican Party of Armenia, which was founded by Ashot Navasardyan on April 2, 1990. The Army of Independence created a new military council with Navasardyan as supreme commander and Leonid Azgaldyan as general commander. By December 1989, the group had units in Yerevan, Etchmiadzin, Artashat, Armavir, Ararat, Masis, Charentsavan, Kamo, Vardenis, Vanadzor, Ijevan, Tashir, and Nagorno-Karabakh.
On May 27, 1990 the Army of Independence prevented the Soviet Army from entering Yerevan at Yerevan railway station.
The Army of Independence was dissolved in August 1990. Most of its members went on to fight in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and participate in Armenia's political life.
References
Military of Armenia |
The vertical carob M29 (Gardiner M29) and the vertical date M30 (Gardiner M30) have identical meanings in the Egyptian hieroglyphic language of "sweet", and related words. The carob (hieroglyph) is a ripe carob pod w/seeds, and its meaning of "sweet" extends to items of taste, smell, and touch.
In Budge's compendium dictionary, there are fifteen entries with , and related words. Six of them are a doubling of the word, related to passion, concubines, etc.
See also
Gardiner's Sign List#M. Trees and Plants
List of Egyptian hieroglyphs
References
Egyptian hieroglyphs: trees and plants |
The Holly Bluff site (22 YZ 557), sometimes known as the Lake George Site, and locally as "The Mound Place," is an archaeological site that is a type site for the Lake George phase of the prehistoric Plaquemine culture period of the area. The site is on the southern margin of the Mississippian cultural advance down the Mississippi River and on the northern edge of that of the Cole's Creek and Plaquemine cultures of the South." The site was first excavated by Clarence Bloomfield Moore in 1908 and tested by Philip Phillips, Paul Gebhard and Nick Zeigler in 1949.
It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. The mounds are listed on the Mississippi Mound Trail.
Location
One of the half dozen really big sites in the State of Mississippi, the Holly Bluff site is located on the south bank of George Lake, or Lake George as it is sometimes known, a half mile east of its confluence with the Sunflower River and a mile and a half southeast of the village of Holly Bluff, Yazoo County. Today the site is bisected by a county road and is used as a plantation headquarters but still clearly visible are the numerous large mounds and the remains of a surrounding wall.
Prehistoric timeline
The site's occupation begins with a Jaketown Phase occupation evidenced by a scattering of Poverty Point objects in the lowest levels of excavations. This is followed, after a hiatus evidenced by a complete lack of Tuscola Phase materials, by an early Marksville period component tentatively assigned an early Anderson Landing Phase that may have lasted into an early Issaquena times. The succeeding late 'Issaquena Phase and Deasonville Phases are virtually unrepresented at Holly Bluff. The site was again occupied from the lower half of the Baytown period up to the late prehistoric times. All phases of the local sequence from the Bayland on through the Lake George Phase (1350–1500) (of which the site is the type site for the Lower Yazoo Basin Plaquemine chronology) are abundantly documented. Materials of the Crippen Point Phase of the Late Coles Creek appear to be most widely spread, and it may have been at this time that the settlement attained its greatest size. In the final Lake George Phase additions were made to some of the mounds, especially Mound A, and the enclosing embankment was built, but the total area occupied was perhaps not as large as in the preceding period.
Site description
Mound A is almost the exact center of the site, a most unusual location for the dominant mound in ceremonial centers of the Coles Creek and Mississippi periods. In the case of centers the plaza is normally the central feature with the principal "temple mound" located on one side, usually but not always the west, its principal ramp giving access from the plaza on the east side of the mound. In the case of Holly Bluff there seems to have been two plazas to the east and west of the Mound A respectively.
Sampling evidence supports the theory that Mound A was originally part of a group (including mounds B, C, D, E, and F) surrounding the western plaza possibly as early as the Bayland phase (but more likely the Aden phase), and certainly established by the Kings Crossing phase. Mound A may or may not have been the principal structure at this time. This plan may have carried on into the Crippen Point phase, but the evidence strongly suggests that either then or in the succeeding Mayersville phase site reorientation took place. Mound A became the principal feature of an east plaza assemblage (with mounds F', G, G', H, U, and V) which remained the ritual center of the site throughout the remainder of its history.
The twenty-five mounds that are now recognized range from barely noticeable rises to the massive Mound A, which is high and covers nearly two acres. It is believed that the lower rises were used as house substructures and repeatedly reconstructed. The larger mounds were most likely used for ceremonial purposes rather than residential. Until recent erosion, earthen ramps could be seen climbing to the summits of these large mounds. Seven of the mounds are situated along the bank of George Lake and six more are located within the embankment. The remaining twelve mounds are positioned around the two plazas situated to the east and west of Mound A. This design is unusual and extremely large for the area; the closest in size and layout is the Winterville site.
The final major feature of the site is the earthen wall and the trench that surrounds it on three sides. In the earliest survey of the site, C. B. Moore reported that the wall was four to high and still reached this height although large sections have now been destroyed. It is likely that the ditch, which was filled with water from George Lake, supplied the dirt for the wall. The one side that was not protected by the wall was the lake side of the site, the lake bank creating a steep enough boundary on this northern side to provide protection.
Besides topographical settings, the environment of the Lake George site was extremely favorable for occupation. In prehistoric times the rich soils and the varying ecologies supported a vast array of plant and animal species. The natural levees created by deposits from the Mississippi were made of rich sandy and silty loams which allowed the common Southeastern deciduous hardwoods, such as hickory, elm, ash, cottonwood, maple, pecan, hackberry, honey locust, sycamore, and even gums and oaks, to flourish. The swamps surrounding the site supported an entirely different ecosystem including alligators, small reptiles and aquatic plants. The streams and rivers also provided fish, shellfish, and other aquatic fauna, which can be seen from excavations of shell middens and deposits of the site. These waterways also provided a major form of communication. This abundant region was obviously utilized by many different peoples over the course of prehistory as the Holly Bluff site shows.
Excavations
Looting, erosion and cultivation have extensively damaged the Holy Bluff site over the years. This has caused some debate over the form and degree of some of the earthworks. Clarence B. Moore noted in 1908, following a visit, that some thirty rises and mounds, small and large, could be counted within the enclosure. Nine years later Calvin S. Brown visited and counted only twenty-five or so mounds within the wall. In 1928 and again in 1936 James A. Ford recorded only twenty-two mounds. In a site report in January 1941, Jesse D. Jennings described twenty-seven mounds and some questionable rises. C. B. Moore's original estimate is believed to most accurately reflect the situation; many of the smaller earthworks have been lost to recent and intense cultivation.
In January and February 1908, Clarence Bloomfield Moore received permission from the then owner Judge William Andrew Henry of Yazoo City to excavate the sites along the Yazoo River and its tributary the Sunflower River in his steamboat, The Gopher. On his excavation Moore recorded eleven sites and partially excavated eight, including Holly Bluff: "with a large force to dig, including May who had been in our service before, we go directly to work on such mounds". Moore commented on the physical appearance of the site: "Strewn over the enclosed area, among the mounds and on them…are chert pebbles; fragments of chert; bits of mussel shell; and small parts of earthenware vessels" Most of the earthenware was undecorated, he recorded, and mostly shell-tempered with some stone tempering which is common in the Yazoo-Sunflower region. C. B. Moore's excavations produced various small artifacts including projectile points, a pebble ax of fossilized wood, a chert hammerstone, and a zoomorphic effigy pipe of shell-tempered pottery. He was disappointed, however, in finding nothing of great importance other than two disturbed burials in a mound on the lake front. Moore's disappointment was evident in his failing to map the site and his statement, "it having become evident to us that our search was inadequately rewarded".
Numerous other archaeologists with varying degrees of success followed up Moore's excavations. Each of the later excavations found an extremely different system of mounds. In the 1920s the site was damaged by the then-plantation owner Mr. Charles W. Perry who pastured cattle on the large mounds and cultivated the smaller mounds. The cattle foraged the cover of the larger mounds and their trampling eroded much of the site, erasing the ramps described by Moore. In 1949 Philip Phillips, Paul Gebhard and Nick Zeigler began performing test excavations of the Holly Bluff site. These were the first truly scientific excavations carried out at the site. The interpretations of the data provided the first reliable conclusions of the culture history. These tests finally provided evidence that the Holly Bluff site had been occupied for approximately one millennium. The conclusions proved that the Holly Bluff site was an important phase of the Coles Creek culture. From 1958 to 1960, "hundreds of skeletons were removed" from Mound C.
See also
Culture, phase, and chronological table for the Mississippi Valley
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
List of Mississippian sites
List of burial mounds in the United States
References
External links
UM Museum of Anthropology
Archaeological sites of the Coles Creek culture
Plaquemine Mississippian culture
National Historic Landmarks in Mississippi
Mounds in Mississippi
Geography of Yazoo County, Mississippi
Archaeological type sites
Shell middens in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Yazoo County, Mississippi |
Daniel Gutman (July 1, 1901 – September 1993) was an American lawyer, politician, judge, and law school dean from New York.
Early life
Gutman was born on July 1, 1901, in New York. He attended Boys High School. He received his degree from Brooklyn Law School in 1922.
Prosecutor
He then served as Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, Assistant United States Attorney General, and an Assistant District Attorney of Kings County.
Political career
Gutman was a member of the New York State Assembly (Kings Co., 22nd D.) in 1939. He resigned his seat on October 4, 1939, to run for the State Senate. He was a member of the New York State Senate (9th D.) from 1940 to 1943, sitting in the 162nd, 163rd, and 164th New York State Legislatures. He resigned his seat on August 9, 1943, to run for the Municipal Court.
Judge
He was a justice of the New York City Municipal Court from 1944 to 1954; and during the latter year was appointed by New York City Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. as Presiding Justice of the Municipal Court. He resigned at the end of 1954.
Counsel to governor
He was appointed as Counsel to the Governor by W. Averell Harriman in 1955. He remained on that post until the end of Harriman's term in 1958.
Law school dean
Gutman was Dean of New York Law School from 1959 to 1968.
After hearing highly decorated 45-year-old policeman Mario Biaggi speak at an event, Dean Gutman offered him a full scholarship to New York Law School. The American Bar Association granted Biaggi a special dispensation to study law due to his distinguished police career, even though he had never gone to college and a college degree was a prerequisite for law school. In 1965, Biaggi graduated from the law school with an LLB. In 1966, at the age of 49, he was admitted to the New York State Bar and founded the law firm Biaggi & Ehrlich, and thereafter he became a US Congressman.
Gutman died in September 1993 at his home in Carmel in Putnam County, New York.
References
Brooklyn Law School alumni
Deans of law schools in the United States
1901 births
1993 deaths
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) state senators
New York (state) state court judges
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American judges
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American academics |
Kitchen Confidential may refer to:
Kitchen Confidential (book), a non-fiction book by Anthony Bourdain
Kitchen Confidential (TV series), a short-lived sitcom |
Stansell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
John Lawrence Stansell (1875–1956), a Conservative member of the Canadian House of Commons
Keith Stansell, American who was held hostage by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
See also
Stansel |
The Lewy Body Dementia Association (LBDA) is a US nonprofit organization based in Lilburn, Georgia, and "dedicated to raising awareness of the Lewy body dementias (LBD), supporting people with LBD, their families and caregivers and promoting scientific advances".
Through "outreach, education and research", their mission is to support people affected by LBD.
Work
According to a 2014 review, the LBDA provides services that aid society and families with LBD. They provide support and awareness, reduce stress on individuals and families with LBD, and may reduce use of healthcare. They help enable better diagnoses and better understanding of LBD.
A 2013 journal review of treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies suggests that caregivers join support groups including the LBDA for helpful information.
In 2018, the LBDA launched a collaboration of 24 US Research Centers of Excellence, coordinated by Mayo Clinic.
History
The LBDA developed in 2003 out of an online support group. In 2008, it launched a network of support groups throughout the US.
Notes
External links
Lewy Body Dementia Association Official Website
Cognitive disorders
Lewy body dementia
Health charities in the United States
Health and disability rights organizations in the United States |
Temir (, Temır) is a town in Aktobe Region of western Kazakhstan. It serves as the administrative center of Temir District. Population:
References
Populated places in Aktobe Region
Ural Oblast (Russian Empire) |
Stanley Brett (18 November 1879 – 29 October 1923) was a British musical comedy actor and comedian.
Career
Brett’s first appearance was a tour of Lord and Lady Algy in 1899. In 1902 he appeared with his brother Seymour Hicks and sister in law Ellaline Terriss in Bluebell in Fairyland and in Quality Street at the Vaudeville Theatre, London. In 1903 he appeared in The Cherry Girl, and in 1904 he played Higham Montague in The Catch of the Season. He then went on to succeed his brother in many other productions including The Beauty of Bath (1905), Aldwych and Hicks (1906) and Alice in Wonderland (1906).
In 1908 he appeared in The Gay Gordons in Glasgow and Sweet and Twenty. In 1909 he appeared at the London Empire in the revue Come Inside During 1910 he appeared in music hall sketches. In 1911 he played Blind in Nightbirds. In 1912 he toured with The Gay Gordon's and also played Gaston Bocard in The Glad Eye, as well as A Girl in Possession at the London Pavilion. In 1914 he toured with Fred Karno in Flats and Full Inside at the Coliseum. In 1915 he toured with Always Tell Your Wife.
Personal life
Brett was born in St Helier Jersey in 1879. He was the second son of Captain Hicks and the brother of actor Seymour Hicks and brother in law of Ellaline Terriss. He married musical comedy actress Maie Ash in 1909. They divorced in 1913.
Brett died in a nursing home in London in 1923. He was buried at Brompton Cemetery.
References
1879 births
1923 deaths
British male comedians |
This is a list of Asterix films.
Films
Animation
1967 – Asterix the Gaul (Astérix le Gaulois) with Roger Carel as Asterix and Jacques Morel as Obelix
1968 – Asterix and Cleopatra (Astérix et Cléopâtre) with Roger Carel as Asterix and Jacques Morel as Obelix
1976 – The Twelve Tasks of Asterix (Les Douze travaux d'Astérix) with Roger Carel as Asterix and Jacques Morel as Obelix
1985 – Asterix Versus Caesar (Astérix et la surprise de César) with Roger Carel as Asterix and Pierre Tornade as Obelix
1986 – Asterix in Britain (Astérix chez les Bretons) with Roger Carel as Asterix and Pierre Tornade as Obelix
1989 – Asterix and the Big Fight (Astérix et le coup du menhir) (book of the film: Operation Getafix) with Roger Carel as Asterix and Pierre Tornade as Obelix
1994 – Asterix Conquers America (Astérix et les Indiens — produced in Germany as Asterix in Amerika) with Roger Carel as Asterix and Pierre Tornade as Obelix
2006 – Asterix and the Vikings (Astérix et les Vikings) with Roger Carel as Asterix and Jacques Frantz as Obelix
2014 – Asterix: The Mansions of the Gods (Astérix: Le Domaine des Dieux) with Roger Carel as Asterix and Guillaume Briat as Obelix
2018 – Asterix: The Secret of the Magic Potion (Astérix: Le Secret de la potion magique) with Christian Clavier as Asterix
Live–action
1967 – Two Romans in Gaul ("Deux Romains en Gaule") - a television film combining live action and animation; black & white and one hour long. Long considered unavailable, it was released on DVD in 2012.
1999 – Asterix and Obelix Take on Caesar (Astérix et Obélix contre César)
2002 – Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra (Astérix et Obélix : Mission Cléopâtre)
2008 – Asterix at the Olympic Games (Astérix aux Jeux Olympiques)
2012 – Asterix and Obelix: God Save Britannia (Astérix et Obélix : Au service de sa Majesté)
2023 – Asterix & Obelix: The Middle Kingdom (Astérix et Obélix : l'Empire du milieu)
Notes
No novelizations were made for Asterix the Gaul, Asterix in Britain or Asterix and Cleopatra which followed the original albums relatively closely.
In 1967, there was an attempt to make an animated film based on Asterix and the Golden Sickle, which wasn't completed. The incomplete script and drawings were sold in a book-exhibition in Brussels and is today a part of the book The Mirror World of Asterix. Another reason for its failure is that Goscinny and Uderzo rejected the artists from releasing this movie because of its low quality drawings.
The Twelve Tasks of Asterix is the only animated movie not based (at least loosely) on any of the comic books until the 2018 film The Secret of the Magic Potion. It may not be mentioned in the book, but is adapted from Asterix Conquers Rome.
Starting from 1985's Asterix Versus Caesar the animation quality improved dramatically.
Asterix and the Big Fight, Asterix Conquers America and Asterix and the Vikings were the only three produced solely outside France with the former two being produced in Germany and the latter in Denmark.
Early English dubbed versions of cartoon movies used character names from the Ranger/Look and Learn "Asterix the Briton" translations, such as Tunabrix for the village chieftain.
Asterix Conquers America, Asterix & the Vikings and Asterix: The Mansions of the Gods are digitally drawn and animated.
Asterix: The Mansions of the Gods is the first Asterix movie in stereoscopic 3D.
The animated Asterix movies that were dubbed into English were all dubbed in either France or the United Kingdom, with the exception of Asterix and the Vikings, where it was then dubbed in the United States, in order to bring Asterix into the U.S. market, while The Mansion of the Gods and The Secret of the Magic Potion were dubbed in Canada. A North American Dub of Asterix and the Big Fight is used in all DVD releases, but fans generally consider it inferior to the original British dub, which is only available on VHS.
Asterix Conquers America and Asterix and The Vikings are the only animated Asterix films to be produced in English first, then dubbed into French.
Though several of the Asterix comics are available in the United States, most of the Asterix films have not seen releases in America, likely due to the comics being not as popular as in the United Kingdom. The first five films (Asterix the Gaul, Asterix and Cleopatra, The Twelve Tasks of Asterix, Asterix and Caesar and Asterix in Britain) did see VHS releases through Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment and Just for Kids Home Video, but all five have since gone out of print.
See also
List of films based on French-language comics
References
External links
Asterix at the IMDB
Asterix |
Kristoffer Douglas Lang (born December 12, 1979) is an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball for North Carolina between 1998 and 2002 before playing professionally in Poland, NBA D-League, South Korea, Spain, Italy, Ukraine, Turkey, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Argentina, and Uruguay.
College career
Lang played college basketball for North Carolina between 1998 and 2002. In 128 career games, he averaged 10.9 points and 5.3 rebounds per game.
Professional career
Lang made his professional debut in Poland, spending the 2002–03 season with Anwil Włocławek and winning the PLK championship. For the 2003–04 season, he returned to the U.S. and helped the Asheville Altitude win the NBDL championship. For the 2004–05 season, he moved to South Korea to play for the Seoul SK Knights. He finished the season in Spain with Unicaja Málaga. The next two seasons were spent in Italy with Virtus Bologna.
After spending preseason with the San Antonio Spurs in the NBA in October 2007, Lang moved to Ukraine for a short stint with Azovmash Mariupol. He returned to the U.S. in December 2007 to join the Austin Toros. He left the Toros in February 2008 and moved to Turkey to play for Türk Telekom. He continued on with Türk Telekom for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons. Lang returned to Italy for the 2010–11 season to play for Enel Brindisi. He remained in Italy for the 2011–12 season, re-joining Virtus Bologna.
In 2013, Lang began what would be a six-year stint in South America. He played six seasons in the Venezuelan LPB (Cocodrilos de Caracas 2013–16; Bucaneros de La Guaira 2017; Panteras de Miranda 2018), a season in the Dominican Republic (Metros de Santiago 2015), half a season in Argentina (Regatas Corrientes 2016), and half a season in Uruguay (Defensor Sporting 2016).
References
External links
North Carolina Tar Heels bio
TBLStat.net Profile
Kris Lang EuroCup Player Profile
NBDL stats
1979 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Argentina
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Poland
American expatriate basketball people in South Korea
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American expatriate basketball people in the Dominican Republic
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American expatriate basketball people in Ukraine
American expatriate basketball people in Uruguay
American expatriate basketball people in Venezuela
American men's basketball players
Asheville Altitude players
Austin Toros players
Basketball players from North Carolina
BC Azovmash players
Baloncesto Málaga players
Cocodrilos de Caracas players
KK Włocławek players
Liga ACB players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
New Basket Brindisi players
North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Sportspeople from Gastonia, North Carolina
Power forwards (basketball)
Seoul SK Knights players
Türk Telekom B.K. players
Virtus Bologna players
United States men's national basketball team players |
```java
import org.jsoup.Jsoup;
import org.jsoup.nodes.Document;
import org.jsoup.nodes.Element;
import org.jsoup.select.Elements;
import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
/**
* JSoup Hello World
*
* Created by vedenin on 16.01.16.
*/
public class URLDownloadTests {
private final static String USER_AGENT = "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_9_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/33.0.1750.152 Safari/537.36";
private static void initHTTPSDownload() throws Exception {
// Create a new trust manager that trust all certificates
TrustManager[] trustAllCerts = new TrustManager[]{
new X509TrustManager() {
public java.security.cert.X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
return null;
}
public void checkClientTrusted(
java.security.cert.X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {
}
public void checkServerTrusted(
java.security.cert.X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {
}
}
};
// Activate the new trust manager
try {
SSLContext sc = SSLContext.getInstance("SSL");
sc.init(null, trustAllCerts, new java.security.SecureRandom());
HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultSSLSocketFactory(sc.getSocketFactory());
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.print(e.getMessage());
}
}
private static String testJsoup(String url) throws Exception {
return Jsoup.connect(url).userAgent(USER_AGENT).cookie("auth", "token")
.timeout(30000).get().html();
}
private static String testJsoupHeadlines(String url) throws Exception {
Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).userAgent(USER_AGENT).cookie("auth", "token")
.timeout(30000).get();
Elements newsHeadlines = doc.select("#mp-itn b a");
return newsHeadlines.html();
}
private static void testHtmlParser(String url) throws Exception {
Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).userAgent(USER_AGENT).cookie("auth", "token")
.timeout(30000).get();
Charset charset = doc.charset();
System.out.println("charset = " + charset);
System.out.println("location = " + doc.location());
System.out.println("nodeName = " + doc.nodeName());
Document.OutputSettings outputSettings = doc.outputSettings();
System.out.println("charset = " + outputSettings.charset());
System.out.println("indentAmount = " + outputSettings.indentAmount());
System.out.println("syntax = " + outputSettings.syntax());
System.out.println("escapeMode = " + outputSettings.escapeMode());
System.out.println("prettyPrint = " + outputSettings.prettyPrint());
System.out.println("outline = " + outputSettings.outline());
System.out.println("title = " + doc.title());
System.out.println("baseUri = " + doc.baseUri());
Element head = doc.head();
Elements children = head.children();
for(Element child: children) {
System.out.print(child.tag().getName() + " : ");
System.out.println(child);
}
printElements(doc.body().children());
}
private static void printElements(Elements children) {
for(Element child: children) {
if(!child.text().isEmpty()) {
System.out.print(child.tag().getName() + " : ");
System.out.println(child.text());
}
printElements(child.children());
}
}
public static void main(String[] s) throws Exception {
initHTTPSDownload();
String wikipedia = testJsoup("path_to_url");
System.out.println(wikipedia.length()); // print something about 70694
String headlines = testJsoupHeadlines("path_to_url");
System.out.println(headlines);
String stackoverflow = testJsoup("path_to_url");
System.out.println(stackoverflow.length()); // print something about 70694
testHtmlParser("path_to_url");
}
}
``` |
Seven Types of Ambiguity is an Australian television drama series on the ABC first screened on 13 April 2017. The six-part series is based on Seven Types of Ambiguity, a 2003 novel by Australian writer Elliot Perlman.
The series is produced by Tony Ayres and Amanda Higgs and written by Jacquelin Perske, Jonathan Gavin and Marieke Hardy. It is directed by Glendyn Ivin, Ana Kokkinos and Matthew Saville. Despite being announced to premiere in 2016, it was later delayed to air in 2017.
Plot
When a seven-year-old boy (Sam) is taken from school, his parents, Joe and Anna, are frantic. The boy is returned unharmed and the police arrest the mother's ex-boyfriend Simon and then investigate his suspected accomplice Angela, who has a connection to the boy's father. Simon's psychiatrist Dr. Alex Klima, his lawyer Gina, and Joe's best mate Mitch are pulled into the entangled relationships and moral dilemmas.
Cast
Alex Dimitriades as Joe Marin
Leeanna Walsman as Anna Marin
Xavier Samuel as Simon Heywood
Andrea Demetriades as Angela
Hugo Weaving as Dr Alex Klima
Anthony Hayes as Mitch
Susie Porter as Gina Serkin
Sarah Peirse as Detective Staszic
Harrison Molloy as Sam Marin
Episodes
References
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
2017 Australian television series debuts
Television shows set in Melbourne
English-language television shows
Television series by Matchbox Pictures |
Michery () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.
See also
Communes of the Yonne department
References
Communes of Yonne |
"Sorry (I Ran All the Way Home)" is a song written by Artie Zwirn and Harry Giosasi and produced and arranged by LeRoy Holmes. The single was performed by New York-based doo-wop group The Impalas. It reached #2 on the U.S. pop chart, behind both The Happy Organ by Dave "Baby" Cortez and Kansas City by Wilbert Harrison. It also went to #14 on the U.S. R&B chart. Overseas, "Sorry (I Ran All the Way Home)" went to #28 on the UK Singles Chart in 1959. The song was featured on The Impalas' 1959 album, Sorry (I Ran All the Way Home).
The song ranked #24 on Billboard's Year-End top 100 singles of 1959.
Other versions
Guy Darrell and The Midniters, as a single in 1964, but it did not chart.
Heinz, on his 1964 album, Tribute to Eddie.
The Royal Showband Waterford, as the B-side to their 1964 single "Huckle Buck".
Phil Orsi and The Little Kings, as a single in 1966, but it did not chart.
References
1959 songs
1959 singles
1964 singles
1966 singles
Doo-wop songs |
```html
<mwl-demo-utils-calendar-header [(view)]="view" [(viewDate)]="viewDate">
</mwl-demo-utils-calendar-header>
<div class="alert alert-info">
<div [ngSwitch]="view">
<span *ngSwitchCase="'month'"
>Click on a month label to change the view to that month.</span
>
<span *ngSwitchCase="'week'"
>Click on a day header to change the view to that day.</span
>
<span *ngSwitchCase="'day'">There is no other view to navigate to.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div [ngSwitch]="view">
<mwl-calendar-month-view
*ngSwitchCase="'month'"
[viewDate]="viewDate"
[events]="events"
(dayClicked)="changeDay($event.day.date)"
>
</mwl-calendar-month-view>
<mwl-calendar-week-view
*ngSwitchCase="'week'"
[viewDate]="viewDate"
[events]="events"
(dayHeaderClicked)="changeDay($event.day.date)"
>
</mwl-calendar-week-view>
<mwl-calendar-day-view
*ngSwitchCase="'day'"
[viewDate]="viewDate"
[events]="events"
>
</mwl-calendar-day-view>
</div>
``` |
The Odisha Official Language Act, 1954 is an Act of Odisha Legislative Assembly that recognizes Odia "to be used for all or any of the official purposes of the State of Odisha."
History
Article 345 of the Constitution of India empowers the Legislature of the State to adopt 'any one or more of the languages in use in the State or Hindi as the language or languages to be used for all or any of the official purposes' of the concerned State. But it provides for the continued use of English for the 'purposes within the state for which it was being used before the commencement of the Constitution', until the Legislature of the State otherwise provides by law. Orissa is the first state to be evolved on the basis of language. So The Orissa Official Language Act, 1954 was enacted in 1954.
Development
Despite the enactment, the implementation has not been done in a mass scale for which people of Odisha have voiced to ensure the use of Odia language in all official correspondence. The hunger strike by activist Gajanana Mishra was a prominent step in this direction was one such significant instance.
Salient features
The Orissa Official Language Act, 1954 is the Orissa Act 14 of 1954 which received the assent of Governor on 1 October 1954 and was published in the Orissa Gazette on 15 October 1954.
Important Sections
Section 3A
This section has been inserted by the Amendment Act 1963 which states about Continuance of English language for use in Legislature:
Amendments
The 1963 Orissa Official Language (Amendment) Bill makes provision for continuing use of English in addition to Odia for transaction of business in legislature of the state of Orissa.
One new amendment was added to this act under Amendment Act 12 of 1985.
References
Odisha state legislation
1954 in Indian law |
Charles Peter Berkey (March 25, 1867-April 22, 1955) was an American geologist, notable as a founder of the discipline of engineering geology, for his work on the great dams of the 1930s, and as chief geologist on the Gobi Desert expeditions in Mongolia led by Roy Chapman Andrews in the 1920s.
Early life and education
Born in Goshen, Indiana, Berkey grew up on farms in Indiana, then Texas, and ultimately Minnesota, graduating from Farmington High School. He enrolled in the University of Minnesota in 1889, receiving his undergraduate degree in 1892 and continuing to receive a Ph.D. in geology in 1897 (the first to be awarded by the university). His teachers included Newton Horace Winchell (whose son, Alexander Newton Winchell he later himself taught). Berkey's thesis became the foundational reference for the study of the Dalles of the St. Croix River, a scenic area of 60 square miles on the Minnesota-Wisconsin boundary.
Career
Berkey remained as an instructor at the University of Minnesota until 1903, when he was recruited by professor James Kemp to Columbia University in New York City. The timing was propitious, because Kemp had just become a consultant to the Catskill Project of the city's Board of Water Supply. This was a monumental engineering project involving the creation of large dams, 90 miles of aqueduct, drilling a total of three vertical miles of access shafts, all with the aim of diverting of a huge water flow to a tunnel under the Hudson River and thus to the city. Soon after the arrival of his younger colleague, Kemp withdrew from the project and Berkey took his place.
During the Catskill Project's nearly two decades of construction, to the mid-1920s, Berkey became, in effect, the country's leading engineering geologist--although that term was not yet in use. The new field's name came to exist only after the catastrophic failure of the St. Francis Dam in Los Angeles County, California, in 1928 killed more than 400 people. Engineering geologists were then in high demand and short supply. Berkey was appointed by President Coolidge to the board tasked to approve the design of Hoover Dam. His responsibility was to assess that the rock walls and floor of the Colorado River would be able to hold the dam's enormous pressure. He was also an advisor to the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam and reservoir and participated in the engineering geological assessments of the Holland and Lincoln tunnels in New York City, the foundations for the George Washington, Whitestone, and Triboro bridges, and, in the west, the Friant, Shasta, Bonneville, and Parker dams.
Berkey was Chief Geologist and Petrographer on the Central Asiatic Expeditions of the American Museum of Natural History, famously led by Roy Chapman Andrews in 1922, 1923, and 1925. Berkey's insistence that the expedition's photographer hike over some hills to record an unusual geological feature led instead to the latter's discovery of the field of fossils that included the famous fossil dinosaur eggs, a find for which Berkey, as a geologist, never claimed credit, later admitting that he "never thought too much about the eggs". His book, "The Geology of Mongolia" is still reprinted as a classic. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1927, cited for his Mongolia work. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1928. In 1950 the Geological Society of America published Application of Geology to Engineering Practice in his honor.
Berkey served for many years as head of Columbia's geology department.
Retirement
He retired from Columbia in 1932 to live with his wife Minnie (nee Best) in Palisades, New Jersey. In 1947 he was asked to evaluate several proposed sites for the United Nations and opined that the East River site was "the best place in the world," not for engineering reasons but, "with Grand Central station near-by and the Radio City Music Hall for a movie after a hard day." He was 88 when he died in 1955.
References
1867 births
1955 deaths
20th-century American geologists
19th-century American geologists
Economic geologists
People from Goshen, Indiana
Members of the American Philosophical Society |
```toml
# This file has been moved to path_to_url
``` |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="app_name">Simpla Dosieradministrilo</string>
<string name="app_launcher_name">Dosieradministrilo</string>
<string name="press_back_again">Press back again to exit</string>
<string name="go_to_home_folder">Go to home folder</string>
<string name="set_as_home_folder">Set as home folder</string>
<string name="home_folder_updated">Home folder updated</string>
<string name="copy_path">Copy path to clipboard</string>
<string name="path_copied">Path copied</string>
<string name="select_audio_file">Please select an audio file</string>
<string name="search_folder">Search folder</string>
<string name="rooted_device_only">This operation works only on rooted devices</string>
<string name="recents">Recents</string>
<string name="show_recents">Show recents</string>
<string name="pdf_viewer">PDF Viewer</string>
<string name="invert_colors">Invert colors</string>
<!-- Open as -->
<string name="open_as">Malfermi kiel</string>
<string name="text_file">Teksta dosiero</string>
<string name="image_file">Bilda dosiero</string>
<string name="audio_file">Sondosiero</string>
<string name="video_file">Filma dosiero</string>
<string name="other_file">Alia dosiero</string>
<!-- Compression -->
<string name="compress">Densigi</string>
<string name="compress_pro">Densigi (Pro)</string>
<string name="decompress">Maldensigi</string>
<string name="compress_as">Densigi kiel</string>
<string name="compressing">Densigante</string>
<string name="decompressing">Maldensigante</string>
<string name="compression_successful">Densigo sukcesis</string>
<string name="decompression_successful">Maldensigo sukcesis</string>
<string name="compressing_failed">Densigo malsukcesis</string>
<string name="decompressing_failed">Maldensigo malsukcesis</string>
<!-- Favorites -->
<string name="manage_favorites">Manage favorites</string>
<string name="go_to_favorite">Go to favorite</string>
<string name="favorites_activity_placeholder">You can add frequently used folders to favorites for easy access from anywhere.</string>
<!-- File Editor -->
<string name="file_editor">Dosierredaktilo</string>
<!-- Storage analysis -->
<string name="storage_analysis">Storage analysis</string>
<string name="images">Bildoj</string>
<string name="videos">Filmoj</string>
<string name="audio">Sonoj</string>
<string name="documents">Dokumentoj</string>
<string name="downloads">Elutoj</string>
<string name="archives">Archives</string>
<string name="others">Aliaj</string>
<string name="storage_free">free</string>
<string name="total_storage">Total storage: %s</string>
<!-- Settings -->
<string name="enable_root_access">Enable root access</string>
<string name="press_back_twice">Require pressing Back twice to leave the app</string>
<!--
Haven't found some strings? There's more at
path_to_url
-->
</resources>
``` |
Compu-Spell is educational software developed by Sherwin Steffin and Steven Pederson of Edu-Ware Services for the Apple II in 1980.
Summary
It is designed to teach spelling based on the assumption that spelling is a memorization (as opposed to rule-based) task. The program presents a series of spelling words within sentences, and then requires the learner to type in the spelling words. In "learning" mode, the program would ignore incorrect letters, with the idea being that seeing an incorrect spelling on the screen would interfere with memorizing a correct spelling. (The user could continually guess at the next correct letter or press ESC to show the correct spelling.) Misspelled words are presented again to learners, who must retype spelling words until they are spelled correctly. The program periodically presents spelling words from previous lessons to reinforce memoirization.
The program was sold with data disks of spelling words for grade levels 4 through 8, each containing 800 to 1200 spelling words, along with an "adult/secretarial' disk featuring the most frequently misspelled words in the English language. Designed for both home and classroom use, the program includes a classroom management system allowing teachers to track the progress of many students, a number of settings used by teachers to control the learning process, and a file-building system for adding new spelling words and sentences.
References
Apple II software
Edu-Ware educational software |
Val-des-Sources (), meaning "Valley of the Springs", formerly known as Asbestos (), is a town on the Nicolet River in the Estrie (Eastern Townships) region of southeastern Quebec, Canada. The town is the seat of Les Sources Regional County Municipality, formerly known as the Asbestos Regional County Municipality. The town covers an area of 30.25 square kilometres (11.5 sq mi), including land acquired due to the merger of the City of Asbestos with the Municipality of Trois-Lacs on December 8, 1999.
At the 2021 census, 7,088 people resided in the town. It is situated in the centre of a square formed by the cities of Drummondville, Sherbrooke and Victoriaville, and the Nicolet River to the north. It is the site of the Jeffrey mine, which used to be the world's largest asbestos mine, which has long been the town's largest employer, and of the now-closed Magnola magnesium refinery. It was the site of the 1949 Asbestos strike.
Due to the negative connotations of the name Asbestos, discussions took place around whether the town should be renamed. A municipal referendum held in October 2020 selected the Val-des-Sources as the new name. The change came into effect on December 15, 2020.
History
During the 1960s the town was thriving and could afford to expand and invest in its infrastructure and municipal architecture. It built a new modern town hall whose main hallway was adorned with a mural by the artist Denis Juneau, as well as some ceramic pieces in the church by famed ceramist Claude Vermette.
In late 2011, one of the last two remaining asbestos mines in Canada, the Jeffrey mine, halted operations. In June 2012, a $58-million loan was promised by the Quebec government to restart and operate the Jeffrey mine for the next 20 years. In September 2012, before the loan funds were delivered, the Parti Québécois defeated the Quebec Liberal Party in the Quebec provincial election. The Parti Québécois followed through with an election promise to halt asbestos mining and to cancel the loan, and put funding toward economic diversification in the area.
Name change
At various times since the decline of asbestos mining, residents and politicians in the area have proposed changing the town's name due to its negative connotations; however, past proposals often failed, with people involved in the debate noting that because the town is predominantly francophone and the mineral is referred to as amiante rather than asbestos in French, its residents do not typically associate the town's name with the stigma around the mineral.
A name change plan was approved by the municipal council in November 2019, with the new name chosen by a public poll. On September 14, 2020, the mayor announced that residents would be able to vote to rename the town to either Apalone, Jeffrey, Phénix or Trois-Lacs. The choices were not well received, and more names were added to the list. The referendum was held in October to allow the townspeople to choose from among six names: L'Azur-des-Cantons, Jeffrey-sur-le-Lac, Larochelle, Trois-Lacs, Val-des-Sources, or Phénix. The referendum results were announced on October 19, 2020. 51.5% of voters chose the name Val-des-Sources in the third round of a preferential ballot. In Quebec, a municipal name change must be proposed to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and then approved by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing before it takes effect, which occurred on December 17, 2020. For most purposes the name change took immediate effect, although the town's rebranding of its own billboards was not expected to take place until January 2021, and Canada Post required until April 19, 2021 to complete the necessary changes in its postal addressing system.
Some residents who remained opposed to the name change organized a petition drive calling on the Ministry of Municipal Affairs to deny its approval, on the grounds that not enough of the town's residents participated in the referendum, and that the referendum did not include any option to express a preference for maintaining the existing name. Minister Andrée Laforest rejected the petition and approved the name change, which came into effect on December 15, 2020.
Places of interest
Close to downtown Val-des-Sources, outdoor enthusiasts can take advantage of the Trois Lacs resort, the golf club or the cycle path. Also, the Festival des Gourmands is the main festive event in the city. Music is a big part of the city thanks to the Harmonie d'Asbestos, an institution long recognized throughout the region during the years 1945-60 and the Camp musical d'Asbestos, which welcomes young musicians from all over Quebec.
Government
In the 2021 municipal elections, Hugues Grimard was reelected unopposed as mayor of Val-des-Sources. Grimard was initially elected in 2009, defeating the incumbent mayor Jean-Philippe Bachand with 52% of the votes. Bachand tried unsuccessfully to unseat Grimard and regain his former seat in the 2013 election but Grimard was re-elected with 60% of the votes. In the 2017 elections, Bachand finally return to city council by winning a seat as a councillor but he was unseated in 2021 when Isabelle Forcier won his councillor seat with 60% of the votes.
Current Government
Mayor: Hugues Grimard
Councillors:
Isabelle Forcier
Andréanne Ladouceur
René Lachance
Caroline Prayer
Jean Roy
Pierre Benoit
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Val-des-Sources had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Religion (2001)
In terms of mother tongue, the 2016 census found that, including multiple responses, almost 98% of residents spoke French, and about 2% of residents spoke English. The next most commonly reported first languages learned were Spanish, Arabic and German.
Transportation
The two most important roads entering Val-des-Sources are Road 249, connecting Val-des Sources to Magog, via Sherbrooke and Road 255 connecting Baie-du-Febvre to Bury while passing through Val-des-Sources and Saint-Cyrille-de-Wendover
People from Val-des-Sources
Jayson Dénommée
Jean Hamel
Denis Patry
Sean McKenna
Gilles Hamel
See also
List of cities in Quebec
Asbest, similarly named town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia
Chrysotile
References
External links
Cities and towns in Quebec |
Sir Godfrey McCulloch, 2nd Baronet of Mertoun (c. 1640 – 26 March 1697) was a Scottish politician who was executed for murder.
Biography
In 1678 McCulloch served as a Commissioner for Wigtownshire at the Convention of Estates (Scottish Parliament).
Murder and execution
In 1684, he shot William Gordon in the leg, partly as a result of a long-standing feud (rising from a land dispute) between his family and the Gordon family. Gordon later died of the infection caused by the wound. McCulloch was found guilty and sentenced to death. Although he initially escaped to France, he was captured when he returned to Edinburgh in 1697 and beheaded at the Mercat Cross. McCulloch had been living in Scotland since 1694 under the alias "Mr. Johnstoune". He was the last man to be executed on the Maiden. Following his death, much of his family emigrated to America, and Cardoness Castle, which had been owned by the family since c. 1470, was abandoned.
Legend
There is also a legend (quoted by Sir Walter Scott, a distant relation) that McCulloch was in fact saved from execution by a gnome whom he had done a favour for earlier in life, and that he was never seen again. Another story tells that after his beheading, his headless body ran 100 yards down the Royal Mile. Given his sensational trial and the number of witnesses present, either story is unlikely at best.
See also
Clan McCulloch
McCulloch One Name Study
References
1697 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia
Scottish people convicted of murder
People executed by the Kingdom of Scotland by decapitation
17th-century executions by Scotland
Year of birth uncertain
Executed Scottish people
17th-century Scottish people
Shire Commissioners to the Parliament of Scotland
Politics of Dumfries and Galloway
Scottish knights
Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1678
Scottish politicians convicted of crimes |
Üru is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.
Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Kihelkonna Parish.
References
Villages in Saare County |
An error of impunity is a lapse in the justice system that results in criminals either remaining at large or receiving sanctions that are below a socially optimal level. The term is used in Brian Forst's book Errors of Justice and in Robert Bohm's introduction to a special edition of The Journal of Criminal Justice on miscarriages of justice. If convicting an innocent person, called a miscarriage of justice, is a Type I error for falsely identifying culpability (a "false positive"), then an error of impunity would be a Type II error of failing to find a culpable person guilty (a "false negative").
Definition
Forst divides errors of impunity into two categories.
The first category consists of those that are like car accidents: the community may be able to do more to prevent them, but generally prefers to consider that doing so is beyond the reach of the criminal justice system. About half of all felony victimizations in the U.S. are not reported to the police, and many of those that are reported are committed by skillful, elusive offenders.
The second category consists of those errors that are real, unambiguous, significant, and avoidable. Examples include failures of the police to follow up leads to capture dangerous offenders and inmate escapees.
Causes
Errors of impunity can be caused in much the same ways as miscarriages of justice can, including, without limitation, the following:
A skilled defense lawyer might be able to exploit a legal technicality in order to have crucial evidence ruled inadmissible.
A skilled defense lawyer can make an otherwise credible witness lose his or her credibility by making the witness appear mentally incompetent in other aspects of his or her daily life (e.g. a person with autism might be labeled as mentally insane due to their neurological disorder, therefore questioning if the witness was having hallucinations).
A type of legal immunity, such as diplomatic immunity or sovereign immunity.
Corrupt judges, or detectives or other police officers, who can be bribed.
Effects
Forst argues that a variety of social costs are incurred as the number of culpable offenders set free increases: public safety and the quality of life are compromised, the credibility of deterrent effectiveness is lost, and citizens become increasingly inclined to perceive injustices to victims and alienation from the police and courts, if not from government generally. As a result, Forst argues, the integrity of the justice system becomes threatened both by the reality and perception of ineffectualness. These lapses can run through the entire justice system, from ineffective policing and prosecution to weak sentencing and corrections.
Notable cases
John Bodkin Adams was a British general practitioner working in Eastbourne, UK. He was arrested in 1956 for the murders of Edith Alice Morrell and Gertrude Hullett. He was tried in 1957 and found not guilty of the first charge and the second was dropped via a nolle prosequi, an act which the judge, Mr Justice Devlin, later described as "an abuse of process". Police archives, opened in 2003, suggest that evidence was passed to the defence by the DPP in order to allow Adams to avoid the death sentence, then still in force. Home Office pathologist Francis Camps suspected Adams of killing 163 patients in total. Adams was only ever fined for minor offences and struck off the medical register for four years.
Karla Homolka was granted immunity in exchange for her testimony against her lover Paul Bernardo for his murders. She portrayed herself as an abused victim, but later evidence proved she was in fact equally culpable, taking part in the murders, but Canadian authorities were unable to prosecute.
Ronald Ebens, with his stepson Michael Nitz, viciously beat Vincent Chin in the head with a baseball bat, on June 19, 1982. On March 16, 1983, after a plea bargain was reached the previous month to reduce the charge to third-degree manslaughter (which had no minimum sentence and could be dealt with by probation), Judge Charles Kaufman sentenced Ebens and Nitz to three years probation and $3,720 in fines and court costs for the murder of Vincent Chin. Kaufman cited the defendants' clean prior criminal records and that there was no minimum sentence for a manslaughter plea as he said: "These weren't the kind of men you send to jail... You don't make the punishment fit the crime; you make the punishment fit the criminal." Citing the judge's POW record as one of several reasons to invalidate the lenient sentence in favor of a more stringent punishment, advocacy groups unsuccessfully tried to vacate the original sentence. Kaufman's sentence was upheld as valid and final, due to the Fifth Amendment protection against double jeopardy.
John Wilson, a Scottish football fan, was filmed during a game attacking Celtic manager Neil Lennon. He admitted the charge in court but the jury acquitted him of assault and convicted him of merely of breaching the peace. According to the Guardian, it was "one of the few occasions in Scottish legal history when an individual is acquitted of a crime that he freely admitted carrying out. A joke rapidly emerged that Muammar Gaddafi had offered to surrender to NATO if he could be guaranteed a trial in Edinburgh."
See also
Miscarriage of justice
References
Criminal justice
Legal error |
```javascript
Function constructor vs. function declaration vs. function expression
`.bind()`
Move cursor at the end of text input
Check if a document is done loading
Changing a functions context with `fn.call(object)`
``` |
Gaia II: La Voz Dormida is a 2005 album by Spanish folk metal group Mägo de Oz. It is a continuation of Gaia, in which Azaak is captured by the Spanish Inquisition and awaits her execution.
The subtitle La voz dormida refers to a novel by Dulce Chacón about a group of women imprisoned during the Spanish Civil War.
Disc one
"Volaverunt Opus 666" – 4:25
"La voz dormida" (The sleeping voice) (melody of first and second verses based on the chorus of the song "Guardians" from Helloween) – 9:58
"Hazme un sitio entre tu piel" (Make me a place in your skin) – 4:54
"El poema de la lluvia triste" (The poem of the sad rain) – 7:52
"El callejón del infierno" (Hell's alleyway) – 5:57
"El paseo de los tristes" (The walkway of the sad) – 5:20
"La posada de los muertos" (The inn of the dead) – 4:44
"Desde mi cielo" (From my heaven) – 6:20
"En nombre de Dios" (In the name of God) (melody based on "Gates of Babylon" by Rainbow) † - 7:04
† Special Edition CD release only.
Disc two
"Incubos y súcubos" – 0:36 (Incubi and succubi)
"Diabulus in Música" – 4:44 (Diabolus in musica)
"Mañana empieza hoy" - 5:35 (Tomorrow begins today) [melody based on Hymn by Ultravox] †
"El Príncipe de la dulce pena" – 1:35 (The prince of the sweet sorrow)
"Aquelarre " – 9:03 (Coven)
"Hoy toca ser feliz " – 4:19 (Today we get to be happy) - music from Starman by David Bowie
"Creo (La Voz Dormida-Parte II)" – 5:15 (I believe (The sleeping voice part II))
"La Cantata del Diablo – Missit me Dominus" – 21:11 (The Devil's Cantata – Missit me Dominus) [includes an incrustation of "The Edge of Darkness" by Iron Maiden]
† Special Edition CD release only.
Additional members
Víctor García and Leo Jiménez – Additional vocals on "La Cantata del Diablo (Missit me dominus)"
Sequel
Gaia III: Atlantia
References
2005 albums
Mägo de Oz albums
Locomotive Music albums |
Mścichów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przytyk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Przytyk, north-west of Radom, and south of Warsaw.
References
Villages in Radom County |
William Plunkett may refer to:
William Plunkett (highwayman), 18th-century British highwayman and associate of James MacLaine
William C. Plunkett, lieutenant governor of Massachusetts (1854–1855)
William Plunket, 1st Baron Plunket (1764–1854), Irish politician and lawyer who eventually became Lord Chancellor of Ireland
William Plunket, 4th Baron Plunket (1828–1897), Church of Ireland Dean of Christ Church Cathedral and Archbishop of Dublin
William Plunket, 5th Baron Plunket (1864–1920), British diplomat and administrator
Billy Plunkett (1914–1960), Australian rules footballer for Geelong |
```smalltalk
namespace UnityEngine.Purchasing
{
/// <summary>
/// Reasons for which purchasing initialization could fail.
/// </summary>
public enum InitializationFailureReason
{
/// <summary>
/// In App Purchases disabled in device settings.
/// </summary>
PurchasingUnavailable,
/// <summary>
/// No products available for purchase,
/// typically indicating a configuration error.
/// </summary>
NoProductsAvailable,
/// <summary>
/// The store reported the app as unknown.
/// Typically indicates the app has not been created
/// on the relevant developer portal, or the wrong
/// identifier has been configured.
/// </summary>
AppNotKnown
}
}
``` |
Roger L. McGee (April 30, 1922 – October 27, 2013) was an American film actor whose career spanned from the 1930s to the 1950s.
His earliest work included shorts for Shirley Temple and Our Gang, including Our Gang Follies of 1938. His film roles included Nothing but Trouble in 1944 and Forbidden Planet in 1956, in which he played Lindstrom.
McGee was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on April 30, 1922, or in St. Louis, Missouri, on December 9, 1926. He became a real estate developer, focusing on California and Nevada, after he left the acting profession in the late 1950s. He resided with his wife, Adele, in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, from 1987 to 2011 before returning to California.
McGee died at his home in Shell Beach, California, on October 27, 2013, at the age of 86.
On February 26, 2013, McGee died in Denver, Colorado. He was survived by his wife, Adele, and his four children - Baron, Robert, Thomas, Gary and Amy.
References
External links
1922 births
2013 deaths
American male film actors
Real estate and property developers
People from Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
People from Pismo Beach, California |
Theodore Robert Bundy (; November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989) was an American serial killer who kidnapped, raped and murdered dozens of young women and girls during the 1970s and possibly earlier. After more than a decade of denials, he confessed to 30 murders committed in seven states between 1974 and 1978. His true victim total is unknown.
Bundy often employed charm to disguise his murderous intent when kidnapping victims, and extended this tactic vis-a-vis law enforcement, the media and the criminal justice system to maintain his claims of innocence. His usual technique involved approaching a female in public and luring her to a vehicle parked in a more secluded area, at which point she would be beaten unconscious, restrained with handcuffs and taken elsewhere to be sexually assaulted and killed.
To this end, Bundy typically simulated having a physical impairment such as an injury in order to convince his target that he was in need of assistance with something, or would dupe her into believing he was an authority figure. He frequently revisited the bodies of those he abducted, grooming and performing sex acts on the corpses until decomposition and destruction by wild animals made further interactions impossible. He decapitated at least 12 of his victims, keeping their severed heads as mementos in his apartment. On a few occasions, he broke into homes at night and bludgeoned, maimed, strangled and/or sexually assaulted his victims in their sleep.
In 1975, Bundy was arrested and jailed in Utah for aggravated kidnapping and attempted criminal assault. He then became a suspect in a progressively longer list of unsolved homicides in several states. Facing murder charges in Colorado, Bundy engineered two dramatic escapes and committed further assaults in Florida, including three murders, before his ultimate recapture in 1978. For the Florida homicides, he received three death sentences in two trials, and was executed at Florida State Prison in Raiford on January 24, 1989.
Biographer Ann Rule characterized him as "a sadistic sociopath who took pleasure from another human's pain and the control he had over his victims, to the point of death and even after." Bundy once described himself as "the most cold-hearted son of a bitch you'll ever meet", a statement with which attorney Polly Nelson, a member of his last defense team, agreed. "Ted", she wrote, "was the very definition of heartless evil."
Early life
Childhood
Ted Bundy was born Theodore Robert Cowell on November 24, 1946, to Eleanor Louise Cowell (September 21, 1924 – December 23, 2012, known by her middle name) at the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers in Burlington, Vermont. His biological father's identity has never been confirmed; his original birth certificate apparently assigns paternity to a salesman and United States Air Force veteran named Lloyd Marshall, though a copy of it listed his father as unknown. Louise claimed she met a war veteran named Jack Worthington, who abandoned her soon after she became pregnant.
Census records reveal that several men by the name of John Worthington and Lloyd Marshall lived near Louise when Bundy was conceived. Some family members expressed suspicions that Bundy was sired by Louise's own father. However, in the 2020 documentary film Crazy, Not Insane, psychiatrist Dorothy Otnow Lewis claimed she received a sample of Bundy's blood and that a DNA test had confirmed that Bundy was not the product of incest.
For the first three years of his life, Bundy lived in the Philadelphia neighborhood Roxborough, Pennsylvania, with his maternal grandparents, Samuel Knecht Cowell (September 23, 1898 – December 4, 1983) and Eleanor Miriam Longstreet (February 16, 1895 – April 25, 1971) who raised him as their son to avoid the social stigma that accompanied birth outside of wedlock at that time. Family, friends, and even young Ted were told that his grandparents were his parents and that his mother was his older sister. Bundy eventually discovered the truth, although his recollections of the circumstances varied; he told a girlfriend that a cousin showed him a copy of his birth certificate after calling him a "bastard," but he told biographers Stephen Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth that he had found the certificate himself.
Biographer and true crime writer Ann Rule, who knew Bundy personally, wrote that he did not find out until 1969, when he located his original birth record in Vermont. Bundy expressed a lifelong resentment toward his mother for never telling him about his real father, and for leaving him to discover his true parentage for himself. Bundy occasionally exhibited disturbing behavior at an early age. Louise's younger sister, Julia Cowell, recalled awakening from a nap to find herself surrounded by knives from the kitchen, and her 3-year-old nephew standing by the bed, smiling.
In some interviews, Bundy spoke warmly of his grandparents and told Rule that he "identified with," "respected," and "clung to" his grandfather. In 1987, however, he and other family members told attorneys that Samuel was a tyrannical bully who beat his wife and dog, swung neighborhood cats by their tails, and expressed racist and xenophobic attitudes. In one instance, Samuel reportedly threw Julia down a flight of stairs for oversleeping. He would sometimes speak aloud to unseen presences, and at least once flew into a violent rage when the question of Bundy's paternity was raised. Bundy described his grandmother as a timid and obedient woman who periodically underwent electroconvulsive therapy for depression and feared to leave their house toward the end of her life.
These descriptions of Bundy's grandparents have been questioned in more recent investigations. Some locals remembered Samuel as a "fine man", and expressed bewilderment at the reports of him being violent. “The characterization that [Sam] was a raging alcoholic and animal abuser was a convenient characterization used to make people justify why Ted was the way he was,” said one of Bundy’s cousins. “From my limited exposure to him, nothing could be farther from the truth. His daughters loved him dearly and had nothing but fond memories of him.” In addition, Louise's sister, Audrey Cowell, stated that their mother could not leave her home because she suffered a stroke due to being overweight and was not mentally ill.
In 1950, Louise changed her surname from Cowell to Nelson and, at the urging of multiple family members, left Philadelphia with Ted to live with cousins Alan and Jane Scott in Tacoma, Washington. In 1951, Louise met Johnny Culpepper Bundy (April 23, 1921 – May 17, 2007), a hospital cook, at an adult singles night at Tacoma's First Methodist Church. They married later that year and Johnny formally adopted Ted. Johnny and Louise conceived four children together, and though Johnny tried to include his adopted son in camping trips and other family activities, Bundy remained distant from him. He would later complain to a girlfriend that Johnny "was not his real father", "wasn't very bright," and "didn't make much money."
Bundy varied his recollections of Tacoma in later years. To Michaud and Aynesworth, he described roaming his neighborhood, picking through trash barrels in search of pictures of naked women and to attorney and author Polly Nelson he said that he perused detective magazines, and crime novels for stories that involved sexual violence, particularly when the stories were illustrated with pictures of dead or maimed women. In a letter to Rule, however, he asserted that he "never, ever read fact-detective magazines, and shuddered at the thought that anyone would." He once told Michaud that he would consume large quantities of alcohol and "canvass the community" late at night in search of undraped windows where he could observe women undressing, or "whatever [else] could be seen." Psychologist Al Carlisle claimed that Bundy “started fantasizing about women he saw while window peeping or elsewhere [and] mimicking the accents of some politicians he listened to on the radio. In essence, he was fantasizing about being someone else, someone important.”
Bundy's childhood Tacoma neighbor Sandi Holt described him as a bully, saying, "He liked to terrify people... He liked to be in charge. He liked to inflict pain and suffering and fear." She also alleged that Bundy engaged in animal cruelty, saying "He hung one of the stray cats in the neighborhood from one of the clothes lines in the backyard, doused it in lighter fluid and set it on fire and I heard that cat squealing." Bundy also allegedly used to take younger children in the neighborhood into the woods and terrorize them, she said. "He'd take them out there and strip them down, take their clothes," she said. "You'd hear them screaming for blocks, I mean no matter where we were here, we could hear them screaming." Holt added, "He had a temper. He liked to scare people. One little girl went over the top of one of Ted’s tiger traps and got the whole side of her leg slit open with the sharpened point of the stick that she landed on."
Accounts of Bundy's social life also varied. He told journalists Michaud and Aynesworth that he "chose to be alone" as an adolescent because he was unable to understand interpersonal relationships. He claimed that he had no natural sense of how to develop friendships. "I didn't know what made people want to be friends," Bundy said. "I didn't know what underlay social interactions." “Some people perceived me as being shy and introverted,” he said. “I didn’t go to dances. I didn’t go on the beer drinking outings. I was a pretty, you might call me straight, but not a social outcast in any way.” Classmates from Woodrow Wilson High School, however, told Rule that Bundy was "well known and well liked" there, "a medium-sized fish in a large pond." Bundy's only significant athletic avocation was downhill skiing, which he pursued enthusiastically with stolen equipment and forged lift tickets. During high school, he was arrested at least twice on suspicion of burglary and motor vehicle theft. When he was 18-years-old, the details of the incidents were expunged from his record, as is customary in Washington and many other states.
University years
After graduating from high school in 1965, Bundy attended the University of Puget Sound (UPS) for one year before transferring to the University of Washington (UW) to study Chinese. In 1967, he became romantically involved with a UW classmate, Diane Edwards (identified in Bundy biographies by several pseudonyms, most commonly Stephanie Brooks). “He saw a woman who was the epitome of his dreams,” Rule wrote. “[Edwards] was like no girl he had ever seen before, and he considered her the most sophisticated, the most beautiful creature possible.” Bundy later described Edwards as “the only woman I ever really loved.”
In early-1968, Bundy dropped out of college and worked a series of minimum-wage jobs. He also volunteered at the Seattle office of Nelson Rockefeller's presidential campaign and became Arthur Fletcher's driver and bodyguard during Fletcher's campaign for Lieutenant Governor of Washington State. Edwards graduated in the spring of 1968 and left Washington for San Francisco. Bundy visited her later that year after he earned a scholarship to study Chinese at Stanford University that summer.
In August, Bundy attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami. Shortly thereafter, Edwards ended their relationship and returned to her family home in California, frustrated by what she described as Bundy's immaturity and lack of ambition. Psychiatrist Dorothy Otnow Lewis would later pinpoint this crisis as "probably the pivotal time in his development". Devastated by the breakup, Bundy traveled to Colorado and then farther east, visiting relatives in Arkansas and Philadelphia and enrolling for one semester at Temple University. It was also at this time in early-1969, Rule believed, that Bundy visited the office of birth records in Burlington and confirmed his true parentage.
Bundy was back in Washington by the fall of 1969, when he met Elizabeth Kloepfer (identified in Bundy literature as Meg Anders, Beth Archer, or Liz Kendall), a single mother from Ogden, Utah, who worked as a secretary at the UW School of Medicine. Their tumultuous relationship would continue well past his initial incarceration in Utah in 1976. Bundy became a father figure to Kloepfer's daughter Molly, who was 3-years-old when he started dating her mother; he remained in her life until she was aged 10, after he had been arrested. As an adult, Molly wrote of incidents beginning at age 7 in which Bundy was abusive or sexually inappropriate with her. Her accounts include Bundy hitting her in the face, knocking her down, putting her at risk of drowning, indecent exposure, and sexual touching disguised as accidents or "games".
In mid-1970, Bundy, now focused and goal-oriented, re-enrolled at UW, this time as a psychology major. He became an honor student and was well regarded by his professors. In 1971, he took a job at Seattle's Suicide Hotline Crisis Center. There, he met and worked alongside Ann Rule, a former Seattle police officer and aspiring crime writer who would later write one of the definitive Bundy biographies, The Stranger Beside Me. Rule saw nothing disturbing in Bundy's personality at the time; she described him as "kind, solicitous, and empathetic."
After graduating from UW in 1972, Bundy joined Governor Daniel J. Evans's re-election campaign. Posing as a college student, he shadowed Evans' opponent, former governor Albert Rosellini, and recorded his stump speeches for analysis by Evans's team. Evans appointed Bundy to the Seattle Crime Prevention Advisory Committee. After Evans was re-elected, Bundy was hired as an assistant to Ross Davis, Chairman of the Washington State Republican Party. Davis thought well of Bundy and described him as "smart, aggressive ... and a believer in the system." In early-1973, despite mediocre LSAT scores, Bundy was accepted into the law schools of UPS and the University of Utah on the strength of letters of recommendation from Evans, Davis, and several UW psychology professors.
During a trip to California on Republican Party business in the summer of 1973, Bundy rekindled his relationship with Edwards. She marveled at his transformation into a serious and dedicated professional who was seemingly on the cusp of a significant legal and political career. Bundy continued to date Kloepfer as well; neither woman was aware of the other's existence. In the fall of 1973, he matriculated at UPS Law School, and continued courting Edwards, who flew to Seattle several times to stay with him. They discussed marriage, and at one point he introduced her to Davis as his fiancée.
In January 1974, Bundy abruptly broke off all contact with Edwards; her phone calls and letters went unreturned. When she finally reached him by phone a month later, she demanded to know why he had unilaterally ended their relationship without explanation. In a flat, calm voice, he replied, "Diane, I have no idea what you mean," and hung up. She never heard from him again. Bundy later explained, "I just wanted to prove to myself that I could have married her"; but Edwards concluded in retrospect that “Ted’s high-power courtship in the latter part of 1973 had been deliberately planned, that he had waited all those years to be in a position of where he could make her fall in love with him, so that he could drop her, reject her, as she had rejected him.” By then, Bundy had begun skipping classes at law school. By April, he had stopped attending entirely, as young women began to disappear in the Pacific Northwest.
First murders
There is no consensus as to when or where Bundy began killing women. He told different stories to different people and refused to divulge the specifics of his earliest crimes, even as he confessed in graphic detail to dozens of later murders in the days preceding his execution. He told Nelson that he attempted his first kidnapping in 1969 in Ocean City but did not kill anyone until sometime in 1971 in Seattle. He told psychologist Art Norman that he killed two women in Atlantic City while visiting family in Philadelphia in 1969. Bundy hinted to homicide detective Robert D. Keppel that he committed a murder in Seattle in 1972 and another murder in 1973 that involved a hitchhiker near Tumwater, but he refused to elaborate. Rule and Keppel both believed that he might have started killing as a teenager. Bundy's earliest documented homicides were committed in 1974, when he was 27-years-old. By his own admission, he had by then mastered the necessary skills – in the era before DNA profiling – to leave minimal incriminating forensic evidence at crime scenes.
First two series of murders
Washington, Oregon
Shortly after midnight on January 4, 1974, around the time that he terminated his relationship with Edwards, Bundy entered the basement apartment of 18-year-old Karen Sparks (often identified as Joni Lenz, Mary Adams, and Terri Caldwell in Bundy literature), a dancer and student at UW in the University District, Seattle. After bludgeoning Sparks with a metal rod from her bed frame, he sexually assaulted her with the same rod causing extensive internal injuries and rupturing her bladder. She remained unconscious in the hospital for ten days and although she survived, she was left with permanent brain damage, with significant loss to her vision and hearing. In the early morning hours of February 1, Bundy broke into the basement room of 21-year-old Lynda Ann Healy, a UW undergraduate who broadcast morning radio weather reports for skiers. He beat her unconscious; dressed her in blue jeans, a white blouse, and boots; and carried her away. Speaking in the third person, Bundy stated he drove Healy to a secluded area, where he raped and murdered her before dumping her body.
During the first-half of 1974, female college students disappeared at the rate of about one per month. On March 12, Donna Gail Manson, a 19-year-old student at Evergreen State College in Olympia, southwest of Seattle, left her dormitory to attend a jazz concert on campus but never arrived. Bundy claimed that he took Manson's skull to his girlfriend's house after her rape and murder before burning it in the fireplace "down to the last ash" in "a fit of... paranoia and cleanliness". On April 17, 18-year-old Susan Elaine Rancourt disappeared while on her way to her dorm room after an evening advisors' meeting at Central Washington State College in Ellensburg, southeast of Seattle. Two female Central Washington students later came forward to report encounters—one on the night of Rancourt's disappearance, the other three nights earlier—with a man wearing a sling, who was asking for help carrying a load of books to his brown or tan Volkswagen Beetle.
On May 6, Roberta Kathleen Parks, 22, left her dormitory at Oregon State University in Corvallis, south of Seattle, to have coffee with friends at the Memorial Union, but never arrived. Bundy claimed that he spotted Parks in the cafeteria and persuaded her to go with him to a bar. After they got into his car, he tied up and gagged her and drove her back to Washington to be killed, raping her twice on the way. Investigators from Seattle and King County grew increasingly concerned. There was no significant physical evidence, and the missing women had little in common apart from similar appearance: young, attractive, white college students with long hair parted in the middle. On June 1, Brenda Carol Ball, 22, disappeared after leaving the Flame Tavern in Burien, near Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. She was last seen in the parking lot, talking to a brown-haired man with his arm in a sling. According to his third person account, Bundy brought Ball back to his residence where they had a "consensual" sexual encounter before he strangled her while she was sleeping; although this failed to explain the damage to found on her skull.
In the early hours of June 11, 18-year-old UW student Georgann Hawkins vanished while walking down a brightly lit alley between her boyfriend's dormitory residence and her sorority house. The next morning, three Seattle homicide detectives and a criminalist combed the entire alleyway on their hands and knees, finding nothing. Bundy later told Keppel that he lured Hawkins to his car and knocked her unconscious with a crowbar. After handcuffing her, he drove her to Issaquah, a suburb east of Seattle, where he strangled her and spent the entire night with her body. He returned to the UW alley the morning after and, in the very midst of a major crime scene investigation, located and gathered Hawkins's earrings and one of her shoes where he had left them in the adjoining parking lot, and departed, unobserved. "It was a feat so brazen," wrote Keppel, "that it astonishes police even today." Bundy said he revisited Hawkins' corpse on three occasions.
After Hawkins's disappearance was publicized, witnesses came forward to report seeing a man in an alley behind a nearby dormitory on the night of her disappearance. He was on crutches with a leg cast and was struggling to carry a briefcase. One woman recalled that the man asked her to help him carry the case to his car, a light brown Volkswagen Beetle. During this period, Bundy was working in Olympia as the assistant director of the Seattle Crime Prevention Advisory Commission, where he wrote a pamphlet for women on rape prevention. Later, he worked at the Department of Emergency Services (DES), a state government agency involved in the search for the missing women. At the DES he met and began dating Carole Ann Boone (April 12, 1947 – January 13, 2018), a twice-divorced mother of two who would play an important role in the final phase of his life six years later.
Reports of the brutal attack on Sparks and the six missing women appeared prominently in newspapers and on television throughout Washington and Oregon. Fear spread among the population; hitchhiking by young women dropping sharply. Pressure mounted on law enforcement agencies, but the scarcity of physical evidence severely hampered them. Police would not provide reporters with the little information that was available for fear of compromising the investigation. Further similarities between the victims were noted: the disappearances all took place at night, usually near ongoing construction work, and were within a week of midterm or final exams. All of the victims were wearing slacks or blue jeans when they disappeared, and at many crime scenes there were sightings of a man wearing a cast or a sling and driving a brown or tan Volkswagen Beetle.
The Oregon and Washington murders culminated on July14 with the broad daylight abductions of two women from a crowded beach at Lake Sammamish State Park in Issaquah. Four female witnesses described an attractive young man wearing a white tennis outfit with his left arm in a sling, speaking with a light accent, perhaps Canadian or British. Introducing himself as "Ted," he asked their help in unloading a sailboat from his tan or bronze-colored Volkswagen Beetle. Three refused; one accompanied him as far as his car, saw that there was no sailboat, and fled. Three additional witnesses saw him approach Janice Ann Ott, 23, a probation caseworker at the King County Juvenile Court, with the sailboat story and watched her leave the beach in his company. About four hours later, Denise Marie Naslund, a 19-year-old woman who was studying to become a computer programmer, left a picnic to go to the restroom and never returned. Bundy told Stephen Michaud and William Hagmaier that Ott was still alive when he returned with Naslund and that he forced one to watch as he assaulted and murdered the other, but he later denied it in an interview with Lewis on the eve of his execution.
King County police, finally armed with a detailed description of their suspect and his car, posted fliers throughout the Seattle area. A composite sketch was printed in regional newspapers and broadcast on local television stations. Kloepfer, Rule, a DES employee, and a UW psychology professor all recognized the profile, the sketch, and the car, and reported Bundy as a possible suspect; but detectives—who were receiving up to 200 tips per day—thought it unlikely that a clean-cut law student with no adult criminal record could be the perpetrator. On September 6, two grouse hunters stumbled across the skeletal remains of Ott and Naslund near a service road in Issaquah, east of Lake Sammamish State Park. An extra femur and several vertebrae found at the site were later identified by Bundy as those of Hawkins. Six months later, forestry students from Green River Community College discovered the skulls and mandibles of Healy, Rancourt, Parks, and Ball on Taylor Mountain, where Bundy frequently hiked, just east of Issaquah. Manson's remains were never recovered. The absence of clothing and jewellery recovered led investigators to believe that the bodies were left and discarded at the scene naked.
Idaho, Utah, Colorado
In August 1974, Bundy received a second acceptance from the University of Utah Law School and moved to Salt Lake City, leaving Kloepfer in Seattle. While he called Kloepfer often, he dated "at least a dozen" other women. As he studied the first-year law curriculum a second time, he was devastated to find out that the other students "had something, some intellectual capacity", that he did not. He found the classes completely incomprehensible. "It was a great disappointment to me," he said. A new string of homicides began the following month, including two that would remain undiscovered until Bundy confessed to them shortly before his execution.
On September 2, Bundy raped and strangled a still-unidentified hitchhiker in Idaho, then returned the next day to photograph and dismember the corpse before disposing of the remains in a nearby river. On October 2, he abducted 16-year-old Nancy Wilcox in Holladay, Utah, a suburb of Salt Lake City. Bundy confessed that Wilcox was walking on a poorly lit "main roadway" when he parked his car and forced her into an orchard. He then restrained her and put her into his vehicle and drove back to his apartment, where he allegedly kept her for 24 hours before strangling her. Bundy informed investigators that her remains were buried near Capitol Reef National Park, some south of Holladay, but they were never found.
On October 18, Melissa Anne Smith—the 17-year-old daughter of the police chief of Midvale, another Salt Lake City suburb—disappeared after leaving a pizza parlor at around 9.30 p.m. Her nude body was found in a nearby mountainous area nine days later; post-mortem examination indicated that she may have remained alive for up to seven days following her disappearance. On October 31, Laura Ann Aime, also 17, disappeared south of Lehi after leaving a Halloween party by herself just after midnight; she was last seen trying to hitchhike. Her naked body was found by hikers to the northeast in American Fork Canyon on Thanksgiving Day. The medical examiner estimated that Aime had died on November 20; twenty days after her disappearance. Both Smith and Aime had been beaten, raped, sodomized, and strangled with nylon stockings. Years later, Bundy described his post-mortem rituals with the corpses of Smith and Aime, including hair shampooing and application of makeup.
In the late afternoon of November 8, Bundy approached 18-year-old telephone operator Carol DaRonch at Fashion Place Mall in Murray, less than a mile from the Midvale restaurant where Smith was last seen. He identified himself as "Officer Roseland" of the Murray Police Department and told DaRonch that someone had attempted to break into her car. He asked her to accompany him to the station to file a complaint. When DaRonch pointed out to Bundy that he was driving on a road that did not lead to the police station, he immediately pulled onto the shoulder and attempted to handcuff her. During their struggle, he inadvertently fastened both handcuffs to the same wrist, and DaRonch was able to open the car door and escape.
Later that evening, Debra Jean Kent, a 17-year-old student at Viewmont High School in Bountiful, north of Murray, disappeared after leaving a theater production at the school to pick up her brother. The school's drama teacher and a student told police that "a stranger" had asked each of them to come out to the parking lot to identify a car. Another student later saw the same man pacing in the rear of the auditorium, and the drama teacher spotted him again shortly before the end of the play. Outside the auditorium, investigators found a key that unlocked the handcuffs removed from DaRonch's wrist. Bundy eventually admitted to abducting Kent and claimed he took her back to his residence where she was kept alive for some time.
In November, Kloepfer called King County police a second time after reading that young women were disappearing in towns surrounding Salt Lake City. Detective Randy Hergesheimer of the Major Crimes division interviewed her in detail. By then, Bundy had risen considerably on the King County hierarchy of suspicion, but the Lake Sammamish witness considered most reliable by detectives failed to identify him from a photo lineup. In December, Kloepfer called the Salt Lake County Sheriff's Office and repeated her suspicions. Bundy's name was added to their list of suspects, but at that time no credible forensic evidence linked him to the Utah crimes. In January 1975, Bundy returned to Seattle after his final exams and spent a week with Kloepfer, who did not tell him that she had reported him to police on three occasions. She made plans to visit him in Salt Lake City in August. In 1975, Bundy shifted much of his criminal activity eastward, from his base in Utah to Colorado.
On January 12, a 23-year-old registered nurse named Caryn Eileen Campbell disappeared while walking down a well-lit hallway between the elevator and her room at the Wildwood Inn (now the Wildwood Lodge) in Snowmass Village, southeast of Salt Lake City. Her nude body was found a month later next to a dirt road just outside the resort. According to the coroner’s report, she had been killed by blows to her head from a blunt instrument that left distinctive linear grooved depressions on her skull; her assailant had slit her left earlobe and her body also bore deep cuts from a sharp weapon.
On March 15, northeast of Snowmass, Vail ski instructor Julie Lyle Cunningham, 26, disappeared while walking from her apartment to a dinner date with a friend. Bundy later told Colorado investigators that he approached Cunningham on crutches and asked her to help carry his ski boots to his car, where he clubbed and handcuffed her before sexually assaulting her at a secondary site near Rifle, west of Vail. Bundy stated Cunningham regained consciousness at some point and tried to escape, but he caught her and strangled her before disposing of her body in a shallow grave near Rifle, Colorado. Weeks later, he made the six-hour drive from Salt Lake City to revisit her remains.
Denise Lynn Oliverson, 25, disappeared near the Utah–Colorado border in Grand Junction on April 6 while riding her bicycle to her parents' house; her bike and sandals were found under a viaduct near a railroad bridge. Bundy stated he abducted Oliverson, killed her in his car near the Utah state line, and dumped her body in the Colorado River. This admission was supported by gas receipts, which showed that he was in the city on the exact same day that Oliverson went missing. On May 6, Bundy parked outside of the Alameda Junior High School in Pocatello, Idaho, north of Salt Lake City, and after seeing 12-year-old Lynette Dawn Culver walking along by herself, he lured her into his vehicle before driving her to his Holiday Inn hotel room. He then raped Culver and drowned her in the bathtub. He disposed of her body in the Snake River north of Pocatello. Bundy reportedly provided intimate details about Lynette's personal life in his confession.
In mid-May, three of Bundy's Washington State DES co-workers, including Boone, visited him in Salt Lake City and stayed for a week in his apartment. He subsequently spent a week in Seattle with Kloepfer in early-June and they discussed getting married the following Christmas. Again, Kloepfer made no mention of her multiple discussions with authorities in King County and Salt Lake County. Bundy disclosed neither his ongoing relationship with Boone nor a concurrent romance with a Utah law student known in various accounts as either Kim Andrews or Sharon Auer.
On June 28, 15-year-old Susan Curtis vanished from the campus of Brigham Young University in Provo, south of Salt Lake City. She was attending the Bountiful Orchard Youth Conference and was last seen on the first day of the conference when she left her friends to walk back to her dormitory, about a quarter mile away, to brush her teeth. She never made it. Her murder became Bundy's last confession, tape-recorded moments before he entered the execution chamber. The bodies of victims Wilcox, Kent, Cunningham, Oliverson, Culver, and Curtis were never recovered. In August 1975, Bundy was baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, although he was not an active participant in services and ignored most church restrictions. He would later be excommunicated by the LDS Church following his 1976 kidnapping conviction. When asked his religious preference after his arrest, Bundy answered "Methodist", the religion of his childhood.
In Washington State, investigators were still struggling to analyze the Pacific Northwest murder spree that had ended as abruptly as it had begun. In an effort to make sense of an overwhelming mass of data, they resorted to the then-innovative strategy of compiling a database. They used the King County payroll computer, a "huge, primitive machine" by contemporary standards, but the only one available for their use. After inputting the many lists they had compiled—classmates and acquaintances of each victim, Volkswagen owners named "Ted", known sex offenders, and so on—they queried the computer for coincidences. Out of thousands of names, 26 turned up on four lists; one was Bundy. Detectives also manually compiled a list of their 100 "best" suspects, and Bundy was on that list as well. He was "literally at the top of the pile" of suspects when word came from Utah of his arrest.
Arrest and first trial
On August 16, 1975, Bundy was arrested by Utah Highway Patrol officer Bob Hayward in Granger, another Salt Lake City suburb. Hayward observed Bundy cruising a residential area in his Volkswagen Beetle during the pre-dawn hours, and fleeing at high speed after seeing the patrol car. He noticed that the Volkswagen's front passenger seat had been removed and placed on the rear seats, and searched the car. He found a ski mask, a second mask fashioned from pantyhose, a crowbar, handcuffs, trash bags, a coil of rope, an ice pick, and other items initially assumed to be burglary tools. Bundy explained that the ski mask was for skiing, he had found the handcuffs in a dumpster, and the rest were common household items. However, Detective Jerry Thompson remembered a similar suspect and car description from the November 1974 DaRonch kidnapping, and Bundy's name from Kloepfer's phone call a month later. In a search of Bundy's apartment, police found a guide to Colorado ski resorts with a checkmark by the Wildwood Inn, and a brochure that advertised the Viewmont High School play in Bountiful, where Kent had disappeared. The police did not have sufficient evidence to detain Bundy, so he was released on his own recognizance. Bundy later said that searchers missed a hidden collection of Polaroid photographs of his victims, which he destroyed after he was released.
Salt Lake City police placed Bundy on 24-hour surveillance, and Thompson flew to Seattle with two other detectives to interview Kloepfer. She told them that in the year prior to Bundy's move to Utah, she had discovered objects that she "couldn't understand" in her house and in Bundy's apartment. These items included crutches, a bag of plaster of Paris that he admitted stealing from a medical supply house, and a meat cleaver that was never used for cooking. Additional objects included surgical gloves, an Oriental knife in a wooden case that he kept in his glove compartment, and a sack full of women's clothing. Bundy was perpetually in debt, and Kloepfer suspected that he had stolen almost everything of significant value that he possessed. When she confronted him over a new TV and stereo, he warned her, "If you tell anyone, I'll break your fucking neck." She said Bundy became "very upset" whenever she considered cutting her hair, which was long and parted in the middle. She would sometimes awaken in the middle of the night to find him under the bed covers with a flashlight, examining her body. He kept a lug wrench, taped halfway up the handle, in the trunk of her car—another Volkswagen Beetle, which he often borrowed—"for protection". The detectives confirmed that Bundy had not been with Kloepfer on any of the nights during which the Pacific Northwest victims had vanished, nor on the day Ott and Naslund were abducted from Lake Sammamish State Park. Shortly thereafter, Kloepfer was interviewed by Seattle homicide detective Kathy McChesney, and learned of the existence of Diane Edwards and her brief engagement to Bundy around Christmas 1973.
In September, Bundy sold his Volkswagen Beetle to a Midvale teenager. Utah police impounded it, and FBI technicians dismantled and searched it. They found hairs matching samples obtained from Campbell's body. Later, they also identified hair strands "microscopically indistinguishable" from those of Smith and DaRonch. FBI lab specialist Robert Neill concluded that the presence of hair strands in one car matching three different victims who had never met one another would be "a coincidence of mind-boggling rarity".
On October 2, detectives put Bundy into a lineup. DaRonch immediately identified him as "Officer Roseland", and witnesses from Bountiful recognized him as the stranger at the Viewmont High School auditorium. There was insufficient evidence to link him to Kent, whose body had not yet been found, but more than enough evidence to charge him with aggravated kidnapping and attempted criminal assault in the DaRonch case. He was freed on $15,000 bail, paid by his parents, and spent most of the time between indictment and trial in Seattle, living in Kloepfer's house. Seattle police had insufficient evidence to charge him in the Pacific Northwest murders, but kept him under close surveillance. "When Ted and I stepped out on the porch to go somewhere," Kloepfer wrote, "so many unmarked police cars started up that it sounded like the beginning of the Indy 500."
In November, the three principal Bundy investigators—Jerry Thompson from Utah, Robert Keppel from Washington, and Michael Fisher from Colorado—met in Aspen, Colorado, and exchanged information with thirty detectives and prosecutors from five states. While officials left the meeting, which was later referred to as the Aspen Summit, convinced that Bundy was the murderer they sought, they agreed that more hard evidence would be needed before he could be charged with any of the murders.
In February 1976, Bundy stood trial for the DaRonch kidnapping. On the advice of his attorney, John O'Connell, he waived his right to a jury due to the negative publicity surrounding the case. After a four-day bench trial and a weekend of deliberation, Judge Stewart Hanson Jr. found him guilty of kidnapping and assault. In June, he was sentenced to one to 15 years in the Utah State Prison. In October, he was found hiding in bushes in the prison yard carrying an "escape kit"—road maps, airline schedules, and a social security card—and spent several weeks in solitary confinement. Later that month, Colorado authorities charged him with Campbell's murder. After a period of resistance, he waived extradition proceedings and was transferred to Aspen in January 1977.
Escapes
On June 7, 1977, Bundy was transported from the Garfield County jail in Glenwood Springs to Pitkin County Courthouse in Aspen for a preliminary hearing. He had elected to serve as his own attorney, and as such, was excused by the judge from wearing handcuffs or leg shackles. During a recess, he asked to visit the courthouse's law library to research his case. While shielded from his guards' view behind a bookcase, he opened a window and jumped to the ground from the second story, injuring his right ankle as he landed.
After shedding an outer layer of clothing, Bundy limped through Aspen as roadblocks were being set up on its outskirts, then hiked south onto Aspen Mountain. Near its summit he broke into a hunting cabin and stole food, clothing, and a rifle. The following day, he left the cabin and continued south toward the town of Crested Butte, but became lost in the forest. For two days he wandered aimlessly on the mountain, missing two trails that led downward to his intended destination. On June 10, he broke into a camping trailer on Maroon Lake, south of Aspen, taking food and a ski parka; however, instead of continuing southward, he walked back north toward Aspen, eluding roadblocks and search parties along the way. Three days later, he stole a car at the edge of Aspen Golf Course. Cold, sleep-deprived, and in constant pain from his sprained ankle, Bundy drove back into Aspen, where two police officers noticed his car weaving in and out of its lane and pulled him over. He had been a fugitive for six days. In the car were maps of the mountain area around Aspen that prosecutors were using to demonstrate the location of Campbell's body since as his own attorney, Bundy had rights of discovery, indicating that his escape was not a spontaneous act, but had been planned.
Back in jail in Glenwood Springs, Bundy ignored the advice of friends and legal advisors to stay put. The case against him, already weak at best, was deteriorating steadily as pretrial motions consistently resolved in his favor and significant bits of evidence were ruled inadmissible. "A more rational defendant might have realized that he stood a good chance of acquittal, and that beating the murder charge in Colorado would probably have dissuaded other prosecutors ... with as little as a year and a half to serve on the DaRonch conviction, had Ted persevered, he could have been a free man." Instead, Bundy assembled a new escape plan. He acquired a detailed floor plan of the Garfield County jail and a hacksaw blade from other inmates. He further accumulated $500 in cash, something he later said was smuggled in over a six month period by visitors—Boone in particular. During the evenings, while other prisoners were showering, he sawed a hole about one square foot (0.093 m2) between the steel reinforcing bars in his cell's ceiling. Having lost , he was able to wriggle through and explore the crawl space above, allowing him to make a series of practice runs in the weeks that followed. Multiple reports from an informant of movement within the ceiling during the night were not investigated.
By late 1977, Bundy's impending trial had become a cause célèbre in the small town of Aspen, and Bundy filed a motion for a change of venue to Denver. On December 23, the Aspen trial judge granted the request—but to Colorado Springs, where juries had historically been hostile to murder suspects. On the night of December 30, with most of the jail staff on Christmas break and nonviolent prisoners on furlough with their families, Bundy piled books and files in his bed, covered them with a blanket to simulate his sleeping body, and climbed into the crawl space. He broke through the ceiling into the apartment of the chief jailer—who was out for the evening with his wife—changed into street clothes from the jailer's closet, and walked out the front door to freedom.
After stealing a car, Bundy drove eastward out of Glenwood Springs, but the car soon broke down in the mountains on Interstate 70. A passing motorist gave him a ride into Vail, to the east. From there he caught a bus to Denver, where he boarded a morning flight to Chicago. Back in Glenwood Springs, the jail's skeleton crew did not discover the escape until noon on December 31, more than seventeen hours later. By then, Bundy was already in Chicago.
Florida
From Chicago, Bundy traveled by train to Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he was present in a local tavern on January 2. Five days later, he stole a car and drove south to Atlanta, where he boarded a bus and arrived in Tallahassee, Florida, on the morning of January 8. He stayed for one night at a hotel before he rented a room under the alias Chris Hagen at a boarding house near the Florida State University (FSU) campus. Bundy later said that he initially resolved to find legitimate employment and refrain from further criminal activity, knowing he could probably remain free and undetected in Florida indefinitely as long as he did not attract the attention of police; but his lone job application, at a construction site, had to be abandoned when he was asked to produce identification. He reverted to his old habits of shoplifting and stealing money and credit cards from women's wallets left in shopping carts at local grocery stores.
In the early hours of January 15, 1978—one week after his arrival in Tallahassee—Bundy entered FSU's Chi Omega sorority house through a rear door with a faulty locking mechanism. Beginning at about 2:45 a.m. he bludgeoned Margaret Elizabeth Bowman, 21, with a piece of oak firewood as she slept, then garrotted her with a nylon stocking. He then entered the bedroom of 20-year-old Lisa Janet Levy and beat her unconscious, strangled her, tore one of her nipples, bit deeply into her left buttock, and sexually assaulted her with a hair mist bottle. In an adjoining bedroom he attacked Kathy Kleiner, 21, breaking her jaw and deeply lacerating her shoulder; and Karen Chandler, 21, who suffered a concussion, broken jaw, loss of teeth, and a crushed finger. Chandler and Kleiner survived the attack; Kleiner attributed their survival to automobile headlights illuminating the interior of their room and frightening away the attacker.
Bundy escaped but not before being seen by sorority sister Nita Neary, who came through the back door and saw Bundy as he was exiting the sorority house. Tallahassee detectives determined that the four attacks took place in a total of less than 15 minutes, within earshot of more than 30 witnesses who heard nothing. After leaving the sorority house, Bundy broke into a basement apartment eight blocks away and attacked 21-year-old FSU student Cheryl Thomas, dislocating her shoulder and fracturing her jaw and skull in five places. Thomas's neighbors in the rooms adjacent overheard the racket and phoned the police, who discovered her lying in bed badly beaten. She was left with permanent deafness, and equilibrium damage that ended her dance career. On Thomas's bed, police found a semen stain and a pantyhose "mask" containing two hairs "similar to Bundy's in class and characteristic".
On February 8, Bundy drove east to Jacksonville in a stolen FSU van. In a parking lot he approached 14-year-old Leslie Parmenter, the daughter of the Jacksonville Police Department's Chief of Detectives, identifying himself as "Richard Burton, Fire Department", but retreated when Parmenter's older brother arrived and confronted him. That afternoon, he backtracked westward to Lake City. At Lake City Junior High School the following morning, 12-year-old Kimberly Dianne Leach was summoned to her homeroom by a teacher to retrieve a forgotten purse; she never returned to class. Seven weeks later, after an intensive search, her partially mummified remains were found in a pig farrowing shed near Suwannee River State Park, northwest of Lake City. Forensic experts surmised that Leach had been raped before having her throat cut and her genitals mutilated with a knife.
On February 12, with insufficient cash to pay his overdue rent and a growing suspicion that police were closing in on him, Bundy stole a car and fled Tallahassee, driving westward across the Florida Panhandle. Three days later, at around 1:00 a.m., he was stopped by Pensacola police officer David Lee near the Alabama state line after a "wants and warrants" check showed his Volkswagen Beetle was stolen. When told he was under arrest, Bundy kicked Lee's legs out from under him and took off running. Lee fired two warning shots, then gave chase and tackled him. The two struggled over Lee's gun before the officer finally subdued and arrested Bundy. In the stolen vehicle were three sets of IDs belonging to female FSU students, 21 stolen credit cards and a stolen television set. Also found were a pair of dark-rimmed non-prescription glasses and a pair of plaid slacks, later identified as the disguise worn by "Richard Burton, Fire Department" in Jacksonville. As Lee transported his suspect to jail, unaware that he had just arrested one of the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, he heard Bundy say, "I wish you had killed me."
Florida trials, marriage
Following a change of venue to Miami, Bundy stood trial for the Chi Omega homicides and assaults in June 1979. The trial was covered by 250 reporters from five continents and was the first to be televised nationally in the United States. Despite the presence of five court-appointed attorneys, Bundy again handled much of his own defense. From the beginning, he "sabotaged the entire defense effort out of spite, distrust, and grandiose delusion", Nelson later wrote. "Ted [was] facing murder charges, with a possible death sentence, and all that mattered to him apparently was that he be in charge."
According to Mike Minerva, a Tallahassee public defender and member of the defense team, a pre-trial plea bargain was negotiated in which Bundy would plead guilty to killing Levy, Bowman, and Leach in exchange for a firm 75-year prison sentence. Prosecutors were amenable to a deal, by one account, because "prospects of losing at trial were very good." Bundy, on the other hand, saw the plea deal not only as a means of avoiding the death penalty, but also as a "tactical move": he could enter his plea, then wait a few years for evidence to disintegrate or become lost and for witnesses to die, move on, or retract their testimony. Once the case against him had deteriorated beyond repair, he could file a post-conviction motion to set aside the plea and secure an acquittal. At the last minute, however, Bundy refused the deal. "It made him realize he was going to have to stand up in front of the whole world and say he was guilty", Minerva said. "He just couldn't do it."
At trial, crucial testimony came from Chi Omega sorority members Connie Hastings, who placed Bundy in the vicinity of the sorority house that evening, and Nita Neary, who saw him leaving the house clutching the murder weapon. Incriminating physical evidence included impressions of the bite wounds Bundy had inflicted on Levy's left buttock, which forensic odontologists Richard Souviron and Lowell Levine matched to castings of Bundy's teeth. The jury deliberated for less than seven hours before convicting Bundy on July 24, 1979, of the Bowman and Levy murders, three counts of attempted first-degree murder for the assaults on Kleiner, Chandler and Thomas and two counts of burglary. Trial judge Edward Cowart imposed death sentences for the murder convictions.
Six months later, a second trial took place in Orlando for the abduction and murder of Leach. Bundy was found guilty once again, after less than eight hours' deliberation, due principally to the testimony of an eyewitness who saw him leading Leach from the schoolyard to his stolen van. Important material evidence included clothing fibers with an unusual manufacturing error, found in the van and on Leach's body, which matched fibers from the jacket Bundy was wearing when he was arrested.
During the penalty phase of the Leach trial, Bundy took advantage of an obscure Florida law providing that a marriage declaration in court, in the presence of a judge, constituted a legal marriage. As he was questioning Boone—who had moved to Florida to be near Bundy, had testified on his behalf during both trials, and was again testifying on his behalf as a character witness—he asked her to marry him. She accepted, and Bundy declared to the court that they were legally married.
On February 10, 1980, Bundy was sentenced for a third time to death by electrocution. As the sentence was announced, he reportedly stood and shouted, "Tell the jury they were wrong!" This third death sentence would be the one ultimately carried out nearly nine years later. On October 24, 1982, Boone gave birth to a daughter, Rose Bundy. While conjugal visits were not allowed at the Florida State Prison in Raiford, where Bundy was incarcerated, inmates were known to pool their money in order to bribe guards to allow them intimate time alone with their female visitors.
Death row, confessions and execution
Shortly after the conclusion of the Leach trial and the beginning of the long appeals process that followed, Bundy initiated a series of interviews with Stephen Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth. Speaking mostly in third person to avoid "the stigma of confession", he began for the first time to divulge details of his crimes and thought processes. Bundy recounted his career as a thief, confirming Kloepfer's long-time suspicion that he had shoplifted virtually everything of substance that he owned. "The big payoff for me," he said, "was actually possessing whatever it was I had stolen. I really enjoyed having something ... that I had wanted and gone out and taken." Possession proved to be an important motive for rape and murder as well. Sexual assault, he said, fulfilled his need to "totally possess" his victims. At first, he killed his victims "as a matter of expediency ... to eliminate the possibility of [being] caught"; but later, murder became part of the "adventure". "The ultimate possession was, in fact, the taking of the life", he said. "And then ... the physical possession of the remains."
Bundy also confided in Special Agent William Hagmaier of the FBI Behavioral Analysis Unit. Hagmaier was struck by the "deep, almost mystical satisfaction" that Bundy took in murder. "He said that after a while, murder is not just a crime of lust or violence", Hagmaier related. "It becomes possession. They are part of you ... [the victim] becomes a part of you, and you [two] are forever one ... and the grounds where you kill them or leave them become sacred to you, and you will always be drawn back to them." Bundy told Hagmaier that he considered himself to be an "amateur", an "impulsive" killer in his early years, before moving into what he termed his "prime" or "predator" phase at about the time of Healy's murder in 1974. This implied that he began killing well before 1974—although he never explicitly admitted having done so.
In July 1984, prison guards found two hacksaw blades hidden in Bundy's cell. A steel bar in one of the cell's windows had been sawed completely through at the top and bottom and glued back into place with a homemade soap-based adhesive. Several months later, guards found an unauthorized mirror, and Bundy was moved to a different cell. Shortly thereafter, he was charged with a disciplinary infraction for unauthorized correspondence with another high-profile criminal, John Hinckley Jr.
In October 1984, Bundy contacted Keppel and offered to share his self-proclaimed expertise in serial killer psychology in the ongoing hunt in Washington for the "Green River Killer", later identified as Gary Ridgway. Keppel and Green River Task Force Detective Dave Reichert interviewed Bundy, but Ridgway remained at large for a further seventeen years. Keppel published a detailed documentation of the Green River interviews, and later collaborated with Michaud on another examination of the interview material.
In early-1986, an execution date (March 4) was set on the Chi Omega convictions; the U.S. Supreme Court issued a brief stay, but the execution was quickly rescheduled. In April, shortly after the new date (July 2) was announced, Bundy finally confessed to Hagmaier and Nelson what they believed was the full range of his depredations, including details of what he did to some of his victims after their deaths. He told them that he revisited Taylor Mountain, Issaquah, and other secondary crime scenes, often several times, to lie with his victims and perform sexual acts with their bodies until putrefaction forced him to stop. In some cases, he drove for several hours each way and remained the entire night. In Utah, he applied makeup to Smith's lifeless face, and repeatedly washed Aime's hair. "If you've got time," he told Hagmaier, "they can be anything you want them to be." He decapitated approximately twelve of his victims with a hacksaw, and kept at least one group of severed heads—probably the four later found on Taylor Mountain (Rancourt, Parks, Ball and Healy)—in his apartment for a period of time before disposing of them.
Less than fifteen hours before the scheduled July 2 execution, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals stayed it indefinitely and remanded the Chi Omega case for review on multiple technicalities—including Bundy's mental competency to stand trial and an erroneous instruction by the trial judge during the penalty phase requiring the jury to break a 6–6 tie between life imprisonment and the death penalty—which, ultimately, were never resolved. A new date (November 18) was then set to carry out the Leach sentence; the Eleventh Circuit Court issued a stay on November 17. In mid-1988, the Eleventh Circuit ruled against Bundy, and in December the Supreme Court denied a motion to review the ruling over the dissents of Justices Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan Jr. Within hours of that final denial, a firm execution date of January 24, 1989, was announced. Bundy's journey through the appeals courts had been unusually rapid for a capital murder case: "Contrary to popular belief, the courts moved Bundy as fast as they could ... Even the prosecutors acknowledged that Bundy's lawyers never employed delaying tactics. Though people everywhere seethed at the apparent delay in executing the archdemon, Ted Bundy was actually on the fast track."
With all appeal avenues exhausted and no further motivation to deny his crimes, Bundy agreed to speak frankly with investigators. He confessed to Keppel that he had committed all eight of the Washington and Oregon homicides for which he was the prime suspect. He described three additional previously unknown victims in Washington and two in Oregon whom he declined to identify if indeed he ever knew their identities. He said he left a fifth corpse—Manson's—on Taylor Mountain, but incinerated her head in Kloepfer's fireplace. "He described the Issaquah crime scene [where the bones of Ott, Naslund, and Hawkins were found], and it was almost like he was just there", Keppel said. "Like he was seeing everything. He was infatuated with the idea because he spent so much time there. He is just totally consumed with murder all the time." Nelson's impressions were similar: "It was the absolute misogyny of his crimes that stunned me," she wrote, "his manifest rage against women. He had no compassion at all ... he was totally engrossed in the details. His murders were his life's accomplishments."
Bundy confessed to detectives from Idaho, Utah, and Colorado that he had committed numerous additional homicides, including several that were unknown to the police. He explained that when he was in Utah he could bring his victims back to his apartment, "where he could reenact scenarios depicted on the covers of detective magazines." A new ulterior strategy quickly became apparent: he withheld many details, hoping to parlay the incomplete information into yet another stay of execution. "There are other buried remains in Colorado", he admitted, but refused to elaborate. The new strategy—immediately dubbed "Ted's bones-for-time scheme"—served only to deepen the resolve of authorities to see Bundy executed on schedule, and yielded little new detailed information. In cases where he did give details, nothing was found. Colorado Detective Matt Lindvall interpreted this as a conflict between his desire to postpone his execution by divulging information and his need to remain in "total possession—the only person who knew his victims' true resting places."
When it became clear that no further stays would be forthcoming from the courts, Bundy supporters began lobbying for the only remaining option, executive clemency. Diana Weiner, a young Florida attorney and Bundy's last purported love interest, asked the families of several Colorado and Utah victims to petition Florida Governor Bob Martinez for a postponement to give Bundy time to reveal more information. All refused. "The families already believed that the victims were dead and that Ted had killed them", wrote Nelson. "They didn't need his confession." Martinez made it clear that he would not agree to further delays in any case. "We are not going to have the system manipulated", he told reporters. "For him to be negotiating for his life over the bodies of victims is despicable."
Boone had championed Bundy's innocence throughout all of his trials and felt "deeply betrayed" by his admission that he was, in fact, guilty. She moved back to Washington with her daughter and refused to accept his phone call on the morning of his execution. "She was hurt by his relationship with Diana [Weiner]," Nelson wrote, "and devastated by his sudden wholesale confessions in his last days." Hagmaier was present during Bundy's final interviews with investigators. On the eve of his execution, he talked of suicide. "He did not want to give the state the satisfaction of watching him die", Hagmaier said.
Bundy was executed in the Raiford electric chair at 7:16 a.m. EST on Tuesday, January 24, 1989. His last words were directed at his attorney Jim Coleman and Methodist minister Fred Lawrence: "Jim and Fred, I'd like you to give my love to my family and friends." Hundreds of revelers sang, danced and set off fireworks in a pasture across from the prison as the execution was carried out, then cheered as the white hearse containing Bundy's corpse departed the prison. He was cremated in Gainesville, and his ashes scattered at an undisclosed location in the Cascade Range of Washington State, in accordance with his will.
Modus operandi and victim profiles
Bundy was an unusually organized and calculating criminal who used his extensive knowledge of law enforcement methodologies to elude identification and capture for years. His crime scenes were distributed over large geographic areas; his victim count had risen to at least 20 before it became clear that numerous investigators in widely disparate jurisdictions were hunting the same man. Bundy's assault methods of choice were blunt trauma and strangulation, two relatively silent techniques that could be accomplished with common household items. He deliberately avoided firearms due to the noise they made and the ballistic evidence they left behind. He was a "meticulous researcher" who explored his surroundings in minute detail, looking for safe sites to seize and dispose of victims. He was unusually skilled at minimizing physical evidence. His fingerprints were never found at a crime scene, nor any other incontrovertible evidence of his guilt, a fact he repeated often during the years in which he attempted to maintain his innocence.
Other significant obstacles for law enforcement were Bundy's generic, essentially anonymous physical features, and a curious chameleon-like ability to change his appearance. Early on, police complained of the futility of showing his photograph to witnesses; he looked different in virtually every photo ever taken of him. In person, "his expression would so change his whole appearance that there were moments that you weren't even sure you were looking at the same person", said Stewart Hanson Jr., the judge in the DaRonch trial. "He [was] really a changeling." Bundy was well aware of this unusual quality and he exploited it, using subtle modifications of facial hair or hairstyle to significantly alter his appearance as necessary. He concealed his one distinctive identifying mark, a dark mole on his neck, with turtleneck shirts and sweaters. Even his Volkswagen Beetle proved difficult to pin down; its color was variously described by witnesses as metallic or non-metallic, tan or bronze, light brown or dark brown.
Bundy's modus operandi evolved in organization and sophistication over time, as is typical of serial killers, according to FBI experts. Early on, it consisted of forcible late-night entry followed by a violent attack with a blunt weapon on a sleeping victim. As his methodology evolved, he became progressively more organized in his choice of victims and crime scenes. He would employ various ruses designed to lure his victim to the vicinity of his vehicle where he had pre-positioned a weapon, usually a crowbar. In many cases he wore a plaster cast on one leg or a sling on one arm, and sometimes hobbled on crutches, then requested assistance in carrying something to his vehicle. Bundy was regarded as handsome and charismatic, traits he exploited to win the confidence of his victims and the people around him in his daily life. "Ted lured females", Michaud wrote, "the way a lifeless silk flower can dupe a honey bee." He would sometimes approach females pretending to be an authority figure or firefighter.
Once Bundy had them near or inside his vehicle, he would overpower and bludgeon them, and then restrain them with handcuffs. He would then transport them to a pre-selected secondary site, often a considerable distance away, and rape them during ligature strangulation. In the case of his Utah victims, the secondary site would be his apartment building. Toward the end of his spree, in Florida, perhaps under the stress of being a fugitive, he regressed to indiscriminate attacks on sleeping women. While he is often said to have been a torturer, and biographer Ann Rule in particular regarded him as a "sadistic sociopath" who took pleasure in human suffering, Bundy disputed these claims in one of his conversations with Michaud, insisting that he never deliberately tortured any of those he killed and that the murders had no sadistic focus on enjoyment derived from the infliction of pain and injury. To the contrary, he claimed that he went out of his way to mitigate his victims' physical torment.
At secondary sites Bundy would remove and later burn the victim's clothing, or in at least one case (Cunningham's) deposit them in a Goodwill Industries collection bin. He explained that the clothing removal was ritualistic, but also a practical matter, as it minimized the chance of leaving trace evidence at the crime scene that could implicate him. A manufacturing error in fibers from his own clothing, ironically, provided a crucial incriminating link to the Leach killing. He often revisited his secondary crime scenes to engage in acts of necrophilia, and to groom or dress up the cadavers. Some victims were found wearing articles of clothing they had never worn, or nail polish that family members had never seen. Bundy took Polaroid photos of many of his victims. "When you work hard to do something right," he told Hagmaier, "you don't want to forget it." Consumption of large quantities of alcohol was an "essential component", he told both Keppel and Michaud; he needed to be "extremely drunk" while on the prowl in order to "significantly diminish" his inhibitions and to "sedate" the "dominant personality" that he feared might prevent his inner "entity" from acting on his impulses.
All of Bundy's known victims were white females, most of middle-class backgrounds. Almost all were between the ages of 15 and 25 and most were college students. He apparently never approached anyone he might have met before. In their last conversation before his execution, Bundy told Kloepfer he had purposely stayed away from her "when he felt the power of his sickness building in him." Rule noted that most of the identified victims had long straight hair, parted in the middle—like Diane Edwards, the woman who rejected him, and to whom he later became engaged and then rejected in return. Rule speculated that Bundy's animosity toward his first girlfriend triggered his protracted rampage and caused him to target victims who resembled her. Bundy dismissed this hypothesis: "[T]hey ... just fit the general criteria of being young and attractive", he told Aynesworth. "Too many people have bought this crap that all the girls were similar ... [but] almost everything was dissimilar ... physically, they were almost all different." He did concede that youth and beauty were "absolutely indispensable criteria" in his choice of victims.
After Bundy's execution, Rule was surprised and troubled to hear from numerous "sensitive, intelligent, kind young women" who wrote or called to say they were deeply depressed because Bundy was dead. Many had corresponded with him, "each believing that she was his only one". Several said they suffered nervous breakdowns when he died. "Even in death, Ted damaged women," Rule wrote. "To get well, they must realize that they were conned by the master con-man. They are grieving for a shadow man that never existed."
Pathology
Bundy underwent multiple psychiatric examinations; the experts' conclusions varied. Dorothy Otnow Lewis, a professor of psychiatry at the New York University School of Medicine and an authority on violent behavior, initially made a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, but later changed her impression more than once. She also suggested the possibility of a multiple personality disorder, based on behaviors described in interviews and court testimony; a great-aunt witnessed an episode during which Bundy "seemed to turn into another, unrecognizable person ... [she] suddenly, inexplicably found herself afraid of her favorite nephew as they waited together at a dusk-darkened train station. He had turned into a stranger." Lewis recounted a prison official in Tallahassee describing a similar transformation: "He said, 'He became weird on me.' He did a metamorphosis, a body and facial change, and he felt there was almost an odor emitting from him. He said, 'Almost a complete change of personality ... that was the day I was afraid of him.
While experts found Bundy's precise diagnosis elusive, the majority of evidence pointed away from bipolar disorder or other psychoses, and toward antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Bundy displayed many personality traits typically found in ASPD patients (who are often identified as "sociopaths" or "psychopaths"), such as outward charm and charisma with little true personality or genuine insight beneath the facade; the ability to distinguish right from wrong, but with minimal effect on behavior; and an absence of guilt or remorse. "Guilt doesn't solve anything, really", Bundy said, in 1981. "It hurts you ... I guess I am in the enviable position of not having to deal with guilt." There was also evidence of narcissism, poor judgment, and manipulative behavior. Upon assessment using the Psychopathy Checklist–revised (PCL-R), Bundy was reportedly evaluated as 39/40. Prosecutor George Dekle wrote, "Sociopaths are egotistical manipulators who think they can con anybody." "Sometimes he manipulates even me", admitted one psychiatrist. In the end, Lewis agreed with the majority: "I always tell my graduate students that if they can find me a real, true psychopath, I'll buy them dinner", she told Nelson. "I never thought they existed ... but I think Ted may have been one, a true psychopath, without any remorse or empathy at all." Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) has been proposed as an alternative diagnosis in at least one subsequent retrospective analysis.
On the afternoon before he was executed, Bundy granted an interview to James Dobson, a psychologist and founder of the Christian evangelical organization Focus on the Family. He used the opportunity to make new claims about violence in the media and the pornographic "roots" of his crimes. "It happened in stages, gradually", he said. "My experience with ... pornography that deals on a violent level with sexuality, is once you become addicted to it ... I would keep looking for more potent, more explicit, more graphic kinds of material. Until you reach a point where the pornography only goes so far ... where you begin to wonder if maybe actually doing it would give that which is beyond just reading it or looking at it." Violence in the media, he said, "particularly sexualized violence", sent boys "down the road to being Ted Bundys." The FBI, he suggested, should stake out adult movie houses and follow patrons as they leave. "You are going to kill me," he said, "and that will protect society from me. But out there are many, many more people who are addicted to pornography, and you are doing nothing about that."
While Nelson was apparently convinced that Bundy's concern was genuine, most biographers, researchers, and other observers have concluded that his sudden condemnation of pornography was one last manipulative attempt to shift blame by catering to Dobson's agenda as a longtime pornography critic. He told Dobson that "true crime" detective magazines had "corrupted" him and "fueled [his] fantasies ... to the point of becoming a serial killer"; yet in a 1977 letter to Rule, he wrote, "Who in the world reads these publications? ... I have never purchased such a magazine, and [on only] two or three occasions have I ever picked one up." He told Michaud and Aynsworth in 1980, and Hagmaier the night before he spoke to Dobson, that pornography played a negligible role in his development as a serial killer. "The problem wasn't pornography", wrote Dekle. "The problem was Bundy." "I wish I could believe that his motives were altruistic," wrote Rule. "But all I can see in that Dobson tape is another Ted Bundy manipulation of our minds. The effect of the tape is to place, once again, the onus of his crimes, not on himself, but on us."
Rule and Aynesworth both noted that for Bundy, the fault always lay with someone or something else. While he eventually confessed to thirty murders, he never accepted responsibility for any of them, even when offered that opportunity prior to the Chi Omega trial, which would have spared him the death penalty. He deflected blame onto a wide variety of scapegoats, including his abusive grandfather, the absence of his biological father, the concealment of his true parentage by his mother, alcohol, the media, the police whom he accused of planting evidence, society in general, violence on television, and, ultimately, true crime periodicals and pornography. He blamed television programming, which he watched mostly on sets that he had stolen, for "brainwashing" him into stealing credit cards. On at least one occasion, he even tried to blame his victims: "I have known people who ... radiate vulnerability", he wrote in a 1977 letter to Kloepfer. "Their facial expressions say 'I am afraid of you.' These people invite abuse ... By expecting to be hurt, do they subtly encourage it?" Another significant element of delusion permeated Bundy's thinking:
"Bundy was always surprised when anyone noticed that one of his victims was missing, because he imagined America to be a place where everyone is invisible except to themselves. And he was always astounded when people testified that they had seen him in incriminating places, because Bundy did not believe people noticed each other."
"I don't know why everyone is out to get me", he complained to Lewis. "He really and truly did not have any sense of the enormity of what he had done," she said. "A long-term serial killer erects powerful barriers to his guilt," Keppel wrote, "walls of denial that can sometimes never be breached." Nelson agreed. "Each time he was forced to make an actual confession," she wrote, "he had to leap a steep barrier he had built inside himself long ago."
Victims
Confirmed
The night before his execution, Bundy confessed to 30 homicides, but the true total remains unknown, and Bundy occasionally made cryptic comments to encourage speculation. He told Aynesworth in 1980 that for every murder "publicized", there "could be one that was not." When FBI agents proposed a total tally of 36, Bundy responded, "Add one digit to that, and you'll have it." Years later he told Nelson that the common estimate of 35 was accurate, but Keppel wrote that "[Ted] and I both knew [the total] was much higher." In an interview, Keppel stated his belief that Bundy had killed "at least 50, and maybe 75." "I don't think even he knew ... how many he killed, or why he killed them", said Reverend Fred Lawrence, the Methodist clergyman who administered Bundy's last rites. "That was my impression, my strong impression."
John Henry Browne, a lawyer for Bundy, would later claim "that the first person he killed was a young boy when they were playing some kind of sex game in the woods. And so he must have been only 12, 13, 14." Browne also said that "Ted told me in that interview that he killed over 100 people." “I told Ted Bundy that we now have the evidence to charge him with both cases,” Leon County Sheriff Kenneth Katsaris recalled, referring to the Chi Omega murders and the slaying of Leach. “He looked at me and said, ‘When you find the person that committed these crimes that you think I committed, that person is going to be wanted for murders of women in the three digits in six states.’” On the evening before his execution, Bundy reviewed his victim tally with Hagmaier on a state-by-state basis for a total of 30 homicides:
in Washington, 11 (including Parks, abducted in Oregon but killed in Washington; and including 3 unidentified)
in Utah, 8 (3 unidentified)
in Colorado, 3
in Florida, 3
in Oregon, 2 (both unidentified)
in Idaho, 2 (1 unidentified)
in California, 1 (unidentified)
1974
Washington, Oregon
January 4: Karen Sparks (18): Bludgeoned and sexually assaulted in her bed as she slept in the University District; survived but the extent of her injuries resulted in permanent brain damage.
February 1: Lynda Ann Healy (21): Bludgeoned while asleep and abducted from her basement bedroom in Seattle, Washington and was then decapitated and dismembered post-mortem; mandible recovered at Taylor Mountain site in 1975.
March 12: Donna Gail Manson (19): Abducted while walking to a concert at Evergreen State College; body left according to Bundy at Taylor Mountain site, but never found. However, there is speculation that the partial remains of an unidentified female discovered near Eatonville, Washington on August 29, 1978, could have belonged to Manson. Remains and clothing were reportedly destroyed on May 10, 1985, before a positive forensic identification could be made.
April 17: Susan Elaine Rancourt (18): Disappeared after attending an evening advisors' meeting at Central Washington State College; skull and mandible recovered at Taylor Mountain site in 1975. Both had been severely fractured.
May 6: Roberta Kathleen Parks (22): Vanished from Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon; skull and mandible recovered at Taylor Mountain site in 1975. She had been bludgeoned to death.
June 1: Brenda Carol Ball (22): Disappeared after leaving the Flame Tavern in Burien, and was last seen in the parking lot, talking to a man with his arm in a sling; skull and mandible recovered at Taylor Mountain site in 1975. Her skull had been fractured.
June 11: Georgann Hawkins (18): Abducted from an alley behind her sorority house; skeletal remains identified by Bundy as those of Hawkins recovered at Issaquah site. Hawkins remains listed as a missing person.
July 14: Janice Ann Ott (23): Abducted from Lake Sammamish State Park in broad daylight and was last seen leaving the park with Bundy who had asked her for assistance with putting his sailboat on his car; skeletal remains recovered at Issaquah site in 1974.
July 14: Denise Marie Naslund (19): Abducted four hours after Ott from the same park and was last seen walking towards the restrooms; skeletal remains recovered at Issaquah site in 1974.
Utah
October 2: Nancy Wilcox (16): Last seen riding in a yellow Volkswagen Beetle near her home in Holladay, Utah after going out to buy a pack of gum; body buried according to Bundy near Capitol Reef National Park, south of Salt Lake City, but never found.
October 18: Melissa Anne Smith (17): Vanished from Midvale, Utah after leaving a pizza parlor to walk back to her home; body found nine days later on a hillside in Summit Park, Utah. Her head had been severely beaten with a crowbar, and her body had been battered before death.
October 31: Laura Ann Aime (17): Disappeared from Lehi, Utah on her way home from a Halloween party; body discovered by hikers in American Fork Canyon. Her face was beaten beyond recognition and she had been strangled and sexually assaulted.
November 8: Carol DaRonch (18): Picked up from the Fashion Place shopping mall in Murray, lured by Bundy's guise of claiming to be a police officer investigating vehicle break-ins in the parking lot; she escaped by jumping out of Bundy's vehicle after he inadvertently fastened a pair of handcuffs on the same wrist.
November 8: Debra Jean Kent (17): Vanished after leaving a school play in Bountiful, Utah; body left according to Bundy near Fairview, south of Bountiful; one patella was found which was positively identified by DNA as Kent's in 2015.
1975
Utah, Colorado, Idaho
January 12: Caryn Eileen Campbell (23): Disappeared from a hotel hallway in Snowmass, Colorado; body discovered on a dirt road near the hotel with skull fractures and knife wounds on February 17.
March 15: Julie Lyle Cunningham (26): Disappeared from Vail, Colorado after she left her apartment in the Apollo Park neighborhood to visit a local tavern; body buried according to Bundy near Rifle, west of Vail, but never found.
April 6: Denise Lynn Oliverson (25): Abducted while cycling to her parents' house in Grand Junction, Colorado; body thrown according to Bundy into the Colorado River west of Grand Junction, but never found.
May 6: Lynette Dawn Culver (12): Abducted from Pocatello, Idaho after she left Alameda Junior High School for her lunch break; body thrown according to Bundy into what authorities believe to be the Snake River, but never found.
June 28: Susan Curtis (15): Disappeared during a youth conference at Brigham Young University when she left her friends to walk back to her dormitory and brush her teeth; body buried according to Bundy along a highway near Price, southeast of Provo, but never found.
1978
Florida
January 15: Margaret Elizabeth Bowman (21): Bludgeoned and strangled as she slept at the Chi Omega sorority at Florida State University (no secondary crime scene).
January 15: Lisa Janet Levy (20): Bludgeoned, strangled, bitten and sexually assaulted as she slept at the Chi Omega sorority at Florida State University (no secondary crime scene).
January 15: Karen Chandler (21): Bludgeoned as she slept at the Chi Omega sorority at Florida State University; survived although her skull was fractured, and her jaw, right arm, and fingers were crushed.
January 15: Kathy Kleiner (21): Bludgeoned as she slept at the Chi Omega sorority at Florida State University resulting in her jaw being shattered and her right cheek being ripped open; survived.
January 15: Cheryl Thomas (21): Bludgeoned as she slept, eight blocks from Chi Omega; survived after having a fractured jaw and skull which left her with permanent deafness and equilibrium damage.
February 9: Kimberly Dianne Leach (12): Abducted from Lake City Junior High School in Lake City, Florida and was last seen being led to a white van by a man who was later identified as Bundy; mummified remains found near Suwannee River State Park, west of Lake City, with “homicidal violence about the neck region.”
Suspected
Bundy remains a suspect in several unsolved homicides and disappearances, and is likely responsible for others that may never be identified; in 1987, he confided to Keppel that there were "some murders" that he would "never talk about", because they were committed "too close to home", "too close to family", or involved "victims who were very young". Minutes before his execution, Hagmaier queried Bundy about unsolved homicides in New Jersey, Vermont (the Curran case), Illinois, Texas, and Florida. Bundy provided directions—later proven inaccurate—to Curtis's burial site in Utah, but denied involvement in any of the open cases. In 2011, Bundy's complete DNA profile, obtained from a vial of his blood found in an evidence vault, was added to the FBI's DNA database for future reference in these and other unsolved murder cases:
Ann Marie Burr, aged 8, vanished from her Tacoma home on August 31, 1961, when Bundy was 14. An unknown tennis shoe imprint was found by the overturned bench used to enter her house. Due to the small size of the shoe, police believed the perpetrator was a teenager or youth. The Burr house was on Bundy's newspaper delivery route and Burr's father was certain that he saw Bundy in a ditch at a construction site on the nearby UPS campus the morning his daughter disappeared. Keppel has observed that the Burr case fits all three categories of murders Bundy would "never talk about": "too close to home," "too close to family," and "very young." Speaking in the third person, Bundy claimed during audiotaped discussions with journalists Michaud and Aynesworth in 1980 and 1981, that he had "stalked, strangled, and sexually mauled his first victim, an eight-year-old girl," in an orchard; Ann's family had lived next to an orchard. Burr's mother informed Bundy in a 1986 letter that she believed he was responsible for killing Ann. "You have nothing more to lose in this world," she wrote. "Will you write to me regarding Ann Marie?" In response, Bundy categorically denied killing her. "First and foremost, I do not know what happened to your daughter Ann Marie," Bundy wrote. "I had nothing to do with her disappearance." Forensic testing of material evidence from the Burr crime scene in 2011 yielded insufficient intact DNA sequences for comparison with Bundy's, and as such his involvement remains speculative.
Flight attendants Lisa Wick and Lonnie Ree Trumbull, both 20, were bludgeoned with a piece of lumber as they slept in their basement apartment in Seattle's Queen Anne neighborhood in the early morning hours of June 23, 1966. An autopsy concluded that Trumbull had died at approximately midnight from a blow to the head she had received about an hour earlier. In retrospect, Keppel noted many similarities to the Chi Omega crime scene. The crime was also similarly comparable to Bundy's earlier verifiable assaults on women, who were bludgeoned while in their beds in Seattle basement apartments. Wick, who suffered permanent memory loss as a result of the attack, later contacted Rule: "I know that it was Ted Bundy who did that to us," she wrote, "but I can't tell you how I know." Police records state that when Bundy's fingerprints were compared in January 1977 to those left at the crime scene, they did not match, although many people were allowed into the unsecured crime scene and may have left their fingerprints, thereby causing unwanted alteration of evidence. Bundy's involvement remains unconfirmed.
Vacationing Pennsylvania college friends Susan Margarite Davis and Elizabeth Potter Perry, both 19, were stabbed to death in Somers Point, New Jersey. The women had been visiting Ocean City and were on their way back to Pennsylvania at about 4:30 a.m. on May 30, 1969, before they stopped at the Somers Point Diner for breakfast. They left the diner one hour later and vanished. Their car was found that day abandoned beside the Garden State Parkway outside Somers Point, near Atlantic City, southeast of Philadelphia; and their bodies were discovered in nearby woods three days later tied to trees with their hair. Davis was naked with her clothing and accessories in a pile beside her. Except for her missing underwear, Perry was fully-dressed. Bundy attended Temple University from January through May 1969 and apparently did not move west until after Memorial Day weekend. While his accounts of his earliest crimes varied considerably between interviews, he told forensic psychologist Art Norman that his first murder victims were two women in the Philadelphia area. Biographer Richard Larsen believed that Bundy committed the murders using his feigned-injury ruse, based on an investigator's interview with Julia Cowell, Bundy's aunt: Ted, she said, was wearing a leg cast due to an automobile accident on the weekend of the homicides, and therefore could not have traveled from Philadelphia to the Jersey Shore; there is no official record of any such accident. Bundy is considered a "strong suspect", but the case remains open.
Rita Patricia Curran, a 24-year-old elementary school teacher and part-time motel maid, was murdered in her basement apartment on July 19, 1971, in Burlington, Vermont; she had been strangled, bludgeoned and raped. The time of death was later given as approximately midnight. The location of the motel where she worked which was adjacent to Bundy's birthplace, the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers, and similarities to known Bundy crime scenes led retired FBI agent John Bassett to propose him as a suspect. Bundy told Keppel that he murdered a young woman in 1971 in Burlington when he was there to obtain information about his birth, but denied specific involvement in the Curran case to Hagmaier on the eve of his execution. Inquiring as to Bundy's involvement in Curran's death, Curran's sister wrote a telegram to Florida's Death Row. In a response, the FBI informed her that Bundy had declined to confirm or deny his culpability. No evidence firmly places Bundy in Burlington on that date, but municipal records note that a person named "Bundy" was bitten by a dog that week, and long stretches of Bundy's time—including the summer of 1971—remain unaccounted for. In 2023, the Burlington Police Department announced that Curran's killer was her next-door neighbor who had been identified using DNA extracted from a discarded cigarette butt found at the crime scene.
Joyce Margaret LePage, 21, was last seen on the evening of July 22, 1971, when friends dropped her off at her apartment on the campus of Washington State University, where she was an undergraduate. Later, her vehicle would be discovered by police parked four blocks from her residence. Nine months later, her skeletal remains were found wrapped in two "military" blankets, bound with rope, in a deep ravine south of Pullman, Washington. Her remains were also covered with a sizable piece of green shag carpet that had been previously reported missing from Stevens Hall, a women's residence on the WSU campus, which was vacant and undergoing renovations in the summer of 1971. The cause of her death was confirmed to be three knife wounds to her chest, which was determined during an FBI forensic examination of her bones. Police concluded from the available evidence that she had been stabbed to death in Stevens Hall before being wrapped in carpet and taken to the ravine. According to reports, a "yellow VW Bug" and a person matching Bundy's description were spotted on campus at the time of the disappearance. LePage's case was briefly brought up by Keppel in January 1989, but Bundy did not either confirm or deny his involvement in the murder. Whitman County authorities have said that multiple suspects—including Bundy—have "never been cleared".
Kerry May-Hardy, 22, disappeared whilst hitchhiking on June 13, 1972, from Woodland Park, Seattle. Hardy's skeletal remains were unearthed on September 6, 2010, by construction machinery, in a grave measuring two feet (0.6 meters) in depth. At the time she was reported missing, the site had been used for logging, and it was heavily wooded. A facial reconstruction was later created and her DNA was obtained in 2004 from family members. DNA from the skeleton matched the family's sample on June 1, 2011. The location where her body was discovered was in general proximity to where Bundy discarded known victims near Interstate 90, only five miles from his mass grave at Taylor Mountain. Hardy also matched Bundy's supposed victim preference and is even known to have shared a mutual acquaintance with Bundy; although it is uncertain if they actually knew each other. However, Bundy's involvement in her death is merely conjecture with notable forensic psychologist, Dr. Park Dietz, expressing skepticism over the notion. Bundy was executed never mentioning involvement.
In 1989, Bundy confessed to two homicides in Oregon without identifying the victims; Oregon law enforcement subsequently identified Bundy as a prime suspect in the 1973 disappearances of Vicki Lynn Hollar, 24, who disappeared from Eugene on August 20 and Suzanne Rae Justis, 23, who was last seen in Portland on November 5. Hollar was last seen getting into her car at a parking lot en route to her apartment. Justis was last heard from when she telephoned her parents from outside the Veterans Memorial Coliseum. Bundy was linked to the cases due to the fact that Hollar and Justis both fitted his preferred victim profile and he was known to have been in the area at the time of their disappearances. Another possible victim that was identified by detectives was 17-year-old Rita Lorraine Jolly who disappeared from West Linn on June 29, 1973, after leaving her residence on Horton Road to go for a walk. Jolly was last seen between 8:30 and 9:00 p.m., walking uphill on Sunset Avenue. Authorities were unable to obtain an interview with Bundy and all women remain classified as missing.
Katherine Merry Devine, 14, was abducted on November 25, 1973, and her body was found the next month in the Capitol State Forest near Olympia, Washington. Brenda Joy Baker, 14, was last seen hitchhiking near Puyallup, on May 27, 1974; her body was found in Millersylvania State Park a month later. Her throat had been slit. Though Bundy was widely believed responsible for both murders, he told Keppel that he had no knowledge of either case. DNA analysis led to the arrest and conviction of William Cosden for Devine's murder in 2002. The Baker homicide remains unsolved although Cosden is also considered the prime suspect in her case.
Sandra Jean Weaver, 19, a Wisconsin native who had been living in Tooele, was last seen leaving the Warehouse District in Salt Lake City for her lunch break at around 10:30 a.m. on July 1, 1974. Her nude body was discovered the following day by tourists hiking in De Beque by the Colorado River near Grand Junction, Colorado. She had been sexually assaulted and died by suffocation due to strangulation before being dumped off a service road. Salt Lake County Sheriff's Detective Jerry Thompson later stated that Weaver's case was "very similar" to the subsequent deaths of Smith and Aime. However, Weaver's murder officially remains unsolved.
21-year-old University of Utah student Rhonda Stapley was waiting at a bus stop in Salt Lake City on October 11, 1974, when she was allegedly approached by Bundy who had pulled over and offered her a ride in his Volkswagen Beetle. After entering his vehicle, Bundy drove to an isolated canyon picnic spot, shut off the engine, turned to her and said: "Do you know what? I am going to kill you now." He then repeatedly choked and raped Stapley over a period of three hours until Bundy, who thought she was dead, was distracted by something near his car and she was able to run into the woods. Although she would not publicly acknowledge the incident until 2011, her account was supported by Ann Rule who said that it was consistent with the FBI’s timeline of Bundy’s activities in 1974.
Melanie Suzanne Cooley, 18, disappeared on April 15, 1975, after leaving Nederland High School in Nederland, northwest of Denver. She was last seen by classmates hitchhiking nearby after her classes were over. Her corpse was discovered by road maintenance workers two weeks later in Coal Creek Canyon, away from where she was last seen. According to Jefferson County Sheriff Brad Leach: “She had been bludgeoned, perhaps with a stone. Her hands were tied in front with a yellow nylon cord; many, many feet of it, wrapped around and around. She died from a blow to the head and strangulation. Her face had been beaten repeatedly with a rock.” Ann Rule described how “a filthy pillow case, perhaps used as a garrotte, perhaps as a blindfold, was still twisted around her neck.” Gas station receipts place Bundy in nearby Golden on the day Cooley disappeared. Jefferson County authorities consider the evidence in Cooley's case to be inconclusive and continue to treat her homicide as a cold case.
Shelley Kay Robertson, 24, failed to show up for work in Golden on July 1, 1975. She was last seen on June 29, at 34th and Sheridan Streets in Denver trying to hitchhike to her place of employment. Her nude, decomposed body was found on August 21, inside a mine on Berthoud Pass near Winter Park Resort by two mining students. Her body was bound with duct tape and it was determined that she had been struck on the head and the right side of her chest. In 1976, Bundy was questioned about the Robertson case by Clear Creek County Detective Bob Denning who subsequently stated that he was "99% sure" that Robertson's killer was Bundy. "Crumpled up credit card receipts found in his VW" placed Bundy in Golden a few days before and on the day of Robertson's disappearance, but there is no direct evidence of his involvement.
Nancy Perry Baird, 23, disappeared from the gas station where she worked as a service station attendant in Layton, north of Salt Lake City, on July 4, 1975, and remains classified as a missing person. A police officer on patrol saw her working alone there, and at 5:30 p.m., less than fifteen minutes later, she was discovered missing. Bundy admitted to eight Utah homicides shortly before his execution and authorities suspected that one of the unidentified victims could have been Baird. However, her suspected kidnapping did not fit the profile of Bundy's past crimes in a number of respects, and he explicitly denied involvement during the interviews he gave from his death row cell.
Deborah Diane Smith, 17, was last seen in Salt Lake City in early-February 1976, shortly before the DaRonch trial began; her body was found by a Utah Power and Light worker checking on poles in an open pasture near the Salt Lake City International Airport on April 1, 1976. Salt Lake Detective Jim Bell suspected that Bundy may have killed Smith. "We're still in limbo on the Debbie Smith one," Bell said. "We're going to wait for a time chart. We haven't come up with anything on Bundy, but we haven't ruled anything out, either."
Joy Kathleen Harmon, 22, was last seen exiting the Better Days Bar in Salt Lake City on the evening of March 2, 1976. On March 6, a hiker between Parley's Canyon and Emigration Canyon found her partially clothed body north of Interstate 80. Harmon had been strangled and beaten; her murder occurred the day after Bundy was found guilty of aggravated kidnapping and three months before he was sentenced to prison and incarcerated on June 30. Her case is still unsolved.
In media
Books
Rule, Ann (1980). The Stranger Beside Me. W.W. Norton and Company Inc.
Kendall, Elizabeth (1981). The Phantom Prince: My Life with Ted Bundy. Abrams & Chronicle Books.
Sullivan, Kevin M (2009). The Bundy Murders: A Comprehensive History. McFarland and Company Inc.
Michaud, Stephen G., and Hugh Aynesworth (2000). Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer. Authorlink Press.
Nelson, Polly (2019). Defending the Devil: My Story as Ted Bundy's Last Lawyer. Echo Point Books & Media.
Carlisle, Al (2017). Violent Mind: The 1976 Psychological Assessment of Ted Bundy. Genius Book Publishing.
Michaud, Stephen G., and Hugh Aynesworth (2012). The Only Living Witness: The True Story of Serial Sex Killer Ted Bundy. Authorlink.
Films
The Deliberate Stranger (1986), played by Mark Harmon
Ted Bundy (2002), played by Michael Reilly Burke
The Stranger Beside Me (2003), played by Billy Campbell
The Riverman (2004), played by Cary Elwes
Bundy: An American Icon (2008), played by Corin Nemec
The Capture of the Green River Killer (2008), played by James Marsters
Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile (2019), played by Zac Efron
Ted Bundy: American Boogeyman (2021), played by Chad Michael Murray
No Man of God (2021), played by Luke Kirby
Music
The song "Ted, Just Admit it..." by Jane's Addiction
The song "Lotta True Crime" by Penelope Scott references Ted Bundy
The song "Video Crimes" by Tin Machine references Bundy.
The song "Ted Bundy" by Theory of a Deadman
Television
Ted Bundy: Devil in Disguise.
Ted Bundy: An American Monster.
Ted Bundy: What Happened.
Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes, Netflix documentary series (2019)
Ted Bundy: Falling for a Killer, Amazon Prime Video documentary series (2020)
See also
Capital punishment in Florida
List of people executed in Florida
List of serial killers in the United States
Citations
General and cited sources
(Elizabeth Kloepfer, writing under a pseudonym)
Updated after the arrest and confession of the Green River killer, Gary Ridgway.
Transcripts of the authors' Death Row interviews with Bundy
External links
FBI file on Ted Bundy at vault.fbi.gov
Wanted by FBI – Theodore Robert Bundy, FBI
Audiotapes of Bundy's 1989 confessions
Ted Bundy
1946 births
1989 deaths
1974 murders in the United States
1975 murders in the United States
1978 murders in the United States
20th-century executions by Florida
20th-century executions of American people
American escapees
American male criminals
American murderers of children
American people convicted of kidnapping
American rapists
Criminals from Philadelphia
Criminals from Tacoma, Washington
Escapees from Colorado detention
Child sexual abuse in the United States
Executed American serial killers
Executed people from Vermont
FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
Fugitives
Human trophy collecting
Methodists from Washington (state)
Necrophiles
People convicted of murder by Florida
People excommunicated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
People executed by Florida by electric chair
People from Burlington, Vermont
People from Salt Lake City
People with antisocial personality disorder
People with narcissistic personality disorder
Serial killers from California
Serial killers from Colorado
Serial killers from Florida
Serial killers from Idaho
Serial killers from Oregon
Serial killers from Utah
Serial killers from Washington (state)
University of Puget Sound alumni
University of Utah alumni
University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Violence against women in the United States
Washington (state) Republicans |
Santa Maria, officially the Municipality of Santa Maria (), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 34,511 people.
History
From Mabitac was a mountain path pointed northward leading to a village called Caboan. On this path near the village gateway gathers people and Chinese merchants selling and buying wares, livestock and other farm produce. Aetas sell their herbs, medicinal rootstocks, and wild honey. Women from Mabitac trade chickens with clay pots, pandan mats, and sabutan hats. It was a market place.
Caboan came from the Tagalog word “Kabuhuan,” which means bamboo thicket. “Buho,” is a genus of bamboo, which grows abundantly in the village. Caboan is a miracle of nature. Rare orchids and wild flowers decorated its forests. Its falls called “Ambon-ambon” located in one corner of the village looks like a stair of giant rocks going up to heaven. Its Nilubugan River was rich in exquisite white rocks and stones and its crystal-clear water seems to drift to nowhere.
This village used to be a part of then Guiling-guiling, now Siniloan. Padre Antonio de la Llave was the first parish priest of Caboan. Residents believe that he was the one responsible for making the village a town and in renaming it into San Miguel de Caboan in 1602.
A legend tells the story of how San Miguel de Caboan became Santa María. The story says that a couple going home from the market place after trading their vegetable harvest with their basic needs, found lying on the ground an image of the blessed virgin. At first, they thought it was a porcelain piece dropped by a Chinese merchant. Porcelain was a very expensive commodity during the period as it is today. After careful examination, they recognized the image as that of the Virgin Mary. The couple made an altar in their house and enthroned the image there.
The next morning the couple was astonished. The image was gone. They looked for the image all over, until they decided to look at the place where they found it. They saw a group of women, poking with a long stick something on the ground that looked like a piece of ivory. It was the image of the Virgin. It was back at the very spot where they found it.
In 1613, Padre Geronimo Vásquez built the first church on the spot where the couple found the image of the Virgin. Thus, San Miguel de Caboan became Santa María de los Ángeles, in short — Santa María. The Chinese uprising in 1639 destroyed the church. Parishioners rebuilt it in 1669, before the earthquake of 1880 leveled it again to the ground. Padre Leopoldo Arellano raised it once more in 1891. The facade of the church is still surviving and is now known as the Nuestra Señora de los Angeles Parish Church. The church was again partly destroyed during the earthquake of August 20, 1937, but was not reconstructed until after the Liberation in 1945.
Pre-Spanish and Spanish Regime
The first and patronal name of Santa Maria was San Miguel de Caboan. San Miguel was the name given by the Spanish friar who founded the tow, which was in honor of St. Michael the Archangel, the town's first patron. Caboan came from the native term "kabuhuan", a kind of bamboo abundant in the place during that time. The first church was built in the same place where the present church is erected. It was then made of cogon and bamboo. There was also the first Parochial school ran by Spanish friars. According to information, Catholic faith was well embraced by the people. It was believed that the people of this town had always been good and loyal followers. No remarkable Spanish relics could be traced in this town nowadays. It is only the facade of the church in which traces of Spanish culture could be seen as shown by the materials in which it was made of. That one could distinguish that there had been such regime in this town. However, folk tales on "Bailes and Comparsas" could still be heard among elders.
Santa Maria During American Regime
When the Philippines was ceded to the United States of America by Spain, the Filipinos realized that they were under another authority for the second time. The people of Santa Maria were at first confused of the new kind of life. So, whenever they heard that Americans were coming, men went up the mountains to evade membership to the American Army. This according to them was due to their sad experience with the Spanish rule.
The people of Santa Maria were so afraid of the new policies they might encounter. Whenever they heard that Americans would be coming to town, all men in the family went up the mountains and hide. Until the time came when they realized that Americans were far better than the Spaniards when they were given our independence on June 12, 1898.
In 1903, Santa Maria was reduced to a barrio of Mabitac under Act 939, when the 30 municipalities of La Laguna was reduced to just 19. Seven years later, in 1910, Santa Maria would be restored as an independent municipality under Executive Order No. 72, s. 1909.
The United States Congress passed a law which granted the Philippine Government the right to give the public lands to persons who wanted to cultivate them. This will become the policy of attraction of the late Municipal President Leoncio Real. Large tracts of public land were opened for agricultural purposes. This cause the influx of settlers from the neighboring towns and provinces then, the development of agriculture as well as the establishment of the different barrios began. People were encouraged to apply for homestead. More lands were given to the landless. The U.S. Congress helped much in the agricultural development of the country soon after peace was declared.
Many farms were abandoned and locust destroyed the crops planted in the place. The U.S. Government aided the people through importing rice to the countries.
Work animals also brought in to improve the animal resources in the country. The Bureau of Agriculture was established. The farmers were taught better farming methods and control of plant pest and diseases. Road and transportation were improved. The different means of communications such as radio telegraph, and postal services were introduced and modernized.
The town of Santa Maria was benefited by these changes. Jazz and rhumba music took the Philippine air.
Santa Maria During the Japanese Regime
Guerilla warfare was carried on different places in the barrios and mountains. There were also attacks made at the poblacion where there were Japanese garrisons.
The guerilla units who helped the natives of Santa Maria were Marking's Filipino-American ROTC Hunters and V-J units. Their aim was to fight for freedom against the Japanese forces. The people in this town helped these units in terms of food, clothing and cash.
There were great incident that took place in this town during the regime. The guerilla troop with the leadership of Martin Bautista, a native of this town invaded the Japanese headquarters which was located at the oldest school building. Some civilians were badly hurt. Several houses near the school building were destroyed. Another unforgettable incident that happened in 1942 was when Captain Nacamura, a high-ranking official of the Japanese Imperial Army, was killed. He and his men encountered the guerillas at Barrio Kayhacat. After his death, the natives of Santa Maria witnessed the ceremonial burning of his dead body. The people believed that the ash will be sent to his family. Another Japanese official who was killed was Captain Sakai. He was killed outside the town of Santa Maria by Colonel Pabling, a native of Antipolo, Rizal. One system made by the sponsored Republic of Japan to counteract guerilla was the zone system, where all male inhabitants suspected of being a guerilla were kept in the church without food, little water and tortured or massacred. Ponciano "Sabu" Arida of Santa Maria was the youngest guerilla in the country. He was only eleven (11) years old when he made some heroic deeds in our town. He was the runner of the guerilla spy and supply officer. In 1944, Alyas Capadudia, a HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon) encountered the Japanese Army at Barrio Bubucal. Some guerillas died in this fight and Japanese burned several houses.
On January 2, 1942, the Japanese Military Administration was established headed by Director General. All public officials in the town were ordered to stay at their post. Civil liberties of the people were suppressed. Economy was geared to the demands of the occupying forces. Education was revamped to reorient Filipino thinking along Japanese lines. Political life was limited to the Japanese. Jose P. Laurel was appointed the President of the Japanese sponsored Republic. Japanese did not allow any political parties except the KALIBAPI. Land farm products, commerce, transportation and prime commodities were ceased. Japanese restricted freedom of movement of the Filipinos. Social activities in and out of town were very few. Orientation classes were held to spread Japanese culture. Niponggo, the Japanese language, was taught in all schools as well as in government and private officers.
Post-War to the Present
Rehabilitation began little by little after the liberation. Aids and war damages arrived painting a new the town. Schools were open, bridges were rebuilt, roads were constructed and the economy of the people was gradually elevated. Adoption of the policies of a newly independent nation was at last accepted by the people.
At present, the Municipality of Santa Maria, situated in the Province of Laguna, having 25 barangays and possessing a population of more than 30,000, faces numerous challenges for the future. Being agricultural town and having a big land area, the place promises to be one of the quality producing citrus in Southern Tagalog. It has also been named as the "Rice Granary of Laguna". Endowed with agricultural lands, the place calls for knowledgeable agriculturist, soil technologist and the like to help develop and improve more of its undeveloped areas. At present, there is also a need for more doctors, lawyers and other kinds of professionals who are really native of the town to really look for the welfare of the people. There is a lack of these careers at present that the town folks still go to other places whenever the need arises. This is one of the great challenges that the people looks forward too.
Geography
Santa Maria is the northernmost town in Laguna.
Bounded by the provinces of Rizal and Quezon from the western portion up to the northern tip down north eastern part, the town has a mountainous terrain. With the MARILAQUE Sub-Regional Plan (Manila-Rizal-Laguna-Quezon), the municipality functions as link between the highly industrialized capital and the marine life-rich Quezon province. A 43 kilometer road network, the Marcos Highway, physically connects to the eyed site for the International Port. Silangan Railway Express 2000 (MARILAQUE Railway) is another infrastructure project proposed for implementation under the PPP Scheme.
Barangays
Santa María is politically subdivided into 25 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
Currently, there are 6 barangays classified as highland/upland barangays, while 12 are inland barangays, and the remaining 7 are situated in the lowland (Valley area).
Climate
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Santa Maria, Laguna, was 34,511 people, with a density of .
Economy
Government
Elected officials
Elections
2022
Mayoral elections
Vice mayoral elections
Congressional elections
Councilor elections
Education
References
External links
Official Website of Laguna Government
Philippine Census Information
Local Governance Performance Management System
Municipalities of Laguna (province) |
Bouhatem District is a district of Mila Province, Algeria.
The district is further divided into 2 municipalities:
Bouhatem
Derrahi Bousselah
Districts of Mila Province |
Richard Béliveau (born 1953 in Trois-Rivières, Quebec) is currently the director of the Molecular Medicine Laboratory and a researcher in the Department of Neurosurgery at Notre-Dame Hospital. Additionally, he holds the Claude-Bertrand Chair in Neurosurgery at the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal.
Education
In 1976, Béliveau obtained his Bachelor of Science in molecular biology from the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières. He pursued his quest for knowledge at the Université Laval where he completed his Doctor of Philosophy in biochemistry in 1980. From 1980 to 1981, he was a post-doctoral fellow at Cornell University. Béliveau was finally a research fellow at the Université de Montréal from 1982 to 1984. During those years, he also taught as an assistant professor in the university's Department of Pediatrics.
Career
Publications
Béliveau wrote several books on subjects closely related to health. In 2005, he published his first book entitled Les aliments contre le cancer, and one year later, his second book, Cuisiner avec les aliments contre le cancer, began selling in bookstores across the province. In January 2009, he publicly issued La Santé par le plaisir de bien manger, which was followed by his most recent publication, in September 2010, of La Mort. His books were all written with the help of Denis Gingras, Ph.D., an oncology researcher at the Centre de cancérologie Charles-Bruneau located at the Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine in Montreal. Béliveau also published many scientific articles.
References
External links
Official website
1953 births
People from Trois-Rivières
Canadian neuroscientists
Living people |
Dick DeGuerin (born February 16, 1941 in Austin, Texas) is an American criminal defense attorney based in Houston, most notable for defending Tom DeLay, Allen Stanford, David Koresh and Robert Durst. In 1994, DeGuerin was named Outstanding Criminal Defense Lawyer of the Year by the State Bar of Texas Criminal Justice Section.
Education
He earned a law degree in 1965 from the University of Texas at Austin and that same year, he was admitted to the State Bar.
Career
Early in his career (1971–1982), he was an associate with Percy Foreman. In 2005, he defended former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay in DeLay's defense against indictments for money laundering and conspiracy, brought by Texas prosecutor Ronnie Earle.
DeGuerin, a Democrat, previously prevailed over Earle in a case involving misconduct charges against U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison. DeLay was found guilty, but the conviction was overturned on appeal. He also represented bankers involved in fraud cases tied to the Enron collapse.
He represented Waco, Texas leader David Koresh during Koresh's standoff with the FBI and the ATF agents. DeGuerin used a self-defense argument, and won, when he represented New York real estate heir Robert Durst, who admitted to killing and then dismembering the body of Durst's 71-year-old neighbor Morris Black, bagging the body parts and tossing them into Galveston Bay. DeGuerin once again represented Durst at his arraignment in New Orleans on March 16, 2015 for the murder of Susan Berman in 2000 (which arose out of the HBO miniseries special The Jinx: The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst).
Other cases include participating in the Congressional impeachment hearing of U.S. District Court Judge Samuel B. Kent.
He represented Celeste Beard, Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, David Mark Temple, convicted of killing his wife, who was 8 months pregnant, Allen Stanford, and Billy Joe Shaver.
In early June 2023, the Texas House committee investigating Texas attorney general Ken Paxton announced the hiring of DeGuerin and fellow high-profile attorney Rusty Hardin as impeachment prosecutors.
He is an adjunct professor at The University of Texas School of Law, teaching criminal law.
Personal life
DeGuerin is the older brother of attorney Mike DeGeurin, despite the different way they spell their last names.
A 2008 Houston Chronicle article about the brothers mentioned that Dick DeGuerin is married to his third wife.
References
External links
DeGuerin & Dickson law practice homepage
Dick DeGuerin's campaign contributions
"Dream Team Shattered," Las Vegas CityLife 6 June 2004
Profile
Roundtop Register Interview
1941 births
Lawyers from Austin, Texas
Living people
Criminal defense lawyers
Lawyers from Houston |
This is a list of lakes in Michigan. The American state of Michigan borders four of the five Great Lakes.
The number of inland lakes in Michigan depends on the minimum size. There are:
62,798 lakes ≥
26,266 lakes ≥
6,537 lakes ≥
1,148 lakes ≥
98 lakes ≥
10 lakes ≥
Many lakes share names, some of the most common are Clear Lake, Indian Lake, Long Lake, Mud Lake, Round Lake and Silver Lake. Swimming, fishing, and/or boating are permitted in some of these lakes, but not all.
See also
List of lakes in the United States
List of lakes of the United States by area
References
General references
Further reading
Scott, I.D. (1921) Inland Lakes of Michigan Michigan Geological Society.
External links
Michigan Department of Natural Resources website of Inland Lake Maps by County
Swimming venues in Michigan |
Heinrich E. M. Schulz (1859-1918) was a German entomologist.
Heinrich Schulz was an insect dealer in Hamburg. The dealership was named "Entomologisch Institut Hamburg" at Hamburg 22, Hamburgerstrasse 45. Another address for Schulz is Wohldorferstrass 10, Hamburg. In 1900 he purchased the remaining stock of Insekten-Händlers A. J. Speyer based in Hamburg-Altona
References
Groll, E. K. (Hrsg.): Biografien der Entomologen der Welt : Datenbank. Version 4.15 : Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, 2010
German entomologists
1859 births
1918 deaths
People from the German Empire |
Survivors is a science fiction novel by American writer Tom Godwin in the Star Trek expanded universe. The book is by Jean Lorrah, and takes place in the Star Trek: The Next Generation era.
Plot
The Enterprise is called in to deal with Treva, a human colony on the fringes of known space. For a time, it was thought to be a suitable candidate for Federation membership. Now it has sent a distress call because a brutal warlord has seized power and a revolution has sprung up.
Tasha Yar is sent down with the android Data. The two soon discover the situation is more complicated than originally thought. The warlord wants Federation weapons to use against the rebels and is willing to kill whomever it takes to accomplish this goal.
The novel also focuses on the unique relationship between Yar and Data and how the current situation correlates with Yar's brutal childhood.
References
External links
Survivors at Internet Archive (registration required)
1989 American novels
American science fiction novels
Novels based on Star Trek: The Next Generation |
Japanese Castles in Korea (; ) are Japanese castles built along the southern shores of Korea during Japanese invasions of Korea between 1592 and 1598 by the Japanese military.
Japanese castles in Korea can be classified into two categories: castles that were built to secure supply lines for Japanese forces moving throughout Korea, and castles that were built mainly along the southern coast of Korea to act as seats of governing power.
The first category of castles were built between Busan and Seoul at intervals roughly equal to the distance an army could march in one day. The castle network was later expanded northward to Uiju. These castles were established by either reinforcing existing settlements, or were built anew if no suitable settlements existed in the area where a castle was needed. Although the locations are currently unknown, Japanese castles are also believed to have been built between Kilju and Anbyŏn in the historical Hamgyong Province.
The second category of castles built along the southern coast of Korea were located in Busan, Ulsan, South Gyeongsang Province, Suncheon, South Jeolla Province).
Japanese castles are thought to have been built not only on the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula but also in the inland areas, but the reality is unknown. Thirty-two areas on the southern coast have already been investigated.
Research
Na Dong-wook, head of the Cultural Heritage Research Team at the Busan Museum, summarized the research results of the Japanese Fortress built during the Imjin War and the Jeongyu War.
Team leader Na introduced the fact that Ulsan Japanese Fortress, which was built by 16,000 Japanese soldiers for 40 days in 1597, was a highly defensive castle, pointing out that about 30 Japanese Fortresses in Korea are being damaged by development and environmental changes.
"The Japanese Fortress is an important cultural asset in reconstructing the East Asian War and recreating history that was fierce more than 400 years ago," he stressed.
The academic symposium, co-hosted by the National Museum of Korea and sponsored by KEB Hana Bank and the Korean Culture and Arts Committee, was organized in conjunction with the special exhibition "Jeong Yu-jae-ran," which runs until the 22nd. There will also be presentations on strengthening negotiations, the outbreak of the oil crisis, the direction of understanding of the Battle of Noryang, and the Battle of Yukinaga and Suncheon Castle in Konishi.
"We look forward to an in-depth discussion on the oil refinery disaster through this symposium," said an official at the Jinju National Museum. "It will be a place to take a detailed look at the lives and lives of the Korean, Chinese and Japanese people as well as the reality of the war."
The purpose of oil refining is to conquer the southern part of the Korean Peninsula... all Koreans are arrested.
Cultural Heritage Protection Act
Cultural Heritage
The Japanese Fortress is protected by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act, just like the Korean castle. It is preserved by the Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea under the Cultural Heritage Protection Act.
Historically and culturally, Japanese Fortress must be preserved and can be designated as natural reserves and environmental reserves. Talks that Japan's remnants should be eliminated could violate the Cultural Heritage Protection Act.
The Japanese Fortress should be preserved as the site of its history, and excavation surveys related to the Uiseong site (Gupo Japanese Fortress, Jeungsan-ri Fortress in Yangsan) are also needed, he said. (History's Black Box 'Japanese Fortress Rediscovery')
As a cultural asset, much attention is needed historically, and efforts are needed to manage and preserve the Japanese Fortress at the management level so that it is not lost."Definition of Article 2 of the Cultural Heritage Protection Act.
The Japanese Fortress is recalled under the Cultural Heritage Protection Act as it applies the same protection law as the Korean castle.
Specifies that property damage may be legally punished for burning, destroying, damaging or destroying a Japanese Fortress without consultation for no reason.
Other
In 2019, a map of Japanese castle locations, called "Joseon Japanese Illustration," was discovered and became a topic of conversation
Dadaeposeong Fortress, which was rebuilt during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, did not become a Japanese fortress like Busanjinseong Fortress or Jaseong Fortress, and Dadaeposeong Fortress was excluded from the Japanese Fortress.
Jisepojinseong said that the Japanese army led by Kato Kiyomasa lost the battle during the Japanese Invasion of Korea, but the Jiseopseong Fortress was later renamed Jiseposeong Fortress, but was excluded from the Japanese Fortress.
The Jinju Mangjin Waeseong Fortress was built during the reign of Jeongyujae-ran War and is currently a lost Waeseong Fortress in Bakmungu. There is no wooden fence near the beacon, and the estimated wall at the top was the 5th Gyeongsang Mangjin Mountain Beacon Station
The Jinju Mangjin Japanese Fortress was located in Mangjin Mountain, Juyak-dong, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. Meanwhile, it is estimated that the 5th Gyeongsang Mangjin Mountain Beacon Station, located 240 meters from the top, was used by the Japanese military during the Japanese Invasion of Korea.
On September 21, 1598, the Mangjin Japanese Fortress in the Namgang River was burnt down and disappeared.
On the other hand, the Yeongchun Japanese Fortress and Gonyang Japanese Fortress, which are not recorded in the records, were occupied by the forces of Shimazu Yoshihiro in the Battle of Sacheonseong Fortress.
The next day, on September 22, 1598, Gonyang Waeseong was burned to the ground.
The missing Japanese fortresses were identified as seven sites (Jungang-dong, Dongsam-dong (Busan), Hopo (Yangsan), Gyeonnae-ryang (Geoje), Mangjin, Yeongchun (Jinju), Gonyang (Sacheon), and Dongnae (Busan) will soon be destroyed if they are not managed by the National, Government, Public Office, and Community Center.
Language edition documents
:ja:倭城
:ko:왜성 (건축)
:fr:Châteaux japonais en Corée
:zh:倭城
List of Japanese castles in Korea
Shows a list of Japanese castles (approximately from north to north).
Japanese Invasion of Korea (1592 ~ 1598)
In April 1592 shortly after the start of the Japanese invasions of Korea, the Japanese army that landed in Busan built a castle there to establish a supply base. In November of the same year, the Konishi army that occupied Pyongyang built the castle there, and Ukiota built the castle in Namsan. In January of the following year, the Japanese army built about 20 Waseongs on the coast of South Gyeongsang Province today from May 1593.
Japanese Invasion of Korea (1597 ~ 1598)
The Japanese army, which had been re-invading after the peace negotiations between the Japanese and Keicho broke down, took over the castle that had been built up until now, and the Japanese navy took over the Kumakawa castle and used it as a base. At that time, the Japanese military secured the occupied land and repaired the traditional coastal area to connect with the Japanese mainland, while the line of battle expanded to Ulsan in the east and Suncheon in the west, and the castle was newly built in this area.
After the collapse of the negotiations on strengthening the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, the Japanese army occupied the Japanese fortress again, and the Japanese navy occupied Ungcheon Japanese Fortress as its base. At that time, the Japanese army secured the occupied area and repaired the existing Japanese fortress along the coast to connect with the Japanese mainland, and the Japanese fortress was newly built in this area as the front line expanded to Ulsan on the east and Suncheon on the west.
Command Post
The Japanese army, which landed in Busan shortly after the start of the Japanese invasion of Korea in April 1592, built the fortress to establish a supply base. In November of the same year, Konishi County, which occupied Pyongyang, built a dwarf planet in Pyongyang, while Ukida built a dwarf planet in Namsan, just south of Hanseong. However, the Japanese army, which began to be chased by the Cho-Myong coalition forces in January of the following year, built some 20 dwarfs along the coast of what is now South Gyeongsang Province from May 1593.
The Japanese army, which had invaded again after the collapse of negotiations to strengthen the Japanese invasion of Korea, occupied the previously built dwarf planet and made the Japanese army its base by occupying the Ungcheon dwarf. At that time, the Japanese military secured the occupied area and repaired the previously built coastal dwarfs for connection with the mainland Japan, while the front was extended to Ulsan on the east and Suncheon on the west.
Congregation and defense Commander
Gallery
See also
List of fortresses in Korea
Korean-style fortresses in Japan
References
16th century in Korea |
Nina Mitchell Wells (born September 9, 1950) is an American attorney and politician who served as Secretary of State of New Jersey in the cabinet of Governor Jon Corzine.
Education
Wells was born in Washington, D.C., where she attended Immaculate Conception Academy. Wells began college at Mount St. Joseph University before graduating from Newton College of the Sacred Heart with a B.A. in 1972. Wells then received her Juris Doctor from Suffolk University Law School in Boston, Massachusetts.
Career
Prior to assuming her cabinet post in January 2006, Wells served as a vice president at Schering-Plough and assistant dean at Rutgers Law School.
As Secretary of State, Wells served one four-year term, concurrent to the term of the governor. Her term expired on January 19, 2010. As Secretary, she was the state's chief elections officer and oversaw tourism, historical affairs, cultural and arts programs, Native American affairs, literacy, volunteerism, the state archives.
In 2008, Wells was named as a defendant in the case Donofrio v. Wells, an attempt to force her to stay the presidential election in New Jersey pending investigations into the citizenship of Barack Obama. The case was ultimately unsuccessful.
Personal life
She and her husband, criminal defense lawyer Ted Wells, reside in Livingston, New Jersey. Wells is a Democrat.
References
1950 births
Living people
People from Livingston, New Jersey
Suffolk University Law School alumni
Rutgers University faculty
Secretaries of State of New Jersey
New Jersey Democrats
Newton College of the Sacred Heart alumni |
Com2uS Holdings (formerly as Gamevil Inc.) ((주)게임빌) is a public company based in Seoul, Republic of Korea, and Torrance, California, which develops and publishes video games for mobile devices. As of May 2017, the company's market capitalization is around 400 million dollars. On October 4, 2013, it acquired one of its main competitors, Com2uS.
Gamevil Inc.
While attending Seoul National University, Byung Joon "James" Song founded and was elected as the first chairman of an entrepreneur club named "Venture". James Song went on and founded Fitsnet Inc. ((주)피츠넷) on January 12 of 2000, and started its online game service as Gamevil in March 2000. Fitsnet serviced its first Java mobile game in January 2001 on LG Telecom. Afterward, Fitsnet officially changed its company name to Gamevil Inc. in April 2001. James Song also founded and was elected as the first chairman of the KMGA (Korean Mobile Game Association) in August 2001. Gamevil went public in July 2009, and is currently listed in the KOSDAQ market (063080).
Gamevil has created more than 60 video games, including 10 award-winning games such as NOM and Skipping Stone. It is now one of the largest mobile game companies in the Republic of Korea, servicing its games on SK Telecom, KTF, and LG Telecom.
Gamevil acquired one of its oldest rivals, Seoul-based Com2uS on October 4, 2013.
Gamevil has announced it is expanding into Europe, with the opening of a Berlin office in autumn 2014.
On November 30, 2021, Gamevil changed its corporate name to ‘Com2uS Holdings’ after 21 years in order to strengthen its holding role and increase cooperation with other affiliates in hopes of increasing its reach at a time of rapid global expansion.
Gamevil USA, Inc.
Gamevil Inc. expanded to the United States of America in February 2006 by opening its office in El Segundo, California (named Gamevil USA, Inc.) and has made its games available via Amp'd Mobile, Apple App Store, AT&T Wireless, BlackBerry App World, Boost Mobile, Cellular South, Cricket Communications, Android Market, Google Play, Helio, MetroPCS, Midwest Wireless, Nintendo DSi Shop, nTelos, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile USA, Windows Marketplace for Mobile, Verizon Wireless and Zeebo. Gamevil USA, Inc. moved its office to Torrance, California in August 2007.
Studios
Games
United States
A
Afterpulse
Art of War (2007) Developed by Gear Games
Aces of the Luftwaffe (2009) Developed by HandyGames
Air Penguin (2011) Developed by Enterfly
ADVENA (2011)
Arel Wars (2011)
Arel Wars 2 (2012)
B
Baseball Superstars 2007 (2007)
Big Trouble On Little Earth (2007)
Bulldozer Inc. (2007) Developed by HandyGames
Baseball Superstars 2008 (2008)
Baseball Superstars 2009 (2008)
Bridge Bloxx (2008) Developed by HandyGames
"Baseball Superstars 2010" (2009)
"Boom It Up!" (2009)
"Baseball Superstars 2011" (2010)
"Baseball Superstars 2" (2011)
Baseball Superstars 2013 (2013)
C
Cartoon Wars (Spring 2009)
Cartoon Wars: Gunner (Fall 2009)
Cartoon Wars 2 (2010)
Cartoon Wars 3 (2015)
D
Destinia (2011)
DESTINIA (2011)
Dark Avenger (2013)
"Darkness Reborn" (2014)
Dragon Blaze (2015)
Devilian (2016)
E
"Elune Saga" (2015)
G
GT Drift:Untouchable (2007)
Game Pack for Her (2008) Developed by Com2Us
Golf Superstars 2008 (2008)
Gothic 3: The Beginning (2008) Developed by HandyGames
Gardius Empire (2018)
H
HYBRID: Eternal Whisper (2009)
HYBRID 2: Saga of Nostalgia (2010)
I
"Illusia" (2010)
K
Kami Retro (2011)
Kaizin Rumble (2013)
"Kritika" (2014)
Kingdom of War (2016)
Knight Slinger (2016)
L
Left Brain Bytes (2008)
M
Mini-Lovey (2006)
My Monster Pet (2008)
Monster Warlord (2012)
Million Arthur (2015) by Square Enix
N
NOM (2006)
NOM 2: Free Runner (2008)
"NOM: Billion Year Timequest" (2010)
O
Omega Squadron 3D (2007)
P
Path of a Warrior:Imperial Blood (2006)
Plants War (2012)
R
ROCKin' Stone (2007)
S
Skipping Stone (2005)
Skipping Stone IQ (2007)
Skipping Stone IQ: Holiday Edition (2007)
Super Boom Boom (2007)
Super Boom Boom: Holiday Edition (2007)
Super Action Hero (2008) Developed by Com2Us
Soccer Superstars (2010)
Soccer Superstars 2011 (2011)
Spirit Stones (2013) Developed by Enterfly
T
Traffic Mayhem (2006)
The Egyptians (2008)
The Shroud (2008) Developed by Your World Games
Tower Defense (2008) Developed by Com2Us
Toy Shot (2011)
The Walking Dead: All-Stars (2022)
W
War of Crown (2017)
Z
ZENONIA (2009)
ZENONIA 2 (2010)
ZENONIA 3 (2011)
ZENONIA 4 (2011)
ZENONIA 5 (2012)
Zenonia S: Rifts in Time (2016)
References
External links
Gamevil
Why did Gamevil acquire Com2us
Spirit Stones Gamevil Wiki
Game list Gamevil
Mobile game companies
Video game companies of South Korea
Video game companies established in 2000
2000 establishments in South Korea
Companies based in Seoul |
Jacaltenango is a town and municipality situated in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. It is located in a valley surrounded by the Sierra Madre Mountains.
Jacaltenango serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name.
In 2002, its urban population was about 23,500 but at the 2018 census the town's population has decreased to 22,533.
Its economy is based mainly on agricultural products, especially coffee. Jacaltenango exports about 95% of its agricultural production. Jacaltenango has six schools: three elementary and three high schools, which include middle school.
History
After the Spanish conquest of Guatemala in the 1520s, the "Presentación de Guatemala" Mercedarian province was formed in 1565; originally, the order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy had gotten from bishop Francisco Marroquín several doctrines in the Sacatepéquez and Chimaltenango valleys, close to the capital Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala, but they traded those with friars of the Order of Preachers in exchange for the doctrines those had in the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes area. During the first part of the 17th century they also had doctrine in four towns close to the city of Santiago, which eventually became city neighborhoods: Espíritu Santo, Santiago, San Jerónimo and San Anton —which was the capital of the Mercedarians, where they had their convent and where their comendador lived.
According to bishop Juan de las Cabezas' memoir in 1613 and the bishop Pedro Cortés y Larraz parish visit minutes from 1770, the Mercedarians came to have nine doctrines, and numerous annexes, which were: Santa Ana de Malacatán, Concepción de Huehuetenango, San Pedro de Solomá, Nuestra Señora de la Purificación de Jacaltenango, Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de Chiantla, San Andrés de Cuilco, Santiago de Tejutla, San Pedro de Sacatepéquez, and San Juan de Ostuncalco.
However, in 1754, due to the borbon reforms implemented by the Spanish kings, the Mercedarins - and the rest of the regular clergy for that matter - had to transfer their doctrines to the secular clergy, thus losing their Jacaltaenango convent and annexed doctrines.
Much of its population lives abroad, mainly in Indiantown, Jupiter, West Palm Beach, and Lake Worth Florida, where there is a large community of Guatemalan Mayas. Some of those who migrated to Jupiter in Palm Beach County seasonally live in Morganton in the mountains of North Carolina.
Climate
Jacaltenango has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwb).
Geographic location
Jacaltenango is surrounded by Huehuetenango Department municipalities:
Gallery
See also
List of places in Guatemala
Notes and references
References
Bibliography
Municipalities of the Huehuetenango Department |
Wipro Enterprises Private Limited (stylized as Wipro Enterprises) is a privately held Indian company whose main activities are in the fast-moving consumer goods, lighting, hydraulic cylinders, industrial automation, 3D printing and aerospace component manufacturing and industrial water treatment business. It is almost entirely owned by Azim Premji, his associates, and his charitable associations. Revenues of the company stood at US$1.44 billion in 2020–21. The company was founded in 2013 as a spin-off of Wipro Limited's non-IT businesses.
Subsidiaries
Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting
Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting (WCCLG) caters to the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) segment dealing in personal care, home care, lighting and seating solutions. Established as Western India Vegetable Products in 1945, its first product was vegetable oil, later sold under the brand name "Sunflower Vanaspati." Later the company also launched laundry bars under the brand name "787". It has gone on to sell personal care products like Santoor, Chandrika, Aramusk and Yardley, which are its toilet soap brands. It also owns the Wipro Safewash, Softouch, Maxkleen and Giffy range of home care products. The firm also sells lighting products that include Garnet LED lights. and Smartlite CFL.
Through product sales and acquisitions, Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting has grown steadily in the FMCG segment in Asia. Its turnover as of March 2022 was Rs. 8634.6 Crore (US$1.16 billion)
Mergers and acquisitions - Consumer Care Business
2003 - Glucovita brand from HLL.
2003 - Chandrika Soap
2006 - Northwest Switches for Rs. 102.2 crore.
2007 - Singapore-based Unza Holdings for ₹1,010 crore.
2009 - Yardley India and Middle East business (undisclosed sum).
2011 - Aramusk
2011 - Yardley global business
2013 - L D Waxsons, Singapore Rs.790 crore
2016 - Zhongshan Ma Er, China
2019 - Splash Corporation, Philippines
2019 - Canway Corporation, South Africa
Wipro Consumer Care Ventures
In September 2019, Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting launched Wipro Consumer Care Ventures, a venture fund to invest in startups in India and Southeast Asia. The company has invested in 7 companies in India including a few D2C brands. In March 2022, Consumer Care Ventures invested in a Singapore-based VC fund.
Wipro Infrastructure Engineering (WIN)
Wipro Infrastructure Engineering is the hydraulics business division of the firm and has been in the business of manufacturing hydraulic cylinders, truck cylinders, and their components since being established in 1976 as part of Wipro. It also includes the company's industrial water treatment business. This division delivers hydraulic cylinders to international OEMs .
In 2006, Sweden-based Hydrauto Group AB was acquired by Hydraulics business for ₹142.6 crore.
In 2011 acquired Brazil-based hydraulic cylinder manufacturer RKM Equipamentos Hidraulicos. In the same year entered a joint venture with Kawasaki Precision Machinery Pvt. Ltd. to manufacture hydraulic pumps for excavators in 2011.
2013 SC Hervil SA in Romania was acquired.
In 2016 the business acquired Israel-based Gijon HR in Aerospace business. In 2021, the Aerospace business set up a new manufacturing facility in Bengaluru.
2017 - tied up with Israel Aerospace Industries to manufacture composite aerostructure parts and assemblies.
Wipro 3D, which is also a part of Wipro Infrastructure Engineering, is India's largest fully integrated metal additive manufacturing facility.
In 2018, WIN set up Industrial Automation business as a new venture. The business acquired Incite Cam's automation business in 2019 In 2020 the business acquired Pune-based Precision Automation and Robotics India (PARI).
Social initiatives
In 2020, during the pandemic, Wipro Enterprises along with Wipro Limited and the Azim Premji Foundation committed Rs 1,125 crore to tackle the coronavirus crisis.
Wipro Enterprises’ Santoor Scholarship Program contributes to girl education among the underprivileged in Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
Wipro Cares is the social contribution arm of Wipro Enterprises. It is engaged in areas such as education, primary healthcare, environment and disaster rehabilitation.
Awards and recognition
In 2010, Wipro Lighting won Design for Asia award in the product design category for its LED streetlights.
In 2016, Wipro Lighting won India Design Mark for Certified Excellence in Product Design.
In 2017, Wipro Lighting won International Diamond Prize for Excellence in Quality by European Society of Quality Research. In the same year, it won, Red Dot Design award for outstanding design, Global SSL Showcase Top100, India Design Mark for certified excellence in Product Design, and Frost & Sullivan award for LED lighting visionary innovation leadership.
In 2019 Wipro 3D won Frost & Sullivan Automotive Additive Engineering and Manufacturing award
References
Companies based in Bangalore
Holding companies of India
Year of establishment missing |
Michael Field (1933 – 2014) was an American gastroenterologist celebrated for his work on diarrhea.
Biography
Born in London and raised in Hamburg until the age of 5, Field and his family fled Germany the day before Kristallnacht and relocated to Pueblo, Colorado. He obtained his medical doctorate from Boston University Medical School in 1959, after first completing a degree in English literature at the University of Chicago, and conducted postdoctoral research at Harvard Medical School before joining the faculty as associate professor of medicine. Field returned to the University of Chicago as professor in 1977, and in 1984 was appointed chief of gastroenterology and professor of medicine at Columbia University where he remained until his retirement in 2001.
Works
Field's research in the 1960s and 1970s provided insights into the cellular mechanisms of intestinal ion transport that changed the prevailing concepts of intestinal function and diarrhea. These advances led to the development Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) for cholera and other diarrheal diseases. ORT has proven to be a major breakthrough in child health, with an important role in reducing the number of deaths in children under the age of five.
Awards
In 1984 Field was awarded the King Faisal International Prize in Medicine for research on diarrhea together with John S. Fordtran and William Greenough. He also received the Distinguished Achievement Award and
the Distinguished Mentor Award of the American Gastroenterological Association, and the Life Time Achievement Award from Janssen Pharmaceuticals.
References
Biography articles needing translation from German Wikipedia
1933 births
2014 deaths |
David Cronin may refer to:
David Cronin, pilot of United Airlines Flight 811
David Edward Cronin (1839–1925), American painter, illustrator and journalist |
Even Stevens (1957–1975) was a Thoroughbred racehorse that won both the Caulfield and Melbourne cups in Australia in 1962. He was ridden in both cups by his regular rider Les Coles.
Career
Even Stevens won 8 races in total, including the Melbourne Cup, Caulfield Cup and Werribee Cup, and £43,895 in prize money.
He was leased to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, but prior to sailing for England, suffered an accident in training which necessitated his retirement from racing.
He was retired to stud in New Zealand in 1963 where he sired two Group 1 winners, Master John and Evenstead. He died in 1975.
Namesake
Australian rail operator CFCL Australia named locomotive CF4403 after the horse.
References
External links
Even Stevens' pedigree and partial racing stats
1957 racehorse births
1975 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in New Zealand
Racehorses trained in New Zealand
Racehorses trained in Australia
Melbourne Cup winners
Caulfield Cup winners
Thoroughbred family 12-f |
```smalltalk
/* ====================================================================
contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
this work for Additional information regarding copyright ownership.
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
==================================================================== */
namespace TestCases.SS.UserModel
{
using System;
using NUnit.Framework;
using NPOI.SS.Util;
using TestCases.SS;
using NPOI.SS.UserModel;
using System.Text;
/**
* @author Yegor Kozlov
*/
[TestFixture]
public abstract class BaseTestWorkbook
{
private ITestDataProvider _testDataProvider;
public BaseTestWorkbook()
{
_testDataProvider = TestCases.HSSF.HSSFITestDataProvider.Instance;
}
protected BaseTestWorkbook(ITestDataProvider TestDataProvider)
{
_testDataProvider = TestDataProvider;
}
[Test]
public void TestCreateSheet()
{
IWorkbook wb = _testDataProvider.CreateWorkbook();
Assert.AreEqual(0, wb.NumberOfSheets);
//getting a sheet by invalid index or non-existing name
Assert.IsNull(wb.GetSheet("Sheet1"));
try
{
wb.GetSheetAt(0);
Assert.Fail("should have thrown exceptiuon due to invalid sheet index");
}
catch (ArgumentException ex)
{
// expected during successful Test
// no negative index in the range message
Assert.IsFalse(ex.Message.Contains("-1"));
}
ISheet sheet0 = wb.CreateSheet();
ISheet sheet1 = wb.CreateSheet();
Assert.AreEqual("Sheet0", sheet0.SheetName);
Assert.AreEqual("Sheet1", sheet1.SheetName);
Assert.AreEqual(2, wb.NumberOfSheets);
//fetching sheets by name is case-insensitive
ISheet originalSheet = wb.CreateSheet("Sheet3");
ISheet fetchedSheet = wb.GetSheet("sheet3");
if (fetchedSheet == null)
{
throw new AssertionException("Identified bug 44892");
}
Assert.AreEqual("Sheet3", fetchedSheet.SheetName);
Assert.AreEqual(3, wb.NumberOfSheets);
Assert.AreSame(originalSheet, fetchedSheet);
try
{
wb.CreateSheet("sHeeT3");
Assert.Fail("should have thrown exceptiuon due to duplicate sheet name");
}
catch (ArgumentException e)
{
// expected during successful Test
Assert.AreEqual("The workbook already contains a sheet of this name", e.Message);
}
//names cannot be blank or contain any of /\*?[]
String[] invalidNames = {"", "Sheet/", "Sheet\\",
"Sheet?", "Sheet*", "Sheet[", "Sheet]", "'Sheet'",
"My:Sheet"};
foreach (String sheetName in invalidNames)
{
try
{
wb.CreateSheet(sheetName);
Assert.Fail("should have thrown exception due to invalid sheet name: " + sheetName);
}
catch (ArgumentException)
{
// expected during successful Test
}
}
//still have 3 sheets
Assert.AreEqual(3, wb.NumberOfSheets);
//change the name of the 3rd sheet
wb.SetSheetName(2, "I Changed!");
//try to assign an invalid name to the 2nd sheet
try
{
wb.SetSheetName(1, "[I'm invalid]");
Assert.Fail("should have thrown exceptiuon due to invalid sheet name");
}
catch (ArgumentException)
{
// expected during successful Test
}
//try to assign an invalid name to the 2nd sheet
try
{
wb.CreateSheet(null);
Assert.Fail("should have thrown exceptiuon due to invalid sheet name");
}
catch (ArgumentException)
{
// expected during successful Test
}
try
{
wb.SetSheetName(2, null);
Assert.Fail("should have thrown exceptiuon due to invalid sheet name");
}
catch (ArgumentException)
{
// expected during successful Test
}
//check
Assert.AreEqual(0, wb.GetSheetIndex("sheet0"));
Assert.AreEqual(1, wb.GetSheetIndex("sheet1"));
Assert.AreEqual(2, wb.GetSheetIndex("I Changed!"));
Assert.AreSame(sheet0, wb.GetSheet("sheet0"));
Assert.AreSame(sheet1, wb.GetSheet("sheet1"));
Assert.AreSame(originalSheet, wb.GetSheet("I Changed!"));
Assert.IsNull(wb.GetSheet("unknown"));
//serialize and read again
wb = _testDataProvider.WriteOutAndReadBack(wb);
Assert.AreEqual(3, wb.NumberOfSheets);
Assert.AreEqual(0, wb.GetSheetIndex("sheet0"));
Assert.AreEqual(1, wb.GetSheetIndex("sheet1"));
Assert.AreEqual(2, wb.GetSheetIndex("I Changed!"));
}
/**
* POI allows creating sheets with names longer than 31 characters.
*
* Excel opens files with long sheet names without error or warning.
* However, long sheet names are silently tRuncated to 31 chars. In order to
* avoid funny duplicate sheet name errors, POI enforces uniqueness on only the first 31 chars.
* but for the purpose of uniqueness long sheet names are silently tRuncated to 31 chars.
*/
[Test]
public void TestCreateSheetWithLongNames()
{
IWorkbook wb = _testDataProvider.CreateWorkbook();
String sheetName1 = "My very long sheet name which is longer than 31 chars";
String tRuncatedSheetName1 = sheetName1.Substring(0, 31);
ISheet sh1 = wb.CreateSheet(sheetName1);
Assert.AreEqual(tRuncatedSheetName1, sh1.SheetName);
Assert.AreSame(sh1, wb.GetSheet(tRuncatedSheetName1));
// now via wb.SetSheetName
wb.SetSheetName(0, sheetName1);
Assert.AreEqual(tRuncatedSheetName1, sh1.SheetName);
Assert.AreSame(sh1, wb.GetSheet(tRuncatedSheetName1));
String sheetName2 = "My very long sheet name which is longer than 31 chars " +
"and sheetName2.Substring(0, 31) == sheetName1.Substring(0, 31)";
try
{
ISheet sh2 = wb.CreateSheet(sheetName2);
Assert.Fail("expected exception");
}
catch (ArgumentException e)
{
// expected during successful Test
Assert.AreEqual("The workbook already contains a sheet of this name", e.Message);
}
String sheetName3 = "POI allows creating sheets with names longer than 31 characters";
String tRuncatedSheetName3 = sheetName3.Substring(0, 31);
ISheet sh3 = wb.CreateSheet(sheetName3);
Assert.AreEqual(tRuncatedSheetName3, sh3.SheetName);
Assert.AreSame(sh3, wb.GetSheet(tRuncatedSheetName3));
//serialize and read again
wb = _testDataProvider.WriteOutAndReadBack(wb);
Assert.AreEqual(2, wb.NumberOfSheets);
Assert.AreEqual(0, wb.GetSheetIndex(tRuncatedSheetName1));
Assert.AreEqual(1, wb.GetSheetIndex(tRuncatedSheetName3));
}
[Test]
public void TestRemoveSheetAt()
{
IWorkbook workbook = _testDataProvider.CreateWorkbook();
try
{
workbook.CreateSheet("sheet1");
workbook.CreateSheet("sheet2");
workbook.CreateSheet("sheet3");
Assert.AreEqual(3, workbook.NumberOfSheets);
Assert.AreEqual(0, workbook.ActiveSheetIndex);
workbook.RemoveSheetAt(1);
Assert.AreEqual(2, workbook.NumberOfSheets);
Assert.AreEqual("sheet3", workbook.GetSheetName(1));
Assert.AreEqual(0, workbook.ActiveSheetIndex);
workbook.RemoveSheetAt(0);
Assert.AreEqual(1, workbook.NumberOfSheets);
Assert.AreEqual("sheet3", workbook.GetSheetName(0));
Assert.AreEqual(0, workbook.ActiveSheetIndex);
workbook.RemoveSheetAt(0);
Assert.AreEqual(0, workbook.NumberOfSheets);
Assert.AreEqual(0, workbook.ActiveSheetIndex);
//re-create the sheets
workbook.CreateSheet("sheet1");
workbook.CreateSheet("sheet2");
workbook.CreateSheet("sheet3");
Assert.AreEqual(3, workbook.NumberOfSheets);
workbook.CreateSheet("sheet4");
Assert.AreEqual(4, workbook.NumberOfSheets);
Assert.AreEqual(0, workbook.ActiveSheetIndex);
workbook.SetActiveSheet(2);
Assert.AreEqual(2, workbook.ActiveSheetIndex);
workbook.RemoveSheetAt(2);
Assert.AreEqual(2, workbook.ActiveSheetIndex);
workbook.RemoveSheetAt(1);
Assert.AreEqual(1, workbook.ActiveSheetIndex);
workbook.RemoveSheetAt(0);
Assert.AreEqual(0, workbook.ActiveSheetIndex);
workbook.RemoveSheetAt(0);
Assert.AreEqual(0, workbook.ActiveSheetIndex);
}
finally
{
workbook.Close();
}
}
[Test]
public void TestDefaultValues()
{
IWorkbook b = _testDataProvider.CreateWorkbook();
Assert.AreEqual(0, b.ActiveSheetIndex);
Assert.AreEqual(0, b.FirstVisibleTab);
Assert.AreEqual(0, b.NumberOfNames);
Assert.AreEqual(0, b.NumberOfSheets);
}
[Test]
public void TestSheetSelection()
{
IWorkbook b = _testDataProvider.CreateWorkbook();
b.CreateSheet("Sheet One");
b.CreateSheet("Sheet Two");
b.SetActiveSheet(1);
b.SetSelectedTab(1);
b.FirstVisibleTab = (/*setter*/1);
Assert.AreEqual(1, b.ActiveSheetIndex);
Assert.AreEqual(1, b.FirstVisibleTab);
}
[Test]
public void TestPrintArea()
{
IWorkbook workbook = _testDataProvider.CreateWorkbook();
ISheet sheet1 = workbook.CreateSheet("Test Print Area");
String sheetName1 = sheet1.SheetName;
// workbook.SetPrintArea(0, reference);
workbook.SetPrintArea(0, 1, 5, 4, 9);
String retrievedPrintArea = workbook.GetPrintArea(0);
Assert.AreEqual("'" + sheetName1 + "'!$B$5:$F$10", retrievedPrintArea);
String reference = "$A$1:$B$1";
workbook.SetPrintArea(0, reference);
retrievedPrintArea = workbook.GetPrintArea(0);
Assert.AreEqual("'" + sheetName1 + "'!" + reference, retrievedPrintArea);
workbook.RemovePrintArea(0);
Assert.IsNull(workbook.GetPrintArea(0));
}
[Test]
public void TestGetSetActiveSheet()
{
IWorkbook workbook = _testDataProvider.CreateWorkbook();
Assert.AreEqual(0, workbook.ActiveSheetIndex);
workbook.CreateSheet("sheet1");
workbook.CreateSheet("sheet2");
workbook.CreateSheet("sheet3");
// Set second sheet
workbook.SetActiveSheet(1);
// Test if second sheet is Set up
Assert.AreEqual(1, workbook.ActiveSheetIndex);
workbook.SetActiveSheet(0);
// Test if second sheet is Set up
Assert.AreEqual(0, workbook.ActiveSheetIndex);
}
[Test]
public void TestSetSheetOrder()
{
IWorkbook wb = _testDataProvider.CreateWorkbook();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
wb.CreateSheet("Sheet " + i);
}
// Check the Initial order
Assert.AreEqual(0, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 0"));
Assert.AreEqual(1, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 1"));
Assert.AreEqual(2, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 2"));
Assert.AreEqual(3, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 3"));
Assert.AreEqual(4, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 4"));
Assert.AreEqual(5, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 5"));
Assert.AreEqual(6, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 6"));
Assert.AreEqual(7, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 7"));
Assert.AreEqual(8, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 8"));
Assert.AreEqual(9, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 9"));
// check active sheet
Assert.AreEqual(0, wb.ActiveSheetIndex);
// Change
wb.SetSheetOrder("Sheet 6", 0);
Assert.AreEqual(1, wb.ActiveSheetIndex);
wb.SetSheetOrder("Sheet 3", 7);
wb.SetSheetOrder("Sheet 1", 9);
// now the first sheet is at index 1
Assert.AreEqual(1, wb.ActiveSheetIndex);
// Check they're currently right
Assert.AreEqual(0, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 6"));
Assert.AreEqual(1, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 0"));
Assert.AreEqual(2, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 2"));
Assert.AreEqual(3, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 4"));
Assert.AreEqual(4, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 5"));
Assert.AreEqual(5, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 7"));
Assert.AreEqual(6, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 3"));
Assert.AreEqual(7, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 8"));
Assert.AreEqual(8, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 9"));
Assert.AreEqual(9, wb.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 1"));
IWorkbook wbr = _testDataProvider.WriteOutAndReadBack(wb);
Assert.AreEqual(0, wbr.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 6"));
Assert.AreEqual(1, wbr.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 0"));
Assert.AreEqual(2, wbr.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 2"));
Assert.AreEqual(3, wbr.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 4"));
Assert.AreEqual(4, wbr.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 5"));
Assert.AreEqual(5, wbr.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 7"));
Assert.AreEqual(6, wbr.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 3"));
Assert.AreEqual(7, wbr.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 8"));
Assert.AreEqual(8, wbr.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 9"));
Assert.AreEqual(9, wbr.GetSheetIndex("Sheet 1"));
Assert.AreEqual(1, wb.ActiveSheetIndex);
// Now Get the index by the sheet, not the name
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
ISheet s = wbr.GetSheetAt(i);
Assert.AreEqual(i, wbr.GetSheetIndex(s));
}
}
[Test]
public void TestCloneSheet()
{
IWorkbook book = _testDataProvider.CreateWorkbook();
ISheet sheet = book.CreateSheet("TEST");
sheet.CreateRow(0).CreateCell(0).SetCellValue("Test");
sheet.CreateRow(1).CreateCell(0).SetCellValue(36.6);
sheet.AddMergedRegion(new CellRangeAddress(0, 1, 0, 2));
sheet.AddMergedRegion(new CellRangeAddress(1, 2, 0, 2));
Assert.IsTrue(sheet.IsSelected);
ISheet ClonedSheet = book.CloneSheet(0);
Assert.AreEqual("TEST (2)", ClonedSheet.SheetName);
Assert.AreEqual(2, ClonedSheet.PhysicalNumberOfRows);
Assert.AreEqual(2, ClonedSheet.NumMergedRegions);
Assert.IsFalse(ClonedSheet.IsSelected);
//Cloned sheet is a deep copy, Adding rows in the original does not affect the clone
sheet.CreateRow(2).CreateCell(0).SetCellValue(1);
sheet.AddMergedRegion(new CellRangeAddress(0, 2, 0, 2));
Assert.AreEqual(2, ClonedSheet.PhysicalNumberOfRows);
Assert.AreEqual(2, ClonedSheet.PhysicalNumberOfRows);
ClonedSheet.CreateRow(2).CreateCell(0).SetCellValue(1);
ClonedSheet.AddMergedRegion(new CellRangeAddress(0, 2, 0, 2));
Assert.AreEqual(3, ClonedSheet.PhysicalNumberOfRows);
Assert.AreEqual(3, ClonedSheet.PhysicalNumberOfRows);
}
[Test]
public void TestParentReferences()
{
IWorkbook workbook = _testDataProvider.CreateWorkbook();
ISheet sheet = workbook.CreateSheet();
Assert.AreSame(workbook, sheet.Workbook);
IRow row = sheet.CreateRow(0);
Assert.AreSame(sheet, row.Sheet);
ICell cell = row.CreateCell(1);
Assert.AreSame(sheet, cell.Sheet);
Assert.AreSame(row, cell.Row);
workbook = _testDataProvider.WriteOutAndReadBack(workbook);
sheet = workbook.GetSheetAt(0);
Assert.AreSame(workbook, sheet.Workbook);
row = sheet.GetRow(0);
Assert.AreSame(sheet, row.Sheet);
cell = row.GetCell(1);
Assert.AreSame(sheet, cell.Sheet);
Assert.AreSame(row, cell.Row);
}
/**
* Test is kept to ensure stub for deprecated business method passes test.
*
* @Deprecated remove this test when
* {@link Workbook#setRepeatingRowsAndColumns(int, int, int, int, int)}
*
*/
[Obsolete("remove this test when Workbook#setRepeatingRowsAndColumns(int, int, int, int, int) is removed ")]
[Test]
public void TestSetRepeatingRowsAnsColumns()
{
IWorkbook wb = _testDataProvider.CreateWorkbook();
ISheet sheet1 = wb.CreateSheet();
wb.SetRepeatingRowsAndColumns(wb.GetSheetIndex(sheet1), 0, 0, 0, 3);
Assert.AreEqual("1:4", sheet1.RepeatingRows.FormatAsString());
Assert.AreEqual("A:A", sheet1.RepeatingColumns.FormatAsString());
//must handle sheets with quotas, see Bugzilla #47294
ISheet sheet2 = wb.CreateSheet("My' Sheet");
wb.SetRepeatingRowsAndColumns(wb.GetSheetIndex(sheet2), 0, 0, 0, 3);
Assert.AreEqual("1:4", sheet2.RepeatingRows.FormatAsString());
Assert.AreEqual("A:A", sheet1.RepeatingColumns.FormatAsString());
}
/**
* Tests that all of the unicode capable string fields can be Set, written and then read back
*/
[Test]
public void TestUnicodeInAll()
{
System.Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = System.Globalization.CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("en-US");
IWorkbook wb = _testDataProvider.CreateWorkbook();
ICreationHelper factory = wb.GetCreationHelper(/*getter*/);
//Create a unicode dataformat (Contains euro symbol)
IDataFormat df = wb.CreateDataFormat();
String formatStr = "_([$\u20ac-2]\\\\\\ * #,##0.00_);_([$\u20ac-2]\\\\\\ * \\\\\\(#,##0.00\\\\\\);_([$\u20ac-2]\\\\\\ *\\\"\\-\\\\\"??_);_(@_)";
short fmt = df.GetFormat(formatStr);
//Create a unicode sheet name (euro symbol)
ISheet s = wb.CreateSheet("\u20ac");
//Set a unicode header (you guessed it the euro symbol)
IHeader h = s.Header;
h.Center = (/*setter*/"\u20ac");
h.Left = (/*setter*/"\u20ac");
h.Right = (/*setter*/"\u20ac");
//Set a unicode footer
IFooter f = s.Footer;
f.Center = (/*setter*/"\u20ac");
f.Left = (/*setter*/"\u20ac");
f.Right = (/*setter*/"\u20ac");
IRow r = s.CreateRow(0);
ICell c = r.CreateCell(1);
c.SetCellValue(12.34);
c.CellStyle.DataFormat = (/*setter*/fmt);
ICell c2 = r.CreateCell(2); // TODO - c2 unused but changing next line ('c'->'c2') causes Test to fail
c.SetCellValue(factory.CreateRichTextString("\u20ac"));
ICell c3 = r.CreateCell(3);
String formulaString = "TEXT(12.34,\"\u20ac###,##\")";
c3.CellFormula = (/*setter*/formulaString);
wb = _testDataProvider.WriteOutAndReadBack(wb);
//Test the sheetname
s = wb.GetSheet("\u20ac");
Assert.IsNotNull(s);
//Test the header
h = s.Header;
Assert.AreEqual(h.Center, "\u20ac");
Assert.AreEqual(h.Left, "\u20ac");
Assert.AreEqual(h.Right, "\u20ac");
//Test the footer
f = s.Footer;
Assert.AreEqual(f.Center, "\u20ac");
Assert.AreEqual(f.Left, "\u20ac");
Assert.AreEqual(f.Right, "\u20ac");
//Test the dataformat
r = s.GetRow(0);
c = r.GetCell(1);
df = wb.CreateDataFormat();
Assert.AreEqual(formatStr, df.GetFormat(c.CellStyle.DataFormat));
//Test the cell string value
c2 = r.GetCell(2);
Assert.AreEqual(c.RichStringCellValue.String, "\u20ac");
//Test the cell formula
c3 = r.GetCell(3);
Assert.AreEqual(c3.CellFormula, formulaString);
}
private IWorkbook newSetSheetNameTestingWorkbook()
{
IWorkbook wb = _testDataProvider.CreateWorkbook();
ISheet sh1 = wb.CreateSheet("Worksheet");
ISheet sh2 = wb.CreateSheet("Testing 47100");
ISheet sh3 = wb.CreateSheet("To be Renamed");
IName name1 = wb.CreateName();
name1.NameName = (/*setter*/"sale_1");
name1.RefersToFormula = (/*setter*/"Worksheet!$A$1");
IName name2 = wb.CreateName();
name2.NameName = (/*setter*/"sale_2");
name2.RefersToFormula = (/*setter*/"'Testing 47100'!$A$1");
IName name3 = wb.CreateName();
name3.NameName = (/*setter*/"sale_3");
name3.RefersToFormula = (/*setter*/"'Testing 47100'!$B$1");
IName name4 = wb.CreateName();
name4.NameName = (/*setter*/"sale_4");
name4.RefersToFormula = (/*setter*/"'To be Renamed'!$A$3");
sh1.CreateRow(0).CreateCell(0).CellFormula = (/*setter*/"SUM('Testing 47100'!A1:C1)");
sh1.CreateRow(1).CreateCell(0).CellFormula = (/*setter*/"SUM('Testing 47100'!A1:C1,'To be Renamed'!A1:A5)");
sh1.CreateRow(2).CreateCell(0).CellFormula = (/*setter*/"sale_2+sale_3+'Testing 47100'!C1");
sh2.CreateRow(0).CreateCell(0).SetCellValue(1);
sh2.GetRow(0).CreateCell(1).SetCellValue(2);
sh2.GetRow(0).CreateCell(2).SetCellValue(3);
sh3.CreateRow(0).CreateCell(0).SetCellValue(1);
sh3.CreateRow(1).CreateCell(0).SetCellValue(2);
sh3.CreateRow(2).CreateCell(0).SetCellValue(3);
sh3.CreateRow(3).CreateCell(0).SetCellValue(4);
sh3.CreateRow(4).CreateCell(0).SetCellValue(5);
sh3.CreateRow(5).CreateCell(0).CellFormula = (/*setter*/"sale_3");
sh3.CreateRow(6).CreateCell(0).CellFormula = (/*setter*/"'Testing 47100'!C1");
return wb;
}
/**
* Ensure that Workbook#setSheetName updates all dependent formulas and named ranges
*
* @see <a href="path_to_url">Bugzilla 47100</a>
*/
[Test]
public void TestSetSheetName()
{
IWorkbook wb = newSetSheetNameTestingWorkbook();
ISheet sh1 = wb.GetSheetAt(0);
IName sale_2 = wb.GetNameAt(1);
IName sale_3 = wb.GetNameAt(2);
IName sale_4 = wb.GetNameAt(3);
Assert.AreEqual("sale_2", sale_2.NameName);
Assert.AreEqual("'Testing 47100'!$A$1", sale_2.RefersToFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("sale_3", sale_3.NameName);
Assert.AreEqual("'Testing 47100'!$B$1", sale_3.RefersToFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("sale_4", sale_4.NameName);
Assert.AreEqual("'To be Renamed'!$A$3", sale_4.RefersToFormula);
IFormulaEvaluator Evaluator = wb.GetCreationHelper(/*getter*/).CreateFormulaEvaluator();
ICell cell0 = sh1.GetRow(0).GetCell(0);
ICell cell1 = sh1.GetRow(1).GetCell(0);
ICell cell2 = sh1.GetRow(2).GetCell(0);
Assert.AreEqual("SUM('Testing 47100'!A1:C1)", cell0.CellFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("SUM('Testing 47100'!A1:C1,'To be Renamed'!A1:A5)", cell1.CellFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("sale_2+sale_3+'Testing 47100'!C1", cell2.CellFormula);
Assert.AreEqual(6.0, Evaluator.Evaluate(cell0).NumberValue);
Assert.AreEqual(21.0, Evaluator.Evaluate(cell1).NumberValue);
Assert.AreEqual(6.0, Evaluator.Evaluate(cell2).NumberValue);
wb.SetSheetName(1, "47100 - First");
wb.SetSheetName(2, "47100 - Second");
Assert.AreEqual("sale_2", sale_2.NameName);
Assert.AreEqual("'47100 - First'!$A$1", sale_2.RefersToFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("sale_3", sale_3.NameName);
Assert.AreEqual("'47100 - First'!$B$1", sale_3.RefersToFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("sale_4", sale_4.NameName);
Assert.AreEqual("'47100 - Second'!$A$3", sale_4.RefersToFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("SUM('47100 - First'!A1:C1)", cell0.CellFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("SUM('47100 - First'!A1:C1,'47100 - Second'!A1:A5)", cell1.CellFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("sale_2+sale_3+'47100 - First'!C1", cell2.CellFormula);
Evaluator.ClearAllCachedResultValues();
Assert.AreEqual(6.0, Evaluator.Evaluate(cell0).NumberValue);
Assert.AreEqual(21.0, Evaluator.Evaluate(cell1).NumberValue);
Assert.AreEqual(6.0, Evaluator.Evaluate(cell2).NumberValue);
wb = _testDataProvider.WriteOutAndReadBack(wb);
sh1 = wb.GetSheetAt(0);
sale_2 = wb.GetNameAt(1);
sale_3 = wb.GetNameAt(2);
sale_4 = wb.GetNameAt(3);
cell0 = sh1.GetRow(0).GetCell(0);
cell1 = sh1.GetRow(1).GetCell(0);
cell2 = sh1.GetRow(2).GetCell(0);
Assert.AreEqual("sale_2", sale_2.NameName);
Assert.AreEqual("'47100 - First'!$A$1", sale_2.RefersToFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("sale_3", sale_3.NameName);
Assert.AreEqual("'47100 - First'!$B$1", sale_3.RefersToFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("sale_4", sale_4.NameName);
Assert.AreEqual("'47100 - Second'!$A$3", sale_4.RefersToFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("SUM('47100 - First'!A1:C1)", cell0.CellFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("SUM('47100 - First'!A1:C1,'47100 - Second'!A1:A5)", cell1.CellFormula);
Assert.AreEqual("sale_2+sale_3+'47100 - First'!C1", cell2.CellFormula);
Evaluator = wb.GetCreationHelper(/*getter*/).CreateFormulaEvaluator();
Assert.AreEqual(6.0, Evaluator.Evaluate(cell0).NumberValue);
Assert.AreEqual(21.0, Evaluator.Evaluate(cell1).NumberValue);
Assert.AreEqual(6.0, Evaluator.Evaluate(cell2).NumberValue);
}
public void ChangeSheetNameWithSharedFormulas(String sampleFile)
{
IWorkbook wb = _testDataProvider.OpenSampleWorkbook(sampleFile);
IFormulaEvaluator Evaluator = wb.GetCreationHelper(/*getter*/).CreateFormulaEvaluator();
ISheet sheet = wb.GetSheetAt(0);
for (int rownum = 1; rownum <= 40; rownum++)
{
ICell cellA = sheet.GetRow(1).GetCell(0);
ICell cellB = sheet.GetRow(1).GetCell(1);
Assert.AreEqual(cellB.StringCellValue, Evaluator.Evaluate(cellA).StringValue);
}
wb.SetSheetName(0, "Renamed by POI");
Evaluator.ClearAllCachedResultValues();
for (int rownum = 1; rownum <= 40; rownum++)
{
ICell cellA = sheet.GetRow(1).GetCell(0);
ICell cellB = sheet.GetRow(1).GetCell(1);
Assert.AreEqual(cellB.StringCellValue, Evaluator.Evaluate(cellA).StringValue);
}
}
protected void assertSheetOrder(IWorkbook wb, params String[] sheets)
{
StringBuilder sheetNames = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0; i < wb.NumberOfSheets; i++)
{
sheetNames.Append(wb.GetSheetAt(i).SheetName).Append(",");
}
Assert.AreEqual(sheets.Length, wb.NumberOfSheets, "Had: " + sheetNames.ToString());
for (int i = 0; i < wb.NumberOfSheets; i++)
{
Assert.AreEqual(sheets[i], wb.GetSheetAt(i).SheetName, "Had: " + sheetNames.ToString());
}
}
}
}
``` |
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Mihragan-kadag (Middle Persian), mentioned in Islamic works in the Arabized forms Mihrajanqadhaq () and Mihrajan Qashaq, was a district and province in the western Jibal, on the borders with modern-day Iraq, in the early Middle Ages. Its capital was the town of Saymarah. Various Arab geographers note that the district was fertile and populous. By the 14th century, the town of Saymarah was falling in ruin, and is now deserted.
Sources
Historical regions of Iran
Jibal
Subdivisions of the Sasanian Empire |
When Pigs Fly may refer to:
When pigs fly, a figure of speech to express impossibility
When Pigs Fly (Vollmer album), 1990
When Pigs Fly: Songs You Never Thought You'd Hear (Cevin Soling album), a compilation album of covers by various artists, 2002
When Pigs Fly (The Chicharones album), 2005
When Pigs Fly (musical), a 1996 musical revue
When Pigs Fly (film), a 1993 film directed by Sara Driver
When Pigs Fly Incorporated, a television production company owned by Gary Glasberg
See also
Flying Pig Marathon
Pigasus (disambiguation)
Pigs Can Fly (disambiguation) |
```smalltalk
namespace Dopamine.Core.Prism
{
public sealed class RegionNames
{
public const string PlayerTypeRegion = "PlayerTypeRegion";
public const string CollectionRegion = "CollectionRegion";
public const string PlaylistsRegion = "PlaylistsRegion";
public const string SettingsRegion = "SettingsRegion";
public const string InformationRegion = "InformationRegion";
public const string FullPlayerRegion = "FullPlayerRegion";
public const string FullPlayerMenuRegion = "FullPlayerMenuRegion";
public const string NowPlayingSubPageRegion = "NowPlayingSubPageRegion";
}
}
``` |
Ray Smith Bassler (July 22, 1878 – October 3, 1961) was an American geologist and paleontologist.
Biography
Bassler was born in 1878, in Philadelphia. When he was in high school he used to sell fossils for Edward Oscar Ulrich. He got his bachelor's degree in 1902 from the University of Cincinnati, and received master's degree in 1903 and Ph.D. in 1905 from George Washington University. Starting from 1904 to 1948 he was an assistant professor there. From 1905 to 1931 he was working with Ferdinand Canu of France on Tertiary Polyzoa of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Starting from 1910 to 1922 he was working as a curator for the Division of Paleontology and for the Division of Stratigraphic Paleontology from 1923 to 1928 at the United States National Museum. By 1929 he was appointed as a head curator of the Department of Geology, a job that he kept till his promotion to associate in Paleontology in 1948. He died in 1961.
He worked extensively on bryozoans (then called also polyzoans). In particular, he was the author of the bryozoan volume (Part G) of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, the first volume of this multi-volume compendium to be published (1953).
In 1925, he described the conodont families Prioniodinidae and Polygnathidae. In 1926, with E. O. Ulrich, he described the conodont genus Ancyrodella.
Tributes
The conodont species name Neognathodus bassleri is a tribute to RS Bassler.
Publications
References
American paleontologists
Conodont specialists
1878 births
1961 deaths
University of Cincinnati alumni
George Washington University alumni
Scientists from Philadelphia |
Mina SayWhat Llona is an American radio and TV personality. She is on air on Philadelphia's urban radio station WUSL - Power 99. Mina grew up in Union City and Jersey City, New Jersey. She started her radio career at 18 while living in New York and attending Syracuse University. She graduated cum laude from Syracuse University with a dual major in television, radio, and film from the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communication and Political Science. She also minored in the Music business. Mina worked for Sirius XM Radio for four years before working at Power 99. She is also the weather voice for 103.5 The Beat in Miami. She is an ambassador for the Philadelphia 76ers' community outreach program, "Sixer's Strong." She works with the 76ers' Latino youth basketball league, "La Liga Del Barrio," which is open for boys and girls ages 6 to 17 and consists of 28 teams.
Radio career
Mina SayWhat has many career highlights. Some memorable conversations would include her talk with Nas where he opens up for the first time about why he chose to put his ex-wife, Kelis, wedding dress on his album cover "Life is Good". Lupe Fiasco created an uproar after his talk with Mina when he criticized President Obama's war ethics. On April 7, 2013, Ace Hood opened up about his family and revealed that he decided to go a different musical route with his album "Trials and Tribulations". ASAP Rocky announced his "Long Live ASAP" album release in detail with Mina SayWhat. Meek Mill also created some headlines when he addressed Kendrick Lamar's diss with Mina. After Kendrick Lamar's verse on Big Sean's Control was released, the hip-hop community was up in arms about Kendrick calling everyone out and saying he was the king. Meek Mill exclusively responded to these claims by telling Mina, "He can run the backpack, Imma run these streets." While promoting his "Seen It All" album, Young Jeezy discussed assumptions that his album cover pays homage to the "Illuminati" and also detailed why he rapped about his labels', Def Jam, lack of support on his song "Me Ok."
College radio
Mina received a full academic scholarship to attend Syracuse University. She started as a political science major and became communications major in the first semester after becoming involved with the college radio station WJPZ-FM Z89.1. Her experience at the station made her decide to pursue a radio career. Mina decided to dual major in television, radio, and film at the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications and also had a music business minor in the College Of Visual & Performing Arts, both at Syracuse University. At WJPZ, she started with a Friday night air shift and eventually got her daily show. She eventually became the station's vice president of programming, overseeing a staff of 150 people.
In addition to that, she interned at two radio stations. One as the on-air/promotion intern at WWHT Hot 107.9 Syracuse, and one as the programming intern at WQHT Hot 97 New York.
Sirius XM
Upon graduating from Syracuse University at 22, Mina was hired by the programming department at Sirius Satellite Radio. Three months after being hired, Sirius Satellite Radio merged with XM Satellite Radio to create Sirius XM Radio. After the merger, Mina SayWhat surfaced on-air on the hip hop/r&b channel The Heat (Sirius XM). She created, produced, and hosted The Warm Up, a new music show on The Heat, and hosted the channel's weekend countdown. While on her show, Mina conducted R&B artist Elle Varner’s first radio interview and broke records, such as Miguel's "Adorn," which eventually reached No. 1, and won a Grammy Award.
After the merger on the radio programming side, Mina was promoted. She programmed the channel Sirius XM Love and the holiday channel "'Sirius XM Holly".' Mina aided in the programming of the the '80s on 8 on Sirius XM and worked with all four original MTV VJ’s Mark Goodman, Martha Quinn, Nina Blackwood, and Alan Hunter (VJ). She was also The Heat's Music Director and Social Media Manager. She returned to host MinasHouse on The Heat in 2018, which airs Monday through Friday from 6 pm to midnight.
Power 99 Philly
Mina currently broadcasts on the legendary urban radio station WUSL in Philadelphia. She was recruited to join their morning show as an on-air host and oversee the digital and social media efforts for the urban Clear Channel Communications radio stations in Philly. Beginning at 25, Mina is the youngest female radio personality ever to host a morning drive in Philly. Since joining Mornings, the show's ratings have reached #1. She also founded an all-girls dance team, the Power Squad, which she currently leads, and Mina also hosts a new artist showcase called “Next On Deck.”
TV
Mina has been featured on Fox News Channel in Philly and was also featured on NBC News.
Accolades
Cover Of Syracuse Magazine
John Bayliss Radio Scholar
Philadelphia 76ers Ambassador
References
External links
Official website
Llona on WJPZ at 50 podcast
American radio DJs
American women radio hosts
Spanish radio presenters
Spanish women radio presenters
Living people
Syracuse University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
```groff
.\" $OpenBSD: pidfile.3,v 1.7 2013/06/05 03:40:26 tedu Exp $
.\" $NetBSD: pidfile.3,v 1.2 2001/04/12 22:34:31 sommerfeld Exp $
.\"
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
.\" by Jason R. Thorpe.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.Dd $Mdocdate: June 5 2013 $
.Dt PIDFILE 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm pidfile
.Nd write a daemon pid file
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In util.h
.Ft int
.Fn pidfile "const char *basename"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Fn pidfile
writes a file containing the process ID of the program to the
.Pa /var/run
directory.
The file name has the form
.Pa /var/run/basename.pid .
If the
.Ar basename
argument is NULL,
.Nm
will determine the program name and use that instead.
.Pp
The pid file can be used as a quick reference if
the process needs to be sent a signal.
When the program exits, the pid file will be removed automatically,
unless the program receives a fatal signal.
.Sh RETURN VALUES
.Fn pidfile
returns 0 on success and -1 on failure.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr atexit 3
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
function call appeared in
.Ox 3.0 .
.Sh CAVEATS
If
.Fn pidfile
is called multiple times with different
.Ar basename ,
only the last pidfile will be removed upon exit.
.Pp
.Fn pidfile
uses
.Fn atexit
to ensure the pidfile is unlinked at program exit.
However, programs that use the
.Fn _exit
function (for example, in signal handlers)
will not trigger this behaviour.
``` |
```xml
import { getPermissionsAsync, requestPermissionsAsync } from './utils/isSensorEnabledAsync.web';
declare const _default: {
/**
* Gravity on the planet this module supports (currently just Earth) represented as m/s^2.
*/
readonly Gravity: number;
isAvailableAsync(): Promise<boolean>;
_handleMotion(motion: any): void;
getPermissionsAsync: typeof getPermissionsAsync;
requestPermissionsAsync: typeof requestPermissionsAsync;
startObserving(): void;
stopObserving(): void;
};
export default _default;
//# sourceMappingURL=ExponentDeviceMotion.web.d.ts.map
``` |
```c++
//===- ValueList.cpp - Internal BitcodeReader implementation --------------===//
//
// See path_to_url for license information.
//
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
#include "ValueList.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Argument.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constant.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constants.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GlobalValue.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instruction.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Type.h"
#include "llvm/IR/User.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Value.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Error.h"
#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
#include <cstddef>
using namespace llvm;
Error BitcodeReaderValueList::assignValue(unsigned Idx, Value *V,
unsigned TypeID) {
if (Idx == size()) {
push_back(V, TypeID);
return Error::success();
}
if (Idx >= size())
resize(Idx + 1);
auto &Old = ValuePtrs[Idx];
if (!Old.first) {
Old.first = V;
Old.second = TypeID;
return Error::success();
}
assert(!isa<Constant>(&*Old.first) && "Shouldn't update constant");
// If there was a forward reference to this value, replace it.
Value *PrevVal = Old.first;
if (PrevVal->getType() != V->getType())
return createStringError(
std::errc::illegal_byte_sequence,
"Assigned value does not match type of forward declaration");
Old.first->replaceAllUsesWith(V);
PrevVal->deleteValue();
return Error::success();
}
Value *BitcodeReaderValueList::getValueFwdRef(unsigned Idx, Type *Ty,
unsigned TyID,
BasicBlock *ConstExprInsertBB) {
// Bail out for a clearly invalid value.
if (Idx >= RefsUpperBound)
return nullptr;
if (Idx >= size())
resize(Idx + 1);
if (Value *V = ValuePtrs[Idx].first) {
// If the types don't match, it's invalid.
if (Ty && Ty != V->getType())
return nullptr;
Expected<Value *> MaybeV = MaterializeValueFn(Idx, ConstExprInsertBB);
if (!MaybeV) {
// TODO: We might want to propagate the precise error message here.
consumeError(MaybeV.takeError());
return nullptr;
}
return MaybeV.get();
}
// No type specified, must be invalid reference.
if (!Ty)
return nullptr;
// Create and return a placeholder, which will later be RAUW'd.
Value *V = new Argument(Ty);
ValuePtrs[Idx] = {V, TyID};
return V;
}
``` |
Papaver dahlianum, commonly called the Svalbard poppy, is a poppy species common on Svalbard, north-eastern Greenland and a small area of northern Norway. It is the symbolic flower of Svalbard. Some sources regard this species as part of Papaver radicatum.
It grows to 10–25 cm high, and has long-petiolated basal leaves forming a rosette; the leaves are pinnately dissected and coarsely hirsute. The flowering stems are slender, often arcuate, hirsute. The flower is 2–4 cm in diameter, with four yellow or white, slightly undulate petals, and two boat-shaped sepals, which are densely hirsute with dark brown hairs. The fruit is an obovoid capsule covered with stiff hairs, containing numerous seeds.
The poppy grows on gravel, roadsides, scree sleeps and ledges, and holds the altitude record for flowering plants in Svalbard.
Despite the extreme northern latitude of the Svalbard poppy, if accepted as a separate species, Papaver radicatum is the most northerly growing plant known to the world, being found on Kaffeklubben Island.
References
dahlianum
Flora of the Arctic
Flora of Norway
Flora of Svalbard
Flora of Greenland |
Peçi is an Albanian surname. Notable people with this name include:
Aleksandër Peçi (born 1951), Albanian composer
Eno Peçi (born 19??), Albanian male ballet dancer
Ermal Peçi (born 1988), Albanian television host
Majkel Peçi (born 1996), Albanian footballer
Sotir Peçi (1873–1932), Albanian politician, educator and mathematician
References
Albanian-language surnames |
Mangelia taeniata, common name the filleted mangelia, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.
Subspecies
Mangelia taeniata major É.A.A. Locard & E. Caziot, 1900
Mangelia taeniata nivea (J.E. Cooper & H.B. Preston, 1910)
Description
The length of the shell varies between 4 mm and 7 mm.
The smooth, oblong fusiform shell has shouldered whorls. It is longitudinally plicately ribbed. Its color is whitish or yellowish brown, with conspicuous narrow brown revolving lines.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea off Apulia, Italy, and off Malta, Greece and Turkey; in the Atlantic Ocean off the Canary Islands.
References
Deshayes, G. P., 1832–1835, Mollusques, dans : Expédition scientifique en Morée, entreprise et publiée par ordre du gouvernement francais - Travaux de la section des sciences physiques sous le direction de M. le Colonnel Bory de Saint Vincent. Ouvrage dédié au Roi. Levrault, P. Bertrand. , p. 81–203, pls 18–24
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
External links
Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1–1295.
Syntype at MNHN, Paris
taeniata
Gastropods described in 1835 |
The women's 200 metre freestyle event at the 2018 Asian Games took place on 22 August at the Gelora Bung Karno Aquatic Stadium.
Schedule
All times are Western Indonesia Time (UTC+07:00)
Records
Results
Heats
Final
References
Swimming at the 2018 Asian Games |
```c
/* cast.c -- plane_cast(struct d3point) to translate the point's coordination
* from the user's coordination to the observation space cast plane.
*/
#include "all.h"
struct d2point plane_cast(struct d3point user3d)
{
/* user3d : a point in the user's space */
/* return the point's cooridation in observation space.*/
struct d3point obv_point;
struct d2point cast_point;
float Xw,Yw,Zw;
float u,v,a,b,c;
a=viewpoint.x;
b=viewpoint.y;
c=viewpoint.z;
u=(float)(sqrt(a*a+b*b+c*c));
v=(float)(sqrt(a*a+b*b));
Xw=user3d.x;
Yw=user3d.y;
Zw=user3d.z;
obv_point.x=-1*b/v*Xw+a/v*Yw;
obv_point.y=-1*a*c/u/v*Xw-b*c/u/v*Yw+v/u*Zw;
obv_point.z=-1*a/u*Xw-b/u*Yw-c/u*Zw+u;
cast_point.x=obv_point.x*distance/obv_point.z;
cast_point.y=obv_point.y*distance/obv_point.z;
return(cast_point);
}
``` |
Flora Munro Sadler (née McBain; 4 June 1912 - 25 December 2000) was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer. She was the first woman to hold a senior position in the Royal Greenwich Observatory and the first editor of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Academic career
Flora graduated with honours in physics and astronomy from the University of Aberdeen in 1934. From 1934 to 1937 she held posts as demonstrator, lecturer in applied mathematics, and researcher into radium sources for cancer treatment. In 1936 she took part in an exhibition to Siberia with her professor J. A. Carroll to view a total solar eclipse.
In order to prepare for the expedition she spent the summer of 1935 studying at the Nautical Almanac Office (NAO), and in 1937 became the first woman scientist appointed to a senior post at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, of which the NAO was part. After the Second World War she was promoted to Principal Scientific Officer.
Flora specialised in computation of astronomical and navigational tables, specifically the motion of the moon and predicting the eclipses of stars. She collaborated internationally and her work had significance in determining the variation in the rotation of the Earth and the establishment of time.
Royal Astronomical Society
Flora took on the duties of editor of the Royal Astronomical Society's professional journal, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society in February 1948, and due to this experience was the first female to be appointed to the position of Secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1949 to 1954.
References
1912 births
2000 deaths
Scottish astronomers
Scottish mathematicians
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var proc = require( 'process' );
var spawn = require( 'child_process' ).spawn;
// FUNCTIONS //
/**
* Callback invoked upon encountering an error.
*
* @private
* @param {Error} error - error object
*/
function onError( error ) {
proc.exitCode = 1;
console.error( 'Error: %s', error.message ); // eslint-disable-line no-console
}
/**
* Callback invoked upon child process close.
*
* @private
* @param {number} code - exit code
* @returns {void}
*/
function onFinish( code ) {
if ( code !== 0 ) {
proc.exitCode = code;
return console.error( 'Child process exited with code `'+code + '`.' ); // eslint-disable-line no-console
}
}
// MAIN //
/**
* Plugin to list contributors.
*
* @param {string} dir - Makefile directory
* @param {string} cwd - current working directory
* @param {string} subpath - subdirectory path
*/
function plugin( dir, cwd, subpath ) {
var opts;
var args;
var proc;
opts = {};
opts.cwd = dir;
opts.stdio = 'inherit';
args = [];
// Environment variables:
if ( subpath ) {
args.push( 'LIST_DIR_CONTRIBUTORS='+subpath );
}
// Target:
args.push( 'stats-list-dir-contributors' );
proc = spawn( 'make', args, opts );
proc.on( 'error', onError );
proc.on( 'close', onFinish );
}
// EXPORTS //
module.exports = plugin;
``` |
Pay what you want (or PWYW, also referred to as value-for-value model) is a pricing strategy where buyers pay their desired amount for a given commodity. This amount can sometimes include zero. A minimum (floor) price may be set, and/or a suggested price may be indicated as guidance for the buyer. The buyer can select an amount higher or lower than the standard price for the commodity. Many common PWYW models set the price prior to a purchase (ex ante), but some defer price-setting until after the experience of consumption (ex post) (similar to tipping). PWYW is a buyer-centered form of participatory pricing, also referred to as co-pricing (as an aspect of the co-creation of value).
Motivation
PWYW models can be sometimes successful as they eliminate many disadvantages of conventional pricing. These models can eliminate fear of whether a product is worth a given set price and the related risk of disappointment (“buyer's remorse”). For sellers it removes the challenging and sometimes costly task of setting the “right” price (which may vary for different market segments). For both buyers and sellers, it changes an adversarial zero-sum conflict centered on price into a friendly win-win exchange centered on value and trust. It also accounts for varying value perceptions and price sensitivities among buyers. While most uses of PWYW have been at the margins of the economy, or for special promotions, there are emerging efforts to expand its utility to broader and more regular use (see "Enhanced forms" below).
Further reasons for sellers to implement PWYW pricing include price discrimination and market penetration. Price discrimination occurs automatically in a PWYW model since buyers with higher valuations of the product will choose to pay a higher price. Thus, price discrimination could result in higher revenues for the seller if costs are sufficiently low. PWYW is also an effective tool for penetrating a new market, perhaps to introduce a new brand, as even consumers with a very low valuation can pay small amounts for the same product.
The success of PWYW models depends on several factors. A successful PWYW model has a product with a low marginal cost and which can be sold credibly at a wide range of prices, a fair-minded consumer, a strong relationship between the buyer and seller, and a competitive marketplace. This strategy tends to be more effective when relating to digital products or services.
Other names include "pay what you wish", "pay what you like", "pay as you want", "pay what you feel", "pay as you wish", "pay as you like", "pay what you will", and "pay as you will". "Pay what you can" is sometimes used synonymously, but this is more oriented to charity or social uses and based on ability to pay. PWYW is more broadly oriented to perceived value in combination with willingness and ability to pay.
History and commercial uses
PWYW has long existed on the margins of the economy, such as for tips, street performers, and charities. It has been gaining interest in wider industries.
Contemporary Christian music artist Keith Green implemented a PWYW structure for his 1980 album So You Wanna Go Back to Egypt. The album was available solely through Green's Last Days Ministries via a mail-order coupon. A purchaser would send the coupon along with the chosen purchase price (if any) to obtain the album.
One of the earliest known "Pay What Your Heart Feels" initiatives was started in 1984 at Annalakshmi Restaurant at Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, inspired by Swami Shantananda Saraswati. This concept soon spread to Annalakshmi restaurants located in other cities.
Theaters used PWYW pricing for selected nights.
In 2000, Lentil as Anything opened using a PWYW model in St Kilda, Melbourne, Australia. In subsequent years, more Lentil as Anything restaurants were opened around Melbourne including in Abbotsford Convent, Footscray (now closed) and Thornbury. In 2013 Lentil As Anything opened a restaurant in Newtown Sydney, Australia.
In 2003, One World Everybody Eats opened in Salt Lake City. The restaurant was closed in 2013.
Freeware applications are frequently distributed under donationware that prompts the user to donate to the author rather than paying for the software, as opposed to the Shareware model.
In 2005, Jane Siberry pioneered a self-determined pricing policy through her website on which the purchaser is given the choices of: standard price (about US$0.99/track); pay now, self-priced; pay later, self-priced; or "a gift from Jane". In an interview with The Globe and Mail, Siberry confirmed that since she had instituted the self-determined pricing policy, the average income she receives per song from Sheeba customers is in fact slightly more than standard price.
Jeff Rosenstock, frontman of New York punk bands The Arrogant Sons of Bitches and Bomb the Music Industry!, began releasing music through the website of his digital-only record label Quote Unquote Records in 2005. The first of these releases was the debut Bomb the Music Industry! album, Album Minus Band. Releases on Quote Unquote Records are offered as free downloads with the option of donating to the label. The header of their website reads "The First Ever Donation Based Record Label".
In October 2007, the English band Radiohead released their seventh album, In Rainbows, through their website as a download using a PWYW system. It was the first PWYW release for a major musical act, and created awareness of PWYW models.
In 2008, Wheatus moved to a PWYW system for all their future and past albums they held the rights to.
Koo Koo Kanga Roo, a comedy kids/hip hop duo, released all of their recorded music under a PWYW system. The group has referred to themselves strictly as a live band, and thus give away their music solely so as many people as possible can hear it and be able to sing and dance along with it at their performances.
In 2010, Panera Bread bakery used the PWYW system in a St. Louis, Missouri suburb, and has generated further attention by opening more since. The concept cafe is called Panera Cares Community Cafe. In February 2019, the last cafe was shuttered.
Introduced during May 2010, the Humble Indie Bundle was a set of six independently developed digitally downloadable video games which were distributed using a PWYW model (with inclusion of a buyer-controllable charitable contribution). This initial sale raised $1.27 million. They have since released over twenty more bundles, generating over $19 million in total revenues, and in April 2011 securing an investment of $4.7 million from Sequoia Capital.
In late 2012, McPixel had a PWYW weekend, in partnership with The Pirate Bay, as the creator Mikolaj Kaminski wanted people to try his game to encourage them to buy it.
Canonical implemented this system on the Ubuntu download page. Their message varies, but usually asks to "Show Ubuntu some love. Or, alternatively, help out in the bug tracker ;)". One can adjust the sum they wish to contribute for each development initiative from $0 to $125. Alternatively, there is an option to skip the payment and go straight to download of selected OS type.
In 2013, Headsets.com offered their customers the PWYW option. CEO Mike Faith noted almost all the company's customers paid full price, with only 10% opting to pay less, saying "Just as money-back guarantees were considered over-generous and dangerous when they were first introduced, they are almost a standard nowadays. There is no reason that trust-based pricing shouldn't become a norm over the next decade."
In 2013, Panel Syndicate released the webcomic The Private Eye under a PWYW model.
In December 2015, Fashion e-tailer Everlane gained significant attention with a PWYW after-Christmas sale that featured clear framing of PWYW pricing options set at three discrete levels that provided 1) only cost recovery, 2) basic overhead recovery, or 3) full sustainable investment.
In 2017, a BIG4 Holiday Park in Australia ran a PWYW pricing strategy for the month of August.
In 2019, Michael Stipe's debut solo single, "Your Capricious Soul", was offered for under a PWYW model, with a suggested price of 77 cents.
Bandcamp, a web service where musicians (typically bands) sell their music to fans or can just upload them for streaming, also allows fans to name their own prices when purchasing music and bands are given the option to set minimum prices for their music and buyers can pay as much over the minimum as they choose to.
From 2006-2007, the Terra Bite Lounge coffeehouse in Kirkland, Washington employed a pay what you want approach for its first year of business, after which it changed to fixed pricing. The coffeehouse has since closed.
Research
After the Radiohead experiment, economics and business researchers began a flurry of studies, with particular attention to the behavioral economics aspects of PWYW—what motivates buyers to pay more than zero, and how can sellers structure the process to obtain desirable pricing levels? The first studies appeared in 2009: Kim et al. and Regner and Barria.
In 2010, a large-scale experiment was conducted in an amusement park. Ayelet Gneezy, Uri Gneezy, Leif D. Nelson, and Amber Brown tested the effectiveness of PWYW by selling roller coaster photos to park visitors. Their results show although many more people bought the photo under a PWYW model, the average price paid is very low ($0.92), resulting in no income increase for the firm. However, when PWYW was coupled with a charitable cause (buyers were informed they could pay what they wanted AND that half of the paid amount would be donated to a patient support organization) the average amount paid increased substantially (to $6.50). This significantly increased the firm's income, as well as generating a substantial charitable contribution. In a 2012 follow-up research paper, Gneezy and colleagues found PWYW may deter some customers from purchasing. Their results show: "individuals feel bad when they pay less than the 'appropriate' price, causing them to pass on the opportunity to purchase the product altogether".
In a series of controlled laboratory experiments, Klaus M. Schmidt, Martin Spann and Robert Zeithammer (2014) show that outcome-based social preferences and strategic considerations to keep the seller in the market can explain why and how much buyers voluntarily pay to a PWYW seller. They find that PWYW can be viable in a monopolistic market, but is less successful as a competitive strategy because it does not drive traditional posted-price sellers out of the market. Instead, the existence of a posted-price competitor reduces buyers' payments and prevents the PWYW seller from fully penetrating the market. When given the choice, most sellers opt for setting a posted price rather than a PWYW pricing strategy.
Another PWYW experiment looked at determinants for the price chosen by consumers of the application iProduct, which provided tutorials and lessons for potential application developers on the App Store (iOS). The application was offered as free with in-app purchases, including a gratuity mechanism that allowed users to pay/donate what they wanted for the projects included in the app. The study tested the significance of four determinants in deciding the PWYW price paid by consumers: fairness (proper compensation to the seller), loyalty to the seller, price consciousness (focus on paying a low price), and usage (how much the consumer will use the product). The study found that price consciousness negatively influenced the price paid, while usage and loyalty positively influenced the price paid for the product. Fairness was found to have no significant effect.
Further research focused on the long-term perspective of pay what you want. A study conducted by researchers of the Ruhr-University of Bochum examines repeated transactions in a pay what you want environment. By using latent growth modeling they find that the average price paid decreases significantly; yet the decrease in price paid reduces with every transaction. They further show customers' preference for fairness and price conscientiousness influence the steepness of the individual price curves.
A broad review of the literature on PWYW and related forms of voluntary payment (tipping, donations, and gifts) by Natter and Kaufmann, published in 2015, examines many relevant factors as they relate to voluntary pricing strategies. These factors include product characteristics, consumer-related characteristics, situational variables, relational techniques, and reference prices. The review also addresses economic and communicative success, and underlying market motives.
Enhanced forms
There are several changes to the PWYW model which can improve its profitability while maintaining its buyer appeal.
Ex post pricing
One simple enhancement is to shift the time of pricing from the usual practice of ex ante pricing, which is done at the initiation of a transaction and prior to the consumption experience, to ex post pricing, which defers pricing to a follow-up step after the consumption experience. A commercial use that offers this payment choice is Ebook seller OpenBooks.com.
Post-pricing separates the buying decision and the pricing decision. Consuming a product, call it a good, reduces information asymmetries about the good's quality, so the buyer is informed of the product's quality when they decide what to pay. Risk-averse buyers who would not purchase the good at a fixed price for fear of its quality (or would price at a discount in an ex ante PWYW system) can be enticed to purchase the product using an ex post PWYW system. The ex post PWYW system works as a signal of quality to attract risk-averse buyers. This might be a profitable strategy if it attracts risk-averse buyers, increasing the consumer base and allowing economies of scale in production. Post-pricing separates the buying decision and the pricing decision.
Charity elements
Another enhancement is to add a charity element when selling digital content. This is used in the Humble Indie Bundle, which has a buyer-directed charity component to further increase buyer willingness to pay. This charity effect is similar to the research study noted in the Research section above. Humble Bundle also encourages buyers to "beat the average" by adding additional content for customers who pay above the current average purchase price.
Repeated transactions
A further enhancement is to use a series of repeated transactions. This is called FairPay ("Fair PWYW"). This shifts the scope from a single digital content transaction to an ongoing relationship over a series of transactions. It builds on the benefits of ex post PWYW pricing (setting the price after consumption, when product's value is known) and adds a feedback process for tracking individual buyers' reputations for paying fairly, as assessed by the seller. It then uses the fairness reputation data to let the seller determine what further offers to extend to that particular buyer. It seeks to incentivize fair pricing by buyers (to maintain a good reputation, and thus be eligible for future offers), and to enable sellers to limit their risk on each transaction in accord with the buyer's reputation. The Fair PWYW architecture and how it builds on modern digital content pricing strategy has been outlined on the Harvard Business Review Blog. Fair PWYW integrates PWYW into a feedback/control cycle which tries to create value for both the buyer and seller. It attempts to reflect the customer's dynamic perceptions of value and real willingness to pay - this enables it to optimize co-creation of customer value over the course of the buyer and seller's relationship.
See also
Co-creation
Freemium
Honor system
Pay what you can
Price discrimination
Pricing methods
Proof-of-payment
Sliding scale fees
Busking
References
External links
Pay-as-you-wish at Freakonomics
Pay-What-You-Want for Musicians at Techdirt
Shared Social Responsibility: A Field Experiment in Pay-What-You-Want Pricing and Charitable Giving at Sciencemag.com.
When Selling Digital Content, Let the Customer Set the Price at Harvard Business Review
Economic systems
Pricing |
Winny (also known as WinNY) is a Japanese peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing program developed by Isamu Kaneko, a research assistant at the University of Tokyo in 2002. Like Freenet, a user must add an encrypted node list in order to connect to other nodes on the network. Users choose three cluster words which symbolize their interests, and then Winny connects to other nodes which share these cluster words, downloading and storing encrypted data from cache of these neighbors in a distributed data store. If users want a particular file, they set up triggers (keywords), and Winny will download files marked by these triggers. The encryption was meant to provide anonymity, but Winny also included bulletin boards where users would announce uploads, and the IP address of posters could be discovered through these boards. While Freenet was implemented in Java, Winny was implemented as a Windows C++ application.
The software takes its name from WinMX, where the M and the X are each advanced one letter in the Latin alphabet, to N and Y. Netagent published a survey in June 2018 suggesting that Winny was still the most popular p2p network in Japan ahead of Perfect Dark (P2P) and Share (P2P) with approximately 45,000 nodes connecting each day over Golden Week. The number of nodes on Winny appears to be holding steady compared with 2015.
Kaneko first announced Winny on the Download Software board of the 2channel (2ch for short) Japanese bulletin board site. Since 2channel users often refer to anonymous users by their post numbers, Kaneko came to be known as "Mr. 47" ("47-Shi", or 47氏 in Japanese), or just "47".
After Winny's development stopped, a new peer-to-peer application, Share, was developed to be a successor.
Antinny
Since August 2003, several worms called "Antinny" have spread on the Winny network.
Some versions of Antinny work as follows:
Upload files from the host computer onto the Winny network.
Upload screenshots onto an image board.
Denial-of-service attack to a copyright protecting agency web site.
Some people have uploaded their information unwittingly from their computers because of Antinny. That information includes governmental documents, information about customers, and people's private files. Once the information is uploaded, it is difficult to delete.
Recently, highly publicized cases of sensitive file uploading have come to light in Japan's media. In particular, a defense agency was forced to admit that classified information from the Maritime Self Defense Force was uploaded by a computer with Winny software installed on it.
Following this, All Nippon Airways suffered an embarrassing leak of passwords for security-access areas in 29 airports across Japan. A similar incident occurred with JAL Airlines on 17 December 2005, after a virus originating from Winny affected the computer of a co-pilot.
Perhaps the largest Winny-related leak was that of the Okayama Prefectural Police Force, whose computer leaked data about around 1,500 investigations. This information included sensitive data such as the names of sex crime victims, and is the largest amount of information held by Japanese police to have ever leaked online.
Arrests and court cases
On November 28, 2003, two Japanese users of Winny, Yoshihiro Inoue, a 41-year-old self-employed businessman from Takasaki, Gunma Prefecture and an unemployed 19-year-old from Matsuyama, were arrested by the Kyoto Prefectural Police. They were accused of sharing copyrighted material via Winny and admitted to their crimes.
Shortly following the two users' arrests, Kaneko also had his home searched and had the source code of Winny confiscated by the Kyoto Police. On May 10, 2004, Kaneko was arrested for suspected conspiracy to encourage copyright infringement by the High-tech Crime Taskforce of the Kyoto Prefectural Police. Kaneko was released on bail on June 1, 2004. The court hearings started in September 2004 at Kyoto district court. On December 13, 2006, Kaneko was convicted of assisting copyright violations and sentenced to pay a fine of ¥1.5 million (about US$13,200). He appealed the ruling. On October 8, 2009, the guilty verdict was overturned by the Osaka High Court. On December 20, 2011, Kaneko was cleared of all charges after the Supreme Court of Japan agreed that the prosecution could not prove that he had any intention to promote the software for illegal use.
See also
Anonymous P2P
File sharing in Japan
Perfect Dark
Share
WinMX
Winny copyright infringement case
References
Further reading
(Japanese)
External links
Winny?
Download and nodes for Winny, Share, Perfect Dark
A post on 2ch that critics claim that Kaneko states the aim of development that Kaneko spoke is his will of pushing the tide toward the world filled with copyright law violation
Japanese power plant secrets leaked by virus, The Register, 17 May 2006
Anonymous file sharing networks
File sharing networks
file sharing software
Windows file sharing software
Windows-only proprietary software |
The North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915 was one of the largest floods in the history of Edmonton. On 28 June, the Edmonton Bulletin reported the river had risen "10 feet in as many hours." A frantic telegram from Rocky Mountain House alerted local authorities to the flood's arrival.
The water rose to the deck level of the Low Level Bridge and debris was gathered along the bridge. The debris included a house swept away by the current. The Canadian Northern Railway parked a train on the bridge to hold the bridge down and try to prevent it from being swept away..
Thousands of Edmonton residents watched the flood destroy lumber mills along the city's river valley.
Like all rivers, the North Saskatchewan River is subject to periodic flooding, beginning with rapid snowmelt in the mountains or prolonged periods of rain in the river basin. With the establishment of permanent communities along the river's course, and the rise of an administrative/government structure, records exist recording floods in the North Saskatchewan for the past century. The river is known to have flooded in 1830 (due to a ice dam of the flow) but the 1899 flooding of the river was the first summer-time flood of the river in known human experience or local folklore. The 1915 flood peaked at about 4 metres higher than the 1899 flood. The Bighorn Dam, constructed in the early 1970s near Nordegg, Alberta, and the Brazeau Reservoir, constructed in the mid-1960s, have not reduced potential for flooding on the North Saskatchewan River.
References
External links
City of Edmonton – The Flood of 1915
Look Out Edmonton short documentary
Floods in Canada
1915 in Alberta
1915 in Saskatchewan
History of Edmonton
Natural disasters in Alberta
1915 disasters in Canada
1910s floods
20th-century floods in North America |
Abdulkhaleq Barnawi [عبد الخالق برناوي in Arabic] (born 10 October 1984) is a Saudi football player. He currently plays for Al-Wahda FC.
External links
1984 births
Living people
Saudi Arabian men's footballers
Al Wehda FC players
Saudi First Division League players
Saudi Pro League players
Men's association football midfielders |
The ASAN service () is an Azerbaijani state agency for public services. The agency's goal is to make services more easily accessible to citizens using modern technologies. The acronym "ASAN" stands for "Azerbaijan Service and Assessment Network". The word "asan" means "easy" in Azerbaijani.
The ASAN service, as part of the State Agency for Public Services and Social Innovations under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, is chaired by Ulvi Mehdiyev.
Entities and services
“ASAN service” centers are “one-stop shop”-based locations that bring together representatives of 10 government entities and private companies providing services in a public-private partnership . More than 300 services are provided, including birth, death and marriage registration; identity cards; passports; driver licenses; real estate records; immigrant status and other civic services. At the same time, functional support services, including banking, insurance, legal support, translation and other services are rendered at the center.
Services in the centers are rendered based on the "single space" approach. Thus, a citizen can benefit from various public and private services in one center (single administrative building) at the same time entering through only one door. While the State Agency (State Agency on Public Services and Social Innovations under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan) manages the "space", government agencies are directly responsible for rendering their own services. The State Agency is responsible setting standards and principles and overseeing day-to-day functioning of the ASAN service centers, whereas the governmental agencies are responsible for providing quality service. Thus, there is neither duplication of functions, nor a conflict of interest between a standard setter and those applying these standards. The State Agency is an entirely new and neutral body that, in accordance with its status, sets standards, optimizes services, monitors and assesses service-providing entities.
Applications of over 41 million citizens have been received since inception of "ASAN service". Not surprisingly, the satisfaction of the citizens having accessed services stands at the rate of 99-100 percent.
"ASAN service" centers function on Monday - Friday from 09:00 am to 07:00 pm, and on Saturday and Sunday from 09:00 am to 05:00 pm (without break). About 30,000 citizens receive services by "ASAN service" daily.
Five key principles of "ASAN service" centers
ASAN service ensures access to public services based on the following key principles:
Efficiency
Efficient service delivery helps the citizens avoid unnecessary costs and save time. Thus, all necessary conditions are in place for taking a queue, obtaining information prior to applying for services and benefiting from the electronic services.
Transparency
This is the core principle of ASAN service. In order to ensure transparency in ASAN service centers proactive methods have been used, and monitors, panels, information boards have been installed. Fees for services are paid through banks and payment terminals located in the centers. All operations and transactions in the centers are video recorded. This helps achieve the total elimination of bureaucratic hurdles and conditions conductive to corruption in the centers.
Comfort
In order to provide comfort for the citizens in the centers internet-cafes, baby care rooms, children's playgrounds and self-service areas have been set up.
Politeness
This principle aims at ensuring ethical behavior. "The citizen is always right" principle constitutes main the main purpose of ASAN service. In the process of realization of this approach, employees of the centers are constantly involved in training on efficient service delivery and ethical behavior.
Innovativeness
Innovative methods are used with the aim of increasing the quality of services to the citizens through modern means.
Statistics
Until today, applications of over 36 million citizens have been received. Mobile ASAN service began in 2013 and helps provide universal access for citizens. It uses buses that travel to deliver services in remote and hard-to-reach areas that do not have ASAN service centers. The agency also established intra-city mobile services in the capital city of Baku. By paying an additional fee, citizens can receive services at work, home or another location they choose. Public satisfaction rate is close to 100 percent.
Monitoring report by OECD in 2016 praised Azerbaijan "for advancing Azerbaijani Service and Assessment Network (ASAN) centres, which has contributed to eliminating the conditions that are conducive to corruption when delivering various administrative services to the public". Azerbaijan 2016 report by EEAS acknowledged ASAN services for eliminating corruption and removing bureaucracy in public service delivery.
The following table shows the anniversary applications registered in the "ASAN service" centers:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto"
|-
! Amount !! Date !! Registered Center
|-
| 1 million || January 23, 2014 || "ASAN service" center No1
|-
| 2 million || colspan="2" | no information
|-
| 3 million || colspan="2" | no information
|-
| 4 million || colspan="2" | no information
|-
| 5 million || colspan="2" | ''no information|-
| 6 million || colspan="2" | no information
|-
| 7 million || December 2, 2015 || Sabirabad "ASAN center"
|-
| 8 million || February 11, 2016 || Mobile "ASAN service"
|-
| 9 million || colspan="2" | no information
|-
|10 million
|June 10, 2016
|Baku "ASAN service" center No5
|-
|11 million
| colspan="2" |no information
|-
|12 million
|October 20, 2016
|Baku "ASAN service" center No5
|-
|18 million
|October 30
|Gandja "ASAN service" center
|-
|19 million
|January 8, 2018
|Baku "ASAN service" center No5
|-
|21 million
|April 16, 2018
|Mobile "ASAN train"
|-
|22 million
| June 8, 2018
|Mobile "ASAN service"
|-
|23 million
| July 26, 2018
|Mobile "ASAN service"
|-
| 24 million
| September 10, 2018
| Sumgayit "ASAN service" center
|-
| 25 million
| November 5, 2018
| Baku "ASAN service" center No5
|-
| 26 million
| December 25, 2018
| Shaki "ASAN service" center
|-
| 27 million
| February 13, 2019
| Baku "ASAN Kommunal" center No1
|-
|28 million
|April 1, 2019
|Baku "ASAN service" center No4
|-
|29 million
|May 14, 2019
|Barda "ASAN service" center
|-
|33 million
|October 4, 2019
|Baku "ASAN service" center No2
|-
|34 million
|November 14, 2019
|Baku "ASAN service" center No3
|-
|35 million
|December 19, 2019
|Baku "ASAN service" center No5
|}
Services in ASAN centers
Services provided by State Entities
More than 300 different services in "ASAN service" centers enlisted by 10 state and private entities are rendered.Ministry of Justice Birth registration
Death registration
Wedlock registration
Registration of divorce
Registration of child adoption
Registration of changes to the given name, patronymic and family name
Registration of determination of paternity
Issuance of certificates (renewed certificates) on state registration of civil status
Notary serviceMinistry of Internal Affairs Issuance and renewal of identity cards
Issuance and renewal of passport of citizen
Renewal of driving licenses
Reference note about the convictionMinistry of Taxes Registration of commercial legal persons and tax payersState Commission for Property Affairs Extracts of registration of property rights over the living houses (apartments), except the initial registration
Reference note of state registration about restriction (encumbrance) of rights over real estateCustoms Committee Receipt of customs declaration and documents for customs clearanceState Migration Service Issuance of documents for permission for temporary residence and for obtaining immigrant status for permanent residence in the Republic of AzerbaijanSocial Protection Fund Determining occupational pensionsNational Archive Department Archive references to legal and physical personsService for Mobilization and Conscription Military registrationMinistry of Economics Issuance of licensesFood Safety Agency Certification and registration
Mobile "ASAN service"
From June 1, 2013, mobile buses equipped with the latest technological equipments are used to provide services to citizens who can not come to the centers to use the services provided by "ASAN service". Mobile buses stay in each region for about two weeks. Currently, the number of served mobile buses is ten. Citizens registered in Baku and Sumgayit can also use this service. To date, more than 1,500,000 applications have been sent to ASAN mobile services.
Mobile "ASAN Train"
In accordance with the instruction of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Mr. Ilham Aliyev, the project Mobile "ASAN Train" was developed, equipped with modern technical equipments to provide citizens with public services in regions where there are no "ASAN service" centers. Services are provided by 4 state bodies (Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Internal Affairs, State Committee for Property Issues, Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population).
ASAN Kommunal
According to the decree of the President Ilham Aliyev in May 2016, the creation of "ASAN Kommunal" centers was entrusted to the State Agency for Public Service and Social Innovations. A number of measures were undertaken in cooperation with relevant institutions in order to create ASAN Kommunal in a short period of time. The centers "ASAN Kommunal" offer 45 types of communal services from Azerigas, Azersu, Azerishig. At present, there are 2 "ASAN Kommunal" centers in Baku.
Functional support services
ASAN service centers also provide ticketing services for banking, insurance, legal, medical, broadcast, photo and cultural events.
Other Services Call-Center 108 Thanks to the Call Center 108 where citizens can get information about the services provided in the "ASAN" service centers, and also address their suggestions and comments. This service was created in 2013.Online QueueTo use the services provided in "ASAN" service centers, you can take online queue by visiting the "ASAN" service web-site.Self-serviceThrough the computers that have access to the Internet in the "ASAN" service centers, citizens have an access to information about public services.Idea-BankThrough the Bank of Ideas, citizens can make their own proposals for the development of the system.Delivery of documents'''
One of the services offered in "ASAN service" centers is "Document Delivery". This pilot project is offered only in "ASAN service" centers No. 1,2,3 and 5.
Service centers
"ASAN service" Experience in the Spotlight of International Community
Based on the concept of the ASAN service experience, the Government of Afghanistan has established the "Asan Khedmat" public service center, which functions under the auspices of the Ministry of Finance.
Awards
Winner of the nomination "Success 2013" for "an effective model of service and contribution to relations between the state and citizens": 2013;
ISO 9001: 2008 International Management Standards Certificate: 2014;
Sabirabad "ASAN service" center, standard OHSAS 18001:2007: 2014;
United Nations Public Service Award: 2015;
International Safety Award (2015): 2015;
NETTY-2018 Azerbaijan National Internet Award for the "State Site" nomination: 2018;
UN Special Award for Promoting Innovation in the Digital Public Service Delivery: 2019;
See also
ASAN Imza
ASAN visa
The Commission on Combat Corruption of the Republic of Azerbaijan
Corruption in Azerbaijan
Open government in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Anti-Corruption Academy
Anti-money laundering in Azerbaijan
References
External links
Government of Azerbaijan
Government agencies established in 2012
2012 establishments in Azerbaijan |
James Austin Whipper II, better known by his stage name Prince Whipper Whip, is an American hip hop recording artist. He is of Puerto Rican descent and an original member of Grandwizard Theodore & the Fantastic Five.
Whipper Whip appears in the music video for Ice-T's 1988 hit "High Rollers" and has guest appearances on records by The Beatnuts, Brother Ali, De La Soul, DJ Z-Trip, O.G.Funk Billy Bass Nelson & the Funkadelicks. Can I get a soul clap Fantastic Five, Wild Style Fantastic Five. Sabrosisimo, la vida, Tenemo Ritmo, Down by law with Kid Frost. This is hip hop, Respect with Charlie Chase & Breaking Bread records.
Tuff city and Grand Master Caz.
Round by Round Grand Master Mele Mel & M C B .
Personal life
He has four children: James Whipper III, Joshua Whipper, Sarah Whipper and Grace Whipper.
References
Living people
East Coast hip hop musicians
Rappers from the Bronx
Puerto Rican rappers
Hispanic and Latino American rappers
American musicians of Puerto Rican descent
21st-century American rappers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
```javascript
const { WebGLKernelValueHTMLImage } = require('./html-image');
class WebGLKernelValueHTMLVideo extends WebGLKernelValueHTMLImage {}
module.exports = {
WebGLKernelValueHTMLVideo
};
``` |
```xml
import { FileIconType } from './FileIconType';
import type { FileIconTypeInput } from './FileIconType';
let allFileTypeIconValues: FileIconType | undefined;
function validateFileIconTypeValues(allowedFileTypeIconValues: FileIconTypeInput | undefined): void {
// The purpose of this function is to verify that the below call compiles,
// which may only occur if every enum value matches its key.
}
describe('Validate Icon Type Values', () => {
it('should validate the enum keys and values', () => {
validateFileIconTypeValues(allFileTypeIconValues);
});
});
``` |
```javascript
var ShootingStar = require('../../lib/candlestick/ShootingStar').default;
var assert = require('assert');
var drawCandleStick = require('draw-candlestick');
var fs = require('fs');
var shootingStarData = [
{
name: 'Bearish',
data: {
open: [29.50, 33.10, 36.00, 42.80, 40.90],
high: [35.90, 37.60, 41.80, 48.80, 43.10],
close: [33.10, 36.00, 40.90, 40.90, 38.05],
low: [26.90, 27.70, 28.00, 40.90, 37.50],
},
},
{
name: 'Bullish',
data: {
open: [29.50, 33.10, 36.00, 40.90, 40.90],
high: [35.90, 37.60, 41.80, 48.80, 43.10],
close: [33.10, 36.00, 40.90, 42.80, 38.05],
low: [26.90, 27.70, 28.00, 40.90, 37.50],
},
},
];
describe('Shooting Star : ', function() {
before(function() {
shootingStarData.forEach((patternSet) => {
var imageBuffer = drawCandleStick(patternSet.data);
fs.writeFileSync(`${__dirname}/images/${patternSet.name.replace(' ', '')}ShootingStar.png`,imageBuffer);
});
});
shootingStarData.forEach((patternSet) => {
it(`Check whether the supplied data has Shooting Star: ${patternSet.name}`, function() {
var hangingMan = new ShootingStar();
var result = hangingMan.hasPattern(patternSet.data);
assert.deepEqual(result, true, `Invalid result for Shooting Star: ${patternSet.name}`);
});
});
})
``` |
Mannan 1,4-mannobiosidase (, 1,4-β-D-mannan mannobiohydrolase, exo-β-mannanase, exo-1,4-β-mannobiohydrolase) is an enzyme with systematic name 4-β-D-mannan mannobiohydrolase. It catalyses the hydrolysis of (1→4)-β-D-mannosidic linkages in (1→4)-β-D-mannans, to remove successive mannobiose residues from the non-reducing chain ends.
References
External links
EC 3.2.1 |
```objective-c
/*********************************************************************
*
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
*
* * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
* copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
* disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
* with the distribution.
* * Neither the name of Willow Garage nor the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
* from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
* FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
* INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
* BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
* CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
* ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
* POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*********************************************************************/
/* Author: Dave Coleman */
#pragma once
// Qt
class QComboBox;
class QLabel;
class QLineEdit;
class QPushButton;
class QScrollArea;
class QSlider;
class QStackedWidget;
class QTableWidget;
class QVBoxLayout;
// SA
#ifndef Q_MOC_RUN
#include <moveit/setup_assistant/tools/moveit_config_data.h>
#endif
#include "setup_screen_widget.h" // a base class for screens in the setup assistant
namespace moveit_setup_assistant
{
class RobotPosesWidget : public SetupScreenWidget
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
// ******************************************************************************************
// Public Functions
// ******************************************************************************************
RobotPosesWidget(QWidget* parent, const MoveItConfigDataPtr& config_data);
/// Received when this widget is chosen from the navigation menu
void focusGiven() override;
// ******************************************************************************************
// Qt Components
// ******************************************************************************************
QTableWidget* data_table_;
QPushButton* btn_edit_;
QPushButton* btn_delete_;
QPushButton* btn_save_;
QPushButton* btn_cancel_;
QStackedWidget* stacked_widget_;
QScrollArea* scroll_area_;
QVBoxLayout* column2_;
QLineEdit* pose_name_field_;
QComboBox* group_name_field_;
QWidget* joint_list_widget_;
QVBoxLayout* joint_list_layout_;
QWidget* pose_list_widget_;
QWidget* pose_edit_widget_;
QLabel* collision_warning_;
private Q_SLOTS:
// ******************************************************************************************
// Slot Event Functions
// ******************************************************************************************
/// Show edit screen
void showNewScreen();
/// Edit whatever element is selected
void editSelected();
/// Edit the double clicked element
void editDoubleClicked(int row, int column);
/// Preview whatever element is selected
void previewClicked(int row, int column, int previous_row, int previous_column);
/// Delete currently editing ite
void deleteSelected();
/// Save editing changes
void doneEditing();
/// Cancel changes
void cancelEditing();
/// Run this whenever the group is changed
void loadJointSliders(const QString& selected);
/// Show the robot in its default joint positions
void showDefaultPose();
/// Play through the poses
void playPoses();
/**
* Call when one of the sliders has its value changed to store its value in kinematic model
*
* @param name - name of joint being changed
* @param value - value of joint
*/
void updateRobotModel(const std::string& name, double value);
/// Publishes a joint state message based on all the slider locations in a planning group, to rviz
void publishJoints();
private:
// ******************************************************************************************
// Variables
// ******************************************************************************************
/// Contains all the configuration data for the setup assistant
moveit_setup_assistant::MoveItConfigDataPtr config_data_;
/// Pointer to currently edited group state
srdf::Model::GroupState* current_edit_pose_;
/// Remember the publisher for quick publishing later
ros::Publisher pub_robot_state_;
// ******************************************************************************************
// Collision Variables
// ******************************************************************************************
collision_detection::CollisionRequest request;
// ******************************************************************************************
// Private Functions
// ******************************************************************************************
/**
* Find the associated data by name
*
* @param name - name of data to find in datastructure
* @return pointer to data in datastructure
*/
srdf::Model::GroupState* findPoseByName(const std::string& name, const std::string& group);
/**
* Create the main list view of poses for robot
*
* @return the widget
*/
QWidget* createContentsWidget();
/**
* Create the screen for editing poses
*
* @return the widget
*/
QWidget* createEditWidget();
/**
* Load the robot poses into the table
*
*/
void loadDataTable();
/**
* Populate the combo dropdown box with avail group names
*
*/
void loadGroupsComboBox();
/**
* Edit the pose with the input name
*
* @param name name of pose
*/
void edit(int row);
/**
* Show the robot in the current pose
*/
void showPose(srdf::Model::GroupState* pose);
};
// ******************************************************************************************
// ******************************************************************************************
// Slider Widget
// ******************************************************************************************
// ******************************************************************************************
class SliderWidget : public QWidget
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
// ******************************************************************************************
// Public Functions
// ******************************************************************************************
/**
* Constructor
*
* @param parent - parent QWidget
* @param joint_model_ - a ptr reference to the joint this widget represents
*/
SliderWidget(QWidget* parent, const moveit::core::JointModel* joint_model, double init_value);
/**
* Deconstructor
*/
~SliderWidget() override;
// ******************************************************************************************
// Qt Components
// ******************************************************************************************
QLabel* joint_label_;
QSlider* joint_slider_;
QLineEdit* joint_value_;
private Q_SLOTS:
// ******************************************************************************************
// Slot Event Functions
// ******************************************************************************************
/// Called when the joint value slider is changed
void changeJointValue(int value);
/// Called when the joint value box is changed
void changeJointSlider();
Q_SIGNALS:
// ******************************************************************************************
// Emitted Signal Functions
// ******************************************************************************************
/// Indicate joint name and value when slider widget changed
void jointValueChanged(const std::string& name, double value);
private:
// ******************************************************************************************
// Variables
// ******************************************************************************************
// Ptr to the joint's data
const moveit::core::JointModel* joint_model_;
// Max & min position
double max_position_;
double min_position_;
// ******************************************************************************************
// Private Functions
// ******************************************************************************************
};
} // namespace moveit_setup_assistant
// Declare std::string as metatype so we can use it in a signal
Q_DECLARE_METATYPE(std::string)
``` |
```shell
Detect your linux distribution
List currently logged in users
Find out if the system's architecture is 32 or 64 bit
Cancel a system shutdown
Finding Open Files With `lsof`
``` |
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