text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
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LHA 120-S 79 is an RV Tauri variable star located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, located about 163,000 light years away in the constellation of Dorado, with a period of 37.203 days. The star is extremely hot for a star of its type, as its temperature is over 10,000 K, and it is hot enough to be classified as a B-type blue giant, as well as being the hottest star of its type in the LMC. LHA 120-S 79 is also extremely luminous, at over 14,000 L☉, and it is the most luminous known star of its type in the galaxy.
However, the star may be less luminous than it seems, as its spectral energy distribution is contaminated by a very nearby star, 2MASS J05044388−6858371, which is also a long-period variable star and is just 8 arcseconds from LHA 120-S 79.
Notes
References
RV Tauri variables
Large Magellanic Cloud
B-type giants
Dorado |
Grand Lodge (foaled 6 March 1991, died 24 December 2003) was an American-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. He was officially rated the best European two-year-old 1993. He won two Group One races; the Dewhurst Stakes in 1993 and the St James's Palace Stakes in 1994. He is best known as a successful sire. At the time of his death he was standing at the Woodlands Stud, Denman, New South Wales.
Background
Grand Lodge was bred by his owner John Scott-Ellis, 9th Baron Howard de Walden, who also owned and bred The Derby winner Slip Anchor and the champion miler Kris
He was sired by Chief's Crown out of Lord Howard de Walden's unraced mare La Papagena.
Chief's Crown won the 1984 Breeders' Cup Juvenile and was voted the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Two-Year-Old Male Horse. He sired several other important horses including Chief Bearheart and Erhaab. La Papagena, a daughter of the Cheveley Park Stakes and Coronation Stakes winner Magic Flute, produced several other winners, the best of them probably being the Listed stakes winner La Persiana.
Grand Lodge was trained throughout his career by William "Willie" Jarvis at the Phantom House stables at Newmarket, Suffolk. When Grand Lodge ran, Jarvis often wore an apricot-coloured rose as a button-hole, to match the silks of Lord Howard de Walden.
Racing career
1993: two-year-old season
Grand Lodge won three of his four races as a two-year-old. On his debut he won the Granville Maiden Stakes at Ascot by six lengths. A month later at York he was beaten when odds-on favourite for the Listed Acomb Stakes, finishing third to Concordial.
At Newmarket in October he won the Somerville Tattersall Stakes, leading a furlong out and going clear to beat Colonel Collins by three and a half lengths, and was then moved up to Group One class for the Dewhurst Stakes over the same course and distance two weeks later. He was made 9/4 favourite and led inside the final furlong to beat Stonehatch and Nicolotte in a driving finish. Jarvis emphasised the care that he would take with his best horse by saying 'You ought to start buying shares in cotton wool because that's what this horse is going to be wrapped in."
1994: three-year-old season
Despite what his trainer had said, Grand Lodge was given a demanding schedule in 1994, running nine times, eight of them in Group One company.
His only win came at Royal Ascot where he ran on under a strong ride from Michael Kinane to beat Distant View by a head in the St James's Palace Stakes. After the race Jarvis called him "a very easy horse to train...Even I can't bugger him up." In other starts he was beaten a short head in both the 2000 Guineas and the Champion Stakes, finished third in the Sussex Stakes and Irish Champion Stakes and was fourth in the Irish 2,000 Guineas and the International Stakes.
On his last start he ran one of his few bad races, finishing unplaced behind Concern in the Breeders' Cup Classic on his only race on dirt.
Assessment
In the International Classification for 1993, he was rated the best two-year-old colt in Europe on a mark of 120. Despite this he was beaten in the voting for the Cartier Racing Award by the Middle Park Stakes winner First Trump.
At three, he was rated on 125, making him the seventh-best three-year-old in Europe, five pounds behind the filly Balanchine and three pounds below the leading colt, Distant View.
Stud career
Grand Lodge was retired to stand as a stallion for the Coolmore Stud, being shuttled between their main base in Ireland, Lord Howard de Walden's Plantation Stud in England and the Woodlands Stud in Australia. Grand Lodge proved to be an extremely popular stallion: between 1998 and 2003 he was covering an average of more than 300 mares a year. He sired the winners of more than six hundred races including Sinndar, Grandera, Queen's Logic, Grand Couturier (Sword Dancer Invitational Handicap), Indian Lodge and Shogun Lodge (Epsom Handicap).
Notable progeny
Throughout his career Grand Lodge sired 12 individual Group One winners for a total of 25 Group One races:
c = colt, f = filly, g = gelding
Death
On 4 September 2003, Grand Lodge suffered a knee injury in the paddock of the Woodlands Stud. The injury did not respond to treatment and he was euthanized on 24 December. He was buried at the Woodlands Stud. At the time of his death his stud fee for 2004 had already been set at €50,000.
Pedigree
References
1991 racehorse births
2003 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Thoroughbred family 14-b |
2022 WDF season of darts comprises every tournament of World Darts Federation. The prize money of the tournaments may vary depending on category.
Two of WDF's most prestigious events are due to be held in 2022, WDF World Darts Championship (to be held in April'22), WDF World Masters (to be held in December'22)
2022 is the second year in darts under WDF-sole management after the demise of BDO in 2020.
Tournament categories, points & prize money
Calendar
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Tournaments cancelled
Following tournaments have been cancelled or postponed until 2023.
Statistical information
The players/nations are sorted by:
Total number of titles;
Cumulated importance of those titles;
Alphabetical order (by family names for players).
Titles won by player (men's)
Titles won by nation (men's)
Titles won by player (women's)
Titles won by nation (women's)
Rankings
Only the best ten points achievements by players in WDF Ranked Tournaments accounts towards the WDF Rankings
Updated to September 5, 2022
Men's
Women's
References
External links
2022 WDF calendar
2022 in darts
World Darts Federation |
Diagnosis: Murder first season originally aired Fridays at 8:00-9:00 pm (EST). The season was released on DVD by Paramount Home Video. It included the 1991 pilot "It Never Entered My Mind" from the fourth season of Jake and the Fatman.
Cast
Dick Van Dyke as Dr. Mark Sloan
Scott Baio as Dr. Jack Stewart
Victoria Rowell as Dr. Amanda Bentley
Barry Van Dyke as Steve Sloan
Michael Tucci as Norman Briggs
Delores Hall as Delores Mitchell
Episodes
References
Diagnosis: Murder seasons
1993 American television seasons
1994 American television seasons |
```xml
import { type PayloadAction, createSlice } from "@reduxjs/toolkit"
export interface LogoState {
size: number
speed: number
}
const initialState: LogoState = {
size: 80,
speed: 25,
}
const logoSlice = createSlice({
name: "logo",
initialState,
reducers: {
changeSpeed: (store, action: PayloadAction<number>) => {
store.speed = action.payload
},
changeSize: (store, action: PayloadAction<number>) => {
store.size = action.payload
},
faster: (store) => {
store.speed = 10
},
slower: (store) => {
store.speed = 50
},
bigger: (store) => {
store.size = 140
},
smaller: (store) => {
store.size = 40
},
reset: (store) => {
store.size = 80
store.speed = 25
},
},
})
export const { changeSize, changeSpeed, faster, slower, bigger, smaller, reset } = logoSlice.actions
export default logoSlice.reducer
``` |
The Disappearance of Adalia is the first release from Madina Lake self-released on October 3, 2006. It garnered the attention of Roadrunner Records which ultimately led to their signing to the label. Songs "One Last Kiss", "Here I Stand" and "Adalia" were re-recorded for their debut album "From Them, Through Us, to You" released in 2007. The song "Pecadillos" is also Madina Lake's first released instrumental song.
Track listing
1. "House of Cards" (3:38)
2. "One Last Kiss" (3:43)
3. "Here I Stand" (3:17)
4. "Adalia" (2:29)
5. "Escape from Here" (3:33)
6. "Pecadillos" (0:49)
References
Madina Lake albums
2006 debut EPs |
```objective-c
// This file is part of libigl, a simple c++ geometry processing library.
//
//
// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can
// obtain one at path_to_url
#ifndef IGL_OPENGL_GL_H
#define IGL_OPENGL_GL_H
#ifdef IGL_OPENGL2_GL_H
# error "igl/opengl2/gl.h already included"
#endif
// Always use this:
// #include "gl.h"
// Instead of:
// #include <OpenGL/gl3.h>
// or
// #include <GL/gl.h>
//
#include <glad/glad.h>
#endif
``` |
Gorka Brit Gallego (born 19 April 1978) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a striker.
He amassed Segunda División totals of 177 games and 59 goals over six seasons, in representation of Eibar, Salamanca, Numancia and Real Unión. In La Liga, he played with Numancia and Osasuna for a total of 48 matches.
Club career
Brit was born in San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa. Having grown through the ranks of Real Sociedad and played as a senior with modest clubs, mostly in the Basque Country, he made his debut in La Liga with CA Osasuna in the 2002–03 season. Subsequently, he served three loans in the Segunda División and, after only 17 games with the Navarrese's main squad over two separate campaigns, was released in summer 2006.
In 2007–08, Brit was an important member for CD Numancia in their championship-winning season after having joined the Soria side the previous year, contributing 26 matches and nine goals to this feat. Highlights included braces in 2–1 wins against Xerez CD (home) and UD Las Palmas (away).
Brit returned to the Basque region in late July 2009, signing for Real Unión who had recently promoted to the second tier. He experienced one of his best seasons as a professional by scoring 14 league goals, but the team was immediately relegated.
Honours
Numancia
Segunda División: 2007–08
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from San Sebastián
Men's association football forwards
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Real Sociedad B footballers
SD Beasain footballers
Atlético Levante UD players
Águilas CF players
CA Osasuna B players
CA Osasuna players
SD Eibar footballers
UD Salamanca players
CD Numancia players
Real Unión footballers |
Harish Patel (born 5 July 1953) is an Indian character actor. He has appeared in a variety of Hindi films, but in recent years has begun to appear in American projects like reimagination of Four Weddings and a Funeral on Hulu. His latest project is the MCU film Eternals. Although mainly associated with the stage, he has appeared in Indian and British films and television shows.
Early life and background
Patel was born in Mumbai, Bombay State (now Maharashtra), India. He began performing at the age of seven, when he played male and female roles in the Hindu epic Ramayana.
Acting career
He made his film debut in Mandi directed by Shyam Benegal in 1983. From 1994 to 2008, Patel worked with the Indian theatre director Satyadev Dubey. In 1995, he joined the Indian National Theatre and appeared in the play Neela Kamra. His repertoire has included classical and modern Indian plays as well as plays by Western writers, e.g., Pinter's The Caretaker, Sartre's No Exit, Camus' Cross Purpose, Ionesco's The Lesson, and Mrozek's Vatzlav.
In the spring of 2007, Patel took the lead role of Eeshwar Dutt in Rafta, Rafta..., a comedy written by Ayub Khan-Din and directed by Nicholas Hytner at the National Theatre in London to critical acclaim and sellout audiences.
His credits include The Buddha of Suburbia, China Gate, Mr India and Run Fatboy Run. In 2009 he appeared in Coronation Street playing the role of Umed, Dev Alahan's uncle. Patel also appeared in Mr Stink, Gangsta Granny, The Boy in the Dress and Billionaire Boy, the television film adaptations of children's books by David Walliams. He plays shopkeeper Raj in all the films, although they are set in different places.
His acting career has taken him all over India, and he has performed in the United Kingdom and abroad, in the United States and Dubai among other countries. Patel is a life member of the Cine & TV Artists Association of India.
He is well known for his catchphrase "gayee bhains paanee mein" (the buffalo entered the water), in the movie Mr. India. Additionally, he garnered international recognition after starring in Marvel Studios' Eternals as Karun. When interviewed regarding the film, Harish admitted to never watching a Marvel film before or even seeing Angelina Jolie or Salma Hayek films before.
Selected filmography
Film
Mandi (1983)
Vivek (1985)
Dacait (1987)
Mr India (1987)
Billoo Badshah (1989) – Tikdamdas
Maine Pyaar Kiya (1989)
Police Public (1990)
Thanedaar (1990)
Pratibandh (1990)
Shola Aur Shabnam (1992) – Mama
Panaah (1992) – Lala
Bol Radha Bol (1992) - Office Boy
Sarphira (1992) – Police Constable No. 111
Aankhen (1993)-
15 August
Bedardi (1993)- Baburam
(1994)
Mohra (1994)
Andaz Apna Apna (1994)
Mafia (1996 film)
Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love (1996)
Rangbaaz (1996 film)
Ghatak: Lethal (1996)
Udaan (1997 film)
Gupt: The Hidden Truth (1997)
Tarazu (1997)
Ziddi (1997) – Personal Secretary (cameo)
Loha (1997)
My Son the Fanatic (British film, 1997)
Purani Kabar (1998)
Vinashak – Destroyer (1998)
Salaakhen (1998) – Panteshswar
Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai (1998)
Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha (1998)
Gunda (1998)
China Gate (1998 film)
Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke (2000)
Krodh (2000)
Badal (2000) – Dayashankar
Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat (2001)
Zubeidaa (2001)
Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (2002)
Bokshu – The Myth (2002)
Calcutta Mail (2003)
Love at Times Square (2003)
Ek Hindustani (2003)
Thoda Tum Badlo Thoda Hum (2004)
Chicken Tikka Masala (2005)
Pyaar Mein Twist (2005)
Run Fatboy Run (2007)
Today's Special (2009)
Kisse Pyaar Karoon (2009)
Keith Lemon: The Film (2012)
All in Good Time (2012)
Jadoo (2013)
Lies We Tell (2016)
Shin Banglasia (2021) – Party Janitor (cameo)
Eternals (2021) – Karun Patel
Television
Malgudi Days (season 1 episode 4, 1986) – Mahakanjus (Miser)/The Hoard
Yatra (1986)
Bharat Ek Khoj (1988)
Wagle Ki Duniya (1989)
The Buddha of Suburbia (1993)
Gopaljee (1996)
The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (2008)
Coronation Street (2009)
Baa Bahoo Aur Baby (2010)
Mr Stink (2012)
Gangsta Granny (2013)
The Driver (2014)
The Boy in the Dress (2014)
Mapp and Lucia (2014)
Billionaire Boy (2016)
Vighnaharta Ganesh 2017
Four Weddings and a Funeral (2019)
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors
Indian male film actors
Indian male soap opera actors
Indian male television actors
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Male actors from Mumbai |
```ruby
class Omniorb < Formula
desc "IOR and naming service utilities for omniORB"
homepage "path_to_url"
url "path_to_url"
sha256 your_sha256_hash
license all_of: ["GPL-2.0-or-later", "LGPL-2.1-or-later"]
livecheck do
url :stable
regex(%r{url=.*?/omniORB[._-]v?(\d+(?:\.\d+)+(?:-\d+)?)\.t}i)
end
bottle do
sha256 cellar: :any, arm64_sonoma: your_sha256_hash
sha256 cellar: :any, arm64_ventura: your_sha256_hash
sha256 cellar: :any, arm64_monterey: your_sha256_hash
sha256 cellar: :any, sonoma: your_sha256_hash
sha256 cellar: :any, ventura: your_sha256_hash
sha256 cellar: :any, monterey: your_sha256_hash
sha256 cellar: :any_skip_relocation, x86_64_linux: your_sha256_hash
end
depends_on "pkg-config" => :build
depends_on "python@3.12"
resource "bindings" do
url "path_to_url"
sha256 your_sha256_hash
end
def install
odie "bindings resource needs to be updated" if version != resource("bindings").version
ENV["PYTHON"] = python3 = which("python3.12")
xy = Language::Python.major_minor_version python3
inreplace "configure",
/am_cv_python_version=`.*`/,
"am_cv_python_version='#{xy}'"
system "./configure", "--prefix=#{prefix}"
system "make"
system "make", "install"
resource("bindings").stage do
inreplace "configure",
/am_cv_python_version=`.*`/,
"am_cv_python_version='#{xy}'"
system "./configure", "--prefix=#{prefix}"
ENV.deparallelize # omnipy.cc:392:44: error: use of undeclared identifier 'OMNIORBPY_DIST_DATE'
system "make", "install"
end
end
test do
system bin/"omniidl", "-h"
system bin/"omniidl", "-bcxx", "-u"
system bin/"omniidl", "-bpython", "-u"
end
end
``` |
Julião de Miranda Henriques Neto (born 16 August 1981) is an amateur Brazilian flyweight boxer who won a silver medal at the 2010 South American Games. He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics and qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics.
References
1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian male boxers
Flyweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Brazil
Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Brazil
Boxers at the 2015 Pan American Games
South American Games silver medalists for Brazil
South American Games medalists in boxing
Competitors at the 2010 South American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
20th-century Brazilian people
21st-century Brazilian people |
The Journal of Anthropological Research is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering anthropology. It was established in 1937 as the New Mexico Anthropologist, with its first issue published on March 13 of that year. At the beginning of 1945, Leslie Spier launched the journal's successor, the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, and served as its editor until he died in 1961. The subsequent editor, Harry Basehart, changed the journal's title to its current one in 1973. It is published by the University of Chicago Press along with the journal's owner and copyright holder, the University of New Mexico. The current editor-in-chief is Lawrence Guy Straus (University of New Mexico). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 0.647, ranking it 55th out of 82 journals in the category "Anthropology".
References
External links
Journal of Anthropological Research at the Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico
Academic journals established in 1937
Quarterly journals
University of Chicago Press academic journals
Anthropology journals
English-language journals
Academic journals associated with universities and colleges of the United States
University of New Mexico |
```go
package v1_8 //nolint
import "xorm.io/xorm"
func AddIsLockedToIssues(x *xorm.Engine) error {
// Issue see models/issue.go
type Issue struct {
ID int64 `xorm:"pk autoincr"`
IsLocked bool `xorm:"NOT NULL DEFAULT false"`
}
return x.Sync(new(Issue))
}
``` |
Women's Hockey Team Torpedo () are a professional ice hockey team in the Zhenskaya Hockey League (ZhHL). The abbreviated form of the team name is ZhHK Torpedo () or WHT Torpedo and they are alternatively known as Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod (). They play in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia at the Culture and Entertainment Complex Nagorny (KRK Nagorny).
The team was established on 14 July 2022, when the team rights of SKIF Nizhny Novgorod were transferred to Hockey Club Torpedo. HC Torpedo also operates Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod of the KHL and Chaika Nizhny Novgorod of the MHL.
History
Following the 2021–22 ZhHL season, SKIF Nizhny Novgorod made the decision to leave the ZhHL in favor of handing over the team, including all obligations to the players and league, to HC Torpedo. Hockey Club SKIF retained all results from previous seasons, including twelve championship victories and four European Women's Champions Cup medals.
Season-by-season results
This list includes all seasons completed by Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod.
Team
2022–23 roster
Coaching staff and team personnel
Head coach: Igor Averkin
Associate coach: Oleg Namestnikov
Assistant coach: Anton Kolesnikov
Goaltending coach: Mikhail Vorobyov
Conditioning coach: Alexei Urazov
Team doctor: Alexei Lazarev
Masseur: Denis Denisov
Front office
General director of HC Tornado: Alexander Kharlamov
Executive director: Alexandra Strogonov
General manager: Maxim Gafurov
Sports director: Yevgeni Bobariko
Manager of hockey administration: Andrei Golyshev
Press attaché: Nikolai Panchenko
References
External links
Ice hockey teams in Russia
Sport in Nizhny Novgorod
Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod (women)
Zhenskaya Hockey League teams |
Lee Kwang-hoon (born 1959) is a South Korean filmmaker who has directed four feature-length films.
Education and career
Lee was born in South Korea in 1959, and studied at Sogang University for his Bachelor of Arts and in Ohio State University to get his Master of Arts. He was the assistant director for Eyes of Dawn and also appeared as an extra. His first movie Doctor Bong was the biggest success in box office in Korea in 1995.
Lee's 1999 film Ghost in Love (Jaguimo) was one of the leading films in the "new wave" of Korean cinema around the turn of the millennium designed to produce blockbusters to rival Hollywood.
In 2008 Lee was involved in controversy when he accused Kim Tae-kyun, the director of Crossing, of plagiarism.
References
South Korean film directors
Sogang University alumni
Living people
1959 births |
Ghorpuri railway station is located in Indian city of Pune. It serves Ghorpuri (a suburban area of Pune city). Very few trains currently halt here. It is about 3.5 km from Pune Junction. Currently all passenger trains and some express trains have a scheduled halt at Ghorpuri. Just beside the station is located a diesel locomotive maintenance shed housing more than 200 locomotives for Express trains from Pune and goods trains.
References
See also
Pune Suburban Railway
Railway stations in Pune
Defunct railway stations in India |
Anti-nuclear protests began on a small scale in the U.S. as early as 1946 in response to Operation Crossroads. Large scale anti-nuclear protests first emerged in the mid-1950s in Japan in the wake of the March 1954 Lucky Dragon Incident. August 1955 saw the first meeting of the World Conference against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs, which had around 3,000 participants from Japan and other nations. Protests began in Britain in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the United Kingdom, the first Aldermaston March, organised by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, took place in 1958. In 1961, at the height of the Cold War, about 50,000 women brought together by Women Strike for Peace marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons. In 1964, Peace Marches in several Australian capital cities featured "Ban the Bomb" placards.
Nuclear power became an issue of major public protest in the 1970s and demonstrations in France and West Germany began in 1971. In France, between 1975 and 1977, some 175,000 people protested against nuclear power in ten demonstrations. In West Germany, between February 1975 and April 1979, some 280,000 people were involved in seven demonstrations at nuclear sites. Many mass demonstrations took place in the aftermath of the 1979 Three Mile Island accident and a New York City protest in September 1979 involved two hundred thousand people. Some 120,000 people demonstrated against nuclear power in Bonn, in October 1979. In May 1986, following the Chernobyl disaster, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program, and clashes between anti-nuclear protesters and police became common in West Germany.
In the early 1980s, the revival of the nuclear arms race triggered large protests about nuclear weapons. In October 1981 half a million people took to the streets in several cities in Italy, more than 250,000 people protested in Bonn, 250,000 demonstrated in London, and 100,000 marched in Brussels. The largest anti-nuclear protest was held on June 12, 1982, when one million people demonstrated in New York City against nuclear weapons. In October 1983, nearly 3 million people across western Europe protested nuclear missile deployments and demanded an end to the arms race; the largest crowd of almost one million people assembled in the Hague in the Netherlands. In Britain, 400,000 people participated in what was probably the largest demonstration in British history.
On May 1, 2005, 40,000 anti-nuclear/anti-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This was the largest anti-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades. In 2005 in Britain, there were many protests about the government's proposal to replace the aging Trident weapons system with a newer model. The largest protest had 100,000 participants. In May 2010, some 25,000 people, including members of peace organizations and 1945 atomic bomb survivors, marched from Lower Manhattan to the United Nations headquarters, calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons.
The 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents undermined the nuclear power industry's proposed renaissance and revived anti-nuclear passions worldwide, putting governments on the defensive. There were large protests in Germany, India, Japan, Switzerland, and Taiwan.
Australia and the Pacific
.
In 1964, Peace Marches which featured "Ban the bomb" placards, were held in several Australian capital cities.
In 1972, the anti-nuclear weapons movement maintained a presence in the Pacific, largely in response to French nuclear testing there. Activists, including David McTaggart from Greenpeace, defied the French government by sailing small vessels into the test zone and interrupting the testing program. In Australia, thousands joined protest marches in Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Sydney. Scientists issued statements demanding an end to the tests; unions refused to load French ships, service French planes, or carry French mail; and consumers boycotted French products. In Fiji, activists formed an Against Testing on Mururoa organization.
In November and December 1976, 7,000 people marched through the streets of Australian cities, protesting against uranium mining. The Uranium Moratorium group was formed and it called for a five-year moratorium on uranium mining. In April 1977 the first national demonstration co-ordinated by the Uranium Moratorium brought around 15,000 demonstrators into the streets of Melbourne, 5,000 in Sydney, and smaller numbers elsewhere. A National signature campaign attracted over 250,000 signatures calling for a five-year moratorium. In August, another demonstration brought 50,000 people out nationally and the opposition to uranium mining looked like a potential political force.
On Palm Sunday 1982, an estimated 100,000 Australians participated in anti-nuclear rallies in the nation's largest cities. Growing year by year, the rallies drew 350,000 participants in 1985. The movement focused on halting Australia's uranium mining and exports, abolishing nuclear weapons, removing foreign military bases from Australia's soil, and creating a nuclear-free Pacific.
On Dec 17th 2001, 46 Greenpeace activists occupied the Lucas Heights facility to protest the construction of a second research reactor. Protestors gained access to the grounds, the HIFAR reactor, the high-level radioactive waste store and the radio tower. Their protest highlighted the security and environmental risks of the production of nuclear materials and the shipment of radioactive waste from the facility.
In March 2012, hundreds of anti-nuclear demonstrators converged on the Australian headquarters of global mining giants BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto to mark one year since the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The 500-strong march through southern Melbourne called for an end to uranium mining in Australia. There were also events in Sydney, and in Melbourne the protest included speeches and performances by representatives of the expatriate Japanese community as well as Australia's Indigenous communities, who are worried about the effects of uranium mining near tribal lands.
Czech Republic
As early as 1993 there were local and international protests against the Temelin Nuclear Power Plant's construction. Large grassroots civil disobedience actions took place in 1996 and 1997. These were organized by the so-called Clean Energy Brigades. In September and October 2000, Austrian anti-nuclear protesters demonstrated against the Temelin Nuclear Power Plant and at one stage temporarily blocked all 26 border crossings between Austria and the Czech Republic. The first reactor was finally commissioned in 2000 and the second in 2002.
France
In 1971, 15,000 people demonstrated against French plans to locate the first light-water reactor power plant in Bugey. This was the first of a series of mass protests organized at nearly every planned nuclear site in France until the massive demonstration at the Superphénix breeder reactor in Creys-Malvillein in 1977 culminated in violence.
In France, between 1975 and 1977, some 175,000 people protested against nuclear power in ten demonstrations.
In January 2004, up to 15,000 anti-nuclear protesters marched in Paris against a new generation of nuclear reactors, the European Pressurised Water Reactor (EPWR).
On March 17, 2007, simultaneous protests, organised by Sortir du nucléaire, were staged in five French towns to protest construction of EPR plants; Rennes, Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, and Strasbourg.
Following the 2011 Fukushima I nuclear accidents, around 1,000 people took part in a protest against nuclear power in Paris on March 20. Most of the protests, however, are focused on the closure of the Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant, where some 3,800 French and Germans demonstrated on April 8 and April 25.
Thousands staged anti-nuclear protests around France, on the eve of the 25th anniversary of Chernobyl and after Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster, demanding reactors be closed. Protesters' demands were focused on getting France to shut its oldest nuclear power station at Fessenheim, which lies in a densely populated part of France, less than two kilometres from Germany and around 40 kilometres (25 miles) from Switzerland.
Around 2,000 people also protested at the Cattenom nuclear plant, France's second most powerful, in the Mosel region to the northwest of Strasbourg. Protesters in southwestern France staged another demonstration in the form of a mass picnic in front of the Blayais nuclear reactor, also in memory of Chernobyl. In France's northwestern region of Brittany, around 800 people staged a good-humoured march in front of the Brennilis experimental heavy-water atomic plant that was built in the 1960s. It was taken offline in 1985 but its dismantling is still not completed after 25 years.
Three months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, thousands of anti-nuclear campaigners protested in Paris.
On June 26, 2011, around 5,000 protesters gathered near Fessenheim nuclear power plant, demanding the plant be shut down immediately. Demonstrators from France and Germany came to Fessenheim and formed a human chain along the road. Protesters claim that the plant is vulnerable to flooding and earthquakes. Fessenheim has become a flashpoint in renewed debate over nuclear safety in France after the Fukushima accident. The plant is operated by French power group EDF.
In November 2011, thousands of anti-nuclear protesters delayed a train carrying radioactive waste from France to Germany. Many clashes and obstructions made the journey the slowest one since the annual shipments of radioactive waste began in 1995. The shipment, the first since Japan's Fukishima nuclear disaster, faced large protests in France where activists damaged the train tracks. Thousands of people in Germany also interrupted the train's journey, forcing it to proceed at a snail's pace, covering 1,200 kilometers (746 miles) in 109 hours. More than 200 people were reported injured in the protests and several arrests were made.
On December 5, 2011, nine Greenpeace activists cut through a fence at the Nogent Nuclear Power Plant. They scaled the roof of the domed reactor building and unfurled a "Safe Nuclear Doesn't Exist" banner before attracting the attention of security guards. Two activists remained at large for four hours. On the same day, two more campaigners breached the perimeter of the Cruas Nuclear Power Plant, escaping detection for more than 14 hours, while posting videos of their sit-in on the internet.
In Aquitaine, the local group TchernoBlaye continue to protest against the continued operation of the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant.
On the first anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, organisers of French anti-nuclear demonstrations claim 60,000 supporters formed a human chain 230 kilometres long, stretching from Lyon to Avignon.
In March 2014, police arrested 57 Greenpeace protesters who used a truck to break through security barriers and enter the Fessenheim nuclear power plant in eastern France. The activists hung antinuclear banners, but France's nuclear safety authority said that the plant's security had not been compromised. President Hollande has promised to close Fessenheim by 2016, but Greenpeace wants immediate closure.
Germany
In 1971, the town of Wyhl, in Germany, was a proposed site for a nuclear power station. In the years that followed, public opposition steadily mounted, and there were large protests. Television coverage of police dragging away farmers and their wives helped to turn nuclear power into a major issue. In 1975, an administrative court withdrew the construction licence for the plant. The Wyhl experience encouraged the formation of citizen action groups near other planned nuclear sites. Many other anti-nuclear groups formed elsewhere, in support of these local struggles, and some existing citizen action groups widened their aims to include the nuclear issue.
In West Germany, between February 1975 and April 1979, some 280,000 people were involved in seven demonstrations at nuclear sites. Several site occupations were also attempted. In the aftermath of the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, some 200,000 people attended a demonstration against nuclear power in Hannover and Bonn.
In 1981, Germany's largest anti-nuclear power demonstration took place to protest against the construction of the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant on the North Sea coast west of Hamburg. Some 100,000 people came face to face with 10,000 police officers. Twenty-one policemen were injured by demonstrators armed with gasoline bombs, sticks, stones and high-powered slingshots.
The largest anti-nuclear protest was most likely a 1983 nuclear weapons protest in West Berlin which had about 600,000 participants.
In October 1983, nearly 3 million people across western Europe protested nuclear missile deployments and demanded an end to the nuclear arms race. The largest turnout of protesters occurred in West Germany when, on a single day, 400,000 people marched in Bonn, 400,000 in Hamburg, 250,000 in Stuttgart, and 100,000 in West Berlin.
In May 1986, following the Chernobyl disaster, clashes between anti-nuclear protesters and West German police became common. More than 400 people were injured in mid-May at the site of a nuclear-waste reprocessing plant being built near Wackersdorf. Police "used water cannons and dropped tear-gas grenades from helicopters to subdue protesters armed with slingshots, crowbars and Molotov cocktails".
During a weekend in October 2008, some 15,000 people disrupted the transport of radioactive nuclear waste from France to a dump in Germany. This was one of the largest such protests in many years and, according to Der Spiegel, it signals a revival of the anti-nuclear movement in Germany. In 2009, the coalition of green parties in the European parliament, who are unanimous in their anti-nuclear position, increased their presence in the parliament from 5.5% to 7.1% (52 seats).
A convoy of 350 farm tractors and 50,000 protesters took part in an anti-nuclear rally in Berlin on September 5, 2009. The marchers demanded that Germany close all nuclear plants by 2020 and close the Gorleben radioactive dump. Gorleben is the focus of the anti-nuclear movement in Germany, which has tried to derail train transports of waste and to destroy or block the approach roads to the site. Two above-ground storage units house 3,500 containers of radioactive sludge and thousands of tonnes of spent fuel rods.
Following the Fukushima I nuclear accidents, anti-nuclear opposition intensified in Germany. On 12 March 2011, 60,000 Germans formed a 45-km human chain from Stuttgart to the Neckarwestheim power plant. On 14 March, 110,000 people protested in 450 other German towns, with opinion polls indicating 80% of Germans opposed the government's extension of nuclear power. On March 15, 2011, Angela Merkel said that seven nuclear power plants which went online before 1980 would be temporarily closed and the time would be used to study speedier renewable energy commercialization.
In March 2011, more than 200,000 people took part in anti-nuclear protests in four large German cities, on the eve of state elections. Organisers called it the biggest anti-nuclear demonstration the country has seen. Thousands of Germans demanding an end to the use of nuclear power took part in nationwide demonstrations on 2 April 2011. About 7,000 people took part in anti-nuclear protests in Bremen. About 3,000 people protested outside of RWE's headquarters in Essen.
Thousands of Germans demanding an end to the use of nuclear power took part in nationwide demonstrations on 2 April 2011. About 7,000 people took part in anti-nuclear protests in Bremen. About 3,000 people protested outside of RWE's headquarters in Essen. Other smaller rallies were held elsewhere.
Chancellor Angela Merkel's coalition announced on May 30, 2011, that Germany's 17 nuclear power stations will be shut down by 2022, in a policy reversal following Japan's Fukushima I nuclear accidents. Seven of the German power stations were closed temporarily in March, and they will remain off-line and be permanently decommissioned. An eighth was already off line, and will stay so.
In November 2011, thousands of anti-nuclear protesters delayed a train carrying radioactive waste from France to Germany. Many clashes and obstructions made the journey the slowest one since the annual shipments of radioactive waste began in 1995. The shipment, the first since Japan's Fukishima nuclear disaster, faced large protests in France where activists damaged the train tracks.
German Nuclear Power Plant Closures c. 2023
In 2023, Germany closed all of its remaining Nuclear power plants. Environmentalists and commentators have criticized the closures for destabilizing the German power grid, and for forcing reliance on coal and other forms of carbon emitting fossil fuels to power the nation's towns and cities. Others have also pointed out the lack of domestic power production as a national security vulnerability, as most of the power that Germany imports comes from overseas, primarily from Russia.
India
Following the March 2011 Fukushima disaster, many are questioning the mass roll-out of new plants in India, including the World Bank, the former Indian Environment Minister, Jairam Ramesh, and the former head of the country's nuclear regulatory body, A. Gopalakrishnan. The massive Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project is the focus of concern — "931 hectares of farmland will be needed to build the reactors, land that is now home to 10,000 people, their mango orchards, cashew trees and rice fields" — and it has attracted many protests. Fishermen in the region say their livelihoods will be wiped out.
Environmentalists, local farmers and fishermen have been protesting for months over the planned six-reactor nuclear power complex on the plains of Jaitapur, 420 km south of Mumbai. If built, it would be one of the world's largest nuclear power complexes. Protests have escalated in the wake of Japan's Fukushima I nuclear accidents. During two days of violent rallies in April 2011, a local man was killed and dozens were injured.
As of October 2011, thousands of protesters and villagers living around the Russian-built Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant in the southern Tamil Nadu province, are blocking highways and staging hunger strikes, preventing further construction work, and demanding its closure as they fear of the disasters like the Environmental impact of nuclear power, Radioactive waste, nuclear accident similar to the releases of radioactivity in March at Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster.
A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has also been filed against the government's civil nuclear program at the apex Supreme Court. The PIL specifically asks for the "staying of all proposed nuclear power plants till satisfactory safety measures and cost-benefit analyses are completed by independent agencies".
The People's Movement Against Nuclear Energy is an anti-nuclear power group in Tamil Nadu, India. The aim of the group is to close the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant site and to preserve the largely untouched coastal landscape, as well as educate locals about nuclear power. In March 2012, police said they had arrested nearly 200 anti-nuclear activists who were protesting the restart of work at the long-stalled nuclear power plant. Engineers have resumed working on one of two 1,000-megawatt Koodankulam nuclear reactors a day after the local government gave the green light for the resumption of the Russia-backed project.
Italy
In May 1986, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program, and 50,000 marched in Milan.
Japan
In March 1982 some 200,000 people participated in a nuclear disarmament rally in Hiroshima. In May 1982, 400,000 people demonstrated in Tokyo. In mid-April, 17,000 people protested at two demonstrations in Tokyo against nuclear power.
In 1982, Chugoku Electric Power Company proposed building a nuclear power plant near Iwaishima, but many residents opposed the idea, and the island's fishing cooperative voted overwhelmingly against the plans. In January 1983, almost 400 islanders staged a protest march, which was the first of more than 1,000 protests the islanders carried out. Since the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011 there has been wider opposition to construction plans for the plant.
Research results show that some 95 post-war attempts to site and build nuclear power plants resulted in only 54 completions. Many affected communities "fought back in highly publicized battles". Co-ordinated opposition groups, such as the Citizens' Nuclear Information Center and the anti-nuclear newspaper Hangenpatsu Shinbun have operated since the early 1980s. Cancelled plant orders included:
The Maki NPP at Maki, Niigata (Kambara)—Canceled in 2003
The Kushima NPP at Kushima, Miyazaki—1997
The Ashihama NPP at Ashihama, Mie Prefecture—2000 (the first Project at the site in the 1970s where realized at Hamaoka as Unit 1&2)
The Hōhoku NPP at Hōhoku, Yamaguchi—1994
The Suzu NPP at Suzu, Ishikawa—2003
In May 2006, an international awareness campaign about the dangers of the Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant, Stop Rokkasho, was launched by musician Ryuichi Sakamoto. Greenpeace has opposed the Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant under a campaign called "Wings of Peace – No more Hiroshima Nagasaki", since 2002 and has launched a cyberaction to stop the project. Consumers Union of Japan together with 596 organisations and groups participated in a parade on 27 January 2008 in central Tokyo against the Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant. Over 810,000 signatures were collected and handed in to the government on 28 January 2008. Representatives of the protesters, which include fishery associations, consumer cooperatives and surfer groups, handed the petition to the Cabinet Office and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Seven consumer organisations have joined in this effort: Consumers Union of Japan, Seikatsu Club Consumer's Co-operative Union, Daichi-o-Mamoru Kai, Green Consumer's Co-operative Union, Consumer's Co-operative Union "Kirari", Consumer's Co-operative Miyagi and Pal-system Co-operative Union. In June 2008, several scientists stated that the Rokkasho plant is sited directly above an active geological fault line that could produce a magnitude 8 earthquake. But Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited have stated that there was no reason to fear an earthquake of more than magnitude 6.5 at the site, and that the plant could withstand a 6.9 quake.
Three months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, thousands of anti-nuclear protesters marched in Japan. Company workers, students, and parents with children rallied across Japan, "venting their anger at the government's handling of the crisis, carrying flags bearing the words 'No Nukes!' and 'No More Fukushima'." Problems in stabilizing the Fukushima I plant have hardened attitudes to nuclear power. As of June 2011, "more than 80 percent of Japanese now say they are anti-nuclear and distrust government information on radiation". The ongoing Fukushima crisis may spell the end of nuclear power in Japan, as "citizen opposition grows and local authorities refuse permission to restart reactors that have undergone safety checks". Local authorities are skeptical that sufficient safety measures have been taken and are reticent to give their permission – now required by law – to bring suspended nuclear reactors back online. More than 60,000 people in Japan marched in demonstrations in Tokyo, Osaka, Hiroshima and Fukushima on June 11, 2011.
In July 2011, Japanese mothers, many new to political activism, have started "taking to the streets to urge the government to protect their children from radiation leaking from the crippled Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant". Using social networking media, such as Facebook and Twitter, they have "organized antinuclear energy rallies nationwide attended by thousands of protesters".
In September 2011, anti-nuclear protesters, marching to the beat of drums, "took to the streets of Tokyo and other cities to mark six months since the March earthquake and tsunami and vent their anger at the government's handling of the nuclear crisis set off by meltdowns at the Fukushima power plant". An estimated 2,500 people marched past TEPCO headquarters, and created a human chain around the building of the Trade Ministry that oversees the power industry. Protesters called for a complete shutdown of Japanese nuclear power plants and demanded a shift in government policy toward alternative sources of energy. Among the protestors were four young men who started a 10-day hunger strike to bring about change in Japan's nuclear policy.
Tens of thousands of people marched in central Tokyo in September 2011, chanting "Sayonara nuclear power" and waving banners, to call on Japan's government to abandon atomic energy in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Author Kenzaburō Ōe, who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1994, and has campaigned for pacifist and anti-nuclear causes addressed the crowd. Musician Ryuichi Sakamoto, who composed the score to the movie The Last Emperor was also among the event's supporters.
Thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Yokohama on the weekend of January 14–15, 2012, to show their support for a nuclear power-free world. The demonstration showed that organized opposition to nuclear power has gained momentum in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The most immediate demand was for the protection of rights for those affected by the Fukushima accident, including basic human rights such as health care, living standards and safety.
On the anniversary of the 11 March 2011 earthquake and tsunami all over Japan protesters called for the abolishment of nuclear power, and the scrapping of nuclear reactors.
Tokyo:
a demonstration was held in the streets of Tokyo and the march ended in front of the headquarters of TEPCO
Koriyama, Fukushima
16,000 people were at a meeting, they walked through the city calling for the end of nuclear power.
Shizuoka Prefecture
1,100 people called for the scrapping of the Hamaoka reactors of Chubu Electric Power Co.
Tsuruga, Fukui
1,200 people marched in the streets of the city of Tsuruga, the home of the Monju fast-breeder reactor prototype and the nuclear reactors of Kansai Electric Power Co.
The crowd objected the restart of the reactors of the Oi-nuclear power plant. Of which NISA did approve the so-called stress-tests, after the reactors were taken out of service for a regular check-up.
Saga city, Aomori city
Likewise protests were held in the cities of Saga and Aomori and at various other places hosting nuclear facilities.
Nagasaki and Hiroshima
Anti-nuclear protesters and atomic-bomb survivors marched together and demanded that Japan should end its dependency on nuclear power.
In June 2012, tens of thousands of protesters participated in anti-nuclear power rallies in Tokyo and Osaka, over the government's decision to restart the first idled reactors since the Fukushima disaster, at Oi Nuclear Power Plant in Fukui Prefecture.
New Zealand
From the early 1960s New Zealand peace groups CND and the Peace Media organised nationwide anti-nuclear campaigns in protest of atmospheric testing in French Polynesia. These included two large national petitions presented to the New Zealand government which led to a joint New Zealand and Australian Government action to take France to the International Court of Justice (1972). In 1972, Greenpeace and an amalgam of New Zealand peace groups managed to delay nuclear tests by several weeks by trespassing with a ship in the testing zone. During the time, the skipper, David McTaggart, was beaten and severely injured by members of the French military.
On 1 July 1972, the Canadian ketch Vega, flying the Greenpeace III banner, collided with the French naval minesweeper La Paimpolaise while in international waters to protest French nuclear weapon tests in the South Pacific.
In 1973 the New Zealand Peace Media organised an international flotilla of protest yachts including the Fri, Spirit of Peace, Boy Roel, Magic Island and the Tanmure to sail into the test exclusion zone. Also in 1973, New Zealand Prime Minister Norman Kirk as a symbolic act of protest sent two navy frigates, HMNZS Canterbury and HMNZS Otago, to Mururoa. They were accompanied by HMAS Supply, a fleet oiler of the Royal Australian Navy.
In 1985 the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior was bombed and sunk by the French DGSE in Auckland, New Zealand, as it prepared for another protest of nuclear testing in French military zones. One crew member, Fernando Pereira of Portugal, photographer, drowned on the sinking ship while attempting to recover his photographic equipment. Two members of DGSE were captured and sentenced, but eventually repatriated to France in a controversial affair.
Philippines
In the Philippines, a focal point for protests in the late 1970s and 1980s was the proposed Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, which was built but never operated. The project was criticised for being a potential threat to public health, especially since the plant was located in an earthquake zone.
South Korea
In March 2012, environmental conservation groups staged a rally in central Seoul to voice opposition to nuclear power on the first anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. According to organizers, over 5,000 people attended, and the turnout was one of the biggest in recent memory for an antinuclear demonstration. The rally adopted a declaration demanding that President Lee Myung Bak abandon his policy to promote nuclear power.
Spain
In Spain, in response to a surge in nuclear power plant proposals in the 1960s, a strong anti-nuclear movement emerged in 1973, which ultimately impeded the realisation of most of the projects. On July 14, 1977, in Bilbao, Spain, between 150,000 and 200,000 people protested against the Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant. This has been called the "biggest ever anti-nuclear demonstration".
Sweden
In June 2010, Greenpeace anti-nuclear activists invaded Forsmark nuclear power plant to protest the then-plan to remove the government prohibition on building new nuclear power plants. In October 2012, 20 Greenpeace activists scaled the outer perimeter fence of the Ringhals nuclear plant, and there was also an incursion of 50 activists at the Forsmark plant. Greenpeace said that its non-violent actions were protests against the continuing operation of these reactors, which it says are unsafe in European stress tests, and to emphasise that stress tests did nothing to prepare against threats from outside the plant. A report by the Swedish nuclear regulator said that "the current overall level of protection against sabotage is insufficient". Although Swedish nuclear power plants have security guards, the police are responsible for emergency response. The report criticised the level of cooperation between nuclear site staff and police in the case of sabotage or attack.
Switzerland
In May 2011, some 20,000 people turned out for Switzerland's largest anti-nuclear power demonstration in 25 years. Demonstrators marched peacefully near the Beznau Nuclear Power Plant, the oldest in Switzerland, which started operating 40 years ago. Days after the anti-nuclear rally, Cabinet decided to ban the building of new nuclear power reactors. The country's five existing reactors would be allowed to continue operating, but "would not be replaced at the end of their life span".
Taiwan
In March 2011, around 2,000 anti-nuclear protesters demonstrated in Taiwan for an immediate end to the construction of the island's fourth nuclear power plant. The protesters were also opposed to lifespan extensions for three existing nuclear plants.
In May 2011, 5,000 people joined an anti-nuclear protest in Taipei City, which had a carnival-like atmosphere, with protesters holding yellow banners and waving sunflowers. This was part of a nationwide "No Nuke Action" protest, against construction of the fourth nuclear plant and in favor of a more renewable energy policy.
On World Environment Day in June 2011, environmental groups demonstrated against Taiwan's nuclear power policy. The Taiwan Environmental Protection Union, together with 13 environmental groups and legislators, gathered in Taipei and protested against the nation's three operating nuclear power plants and the construction of the fourth plant.
In March 2012, about 2,000 people staged an anti-nuclear protest in Taiwan's capital following the massive earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan one year ago. The protesters rallied in Taipei to renew calls for a nuclear-free island by taking lessons from Japan's disaster on March 11, 2011. They "want the government to scrap a plan to operate a newly constructed nuclear power plant – the fourth in densely populated Taiwan". Scores of aboriginal protesters "demanded the removal of 100,000 barrels of nuclear waste stored on their Orchid Island, off south-eastern Taiwan. Authorities have failed to find a substitute storage site amid increased awareness of nuclear danger over the past decade".
In March 2013, 68,000 Taiwanese protested across major cities against the island's fourth nuclear power plant, which is under construction. Taiwan's three existing nuclear plants are near the ocean, and prone to geological fractures, under the island.
Active seismic faults run across the island, and some environmentalists argue Taiwan is unsuited for nuclear plants. Construction of the Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant using the ABWR design has encountered public opposition and a host of delays, and in April 2014 the government decided to halt construction.
The Netherlands
On 21 November 1981, a large demonstration against nuclear weapons was organised in Amsterdam. The demonstration was attended by 400,000 to 450,000 people, and was organised by the (Interdenominational Peace Council) in collaboration with political parties, unions, and peace groups. On 29 October 1983, the organised a demonstration in The Hague, Netherlands which was attended by 550,000 people, and was the largest demonstration in the history of the Netherlands.
United Kingdom
The first Aldermaston March organised by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament took place at Easter 1958, when several thousand people marched for four days from Trafalgar Square, London, to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment close to Aldermaston in Berkshire, England, to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons. The Aldermaston marches continued into the late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four-day marches.
Many significant anti-nuclear mobilizations in the 1980s occurred at the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp. It began in September 1981 after a Welsh group called "Women for Life on Earth" arrived at Greenham to protest against the decision of the Government to allow cruise missiles to be based there. The women's peace camp attracted significant media attention and "prompted the creation of other peace camps at more than a dozen sites in Britain and elsewhere in Europe". In December 1982 some 30,000 women from various peace camps and other peace organisations held a major protest against nuclear weapons on Greenham Common.
On 1 April 1983, about 70,000 people linked arms to form a human chain between three nuclear weapons centres in Berkshire. The anti-nuclear demonstration stretched for 14 miles along the Kennet Valley.
In London, in October 1983, more than 300,000 people assembled in Hyde Park. This was "the largest protest against nuclear weapons in British history", according to The New York Times.
In 2005 in Britain, there were many protests about the government's proposal to replace the aging Trident weapons system with a newer model. The largest protest had 100,000 participants and, according to polls, 59 percent of the public opposed the move.
In October 2008 in the United Kingdom, more than 30 people were arrested during one of the largest anti-nuclear protests at the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston for 10 years. The demonstration marked the start of the UN World Disarmament Week and involved about 400 people.
In October 2011, more than 200 protesters blockaded the Hinkley Point C nuclear power station site. Members of several anti-nuclear groups that are part of the Stop New Nuclear alliance barred access to the site in protest at EDF Energy's plans to renew the site with two new reactors.
In January 2012, three hundred anti-nuclear protestors took to the streets of Llangefnia, against plans to build a new nuclear power station at Wylfa. The march was organised by a number of organisations, including Pobl Atal Wylfa B, Greenpeace and Cymdeithas yr Iaith, which are supporting farmer Richard Jones who is in dispute with Horizon.
On March 10, 2012, the first anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, hundreds of anti-nuclear campaigners formed a symbolic chain around Hinkley Point to express their determined opposition to new nuclear power plants, and to call on the coalition government to abandon its plan for seven other new nuclear plants across the UK.
In April 2013, thousands of Scottish campaigners, MSPs, and union leaders, rallied against nuclear weapons. The Scrap Trident Coalition wants to see an end to nuclear weapons, and says saved monies should be used for health, education and welfare initiatives. There was also a blockade of the Faslane Naval Base, where Trident missiles are stored.
United States
On November 1, 1961, at the height of the Cold War, about 50,000 women brought together by Women Strike for Peace marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons. It was the largest national women's peace protest of the 20th century.
On May 2, 1977, 1,414 Clamshell Alliance protesters were arrested at Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant.
The protesters who were arrested were charged with criminal trespass and asked to post bail ranging from $100 to $500. They refused and were then held in five national guard armories for 12 days. The Seabrook conflict, and role of New Hampshire Governor Meldrim Thomson, received much national media coverage.
The American public were concerned about the release of radioactive gas from the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 and many mass demonstrations took place across the country in the following months. The largest one was held in New York City in September 1979 and involved two hundred thousand people; speeches were given by Jane Fonda and Ralph Nader.
On June 3, 1981, Thomas launched the longest running peace vigil in US history at Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C. He was later joined on the White House Peace Vigil by anti-nuclear activists Concepcion Picciotto and Ellen Benjamin.
On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to the cold war arms race. It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history.
Beginning in 1982, an annual series of Christian peace vigils called the "Lenten Desert Experience" were held over a period of several weeks at a time, at the entrance to the Nevada Test Site in the USA. This led to a faith-based aspect of the nuclear disarmament movement and the formation of the anti-nuclear Nevada Desert Experience group.
The Seneca Women's Encampment for a Future of Peace and Justice was located in Seneca County, New York, adjacent to the Seneca Army Depot. It took place mainly during the summer of 1983. Thousands of women came to participate and rally against nuclear weapons and the "patriarchal society" that created and used those weapons. The purpose of the Encampment was to stop the scheduled deployment of Cruise and Pershing II missiles before their suspected shipment from the Seneca Army Depot to Europe that fall. The Encampment continued as an active political presence in the Finger Lakes area for at least 5 more years.
Hundreds of people walked from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C., in 1986 in what is referred to as the Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament. The march took nine months to traverse , advancing approximately fifteen miles per day.
Other notable anti-nuclear protests in the United States have included:
May 2, 1977: 1,414 protesters were arrested at Seabrook, an event which received much media coverage.
June 1978: some 12,000 people attended a protest at Seabrook.
August 1978: almost 500 Abalone Alliance protesters were arrested at Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant.
April 8, 1979: 30,000 people marched in San Francisco to support shutting down the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant.
April 28, 1979: 15,000 people demonstrated against the Rocky Flats Nuclear Processing Plant in Colorado, making the link between nuclear power and nuclear weaponry.
May 1979: An estimated 65,000 people, including the Governor of California, attended a march and rally against nuclear power in Washington, D.C.
June 2, 1979: about 500 people were arrested for protesting about construction of the Black Fox Nuclear Power Plant in Oklahoma.
June 3, 1979: following the Three Mile Island accident, some 15,000 people attended a rally organized by the Shad Alliance and about 600 were arrested at Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant in New York.
June 30, 1979: about 40,000 people attended a protest rally at Diablo Canyon.
June 22, 1980: about 15,000 people attended a protest near San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station in California.
September, 1981: close to 2,000 arrests were made during an attempted occupation at Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant.
June 5, 1989: Police arrested 627 people protesting at Seabrook Nuclear Power Station.
1997: Over 2,000 people turned out for a demonstration at the Nevada Test Site and 700 were arrested.
Anti-nuclear protests preceded the shutdown of the Shoreham, Yankee Rowe, Millstone I, Rancho Seco, Maine Yankee, and about a dozen other nuclear power plants.
On May 1, 2005, 40,000 anti-nuclear/anti-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This was the largest anti-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades.
In 2008 and 2009, there have been protests about, and criticism of, several new nuclear reactor proposals in the United States. There have also been some objections to license renewals for existing nuclear plants.
In May 2010, some 25,000 people, including members of peace organizations and 1945 atomic bomb survivors, marched for about two kilometers from downtown New York to a square in front of United Nations headquarters, calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons. The march occurred ahead of the opening of the review conference on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT).
USSR
The anti-nuclear organisation "Nevada Semipalatinsk" was formed in 1989 and was one of the first major anti-nuclear groups in the former Soviet Union. It attracted thousands of people to its protests and campaigns which eventually led to the closure of the nuclear test site at Semipalatinsk, in north-east Kazakhstan, in 1991. The Soviet Union conducted over 400 nuclear weapons tests at the Semipalatinsk Test Site between 1949 and 1989. The United Nations believes that one million people were exposed to radiation.
See also
List of peace activists
References
External links
ALSOS Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
Nuclear-free future award
Environmental protests
Nuclear history
Technology in society |
Primera división (Spanish for First division) can refer to multiple top-division football leagues and other sports:
Football
CONMEBOL (South America)
Argentine Primera División
Bolivian Primera División
Chilean Primera División
Paraguayan Primera División
Peruvian Primera División
Uruguayan Primera División
Venezuelan Primera División
CONCACAF (Central and North America)
Costa Rican Primera División
Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador
Liga MX or Primera División, Mexico
Nicaraguan Primera División
UEFA (Europe)
La Liga or Primera División, Spain
Primera Divisió, Andorra
Primera División (women)
See also
Segunda División (disambiguation)
Primera (disambiguation)
Division 1 (disambiguation)
1st Division (disambiguation) |
```javascript
import { cmp, Pos } from "../line/pos"
import { lst } from "../util/misc"
import { normalizeSelection, Range, Selection } from "./selection"
// Compute the position of the end of a change (its 'to' property
// refers to the pre-change end).
export function changeEnd(change) {
if (!change.text) return change.to
return Pos(change.from.line + change.text.length - 1,
lst(change.text).length + (change.text.length == 1 ? change.from.ch : 0))
}
// Adjust a position to refer to the post-change position of the
// same text, or the end of the change if the change covers it.
function adjustForChange(pos, change) {
if (cmp(pos, change.from) < 0) return pos
if (cmp(pos, change.to) <= 0) return changeEnd(change)
let line = pos.line + change.text.length - (change.to.line - change.from.line) - 1, ch = pos.ch
if (pos.line == change.to.line) ch += changeEnd(change).ch - change.to.ch
return Pos(line, ch)
}
export function computeSelAfterChange(doc, change) {
let out = []
for (let i = 0; i < doc.sel.ranges.length; i++) {
let range = doc.sel.ranges[i]
out.push(new Range(adjustForChange(range.anchor, change),
adjustForChange(range.head, change)))
}
return normalizeSelection(out, doc.sel.primIndex)
}
function offsetPos(pos, old, nw) {
if (pos.line == old.line)
return Pos(nw.line, pos.ch - old.ch + nw.ch)
else
return Pos(nw.line + (pos.line - old.line), pos.ch)
}
// Used by replaceSelections to allow moving the selection to the
// start or around the replaced test. Hint may be "start" or "around".
export function computeReplacedSel(doc, changes, hint) {
let out = []
let oldPrev = Pos(doc.first, 0), newPrev = oldPrev
for (let i = 0; i < changes.length; i++) {
let change = changes[i]
let from = offsetPos(change.from, oldPrev, newPrev)
let to = offsetPos(changeEnd(change), oldPrev, newPrev)
oldPrev = change.to
newPrev = to
if (hint == "around") {
let range = doc.sel.ranges[i], inv = cmp(range.head, range.anchor) < 0
out[i] = new Range(inv ? to : from, inv ? from : to)
} else {
out[i] = new Range(from, from)
}
}
return new Selection(out, doc.sel.primIndex)
}
``` |
Histone cluster 2, H3, pseudogene 2, also known as HIST2H3PS2, is a human gene.
References
Further reading
Pseudogenes |
```javascript
'use strict';
var expect = require('expect.js');
var promiseRetry = require('../');
var promiseDelay = require('sleep-promise');
describe('promise-retry', function () {
it('should call fn again if retry was called', function () {
var count = 0;
return promiseRetry(function (retry) {
count += 1;
return promiseDelay(10)
.then(function () {
if (count <= 2) {
retry(new Error('foo'));
}
return 'final';
});
}, { factor: 1 })
.then(function (value) {
expect(value).to.be('final');
expect(count).to.be(3);
}, function () {
throw new Error('should not fail');
});
});
it('should call fn with the attempt number', function () {
var count = 0;
return promiseRetry(function (retry, number) {
count += 1;
expect(count).to.equal(number);
return promiseDelay(10)
.then(function () {
if (count <= 2) {
retry(new Error('foo'));
}
return 'final';
});
}, { factor: 1 })
.then(function (value) {
expect(value).to.be('final');
expect(count).to.be(3);
}, function () {
throw new Error('should not fail');
});
});
it('should not retry on fulfillment if retry was not called', function () {
var count = 0;
return promiseRetry(function () {
count += 1;
return promiseDelay(10)
.then(function () {
return 'final';
});
})
.then(function (value) {
expect(value).to.be('final');
expect(count).to.be(1);
}, function () {
throw new Error('should not fail');
});
});
it('should not retry on rejection if retry was not called', function () {
var count = 0;
return promiseRetry(function () {
count += 1;
return promiseDelay(10)
.then(function () {
throw new Error('foo');
});
})
.then(function () {
throw new Error('should not succeed');
}, function (err) {
expect(err.message).to.be('foo');
expect(count).to.be(1);
});
});
it('should not retry on rejection if nr of retries is 0', function () {
var count = 0;
return promiseRetry(function (retry) {
count += 1;
return promiseDelay(10)
.then(function () {
throw new Error('foo');
})
.catch(retry);
}, { retries : 0 })
.then(function () {
throw new Error('should not succeed');
}, function (err) {
expect(err.message).to.be('foo');
expect(count).to.be(1);
});
});
it('should reject the promise if the retries were exceeded', function () {
var count = 0;
return promiseRetry(function (retry) {
count += 1;
return promiseDelay(10)
.then(function () {
throw new Error('foo');
})
.catch(retry);
}, { retries: 2, factor: 1 })
.then(function () {
throw new Error('should not succeed');
}, function (err) {
expect(err.message).to.be('foo');
expect(count).to.be(3);
});
});
it('should pass options to the underlying retry module', function () {
var count = 0;
return promiseRetry(function (retry) {
return promiseDelay(10)
.then(function () {
if (count < 2) {
count += 1;
retry(new Error('foo'));
}
return 'final';
});
}, { retries: 1, factor: 1 })
.then(function () {
throw new Error('should not succeed');
}, function (err) {
expect(err.message).to.be('foo');
});
});
it('should convert direct fulfillments into promises', function () {
return promiseRetry(function () {
return 'final';
}, { factor: 1 })
.then(function (value) {
expect(value).to.be('final');
}, function () {
throw new Error('should not fail');
});
});
it('should convert direct rejections into promises', function () {
promiseRetry(function () {
throw new Error('foo');
}, { retries: 1, factor: 1 })
.then(function () {
throw new Error('should not succeed');
}, function (err) {
expect(err.message).to.be('foo');
});
});
it('should not crash on undefined rejections', function () {
return promiseRetry(function () {
throw undefined;
}, { retries: 1, factor: 1 })
.then(function () {
throw new Error('should not succeed');
}, function (err) {
expect(err).to.be(undefined);
})
.then(function () {
return promiseRetry(function (retry) {
retry();
}, { retries: 1, factor: 1 });
})
.then(function () {
throw new Error('should not succeed');
}, function (err) {
expect(err).to.be(undefined);
});
});
it('should retry if retry() was called with undefined', function () {
var count = 0;
return promiseRetry(function (retry) {
count += 1;
return promiseDelay(10)
.then(function () {
if (count <= 2) {
retry();
}
return 'final';
});
}, { factor: 1 })
.then(function (value) {
expect(value).to.be('final');
expect(count).to.be(3);
}, function () {
throw new Error('should not fail');
});
});
it('should work with several retries in the same chain', function () {
var count = 0;
return promiseRetry(function (retry) {
count += 1;
return promiseDelay(10)
.then(function () {
retry(new Error('foo'));
})
.catch(function (err) {
retry(err);
});
}, { retries: 1, factor: 1 })
.then(function () {
throw new Error('should not succeed');
}, function (err) {
expect(err.message).to.be('foo');
expect(count).to.be(2);
});
});
it('should allow options to be passed first', function () {
var count = 0;
return promiseRetry({ factor: 1 }, function (retry) {
count += 1;
return promiseDelay(10)
.then(function () {
if (count <= 2) {
retry(new Error('foo'));
}
return 'final';
});
}).then(function (value) {
expect(value).to.be('final');
expect(count).to.be(3);
}, function () {
throw new Error('should not fail');
});
});
});
``` |
Feedback is a Bangladeshi rock band, formed in 4 October 1976 in Dhaka by keyboardist Foad Nasser Babu. Multiple lineup changes have taken place since 1976. They have released seven studio albums and have also appeared in some compilations.
History
Their first appearance was in The Hotel Inter-continental (now the Sheraton), Dhaka, on 11 October 1976. Their first recorded song was "Aye Din Chiro Din Robey" in 1980. After Labu Rahman joined the band in 1986, they started concerts out of the hotels. They released their first album Feedback and then Sragam Acoustics. Feedback performed at Shilpakala Academy on 25 September 1989, at Dhaka University on 16 December 1990, at Nicco Park, Kolkata on 26 January 1992, at Jadavpur University on 12 July 1994.
In 1995, they were awarded best band from RTV for their song Jai Jai Din. Their most popular song is "Melai Jaire" , and some other popular songs are "Aye Din Chirodin Robey", "Ak Jhak Projapoti", "Jhau Bonay", "Udashi", "Moushumi 1 & 2", "Kemon Korey Hai", "Janala", "Majhi", "Bidrohi", "Geetikobita 1 & 2", and "Abar Mela".
Discography
Mixed albums
Rongomela Vol.1
Together
Kiron
Adda
6 Band Mixed '99
Aloron
Millennium
Members
Present
Foad Nasser Babu – (keyboards)
Labu Rahman – (guitars & vocals)
Enam Elahi Tonty (drums & percussion)
Raihan Al Hasan (vocals & acoustic guitar)
Mohammed Danesh (bass guitar)
Shahnur Rahman Lumin – (vocals)
Sujan Arif (vocals)
Past
Maqsoodul Haque – (vocals)
Pearo Khan – (drums)
Selim Haider – (vocals)
Murad Rahman – (bass)
Ershad Moinuddin Popsy
Sekender Ahmed Khoka
Zakiur Rahman
Sanu Richter
Kingsley Richter
Sandra Hoff
Omar Khaled Rumi
Musa Rahman
Dastagir Haque
A Z Khan Rommel
Shahriyar Sultan Piyash
Reshad Mahmood
Atiquzzaman Khan Bulbul
First lineup
Foad Nasser Babu - keyboards
Ershad Moinuddin Popsy - drums
Murad Rahman - bass
Kingsley Richter - rhythm guitar & vocals
Sanu Richter - vocals
Salim Haider - lead guitar
Sandra Hoff - vocals
Hafizur Rahman - manager
References
External links
ফিডব্যাক: বাংলা ব্যান্ড জাগরণের এক সফল পথিকৃৎ
ফিডব্যাক’র ৪২ বছরের পথচলায় গাইবে চার ব্যান্ড
নতুন ফিডব্যাক, পুরোনো ফিডব্যাক
Musical groups established in 1976
1976 establishments in Bangladesh
Bangladeshi pop music groups
Bangladeshi blues musical groups |
Earl Rudolph "Bud" Powell (September 27, 1924 – July 31, 1966) was an American jazz pianist and composer. Along with Charlie Parker, Thelonious Monk, Kenny Clarke and Dizzy Gillespie, Powell was a leading figure in the development of modern jazz. His virtuosity led many to call him the Charlie Parker of the piano. Powell was also a composer, and many jazz critics credit his works and his playing as having "greatly extended the range of jazz harmony".
Life and career
Early life
He was born in Harlem, New York, United States. Powell's father was a stride pianist. Powell started classical piano lessons at the age of five. His teacher, hired by his father, was a West Indian man named Rawlins. At 10 years of age, Powell showed interest in the swing music that could be heard all over the neighborhood. He first appeared in public at a rent party, where he mimicked Fats Waller's playing style. The first jazz composition that he mastered was James P. Johnson's "Carolina Shout". Powell's older brother, William, played trumpet and violin, and by the age of 15 Powell was playing in William's band. Powell heard Art Tatum on the radio and tried to match his technique. Powell's younger brother, Richie Powell, was also a noted bebop pianist.
Early to mid-1940s
In his youth Powell listened to the adventurous performances at Uptown House, a venue near his home. This was where Charlie Parker first appeared as a solo act when he briefly lived in New York. Thelonious Monk played at Uptown House. When Monk met Powell he introduced Powell to musicians who were starting to play bebop at Minton's Playhouse. Monk was a resident pianist, and he presented Powell as his protégé. Their mutual affection grew, and Monk became Powell's greatest mentor. Powell eagerly experimented with Monk's idea. Monk's composition "In Walked Bud" is a tribute to their time together in Harlem. Powell was engaged in a series of dance bands, his incubation culminating in becoming the pianist for the swing orchestra of Cootie Williams. In late 1943, he was offered the chance to appear at a nightclub with the quintet of Oscar Pettiford and Dizzy Gillespie, but Powell's mother decided he would continue with the more secure job with the popular Williams.
Powell was the pianist on a handful of Williams's recording dates in 1944. The last included the first recording of Monk's "'Round Midnight". His job with Williams was terminated in Philadelphia in January 1945. After the band finished for the night, Powell wandered near Broad Street Station and was apprehended, drunk, by the private railroad police. He was beaten by them and incarcerated briefly by the city police. Ten days after his release, his headaches persisted and he was hospitalized at Bellevue, an observation ward, and then in a state psychiatric hospital sixty miles away. He remained there for two and a half months.
Powell resumed playing in Manhattan after his release. In 1945–46 he recorded with Frank Socolow, Sarah Vaughan, Dexter Gordon, J. J. Johnson, Sonny Stitt, Fats Navarro, and Kenny Clarke. Powell became known for his sight-reading and his skill at fast tempos. Charlie Parker chose Powell to be his pianist on a May 1947 quintet recording session with Miles Davis, Tommy Potter, and Max Roach; this was the only studio session in which Parker and Powell played together.
Hospitalization (1947–1948)
The Parker session was the only appearance that Powell made in a studio in 1947 besides his Jan 10 recording date with Curly Russell and Max Roach for the album Bud Powell Trio. In November, he had an altercation with a customer at a bar in Harlem. In the ensuing fight, Powell was hit over his eye with a bottle. When the staff at Harlem Hospital found him incoherent and rambunctious, they sent him to Bellevue, which had a record of his previous confinements. He was sent to Creedmoor State Hospital, where he spent eleven months. Powell adjusted to being in the hospital, though in psychiatric interviews he expressed feelings of persecution founded in racism. From February to April 1948, he received electroconvulsive therapy after an outburst which may have been prompted by learning from his girlfriend that she was pregnant with their child. The electroconvulsive therapy was considered ineffective, so the doctors gave him a second series of treatments in May. He was released in October 1948.
Solo and trio recordings (1949–1958)
After a brief hospitalization in early 1949, Powell made several recordings over the next two and a half years, most of them for Blue Note, Mercury, Norgran, and Clef. He also recorded that summer for two independent producers, a session that resulted in eight masters. Max Roach and Curly Russell were his accompanists. The recordings were unreleased till 1950, when Roost Records bought the masters and released them on a series of 78 rpm records. Musicologist Guthrie Ramsey wrote of the session that "Powell proves himself the equal of any of the other beboppers in technique, versatility, and feeling."
The first Blue Note session in August 1949 included Fats Navarro, Sonny Rollins, Tommy Potter and Roy Haynes, and the compositions "Bouncing with Bud" and "Dance of the Infidels". The second Blue Note session in 1951 was a trio with Curley Russell and Max Roach and included "Parisian Thoroughfare" and "Un Poco Loco". The latter was selected by literary critic Harold Bloom for his short list of the greatest works of twentieth-century American art. Sessions for Granz included
Roach, Russell, Ray Brown, George Duvivier, Percy Heath, Lloyd Trotman, Art Blakey, Kenny Clarke, Osie Johnson, Buddy Rich, and Art Taylor.
Powell's rivalry with Parker led to feuding and bitterness on the bandstand. Contributing factors were Powell's worsening mental and physical health.
Powell recorded for Blue Note and Granz throughout the 1950s, interrupted by another stay in a psychiatric facility from late 1951 to early 1953 after being arrested for possession of heroin. He was released into the guardianship of Oscar Goodstein, owner of the Birdland nightclub. A 1953 trio session for Blue Note with Duvivier and Taylor included Powell's composition "Glass Enclosure", the title inspired possibly by his near-imprisonment in Goodstein's apartment.
On May 15, 1953, he played at Massey Hall in Toronto with the quintet, including Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Charles Mingus, and Max Roach. The performance was recorded and released by Debut Records as the album Jazz at Massey Hall. After being released from the hospital, his piano playing was negatively affected by the Largactil he was taking as treatment for schizophrenia.
In 1956, his brother, Richie Powell, and trumpeter Clifford Brown were killed in a car crash.
Paris (1959–1963)
After several more periods in the hospital, Powell moved to Paris in 1959 with Altevia "Buttercup" Edwards and her son, John. Powell had met Edwards directly after an incarceration in 1954. The couple and child moved into the Hotel La Louisiane. She managed his finances and his medicine. Powell continued to perform and record.
Last years (1964–1966)
In 1963, Powell contracted tuberculosis. During the next year, he returned to New York to perform at Birdland with drummer Horace Arnold and bassist John Ore. His performances during these years were adversely affected by his alcoholism. His emotions became unbalanced, and he was hospitalized in New York after months of erratic behavior and self-neglect. On July 31, 1966, he died of tuberculosis, malnutrition, and alcoholism. He was given the last rites of the Catholic Church.
Music
Bud Powell was influenced primarily by Thelonious Monk and Art Tatum.
His solos featured an attacking style similar to that of horn players, contained frequent arpeggios, and utilized much chromaticism.
His comping often consisted of single bass notes outlining the root and fifth. He used voicings of the root and the tenth or the root with the minor seventh.
Reception and influence
Miles Davis in his autobiography said of Powell: "[He] was one of the few musicians I knew who could play, write, and read all kinds of music." "Bud was a genius piano player – the best there was of all the bebop piano players."
In 1986 Francis Paudras wrote a book about his friendship with Powell, translated into English in 1997 as Dance of the Infidels: A Portrait of Bud Powell. The book was the basis for Round Midnight, a film inspired by the lives of Powell and Lester Young, in which Dexter Gordon played the lead role of an expatriate jazzman in Paris.
Powell influenced countless younger musicians, especially pianists. These included Horace Silver, Wynton Kelly, Andre Previn, McCoy Tyner, Cedar Walton, and Chick Corea. Corea debuted a song called "Bud Powell" on his live album with Gary Burton, In Concert, Zürich, October 28, 1979, and in 1997 dedicated an entire album, Remembering Bud Powell to him.
Bill Evans, who described Powell as his single greatest influence, paid the pianist a tribute in 1979: "If I had to choose one single musician for his artistic integrity, for the incomparable originality of his creation and the grandeur of his work, it would be Bud Powell. He was in a class by himself".
Herbie Hancock said of Powell, in a Down Beat magazine interview in 1966: "He was the foundation out of which stemmed the whole edifice of modern jazz piano".
Jazz pianist Bill Cunliffe said Powell was "the first pianist to take Charlie Parker's language and adapt it successfully to the piano." This was, in part, due to his desire to see the pianist get the adulation usually reserved for the saxophonist or trumpeter.
The drummer Art Taylor, who is listed among the personnel on about a dozen Powell recordings, elicited comments concerning Powell from numerous musicians in his 1993 book of interviews, Notes and Tones. Among the comments were these:
Art Blakey: "I think there was a time when Bud Powell was playing more than Charlie Parker."
Don Cherry: "Bud... could play the same thing differently each time."
Kenny Clarke: "An exceptional musician."
Erroll Garner: "Bud was the second greatest thing to Art Tatum... Bud was a genius on the piano."
Hampton Hawes: "Bud Powell was the greatest be-bop piano player in the world. Nobody could phrase like him."
Freddie Hubbard: "To me, they [Bud Powell and Dizzy Gillespie] were true geniuses to create something that spontaneous."
Elvin Jones: "I always had the impression that Bud had been hurt so much. He was like a very delicate piece of china. I think he was an extremely sensitive person, a very beautiful person. He was really nice, and I loved him. I thought he was a genius in what he was doing. His ideas about modern music were revolutionary. There are very few pianists even now who have approached the level of proficiency which Bud Powell attained and consistently maintained. He's one of the masters."
Carmen McRae: "He was a phenomenal pianist, a cat whose potential never really got where it could have gotten to. I think our way of American life has a lot to do with it."
Max Roach: "Bud Powell played a major part in my development."
Sonny Rollins: "In my opinion, Bud was a genius just like Bird. They were untouchable as far as their musicianship was concerned. They could do no wrong in anything they did..."
Randy Weston: "Without a doubt he is one of our leaders."
Tony Williams: "I wish I had been born earlier because of that whole period with Bud and Bird."
Discography
References
Sources
External links
Bud Powell discography
"Bud Powell Anthology" – essays and transcriptions by Ethan Iverson
The Francis Paudras Collection on Bud Powell at the Institute of Jazz Studies
1924 births
1966 deaths
20th-century American pianists
Musicians from New York City
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
Bebop pianists
Blue Note Records artists
ESP-Disk artists
RCA Victor artists
Verve Records artists
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Alcohol-related deaths in New York City
Tuberculosis deaths in New York (state)
American expatriates in France
African-American jazz pianists
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Black Lion Records artists
20th-century African-American musicians
African-American Catholics |
Chrysobothris texana is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
References
Further reading
Buprestidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1860 |
Minox (pronounced ) is a manufacturer of cameras, known especially for its subminiature camera.
The first product to carry the Minox name was a subminiature camera, conceived in 1922, and finally invented and produced in 1936, by Baltic German Walter Zapp. The Latvian factory VEF (Valsts elektrotehniskā fabrika) manufactured the camera from 1937 to 1943. After World War II, the camera was redesigned and production resumed in Germany in 1948. Walter Zapp originally envisioned the Minox to be a camera for everyone requiring only little photographic knowledge. Yet in part due to its high manufacturing costs the Minox became more well known as a must-have luxury item. From the start the Minox also gained wide notoriety as a spy camera.
Minox branched out into 35 mm film format and 110 film format cameras in 1974 and 1976, respectively. Minox continues to operate today, producing or branding optical and photographic equipment.
History
From 1936 to 1975, the history of the Minox brand is essentially that of the Minox subminiature camera. From 1975 the Minox name also became associated with other products, most notably the Minox 35 mm compact cameras produced from 1975 until 2004.
Minox was acquired by Leica in 1996, but a management buyout on 25 August 2001 left Minox an independent company again.
Minox subminiature camera
Subminiature camera history
The original Minox subminiature camera was invented by Walter Zapp in 1936. Zapp, a Baltic German, was born in 1905 in Riga, then part of the Russian Empire. The family moved to Reval (now called Tallinn, Estonia) where he first took a job as an engraver before finding a position with a photographer. He became friends with Nikolai 'Nixi' Nylander and Richard Jürgens, and it was through discussions with these friends that the idea of a camera that could always be carried came to him. Nixi Nylander also coined the name "Minox" and drew up the Minox mouse logo. Jürgens funded the original project but was not able to get support in Estonia for production. Jürgens contacted an English representative of the VEF (Valsts Elektrotehniskā Fabrika) electrotechnical manufacturing business in Riga (by then independent Latvia) who then arranged a meeting where Zapp demonstrated the Minox prototype (UrMinox), with a set of enlargements made from Ur-Minox negatives. Production began in Riga at VEF, running from 1937 until 1943. In the same time, VEF had received patent protection on Zapp's inventions in at least 18 countries worldwide.
Shortly after its introduction, the Minox was widely advertised in The European and American markets. It did not surmount the popularity of 35 mm cameras (which were then referred to as "Miniature Cameras"), but did achieve a niche market. It also attracted the attention of intelligence agencies in America, Britain and Germany, due to its small size and macro focusing ability.
Ironically during World War II production of the Minox was put in jeopardy several times as Latvia fell victim to invasion by the Soviet Union, then Germany, and then by the Soviets again. Cameras were produced under both Russian and German occupation nevertheless, and the camera became both a luxury gift item for Nazi leaders as well as a tool for their spies. In the meantime, Zapp and his associates protected their interest in the product by searching for alternative production facilities in Germany.
After World War II, production of the Minox II began in 1948 at a new company, Minox GmbH, in Giessen/Heuchelheim near Wetzlar, West Germany. The new camera very much resembled the original, but was made with a plastic chassis covered by an aluminum shell. This greatly reduced its weight and, to an extent, cost. The camera continued to appeal to a luxury "gadget" market which broadened during the 1950s and early 1960s. It also continued to see use as an espionage camera by both sides during the Cold War. During this time, the Minox company continued to develop the camera, working with Gossen to develop a companion miniature exposure meter, as well as improved models such as the Minox B, which incorporated an even smaller Gossen-designed meter into the camera itself. The Minox B became the most popular and widely produced model of the line. Further developments included autoexposure, and the company developed an extensive line of accessories. These included flash guns, viewfinder attachments, tripod mounts, and copying stands, all increasing the camera utility in a variety of applications. One accessory even allowed the camera to use a pair of binoculars as a telephoto lens (see illustration). Limited editions of the camera were also produced in a variety of luxury finishes, such as gold plating. Standard cameras were also available in an optional black anodized finish.
The Riga Minox camera, along with the luxury finish postwar cameras, are now collector's items. All-mechanical models A and B remain in use by hobbyists. In 1969 the model C became the first camera of its kind to incorporate electronic exposure control. With the introduction of the LX came significant redesign of the camera's basic controls. It was followed by the last production model, the TLX. There was also a fully electronic entry-level model, the EC, which had a very different internal design and a fixed-focus lens. The production rate for these cameras was considerably slower than in former years, however, as high production costs and increasing competition from Japan sharply reduced sales and revenues.
Beginning in 1981, MINOX experienced increasing difficulties. A quarter of the original 750 employees had to be made redundant. A settlement request was filed with the District Court in Giessen on November 21, 1988. Under the direction of the receivership administration, the workforce was reduced to just under 300, and the business was extensively reorganized.
The MINOX TLX Camera was available until September 2014. Minox is now part of the Blazer Group GmBH, with its facilities in Isny im Allgäu in the south of Germany, with a service facility remaining in Wetzlar. Production of 8x11 film ended in 2015.
The company now produces high-quality sports optics and night-vision devices, its only camera models being trail cameras.
Spy camera
The Minox subminiature camera attracted the attention of intelligence agencies in America, Britain and Germany, and most of the Eastern Bloc (East Germany, Romania) due to its small size and macro focusing ability. There is at least one document in the public record of 25 Minox cameras purchased by the US Office of Strategic Services intelligence organisation in 1942.
The close-focusing lens and small size of the camera made it perfect for covert uses such as surveillance or document copying. The Minox was used by both Axis and Allied intelligence agents during World War II. Later versions were used well into the 1980s. The Soviet spy John A. Walker Jr., whose actions against the US Navy cryptography programs represent some of the most compromising intelligence actions against the United States during the Cold War era, used a Minox C to photograph documents and ciphers.
An measuring chain was provided with most Minox subminiature cameras, which enabled easy copying of letter-sized documents. The espionage use of the Minox has been portrayed in Hollywood movies and TV shows, and some 1980s Minox advertising has played up the "spy camera" story.
Other special uses
A Minox B, operated by remote trigger and protected in a special housing, was used to inspect the interior of the United States Army's SL-1 experimental nuclear reactor after it experienced an internal steam explosion in 1961. This camera and housing were shown in the film report released following the accident investigation.
Technical details of Minox 8×11 cameras
The original Riga-made Minox had a brass chassis covered in a stainless steel shell, which telescopes to reveal or cover the lens and viewfinder windows, as well as to advance the film. It was equipped with a parallax correcting viewfinder, which was coupled to a Cooke triplet type Minostigmat 15 mm f/3.5 lens. The lens was capable of focusing as close as 20 cm, and, due to its small image size, provided such depth of field at full aperture that a diaphragm was deemed unnecessary. The maximum focus zone was about one meter to infinity. In front of the lens was a metal foil curtain shutter, which was itself protected by a window. These were advanced features at the time for any camera, regardless of size.
The dimensions of the Minox subminiature camera are: 80 mm × 27 mm x 16 mm; weight: 130 g.
The Minox cameras project an image of 8×11 mm onto the negative. The film is in strips 9.2 mm wide, or less than one-quarter the size of 35 mm film, and unlike 35 mm film, it has no sprocket holes. This film strip is rolled up in the supply side chamber of a small twin chamber cartridge, with the film leader taped to a take-up spool in the take up chamber. The film strips can be up to 50 frames in length for Riga Minox and Minox II, III, IIIs and B cameras. From Minox BL and C cameras onward the Minox film cartridge holds 15, 30, or 36 exposures.
The VEF Riga has a three-element flat film plane lens. Performance could be improved, so the short-lived Minox II (1948–1951) had a new 5 element lens (called complan) whose final element would rest against the film itself when the pressure plate pushed the film onto the lens. Customers complained of film scratches with this new design, so most of these lenses were replaced by MINOX with the later curved-field compensating lens. Consequently, original 'film lens' Minox II are exceptional.
Early Minox cameras from Minox A/III to Minox B were equipped with a four-element, three-group Complan (lens) designed by ex-Leica lens designer Arthur Seibert. The Complan lens has a curved film plane, hence in these cameras the negative must be held in an arc to improve the edge-to-edge sharpness of the image. The Minox enlarger also holds the negative in this same curve. Later models, beginning with late model Minox B, to the current model TLX, using the 15 mm f/3.5 four-element, three-group flat-field Minox lens, holds the negative flat. The advance was attributed by Rolf Kasemeier (Small MINOX Big Pictures 1971 edition) to new rare-earth element, high-index, low-dispersion, optical glasses becoming available (probably from Schott Glass, of Jena). Note that lens performance between old and new complan/minox lenses was rated by MINOX themselves as identical.
At this time to differentiate between negatives taken with the older complan lens and negatives taken with the later minox lens, MINOX introduced an edge code in the negative. Since the MINOX C (the first camera released with the new minox lens) every 8x11mm camera had a distinct edge code to identify the camera. The reason was that commercial processors used MINOX enlargers. As the minox lens replaced the complan, so the enlargers had to change lenses: MINOX II enlargers were curved negative track and complan lenses, MINOX III enlargers were straight negative track and minox lenses. Ironically, owners of Rigas and model II cameras would get better results from a MINOX III enlarger than a MINOX II enlarger.
The early Minox cameras from Riga to Minox B, BL and AX, were equipped with a mechanical shutter, while later model Minox ( C, LX, EC, TLX ) cameras have an electromagnetic shutter. When closed, the viewfinder and lens windows are protected. Complan lens and Minox lens are unit focusing lens, focusing from 8 inches (20 cm) to infinity through precision gear linked to a focusing dial on top of the camera. All Minox cameras, except the EC and MX, have a parallax correction viewfinder: when the focusing dial moves, the viewfinder moves in tandem to correct for parallax.
From the Riga to Minox B, the film counter counts up to 50, while from Minox BL, C, to TLX, the film counter counts down from 36/30/15. For mechanical Minox 8x11 cameras, a separate shutter speed dial sets the shutter speed from 1/2 to 1/1000 second, plus B and T (the BL model has no documented T). For electromagnetic shutter cameras, the shutter dial starts with 1/15 sec, and ends with 1/1000 (Minox C), or starts with 1/30 and ends with 1/2000 (Minox LX/TLX/CLX); the electromagnetic Minox camera also has an 'A' setting for automatic exposure, controlled by the built-in CdS (Minox C) or Spd (Minox LX/TLX) exposure meter.
Above the viewfinder is a filter bar used to slide a yellow, green or an orange filter in front of the lens; starting with the BL, there is only a Neutral Density filter.
For Riga Minox to Minox B, the film advances each time the camera is closed, regardless of whether a picture is taken or not. Opening the camera causes the pressure plate to press the film into a concave or flat (depending on the model) surface to stiffen thin emulsions for better clarity. When the camera is closed, the pressure plate moves back from the film plane, thus allowing the film strip to move freely to advance to the next frame. From Minox BL onward, the camera is equipped with a "freewheeling" mechanism, such that the film advances one frame only when a picture is taken, otherwise, closing the camera does not advance a frame.
Minox BL uses a PX625 button cell to power the CdS exposure meter; Minox C, LX, EC, used a 5.6v PX27 mercury battery to power the exposure meter and electromagnetic shutter. TLX, CLX, ECX use four 1.5v 386 silver oxide button cell in an adapter; this adapter combo can also be used to replace the discontinued 5.6v PX27 battery for Minox C, LX and EC.
8×11mm TLX Special Order models were available new until September 2014.
Major production runs
Minox Models
Riga – 1938/39 to 1942/43 (retrospectively labeled Model I; usually named after the city Riga)
I – 3 element Minostigmat lens, stainless steel
A – 1948 to 1969 (retrospectively labeled Model II with the launch of Minox III)
II – (1948) 5 element Complan lens, ultralight aluminium shell, new shutter
III – (1950) 4 element Complan lens,
IIIs – (1954) + flash synch
B – 1958 to 1972 ultralight aluminium shell, selenium meter
B – (1958) Complan lens
B – (1970) Minox lens
C – 1969 to 1978 introduced in 1969, electronic
C – (1969) Complan lens
C – (1970) Minox lens
BL – 1972 to 1973 with cadmium sulphide meter (requiring a battery), no longer wound film with each open/close cycle
LX – 1978 to now
LX – (1978) electronic, in anodized aluminium, black aluminium, gold and platinum finish
TLX – (1995) titanium titanal eloxat coated (available again as special order)
EC – 1981 to 2004
EC – (1981) more economical model, smallest Minox
ECX – (1998) minor changes to the EC
MX, distinct model with Minox MX FLASH. Thumb wheel film advance and shutter cocking, mechanical shutter speed 1/125 sec, lens 1:4.8 15mm three element in 2 group glass lens, focusing dial: 1M,2M,4M and infinity.
Special edition runs
AX – similar in size the A (all mechanical) and built from BL parts with an LX shell, versions in chrome, black and gold
LX Sterling – 925 sterling silver hallmarked ¬100 produced
LX Selection – gold with black dials 999 produced
LX Gold II – anniversary edition, cross-hatched gold-plating, with Walter Zapp's signature
LX Platin – Limited edition platinum Minox LX
CLX – with Walter Zapp's signature
LX 2000 – brass black anodized with gold trim
Aviator – black anodized with luminous dials, logo and script limited edition of 300
MHS EC – Minox Historical Society EC with MHS logo limited edition of 100
MinoxClub EC – 1st German Minox club EC in Riga blue with club logo, limited edition of 111.
LX 100th Anniversary Edition – polished chrome with Walter Zapp's commemorative coin
The total number of all Minox 8x11 cameras made was about 944,500 units.
Minox 8×11 accessories
Minox tripod, ver 1 and 2
Minox tripod adapter (3 Variations: Riga, (A/II/III/B,BL,C) and (LX/TLX/CLX)
Minox copy stand (2 Variations (LX and non-LX Cameras)
Minox waist level finder ((2 Variations (A,B)
Minox 90 degree mirror (3 Variations (A,B and 'universal')
Minox film slitter (Minox and non-Minox produced)
Minox enlargers (Colour and Black and White)
Minosix selenium exposure meter (For A Cameras)
Minox flashgun (Bulb and Cubeflash)
Minox electronic flash (3 types, ME1/ME2 and 8x11)
Minox binocular adapter (2 types LX and non-LX Cameras)
Minox microfilm reader (At least 2 types)
Minox daylight development tank with thermometer (2 types: Riga and Minox)
Minox negative viewer and cutter
Minox film wallets (for 50 or 36 exposure films)
Minox battery adapter, for replacement of discontinued PX27 5.6v mercury battery used in electromagnetic Minox cameras.
Minox 8x11 format slide projector
Matching the size of the slide film for the 8×11 MINOX cameras, MINOX also produced slide projectors ending with the auto-focus HP24 model.
Minox 35 mm cameras
Minox 35 mm compact cameras
In 1974, Minox introduced a very compact (100 mm × 61 mm × 31 mm), glass fibre reinforced Makrolon bodied 35 mm film camera designed by Professor Fischer of Vienna University: the Minox EL, the first one in Minox 35 mm series. These compact cameras featured a drawbridge style lens cover which when lowered brought forward a 35 mm focal length f/2.8 four-element, three-group Tessar-type Minotar/Minoxar lens with between the lens leaf shutter and diaphragm, a center positioned viewfinder, two stroke film winder lever and a film rewind knob. The Minox 35 camera back must be removed for loading or unloading film.
The camera offered aperture priority exposure with the option of manual settings. The Minox 35ML and Minox M.D.C offer program mode (P mode) exposure in addition to aperture priority. The 35 mm/2.8 Minotar/Minoxar lens was very sharp, with low distortion, while the camera's metering-system's capability to produce excellent results especially under low-light conditions was outstanding – using exposure times of up to two minutes.
Some models have a 2x backlit exposure switch and a 10 sec timer switch. When the timer is engaged, a flashing LED indicates the timer counter is counting down, for the last two sec, the flash interval shortened.
Until 1995, the Minox 35 cameras were considered the smallest cameras for the standard 35 mm film format. The design was inspired by the Rollei 35, which had been the smallest 35 mm camera for eight years. The Rollei 35 is only slightly bigger, but much heavier than the Minox 35 cameras. However, the Minolta TC-1, introduced in 1996, is smaller.
Minox 35 mm compact camera versions
Minox EL, 1974
MINOX GL, 1979–1981
MINOX GT, 1981–1991
MINOX GT-Golf, 1984
Minox GT-Sport
All the above models use a single 5.6 v PX27 battery which can be replaced with two CR 1/3N 3 V Lithium Batteries
by using an adapter.
MINOX PL, 1982–1983, program-controlled version of EL- or G-series
MINOX ML, 1985–1995
MINOX MB, 1986–1999
MINOX AL, 1987–1988, simplified program-controlled version of EL- or G-series
MINOX AF, 1988–1990, autofocus
MINOX GT-E, 1988–1993 with built in UV filter.
MINOX AF-90, 1990–, autofocus
MINOX MB Touring, 1990
MINOX Goldknopf 1991–1993, EL- or G-series version with a solid gold button for shutter release.
MINOX GSE, 1991–1994
MINOX M.D.C, 1992–1995. This is the flagship of Minox 35 mm series. MDC differs from all other models by its anodized aluminium shell over Macrolon body; with two styles: a gold plated model and a titanium coated model. MDC has a multicoated Minoxar 35 mm/2.8 lens, all other functions are identical to Minox 35ML. Due to the extra metal shell, the dimension of Minox M.D.C is slightly larger than other Minox 35 cameras.
MINOX MDC gold Collection, 1993–1994
MINOX AF mini, 1994–, autofocus
MINOX GT-X, 1998–1999
MINOX GT-E(II), 1998–2001
MINOX GT-S, 1998–2004
All the above, except ML, and MDC use 2 x CR 1/3N 3V Lithium batteries or a single 6V SPX27 silver oxide battery. ML, and MDC use a single 6V PX28 battery.
Accessories for Minox 35 include: UV filter, ND filter, lens hood, eveready leather case, and dedicated electronic flash.
Other Minox 35 mm cameras
The few 35 mm cameras offered were of the "point and shoot" style:
MINOX M*142
MINOX M*142 DB
MINOX CD-25 silver
MINOX CD-25 black
MINOX CD-29 silver
MINOX CD-29 black
MINOX CD-70 silver
MINOX CD-70 black
MINOX CD-112 silver
MINOX CD112 black
MINOX CD-128
MINOX CD-140
MINOX Edition 140
MINOX CD-150
MINOX CD-155
Other products
Minox 110 camera
MINOX 110S, a 110 film format camera was also once sold. The Minox 110S has a Carl Zeiss Tessar 25 mm/2.8 unit focusing lens, and magicube flash. It is the only camera with a rangefinder made by Minox. An external electronic flashgun was also available. Users report that the 110S provides particularly good results on modern 110 film.
Miniature retro cameras
Minox briefly expanded its range of 8×11 models by offering Minox-badged cameras styled as miniatures of famous classic film cameras of the past, manufactured by Sharan Megahouse of Japan, including:
Leica If
Leica IIIf
Leica M3
Rolleiflex TLR
Zeiss Contax I
Hasselblad SWC.
All these retro cameras are equipped with 15mm F5.6 triplet lens, and 1/250 sec shutter. Using
Minox film in Minox cassette, image size 8x11mm.
Minox digital cameras
Later, a range of digital cameras was offered.
Digital miniature retro cameras
The digital camera offerings also included similar miniature retro cameras to the 8x11-based models:
DCC Rolleiflex AF 5.0
DCC Minox Leica M3
Rolleiflex minidigi (out of production)
DCC 5.1 (2011)
DCC Minox 5.1 Coloured (2012) DCC 5.1 Colour Collection
DCC 14mp (2013) Minox 2013 catalogue 2013 DCC 14mp
Minox DSC subminiature digital camera
At photokina in 2008, Minox announced a new subminiature digital camera called the DSC, (Digital Spy Camera) with a 3 megapixel sensor that outputs 5 megapixel interpolated images. It includes some design cues of the Minox LX but otherwise does not resemble the original cameras.
Minox DSC silver, with 9.0mm/F2.0 focusing lens, 0.6M,1M and infinity
Current products
Minox currently produces optics for nature and wildlife observation, for marine and water sports purposes, and for hunting.
Binoculars
Riflescopes
Digital trail cameras (nature and wildlife observation cameras)
Spotting scopes
Night vision equipment
Macroscopes
References and notes
Further reading
Heckmann, Hubert E. MINOX The Queen of Spy Cameras, Variations in 8x11, Wittig Books 2012,
Heckmann, Hubert E. MINOX Variations in 8x11, Wittig Books,
Kadlubek, Gunther. Classic Camera Collection, Verlag Rudolf Hillebrand
Moses, Morris and Wade, John. Spycamera: The Minox Story, 2nd ed.,
Young, D. Scott. Minox: Marvel in Miniature,
Kasemeier, Rolf. Small Minox – Big Picture, Heering-Verlag, 1971, 45th–52nd thousand,
Emanuel, W.D. Minox Guide, Focal Press, Tenth Edition, 1979
Rolf Kasemeier Die Minox 35 Ringier Verlag, Munchen 1983
Eberhard, Peter. Oktaeder, Spy-cam Sketches. Minox 8X11 edition peer Luzern 2012,
Robert Wallace and H. Keith Melton, with Henry R. Schlesinger, Spycraft: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs, from Communism to al-Qaeda, New York, Dutton, 2008.
See also
Walter Zapp
VEF
List of digital camera brands
External links
– official site
Walter Zapp's pronunciation of "Minox"
Minox Historical Society
Minox 35 mm Cameras
35mm – Variation in Minox Subminiature Cameras
Models and serial nos. of all Minox 8x11 cameras
VEF Minox Riga – Fan Website
8x11 – Variations in Minox Subminiature Cameras
Minox camera forum
M.S. Hobbies Limited UK Minox Specialist since 1969
Photography companies of Germany
Photography in Latvia
Photography in the Soviet Union
Subminiature cameras
Estonian inventions
Latvian inventions
Wetzlar |
Near East Command was a Command of the British Armed Forces. It was only active from 1961 to 1962, but its subordinate Near East Land Forces was active from 1961 to as late as 1977.
History
In 1959 Middle East Command was divided into two commands split by the Suez canal.
The two parts were British Forces Arabian Peninsula, which was based at Aden, and the rump of Middle East Command which was based in Cyprus and which on 1 March 1961 was renamed Near East Command. It was formed as an interservice command with HQ at Episkopi, Cyprus, from Mediterranean elements of Middle East Command, while most of the latter's assets moved with its headquarters to Aden. The army element was Near East Land Forces.
Near East Land Forces comprised Cyprus District, British Troops Malta, Libya and Tripolitania Area, and Cyrenaica Area.
Near East Command itself was disbanded in 1962.
Near East Land Forces remained, with its headquarters in Cyprus, and was reorganised into districts: Cyprus District, Malta District, Libya and Tripolitania District and Cyrenaica District in August 1965. In 1969 the Libyan districts were disbanded as British and American forces left Libya. In Libya an Army port complex and RAF El Adem were closed in the late 1960s.
Hew Butler was General Officer Commanding Near East Land Forces from 1972 to 1974.
In April 1978 3 Signal Group in Cyprus was replaced by Signal Branch HQ Near East Land Forces.
Later the Malta District disbanded, and after that Near East Land Forces disbanded, leaving British Forces Cyprus as an independent command in 1977.
Near East Land Forces signals support
NELF had a signals group located in Cyprus. 3rd Signal Group (Near East Land Forces) was active from 1967 to 1978. Created from Headquarters, Royal Signals Cyprus in 1967 to form 3rd Signal Group (Cyprus), it was renamed Headquarters, 3rd Signal Group (Near East Land Forces) in 1970, and was disbanded eight years later.
In 1967 the Headquarters, Royal Signals Cyprus became the Headquarters, 3 Signal Group (Cyprus). When it was first formed it only contained one signal regiment commanding three squadrons, as well as three separate squadrons. In 1970 it became the Headquarters, 3 Signal Group (Near East Land Forces). In 1976 it moved from Episkopeio to Dhekelia and was disbanded officially two years later in 1978. After its disbandment the group was replaced by Headquarters, Signals Branch, Near East Land Forces.
The following was the structure of the group on formation in 1967:
9th (Radio) Regiment Royal Signals
234 Signal Squadron
235 Signal Squadron
236 Signal Squadron
259 (Radio Relay) Signal Squadron
261 (Air Formation) Signal Squadron
262 (Cyprus) Signal Squadron
Commanders-in-Chief
General Sir Dudley Ward left the post of Commander-in-Chief British Army of the Rhine to become, in May 1960, Commander-in-Chief, British Forces Middle East. By the time Ward vacated the appointment in May 1962 his title was Commander-in-Chief, Near East.
References
External links
War Office and Ministry of Defence: Headquarters Middle East
DEFE 13 - Ministry of Defence: Private Office: Registered Files (all Ministers') - Mediterranean and Near East Command, DEFE 13/319, 1959-1962, former reference in original department: MO 20/5/2 Pt 1, held by: The National Archives, Kew.
Review of Plans for Near East Command Area; DEFE 6/78/30; 1962 May 2, held by The National Archives, Kew.
Joint commands of the United Kingdom
Military units and formations established in 1961
Military units and formations disestablished in the 1960s |
Lars Taylor-Tatsuji Nootbaar (, Enokida Tatsuji, born September 8, 1997) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB). On the international level, he represents the Japan national baseball team.
Born and raised in El Segundo, California, Nootbaar played three seasons of college baseball at the University of Southern California. The Cardinals selected him in the eighth round of the 2018 MLB draft, and he was in their minor league system for four seasons before making his MLB debut in 2021.
Early life and amateur career
Nootbaar was born to an American father of European descent, Charlie Nootbaar, and a Japanese mother, Kumiko Enokida. Nootbaar grew up in El Segundo, California.
He later attended El Segundo High School, where he played baseball and football. He was a three-time league MVP in baseball and twice in football as the Eagles' starting quarterback. He committed to play college baseball at the University of Southern California (USC) and was recruited to play college football by UC Davis and Fordham.
Nootbaar was a three-year starter for the USC Trojans, where his older brother Nigel had played. He was named All-Pac-12 Conference as a sophomore after hitting .313 with 34 RBIs, 33 runs scored, and seven home runs. Following the season, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Orleans Firebirds of the Cape Cod Baseball League. As a junior, Nootbaar had a .249 batting average with six home runs and 24 runs batted in (RBIs).
Professional career
The St. Louis Cardinals selected Nootbaar in the eighth round of the 2018 Major League Baseball draft. After signing with the team, he was assigned to the State College Spikes of the Class A Short Season New York–Penn League, where he set a team record with seven RBIs in one game. For the season, he hit .227 with two home runs and 26 RBIs over 56 games. Nootbaar began the 2019 season with the Class A Peoria Chiefs of the Midwest League before being promoted to the Class A-Advanced Palm Beach Cardinals of the Florida State League. He was promoted a second time to the Springfield Cardinals of the Class AA Texas League. Over 101 games between the three clubs, he batted .264 with seven home runs and 38 RBIs. In 2020, the minor league season was canceled by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Nootbaar began the 2021 season at the Cardinals' alternate training site before being reassigned to the Triple-A East Memphis Redbirds. He was placed on the injured list with a hand injury on May 28, and was activated on June 14.
On June 22, 2021, Nootbaar was selected to the 40-man roster and promoted to the major leagues for the first time. At the time of his promotion, he had a .329/.430/.557 slash line with five home runs and 17 RBIs over 22 games. He made his MLB debut that day as the starting left fielder against the Detroit Tigers. The following day, Nootbaar recorded his first career hit, a triple. He hit his first career home run as a pinch-hitter off JT Brubaker in a 7–6 win over the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 12. Nootbaar hit another pinch-hit home run the next day in a 6–0 victory over the Kansas City Royals. On August 25, Nootbaar got his first career walk-off hit, a single in the 10th inning against Tigers relief pitcher Michael Fulmer. Nootbaar finished the 2021 season slashing .239/.317/.422 with five home runs and 15 RBIs over 109 at-bats. He was selected to play in the Arizona Fall League for the Glendale Desert Dogs after the season.
Nootbaar entered the 2022 season as the Cardinals' fourth outfielder before eventually moving into a starting role after injuries and positive play. Over 108 games and 290 at-bats for St. Louis, he hit .228/.340/.448 with 14 home runs, 40 RBIs, and 16 doubles.
International career
In 2006, a Japan national youth team toured the US, including future MLB player Masahiro Tanaka and Japanese high school pitching phenom Yuki Saito. Nootbaar served as a batboy and interacted with the team, including stretching and playing catch, and some of the players stayed at his house and shared meals with the family. According to his mother, this experience was later influential to Nootbaar accepting an offer to join the Japan national team for the 2023 World Baseball Classic. The team went on to win the tournament, with Nootbaar batting leadoff and recording an RBI in the gold-medal match against the United States national team. Nootbaar was the first player not born in Japan to represent the country in a World Baseball Classic.
Personal life
Nootbaar's parents met while they were students at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. Nootbaar's older brother, Nigel, was a pitcher at USC and played professionally in the Baltimore Orioles system.
During the 2022 season, Nootbaar became a fan favorite among Cardinals fans, often being greeted with "Nooooot!" when batting or making a defensive play, which may be mistaken for booing.
References
External links
USC Trojans bio
1997 births
Living people
2023 World Baseball Classic players
American baseball players of Japanese descent
American people of Dutch descent
American people of German descent
El Segundo High School alumni
Glendale Desert Dogs players
La Crosse Loggers players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Memphis Redbirds players
Orleans Firebirds players
Palm Beach Cardinals players
People from El Segundo, California
Baseball players from Los Angeles County, California
Peoria Chiefs players
Springfield Cardinals players
St. Louis Cardinals players
State College Spikes players
USC Trojans baseball players |
Dayanandnagar railway station is a railway station in New Safilguda, Malkajgiri, Telangana, India. Localities like Dayanandnagar, Radhakrishna(RK)Nagar, Uttam Nagar, Goutham nagar are accessible from this station. The station is used by several people for their morning walks or jogs.
Lines
Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System
Secunderabad–Bolarum route (SB Line)
External links
MMTS Timings as per South Central Railway
MMTS stations in Ranga Reddy district
Hyderabad railway division |
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Muintir na Tíre (, meaning "People of the Country") is a national Irish voluntary organisation that promotes community and rural development.
Canon John Hayes founded the organisation in 1937.
Past presidents
Canon John Hayes Founder: 1937-1957
Canon Maurice Morrissey 1957-1963
Very Rev. Ray Browne 1963-1967
Very Rev. Patrick Purcell 1967-1971
Con Lucey 1973-1976
Very Rev. John Stapleton 1976-1980
Michael J. Lynch 1980-1983 & 1986-1994
Lt. Col. Jim O’Brien 1983-1984
Sean Hegarty 1984-1986 & 2001-2004
Jim Quigley 1994-2001
Margaret O’Doherty 2004-2007
Martin Quinn 2008-2011
The list was compiled from a picture supplied by Tom Fitzgerald, the Chief Administrative Officer from 1947 to his retirement.
References
External links
Muintir na Tíre website
Non-profit organisations based in the Republic of Ireland
Development charities based in the Republic of Ireland
Organizations established in 1937
Agrarianism in Ireland |
Courtown () is a village in County Wexford, Ireland. It was developed after Lord Courtown ordered the construction of a harbour during the Famine years, 1839–1846. The economic boost of the new harbour led to a small village developing with fishing being the primary economy of the village.
Courtown lies on the R742 regional road, around 6 km south-east of Gorey. It is situated on the Irish Sea coast and with the recent development during the Celtic Tiger years, has merged into the adjoining village of Riverchapel. As a result, population has trebled from 2006, reaching 4,365 in 2022.
Development and amenities
The name Courtown originally applied to a townland in North Wexford, 4 kilometres east of Gorey town. The townland was home to the seat of Lord Courtown during the 18th and 19th centuries. Courtown House was demolished in 1962. The remains of his private church and cemetery can still be seen in the townland. Today it is home to Courtown Golf Club and Kiltennel Church.
In the late 20th and early 21st century, significant urbanisation has taken place, especially in Riverchapel, just south of Courtown Harbour. Large housing estates are now home to commuters working in Dublin. While the population of Courtown is somewhat smaller, the census combines the area of Courtown, Riverchapel and Ardamine. As of the 2006 census the population of this area was 1,421, and had grown to 4,365 by the time of the 2022 census.
Courtown is home to 'The Dinky Take-Away', serving the "best chips in Ireland", as voted on Marty Whelan's morning show on the 2FM radio station. Courtown also has a confectionary shop, ice-cream shop, and hair salons.
The town features crazy golf, amusement rides, ten-pin bowling, a golf course, as well as a beach and forest park. Courtown is also home to a Class D RNLI inshore lifeboat.
Seal Rescue Ireland (SRI), a charity organisation that works to rescue, rehabilitate and release sick or injured seals, is based in Courtown.
Transport
There is a bus once a day (except on Sundays) to and from Gorey, departing in the morning and returning in the afternoon. On Mondays and Saturdays Bus Éireann route 379 operates and continues to Wexford via Curracloe. Route 879 operates on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays. On Wednesdays, the service is provided by the Rural Roadrunner bus operated by Wexford Local Development.
The nearest station is Gorey railway station, around 7 kilometres away.
Tourism
As a harbour and seaside village, there is a high tourism rate during the months of the summer (May–August). Local tourist accommodation types include a number of bed and breakfasts, guesthouses, and caravan and holiday parks.
History
The name 'Courtown' dates to 1278, but the harbour was not built until the mid-1800s as a response by Lord Courtown to the Great Famine, and cost £25,000 to complete. Courtown was by then already well known for its beaches, but the presence of the harbour made it a fashionable destination, with people from Dublin and the midlands frequenting the village and beaches. Its popularity as a summer holiday resort for Dublin people increased after 1863, when the railway line from Dublin reached nearby Gorey.
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
List of RNLI stations
References
External links
Courtownharbour.com - Website for Courtown Harbour
Seaside resorts in the Republic of Ireland
Towns and villages in County Wexford
Beaches of County Wexford |
André Werner Keyser (8 March 1938, Pretoria – 15 August 2010, Pretoria), was a South African palaeontologist and geologist noted for his discovery of the Drimolen hominid site and of numerous hominid remains.
In 1994 he discovered a female Paranthropus robustus skull, nicknamed Eurydice, the most complete australopithecine skull ever excavated.
In 1997 he found two children’s skulls some 1.5 to 2 million years old. The children were under 3 years old at the time of their death, and were found at the Drimolen site near the Sterkfontein Caves.
In the 1930s Robert Broom, acting on a suggestion from a Transvaal Museum lepidopterist, was the first palaeontologist to visit Gladysvale Cave, hoping to find a hominid fossil cave close to Johannesburg. In 1946 Phillip Tobias recovered a baboon fossil from the site. The 1948 Camp-Peabody expedition from the United States failed to find any hominid remains. The site was then forgotten until 1991 when Lee Berger and Andre Keyser started excavations. They soon found two teeth of Australopithecus africanus, making Gladysvale the first new hominid site in South Africa since the 1948 discovery of Swartkrans by Robert Broom.
Since then the site has yielded more than a quarter of a million fossils in excavations by teams from the University of the Witwatersrand, the University of Zurich and Duke University. These fossils include, beside hominids, antelope, extinct wolves, giant zebra and monkeys.
Dr Colin Menter from the University of Johannesburg, commenting on the hominid fossils from Drimolen, stated: “Discoveries at this site showed us that sex differences in Paranthropus robustus were greater than we had previously thought. While there are some specimens from Drimolen that are just as large and robust as those from other sites like Swartkrans, there is a complete female skull that is distinctly smaller than the other, well-preserved specimens of the species.”
Personal life
Eldest of three sons of Gabriel Keyser and Adelheid Dorothea Giesekke, André Keyser was married to Josina/Sienie le Roux and lived in Meyerspark, Pretoria. They had two sons and two daughters (Helena, Gawie, Liesel and Andre). He was also a painter, with a strong influence of the nature of South Africa. His death was due to cancer.
References
External links
Image of Eurydice
Image of Eurydice and Orpheus lower jaw
South African paleontologists
1938 births
2010 deaths
Academic staff of the University of the Witwatersrand |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var resolve = require( 'path' ).resolve;
var logger = require( 'debug' );
var glob = require( 'glob' ).sync;
var copy = require( '@stdlib/utils/copy' );
var sloc = require( '@stdlib/_tools/static-analysis/js/sloc-file-list' ).sync;
var cwd = require( '@stdlib/process/cwd' );
var defaults = require( './defaults.json' );
var validate = require( './validate.js' );
// VARIABLES //
var debug = logger( 'js-sloc-glob:sync' );
// MAIN //
/**
* Synchronously calculates source lines of code (SLOC) on a file glob.
*
* @param {Options} [options] - function options
* @param {string} [options.dir] - root directory from which to search for files
* @param {string} [options.pattern='**\/*.js'] - glob pattern
* @param {StringArray} [options.ignore] - glob pattern(s) to exclude matches
* @throws {TypeError} options argument must be an object
* @throws {TypeError} must provide valid options
* @returns {(Error|Object|null)} analysis results or an error object
*
* @example
* var opts = {
* 'dir': __dirname
* };
*
* var results = analyze( opts );
* if ( results instanceof Error ) {
* throw results;
* }
* console.log( JSON.stringify( results ) );
*/
function analyze( options ) {
var results;
var gopts;
var files;
var sopts;
var opts;
var err;
var dir;
var i;
opts = copy( defaults );
if ( arguments.length ) {
err = validate( opts, options );
if ( err ) {
throw err;
}
}
debug( 'Options: %s', JSON.stringify( opts ) );
if ( opts.dir ) {
dir = resolve( cwd(), opts.dir );
} else {
dir = cwd();
}
debug( 'Search directory: %s', dir );
gopts = {
'cwd': dir,
'ignore': opts.ignore,
'realpath': true // return absolute file paths
};
debug( 'Glob options: %s', JSON.stringify( gopts ) );
debug( 'Searching for files...' );
files = glob( opts.pattern, gopts );
debug( 'Found %d files.', files.length );
if ( files.length === 0 ) {
debug( 'Skipping analysis...' );
if ( opts.cumulative ) {
return null;
}
return [];
}
sopts = {
'cumulative': opts.cumulative
};
debug( 'Analysis options: %s', JSON.stringify( sopts ) );
debug( 'Performing analysis...' );
results = sloc( files, sopts );
if ( results instanceof Error ) {
debug( 'Encountered an error when analyzing files: %s', results.message );
return results;
}
for ( i = 0; i < results.length; i++ ) {
// NOTE: We assume that results are returned in the same order as the provided file list...
results[ i ] = [ files[ i ], results[ i ] ];
}
debug( 'Finished analysis.' );
return results;
}
// EXPORTS //
module.exports = analyze;
``` |
East Cambridgeshire District Council is a non-metropolitan district council in the county of Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. Elections are held every four years.
Council elections
Notes:
By-election results
2003-2007
2011-2015
2015-2019
2019-2023
References
External links
East Cambridgeshire District Council
Council elections in Cambridgeshire
East Cambridgeshire District
District council elections in England |
Henri Rinck (January 10, 1870 – February 17, 1952) was a French chess study composer, considered one of the most important early figures in the field.
Biography
Henri Rinck was born in Lyon (France) on January 10, 1870, where his family were brewers (Brasserie Rinck). He graduated as a chemical engineer at the Technische Hochschule of Munich (Germany). He then worked at the Faculté des Sciences in Lyon as an assistant of Dr. Barbier.
In 1897 he discovered a refining process for green vegetable oils, which was applied in Marseille (France), then by several olive oil refineries in Spain. In 1900 he set up a factory in Badalona (Spain) and lived there with his family. Before the end of the Spanish civil war he had to leave Spain. He established himself in Marseille, but returned to Spain later.
His first chess endgame studies appeared from 1902 in the "Deutsche Schachzeitung". In 1909 he published the first collection "150 fins de partie" (with an introduction by Johann Berger). A second edition followed in 1913, a third edition in 1919 ("300 fins de partie") and a fourth edition in 1927 ("700 fins de partie"). In 1947 he published "Las sorpresas de la teoría" (The Surprises of Theory), containing 111 endgames on two rooks against two minor pieces, and, together with Louis Malpas, "Dame contre tour et cavalier" (Queen against Rook and Knight). Rinck was one of the most prolific composers, having published as many as 1670 endgame studies, 58 of which won first prize in tourneys of study composition.
Rinck died in Badalona on February 17, 1952. Six days before his death he was handed out the first copy of his ultimate collection "1414 fins de partie". On his request he was buried with this book under his arm.
Composition
The diagram below shows one of Rincks' controversial studies.
Solution:
1. Qe4+ Ka6 2. Rh6+ Rf6 3. Qf5! wins
1. ... Kb8 2. Rh8+ Kc7 3. Rh7 Rf2+ 4. Kc3 Rf3+ 5. Kd4(b4) wins
1. ... Kb6 2. Rh6+ Kc5(a5,b5) 3. Qe5+ Qd5 4. Qc7+ wins
André Chéron, in "Lehr- und Handbuch der Endspiele", considered the study incorrect:
Black would draw with 1. Qe4+ Ka6 2. Rh6+ Rf6 3. Qf5 Rxh6 4. Qxf7 Rc6!=
Computer analysis however has proved the correctness of the study:after 4...Rc6 White delivers mate in 34 moves.
Notes
References
(dated 1950, published 1952, according to The Oxford Companion to Chess)
Further reading
Endgame Lab: Henry Rinck (1870-1952), by Pal Benko, Chess Life, August 2010, pp. 44–45.
External links
A Magnificent Royal Tango: study 932 from "1414 fins de partie", explained by Александра Костенюк
Extrait de l’Historique des échecs à Lyon. La période 1892-1952: Henri RINCK (in French)
Portrait of Henri Rinck (in French)
Henri Rinck chess compositions at YACPDB
1870 births
1952 deaths
Chess composers
Technical University of Munich alumni
People from Lyon |
Cheick Bongouta Cissé (born 25 October 1987 in Mali) is a Malian footballer who is last known to have played for Moroka Swallows of the South African National First Division.
Career
Mbabane Highlanders
Transferring to Swazi Premier League title contenders Mbabane Highlanders in 2008 and scoring a goal on his cup debut opposing Eleven Men, Cissé threatened to leave the club after not being paid for the six weeks since his arrival.
Moroka Swallows
On trial with Moroka Swallows of the South African top division, the Malian striker officially penned a two-year deal with them in January 2011. However, after getting cleared to play, Cissé put in a torpid performance for the club despite being given 11 starts by coach Gordon Igesund in his first six months with the Swallows. This was coupled with injury, which caused him to be finally released by the South African outfit in 2013.
References
External links
Moroka Swallows' Malian striker Cheick Cisse is confident that his country is going to beat Nigeria
Living people
Malian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
1987 births
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
Malian men's footballers
South African Premier Division players
Moroka Swallows F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in Eswatini
Mbabane Swallows F.C. players
21st-century Malian people |
Mesko is a Polish defense technology company established in 1922, operating from August 25, 1924 as Państwowa Fabryka Amunicji (National Ammunition Factory), then Zakłady Metalowe MESKO SA (Metal Factory MESKO SA). At present the company produces various munitions with headquarters in Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland.
In the past, the factory was a manufacturer of home appliances, as in the communist period it belonged to the "Predom" union of industries. Currently part of the Polish Armaments Group (Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa) concern, previously to the Bumar group.
Current products
GROM – Man-Portable Air Defense System (MANPADS)
Piorun – MANPADS
SPIKE-LR – Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM)
NLPR-70 – Unguided rocket for use for air-to-ground purposes
Various small arms ammunition
"PIRAT" ATGM
"MOSKIT" ATGM
References
External links
MESKO SA – Strona oficjalna
MESKO-ROL
MESKO-AGD
Defence companies of Poland
Polish brands |
```python
Your own Python `calendar`
When `range` comes in handy
Immutable sets with `frozenset`
Get more with `collections`!
Operations with `bytes` and `bytearray`
``` |
```php
<?php declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Nuwave\Lighthouse\GlobalId;
use GraphQL\Error\Error;
use GraphQL\Type\Definition\Type;
use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Execution\ResolveInfo;
use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Schema\TypeRegistry;
use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Support\Contracts\GraphQLContext;
/**
* @phpstan-type NodeResolverFn callable(mixed $id, \Nuwave\Lighthouse\Support\Contracts\GraphQLContext $context, \Nuwave\Lighthouse\Execution\ResolveInfo $resolveInfo): mixed
*/
class NodeRegistry
{
/**
* A map from type names to resolver functions.
*
* @var array<string, NodeResolverFn>
*/
protected array $nodeResolverFns = [];
/**
* The stashed current type.
*
* Since PHP resolves the fields synchronously and one after another,
* we can safely stash just this one value. Should the need arise, this
* can probably be a map from the unique field path to the type.
*/
protected string $currentType;
public function __construct(
protected TypeRegistry $typeRegistry,
) {}
/**
* @param string $typeName The name of the ObjectType that can be resolved with the Node interface
* @param NodeResolverFn $resolver A function that returns the actual value by ID
*
* @example "User"
* @example fn($id, GraphQLContext $context, ResolveInfo $resolveInfo) => $this->db->getUserById($id)
*/
public function registerNode(string $typeName, callable $resolver): self
{
$this->nodeResolverFns[$typeName] = $resolver;
return $this;
}
/**
* Get the appropriate resolver for the node and call it with the decoded id.
*
* @param array<string, mixed> $args
*/
public function resolve(mixed $root, array $args, GraphQLContext $context, ResolveInfo $resolveInfo): mixed
{
[$decodedType, $decodedId] = $args['id'];
// This check forces Lighthouse to eagerly load the type, which might not have
// happened if the client only references it indirectly through an interface.
// Loading the type in turn causes the TypeMiddleware to run and thus register the type in the NodeRegistry.
$this->typeRegistry->has($decodedType)
?: throw new Error("[{$decodedType}] is not a type and cannot be resolved.");
// We can not continue without a resolver.
$resolver = $this->nodeResolverFns[$decodedType]
?? throw new Error("[{$decodedType}] is not a registered node and cannot be resolved.");
// Stash the decoded type, as it will later be used to determine the correct return type of the node query
$this->currentType = $decodedType;
return $resolver($decodedId, $context, $resolveInfo);
}
/** Get the Type for the stashed type. */
public function resolveType(): Type
{
return $this->typeRegistry->get($this->currentType);
}
}
``` |
```go
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
// Code generated by informer-gen. DO NOT EDIT.
package v1alpha1
import (
"context"
time "time"
flowcontrolv1alpha1 "k8s.io/api/flowcontrol/v1alpha1"
v1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
runtime "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime"
watch "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/watch"
internalinterfaces "k8s.io/client-go/informers/internalinterfaces"
kubernetes "k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes"
v1alpha1 "k8s.io/client-go/listers/flowcontrol/v1alpha1"
cache "k8s.io/client-go/tools/cache"
)
// FlowSchemaInformer provides access to a shared informer and lister for
// FlowSchemas.
type FlowSchemaInformer interface {
Informer() cache.SharedIndexInformer
Lister() v1alpha1.FlowSchemaLister
}
type flowSchemaInformer struct {
factory internalinterfaces.SharedInformerFactory
tweakListOptions internalinterfaces.TweakListOptionsFunc
}
// NewFlowSchemaInformer constructs a new informer for FlowSchema type.
// Always prefer using an informer factory to get a shared informer instead of getting an independent
// one. This reduces memory footprint and number of connections to the server.
func NewFlowSchemaInformer(client kubernetes.Interface, resyncPeriod time.Duration, indexers cache.Indexers) cache.SharedIndexInformer {
return NewFilteredFlowSchemaInformer(client, resyncPeriod, indexers, nil)
}
// NewFilteredFlowSchemaInformer constructs a new informer for FlowSchema type.
// Always prefer using an informer factory to get a shared informer instead of getting an independent
// one. This reduces memory footprint and number of connections to the server.
func NewFilteredFlowSchemaInformer(client kubernetes.Interface, resyncPeriod time.Duration, indexers cache.Indexers, tweakListOptions internalinterfaces.TweakListOptionsFunc) cache.SharedIndexInformer {
return cache.NewSharedIndexInformer(
&cache.ListWatch{
ListFunc: func(options v1.ListOptions) (runtime.Object, error) {
if tweakListOptions != nil {
tweakListOptions(&options)
}
return client.FlowcontrolV1alpha1().FlowSchemas().List(context.TODO(), options)
},
WatchFunc: func(options v1.ListOptions) (watch.Interface, error) {
if tweakListOptions != nil {
tweakListOptions(&options)
}
return client.FlowcontrolV1alpha1().FlowSchemas().Watch(context.TODO(), options)
},
},
&flowcontrolv1alpha1.FlowSchema{},
resyncPeriod,
indexers,
)
}
func (f *flowSchemaInformer) defaultInformer(client kubernetes.Interface, resyncPeriod time.Duration) cache.SharedIndexInformer {
return NewFilteredFlowSchemaInformer(client, resyncPeriod, cache.Indexers{cache.NamespaceIndex: cache.MetaNamespaceIndexFunc}, f.tweakListOptions)
}
func (f *flowSchemaInformer) Informer() cache.SharedIndexInformer {
return f.factory.InformerFor(&flowcontrolv1alpha1.FlowSchema{}, f.defaultInformer)
}
func (f *flowSchemaInformer) Lister() v1alpha1.FlowSchemaLister {
return v1alpha1.NewFlowSchemaLister(f.Informer().GetIndexer())
}
``` |
```objective-c
#ifndef Pins_Arduino_h
#define Pins_Arduino_h
#include <stdint.h>
#define USB_VID 0x303a
#define USB_PID 0x1001
static const uint8_t TX = 43;
static const uint8_t RX = 44;
static const uint8_t SDA = 41;
static const uint8_t SCL = 40;
static const uint8_t SS = 10;
static const uint8_t MOSI = 11;
static const uint8_t MISO = 13;
static const uint8_t SCK = 12;
static const uint8_t A8 = 9;
static const uint8_t A9 = 10;
static const uint8_t A10 = 11;
static const uint8_t A11 = 12;
static const uint8_t A12 = 13;
static const uint8_t A13 = 14;
static const uint8_t T9 = 9;
static const uint8_t T10 = 10;
static const uint8_t T11 = 11;
static const uint8_t T12 = 12;
static const uint8_t T13 = 13;
static const uint8_t T14 = 14;
// Wire1 for ES7210 MIC ADC, ES8311 I2S DAC, ICM-42607-P IMU and TT21100 Touch Panel
#define I2C_SDA 8
#define I2C_SCL 18
#define ES7210_ADDR 0x40 //MIC ADC
#define ES8311_ADDR 0x18 //I2S DAC
#define ICM42607P_ADDR 0x68 //IMU
#define TT21100_ADDR 0x24 //Touch Panel
#define TFT_DC 4
#define TFT_CS 5
#define TFT_MOSI 6
#define TFT_CLK 7
#define TFT_MISO 0
#define TFT_BL 45
#define TFT_RST 48
#define I2S_LRCK 47
#define I2S_MCLK 2
#define I2S_SCLK 17
#define I2S_SDIN 16
#define I2S_DOUT 15
#define PA_PIN 46 //Audio Amp Power
#define MUTE_PIN 1 //MUTE Button
#define TS_IRQ 3 //Touch Screen IRQ
#endif /* Pins_Arduino_h */
``` |
```php
<?php
namespace Spatie\SchemaOrg;
use Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\EnumerationContract;
use Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\IntangibleContract;
use Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\NonprofitTypeContract;
use Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\ThingContract;
use Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\USNonprofitTypeContract;
/**
* USNonprofitType: Non-profit organization type originating from the United
* States.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*
* @method static supersededBy($supersededBy) The value should be instance of pending types Class|Class[]|Enumeration|Enumeration[]|Property|Property[]
*/
class USNonprofitType extends BaseType implements USNonprofitTypeContract, EnumerationContract, IntangibleContract, NonprofitTypeContract, ThingContract
{
/**
* Nonprofit501a: Non-profit type referring to Farmers Cooperative
* Associations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501a = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c1: Non-profit type referring to Corporations Organized Under
* Act of Congress, including Federal Credit Unions and National Farm Loan
* Associations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c1 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c10: Non-profit type referring to Domestic Fraternal
* Societies and Associations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c10 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c11: Non-profit type referring to Teachers' Retirement Fund
* Associations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c11 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c12: Non-profit type referring to Benevolent Life Insurance
* Associations, Mutual Ditch or Irrigation Companies, Mutual or Cooperative
* Telephone Companies.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c12 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c13: Non-profit type referring to Cemetery Companies.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c13 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c14: Non-profit type referring to State-Chartered Credit
* Unions, Mutual Reserve Funds.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c14 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c15: Non-profit type referring to Mutual Insurance Companies
* or Associations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c15 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c16: Non-profit type referring to Cooperative Organizations
* to Finance Crop Operations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c16 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c17: Non-profit type referring to Supplemental Unemployment
* Benefit Trusts.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c17 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c18: Non-profit type referring to Employee Funded Pension
* Trust (created before 25 June 1959).
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c18 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c19: Non-profit type referring to Post or Organization of
* Past or Present Members of the Armed Forces.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c19 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c2: Non-profit type referring to Title-holding Corporations
* for Exempt Organizations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c2 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c20: Non-profit type referring to Group Legal Services Plan
* Organizations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c20 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c21: Non-profit type referring to Black Lung Benefit Trusts.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c21 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c22: Non-profit type referring to Withdrawal Liability
* Payment Funds.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c22 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c23: Non-profit type referring to Veterans Organizations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c23 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c24: Non-profit type referring to Section 4049 ERISA Trusts.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c24 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c25: Non-profit type referring to Real Property Title-Holding
* Corporations or Trusts with Multiple Parents.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c25 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c26: Non-profit type referring to State-Sponsored
* Organizations Providing Health Coverage for High-Risk Individuals.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c26 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c27: Non-profit type referring to State-Sponsored Workers'
* Compensation Reinsurance Organizations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c27 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c28: Non-profit type referring to National Railroad
* Retirement Investment Trusts.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c28 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c3: Non-profit type referring to Religious, Educational,
* Charitable, Scientific, Literary, Testing for Public Safety, Fostering
* National or International Amateur Sports Competition, or Prevention of
* Cruelty to Children or Animals Organizations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c3 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c4: Non-profit type referring to Civic Leagues, Social
* Welfare Organizations, and Local Associations of Employees.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c4 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c5: Non-profit type referring to Labor, Agricultural and
* Horticultural Organizations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c5 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c6: Non-profit type referring to Business Leagues, Chambers
* of Commerce, Real Estate Boards.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c6 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c7: Non-profit type referring to Social and Recreational
* Clubs.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c7 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c8: Non-profit type referring to Fraternal Beneficiary
* Societies and Associations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c8 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501c9: Non-profit type referring to Voluntary Employee
* Beneficiary Associations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501c9 = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501d: Non-profit type referring to Religious and Apostolic
* Associations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501d = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501e: Non-profit type referring to Cooperative Hospital Service
* Organizations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501e = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501f: Non-profit type referring to Cooperative Service
* Organizations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501f = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501k: Non-profit type referring to Child Care Organizations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501k = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501n: Non-profit type referring to Charitable Risk Pools.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501n = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit501q: Non-profit type referring to Credit Counseling
* Organizations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit501q = 'path_to_url
/**
* Nonprofit527: Non-profit type referring to political organizations.
*
* @see path_to_url
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public const Nonprofit527 = 'path_to_url
/**
* An additional type for the item, typically used for adding more specific
* types from external vocabularies in microdata syntax. This is a
* relationship between something and a class that the thing is in.
* Typically the value is a URI-identified RDF class, and in this case
* corresponds to the
* use of rdf:type in RDF. Text values can be used sparingly, for cases
* where useful information can be added without their being an appropriate
* schema to reference. In the case of text values, the class label should
* follow the schema.org [style
* guide](path_to_url
*
* @param string|string[] $additionalType
*
* @return static
*
* @see path_to_url
*/
public function additionalType($additionalType)
{
return $this->setProperty('additionalType', $additionalType);
}
/**
* An alias for the item.
*
* @param string|string[] $alternateName
*
* @return static
*
* @see path_to_url
*/
public function alternateName($alternateName)
{
return $this->setProperty('alternateName', $alternateName);
}
/**
* A description of the item.
*
* @param \Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\TextObjectContract|\Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\TextObjectContract[]|string|string[] $description
*
* @return static
*
* @see path_to_url
*/
public function description($description)
{
return $this->setProperty('description', $description);
}
/**
* A sub property of description. A short description of the item used to
* disambiguate from other, similar items. Information from other properties
* (in particular, name) may be necessary for the description to be useful
* for disambiguation.
*
* @param string|string[] $disambiguatingDescription
*
* @return static
*
* @see path_to_url
*/
public function disambiguatingDescription($disambiguatingDescription)
{
return $this->setProperty('disambiguatingDescription', $disambiguatingDescription);
}
/**
* The identifier property represents any kind of identifier for any kind of
* [[Thing]], such as ISBNs, GTIN codes, UUIDs etc. Schema.org provides
* dedicated properties for representing many of these, either as textual
* strings or as URL (URI) links. See [background
* notes](/docs/datamodel.html#identifierBg) for more details.
*
* @param \Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\PropertyValueContract|\Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\PropertyValueContract[]|string|string[] $identifier
*
* @return static
*
* @see path_to_url
*/
public function identifier($identifier)
{
return $this->setProperty('identifier', $identifier);
}
/**
* An image of the item. This can be a [[URL]] or a fully described
* [[ImageObject]].
*
* @param \Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\ImageObjectContract|\Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\ImageObjectContract[]|string|string[] $image
*
* @return static
*
* @see path_to_url
*/
public function image($image)
{
return $this->setProperty('image', $image);
}
/**
* Indicates a page (or other CreativeWork) for which this thing is the main
* entity being described. See [background
* notes](/docs/datamodel.html#mainEntityBackground) for details.
*
* @param \Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\CreativeWorkContract|\Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\CreativeWorkContract[]|string|string[] $mainEntityOfPage
*
* @return static
*
* @see path_to_url
*/
public function mainEntityOfPage($mainEntityOfPage)
{
return $this->setProperty('mainEntityOfPage', $mainEntityOfPage);
}
/**
* The name of the item.
*
* @param string|string[] $name
*
* @return static
*
* @see path_to_url
*/
public function name($name)
{
return $this->setProperty('name', $name);
}
/**
* Indicates a potential Action, which describes an idealized action in
* which this thing would play an 'object' role.
*
* @param \Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\ActionContract|\Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\ActionContract[] $potentialAction
*
* @return static
*
* @see path_to_url
*/
public function potentialAction($potentialAction)
{
return $this->setProperty('potentialAction', $potentialAction);
}
/**
* URL of a reference Web page that unambiguously indicates the item's
* identity. E.g. the URL of the item's Wikipedia page, Wikidata entry, or
* official website.
*
* @param string|string[] $sameAs
*
* @return static
*
* @see path_to_url
*/
public function sameAs($sameAs)
{
return $this->setProperty('sameAs', $sameAs);
}
/**
* A CreativeWork or Event about this Thing.
*
* @param \Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\CreativeWorkContract|\Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\CreativeWorkContract[]|\Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\EventContract|\Spatie\SchemaOrg\Contracts\EventContract[] $subjectOf
*
* @return static
*
* @see path_to_url
* @link path_to_url
*/
public function subjectOf($subjectOf)
{
return $this->setProperty('subjectOf', $subjectOf);
}
/**
* URL of the item.
*
* @param string|string[] $url
*
* @return static
*
* @see path_to_url
*/
public function url($url)
{
return $this->setProperty('url', $url);
}
}
``` |
Charles Thomas Wagner (December 3, 1912 – August 31, 2006) was an American right-handed pitcher and coach in Major League Baseball who played his entire career for the Boston Red Sox (1938–42, 1946). Nicknamed "Broadway," he went on to a 50-year career as a farm system supervisor, scout and minor league instructor. His professional relationship with the Red Sox lasted a record 73 years.
Playing career
Born in Reading, Pennsylvania, Wagner signed with the Red Sox in 1935 and made his MLB pitching debut on April 19, 1938. After being used in both starting and relief duties, he enjoyed his first full season as a starter in 1941. He was the second in a pitching rotation that included Dick Newsome, Mickey Harris and Lefty Grove. Wagner finished with a 12–8 record and three shutouts, and his 3.07 earned run average was the best on the Boston pitching staff and the third best in the American League, being surpassed only by Thornton Lee (2.37) and Al Benton (2.97), and over Marius Russo (3.09).
In 1942, Wagner compiled career-highs in victories (14, eighth in AL), starts (26), complete games (17, seventh in AL), strikeouts (52), innings pitched (205), and had a 3.29 ERA. After the season, he left his team to serve in the Navy during World War II. Wagner returned to the Red Sox in 1946, along with teammates Ted Williams, Dom DiMaggio, Bobby Doerr, Johnny Pesky, Tex Hughson and Joe Dobson. He pitched his final game on August 8, 1946, ending with a 1–0 mark in 30 innings.
In a six-season career, Wagner posted a 32–23 record with 157 strikeouts and a 3.91 earned run average in 527 innings pitched.
Although posting only a .118 batting average (20-for-170) with just 8 RBI in his major league career, he was an excellent
fielding pitcher, recording a .992 fielding percentage with only one error in 127 total chances. His only miscue occurred August 8, 1941 in the fifth inning against the Senators at Fenway Park on an errant pickoff throw.
Later life
Following his retirement as a player, Wagner became the Red Sox' assistant director of minor league operations from 1947 to 1960. He then scouted for Boston from 1961 to 1969 and from 1971 to 1992. He was the Red Sox' Major League pitching coach for the 1970 season, on the staff of first-year manager Eddie Kasko. He later worked as a special assignment instructor in the Red Sox minor league system, and was still consulted about the organization's prospects into his 90s. He was a staple for years at Reading Phillies games in his hometown, where the press box was named in his honor in 2000. He was crowned as the inaugural "King of Baseballtown" by Reading club in 2003 as he entered the Reading Baseball Hall of Fame in 1992.
Wagner appeared before the Boston faithful on Opening Day 2005. He spoke to the crowd, "Let's Play Ball." Wagner died a year later in 2006 at age 93 after suffering a heart attack in his car following a Reading Phillies game.
Trivia
Wagner and Ted Williams were roommates as members of the Boston Red Sox.
Notes
External links
Reading Eagle obituary
1912 births
2006 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Baseball coaches from Pennsylvania
Boston Red Sox coaches
Boston Red Sox players
Boston Red Sox scouts
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Rocky Mount Red Sox players
Baseball players from Reading, Pennsylvania
United States Navy sailors |
Karen Khachanov was the defending champion but lost in the second round to Denis Istomin.
Istomin went on to win the title when Marcos Baghdatis retired in the final with a back injury, down 2–3.
Seeds
The top four seeds receive a bye into the second round.
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
Qualifying
Seeds
Qualifiers
Qualifying draw
First qualifier
Second qualifier
Third qualifier
Fourth qualifier
References
Main Draw
Qualifying Draw
2017 ATP World Tour
2017 Singles
2017 in Chinese tennis |
St Edwold's Church in Stockwood, Dorset, England was rebuilt in the 15th century. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is a redundant church in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. It was declared redundant on 23 January 1959, and was vested in the Trust on 1 March 1972.
St Edwold's Church is often described as Dorset's smallest. The church sits next to a farmhouse directly under the wooded heights of Bubb Down. It is a single-celled building. The porch has the date "1636" inscribed, reflecting the fact that the church was rebuilt to some extent in the seventeenth century when a bell turret was also installed. However, John Newman and Nikolaus Pevsner in their Buildings of England volume describe it as "Perp, with Henry VIII side windows and a three-light E window with panel tracery," and also refer to the "delightfully naive bell-turret, round, with a cap on four stumpy columns and a big grotesque face."
Inside, the church is very plainly furnished. The dedication to St Edwold (9th century) is unique in Dorset. Edwold was the brother of St Edmund the Martyr, King of East Anglia, and he lived as a recluse at nearby Cerne after his sibling's death. It is not entirely clear why Stockwood church is dedicated to Edwold, but Kenneth Smith's guidebook suggests that he may have also had a cell here as well as at Cerne.
See also
List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in South West England
References
Church of England church buildings in Dorset
15th-century church buildings in England
Grade I listed churches in Dorset
Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust |
Pāpaaloa (also spelled Papaaloa) is an unincorporated community on the island of Hawaii in Hawaii County, Hawaii, United States. It lies along Hawaii Route 19 north of Hilo, the county seat of Hawaii County. Its elevation is about 300 feet above sea level (about 90 m) Because the community has borne multiple names, the Board on Geographic Names officially designated it "Papaaloa" in 1914 and 1954 before assigning the current name in 2001. It has a post office with the ZIP code 96780.
Three streams flow around or through Pāpaʻaloa, Hawaii. Kihalani Stream borders the northwest side, Kaiwilahilah Stream is in the middle, and Ha'akoa Stream borders the southeast side.
References
Unincorporated communities in Hawaii County, Hawaii
Populated places on Hawaii (island)
Unincorporated communities in Hawaii |
Gordon Lee Memorial High School (GLHS) is a four-year public high school located in Chickamauga, Georgia, United States. It is part of the Chickamauga City School District, which serves the City of Chickamauga in Walker County.
History
The late Gordon Lee of Chickamauga left a grant of a plot of land and enough money to start the school.
The first graduation consisted of one student, Leon Wiley, in 1917.
The Main Building, Olive Lee Building, and Tom Lee Building were constructed in 1930.
The Ware-Jewell Activities Center holds a gymnasium, classrooms, and a technology lab. The center also harbors the Arthur Yates Building, which contains math and science classrooms.
Since 1991, Gordon Lee High School and Gordon Lee Middle School have shared a band room and cafeteria.
Construction of an extension to the gymnasium which includes new classrooms was completed during the 2013-2014 school year.
In August 2016, construction began to build a new school building.
Demographics
White: 98.3%, Asian: 0%, Hispanic: 0.6%, Black: 0%, Two or More Races: 1.1%, American Indian: 0%.
Athletics
The Gordon Lee Trojans compete in the 6-A GHSA Conference. Gordon Lee has the following sports teams.
Baseball
Basketball
Bass Fishing
Cheerleading
Cross Country
Football
Golf
Softball
Tennis
Track
Volleyball
Wrestling
Notable alumni
Jeff Mullis - former Georgia state senator
Steve Tarvin - Georgia state representative
References
External links
Official Website
Schools in Walker County, Georgia
Public high schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Educational institutions established in 1930
1930 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) |
Iranildo Hermínio Ferreira (born 16 October 1976) is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a midfielder for several Brazilian Série A clubs.
Career
Born in Igarassu, he started his professional career in 1994, with Madureira. With Botafogo, he won the Série A in 1995. Iranildo was part of the Flamengo squads that won the Campeonato Carioca in 1996, 1999 and 2000, and the Copa Mercosur in 1999, among other titles. He helped Brasiliense win the Campeonato Brasiliense in 2004, 2005 and in 2006, and the Série B in 2004.
Honours
Club
Botafogo
Série A: 1995
Brasiliense
Série B: 2004
Campeonato Brasiliense: 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009
Flamengo
Campeonato Carioca: 1996, 1999, 2000
Copa dos Campeões Mundiais: 1997
Copa Mercosur: 1999
Taça Guanabara: 1999
Taça Rio: 1996, 2000
References
1976 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Saudi Pro League players
Madureira Esporte Clube players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
CR Flamengo footballers
Esporte Clube Bahia players
Associação Desportiva São Caetano players
Aris Thessaloniki F.C. players
Santa Cruz Futebol Clube players
Brasiliense FC players
Esporte Clube Rio Verde players
Al-Hazem F.C. players
Ceilândia Esporte Clube players
Palmas Futebol e Regatas players
1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup players |
Michael Traugott Pfeiffer (German: [ˈpfaɪfɐ] ) (November 5, 1771 - May 20, 1849) was a Swiss music pedagogue. Together with Hans Georg Nageli, they are considered pioneers of the Swiss choral movement at the beginning of the 19th century.
Biography
Pfeiffer was born November 5, 1771 in Wülfershausen as the son of a cantor and a teacher.
Solothurn
Pfeiffer attracted attention early on his life due to his musical talent. At the suggestion of the Franz Ludwig von Erthal, Pfeiffer started training to become his private secretary. Pfeiffer, however, decided to learn French in western Switzerland and first moved to Solothurn in 1792 to live with an aunt before settling in Sainte-Ursanne. The expansion of the ideas of the French Revolution to neighbouring Vaud, as well as an increased influx of French speakers to Solothurn as the siege of the French embassy to the Confederacy moved there, convinced him to find work in the city and use it as a base to learn foreign languages.
He then worked as a journalist in addition to teaching music and language.
After the death of his patron Erthal in 1795, Pfeiffer tried to gain a foothold in Morges and Geneva, but returned to Solothurn in 1800 where he worked for the Aargau cantonal administration for 3 years, reaching the title of secretary to the governor. During 1803, he attended a teaching course with Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi in Burgdorf and then he taught his methods at a private school.
He married Elisabetha Amiet from Solothurn. Their only child Josephine (born 1805) was married to the influential politician Augustin Keller.
During 1805, with the help of town school teacher Hieronymus Halder (with whom he completed his training in Burgdorf) Pfeiffer came to Lenzburg and founded a singing society and with the support of the local dean Johann Hünerwadel, a boarding school. Starting from 1808, he starter teaching advance students that belonged to German and Latin schools. He also led 2 summer courses where he taught and trained young teachers.
Due to the influence and tradition he built in Lenzburg, he was awarded a gold medal by the city in 1809.
His Relationship with Nägeli
Pfeiffer wrote down some compositions that belonged to his Zurich colleague Hans Georg Nageli. Together, Pfeiffer and Nägeli published a joint work in 1810 titled "Voice Education According to Pestalozzi Principles" as well as other follow-up works. In 1816 Pfeiffer received the Swiss citizenship.
Retirement and Death
In 1846 his teacher training college took him to a secularized Wettingen monastery, where he retired and spent the rest of his life. He died on May 20, 1849.
References
1771 births
1849 deaths
Swiss composers
19th-century Swiss educators
Swiss schoolteachers |
Take Wing (foaled 1938) was an American Thoroughbred gelding racehorse claimed for $3,000 and who would then earn more than $160,000 for new owner Clyde Troutt and set a new North American record for a mile and three-sixteenths on turf.
Background
Take Wing was sired by Chicle who was the Leading sire in North America in 1929 and the Leading broodmare sire in North America in 1942. Take Wing's dam was a daughter of My Play, a multiple race winning full brother to Man o' War.
Racing career
Trainer Clyde Troutt claimed Take Wing in early July 1942 and immediately won the Stars and Stripes Handicap at Arlington Park in a time that was just 1/5 of a second off the track record. For his win, the $3000 horse earned his new owner $8,600. Still racing at age nine, Take Wing set a new North American record of 1:55 1-5 for a mile and three-sixteenths on turf at Washington Park Racetrack in winning the Meadowland Handicap for the third time.
Retirement
Following his retirement from racing, Take wing was used as a lead pony for owner-trainer Clyde Troutt.
References
1938 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 19-c
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
Horse racing track record setters |
Internal migration in the People's Republic of China is one of the most extensive in the world according to the International Labour Organization. This is because migrants in China are commonly members of a floating population, which refers primarily to migrants in China without local household registration status through the Chinese Hukou system. In general, rural-urban migrant most excluded from local educational resources, citywide social welfare programs and many jobs because of their lack of hukou status. Migrant workers are not necessarily rural workers; they can simply be people living in urban areas with rural household registration.
In 2015 a total of 277.5 million migrant workers (36% of the total workforce of 770 million) existed in China. Out of these, migrant workers who left their hometown and worked in other provinces accounted for 158.63 million (an increase of 3.4% compared to 2010) and migrant workers who worked within their home provinces reached 94.15 million (an increase of 5.9% compared to 2010). The balance of gender for migrant workers was two-thirds male to one-third female in 2015. Estimations are that Chinese cities will face an influx of another 243 million migrants by 2025, taking the urban population up to nearly 1 billion people. This population of migrants would represent "almost 40 percent of the total urban population," a number which is almost three times the current level. While it is often difficult to collect accurate statistical data on migrant floating populations, the number of migrants is undoubtedly quite large. "In China's largest cities, for instance, it is often quoted that at least one out of every five persons is a migrant."
China's government influences the pattern of urbanization through the Hukou permanent residence registration system, land-sale policies, infrastructure investment and the incentives offered to local government officials. The other factors influencing migration of people from rural provincial areas to large cities are more employment, education, and business opportunities, and higher standard of living.
History and origins
Qing dynasty
Manchuria
In 1668 during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, the Qing government decreed a prohibition of non-Eight Banner people entering Manchuria (including modern-day Manchuria in northeast China and Russian Manchuria) where the ruling Manchus came from. Ethnic Han people were banned from settling in this region but the rule was openly violated and Han became a majority population in urban areas by the early 19th century.
However Qing rule saw a massively increasing amount of Han people both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han peasants to rent on their land and grow grain. Most Han migrants were not evicted as they went over the Great Wall and Willow Palisade. During the 18th century Han people farmed 500,000 hectares of privately owned land in Manchuria and 203,583 hectares of lands which were part of courtier stations, noble estates, and Banner lands, in garrisons and towns. Ethnic Han made up 80% of the population.
Han farmers were resettled from northern China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han settlement on regions populated by Manchu and Mongol peoples, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine, floods, and drought in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia. The Han people farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s. The Qianlong Emperor allowed Han peasants suffering from drought to move into Manchuria despite him issuing edicts in favor of banning them from 1740 to 1776. Han tenant farmers rented or even claimed title to land from the "imperial estates" and Manchu bannerlands in the area. Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria, the path linking Jinzhou, Fengtian, Tieling, Changchun, Hulun, and Ningguta was settled by Han people during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han became the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800. To increase the Imperial Treasury's revenue, the Qing sold formerly Manchu-only lands along the Sungari to Han people at the beginning of the Daoguang Emperor's reign, and Han filled up most of Manchuria's towns by the 1840s according to Abbe Huc.
Mongolia and Inner Mongolia
Ethnic Han were officially forbidden to settle in Outer Mongolia (modern Mongolia) and Inner Mongolia. Mongols were forbidden from crossing into the 18 provinces (neidi) populated by the Han people without permission and were given punishments if they did. Mongols were also forbidden from crossing into another Mongol leagues. Han settlers violated the rule and crossed into and settled in Inner Mongolia.
Despite officially prohibiting Han settlement on Manchu and Mongol lands, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine, floods, and drought into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia. Han people farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s.
Ordinary Mongols were not allowed to travel outside their own leagues. Mongols were forbidden by the Qing from crossing the borders of their banners, even into other Mongol Banners and from crossing into the 18 provinces of the Han people and were given serious punishments if they did in order to keep the Mongols divided against each other to benefit the Qing.
During the eighteenth century, growing numbers of Han settlers had illegally begun to move into the Inner Mongolian steppe. By 1791 there had been so many Han Chinese settlers in the Front Gorlos Banner that the yasak had petitioned the Qing government to legalize the status of the peasants who had already settled there.
Xinjiang
The Qing implemented two different policies for Dzungaria (Northern Xinjiang) and the Tarim Basin (Altishahr, Southern Xinjiang). The Manchus had wiped out the native Buddhist Oirat Dzungars in their land of Dzungaria. Then the Qing implemented a large scale settlement in Dzungaria to colonize the newly empty grasslands. Han people were encouraged by the Qing to permanently settle and colonize Dzungaria while permanent Han settlers were banned from the Tarim with only Han merchants allowed. The ban was lifted in the 1820s after the invasion of Jahangir Khoja and the Han people were allowed to permanently settle in the Tarim.
Hans were around one third of Xinjiang's population in 1800, during the time of the Qing dynasty. Professor of Chinese and Central Asian History at Georgetown University, James A. Millward wrote that foreigners often mistakenly think that Urumqi was originally a Uyghur city and that the Chinese destroyed its Uyghur character and culture, however, Ürümqi was founded as a Chinese city by Han and Hui (Tungans), and it is the Uyghurs who are new to the city. While a few people try to give a misportrayal of the historical Qing situation in light of the contemporary situation in Xinjiang with Han migration, and claim that the Qing settlements and state farms were an anti-Uyghur plot to replace them in their land, Professor James A. Millward pointed out that the Qing agricultural colonies in reality had nothing to do with Uyghur and their land, since the Qing banned settlement of Han in the Uyghur Tarim Basin and in fact directed the Han settlers instead to settle in the non-Uyghur Dzungaria and the new city of Ürümqi, so that the state farms which were settled with 155,000 Han from 1760 to 1830 were all in Dzungaria and Ürümqi, where there was only an insignificant amount of Uyghurs, instead of the Tarim Basin oases.
At the start of the 19th century, 40 years after the Qing reconquest, there were around 155,000 Han and Hui peoples in northern Xinjiang and somewhat more than twice that number of Uyghurs in southern Xinjiang. A census of Xinjiang under Qing rule in the early 19th century tabulated ethnic shares of the population as 30% Han and 60% Turkic, while it dramatically shifted to 6% Han and 75% Uyghur in the 1953 census, however a situation similar to the Qing era-demographics with a large number of Han has been restored as of 2000 with 40.57% Han and 45.21% Uyghur. Professor Stanley W. Toops noted that today's demographic situation is similar to that of the early Qing period in Xinjiang. In northern Xinjiang, the Qing brought in Han, Hui, Uyghur, Xibe, and Kazakh colonists after they exterminated the Zunghar Oirat Mongols in the region, with one third of Xinjiang's total population consisting of Hui and Han in the northern are, while around two thirds were Uyghurs in southern Xinjiang's Tarim Basin.
Ürümqi was settled with troops while Green Standard troops and Altishari Turkic peoples settled in Ili after being ordered to by Qianlong in 1757. Ürümqi was used as a place for exiles.
The genocide victim Dzungars were the natives of northern Xinjiang. Han, Manchu, and Southern Xinjiang's Turkic Taranchi Muslims were all colonizers in Northern Xinjiang (Dzungaria). Han soldiers of the Green Standard Army were settled in the 1770s in Ili and Ürümqi by the Qing.
Ürümqi had very little Uyghurs while it had many Hui and Han in 1787. There were 76,496 Uyghurs and 477,321 Han in 1960 Ürümqi.
Tibet
The Qing stationed both Manchu bannermen and ethnic Han soldiers of the Green Standard Army in Tibet. A community descended from Han soldiers and officials grew in Lhasa.
At multiple places such as Lhasa, Batang, Dartsendo, Lhari, Chamdo, and Litang, Green Standard troops were garrisoned throughout the Dzungar war. Green Standard Army troops and Manchu bannermen were both part of the Qing military force who fought in Tibet in the war against the Dzungars. It was said that the Sichuan commander Yue Zhongqi entered Lhasa first when the 2,000 Green Standard soldiers and 1,000 Manchu soldiers of the "Sichuan route" seized Lhasa. According to Mark C. Elliott, after 1728 the Qing used Green Standard Army troops to man the garrison in Lhasa rather than Bannermen. According to Evelyn S. Rawski both Green Standard Army and Bannermen made up the Qing garrison in Tibet. According to Sabine Dabringhaus, Green Standard Chinese soldiers numbering more than 1,300 were stationed by the Qing in Tibet to support the 3,000 strong Tibetan army.
In the mid 19th century, arriving with an Amban, a community of Han troops from Sichuan who married Tibetan women settled down in the Lubu neighborhood of Lhasa, where their descendants established a community and assimilated into Tibetan culture. Hebalin was the location of where Chinese Muslim troops and their offspring lived, resulting in the Hebalin Khache community, while Lubu was the place where Han troops and their offspring lived.
Sichuan and Guizhou
Migration to Sichuan and Guizhou happened during the Qing dynasty as a continuation of migration that started in the Yuan dynasty. That is why most people in Sichuan who speak a Han dialect speak Mandarin, while regions at the same latitude such as Guangdong, have their own dialects. Many people from areas such as Hunan moved there in search of space. They consisted of various ethnicities ranging from Han, Hui and Mongol to Yao and Miao. Many cultures already existed in Sichuan, such as the Yi, and some of the emigrants integrated into these ethnic backgrounds, even to the point of forgetting the Han language. During the Qing dynasty, people started defining themselves as locals or immigrants and there was static between the two groups.
People's Republic of China
The unique hukou system of China (emulating from Soviet model) distinguishes Chinese internal migration from migration in other developing countries. In 1958, China established the universal hukou system that restricted the mobility of the population. It aimed to tie farmers to land, secure agricultural supply as well as to support industrial sector in cities after the Great Leap Forward and Great Chinese Famine which caused at least 30 million deaths. The government allocated housing, jobs, rationed food, security service (health care, pension and insurance etc.) and other necessities based on the hukou system, which made it almost impossible for people without local hukou status to live in urban areas.
In addition to Hukou system, the people's commune system was another tool to control labor mobility. Under the people's commune system, the earnings of farmers were closely related to their daily participation in the collective farming. In 1978, during Chinese economic reform, this system was replaced by the household-responsibility system, which loosened the restriction of people's mobility.
Huang and Pieke divide the migration policy evolution after Chinese economic reform into four periods. The first period is from 1979 to 1983, during which the government still prohibited migration. The second period is from 1984 to 1988 when farmers were allowed to enter urban areas on the condition that they provided their own food. The third period is from 1989 to 1991 when migration became much more popular and had attracted much attention from the government. The fourth period is from 1992 to 2000, during which the government in some degree encouraged migration, while urban local governments controlled migration more strictly because of high unemployment rates in cities.
From 1949 to 1985, the net migration rate for China was 0.24, compared with world average of 1.84 from 1950 to 1990. Since the mid-1980s, rural to urban migration became a constant social phenomenon. Zhao and Sicular report that the number of rural-urban migration doubled between the late 1980s and the mid 1990s. In 1989, there were 8.9 million migrants and in 1994 the number increased to 23.0 million. In 2006 it was estimated that China was experiencing a –0.39 per 1,000 population net migration rate. According to National Bureau of Statistics, there were 252.78 million migrant workers in China in 2011.
In 2000, the Chinese government began encouraging westward migration as part of an effort to increase development in China's western and minority regions with a reallocation of technological, human, and financial resources.
Occupational profile
Rural-urban migrant workers have a significant presence in China's labor force. By 2006, migrant workers comprised 40% of the total urban labor force. According to data from National Bureau of Statistics, in 2009 nearly 39.1% of them worked in manufacturing, about 17.3% in construction and more than 7.8% in wholesale and retail. In addition, the number of the migrants who were employed in the tertiary sector of the economy was increasing, which indicated a new trend of employment choice. A report from International Labour Organization in 2006 states that there were also 80 million workers working in the informal sector and it was estimated that between two-thirds and three-quarters of all new employment is in the informal economy. In the informal economy, many rural migrants are engaged in low-paying and temporary jobs such as sanitation workers and porters. Zhu addresses that they are not "employed" in the informal sector, but they "have access only" to the informal sector.
Scholars agree that there is a sharp occupational segregation between migrants and the local population. A study that compared employment situations of urban residents and migrant labors in 2005 reports that around 52% of migrants were self-employed, while 12% of the local residents were self-employed; 12% of migrant workers were employed in the public sector, compared with 68% of the local workforce.
The degree of segregation varies from province to province. A series of field studies by China Center for Economic Research demonstrate that the labor market in Sichuan province is relatively integrated, while in Guangdong province and Shanghai the labor market is quite segregated with "rural migratory-worker urban-resident-worker dualism".
In addition to inadequate social protection, the primary reason of the occupational segregation is the migrant workers' lack of skills and education, which keeps them in manual labor. Migrant workers have less human capital since they have less schooling, shorter job tenure and less training compared with the local residents. Moreover, because of the high rate of job mobility among rural migrant workers, employers have little incentive to train them and thereby prevent them from increasing their social capital.
Causes
The causes of migration can originate from various factors within Chinese societies. Migration in some contexts can refer to the search for self-identity and self-transformation which pushed many young workers to migrate to more urbanized areas of China. This search for self-identity and self transformation was consequence of recent globalization. "Mobility and modernity have become inextricably linked in the contemporary era of globalization". Secondly, migration to distant cities for work was not an option for most rural workers of previous generations. Migration created many opportunities for both women and men to extricate themselves from their current rural status and create a new name for themselves and their family. Thirdly, migration enabled the rural youth to become wage earners, consumers and city-dwellers which allowed them to become more globalized and mobile than they would have within their own respective villages. While the urbanization of Chinese workers provides them with more opportunity, it also can constrain them, as migrant workers, specifically females, typically make lower wages and are viewed as replaceable labor.
Surplus labor
Labor surplus in rural areas is often regarded as one of the factors of internal migration in China. Central to this theory is that surplus rural labor provides a needed work force for industrial growth in urban areas On one hand, the Household-responsibility system (HRS) established during Chinese economic reform was productive and generated surplus labor in rural areas. On the other hand, in urban areas the development of the special economic zones and industries created demand for labor force. Some scholars state that, while the surplus rural labor is viewed as the main "push factor", demand for labor can be regarded as the main "pull factor". Others contend that high unemployment rates in urban areas rejected this paradigm.
Income gap
Early in 1970, the Harris-Todaro model recognized that the persistent wage differential between urban and rural sectors is a main "pull" factor of migration in developing countries. In Zhu's study conducted in 2002, he presents a model of migration in his study and confirms the significance of the urban-rural income gap for migration decisions. Studies of Dr. Cai, Director of Institute of Population and Labor Economics, demonstrate that an increase of the ratio of local rural income to the average national rural income will reduce migration. Besides the huge rural-urban income gap, the regional income gap also drives internal migration in China. As noted by Zhao whose research interest mainly lies in labor economics, many migrants flow from the western region with low incomes to the eastern region with higher incomes.
Migrant networks
Migrant networks have a significant role in labor migration. Migrant networks are "sets of interpersonal ties that connect migrants, former migrants, and non-immigrants" through the ties of family members, friendships, and the overall community. The role is "particularly prominent in situations in which migration involves large informational or psychic costs, such as when moving to a completely different culture or environment or if the destination labor market is hostile to immigrants". China's migrants are heavily dependent on their migrant networks to assist them in finding jobs and houses, while also making sure they are financially stable. Migrant networks can reduce the cost of labor migration by providing job information and supportive relationships to the immigrants, as well as job search assistance. These networks can be described by the Chinese term Guanxi which "describes the basic dynamic in personalized networks of influence." Migrant workers can potentially find jobs at a restaurant or within the garment industry run by migrants from the same origins. In a study conducted by Liang and Morroka, whose research focuses on migration in China, they reported that female migrants are more likely to rely on the developed migration networks, while younger migrants and those with higher level of education are less likely to depend on the networks.
Benefits and costs
Benefits
How do transient individuals experience migration in China, and what are the cultural, social, and even political ramifications of their migration experience? Through these experiences, many migrants come to expect certain benefits. Gaetano explains that China "understands that a woman should have a life outside of the fields and the kitchen. This awareness will surely help improve the quality of life for women in the rural areas." This quote suggests that rural women in particular who were exposed to modern globalization of gender and cultural roles lived improved lives.
Labor in China was greatly segregated by gender. Where typically young, beautiful women found jobs in the beauty industry and often found better wages and living quarters. Gaetano further explains that "women have had a virtual monopoly in urban domestic service and hotel and restaurant hospitality". While females took the hospitality industry, males found themselves in the low-skill, low-wage industrial jobs which includes construction-like jobs. Though the jobs held grueling hours, being paid and establishing an identity separate from their household was a huge benefit for many transient workers.
Generally speaking, the difference in living standards between rural and urban workers was apparent where urban workers tended to live a more lavish lifestyle. This lavish lifestyle included better living quarters, nutrition, guanxi (social connections), and access to education. Education especially was a huge factor for the migration of families. Rural women were seeking to better educate their offspring in the hopes of better economic success for their children. As China shifts from export-driven growth to stimulating domestic demand, the consumption and investment potential brought by migrant workers will significantly boost long-term economic growth in Chinese cities.
Costs
With the benefits of migration comes the cost of migration for many transient workers. Even though traveling to a larger city with more opportunities appeared beneficial, in many instances migrants were treated harshly and viewed as second class citizens. Gao Yu, the China country director for the Landesa Rural Development Institute in Seattle stated that "Migrants who move with their children face a host of other challenges, including enrolling their children in school. Many schools regard prior education background as an important criterion and will not admit children educated in rural schools – often considered inferior." This quote suggests that many migrants and their children were seen as inferior in schools, as well as in many other public areas in China. Because many rural Chinese workers were making about $2 a day, they were forced to move to the city, causing an influx of migrant workers who were seeking better opportunities. In response, In the mid 1980s in China, in order to control migration rates, transient workers were required to carry personal identity cards, employment registration card, and a certificate of good health which often had high fees due to corruption and were many times denied by the Hukou system At the time, migrants were seen as a nuisance to society and needed to be kept in check. However, in the mid-2000s attitudes towards migration drastically changed. In the novel Out to work, Migration, Gender, and the Changing Lives of Rural Women in Contemporary China, Gaetano explained how "Migrants were finally recognized to be critical in narrowing the rural-urban income gap, as they redistribute wealth through remittances and apply new knowledge and skills to develop rural areas". Even though China recognized the importance of migrant workers, their "low levels of education, skills, and work experience, and their dearth of urban social connections, combined with the hukou-based job distribution" still created many disadvantages for rural migrants.
Social impacts
Labor supply
In general, the current system of circular migration of floating populations in China offers greater labor resources to coastal areas of high economic activity, but "although labor productivity in migrant activities is higher than it is in local nonfarm sectors, the current economic cost of migration in China is so high as to significantly limit such reallocation. The current system therefore works to reduce the overall productivity of labor and causes a tremendous loss of social resources." In other words, research done by Yaohui Zhao at Beijing University indicates that while economic theory demonstrates labor migration to increase efficiency due to the reallocation of labor, the economic cost of migration actually mitigates gains in efficiency enough that internal migration under the Hukou system results in financial and social losses instead of gains.
Violations of labor standards
Violations of labor standards involve labor contracts, working conditions, wage payments and social insurance. The problems in terms of labor standards violations are rooted in institutional discrimination against migrant workers as well as inadequate law enforcement.
Low incidents of labor contracts are a main form of labor standards violations, which allows employers to further violate labor rights in many other aspects. According to a survey conducted by the Ministry of Urban and Rural Development, Ministry of Labor and Social Security and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions in 2004, only between 10% and 37.5% of the migrants working in the construction industry signed labor contracts. A recent research by the Jinan Daily demonstrates that eight out of ten migrant workers did not know what the labor contract was. Many employers thus take advantage of migrant workers' unawareness and do not fulfill their obligations to sign labor contracts.
The working condition is one manifest aspect of labor standards violations.The majority of migrants work more hours per day and more days per week than what is limited by labor law. The Chinese Household Income Project Survey of 2002 show that over 80% of migrants worked seven days per week, and only 7% workers' working time was in accordance with what law regulated. It also showed that around 33.3% of migrant workers worked 9 to 10 hours per day, about 25% 11 to 12 hours and 12% 13 or more hours per day. Safety is another concern regarding the working condition. The prevalence of migrant workers in dangerous jobs results in a high number of work-related illnesses, injuries and deaths. Migrant workers make up 80% of the deaths in mining, construction, and chemical factories. And about 90% of those suffering from work-related diseases are migrant workers.
In terms of wage payment, although labor law regulates a minimum wage, many employers either ignore the regulation or consider it to be the maximum wage. According to an article in China Daily in 2006, nearly 30% of migrant workers earned RMB 300 and 500 on average per month, nearly 40% between RMB 500 and 800 and about 28% more than RMB 800. Moreover, it is common for migrant workers not to receive their wage on time, due to the lack of protection of labor rights. The government has realized the seriousness of wage arrears and taken many measures to deal with this issue. The situation has been improved a lot, but overall the problem of wage arrears still exists. In 2006, around 10% of rural-urban migrant workers received their wages on average seven months late.
The limited access of migrant workers to social insurance highlights their vulnerability. A survey conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2005 reports that only 13% of rural-urban migrant workers had insurance coverage for occupational injuries and diseases, only 10% for medical insurance and 15% for pension scheme. Another survey reports that migrant workers' participation in pension schemes was as high as 33.7%; medical care, 21.6%; unemployment insurance, 10.3%; employment injury insurance, 31.8%. The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences estimates that less than 5% got pension insurance and less than 3% of rural migrant laborers enjoyed unemployment insurance.
Class and inequality
As China experiences economic growth, the disparities between the affluent and the disadvantaged, as well as between urban and rural areas, continue to widen. At a group expert meeting of the United Nations in January 2008, a number of class-based implications of Chinese urban growth due to migration were identified, including "wage arrears, unfair compensation for land expropriated, urban poverty," issues of "public safety and social stability", and the potential creation of a "permanent urban underclass" of 200 million or more workers. Class inequality is commonly reflected in income differentials; "in urban China, urban resident annual earnings are 1.3 times larger than long-term rural migrant earnings as observed in a nationally represented sample in 2002." Additionally, migrant workers in China are generally excluded from the social services their local neighbors enjoy; "migrant workers' basic needs for housing, social security, and education for their children are not protected by the local government."
Health
The floating population of Chinese migrant workers "presents major public health challenges, especially in the provision of reproductive health care for migrant women and the need to address the increased risk to both sexes of infection with sexually transmitted diseases and HIV." A survey of migrant workers published in the journal "Public Health Reports" indicated that "forty-seven percent of the migrants were unwilling to make contributions to health insurance," and "poor living conditions and inattention to health may make migrants vulnerable to poor long-term health." Despite these health issues presented by the floating population, certain factors mitigate the health impact of internal migration in China. In a questionnaire administered to a variety of rural, urban, and migrant workers in Zhejing Province, Eastern China, 2004, indicated that "Migrants had the best self-rated health and reported the least acute illness, chronic disease, and disability, after controlling for age and education." In light of this data, the researchers concluded that the migrants had zero HIV infections, and the migrant workers examined demonstrated the "healthy migrant effect". Despite this, migration still creates a negative effect on public health due to the lack of affordable health care.
Mental health
Historically, "migration has been associated with increased vulnerability to mental health problems," and this has prompted some research into the mental health status of China's hundreds of millions of rural-urban migrants. Research by scholars from Zhejiang University and the UCL Centre for International Health and Development has however revealed that "rural-urban migrant workers in this part of China are not especially vulnerable to poor mental health." They believe that this "may result from a sense of well being associated with upward economic mobility and improved opportunities, and the relatively high social capital in migrant communities." Thus, the "healthy migrant effect" also exhibits itself in the mental health of rural-urban migrants in China.
Gender
Migration in China has produced a number of important impacts with regard to gender and gender equality in modern China. This process, usually known as a 'transition', "has gendered consequences and differential implications for men and women." The men and women who partake in rural-urban labor migration are "channeled into gender-segregated jobs and that gender division of labor is increasingly becoming a dominant mode of household production in the countryside." According to research conducted by Youqin Huang and published in the journal Environment and Planning A, "the constraints of human capital, the patriarchal culture and the Household Registration (Hukou).
After the migration process, females "are at a disadvantage in the labour market not only because of their gender, but also because of their rural identities and outsider status." One way in which this may be seen is in the fact that women migrants "can only attain jobs with lower prestige than their male counterparts, such as agricultural work and a few gender-stereotyped, family-related urban jobs." Despite the disadvantages faced by female migrants in China, some research such as that conducted with data from Hubei Province demonstrates that "migration has enabled women to benefit from economic opportunities and provided them with a degree of freedom that was not possible at their places of origin." Currently, there is some scholarly agreement on the net effect of migration in China on women in particular, "female migrant workers are doubly disadvantaged in China's urban labor market because of
their doubly marginalized identities as both women and rural residents."
Education
According to a research conducted by Zai Liang and Yiu Por Chen and published in the journal "Social Science Research", "migration usually has negative consequences for children's schooling because of the loss of social capital in schools, neighborhood, and community of origin." In theory, migrant children can study in urban public schools, but access is usually limited. The main reason is that the education budget for compulsory education is allocated through local governments and strictly based on local hukou population. Many of the urban public schools with a limited education budget are consequently reluctant to accept migrant children.
One usual way for migrant children to study in urban public schools, which is distinct from usual admission procedure, is to pay "sponsorship" fees (zanzhu fei). The amount of such fees can be prohibitive for poor migrant parents, which impedes many migrant children to get enrolled in public schools. Up to now, there are some improvements in terms of access to urban public schools and some cities have banned "sponsorship" fees, but specific policy varies from city to city. A large portion of migrant children are still excluded from the urban public education system.
In response to the lack of access to public educational resources, migrants in some big cities began to set their own schools since the 1990s. These schools are known as migrant-sponsored schools (nongmingong zidi xuexiao). At the beginning, urban authorities refused to grant licenses and even closed down the schools. Although local governments did not need to be responsible for migrants' welfare, they should still be responsible for any accident such as the collapse of buildings or food poisoning that happened in the schools. These schools are usually less expensive with average tuition fees around 300 RMB per semester. According to Lu and Zhang's research conducted in Beijing in 2001, migrant-sponsored schools usually did not have licenses, high education quality, and adequate facilities. They, however, conclude that despite such disadvantages, these schools at least provided migrant children with basic education.
In addition to the issue of access to education, migrant children have to return to their places of their hukou origin to take The National College Entrance Examination. The entire school enrollment system in China is place-based and they can only pass certain examinations in their places of hukou origin. This leads to discrepancies between what migrant students have studied in urban areas and what they will be examined as textbooks in different cities and provinces can be quite different. Since 2016, Guangdong has relaxed its policies. A child of migrants can take Entrance Exam in Guangdong if he or she has attended 3 years of highschool in the province, and if the parent(s) have legal jobs and have paid for 3 years of social insurance in the province.
Left-behind children
Left-behind children in China refer to the children who live with one parent (usually mother) or extended family (usually grandparents) when their parent(s) is (are) absent from home as migrant workers in urban areas. They are left behind partly because of little access to basic welfare in cities without local hukou status and partly because of high living expenses in cities. According to Ministry of Education, in 2012 there were more than 12.6 million migrant children and 58 million left-behind children from 7 years old to 16 years old. Left-behind children will have more health, emotional and behavior issues than those who grow up with their parents.
Left-behind children are generally less healthy, but the difference is very marginal. A study conducted by several professors from Chinese University of Hong Kong reports that left-behind children are more likely to have a less healthy diet and lower rates of physical activity. In terms of nutrition, left-behind children face more nutrition problems such as low intake of some nutrients and poor physical development related to nutrition. Further, many studies find that left-behind children are more likely to have a smoking habit, compared to children with no migrant parents. Primary causes include insufficient public awareness and lack of health education programs. Weak implementation of related regulations in rural areas such as prohibition to sell cigarettes to children under 18 may also contribute to this unsatisfying situation.
Left-behind children are also prone to undergo emotional and psychological problems. Liang's study of 250 left-behind junior high school students suggests that 16.6% of them felt abandoned, 12.3% had problems expressing difficulties, and 6.5% felt "anguished" when being left behind. In addition, the earlier those children are separated from parents, more symptoms of depression and anxiety will be reported.
Moreover, various studies indicate that left-behind children are more likely to have behavioral problems. Qualitative observations indicate that left-behind children often behavior extremely, either withdrawn or excessively aggressive. It has also been reported that left-behind children tend to be "indifferent, introverted, inferior" and "selfish".
The problems noted above are mainly due to the fact that the grandparents either spoil the children or fail to give them enough emotional support. Physical weakness and low education levels of grandparents who take care of left-behind children also contribute to the problems.
Comparative studies show that left-behind children's situation is not much worse than that of those living with parents in the same area. On the one hand, the institutions (e.g. the hukou system) that maintain the urban-rural inequality should be modified so that more migrants can settle down in cities with families. On the other hand, public resources in rural communities should be improved and regional inequality should be further reduced.
Policy theories
Scholars from a wide variety of fields have recommended policy changes in order to deal with the social issues created by floating populations of migrant workers in China. Some scholars believe that "public policies reducing the cost (including the opportunity cost) of education for rural people could help filling the endowment gap between rural migrants and urban residents in the labor market." Additionally, scholars have recommended that "new policy initiatives concerning the issue of education and migrant children are sorely needed." Public health scholars recommend that "because health insurance schemes will remain limited for the foreseeable future, attention should focus on providing affordable health care to both uninsured migrants and the urban poor." In light of the migrant worker Foxconn suicides, labor scholars have recommended that "the government should redistribute income and guarantee benefits to rural residents and migrant workers to improve living standards." Those studying labor mobility believe that "the artificial restrictions under which rural-urban migrants work in the cities, i.e. the prohibition on or impediments to urban settlement, restricted access to skilled jobs, and the system of short-term contracts, may have generated an excessively high migrant mobility rate."
Health policy
The issue of internal migration and health in China is intricately linked with the health policies national and local level governments enforce. "Policy toward rural-urban migration in China has undergone a significant shift in the last decade, and improving the working and living conditions and access to health care of migrant workers in cities is now clearly on the agenda of national and local governments. Nonetheless, migrants' mobility and their concentration in hazardous industries continue to make it difficult to reduce their exposure to environmental and occupational health risks and to ensure their access to affordable care." In order to further improve the "living conditions and access to health care of migrant workers in cities," a number of scholars have recently provided policy recommendations.
In general, public health scholars recommend that "because health insurance schemes will remain limited for the foreseeable future, attention should focus on providing affordable health care to both uninsured migrants and the urban poor." In light of this recommendation, further research has been conducted in order to assess the status of internal migration and health in China, as well as to provide more specific policy recommendations in order to address any issues. Research conducted by a team from Beijing Normal University and the Institute of Development Studies has provided a number of specific recommendations for policy makers. In a journal article published in The Lancet, this team voiced three primary concerns regarding the health of migrants in China. These concerns consisted of the spread of communicable and infectious disease, migrant maternal health, and occupational disease and injuries such as silicosis, chemical poisoning, and industrial machinery accidents. Beyond these three primary concerns, the researchers advise policy makers and public health officials to pay more attention to two additional issues. The first of these is mental and behavioural health, which is a "domain that is understudied in China". The second issue they discuss is that of risk perception. Little is known about how migrants perceive the "various possibilities for health care: self-medication, informal healers, traditional medicine, private clinics with varied levels of care, and more formal hospital treatment." Research into risk perception will "be crucial to prevention, intervention, and other health-related measures for the migrant population in China.
Labor policy
Two landmark policy documents regarding migrant workers were issued in 2002 and 2003, named Document Number 2 of 2002 and Document Number 1 of 2003.These two documents initialized the process of elimination of labor market discrimination against migrant workers and legitimization of them. In addition, the 2002 Work Safety Law and the Law on the Prevention and Cure of Occupational Diseases demanded that all employers must guarantee a safe working environment for all employees. In 2004, employers in high-risk industries such as mining and construction were required to cover injury insurance for migrant workers. In the 2005 Government Work Report, Premier Wen Jiabao noted that the payment of migrant workers should not be delayed. In March 2006, the State Council called for the establishment of a system that monitored wage delivery to migrant workers. In June 2006, the State Council passed a series of measures to protect migrant workers' labor rights, following up Circular No. 36. The measures include the restriction of minimum wages, solutions to wage defaults, enforcement of labor contracts and enlargement of migrant workers' social security coverage. With the government's continuous efforts, the situation of migrant workers have been improved, though still varying from province to province. In 2005, 80% of migrant workers had been fully paid. In Shanghai, more than two million migrant workers are in a special social security program.
Education policy
Early in 2003, China has issued an announcement on migration management and pays much attention on migrant children's education. The government mainly focused on possible financial reform, encouraged public schools to admit more migrant children, forbade extra fees and sponsored migrant-sponsored schools. The announcement noted equal access to education, elimination of sponsorship fees and the government funding for migrant-sponsored schools. In September 2003, a joint directive declared that urban governments and public schools should be responsible for migrant children's equal access to education.
Although there are various policies related to migrant children's education, in Hu's doctoral thesis, he addresses that the policy is partially implemented and the situation varies from province to province. Policy regarding funding is not being effectively implemented. Public schools do not have enough funding and subsequently school access is still limited. In addition, migrant parents need to present a series of certificates showing that they have stable jobs and accommodation in cities in order to get their children admitted in public schools.
Hukou reform
The Chinese government has committed to eliminating institutional discrimination of migrant workers on the grounds of hukou system. But the reform is complicated since it involves restructuring political and social systems, which will impact every aspect including employment, social security and property rights.
The objective of the reform is to merge urban and rural hukou systems into one in which migrant workers can have equal access to public resources as urban residents do. At the beginning of the New Millennium, Fujian, Liaoning and Shandong Provinces abolished the dual-type hukou system and issued identical hukou status to both urban and rural residents. Up to 2008, twelve provinces had abolished the dual urban-rural hukou system. Due to the complication of this issue, however, it is still very difficult for migrant workers to gain access to social welfare in urban areas, though with a hukou reform. For example, some cities such as Zhengzhou once opened public schools to rural migrant children in 2002, but these cities soon realized that there were not enough schools for the large number of migrant children. According to China Daily, Huang Ming, vice-minister of public security, addressed that the national hukou reform would be done by 2020. He said in the interview that the new hukou system would gradually extend pension, education and health care services to qualified residents, both urban and rural.
China's hukou system is a social management system. This system links every Chinese resident with their birthplace. One can only access their health care, pension and education for their children in their birth city. Cai Fang, director of the Institute of Population Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, stated that migrant workers do not have the same benefits as the urban residents. As a result of unequal benefits the migrant workers have limited participation in the labor market. Mr Cai estimates that more than 200 million migrant workers can't participate fully in the labor market due to the limitations from the Chinese hukou system.
Sources and destinations
Internal Migration
According to the International Labour Organization, internal migration in China is defined by two essential features. The first of these is that migrants generally move from farmlands and agricultural areas into more urban areas and developed cities. The second defining feature of Chinese internal migration is that "labour flows are basically directed from the interior to coastal areas, and/or from central and western regions to eastern areas." These are not independent characteristics; "These two features overlap, and are closely interrelated with the macro socio-economic structure.
The Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China in 2000 counted 42.4 million people living outside of their home provinces (i.e., outside of the province where they were legally domiciled). These would include e.g. migrant workers, students on campuses away from home, but not the military (who, generally, are counted separately from the provinces' and municipalities' populations). The largest migrant population was found in Guangdong (15.0 mln). The rest of China's southeastern seaboard attracted plenty of migrants as well (Shanghai (3.1 mln), Jiangsu (2.5 mln), Zhejiang (2.0 mln), Fujian (2.1 mln)); Beijing had 2.5 million. The coastal Liaoning and Shandong, as well as the inland Yunnan and
Xinjiang had over a million migrants each.
Migrants originated mostly in the inland provinces, such as Anhui (4.3 mln), Jiangxi (3.7 mln), Henan (3.1 mln), Hunan (4.3 mln), Hubei (2.8 mln), Guangxi (2.4 mln), Sichuan (6.9 mln).
Much of the interprovincial migration was toward the neighboring wealthier provinces or municipalities if there was one. E.g., over 90% of the Guangxi migrants went to the nearby Guangdong, while over 60% of Hebei migrants went to the Beijing and Tianjin municipalities (which both are surrounded by Hebei's territory). On the other hand, among the Hubei migrants about one half went to Guangdong, and the rest mostly to various other coastal destinations, from Beijing to Fujian.
It is of interest to the Chinese government to control the flow of internal migration in China. However, the flow of migration is large and widespread enough to be difficult for the government to manage. "Despite the Chinese government's policy of encouraging the development of western regions of the country, China's coastal regions, and especially the province of Guangdong, experienced the largest increase in the size of the floating population. With less than 7 percent of China's population, Guangdong has 27 percent of China's floating population. The size of the floating population in Guangdong nearly tripled between the 1990 and the 2000 censuses." Such uneven migration can hamper the government's policy to encourage the development of non-coastal regions, which exacerbates the geographic inequality in the country.
Migration from neighboring countries
Vietnam
China accepted 260,000 Vietnamese through the Orderly Departure Program although this participation is less well known than that of other countries. The Chinese government accorded the Vietnamese protection by providing them refugee status. Most refugees settled in southern China. During the time of the refugees' integration, the Chinese government charged various agencies with examining the refugees' background and labor skills to facilitate job placement. Following the end of the Orderly Departure Program in 1997, China continued to receive refugees although in much fewer numbers. Prior to the end of the Program and after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Vietnamese refugees to China had already been decreasing in number.
North Korea
UNHCR has declared all North Koreans in China to be 'persons of concern', although China does not recognize North Koreans' claims to asylum as valid. China refuses to accept people who the country views as defectors from other Communist countries. As a result, China identifies North Koreans within its borders as "economic migrants". Because of the Government of China does not provide assistance to migrants, the UNHCR established an office in Beijing in 1995 to provide direct assistance including food, shelter, health, education, and social services. Later, China banned the UNHCR direct access to North Koreans, claiming that the issue was an internal matter and should be treated as such. Today, advocates for North Korean defectors lobby to government officials to reverse legal jargon.
See also
Demographics of China
Economy of China
Filipinos in China
Hukou
Koreans in China
Metropolitan regions of China
Urbanization in China
China Labour Bulletin
Globalization
Migrant worker
Guanxi
Gender inequality in China
References
Further reading
Qiang, Ren (Peking University) and Donald J. Treiman (University of California, Los Angeles). "The Consequences of Parental Labor Migration in China for Children's Emotional Well-being" (Archive). Population Studies Center, University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. Report 13-799. August 2013.
External links
Lamb Buddha's Migrant Workers: Self-assertion on China's Urban Fringe
China Is On The Move- Of all the threats to its economic boom, Beijing officially encourages one, mass internal migration. It's a very smart choice., December 12, 2005, Stephen Glain, Newsweek.
China Statistical Information Net
Demographics of China
Internal migration |
Marrowbone is an unincorporated community located in Pike County, Kentucky, United States. It was also known as Regina.
References
Unincorporated communities in Pike County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky |
Johnnie Casson (born 29 April 1943) is an English comedian who has appeared on numerous occasions on British television, notably on ITV's The Comedians and many guest spots on Des O'Connor Tonight.
Early career
Casson was born 29th April 1943 in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire. After leaving school ( St Bede's Grammar Bradford), Casson joined a band called The Cresters as their drummer. The Cresters supported The Beatles on their first tour of Scotland, and worked many major cabaret venues, such as Batley Variety Club, Wakefield Theatre Club, Caesars Palace, The Maltings, where they backed Tammy Wynette on several TV specials. With The Cresters he appeared regularly on TV shows such as Cliff Richard & Friends and gaining an army of fans when the band were selected for a long residency on Granada TV.
While on the cabaret circuit Casson not only drummed, but started performing comedy. The comedy gradually became more popular than the music and in 1984, whilst on a family holiday at a Butlins Holiday Camp, his wife entered him into that week's talent contest. He won the contest, which meant a free holiday to appear in the regional finals, which he again won. The grand final was held at the London Palladium and Casson was again the judges choice. Following this, and a winning slot on Bob Says Opportunity Knocks!, he decided it was time to break from The Cresters, and went on the road as a solo stand-up comedian.
TV Highlights
1987 ITV Summer Time Special
1992 ITV The New Comedians (Featured in all five shows); ITV Celebrity Squares
1993 BBC1 Rock With Laughter; ITV Comedians Christmas Cracker
1995 ITV Talking Telephone Numbers; GRANADA/LWT Live From The Lillydrome; SKY ONE Stand & Deliver;
1996 BBC 1 Gag-Tag; SKY ONE Stand & Deliver; ITV Des O'Connor Tonight, Talking Telephone Numbers
1998 ITV Des O’Connor Tonight, Bruce Forsyth's 70th Birthday Live from the London Palladium; CHANNEL 5 Jack Docherty Show
1999 ITV Des O’Connor Tonight; CHANNEL 5 Big Stage
2000 ITV Tonight at the London Palladium; BBC 1 Jim Davidson Presents BBCTV Money In The Bank
2001 ITV Des O’Connor Christmas Show
2002 - 2006 ITV Des & Mel (6 appearances)
2007 Channel 4 Countdown (Dictionary Corner)
2009 Channel 4 The Paul O'Grady Show
References
External links
Profile at After Dinner Speakers and Comedians Ltd. Speaker Bureau
1943 births
Living people
English male comedians
People educated at St. Bede's Grammar School
People from Halifax, West Yorkshire
Comedians from Yorkshire |
Sky Ape is the title character of a black-and-white comic book series. He is an ape who wears a jetpack and fights crime.
History
Sky Ape was created by boyhood friends from different neighborhoods in the Boston, Massachusetts area. Phil Amara and Michael Russo were from East Boston, while Tim McCarney was from West Roxbury. They wanted to do a story about a gorilla with a jetpack that would rather do peoples taxes than fight crime. An artist search began, and eventually ended with Oklahoma-native Richard Jenkins. Jenkins has been the artist and co-creator on the series from the first published page to the last (with guest artists Shannon Gallant and Paul Corrigan helping Jenkins for only one stint).
The series was first published by Slave Labor Graphics and publisher Dan Vado. The series lasted four issues under SLG (including a trade paperback edition). After languishing for several months without a publisher, Sky Ape was picked up by Larry Young and AiT/PlanetLar publishing. AiT first re-published the original SLG series is one squarebound collection with a cover design by graphic designer Amy Arendts. Next, in 2001, AiT published a second paperback entitled Sky Ape: Waiting for Crime. In 2003, a third volume called Sky Ape: All the Heroes followed. The creators then became overworked with side projects and parted ways. They rejoined in 2005 for a final saddlestitched one-shot called Sky Ape: King of Girls. Each Sky Ape comic has also included guest art by comic creators such as Alex Maleev, Craig Thompson, Pop Mhan, Mark Martin, Ben Stenbeck, Jack Pollock, Mark Schultz, Guy Davis, and many others.
Style
The humor in Sky Ape is reminiscent of the old Adam West Batman (TV series) and The Monkees TV series. But the major influence is Monty Python's Flying Circus, as evidenced by the onslaught of nonsequiturs in the book. The series heavily uses media references as part of its gags. The collection garnered praise from Entertainment Weekly. Sky Ape has also become discussed on blog sites, using phrases like "Suck factor is high!" becoming somewhat of a minor mantra.
The property is currently in development in Hollywood by Kickstart Entertainment as television animation.
Notes
External links
AIT/Planetlar Sky Ape Page
Sky Ape Trade Paperbacks
Animal superheroes
Slave Labor Graphics titles
AiT/Planet Lar titles
Gorilla characters in comics
Comics about animals
Surreal comedy comics
Humor comics
2001 comics debuts |
Three Investigations (French: Triple enquête) is a 1948 French crime film directed by Claude Orval and starring Antonin Berval, Suzy Prim and Junie Astor. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Aimé Bazin and Louis Le Barbenchon.
Synopsis
Inspector Thomas of the Surete investigates three separate cases including theft, murder and the kidnapping of a child.
Cast
Antonin Berval as L'inspecteur de police Thomas
Suzy Prim as Irène
Junie Astor as Madame Robert
Fernand Fabre as Le docteur Justin
Georges Vitray as Le docteur Robert
Gustave Gallet as Le commissaire de police Gribaudet
Dorette Ardenne as Gaby
Rivers Cadet as Le complice
Simone Cerdan as L'infirmière
Maurice Lagrenée as Jean Fournier
Palmyre Levasseur as La patronne de l'hôtel
Philippe Richard as Latanière
Raymond Soguet as Max
Madeleine Suffel as La standardiste
Victor Vina as Le juge d'instruction
References
Bibliography
Bessy, Maurice & Chirat, Raymond. Histoire du cinéma français: encyclopédie des films, 1940–1950. Pygmalion, 1986
Rège, Philippe. Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1. Scarecrow Press, 2009.
External links
1948 films
French crime films
1948 crime films
1940s French-language films
Films directed by Claude Orval
French black-and-white films
1940s French films |
Larry Keith (born Lawrence Jay Korn; March 4, 1931 – July 17, 2010) was an American actor who was a cast member on the ABC soap opera All My Children and was the first American to play the role of Henry Higgins in the Broadway production of My Fair Lady.
He was born on March 4, 1931, in Brooklyn and adopted his stage name when he started acting. His early training was as a singer, and he earned a Bachelor of Music degree from Brooklyn College. He was drafted while he was a graduate student in music at Indiana University Bloomington and spent his time in the United States Army performing in shows for troops stationed in South Korea.
In the 1961 Broadway production of My Fair Lady, Keith served as an understudy to Michael Allinson and played the role of Higgins some 50 times. In an interview with the New York Herald Tribune before his first stage appearance as Higgins, Keith said he doubted that he could get away with a plummy British accent in England, "but I think I can in New York". In 1992, Keith was one of the founders of TACT (The Actors Company Theatre), which has the mission of presenting "neglected or rarely produced plays of literary merit", appearing in its productions of Eccentricities of a Nightingale and Bedroom Farce. Keith also appeared on Broadway in Titanic in 1997 in the role of Macy's owner Isidor Straus who sang the song Still to his wife Ida as the boat was sinking into the ocean. In Caroline, or Change in 2004, Keith played the role of Mr. Stopnick.
He played the role of restaurateur Nick Davis on All My Children, appearing regularly from its inception in 1970 until 1978 and then made guest appearances in that role in the ensuing years. He appeared in television in Damages and several times on Law & Order.
A resident of Manhattan, Keith died there on July 17, 2010, due to complications from lung cancer. He was survived by his ex-wife, the former Mina Wagman, as well as by a daughter and a grandchild.
Television roles
1967–1969: Another World
1970–1978, 1983–1984, 1988, 1991–1994, 1997, 2005: All My Children
1979–1980: The Baxters
1981: The Wave
1983: Kennedy
1986: Stingray
1990, 1992, 1996, 2008: Law & Order
2010: Damages
References
External links
Larry Keith at Internet Off-Broadway Database
Actor Larry Keith Dies At Age 79 Obituary at BroadwayWorld.com
1931 births
2010 deaths
American male soap opera actors
American male stage actors
Brooklyn College alumni
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Indiana University Bloomington alumni
United States Army soldiers |
David Brink (November 25, 1947 – June 29, 2019) was an American cyclist. He competed in the individual pursuit at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1947 births
2019 deaths
American male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for the United States
Cyclists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Saint Paul, Minnesota
20th-century American people |
```xml
import sinon from 'sinon';
import rewiremock from 'rewiremock';
import { mergeOverrides, Override } from './test-helpers';
import { OptionsSource, Receiver, ReceiverEvent, SlackAction, SlackShortcut, SlackViewAction } from './types';
import App, { ActionConstraints, ShortcutConstraints } from './App';
// 0 should not be able to extend (1 & <SomeType>), if it does, SomeType must be Any
// path_to_url
type IfAnyThenElse<TypeToCheck, Then, Else> = 0 extends (1 & TypeToCheck) ? Then : Else;
interface valid { valid: boolean }
interface GlobalContext { globalContextKey: number }
interface MiddlewareContext { middlewareContextKey: number }
// Loading the system under test using overrides
async function importApp(
overrides: Override = mergeOverrides(withNoopAppMetadata(), withNoopWebClient()),
): Promise<typeof import('./App').default> {
return (await rewiremock.module(() => import('./App'), overrides)).default;
}
class FakeReceiver implements Receiver {
private bolt: App | undefined;
public init = (bolt: App) => {
this.bolt = bolt;
};
public start = sinon.fake((...params: any[]): Promise<unknown> => Promise.resolve([...params]));
public stop = sinon.fake((...params: any[]): Promise<unknown> => Promise.resolve([...params]));
public async sendEvent(event: ReceiverEvent): Promise<void> {
return this.bolt?.processEvent(event);
}
}
const noopAuthorize = () => Promise.resolve({});
const receiver = new FakeReceiver();
describe('context typing', () => {
it('use should handle global and middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp<GlobalContext>({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// Use - Global Context
app.use(async ({ context }) => {
const check = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
check.valid = true;
});
// Use - Global & Middleware Context
app.use<MiddlewareContext>(async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
it('use should handle middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// Use - Middleware Context
app.use<MiddlewareContext>(async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
it('message should handle global and middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp<GlobalContext>({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// Message passes global context to all middleware
app.message(async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message passes global and middleware context to all middleware
app.message<MiddlewareContext>(async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message passes global context when using RegExp pattern and passes context to all middleware
app.message(/^regex/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message passes global context when using string pattern and passes context to all middleware
app.message('string', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message passes global and middleware context when using RegExp patterns and passes context to all middleware
app.message<MiddlewareContext>(/^regex/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message passes global and middleware context when using String patterns and passes context to all middleware
app.message<MiddlewareContext>('string', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message filter with RegExp pattern is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.message(async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, /^regex/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message filter with String pattern is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.message(async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, 'string', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message filter with RegExp pattern is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.message<MiddlewareContext>(async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, /^regex/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message filter with String pattern is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.message<MiddlewareContext>(async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, 'string', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message filter is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.message(async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message filter is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.message<MiddlewareContext>(async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message with mixed patterns and middleware is aware of global context passes context to all middleware
app.message('test_string', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, 'test_string_2', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, /regex/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
/**
* Message with mixed patterns and middleware is aware of global and
* middleware context and passes context to all middleware
*/
app.message<MiddlewareContext>('test_string', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, 'test_string_2', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, /regex/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
it('message should handle middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// Message passes middleware context to all middleware
app.message<MiddlewareContext>(async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message passes middleware context when using RegExp patterns and passes context to all middleware
app.message<MiddlewareContext>(/^regex/, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message passes middleware context when using String patterns and passes context to all middleware
app.message<MiddlewareContext>('string', async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message filter with RegExp pattern is aware of middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.message<MiddlewareContext>(async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, /^regex/, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Message filter is aware of middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.message<MiddlewareContext>(async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
/**
* Message with mixed patterns and middleware is aware of global and
* middleware context and passes context to all middleware
*/
app.message<MiddlewareContext>('test_string', async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, 'test_string_2', async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, /regex/, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
it('shortcut should handle global and middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp<GlobalContext>({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// Shortcut with RegExp callbackId is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.shortcut(/callback_id/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Shortcut with string callbackId is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.shortcut('callback_id', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Shortcut with RegExp callbackId is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.shortcut<SlackShortcut, MiddlewareContext>(/callback_id/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Shortcut with string callbackId is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.shortcut<SlackShortcut, MiddlewareContext>('callback_id', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Shortcut with constraints is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.shortcut({ type: 'shortcut' }, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Shortcut with constraints is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.shortcut<SlackShortcut, ShortcutConstraints<SlackShortcut>, MiddlewareContext>({ type: 'shortcut' }, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
it('shortcut should handle middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// Shortcut with RegExp callbackId is aware of middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.shortcut<SlackShortcut, MiddlewareContext>(/callback_id/, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Shortcut with string callbackId is aware of middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.shortcut<SlackShortcut, MiddlewareContext>('callback_id', async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Shortcut with constraints is aware of middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.shortcut<SlackShortcut, ShortcutConstraints, MiddlewareContext>({ type: 'shortcut' }, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
it('action should handle global and middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp<GlobalContext>({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// Action with RegExp callbackId is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.action(/callback_id/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Action with string callbackId is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.action('callback_id', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Action with RegExp callbackId is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.action<SlackAction, MiddlewareContext>(/callback_id/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Action with string callbackId is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.action<SlackAction, MiddlewareContext>('callback_id', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Action with constraints is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.action({ type: 'interactive_message' }, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Action with constraints is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.action<SlackAction, ActionConstraints, MiddlewareContext>({ type: 'interactive_message' }, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
it('action should handle middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// Action with RegExp callbackId is aware of middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.action<SlackAction, MiddlewareContext>(/callback_id/, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Action with string callbackId is aware of middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.action<SlackAction, MiddlewareContext>('callback_id', async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Action with constraints is aware of middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.action<SlackAction, ActionConstraints, MiddlewareContext>({ type: 'interactive_message' }, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
it('command should handle global and middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp<GlobalContext>({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// Command with commandName is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
// Command with RegExp commandName is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.command(/command_name/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Command with String commandName is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.command('command_name', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Command with RegExp commandName is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.command<MiddlewareContext>(/command_name/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Command with string commandName is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.command<MiddlewareContext>('command_name', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
it('command should handle middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// Command with RegExp commandName is aware of middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.command<MiddlewareContext>(/command_name/, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Command with string commandName is aware of middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.command<MiddlewareContext>('command_name', async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
it('options should handle global and middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp<GlobalContext>({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// Options with RegExp actionId is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.options(/action_id/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Options with string actionId is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.options('action_id', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Options with RegExp actionId is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.options<'block_suggestion', MiddlewareContext>(/action_id/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Options with string actionId is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.options<'block_suggestion', MiddlewareContext>('action_id', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Options with constraint is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.options({ type: 'block_suggestion' }, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// Options with constraint is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.options<OptionsSource, MiddlewareContext>({ type: 'block_suggestion' }, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
it('options should handle middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// Options with RegExp actionId is aware of middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.options<'block_suggestion', MiddlewareContext>(/action_id/, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Options with string actionId is aware of middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.options<'block_suggestion', MiddlewareContext>('action_id', async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// Options with constraint is aware of middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.options<OptionsSource, MiddlewareContext>({ type: 'block_suggestion' }, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
it('view should handle global and middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp<GlobalContext>({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// View with RegExp callbackId is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.view(/callback_id/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// View with string callbackId is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.view('callback_id', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// View with RegExp callbackId is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.view<SlackViewAction, MiddlewareContext>(/callback_id/, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// View with string callbackId is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.view<SlackViewAction, MiddlewareContext>('callback_id', async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// View with constraint is aware of global context and passes context to all middleware
app.view({ type: 'view_closed' }, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
});
// View with constraint is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.view<SlackViewAction, MiddlewareContext>({ type: 'view_closed' }, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const globalCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['globalContextKey'], never, valid>;
globalCheck.valid = true;
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
it('view should handle middleware context', async () => {
const MockApp = await importApp();
const app = new MockApp({ receiver, authorize: noopAuthorize });
// View with RegExp callbackId is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.view<SlackViewAction, MiddlewareContext>(/callback_id/, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// View with string callbackId is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.view<SlackViewAction, MiddlewareContext>('callback_id', async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
// View with constraint is aware of global and middleware context and passes context to all middleware
app.view<SlackViewAction, MiddlewareContext>({ type: 'view_closed' }, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
}, async ({ context }) => {
const middlewareCheck = {} as IfAnyThenElse<typeof context['middlewareContextKey'], never, valid>;
middlewareCheck.valid = true;
});
});
});
// Composable overrides
function withNoopWebClient(): Override {
return {
'@slack/web-api': {
WebClient: class {},
},
};
}
function withNoopAppMetadata(): Override {
return {
'@slack/web-api': {
addAppMetadata: sinon.fake(),
},
};
}
``` |
Berayjan (, also Romanized as Berāyjān and Barāyjān; also known as Barāi Jūn) is a village in Aliabad Rural District, Khafr District, Jahrom County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2015 census, its population was 2,708, in 517families.
References
Populated places in Jahrom County |
```objective-c
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
#ifndef STDLIB_STATS_BASE_SNANRANGE_H
#define STDLIB_STATS_BASE_SNANRANGE_H
#include <stdint.h>
/*
* If C++, prevent name mangling so that the compiler emits a binary file having undecorated names, thus mirroring the behavior of a C compiler.
*/
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
/**
* Computes the range of a single-precision floating-point strided array, ignoring `NaN` values.
*/
float stdlib_strided_snanrange( const int64_t N, const float *X, const int64_t stride );
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif // !STDLIB_STATS_BASE_SNANRANGE_H
``` |
The Roger Kellaway Trio is an album by jazz pianist Roger Kellaway recorded for the Prestige label in 1965.
Reception
The AllMusic site awarded the album 4 stars stating "the 26-year-old shows off impressive technique, a swinging style, and the willingness to experiment... A frequently intriguing early set by the talented pianist".
Track listing
All compositions by Roger Kellaway except as indicated
"Organ Morgan" (Patte Hale) – 2:41
"One Night Stand" – 3:08
"I'll Follow the Sun" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 6:00
"Brats" – 5:40
"Can't You See It" (Lee Adams, Charles Strouse) – 2:36
"Sweet and Lovely" (Gus Arnheim, Jules LeMare, Harry Tobias) – 3:33
"Sigma: O.N." – 4:08
"Ballad of the Sad Young Men" (Fran Landesman, Tommy Wolf) – 4:33
"No More" (Adams, Strouse) – 2:51
"The Fall of Love" (Dimitri Tiomkin, Ned Washington) – 5:20
Personnel
Roger Kellaway – piano
Russell George – bass
Dave Bailey – drums
Production
Lew Futterman – producer
References
Roger Kellaway albums
1965 albums
Prestige Records albums |
Prospect Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the western and Canterbury-Bankstown regions of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia.
As Prospect Reservoir forms a part of the Sydney metropolitan water supply, the flow of the creek is regulated in accordance with the operational requirements of Sydney Water. The creek is long, starting at the Prospect Reservoir at the top of the catchment and flows to the Georges River at Georges Hall, as its tributary.
Course and features
Prospect Creek rises below Prospect Reservoir, north of Bulls Hill in Prospect, within the Blacktown local government area, and flows generally southeast by east, through the Holroyd, Fairfield, Liverpool and Bankstown local government areas, before reaching its confluence with the Georges River, at Georges Hall, spilling into Dhurawal Bay in the Chipping Norton Lakes.
The catchment area of the creek is approximately , and is largely urbanised with industrial land uses, residential and open space for recreation.
Restrictions
Most forms of fishing are permitted in Prospect Creek, in both the tidal (lower) and freshwater (upper) catchments with fishing subject to bag and size limit regulations. Bull sharks can be found in the creek as the Georges River is tidal up to the Liverpool Weir, and Prospect Creek connects below that point. As such, swimming is not recommended.
Recreation
The creek winds through a number of parks and reserves, with the most prominent ones being, Gipps Road Sporting Complex, Rosford Street Reserve and the contiguous Long Street Park in Smithfield, Fairfield Park Precinct and Cawarra Park in Fairfield, Fairfield Road Park in Yennora, Makepeace Oval in Fairfield, Carrawood Park in Carramar, Mirambeena Regional Park in Lansdowne, and Henry Lawson Reserve in Georges Hall, going from northwest to southeast. It also flows on the western fringes of Fairfield High School and just north of Bland Oak, a historical tree.
There are walkways or cycling paths that parallel the creek. The longest, continuous walking path that runs alongside creek starts from Widmere Road, adjacent to the Liverpool–Parramatta T-way, in the northern periphery of Wetherill Park, and ends at Fairfield Road Park in Yennora, opposite of Yennora Fire Station. The walkabouts are within the surroundings of the Australian bushland, which include native trees such as eucalyptus.
River status
In 2020 a proposal was submitted to upgrade a 6 kilometre (4 mi) stretch of Prospect Creek river status. In September 2020, this proposal went before the Geographical Names Board of NSW (GNB) after Community Advocate Lachlan Hyde with the support of local state MPs pushed the New South Wales Government on the matter. This section would then be named Lennox River to honour Scottish-Australian stonemason David Lennox who designed and oversaw the construction of the Lansdowne Bridge which crosses this waterway.
References
External links
Creeks and canals of Sydney
Hume Highway
Georges River |
Ventura volcanic field is an extinct volcanic field located in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí, its name is due to the town and railway crossing of the same name, which had its last activity in the Pleistocene, this volcanic field is known more for the volcanic crater known as La Joya Honda, which is currently a tourist site in San Luis Potosí.
The volcanic field is composed of two cinder cones and three craters, Joyuela (Tuff cone) and Cerro Verde (Pyroplastic cone) and Joya Honda, Laguna de los Paláu and Pozo del Cármen.
References
Volcanic fields
Pleistocene volcanoes
Volcanoes of San Luis Potosí |
Neoregelia leprosa is a species of flowering plant in the genus Neoregelia. This species is endemic to Brazil.
References
leprosa
Flora of Brazil |
Finnhems Oy (stylized as FinnHEMS Oy) is a government-owned non-profit joint-stock company that manages the nationwide system of medical helicopters in Finland. Finnhems hires the helicopter companies that provide the air medical services in Finland and oversees the medical helicopter bases around the country. Currently, the helicopter companies that operate in Finland under Finnhems are Babcock Scandinavian AirAmbulance and Skärgårdshavets Helikoptertjänst that use Airbus EC 145 T2, Airbus 145 T2 and Eurocopter EC135 P2 Single Pilot IFR helicopters.
There are six medical helicopter bases each with one helicopter and ground unit: Vantaa (FH10), Turku (FH20), Tampere (FH30), Oulu (FH50), Rovaniemi (FH51) and Kuopio (FH60).
All of the medical helicopters have a medical doctor onboard except for the Rovaniemi unit which has a paramedic. Finnhems' flights rarely transport anyone to the hospital but rather bring the emergency medicine to the patient that usually gets transferred via an ambulance that has also been dispatched to the scene. To dispatch a Finnhems unit, an emergency medical dispatcher consults a doctor and makes a risk assessment on whether one is needed. The most common reasons that a unit is dispatched are cardiac arrest, unconsciousness, chest pain and traffic accidents.
Finnhems' medical helicopters and ground units are on call 24/7 around the year to ensure that intensive care level emergency medicine reaches the people of Finland on time which is critical in bad cases of medical emergencies. In 2014, the medical helicopters responded to 14,444 calls around the country.
References
External links
Air ambulance services in Europe
Government-owned companies of Finland
Emergency services in Finland
Finnish companies established in 2010
First aid organizations
Helicopter operators
Transport companies of Finland
Vantaa |
Albert Ralph Horner (April 26, 1913 – January 2, 2009) was a Canadian politician, retired grain producer and livestock breeder in Saskatchewan. He was born in Shawville, Quebec. He served as a four-term Progressive Conservative MP under John Diefenbaker.
After coming in third in an unsuccessful attempt to win a seat in the House of Commons of Canada in the 1957 general election, Horner won election from The Battlefords, Saskatchewan in the 1958 general election that returned a massive majority for John Diefenbaker's Progressive Conservatives. Horner was easily re-elected in three subsequent elections and served as an MP for ten years at the 1968 general election to return to private life. Horner returned to political activity almost 35 years later when he voiced his opposition to the 2003 creation of the Conservative Party of Canada through a merger of the Progressive Conservative Party and the Canadian Alliance and added his name to an unsuccessful court action to block the dissolution of the Progressive Conservatives.
In April 2007, Horner and David Orchard co-wrote an op-ed piece opposing the Stephen Harper government's proposal to weaken or dissolve the Canadian Wheat Board. Albert Horner was the cousin of fellow MPs Jack Horner, Hugh Horner and Norval Horner and the nephew of Senator Ralph Horner. Horner lived in Blaine Lake, Saskatchewan until his death.
See also
Politicians in Saskatchewan
Politics of Saskatchewan
References
1913 births
2009 deaths
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Saskatchewan
People from Outaouais
People from Blaine Lake, Saskatchewan
Albert
Anglophone Quebec people |
```javascript
import { cookies } from 'next/headers'
import Refresh from './refresh'
export default function Page() {
const cookieValue = cookies().get('test-cookie')
return (
<>
<Refresh />
<h1>{cookieValue?.value}</h1>
</>
)
}
``` |
SATIS or Station Area Traffic Improvement Scheme, is a traffic improvement project in Mumbai, India.
Satis or SATIS may also refer to:
Satis (goddess) AKA Satet, the cult of deification of the floods of the Nile River in Egyptian mythology
Satis (inhabited locality), name of several inhabited localities in Russia
Satis (river), a river in Russia
Satis House, a fictional estate in the Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations
Renault Vel Satis, a French executive car
Sports Association of Tasmanian Independent Schools (SATIS), a group of schools in Tasmania, Australia formed to conduct sporting competitions
SATIS Expo, an annual Francophone trade show for broadcasters
Satis (Wikt), a Latin phrase, often used in literary English, meaning "Enough!"
See also
Sati (disambiguation) |
Ikuta Atsumori (生田敦盛), sometimes known simply as Ikuta, is one of many Noh plays derived from the story of Taira no Atsumori, a young Taira clan samurai who was killed in the 1184 battle of Ichi-no-Tani. Taking place largely at Ikuta Shrine, near the scene of the battle, it centers on Atsumori's fictional son, who seeks to meet his father's ghost.
Plot summary
A monk opens the play, introducing himself as a disciple of famous priest Hōnen Shōnin, and explaining how Hōnen once found a baby boy in a box at the Kamo Shrine in Kyoto. The monk says that Honen raised the boy, and, that many years later, a young woman came forth revealing herself to be the boy's mother, and explaining that his father was Taira no Atsumori. As the boy now longed to see his father's face, Hōnen suggested that he should go to Kamo and pray there for a week.
The monk concludes his introduction by explaining that this is the last day of that week, and that he has come with the boy to Kamo once again, to pray. The boy then tells the monk that he had a dream while praying, in which a voice told him to go to Ikuta Shrine in order to see his father.
Traveling to Ikuta, the pair come upon a small hut, where they decide to ask to spend the night. The man in the hut explains that he is the ghost of Atsumori. Through the intervention of the Kamo kami, Atsumori explains, he has been granted by Yama, the lord of death, a brief opportunity to appear here in the mortal world, to meet his son. He regales his son with the tale of the battle of Ichi-no-tani, in which he was killed. A messenger of Yama then appears, and takes Atsumori with him, back to the realm of the shura, the hell of constant battle.
Taira no Atsumori
Atsumori is a complex character. He is a great warrior from the Taira family but he also shows a sensitive side with his son. His philosophy on life also seems to contrast during the story. Before the meeting of father and son, Atsumori recites the five attributes of "beauty, perception, knowledge, motion, consciousness". He talks about how the body is weak and it is the soul that guards it from corruption. Yet, when he meets his son, he suddenly becomes concerned about the ratty garments he wears. The idea being that someone who comes from the Taira line should have a better presentation. When talking to his son, he has great pride in telling the story of the Taira family at its peak. As soon as he speaks of the downfall of the great Taira family, he is called back to Hell and just like the Taira family, he fades away.
Subtext of play
The play expresses the pain in loss of war. When the late father Atsumori, describes his son, he talks about him with such joy. He uses simile to compare his son to a flower. He compares his son to an earthly object in order to allow audiences to feel privileged that they lived in a generation in which they could feel grateful that they weren't in war.
The play also goes on to detail Atsumori's descent, after being briefly reconnected with his son, back into the realm of Shuma, a realm of constant battle. This further warns against the consequence and sadness of war.
Filial Piety
Filial piety is a main theme in this story. Even though Atsumori and his son had never met, they were brought together by a deep spiritual connection. The boy’s prayers and longing for his father was so powerful that the gods allowed Atsumori to briefly leave Hell and meet his son. The following excerpt really describes the instant connection between father and son during their meeting:
And lightly he ran,
Plucked at the warrior’s sleeve,
And though his tears might seem like the long woe
Of nightingales that weep,
Yet were they tears of meeting-joy,
Or happiness too great for human heart.
See also
Heike monogatari - classical epic relating the events on which this and many other works have been derived.
Atsumori - another Noh play centering on Atsumori.
References
Waley, Arthur The Noh Plays of Japan. (1921) Tuttle Publishing (1976), pp. 12–17.
Noh plays
Buddhist plays
Plays set in the 12th century |
The NER electric units were electric multiple units that ran on the Tyneside Electrics, a suburban system based on the English city of Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1904 the North Eastern Railway electrified suburban services on Tyneside with a third rail at 600 V DC and built saloon cars that ran in 3-car to 8-car formations. More cars were built between 1908 and 1915 to cope with increased traffic. In 1918, a fire at Walkergate car shed destroyed 34 cars and replacement cars were built in 1920.
In 1938, to allow the extension of electrification to South Shields, the 1904–15 stock was replaced by the LNER electric units. The 1920 stock was refurbished and operated the South Shields service until 17 May, 1955 when they were replaced by British Rail built Class 416 units.
one of the parcel vans built in 1904 is in the National Railway Museum collection and on loan to the Stephenson Railway Museum.
Service
In 1904 the North Eastern Railway electrified suburban services on Tyneside. Equipment for 102 electric multiple units was bought from British Thompson-Houston (BTH), 56 motor cars with two motors, two motor parcel vans and 44 trailers. The cars, built in NER's own workshops at York, were saloons with clerestory roofs, and painted red and cream. These normally ran in 3-car formation, but eight-car trains were seen. The parcel vans were used with passenger coaches on morning and evening workman's trains. The line was electrified with a third rail at 600 V DC, and the first trains ran on 29 March 1904 between Newcastle New Bridge Street railway station and . Services were running to the Tynemouth coast and back to Newcastle on 25 July 1904. A short link between Manors railway station and New Bridge Street opened on 1 January 1909, completing a circular route.
Twenty-two passenger cars and a parcel van were built between 1908 and 1915 to cope with increased traffic. On 3 March 1913, an empty stock train was in a rear-end collision with one of the units due to a signalman's error. Forty-nine people were injured. In 1918 a fire at Walkergate car shed destroyed 34 cars; steam locomotives and carriages were temporarily employed. In 1920, 34 new cars were built to replace those lost; these had elliptical roofs and motors, and another parcel van was built in 1921. On 7 August 1926, one of the electric trains overran signals and collided with a freight train at Manors station. The driver had tied down the controls with a handkerchief. This allowed the train to continue its journey after he leant out of the train and was killed as it passed under a bridge. Following the collision, a replacement motor car was built in 1928.
To allow the extension of electrification to South Shields in 1938, the 1904–15 stock was replaced by the LNER Tyneside electric units and the 1920 stock refurbished, a new motor car built at York and 18 two-car sets formed. These operated the South Shields service until 17 May 1955 when they were replaced by British Rail built Class 416 units. Three trailers that had been converted to take prams on summer weekends continued until 1962.
The two 1904 parcel vans were converted into deicing vans and withdrawn in 1966. As of July 2023, one of these vans is in the National Railway Museum collection and on loan to the Stephenson Railway Museum.
See also
NER electric locomotives
Notes and references
Notes
References
Bibliography
Electric multiple units of Great Britain
North Eastern Railway (UK)
Train-related introductions in 1904
Train-related introductions in 1920
600 V DC multiple units |
Petr Esterka (November 14, 1935 – August 10, 2021) was a Czech-American Roman Catholic prelate. He served as the auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brno from 1999 to 2013, the Bishop for Czech Catholics in Diaspora in Canada and the United States from 1999 to 2021, and the titular bishop of Cefala from 1999 until his death in 2021.
Biography
Esterka was born in Dolní Bojanovice, Czechoslovakia (present-day Czech Republic), on November 14, 1935. In February 1948, Czechoslovakia's new communist government closed the Jesuit school Esterka was attending and arrested his teachers. Esterka and two other men fled Czechoslovakia to Austria on June 15, 1957, where he lived in the Glassenbach refugee camp near Salzburg for three months. He then moved to Rome, where he studied theology and philosophy at the Pontifical Lateran University.
He was ordained a Catholic priest at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran on March 9, 1963. He was then sent to a parish in San Antonio, Texas, where he became an assistant pastor for three years. He returned to the Pontifical Lateran University to complete his doctorate in theology. In February 1967, he began teaching theology at the College of St. Catherine, now known as St. Catherine University, in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He earned a full professorship in 1980 and taught at St. Catherine until 1993.
Esterka became an American citizen in December 1968. He joined the United States Air Force Reserves as a military chaplain in 1974, where he was based at the 934th Tactical Airlift Group in Minneapolis. He retired from the Air Force Reserves in 1995 with the rank of lieutenant colonel.
He began work with the Czech immigrants to Canada and the United States beginning in 1978. In 1984, Esterka founded the North American Pastoral Center for Czech Catholics in Anaheim, California, with support from John Louis Morkovsky, the then-Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston.
He moved to the Velehrad California Czech Center in Placentia, California, from which he held Czech Language masses in the Los Angeles, San Diego and San Francisco metro areas.
In 1999, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brno by Pope John Paul II, with the instructions that his main mission remain with Czech Catholics in the United States, Canada and Australia. Therefore, Esterka remained in California. He was official ordained auxiliary bishop of Brno at the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, Brno, on September 11, 1999.
Czech Foreign Minister Karel Schwarzenberg awarded Esterka the Gratias Agit Award in 2013 for contributions to the Czech Republic abroad.
Bishop Petr Esterka died in the U.S. state of California on August 10, 2021, at the age of 85. His American funeral mass was celebrated by Bishop Kevin Vann at the Christ Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, on August 20, 2021. His remains were flown back to the Czech Republic, where a funeral masses was also held in Brno with burial in Dolní Bojanovice.
References
External links
Memory of nations: Petr Esterka
Bishop Petr Esterka †
1935 births
2021 deaths
Czechoslovak refugees
Czech Roman Catholic bishops
21st-century Roman Catholic titular bishops
Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Roman Catholic bishops in Canada
St. Catherine University faculty
United States Air Force chaplains
United States Air Force reservists
Pontifical Lateran University alumni
Czech emigrants to the United States
People from Hodonín District
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Military personnel from Minnesota |
Chionanthus pygmaeus is a rare species of flowering plant in the olive family known by the common name pygmy fringetree. It is endemic to Florida, where there are 46 known occurrences as of 2010. The plant is found in increasingly rare habitat in Central Florida that is being consumed for development, and some protected areas are not managed adequately. Most populations are small. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.
Characteristics
This plant is quite variable in appearance, depending on the type of habitat in which it grows. It is usually a shrub remaining under a meter tall, but at times may grow into a tree 4 to 5 meters in height. The branches may grow directly from the sand if totally buried in a dune. The dark yellowish-green, leathery leaves are rough in shape and up to 10 centimeters long. The petioles may be maroon in color. The inflorescence is a panicle of three to six flowers borne in the leaf axils. The fragrant flower has four elongated, narrow lobes in its bell-shaped corolla and measures up to 1.5 centimeters long. The drooping panicle with many narrow corolla lobes may appear fringelike, hence the plant's common name. The fruit is a drupe up to 2.5 centimeters long which ripens purple or brownish. The plant reproduces sexually via seed and vegetatively by growing new shoots. It resprouts after its aboveground parts are burned away in the fire. It is a dioecious species. It is probably quite long-lived.
Habitat
The plant grows in Florida scrub, sandhills, hammocks, flatwoods, and transition zones between these habitats. Many of these ecosystems are endangered and degraded, with remaining fragments under pressure from destructive forces. It is a plant of the well-drained yellow and white sands that remain from the ancient dunes that once covered this section of Central Florida. Many populations are known to have been extirpated because they occurred on valuable private land and were destroyed when the properties were developed. Most of its 46 occurrences are located on protected property, such as Lake Wales Ridge National Wildlife Refuge. Not all of this protected land is managed properly, however. Most of the habitats in which the plants grow, such as scrub and sandhills, are dependent on periodic fires for their health and maintenance. When a fire occurs now it is generally quickly extinguished, preventing the natural fire regime. Many areas, even in protected, conserved sites, are overgrown today because they have not burned in many years. This and many other plants in these ecosystems cannot grow when they are shaded by tall woody vegetation.
This plant may be a dominant species in some very localized areas, and may be codominant with other shrubs and trees, forming thickets. It has been noted to grow alongside yellow plum (Ximenia americana), silk bay (Persea humilis), scrub hickory (Carya floridana), sand pine (Pinus clausa), sandhill rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides), and several oaks. It grows with its relative, white fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus), and sometimes hybridizes with it.
More research is needed for this species, because many aspects of its life history, reproduction, pollination, population biology, fire ecology, genetics, and other factors in its biology are unknown.
Endangered status
There are many populations of this plant, and it is locally common to abundant in a few areas. In general, however, the populations are small, in some cases made up of a single plant. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service will not downlist the species to threatened status until there is reliable scientific evidence describing the population size and characteristics necessary for the continued survival of the species. Also, its habitat must be safe from damage and degradation, including improper fire management and outright destruction in the conversion of the land to housing or agriculture use.
References
External links
pygmaeus
Endemic flora of Florida
Dioecious plants |
```pod
=pod
=head1 NAME
d2i_X509_NAME, i2d_X509_NAME - X509_NAME encoding functions
=head1 SYNOPSIS
#include <openssl/x509.h>
X509_NAME *d2i_X509_NAME(X509_NAME **a, unsigned char **pp, long length);
int i2d_X509_NAME(X509_NAME *a, unsigned char **pp);
=head1 DESCRIPTION
These functions decode and encode an B<X509_NAME> structure which is the
same as the B<Name> type defined in RFC2459 (and elsewhere) and used
for example in certificate subject and issuer names.
Othewise the functions behave in a similar way to d2i_X509() and i2d_X509()
described in the L<d2i_X509(3)|d2i_X509(3)> manual page.
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<d2i_X509(3)|d2i_X509(3)>
=head1 HISTORY
TBA
=cut
``` |
Collie is a village and parish in central New South Wales, Australia. The town is located in Warren Shire and on the Oxley Highway, north west of the state capital, Sydney. At the 2016 census, Collie and the surrounding area had a population of 194. The name, Collie, could have derived from an Aboriginal word meaning "water".
References
Towns in New South Wales |
```javascript
define([], function() {
return {
"PropertyPaneDescription": "Palette Picker",
"BasicGroupName": "Group",
"DescriptionFieldLabel": "Description Field"
}
});
``` |
James Francis Fitzgerald (March 27, 1926 – June 4, 2012) was an American businessman and former professional sports owner, best known as a former owner of the Milwaukee Bucks and the Golden State Warriors, both NBA teams.
Early life
Fitzgerald graduated from high school and attended Baldwin-Wallace College in Berea, Ohio and Notre Dame in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, where he earned a bachelor's degree in naval science in 1947. He also held honorary Ph.D.s from the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater and Baldwin-Wallace College. He married Marilyn Cullen of Janesville on August 1, 1950 at Notre Dame's Old College Chapel. In 1952, he was called up for service in the Korean War as Navy paymaster on the , stationed in Norfolk, Virginia.
Business career
After graduating cum laude, from Notre Dame he briefly joined Standard Oil. In 1948 he began his business career with a partner, Fred Weber. They became the Shell Oil jobbers for Janesville, Wisconsin, opening their first gas station on North Parker Drive. The business grew quickly, adding gas stations and car washes. In the late 1950s, Fitzgerald began building shopping centers with his brother-in-law, J. P. Cullen. In the early 1960s, he built the first Holiday Inn in Janesville with other investors, including Cullen and the Ryan brothers, both owners of construction firms, and expanded to six other cities.
The Fitzgerald group later bought into banks and cable television franchises in Janesville (Total TV, Inc.) and Madison, Wisconsin. The cable operations were eventually sold to Jones Intercable (now part of Comcast) and TCI. In the early 1980s, Total TV expanded throughout Wisconsin to include 40 cities.
In 1975, Fitzgerald led a group of investors that bought Milwaukee Professional Sports and Service, Inc., the parent company of the NBA Milwaukee Bucks. Fitzgerald became chairman of the NBA's television committee. He and Bud Selig founded the pay-per-view Sportsvue cable channel in Milwaukee, which carried Bucks and Brewers games throughout Wisconsin. The network's failure after 10 months of operation was a major contributing factor in Fitzgerald's sale of the franchise.
In the late 1990s, Fitzgerald was involved with SoftSpikes, a soft plastic replacement cleat for golf shoes. SoftSpikes was founded by Rob O'Loughlin, Fitzgerald's son-in-law. Fitzgerald was involved in several startup ventures, including LaserLink Golf, another O'Loughlin startup, and the manufacturer of a laser distance measuring device for golfers, run by O'Loughlin.
Sports involvement
Fitzgerald was chairman of the Bucks until 1985, when the team was sold to Herb Kohl. In 1986, Fitzgerald and Dan Finnane, who had also been involved with the Bucks, took over the Golden State Warriors, which they owned through 1995 when they sold to Chris Cohan. At the time he owned each of these teams, Fitzgerald had only a "handshake agreement" with Don Nelson, head coach of both teams in turn, not a contract, an arrangement which reflected the friendship and trust between them. In an era of lawsuits and countersuits, this "contract" was unique in professional sports. In 1997, 50 years after Fitzgerald graduated from Notre Dame, the Fitzgerald family donated funds to build a new sports and communications center and press box at Notre Dame Stadium.
Honors
During the 1990s, he received several awards including being inducted to the Janesville Sports Hall of Fame, the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame, and the Wisconsin Business Hall of Fame.
Personal life
Fitzgerald and his wife, Marilyn, had six children. He died on June 4, 2012, aged 86, at his home in Janesville. Marilyn died on December 17, 2019.
References
1926 births
2012 deaths
Sportspeople from Janesville, Wisconsin
University of Notre Dame alumni
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
National Basketball Association executives
National Basketball Association owners
Golden State Warriors owners
United States Navy officers
20th-century American businesspeople
Military personnel from Wisconsin |
The 1994 Tondeña 65 Rhum Masters season was the 16th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). Formerly known as Ginebra San Miguel.
Draft picks
Notable dates
April 5: Tondeña 65 escaped with an 89-87 victory over Shell Rimula X for their first win of the season after six straight losses and a 14-game losing streak dating back from the Governor's Cup of last year. Jayvee Gayoso topscored for the team with 32 points.
April 10: Top draftee Noli Locsin banged in a night-high 34 points, including 14 in the last quarter as he led Tondeña to a 107-98 victory over Alaska for their second win in eight games to keep their hopes alive in a bid for the last semifinals slot.
July 17: Tondeña import Mitchell Wiggins scored a season-high 78 points as the Rhum Masters defeated Sta.Lucia Realtors in Overtime, 150-148.
October 16: Tondeña whipped Sta.Lucia, 131-123, to stay alive in its hunt for the elusive semifinals berth in the Governor’s Cup. Rhum Masters import Steve Hood finished the game with a high of 67 points.
Roster
Transactions
Trades
Additions
Recruited imports
References
Barangay Ginebra San Miguel seasons
Tondena |
The Namibia Premier Football League (NPFL), or the Debmarine Namibian Premiership for sponsorship reasons, is the highest level of domestic association football in Namibia. It operates under the auspices of the Namibia Football Association.
History
After ongoing problems with the Namibia Premier League (NPL) following the 2018–19 season, the Namibia Football Association founded the new league themselves. Despite a planned debut season in 2021, the league finally played its first season in 2022-23 after securing major sponsorship funding.
Clubs
Clubs competing in the league for the 2022/23 season
Champions
References
External links
Official website
Official Facebook
Football leagues in Namibia
Namibia
2021 establishments in Namibia
Sports leagues established in 2021 |
Boom Baby Boom is the fifth studio album by Australian rock band Mondo Rock, released in September 1986. It peaked at number 27 on the Kent Music Report.
Reception
Cash Box magazine called the album a "clever, dance-rock outing full of potential singles. Enough quirky, progressive elements to interest modern-leaning musos; enough pop craftsmanship and crisp song writing to catch traditionalists."
Track listing
Personnel
Mondo Rock:
Ross Wilson – vocals, harmonica
Eric McCusker – guitar, backing vocals
Duncan Veall – keyboards, backing vocals
Andrew Ross – keyboards, saxophone, backing vocals
James Gillard – bass, backing vocals
John James Hackett – drums, percussion, guitar, backing vocals
with:
Alex Pertout – percussion
Bruce Allen – second saxophone on "Rule of Threes" and "Roman Holiday"
Greg Thorne – trumpet on "Rule of Threes"
Bob Venier – flugelhorn
Angus Davidson, Pat Wilson, Ross Hannaford, Venetta Fields – backing vocals
Production team:
Producer, Engineer, Mixed by – Bill Drescher
Assistant Engineers – Angus Davidson (recording), Charlie Brocco (mixing)
Charts
References
Mondo Rock albums
1986 albums
Polydor Records albums
Columbia Records albums |
Alitho Saradaga () was an Indian Telugu-language television talk show hosted by Ali and produced by Gnapika Entertainments. The show was primarily broadcast on ETV. The show was premiered on the television on 24 October 2016. Kadiyala Praveena is the primary producer of the show. It was one of the popular and the longest-running talk-shows of Indian television. It was ended on 19 December 2022.
Episodes
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Home media
The show is primarily broadcast on ETV every Monday. It is also available on ''etvteluguindia'' YouTube channel. The show is available on ETV WIN, a mobile app launched by ETV Network where all of its content is available.
Notes
References
External links
Indian television talk shows
2016 Indian television series debuts
Telugu-language television shows
ETV Telugu original programming
2022 Indian television series endings |
The Wishing Ring: An Idyll of Old England is a 1914 American silent comedy-drama film directed by Maurice Tourneur and starring Vivian Martin. Based on the 1910 play of the same name by Owen Davis that ran on Broadway starring Marguerite Clark, the film was shot in Fort Lee, New Jersey by the World Film Corporation.
The film was thought to have been lost but a 16mm print of the film was rediscovered by film historian Kevin Brownlow in England. In 2012, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Cast
Vivian Martin - Sally, The parson's daughter
Alec B. Francis - The Earl of Bateson
Chester Barnett - The Earl's Son Giles
Gyp Williams - The Orphan
Simeon Wiltsie - The Parson
Walter Morton - Mr. Annesley
Johnny Hines - Jolly Boy (billed as John Hines)
Rose Melville - Sis Hopkins
Frederick Truesdell
Holbrook Blinn
James Young
Plot
Giles is the rowdy son of the respected Earl of Bateson, and he routinely sends his father letters while he is away at school, assuring his father that he is achieving good marks in his classes. However, despite these assurances, Giles is kicked out of school for "Gross Misconduct", and he returns home to his father in disgrace.
Giles is given a tutor, but when the tutor falls asleep, Giles sneaks out to visit his Godfather, Mr. Annesley. Annesley has been having troubles himself with someone stealing his roses, and as he is about to leave town, he asks Giles to watch his rose garden for him while he is away. Giles soon learns that Sally, the parson's daughter, has been taking the roses, but when he confronts her about it, he realizes that her motives were pure, and she soon wins him over. Sally thinks he is simply a gardener, and she takes him to meet her father as the two become better acquainted.
One day, Giles pays some Gypsies to give Sally a silver ring, which they call a "Wishing ring" that will grant the wish of whoever wears it, and later, he sneaks behind Sally and kisses her after she wishes for "A kiss from her true love". After a few days, Giles receives word that Annesley is coming back, and he asks Giles to invite all of the neighbors to a lawn party to welcome him home. However, when Giles tells Sally, she realizes that she does not have the proper clothes for a fancy party. Undeterred, Giles goes out to buy her a new dress and shoes, and sneaks it into her home without her noticing, writing "From the Wishing Ring" on the box.
Before the party, Giles receives a letter from his father, telling him that he knows where he is, and that he does not wish to see him until he can earn a half-crown to prove his diligence. Later, at the party, the letter falls out of Giles pocket, and Sally and her father find the note and read it, unbeknownst to Giles. Sally, with her pure heart, takes it upon herself to reconcile the relationship between father and son, and she goes to the home of the Earl, quickly befriending him as they play chess together. In fact, Sally visits him every day, and she becomes very sad for him as he is pained by a serious case of Gout. She decides to ask the Gypsies about a cure for the Earl, and they tell her to visit the "Devils Cliff" at midnight, by the light of the moon, where she will find a magic herb that cures all disease.
That night, Sally leaves her house in the middle of the night at travels to Devils cliff, but the next morning, she is found seriously injured, having fallen off the cliff in the dark. As Sally is taken to her home, word spreads quickly that she has been injured, and the Earl immediately runs out of his house (with his gout) to make his way to her. Along the way though, his horse goes lame and he stops to borrow another horse, paying the man he borrows it from a half-crown. However, the horse actually belongs to Giles, and the man gives Giles the half crown while simultaneously telling him about Sally's fall.
Much like his father, Giles immediately runs to Sally, getting there just before his father, and the two briefly chat before the Earl arrives. Giles at first hides as his father comes in to check on Sally, but soon Giles comes out, angering his father. However, Sally tells the Earl that he must forgive his son, as he has fulfilled his conditions and earned a half-crown. The two smile and embrace each other, and all is well.
The film ends with a celebratory feast at the wedding of Sally and Giles.
References
External links
The Wishing Ring: An Idyll of Old England essay by Kyle Westphal at National Film Registry
1914 films
1914 comedy-drama films
1910s English-language films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
American films based on plays
Films directed by Maurice Tourneur
Films shot in Fort Lee, New Jersey
United States National Film Registry films
Films set in England
World Film Company films
1910s rediscovered films
Rediscovered American films
1910s American films
Silent American comedy-drama films |
Dakpo Tashi Namgyal (Dakpo Paṇchen Tashi Namgyel; ) (1511, 1512, or 1513–1587) was a lineage holder of the Dagpo Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. He was also trained in the Sakya lineage, and "was renowned as both a scholar and yogi."
He should not be confused with his namesake, also known as Kunkyen Tashi Namgyal, (1399–1458), who helped establish Penpo Nalendra Monastery in 1425 with Sakya master Rongton Sheja Kunrig (1367–1449).
Later in life he served as chief abbot of the Kagyu Daklha Gampo Monastery in southern Tibet.
His "most famous works" were two Mahamudra texts, Moonlight of Mahamudra and Clarifying the Natural State. The latter is a meditation manual which
"sketches the path of meditation from the initial steps of the general and specific preliminaries ...," focusing on "the establishment and stabilisation of mindfulness and calm, through shamatha practice, and developing analytical understanding through vipashyana techniques."
As of 2012, some of his works were available in Tibetan in the "Rigpa Dorje Practice Series."
"Much of what we know about Tashi Namgyal and his reincarnations has come from an account written down by Lama Trinle Choedak, the personal tutor of the 6th Zimwock Rinpoche."
He was one of the teachers of Mikyö Dorje, the 8th Karmapa Lama.
Works
Translated into English
In Tibetan
References
External links
Flyer for 2009 teaching on Clarifying the Natural State
1510s births
1587 deaths
Dagpo Kagyu
Sakya lamas
Scholars of Buddhism from Tibet
Tibetan Buddhism writers
Tibetan people |
Elton Gillett Brown (born May 22, 1982) is an American former professional football player who was a guard in the National Football League (NFL) for four seasons. He played college football for the University of Virginia, and was recognized as an All-American. The Arizona Cardinals chose him in the fourth round of the 2005 NFL Draft, and he also played for the New York Sentinels of the United Football League (UFL). He currently is the Assistant Head Coach and Offensive Coordinator for The Apprentice School in Newport News, VA.
Early years
Brown was born in Hampton, Virginia. He has a brother named Scorpio Brown who played Wide receiver for the Baltimore Mariners, Richmond Raiders, and Harrisburg Stampede. He attended Hampton High School, where he was a standout player for the Hampton Crabbers high school football.
College career
Brown accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Virginia, where he played for coach Al Groh's Virginia Cavaliers football team from 2001 to 2004. As a senior in 2004, he was recognized as a first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) selection and a consensus first-team All-American. In recognition of his outstanding college football career, the Virginia athletic department retired his jersey, No. 61, on September 24, 2011.
Professional career
The Arizona Cardinals selected Brown in the fourth round (111th pick overall) of the 2005 NFL Draft, and he played for the Cardinals from to . After four seasons with the Cardinals, Brown was cut on September 8, 2009. He had started fourteen of the thirty-four games he played for the Cardinals. He finished his professional playing career with the New York Sentinels of the UFL in .
References
External links
Arizona Cardinals bio
Just Sports Stats
1982 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American football offensive guards
American football offensive tackles
Arizona Cardinals players
Hampton High School (Virginia) alumni
Hartford Colonials players
New York Sentinels players
Players of American football from Hampton, Virginia
Virginia Cavaliers football players |
Love & Life is the fourth studio album by American R&B singer Eric Benét. It was released on September 9, 2008 on Friday and Reprise Records. The album debuted at number 11 on the US Billboard 200 and number two on Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart with first-week sales of 40,000 copies, making it his highest-charting album since A Day in the Life in 1999. Love & Life also received two 2009 Grammy Award nominations, for Best R&B Album and for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "You're the Only One".
Critical reception
AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine rated the album three and a half stars out of five and wrote: "Benét returns to what he does best on Love & Life: making music for love-making. Slow and sultry and steeped in Stevie, Marvin, Luther, and especially Quincy Jones-produced Michael Jackson and Prince's forays into quiet storm, Love & Life is a consolidation of Benét's strengths as a seduction artist. Arriving after the turgid turmoil of Hurricane, this is frankly a relief, as Benét demonstrates a lighter touch throughout Love & Life, shedding any suggestion of personal revelation in favor of courting clichés without blushing."
Track listing
Cover versions
English band Blue released a cover version of "You're the Only One" on their album Colours in 2015.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2008 albums
Eric Benét albums
Reprise Records albums |
The Parc des expositions de Paris-Nord Villepinte (English: Paris Nord Villepinte) is a large convention center located in Villepinte near Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. The center opened in 1982 and is the second-largest in France.
The center encompasses 115 hectares and has 246,000 m2 of convention space in eight halls. The center is served by the Parc des Expositions station on the RER B. Paris Nord Villepinte is one metro stop from Charles de Gaulle Airport and 30 minutes from Gare du Nord, Chatelet-Les Halles, Saint Michel RER B stations in Paris city.
Managed by Viparis, Paris Nord Villepinte Convention and Exhibition Centre hosts many international professional and consumer exhibitions and conventions, such as All4pack, Europain, Eurosatory, Expofil, Intermat, Maison & Objet, SIAL, Silmo and IPA.
References
External links
Official website
Convention centers in France
Buildings and structures in Seine-Saint-Denis
Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics |
The 2011 PGA Championship was the 93rd PGA Championship, held August 11–14, 2011 at the Atlanta Athletic Club in Johns Creek, Georgia, a suburb northeast of Atlanta. Keegan Bradley won his only major championship in a three-hole playoff over Jason Dufner on the Highlands Course; Dufner won the title two years later.
Television coverage was provided in the United States by CBS and TNT, and in the United Kingdom by Sky Sports.
Venue
It was the third PGA Championship held at the Highlands Course of the Atlanta Athletic Club; the last was a decade earlier in 2001. David Toms laid up on the final hole and one-putted for a par to win by one stroke over Phil Mickelson. The first at AAC was in 1981, when Larry Nelson won by four strokes over Fuzzy Zoeller. The course also hosted the U.S. Open in 1976, won by Jerry Pate.
Course layout
Lengths of the course for previous majors:
, par 70 - 2001 PGA Championship
, par 70 - 1981 PGA Championship
, par 70 - 1976 U.S. Open
Field
The following qualification criteria were used to select the field. Each player is listed according to the first category by which he qualified with additional categories in which he qualified shown in parentheses.
1. All former PGA Champions
Rich Beem, Mark Brooks, John Daly, Steve Elkington (6), Pádraig Harrington (4,9), Martin Kaymer (6,8,9), Davis Love III, Shaun Micheel, Phil Mickelson (3,6,8,9,10), Larry Nelson, Vijay Singh (8), David Toms (8,10), Tiger Woods (2,9), Yang Yong-eun (8)
Paul Azinger withdrew.
The following former champions did not compete: Jack Burke Jr., Dow Finsterwald, Raymond Floyd, Doug Ford, Al Geiberger, Wayne Grady, David Graham, Hubert Green, Don January, John Mahaffey, Bobby Nichols, Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Nick Price, Jeff Sluman, Dave Stockton, Hal Sutton, Lee Trevino, Bob Tway, Lanny Wadkins
2. Last five U.S. Open Champions
Ángel Cabrera (3), Lucas Glover (8,10), Graeme McDowell (9), Rory McIlroy (6,8,9,10)
3. Last five Masters Champions
Trevor Immelman, Zach Johnson (6,8,9), Charl Schwartzel (8,10)
4. Last five British Open Champions
Stewart Cink (8,9), Darren Clarke (8,10), Louis Oosthuizen
5. Current Senior PGA Champion
Tom Watson elected not to play.
6. 15 low scorers and ties in the 2010 PGA Championship
Paul Casey (8), Jason Day (8), Jason Dufner (8), Simon Dyson, Dustin Johnson (8,9,10), Matt Kuchar (8,9,10), Liang Wenchong, Bryce Molder, Camilo Villegas, Bubba Watson (8,9,10)
7. 20 low scorers in the 2011 PGA Professional National Championship
Danny Balin, Brian Cairns, Todd Camplin, Jeff Coston, Sean Dougherty, Scott Erdmann, David Hutsell, Faber Jamerson, Marty Jertson, Brad Lardon, Robert McClellan, Rob Moss, Mike Northern, Dan Olsen, Steve Schneiter, Mike Small, Stuart Smith, Jeff Sorenson, Bob Sowards, Craig Stevens
8. Top 70 leaders in official money standings from the 2010 WGC-Bridgestone Invitational to the 2011 Greenbrier Classic
Robert Allenby, Arjun Atwal (10), Aaron Baddeley (10), Keegan Bradley (10), Jonathan Byrd (10), K. J. Choi (10), Brendon de Jonge, Luke Donald (9,10), Rickie Fowler (9), Jim Furyk (9,10), Tommy Gainey, Robert Garrigus (10), Brian Gay, Retief Goosen, Bill Haas (10), Charley Hoffman (10), J. B. Holmes, Charles Howell III, Freddie Jacobson (10), Robert Karlsson, Chris Kirk (10), Martin Laird (10), Spencer Levin, Hunter Mahan (9), Steve Marino, Ryan Moore, Kevin Na, Geoff Ogilvy, Sean O'Hair (10), Jeff Overton (9), Ryan Palmer, D. A. Points (10), John Rollins, Andrés Romero, Justin Rose, Rory Sabbatini (10), Adam Scott (10), John Senden, Webb Simpson, Heath Slocum (10), Brandt Snedeker (10), Scott Stallings (10), Brendan Steele (10), Kevin Streelman, Steve Stricker (9,10), Cameron Tringale, Bo Van Pelt, Jhonattan Vegas (10), Johnson Wagner (10), Nick Watney (10), Charlie Wi, Mark Wilson (10), Gary Woodland (10)
9. Members of the United States and European 2010 Ryder Cup teams (provided they are ranked in the top 100 in the Official World Golf Rankings)
Ross Fisher, Peter Hanson, Miguel Ángel Jiménez, Edoardo Molinari, Francesco Molinari, Ian Poulter, Lee Westwood
10. Winners of tournaments co-sponsored or approved by the PGA Tour since the 2010 PGA Championship
Michael Bradley, Harrison Frazar, Rocco Mediate, Scott Piercy
11. Vacancies are filled by the first available player from the list of alternates (those below 70th place in official money standings).
J. J. Henry, Ryuji Imada, Brandt Jobe, Jerry Kelly, Bill Lunde
Alternates:
Tom Gillis (ranked 76) replaced Paul Azinger.
D. J. Trahan (ranked 79) took the spot reserved for WGC-Bridgestone Invitational winner who had already qualified.
12. The PGA of America reserves the right to invite additional players not included in the categories listed above
Thomas Aiken, Fredrik Andersson Hed, Ricky Barnes, Thomas Bjørn, Grégory Bourdy, Ben Crane, Brian Davis, Jamie Donaldson, Johan Edfors, Ernie Els, Hiroyuki Fujita, Stephen Gallacher, Sergio García, Richard Green, Anders Hansen, Tetsuji Hiratsuka, David Horsey, Yuta Ikeda, Ryo Ishikawa, Raphaël Jacquelin, Brendan Jones, Anthony Kim, Kim Kyung-tae, Pablo Larrazábal, Matteo Manassero, Noh Seung-yul, Alex Norén, José María Olazábal, Jerry Pate, Álvaro Quirós, Scott Verplank
Tim Clark withdrew due to an elbow injury
Nicolas Colsaerts withdrew due to an elbow injury.
Round summaries
First round
Thursday, August 11, 2011
Steve Stricker set the early lead with a 7-under-par 63, after narrowly missing a putt on his final hole that would have set a new major championship record of 62. Jerry Kelly finished with 65, in what was shaping up to be a good chance for the U.S. to get its first major win since the 2010 Masters Tournament. Pre-tournament favorite Rory McIlroy injured his wrist on the 3rd hole, but was able to grind out an even par round of 70. The defending champion, Martin Kaymer shot a 2-over-par round of 72 to sit 9 shots off the lead, while the champion from 2003, Shaun Micheel shot a 4-under-par round of 66 to be in 3rd place alone. Tiger Woods, despite stating that he felt good about his game before the tournament, shot a 77, to finish +7 and in danger of missing the cut.
Second round
Friday, August 12, 2011
Third round
Saturday, August 13, 2011
Final round
Sunday, August 14, 2011
Third round co-leader Brendan Steele faded quickly with four early bogeys; he shot 77 and ended in a tie for 19th. Steve Stricker birdied the first to pull within a shot of the lead, but a double bogey on 4 led to a final score of 73. Robert Karlsson stormed into contention with an eagle on the par-5 12th hole to pull him to −8 and within a shot of leader Jason Dufner. Anders Hansen also began a late charge and after birdies at 12 and 13 pulled within two shots of Dufner at −7. David Toms also made a charge, birdieing six of nine holes in the middle of the round, but a bogey on 16 dropped him out of contention. Keegan Bradley made an eagle of his own on 12 after knocking the approach to two feet to tie Dufner for the lead at −9. Dufner birdied both 12 and 13 to take a two-shot lead at −11.
At the par-3 15th hole, Bradley hit his tee shot left of the green, then chipped into the water and was unable to get up and down from drop area. The triple-bogey 6 left him at −6, five shots out of the lead with three holes to play. Following his eagle at 12, Karlsson parred the next three holes but bogeyed the last three to end his chances for a first major. After a bogey by Hansen at 16, Dufner had a five-shot lead at −11 on the 15th tee. He hit his tee shot into the water, but got up-and-down for a bogey to drop to −10. Scott Verplank chipped in for birdie from the bunker on 16 to pull within three shots of the lead. His playing partner Bradley also birdied 16 to pull within three shots. Hansen made a 15-footer (4.5 m) for birdie on 17 to pull to −7, three shots back. Verplank needed to attack the par-3 17th hole, but hit his tee shot from off the protecting wall into the water to end his chances of a late charge. Bradley landed his tee shot in the middle of the green. Dufner hit his approach on 16 into the greenside bunker; but again failed to save par and fell to −9. Bradley then sank a putt for birdie to get to −8 and cut the lead to one, as Dufner watched from the 17th tee.
Hansen two-putted for par on 18 and had the clubhouse lead of −7. After hitting on the 17th green, Dufner knocked his first putt well past the hole and bogeyed to fall to −8; his five-stroke lead was gone. After hitting hybrid off the 18th tee, Bradley hit his approach to the center of the green, leaving a long birdie putt. He lagged to one foot and tapped in to post the new clubhouse lead of −8. After Dufner hit driver in the fairway on 18 he hit four iron to the middle of the green. Dufner than lagged his putt to two feet (0.6 m) and tapped in to tie Bradley and force a three-hole playoff.
Source:
Scorecard
Final round
Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par
Source:
Playoff
The three-hole aggregate playoff was played on the final three holes, with sudden-death to follow in case of a tie. Starting on 16, Dufner's approach shot rolled right by the hole and settled 8 feet behind the cup. Bradley answered by knocking his approach to four feet. After Dufner missed his birdie putt, Bradley made his short birdie putt to take a one shot lead. On the playoff's par-three second hole, Dufner and Bradley both put their tee balls on to the green. Dufner was first to play, from about , and ran his putt past the hole. Bradley knocked his birdie putt past the hole. Dufner missed his long comebacker for par and Bradley made his par putt to take a two-shot lead with one hole to play.
Bradley elected to take hybrid off the tee on 18, as he did in regulation, and found the fairway. Dufner hit driver in the fairway, just as he did in regulation. With a two shot lead Bradley put his approach shot comfortably on the front of the green, leaving it from the cup. Dufner knocked his approach next to Bradley's, about from the hole. Two strokes down, Dufner needed to make his birdie putt to have any chance to extend the playoff and did just that. Bradley then needed to two-putt for par to win his first major. Bradley lagged the first putt just past the hole, then tapped in for the win. Bradley became the first male player to win in his major debut since Ben Curtis at the 2003 Open Championship and the first to win a major using a long (belly) putter.
This was the seventh consecutive major championship won by a player who had not previously captured a major title, establishing a new record.
Scorecard
Playoff
Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par
Source:
References
External links
2011 Official site
Coverage on European Tour's official site
Atlanta Athletic Club
PGA Championship
Golf in Georgia (U.S. state)
Sports in Duluth, Georgia
PGA Championship
PGA Championship
PGA Championship |
Qais Hadi Sayed Hasan al-Khazali (; born 20 June 1974) is best known as the founder and leader of the Iran-backed Special Groups in Iraq from June 2006 until his capture by British forces in March 2007. As head of the Special Groups, Khazali directed arms shipment, formation of squads to participate in fighting, and insurgent operations, most notably the 20 January 2007 attack on American forces in Karbala. A former follower of Muqtada al-Sadr, he was expelled from the Mahdi Army in 2004 for giving "unauthorized orders" and founded his own group: Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq (AAH) also known as the "Khazali Network" that was later designated as a terrorist group by the U.S. Department of State. During his incarceration, Akram al-Kaabi became acting commander of the organization until his release.
Arrest and release
On the night of 20 March 2007 G squadron of the British SAS raided a house in Basra containing Khazali and arrested him along with his brother and his Lebanese advisor without casualties and gained valuable intelligence.
Khazali was released in January 2010, in exchange for Peter Moore, who had been kidnapped by Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq. In December that year, notorious special groups commanders Abu Deraa and Mustafa al-Sheibani were allowed to return to Iraq and declared they would be working with Khazali after their return. Since his release, al-Khazali pivoted from attacking U.S.-led Coalition forces in Iraq to recruiting for pro-Assad Shi'ite militias in Syria.
Sanctions
On 6 December 2019, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Khazali and placed him on the SDN List for "involvement in serious human rights abuse in Iraq," and addressed his role in the violent repression of Iraqi protests beginning in October 2019. During the protests, AAH militia forces controlled by Khazali, opened fire on and killed peaceful protesters.
On 31 December 2019, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo named Khazali, along with Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, Hadi al-Amiri, and Falih Al-Fayyadh, as responsible for the attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad.
On 3 January 2020, U.S. Department of State designated Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq as a foreign terrorist organization (FTO), with Qais al-Khazali and his brother Laith al-Khazali as Specially Designated Global Terrorists (SDGT) under Executive Order 13224.
Notes
Sources
External links
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)
Iraqi Qutbists
Iraqi Shia clerics
Iraqi Shia Muslims
Terrorism in Iraq
Living people
1974 births
Anti-Americanism
Iraqi people of Iranian descent
Anti-Zionism in Iraq
Twelvers
Iraqi prisoners and detainees
People of the War in Iraq (2013–2017)
Members of the Popular Mobilization Forces
People of the Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)
Individuals designated as terrorists by the United States government
People sanctioned under the Magnitsky Act |
```ruby
class Gtksourceview < Formula
desc "Text view with syntax, undo/redo, and text marks"
homepage "path_to_url"
url "path_to_url"
sha256 your_sha256_hash
revision 7
bottle do
sha256 arm64_sonoma: your_sha256_hash
sha256 arm64_ventura: your_sha256_hash
sha256 arm64_monterey: your_sha256_hash
sha256 arm64_big_sur: your_sha256_hash
sha256 sonoma: your_sha256_hash
sha256 ventura: your_sha256_hash
sha256 monterey: your_sha256_hash
sha256 big_sur: your_sha256_hash
sha256 x86_64_linux: your_sha256_hash
end
# GTK 2 is EOL: path_to_url
disable! date: "2024-01-21", because: :unmaintained
depends_on "intltool" => :build
depends_on "pkg-config" => :build
depends_on "gettext"
depends_on "gtk+"
uses_from_macos "perl" => :build
on_linux do
depends_on "perl-xml-parser" => :build
end
resource "gtk-mac-integration" do
on_macos do
url "path_to_url"
sha256 your_sha256_hash
end
end
# patches added the ensure that gtk-mac-integration is supported properly instead
# of the old released called ige-mac-integration.
# These are already integrated upstream in their gnome-2-30 branch but a release of
# this remains highly unlikely
patch do
url "path_to_url"
sha256 your_sha256_hash
end
def install
if OS.mac?
resource("gtk-mac-integration").stage do
system "./configure", "--prefix=#{libexec}",
"--disable-dependency-tracking",
"--disable-silent-rules",
"--with-gtk2",
"--without-gtk3",
"--enable-introspection=no"
system "make", "install"
end
ENV.prepend_path "PKG_CONFIG_PATH", libexec/"lib/pkgconfig"
else
ENV.prepend_path "PERL5LIB", Formula["perl-xml-parser"].libexec/"lib/perl5"
end
system "./configure", *std_configure_args, "--disable-silent-rules"
system "make", "install"
end
test do
(testpath/"test.c").write <<~EOS
#include <gtksourceview/gtksourceview.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
GtkWidget *widget = gtk_source_view_new();
return 0;
}
EOS
ENV.libxml2
atk = Formula["atk"]
cairo = Formula["cairo"]
fontconfig = Formula["fontconfig"]
freetype = Formula["freetype"]
gdk_pixbuf = Formula["gdk-pixbuf"]
gettext = Formula["gettext"]
glib = Formula["glib"]
gtkx = Formula["gtk+"]
harfbuzz = Formula["harfbuzz"]
libpng = Formula["libpng"]
pango = Formula["pango"]
pixman = Formula["pixman"]
flags = %W[
-I#{atk.opt_include}/atk-1.0
-I#{cairo.opt_include}/cairo
-I#{fontconfig.opt_include}
-I#{freetype.opt_include}/freetype2
-I#{gdk_pixbuf.opt_include}/gdk-pixbuf-2.0
-I#{gettext.opt_include}
-I#{glib.opt_include}/glib-2.0
-I#{glib.opt_lib}/glib-2.0/include
-I#{gtkx.opt_include}/gtk-2.0
-I#{gtkx.opt_lib}/gtk-2.0/include
-I#{harfbuzz.opt_include}/harfbuzz
-I#{include}/gtksourceview-2.0
-I#{libpng.opt_include}/libpng16
-I#{pango.opt_include}/pango-1.0
-I#{pixman.opt_include}/pixman-1
-D_REENTRANT
-L#{atk.opt_lib}
-L#{cairo.opt_lib}
-L#{gdk_pixbuf.opt_lib}
-L#{gettext.opt_lib}
-L#{glib.opt_lib}
-L#{gtkx.opt_lib}
-L#{lib}
-L#{pango.opt_lib}
-latk-1.0
-lcairo
-lgdk_pixbuf-2.0
-lgio-2.0
-lglib-2.0
-lgobject-2.0
-lgtksourceview-2.0
-lpango-1.0
-lpangocairo-1.0
]
if OS.mac?
flags += %w[
-lintl
-lgdk-quartz-2.0
-lgtk-quartz-2.0
]
end
system ENV.cc, "test.c", "-o", "test", *flags
system "./test"
end
end
``` |
Mariam Stepanyan (born 22 September 1989) is an Armenian retired professional footballer who played as a forward in Armenia women's national football team. Before she started to play football she was on the Armenian National woman's Team of Handball. She started to play football for FC Banants. She won the Armenian league champion twice with FC Urartu, and twice with Yerevan FC G.M and got best defenders title of the season.
Soccer achievements
2007 – First Place, Christiansen, in Norway
2007 – Third Place, Norway Cup, in Oslo
2009 – First Place, FC Urartu in Armenia
2008 – First place, friendly tournament, Macedonia
2011 – First Place, European pre-selection stage, Group 2 Malta
2013 - Second place, Armenian women's national football team "FRIENDSHIP"International Tournament, Krasnodar
2014-2015 – First place, FC Yerevan-G.M. Armenian Women's autumn tournament Armenia
2014-2015 – Mariam Stepanyan (Yerevan-G.M.) – best defender in Armenian Women's autumn tournament.
Achievements as a Coach
2016-2017 - First Place, Winner of the Armenian A group championship Armenia
2017-2018 - First Place, Three-time winner of "PSS" Football's camp Championship, head coach, Poland
2017-2018 - First Place, Winner of the Armenian A group championship Armenia
2018-2019 - First Place, Yerevan L.H team awarded with gold medals and cup Armenia
2019 - Second Place, "Fc Alashkert Girls" Second place Armenian Cup
2020 - Second place "FA Alashkert Girls" Women's Open Futsal Championship
2019-2020 - First Place, Winner of the Armenian A group championship Armenia
On October 7, the Georgia-Armenia match of the first qualifying round of the B League of the UEFA Women's European U-17 Championship took place in Luxembourg.The Armenian U-17 women's team beat the opponent with a big score of 3:0.This was the first ever win for the Women's U17 team
Armenia U-17 - Head coach: Mariam Stepanyan
1. Ella De Cruyff, 3. Ani Ohanyan (2. Susanna Sahakyan, 89), 4. Tahlia Zadeyan, 6. Suzanna Hakobyan (19. Rosalina Yeritsyan, 74), 7. Marianna Vardanyan, 9. Ani Safaryan, 10. Elina Martirosyan, 11. Tatev Khachatryan, 14. Diana Melikbekyan (C), 17. Isabela Nersesyan, 21. Maria Vardanyan.
Reserves. 16. Lilit Babayan, 5. Gayane Grigoryan, 8. Armine Vardanyan, 13. Karine Mkrtchyan, 15. Valentina Grigoryan, 18. Narine Iskandaryan, 20. Knarik Baghdasaryan.
2023 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship qualification
Group B1
Champions League
FC Alashkert women's team will take part in 2019–20 UEFA Women's Champions League as the successor of Ani-1 team. Ani-1 became the winner of the Armenian A group championship in 2018–19 season.
2019-2020
2020-2021
The match between Kharkov and Alashkert in the first qualifying round of the UEFA Women's Champions League took place on November 4 in Ukraine.
Group B2
Group B2
Referee career
Armenian football referee, the matches of the championship of Armenia among men and women. Start's 2009 to take a referee's course two years Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture and also National junior League matches then 1 league.
After two years she started to be assistant referees then in 2014 she was nominated as a FIFA international referee's assistant and she placed on FIFA's list in 2015.
Her first international match was between Norway 3-0 Poland UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship Qualifying round- Group 3
13/09/2014 In Loni Papuciu Stadium (Albania)
In 2016 April 12 in Stadion pod Malim brdom she judged woman's Euro 2017 Qualifying group stage-Group 2 Montenegro vs Finland
In 2016 October 19 to_24 she judged UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship Qualifying Round Group 10 Netherlands 6-0 Bulgaria and then Turkey 3-0 Bulgaria and Bulgaria 1-0 Moldova.
Coaching career
She started to help her coach Liana Hayrapetyan in the club Yerevan L.H. (Armenia) on the position assistant of head coach who'sin the meantime the head coach of Armenia women's national football team. In 2016, she received a diploma for the title of the Best Coach of female division in autumn season. In 2016 of December she graduated the courses of UEFA B Licence In Armenia. In 2017 and 2018 on the summer she started work in Poland P.S.S. as a football coach.
The 2021 Armenia Women's International Friendly Tournament, also known as the Our Game International Friendly Tournament,[1] was a friendly international women's football championship. It was held in Armenia from 7 to 12 April 2021, and was played by four teams: Lithuania, Armenia, Jordan, and Lebanon.[2] The tournament was won by Lithuania, whereas hosts Armenia finished runners-up.[3]
Other tournaments
Group stage
See also
List of Armenia women's international footballers
References
External links
https://www.ffa.am/hy/news/kananc-hayastani-m-17-havaqakany-hakhtec-vrastanin
http://www.ffa.am/en/1581062946
https://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/news/01ef-0e122319cb23-2953f36be2c0-1000--armenia-in-dreamland-after-pipping-malta/?referrer=%2Fwomenseuro%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D1604209
http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/news/newsid=1604209.html
http://www.ffa.am/en/1419340729#.V-2QVYG4eT0.google_plusone_share
http://ffa.am/en/national-teams/womennationalteam/players/mariamstepanyan/
http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=1906851/profile/index.html Profile at UEFA.com
http://old.ffa.am/en/national-teams/womennationalteam/players/mariamstepanyan/
http://old.ffa.am/am/national-teams/womennationalteam/players/mariamstepanyan/
1989 births
Living people
Armenian women's footballers
Armenia women's international footballers
Women's association football forwards
Women's association football referees
Female association football managers
Female handball players
Women association football referees
Footballers from Yerevan
Armenia women's national football team
Association football managers by women's national team |
The Civil Human Rights Front (CHRF) was an organisation that focused on the issues of Hong Kong politics and livelihood, affiliated with almost all pan-democratic camps in Hong Kong. It was founded on 13 September 2002 and disbanded on 15 August 2021.
Forty-eight NGOs and political groups were involved in the organisation in January 2006. The most well-known event held by the CHRF was the Hong Kong 1 July marches.
Organisational development
Civil Human Rights Front was founded on 13 September 2002, with the aim to provide a platform consolidating voices and powers from various groups and spectrum of the societies in order to advance the development in the human and civil rights movements.
The initial aim was to focus on the enactment of the legislation of Article 23 of the Basic Law. After the protest in 2003, the organisation started to diversify its mandate, to include issues such as equal opportunities and authorities given to the police.
Since 2017 they have been lobbying the Hong Kong government through the United Nations Universal Periodic Review (UPR) process as one of the main Hong Kong UPR Coalition Steering Committee members alongside Justice Centre Hong Kong, PEN Hong Kong, and Hong Kong Watch.
Arrest of Figo Chan
In April 2020, then-vice-convener, also known as co-convener of the organisation, Figo Chan, was arrested as part of a crackdown on pro-democracy activists who organised and participated in unlawful assemblies. In May 2020, he appeared before the West Kowloon magistrates' court and was granted bail. There, he said that "demonstrating is not a crime".
2021 coalition exodus, national security law and allegations of foreign funding
After the charging of 47 pro-democracy activists and politicians under the national security law (including the indictment of former convener Jimmy Sham Tsz-kit), the organisation was questioned by pro-Beijing media as to whether it had a right to exist under the current security laws. In March 2021, the Democratic Party and the teachers' union withdrew from the Front. Convener Figo Chan confirmed this but did not explain further. Also in the same month, a Singaporean newspaper quoted officials from the Hong Kong government saying that the Front was funded by the US agency National Endowment for Democracy, which is illegal under the national security law as "colluding with foreign forces"; both, former convener Sham and current convener Chan denied the allegations. On the threat of disbandment, Chan said that "[F]or this reason, we will not and cannot disband, and I, as its convenor, am absolutely willing to live and die with the Front as long as there are still member groups that remain."
2021 arrest of Jimmy Sham and conviction of Figo Chan
On 6 January 2021, Jimmy Sham was arrested along dozens others amidst a crackdown on pro-democracy figures and participants of the pro-democracy primaries. Sham was rearrested on 28 February 2021 on subversion charges and awaits trial as of late May 2021. Also in late May 2021, the group's convener Figo Chan was convicted over an unlawful assembly in 2019 and handed a 18 months' imprisonment term, leading the group temporarily leaderless.
Member organisations
The following civic organisations and political parties are members of CHRF.
Student Christian Movement of Hong Kong ()
Hong Kong Journalists Association ()
Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China ()
Civic Party ()
Power for Democracy ()
Democratic Party ()
Pioneer Group ()
Asia Monitor Resource Centre ()
League of Social Democrats ()
Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor ()
Hong Kong Human Rights Commission ()
The Chinese University of Hong Kong Student Union ()
Justice and Peace Commission of the H.K. Catholic Diocese ()
Hong Kong Catholic Commission For Labour Affairs ()
Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China ()
Hong Kong Democratic Development Network ()
Hong Kong Social Workers' General Union ()
Hong Kong Informal Education Research Centre ()
Hong Kong Christian Institute ()
Hong Kong Women Christian Council ()
Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union ()
Unison ()
Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions ()
Christians for Hong Kong Society ()
Rainbow Action ()
Sham Shui Po Community Association ()
Zi Teng ()
Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre ()
New World First Bus Company Staff Union ()
Association for the Advancement of Feminism ()
Kwai Chung Estate Christian Basic Community ()
People Planning In Action ()
Neo Democrats ()
Labour Party ()
Joint Office of Councillors Au Nok-hin & Lo Kin-hei ()
Asia ()
Cross Border Children Concern Coalition ()
League in Defense of Hong Kong's Freedoms ()
Leung Kwok-hung Legislative Council Member's Office ()
April Fifth Action ()
Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood ()
Hong Kong Women Workers' Association ()
Hong Kong Branch of the Chinese Democratic United Front (中國民主聯合陣線香港分部)
Grassroots Cultural Center (草根文化中心)
Hong Kong Sex Society (香港性學會)
Hong Kong Women's League (香港女同盟會)
University of Abode (居港權大學)
Cen Yonggen Community Service Office (岑永根社區服務處)
References
History of Hong Kong
Politics of Hong Kong
Protest marches |
```python
#
# contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
# this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#
"""Unit tests for Google Cloud Video Intelligence API transforms."""
import logging
import unittest
import mock
import apache_beam as beam
from apache_beam.metrics import Metrics
from apache_beam.testing.test_pipeline import TestPipeline
# Protect against environments with google-cloud-dlp unavailable.
# pylint: disable=wrong-import-order, wrong-import-position, ungrouped-imports
try:
from google.cloud import dlp_v2
except ImportError:
dlp_v2 = None
else:
from apache_beam.ml.gcp.cloud_dlp import InspectForDetails
from apache_beam.ml.gcp.cloud_dlp import MaskDetectedDetails
from apache_beam.ml.gcp.cloud_dlp import _DeidentifyFn
from apache_beam.ml.gcp.cloud_dlp import _InspectFn
from google.cloud.dlp_v2.types import dlp
# pylint: enable=wrong-import-order, wrong-import-position, ungrouped-imports
_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@unittest.skipIf(dlp_v2 is None, 'GCP dependencies are not installed')
class TestDeidentifyText(unittest.TestCase):
def test_exception_raised_when_no_config_is_provided(self):
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
with TestPipeline() as p:
# pylint: disable=expression-not-assigned
p | MaskDetectedDetails()
@unittest.skipIf(dlp_v2 is None, 'GCP dependencies are not installed')
class TestDeidentifyFn(unittest.TestCase):
def test_deidentify_called(self):
class ClientMock(object):
def deidentify_content(self, *args, **kwargs):
# Check that we can marshal a valid request.
dlp.DeidentifyContentRequest(kwargs['request'])
called = Metrics.counter('test_deidentify_text', 'called')
called.inc()
operation = mock.Mock()
item = mock.Mock()
item.value = [None]
operation.item = item
return operation
def common_project_path(self, *args):
return 'test'
with mock.patch('google.cloud.dlp_v2.DlpServiceClient', ClientMock):
p = TestPipeline()
config = {
"deidentify_config": {
"info_type_transformations": {
"transformations": [{
"primitive_transformation": {
"character_mask_config": {
"masking_character": '#'
}
}
}]
}
}
}
# pylint: disable=expression-not-assigned
(
p
| beam.Create(['mary.sue@example.com', 'john.doe@example.com'])
| beam.ParDo(_DeidentifyFn(config=config)))
result = p.run()
result.wait_until_finish()
called = result.metrics().query()['counters'][0]
self.assertEqual(called.result, 2)
@unittest.skipIf(dlp_v2 is None, 'GCP dependencies are not installed')
class TestInspectText(unittest.TestCase):
def test_exception_raised_then_no_config_provided(self):
with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
with TestPipeline() as p:
#pylint: disable=expression-not-assigned
p | InspectForDetails()
@unittest.skipIf(dlp_v2 is None, 'GCP dependencies are not installed')
class TestInspectFn(unittest.TestCase):
def test_inspect_called(self):
class ClientMock(object):
def inspect_content(self, *args, **kwargs):
# Check that we can marshal a valid request.
dlp.InspectContentRequest(kwargs['request'])
called = Metrics.counter('test_inspect_text', 'called')
called.inc()
operation = mock.Mock()
operation.result = mock.Mock()
operation.result.findings = [None]
return operation
def common_project_path(self, *args):
return 'test'
with mock.patch('google.cloud.dlp_v2.DlpServiceClient', ClientMock):
p = TestPipeline()
config = {"inspect_config": {"info_types": [{"name": "EMAIL_ADDRESS"}]}}
# pylint: disable=expression-not-assigned
(
p
| beam.Create(['mary.sue@example.com', 'john.doe@example.com'])
| beam.ParDo(_InspectFn(config=config)))
result = p.run()
result.wait_until_finish()
called = result.metrics().query()['counters'][0]
self.assertEqual(called.result, 2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.INFO)
unittest.main()
``` |
```objective-c
#ifndef NAMEBASEDSERVER_H
#define NAMEBASEDSERVER_H
#include <QHash>
#include <QSharedPointer>
#include <QDebug>
#include <QList>
namespace vnotex
{
template <typename T>
class NameBasedServer
{
public:
// Register an item.
bool registerItem(const QString &p_name, const QSharedPointer<T> &p_item)
{
if (m_data.contains(p_name)) {
qWarning() << "item to register already exists with name" << p_name;
return false;
}
m_data.insert(p_name, p_item);
return true;
}
// Get an item.
QSharedPointer<T> getItem(const QString &p_name)
{
auto it = m_data.find(p_name);
if (it != m_data.end()) {
return it.value();
}
return nullptr;
}
QList<QSharedPointer<T>> getAllItems() const
{
return m_data.values();
}
private:
// Name to item mapping.
QHash<QString, QSharedPointer<T>> m_data;
};
} // ns vnotex
#endif // NAMEBASEDSERVER_H
``` |
Ptilotus rotundifolius (F.Muell.) F.Muell. is a pink-flowered species of shrub in the genus Ptilotus R.Br. (Amaranthaceae). It is commonly known as "royal mulla mulla". It is native to the Gascoyne, Murchison and Pilbara IBRA regions of Western Australia.
References
rotundifolius
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Eudicots of Western Australia
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller |
```xml
export type ApiTrack = {
id: string;
name: string;
artistId: string;
addedBy: string;
};
export type ApiPlaylist = {
id: string;
author: string;
name: string;
tracks: ApiTrack[];
private: boolean;
};
export type GetPlaylistsByUserIdResponseBody = ApiPlaylist[];
export type PostPlaylistRequestBody = {
name: string;
tracks: {
name: string;
artist: string;
}[];
private: boolean;
};
export type PostPlaylistResponseBody = ApiPlaylist & {
tracks: ApiTrack[];
createdAt: string;
updatedAt: string;
};
export type PutPlaylistRequestBody = PostPlaylistRequestBody;
``` |
```java
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.flowable.engine.impl.cmd;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import org.flowable.bpmn.model.AdhocSubProcess;
import org.flowable.bpmn.model.FlowElement;
import org.flowable.bpmn.model.FlowNode;
import org.flowable.common.engine.api.FlowableException;
import org.flowable.common.engine.api.FlowableObjectNotFoundException;
import org.flowable.common.engine.impl.interceptor.Command;
import org.flowable.common.engine.impl.interceptor.CommandContext;
import org.flowable.engine.impl.persistence.entity.ExecutionEntity;
import org.flowable.engine.impl.util.CommandContextUtil;
/**
* @author Tijs Rademakers
*/
public class GetEnabledActivitiesForAdhocSubProcessCmd implements Command<List<FlowNode>>, Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
protected String executionId;
public GetEnabledActivitiesForAdhocSubProcessCmd(String executionId) {
this.executionId = executionId;
}
@Override
public List<FlowNode> execute(CommandContext commandContext) {
ExecutionEntity execution = CommandContextUtil.getExecutionEntityManager(commandContext).findById(executionId);
if (execution == null) {
throw new FlowableObjectNotFoundException("No execution found for id '" + executionId + "'", ExecutionEntity.class);
}
if (!(execution.getCurrentFlowElement() instanceof AdhocSubProcess)) {
throw new FlowableException("The current flow element of the requested " + execution + " is not an ad-hoc sub process");
}
List<FlowNode> enabledFlowNodes = new ArrayList<>();
AdhocSubProcess adhocSubProcess = (AdhocSubProcess) execution.getCurrentFlowElement();
// if sequential ordering, only one child execution can be active, so no enabled activities
if (adhocSubProcess.hasSequentialOrdering()) {
if (execution.getExecutions().size() > 0) {
return enabledFlowNodes;
}
}
for (FlowElement flowElement : adhocSubProcess.getFlowElements()) {
if (flowElement instanceof FlowNode) {
FlowNode flowNode = (FlowNode) flowElement;
if (flowNode.getIncomingFlows().size() == 0) {
enabledFlowNodes.add(flowNode);
}
}
}
return enabledFlowNodes;
}
}
``` |
Ze'ev Wolf ben David ha-Kohen Buchner (; 1750–1820), also known as the Razbad (), was a Galician Hebrew-language grammarian and poet, considered a forerunner of the Haskalah movement.
Though he lived most of his life in Brody, he traveled with Hebrew books through Germany, Galicia, Poland, and Lithuania, at times earning his livelihood by writing letters for illiterate people. His own publications were another source of income to him. He corresponded with , Jacob Landau, son of Yechezkel Landau, and Beer Ginzburg, the Galician poet and friend of Nachman Krochmal. He suffered very much in his travels through foreign countries, and in Berlin he sustained an injury which cost him the sight of his right eye.
Work
His works include Zeved ha-Melitzah (1774), an imitation of Yehuda Alharizi's Takhemoni; Zeved Tov (1794), a collection of poems; Keter Malkhut (Lemberg, 1794), a hymn in the style of Ibn Gabirol's work of the same name; Shire Tehillah (Berlin, 1797), hymns and parodies; and Tzaḥut ha-Melitzah (Prague, 1805), a collection of his private letters. The Shir Nifla (Frankfurt an der Oder, 1802) and Shir Yedidut (Frankfurt an der Oder, 1810) are partial reprints from the Shire Tehillah. His parodies of the marriage and betrothal contracts were later abridged and published separately as Seder Tenaim Rishonim me-Ḥag ha-Pesaḥ (Lemberg, 1878), and wrongly ascribed to Israel Najara.
About his poetry the Jewish Encyclopedia writes:
See also
Zev Wolf (disambiguation page)
References
External links
Works by Ze'ev Wolf Buchner at the Online Books Page
1750 births
1820 deaths
People from Brody
Hebrew-language poets
Grammarians of Hebrew
18th-century letter writers
19th-century letter writers |
Kandi III is an arrondissement of the Alibori Department of northeastern Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Kandi and forms part of the area of the city itself. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 8,590.
References
Arrondissements of Benin |
Sheila Keckler Butt (born November 20, 1951) is an American politician from Columbia, Tennessee, currently serving as the Mayor of Maury County. Butt is the former Republican Majority Floor Leader of the Tennessee House of Representatives and she formerly represented House District 64, encompassing the cities of Columbia, Mount Pleasant, and Spring Hill in parts of Maury County, Tennessee. She retired from the House in 2018, and she was replaced by Republican Scott Cepicky in the subsequent election. On August 4, 2022, Butt was elected Maury County Mayor, succeeding incumbent Andy Ogles, who instead ran for an open U.S. House of Representatives seat. Butt was sworn in as county mayor on August 30.
Biography
Early life
Butt was born on November 20, 1951 in Rockford, Illinois. Butt's father was a shoe salesman and later a car salesman, while her mother was described by Butt as a "domestic engineer". In the Keckler home that she shared with her parents and four siblings, Butt described her family that she grew up with as having "strong faith," but that her family never participated in organized religion. Butt was also both a high school cheerleader and a high school newspaper editor.
Butt also says in her book, Everyday Princess: Daughter of the King, that while she never drank alcohol or used drugs growing up, she did "date plenty of boys". Those boys drew Butt to Tennessee Technological University where she said boys outnumbered girls 7-to-1. According to Butt, Tennessee Tech was fun, except for that frat party where she said a man pulled his pants down and danced behind her. "Needless to say, I decided that night that I would not be dancing at parties anymore," Butt wrote. Butt wasn't always a Christian and did not make that decision until she was 20 years old, according to her book Everyday Princess: Daughter of the King.
Butt later received a Bachelor of Science cum laude in English with a History minor from East Tennessee State University and is also a 1980 Women's Certificate Program graduate of the Bear Valley School of Biblical Studies.
Career
Butt was a co-founder and managing editor of S&S Bovine Images and also co-founder and managing editor of Tennessee Cattle Business, the official publication of the TN Cattlemen's Association --- two companies focused on marketing and promoting the Tennessee cattle industry --- and she has served as a lecturer at Freed-Hardeman University and was a managing partner of MacInk Printers, Inc.
Tennessee General Assembly
Butt served as a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives until 2018. She sponsored HJR 199, a resolution to federal government to follow Tennessee model of a balanced budget, and co-sponsored HB0007 for Voter Identification.
Butt, who currently holds no elected political office or has expressed any interest in seeking an elected political position since 2018, controls her own political action committee that was started up for the 2014 elections in Tennessee, the Sheila's Liberty PAC of Columbia, Tennessee. According to Tennessee Online Campaign Finance database, the Sheila's Liberty PAC Treasurer is Jacob Love of Heritage Bank & Trust in Columbia, Tennessee.
NAAWP Twitter post
In her book Everyday Princess: Daughter of the King, Butt posed the following leading questions pertaining to biracial dating toward the young female readers on her book:
...Will dating someone of another race be helpful or beneficial? Understanding that you will eventually marry someone that you date, will you be just as happy for your children to grow up biracial? I have seen instances when a young lady started dating someone of another race, and there were those of her own race who were not interested in dating her after that.
In a 2015 tweet critical of the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), Butt called for the creation of both a Council on Christian Relations and an NAAWP organization in the United States, presumably the National Association for the Advancement of White People, a white nationalist organization that was formed in opposition to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which itself was earlier formed during 1909.
Butt was reportedly commenting on an open letter from the Council on American-Islamic Relations urging potential Republican presidential candidates to reject Islamophobia and reach out to American Muslim voters. CAIR representatives stated the reference to "NAAWP" is an apparent racist twist to the name of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP.
Butt responded to the backlash resulting from her NAAWP statement in part by stating: "It saddens me that we have come to a place in our society where every comment by a conservative Christian is automatically scrutinized as being racist".
The Tennessee Black Caucus is now calling for both an apology and the removal of Rep. Butt from leadership in the Tennessee House of Representatives.
Butt later deleted her NAAWP post on Twitter and said in response to suggestions that "NAAWP" was a racist abbreviation for the "National Association for the Advancement of White People," that she had been "misinterpreted" and was offended by the reaction from critics. Butt attempted to walk back her NAAWP Twitter post by stating she actually meant "National Association for the Advancement of Western Peoples" to be widely understood for her NAAWP Twitter post.
Legal abortion
Butt has been on the record as being opposed to making exceptions for abortion waiting periods when the survivor has been a victim of incest or rape. During a 2015 debate in the House, Butt said that most instances of rape or incest are "not verifiable" and stated that an amendment brought to the House Floor to provide for exceptions for rape and incest victims "appears political". Butt's remarks were criticized on the floor of the Tennessee House of Representatives as "dangerous and insulting" by TNGA Rep. Sherry Jones who in part stated,
Yesterday we heard a lot of unsettling things on the floor, from bogus descriptions of women's health clinics to a member of this body [TNGA Rep. Sheila Butt] actually saying that the violent crimes of rape and incest are, quote, not verifiable. There are 206,000 women in Tennessee who unfortunately can attest to the fact that rape and incest are too verifiable. Those women have endured horrors that we cannot imagine, and for it to be said the violent crimes they suffered are not verifiable is to suggest that they are somehow not legitimate rapes. That's dangerous and it is insulting to say the very least.http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2015/04/22/butt-criticized-calling-rape-incest-verifiable/26179943/ TN state Rep. Sheila Butt calls rape, incest 'not verifiable'.
Butt is a member of both the Tennessee Right to Life and the Maury County Right to Life and was a co-sponsor of the SJR0127 bill later approved by voters during 2014 as the Tennessee Amendment 1 ballot question.
Tennessee Humane Society
During 2014, Butt called for a state investigation by the Office of the Tennessee Attorney General and Reporter into fundraising practices of the Humane Society of the United States.
According to Leighann Lassiter, the state director for HSUS in Tennessee, another legislator who has a contradictory voting record to Rep. Butt described Butt's action as a public official against the HSUS as being a "purely political attack".
Lassiter also claimed Butt used false information from the Internet in asking the state's attorney general to launch an investigation. Butt has asked the attorney general to issue a "Consumer Alert" to raise public awareness about the group's "potential fundraising abuses".
Butt contended that HSUS uses deceitful advertising to attract donors while using donations to pay "inflated salaries and promote a liberal anti-agriculture agenda."
"It's a purely political attack by an extreme lawmaker who doesn't like our agenda to end horse soring and horse slaughter and dog fighting," Lassiter said. "Rep. Butt opposes the mainstream values of cracking down on crime and protecting God's creatures from cruelty.
Maury County Pride Day (Columbia, Tennessee)
On July 10, 2021, the very first Maury County (Tennessee) LGBTQ Pride day was held at the Columbia Arts Center. On July 9, 2021. In response, Butt tweeted (since deleted):
"PSA: You may want to keep your family out of downtown Columbia after 4:00 tomorrow. I don't believe this reflects the Community values of the majority of Maury county." (twitter, Sheila Butt account, 11:15 am, 7/09/2021)
Personal life
Butt is married to Stan R. Butt, and has three children.
Butt met Stan at Tennessee Technological University where married, and Sheila left school after one year to start working. After having sons Stan Jr., Cliff and Kyle with her husband and moving to Blountville, Tennessee, Butt returned to college in Johnson City, Tennessee at East Tennessee State University.
Butt's husband, Stan, preaches for the Anderson Bend Church of Christ in Duck River, Tennessee and was the executive director of the Tennessee Walking Horse Breeders' and Exhibitors' Association from 2007 to 2011.
One of Butt's sons, Kyle Butt, is the director of Biblical research at Apologetics Press in Montgomery, Alabama, and is an editor of Discovery: A Monthly Christian Evidences Magazine for Kids magazine.
Another of Butt's sons, Cliff Butt, was arrested by the Maury County Sheriff Department on May 7, 2015 for allegedly contributing to the delinquency of a minor with his buying alcohol for a 17-year-old Columbia Academy student who then brought the alcohol to an off-campus prom night party attended by twenty other Columbia Academy students who reportedly consumed beer at the event. Cliff Butt was jailed on one misdemeanor charge and later released from the Maury County Jail after posting a $1,500 bond and he was scheduled to appear in court on the charge on June 10, 2015, in Mt. Pleasant, Tennessee. Cliff Butt was previously serving as a youth minister at the Eastside Church of Christ (now the South Gate Church of Christ) of Columbia, Tennessee.
Butt is a member of the Anderson Bend Church of Christ.
Butt is also member of the National Rifle Association of America, the Tennessee Firearms Association, the Maury Alliance, the Fraternal Order of Police and has served as Secretary of the Maury County Horsemen's Association.
Butt has received the Kay Battles Service Award from Freed–Hardeman University and the Golden Pen Award from Publishing Designs in Huntsville, Alabama.
Butt has authored and self-published several books presenting Biblical teachings for women, children and parents.
Bibliography
Author
Everyday Princess: Daughter of the King (book and DVD) Peaceful House Publishing, 2008. Columbia, Tennessee.
Does God Love Michael's Two Daddies (Montgomery, Alabama: Apologetics Press, 2006)
Seeking Spiritual Beauty (book and DVD) Peaceful House Publishing, 2002. Huntsville, Alabama.
No Greater Joy (book and DVD) Peaceful House Publishing, 1999. Huntsville, Alabama.
If Thine Heart Be Wide Heart Wise Press, 1992. Columbia, Tennessee.
Co-author
We Bow Down: Women Look at Worship by Sheila Butt, Cindy Colley, Gloria Ingram, Jane McWhorter, Foye Watkins. 2002. Publishing Designs.
References
External links
Tennessee Cattlemen's Association
1951 births
Living people
Heads of county government in Tennessee
Politicians from Rockford, Illinois
East Tennessee State University alumni
Republican Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Women state legislators in Tennessee
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
People from Columbia, Tennessee
People from Blountville, Tennessee |
Pandan Indah is a state constituency in Selangor, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Selangor State Legislative Assembly since 2018, replacing Chempaka which was used from 2004 until 2018.
Demographics
History
Polling districts
According to the gazette issued on 30 March 2018, the Pandan Indah constituency has a total of 18 polling districts.
Representation history
Election results
References
Selangor state constituencies |
```go
//go:build ee
/*
Version 1.0 ("KERO-1.0)
1. You may only view, read and display for studying purposes the source
code of the software licensed under this license, and, to the extent
explicitly provided under this license, the binary code.
2. Any use of the software which exceeds the foregoing right, including,
without limitation, its execution, compilation, copying, modification
and distribution, is expressly prohibited.
3. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
*/
/*
Package synccontroller contains a controller that is responsible for ensuring that the
kubermatic GroupProjectBinding objects are synced from master to the seed clusters.
*/
package synccontroller
``` |
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