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Neodrillia blakensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.
Description
The length of the shell varies between 40 mm and 45 mm.
Distribution
This species occurs in the western Atlantic Ocean off the Bahamas; also off Martinique.
References
External links
Fallon P.J. (2016). Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species. Zootaxa. 4090(1): 1–363
blakensis
Gastropods described in 2007 |
Shaun Garnett (born 22 November 1969) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender. He played in The Football League for six clubs and is now a coach at Tranmere Rovers.
Playing career
Garnett began his career as an apprentice with Tranmere Rovers, where he made his Football League debut during the 1987–88 season. He turned professional in June 1988 and went on to make more than 100 Football League appearances for the club, during a period that saw Rovers climb from the fourth to the second tier of English professional football, with Garnett making three appearances at Wembley Stadium for Rovers between May 1990 and May 1991.
Garnett spent most of the 1992–93 season out on loan, completely an unwanted hat-trick of being involved in three relegations from the same division during the same season, at Football League Second Division sides Chester City (where he was the final debutant in Harry McNally's seven-year spell in charge), Preston North End and Wigan Athletic. He remained at Tranmere until March 1996, when he joined Swansea City for £200,000 but six months later he returned to north-west England with Oldham Athletic for £150,000.
Garnett spent six years in the Oldham first-team before joining Nationwide Conference side Halifax Town for 2002–03, in a loan move that became permanent. The following season he moved to Morecambe, in another loan deal that was made permanent. He was released at the end of the 2003–04 season and joined Harrogate Town as player-coach. He has since returned to Tranmere as part of the coaching staff at Prenton Park.
Honours
Tranmere Rovers
Football League Division Three play–off winners: 1990–91 (runners–up 1989–90).
Associate Members' Cup winners: 1989–90.
External links
Shaymen Online profile and stats
Morecambe FC career details
References
1969 births
Living people
Footballers from Wallasey
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Morecambe F.C. players
Harrogate Town A.F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. non-playing staff |
```php
<?php
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
*/
namespace Google\Service\Forms;
class FormsEmpty extends \Google\Model
{
}
// Adding a class alias for backwards compatibility with the previous class name.
class_alias(FormsEmpty::class, 'Google_Service_Forms_FormsEmpty');
``` |
Route 235 or Highway 235 may refer to:
Canada
Newfoundland and Labrador Route 235
Prince Edward Island Route 235
Quebec Route 235
Costa Rica
National Route 235
Italy
State road 235
Japan
Japan National Route 235
United States
Interstate 235
Alabama State Route 235
Arkansas Highway 235
California State Route 235 (unbuilt)
Florida State Road 235
Georgia State Route 235 (former)
Indiana State Road 235
Kentucky Route 235
Maine State Route 235
Maryland Route 235
Minnesota State Highway 235
Montana Secondary Highway 235 (former)
New Mexico State Road 235
New York State Route 235
Ohio State Route 235
Oregon Route 235 (former)
Pennsylvania Route 235
South Dakota Highway 235
Tennessee State Route 235
Texas Farm to Market Road 235
Utah State Route 235
Vermont Route 235
Virginia State Route 235
Wyoming Highway 235 |
Allan J. MacEachen Port Hawkesbury Airport is a registered aerodrome located north of Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia, Canada.
A short drive from the "gateway of Cape Breton Island" at the Canso Causeway, the airport is located near several tourist draws including the Cabot Links, fishing in the Margaree River as well as other tourist draws on Cape Breton Island and the eastern mainland of Nova Scotia.
Services and infrastructure
While owned by the town of Port Hawksbury the airport has been operated under contract by Celtic Air Services starting July 2017. At the same time the Canada Flight Supplement still shows the Municipality of Port Hawkesbury as the operator and has not updated the name.
Services offered at the airport include aircraft parking and towing, aircraft servicing including fuel air conditioning, lavatory service, ground power and cabin grooming. The airport also provides an air conditioned executive lounge, opened in 2018.
History
The airport is funded jointly by the Town of Port Hawkesbury, the Municipality of the County of Inverness and the Municipality of the County of Richmond.
Starting in 2011 the airport began to benefit from increased use due to flights arriving to access the new Cabot Links and then Cabot Cliffs golf course in Inverness. Flight volume increased a reported 4,000 percent over the first six years, which in turn led to contracting out the operations of the airport to Celtic Air Services in July 2017.
In December 2017 the Port Hawkesbury town council voted unanimously to rename the airport after Allan J. MacEachen, the former Deputy Prime Minister and MP for Inverness—Richmond and later Cape Breton Highlands—Canso.
In May 2018 Airshow Cape Breton was held at the airport, and featured the Royal Canadian Air Force Snowbirds.
Cabot Links controversy
In June 2019, the Federal government indicated that funding would possibly be made available to build a private airfield at Cabot Links. The mayor of Port Hawkesbury and the airport operator raised concern that such an investment would jeopardize the operating of the airport, and that the airport could not survive if it lost the current private jet traffic to a new airport. Mayor Brenda Chisholm-Beaton called on Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Premier Stephen McNeil to reconsider funding the project, stating that "two airports within an hour’s drive just doesn’t make sustainable economic sense."
References
External links
Page about this airport on COPA's Places to Fly airport directory
Registered aerodromes in Nova Scotia
Transport in Inverness County, Nova Scotia
Buildings and structures in Inverness County, Nova Scotia |
The Lady Liberators, also called the Liberators, is a superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The original team's only appearance was in Avengers volume 1 #83 (December 1970), written by Roy Thomas, with art by John Buscema and Tom Palmer. The original team was a one-off group, lasting only a single issue and meant to satirize what was perceived to be extreme feminism, though it is also now seen as an early example of the Scarlet Witch as a feminist character.
In 2008, the international intelligence and counter-terrorist organization S.H.I.E.L.D. recruited She-Hulk to form a team of powerful heroes to battle the Red Hulk. This team, consisting only of women, did not have a name in-story but was referred to by the narration and cover copy as the new Lady Liberators.
Publication history
The Lady Liberators were created in 1970 for a single-issue story in Avengers volume 1 #83. Feminism was strong at the time, but the creators at Marvel Comics and superhero publications in general were still overwhelmingly male. They also considered their audience to be primarily male. Writer Roy Thomas created the group as a caricature of extreme feminism. The story introduces a new character called Valkyrie and gives her an origin story that involves gaining great power after experiencing constant sexism and dismissal from men. The Valkyrie's story is later revealed to be a lie and the character is actually Amora the Enchantress, a recurring foe of Thor and the Avengers. The design and name used for Valkyrie was later applied to real heroes in the Marvel Universe who worked alongside Thor, as well as the Avengers and the Defenders.
The story ends with hero Clint Barton as Goliath lecturing the women Avengers that feminism and "women's lib" is not something to follow or take seriously. Scarlet Witch, who was able to see through Amora's deception and was able to single-handedly defeat her, argues that Barton is wrong and if sexist views don't lessen then the Lady Liberators may one day return. Though this finale scene is likely not meant to be taken seriously, Scarlet Witch's defense that Amora's argument about sexism had reason and only her methods were wrong led later readers to see this as one of several examples of her acting as a positive feminist character.
When the Red Hulk appears, he fights several heroes and law enforcement agencies. She-Hulk is defeated by the creature and then is asked by S.H.I.E.L.D. to recruit a team of heroes to combat and subdue the Red Hulk. This short-lived team, consisting only of women heroes, is featured in Hulk volume 2 #7-9 (2008). The storyline was written by Jeph Loeb and illustrated by Frank Cho. Although a comic book cover and the narration refer to the team as the Lady Liberators. The team was organized by S.H.I.E.L.D. for the purpose of subduing the Red Hulk. Once the mission was completed, the team disbanded.
Fictional history
The Enchantress's team
The female members of the Avengers are gathered for a secret meeting by a person calling herself Valkyrie. The heroes gathered include the Wasp, Black Widow, Scarlet Witch, and Medusa. Valkyrie explains that she was a brilliant scientist who constantly suffered from the sexism and dismissive attitudes of men. One of her experiments granted her superhuman abilities, and now she wishes to help the women Avengers address the sexism in their own lives by confronting their male teammates and demanding their own power and formidability be recognized. She points out times each of the women present has been overlooked, ignored, or unfairly judged in relation to their gender. The female Avengers agree and join with Valkyrie as a new team, the Lady Liberators.
The Lady Liberators go off to confront the male Avengers, only to find them in battle with the newest incarnation of the Masters of Evil. After proving their power by quickly dispatching the Masters, the Liberators then turn on the Avengers. It is then revealed that Valkyrie is a false identity created by the Asgardian villain Amora the Enchantress. Amora not only disguised herself and created a false origin narrative, she used magic spells to influence the minds of the women Avengers so they would react as she wanted them to and decide their male teammates deserved violence. Amora then attempts to destroy the Avengers, but Scarlet Witch uses her hex magic to force the Enchantress's magic to backfire against her. It is revealed the Scarlet Witch had suspected a deception and been able to shake off Amora's influence, allowing her the chance to react quickly and counter the villain's attack.
After the battle is finished, Clint Barton criticizes feminism in general, telling the women Avengers, "You birds finally learned your lesson about that women's lib bull!" The Scarlet Witch immediately defends feminism and warns that if necessary the Lady Liberators may reform one day. Wasp agrees.
She-Hulk's S.H.I.E.L.D. team
Soon after the events of World War Hulk, a new Red Hulk appears and begins pursuing a sinister agenda. The Red Hulk then fights Bruce Banner, the original Hulk, to a standstill. To help the Hulk against the Red Hulk, Iron Man recruits a group of heroes, including Banner's cousin Jennifer Walters, the hero called She-Hulk. Despite their efforts, the Red Hulk defeats most of the heroes gathered or fights them to a stand-still. The original green Hulk defeats the Red Hulk, then leaves, satisfied.
Seeing the Red Hulk as a threat that shouldn't simply be left alone to wander freely, S.H.I.E.L.D. recruits She-Hulk to form a task force to subdue him. S.H.I.E.L.D. hopes that when the Red Hulk is unconscious, he will revert to human form and his identity will be revealed, as often happened with the original Hulk and sometimes She-Hulk herself when they were rendered unconscious. She-Hulk is particularly eager to fight the Red Hulk again.
Having served as an Avenger and member of the Fantastic Four, and due to meeting other heroes during various adventures, She-Hulk calls on several allies she's made whom she believes have the necessary power to effectively fight the Red Hulk. She decides to focus on recruiting women superhero allies. After several calls, only the alternate timeline warrior Thundra and the hero Valkyrie arrive to join She-Hulk's team. The trio fight the Red Hulk, damaging Mount Rushmore in the process. They are then joined by Susan Richards of the Fantastic Four, Tigra, Black Widow, Patsy Walker in her identity as Hellcat, Spider-Woman (Jessica Drew), and Storm of the X-Men. It is said that Carol Danvers wanted to join the team as well, but she was in the middle of a situation in Las Vegas with Bruce Banner, who had transformed into the gray-skinned version of the Hulk (a storyline that was told during the same issues that featured She-Hulk's team).
Working together, the group subdues the Red Hulk, rendering him unconscious and binding him in chains. To their surprise, he doesn't revert to human form. After some time has passed, the Red Hulk (who was only pretending to be unconscious) makes his escape. Their mission a failure, the heroes gathered repair the damage done by their battle and then part ways.
This task force has no name in-story, but it's called "Lady Liberators" on the cover of Hulk vol. 2 #9 and in the narration of issues #8 and 9, and so fans have followed suit and referred to it as the second team to use that name. Black Widow is the only hero to serve in both the original team organized by Amora and in the second team organized by She-Hulk. Although both teams have a Valkyrie on them, with the same general appearance, the two Valkyries are different characters.
References
External links
A profile of the Lady Liberators at Marvel Appendix
Criticism of feminism
Marvel Comics superhero teams
Female superhero teams
Women and comics
Characters created by Roy Thomas |
```c
/* p12_decr.c */
/*
* Written by Dr Stephen N Henson (steve@openssl.org) for the OpenSSL project
* 1999.
*/
/* ====================================================================
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
*
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
* the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
* distribution.
*
* 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
* software must display the following acknowledgment:
* "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
* for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (path_to_url"
*
* 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to
* endorse or promote products derived from this software without
* prior written permission. For written permission, please contact
* licensing@OpenSSL.org.
*
* 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"
* nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written
* permission of the OpenSSL Project.
*
* 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
* acknowledgment:
* "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
* for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (path_to_url"
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY
* EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR
* ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
* NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
* STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
* ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
* OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
* ====================================================================
*
* This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
* (eay@cryptsoft.com). This product includes software written by Tim
* Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
*
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include "cryptlib.h"
#include <openssl/pkcs12.h>
/* Define this to dump decrypted output to files called DERnnn */
/*
* #define DEBUG_DECRYPT
*/
/*
* Encrypt/Decrypt a buffer based on password and algor, result in a
* OPENSSL_malloc'ed buffer
*/
unsigned char *PKCS12_pbe_crypt(X509_ALGOR *algor, const char *pass,
int passlen, unsigned char *in, int inlen,
unsigned char **data, int *datalen, int en_de)
{
unsigned char *out;
int outlen, i;
EVP_CIPHER_CTX ctx;
EVP_CIPHER_CTX_init(&ctx);
/* Decrypt data */
if (!EVP_PBE_CipherInit(algor->algorithm, pass, passlen,
algor->parameter, &ctx, en_de)) {
PKCS12err(PKCS12_F_PKCS12_PBE_CRYPT,
PKCS12_R_PKCS12_ALGOR_CIPHERINIT_ERROR);
return NULL;
}
if (!(out = OPENSSL_malloc(inlen + EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(&ctx)))) {
PKCS12err(PKCS12_F_PKCS12_PBE_CRYPT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
goto err;
}
if (!EVP_CipherUpdate(&ctx, out, &i, in, inlen)) {
OPENSSL_free(out);
out = NULL;
PKCS12err(PKCS12_F_PKCS12_PBE_CRYPT, ERR_R_EVP_LIB);
goto err;
}
outlen = i;
if (!EVP_CipherFinal_ex(&ctx, out + i, &i)) {
OPENSSL_free(out);
out = NULL;
PKCS12err(PKCS12_F_PKCS12_PBE_CRYPT,
PKCS12_R_PKCS12_CIPHERFINAL_ERROR);
goto err;
}
outlen += i;
if (datalen)
*datalen = outlen;
if (data)
*data = out;
err:
EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cleanup(&ctx);
return out;
}
/*
* Decrypt an OCTET STRING and decode ASN1 structure if zbuf set zero buffer
* after use.
*/
void *PKCS12_item_decrypt_d2i(X509_ALGOR *algor, const ASN1_ITEM *it,
const char *pass, int passlen,
ASN1_OCTET_STRING *oct, int zbuf)
{
unsigned char *out;
const unsigned char *p;
void *ret;
int outlen;
if (!PKCS12_pbe_crypt(algor, pass, passlen, oct->data, oct->length,
&out, &outlen, 0)) {
PKCS12err(PKCS12_F_PKCS12_ITEM_DECRYPT_D2I,
PKCS12_R_PKCS12_PBE_CRYPT_ERROR);
return NULL;
}
p = out;
#ifdef DEBUG_DECRYPT
{
FILE *op;
char fname[30];
static int fnm = 1;
sprintf(fname, "DER%d", fnm++);
op = fopen(fname, "wb");
fwrite(p, 1, outlen, op);
fclose(op);
}
#endif
ret = ASN1_item_d2i(NULL, &p, outlen, it);
if (zbuf)
OPENSSL_cleanse(out, outlen);
if (!ret)
PKCS12err(PKCS12_F_PKCS12_ITEM_DECRYPT_D2I, PKCS12_R_DECODE_ERROR);
OPENSSL_free(out);
return ret;
}
/*
* Encode ASN1 structure and encrypt, return OCTET STRING if zbuf set zero
* encoding.
*/
ASN1_OCTET_STRING *PKCS12_item_i2d_encrypt(X509_ALGOR *algor,
const ASN1_ITEM *it,
const char *pass, int passlen,
void *obj, int zbuf)
{
ASN1_OCTET_STRING *oct;
unsigned char *in = NULL;
int inlen;
if (!(oct = M_ASN1_OCTET_STRING_new())) {
PKCS12err(PKCS12_F_PKCS12_ITEM_I2D_ENCRYPT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
return NULL;
}
inlen = ASN1_item_i2d(obj, &in, it);
if (!in) {
PKCS12err(PKCS12_F_PKCS12_ITEM_I2D_ENCRYPT, PKCS12_R_ENCODE_ERROR);
return NULL;
}
if (!PKCS12_pbe_crypt(algor, pass, passlen, in, inlen, &oct->data,
&oct->length, 1)) {
PKCS12err(PKCS12_F_PKCS12_ITEM_I2D_ENCRYPT, PKCS12_R_ENCRYPT_ERROR);
OPENSSL_free(in);
return NULL;
}
if (zbuf)
OPENSSL_cleanse(in, inlen);
OPENSSL_free(in);
return oct;
}
IMPLEMENT_PKCS12_STACK_OF(PKCS7)
``` |
```java
Updating interfaces by using `default` methods
Use `DecimalFormat` class to format numbers
Metadata: creating a user-defined file attribute
Increase `PermGen` space as to avoid `OutOfMemory` errors
Supply `toString()` in all classes
``` |
```c++
//
// Aspia Project
//
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
//
// along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
//
#include "client/ui/sys_info/sys_info_widget_open_files.h"
#include "common/system_info_constants.h"
#include <QMenu>
namespace client {
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
SysInfoWidgetOpenFiles::SysInfoWidgetOpenFiles(QWidget* parent)
: SysInfoWidget(parent)
{
ui.setupUi(this);
ui.tree->setMouseTracking(true);
connect(ui.action_copy_row, &QAction::triggered, this, [this]()
{
copyRow(ui.tree->currentItem());
});
connect(ui.action_copy_value, &QAction::triggered, this, [this]()
{
copyColumn(ui.tree->currentItem(), current_column_);
});
connect(ui.tree, &QTreeWidget::customContextMenuRequested,
this, &SysInfoWidgetOpenFiles::onContextMenu);
connect(ui.tree, &QTreeWidget::itemDoubleClicked,
this, [this](QTreeWidgetItem* item, int /* column */)
{
copyRow(item);
});
connect(ui.tree, &QTreeWidget::itemEntered,
this, [this](QTreeWidgetItem* /* item */, int column)
{
current_column_ = column;
});
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
SysInfoWidgetOpenFiles::~SysInfoWidgetOpenFiles() = default;
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
std::string SysInfoWidgetOpenFiles::category() const
{
return common::kSystemInfo_OpenFiles;
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
void SysInfoWidgetOpenFiles::setSystemInfo(const proto::system_info::SystemInfo& system_info)
{
ui.tree->clear();
if (!system_info.has_open_files())
{
ui.tree->setEnabled(false);
return;
}
const proto::system_info::OpenFiles& open_files = system_info.open_files();
QIcon item_icon(":/img/folder-share.png");
for (int i = 0; i < open_files.open_file_size(); ++i)
{
const proto::system_info::OpenFiles::OpenFile& open_file =
open_files.open_file(i);
QTreeWidgetItem* item = new QTreeWidgetItem();
item->setIcon(0, item_icon);
item->setText(0, QString::fromStdString(open_file.file_path()));
item->setText(1, QString::fromStdString(open_file.user_name()));
item->setText(2, QString::number(open_file.lock_count()));
ui.tree->addTopLevelItem(item);
}
ui.tree->setColumnWidth(0, 250);
ui.tree->setColumnWidth(1, 120);
ui.tree->setColumnWidth(2, 100);
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
QTreeWidget* SysInfoWidgetOpenFiles::treeWidget()
{
return ui.tree;
}
//your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
void SysInfoWidgetOpenFiles::onContextMenu(const QPoint& point)
{
QTreeWidgetItem* current_item = ui.tree->itemAt(point);
if (!current_item)
return;
ui.tree->setCurrentItem(current_item);
QMenu menu;
menu.addAction(ui.action_copy_row);
menu.addAction(ui.action_copy_value);
menu.exec(ui.tree->viewport()->mapToGlobal(point));
}
} // namespace client
``` |
```objective-c
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#pragma once
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#include <BaseTsd.h>
typedef SSIZE_T ssize_t;
#endif
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
namespace paddle {
namespace pybind {
void BindFleetExecutor(pybind11::module* m);
} // namespace pybind
} // namespace paddle
``` |
Corey Dolgon is an American author and sociologist.
Early life
Dolgon was born in Brooklyn, NY. He grew up in Brooklyn and on Long Island before moving to Cherry Hill, NJ, where he graduated from Cherry Hill West High School in 1980.
Career
Dolgon's undergraduate thesis on folksongs and the American labor movement formed the foundation for a “singing lecture” that he has performed at dozens of colleges and universities and other venues around the country and around the world for almost two decades.
After working as a dorm director at Boston University and an organizer for the Public Interest research group in Michigan (PIRGIM), Dolgon obtained his PHD at the University of Michigan in 1987. While at the University of Michigan, Dolgon was an environmental activist, an anti-racism activist, a union organizer (Graduate Employees Organization), and a community activist.
He ran for Washtenaw County Commissioner in 1992.
Dolgon completed his PhD in American culture in 1994, entitled Innovators and Gravediggers: capital restructuring and class formation in Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1945-1994. Additionally, he has published numerous articles in scholarly journals, such as Junk Freedom, published in Critical Sociology, and Dim Mirrors, Dark Glasses: But This is Not Our Fate, published in Humanity & Society.
Dolgon worked with the Friends World Program of Long Island University from 1994 until 1997. After that, Dolgon began working as a sociology professor at Worcester State College [WSC], where he served as departmental chair from 1999 until 2009. Dolgon also served as editor of Humanity & Society: The Journal of the Association for Humanist Sociology Humanity & Society
from 2000 to 2006, and was president of the organization in 2008.
In 2009, Dolgon became the inaugural director of Stonehill College's Office of Community Based Learning. He is also a tenured, full professor at Stonehill College. As a scholar, Dolgon has published five books, textbooks and anthologies. His first monograph, The End of the Hamptons: Scenes from the Class Struggle in America’s Paradise, won two book awards including The Association for Humanist Sociology's 2005 Book of the Year Award and the American Sociology Association's Marxist Section Book of the Year in 2007.
Published works
Kill It to Save It: An Autopsy of Capitalism's Triumph over Democracy (2017)
The Cambridge Handbook on Service Learning and Community Engagement (with Tania Mitchell and Timothy Eatman) (2017)
Social Problems: A Service Learning Approach (with Chris Baker) (2010)
Pioneers of Public Sociology: The First 30 Years of Humanity & Society (with Mary Chayko)(2010)
The End of the Hamptons: Scenes from the Class Struggle in America’s Paradise (2005) (2007 American Sociological Association, Marxist Section Book Award) (2005 Association for Humanist Sociology Book Award)
Personal life
Dolgon is married to Deborah Milbauer, a public health consultant and instructor at Northeastern University. They have two daughters, Bailey Maya and Ruby Hannah Dolgon.
Dolgon's uncle, Herman Dolgon, was a WWII veteran who was a community organizer and activist in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn NY. Herman Dolgon helped organize veterans and supporters to successfully pressure the New York City Housing Authority to build low-income public housing for returning vets. Nostrand and Sheepshead Bay Houses were erected in 1948. Herman Dolgon died from illness contracted during the War only one year later. The New York City Department of Parks & Recreation Department named a playground for Herman Dolgon in 1951.
References
American male writers
American sociologists
Living people
People from Brooklyn
1961 births
University of Michigan alumni |
The 2005 Canoe Slalom World Cup was a series of eight races in 4 canoeing and kayaking categories organized by the International Canoe Federation (ICF). It was the 18th edition. The series consisted of 4 continental championships (European, Pan American, Oceania and Asian), 3 world cup races and the world championships.
Calendar
Final standings
The winner of each world cup race was awarded 30 points. Semifinalists were guaranteed at least 5 points and paddlers eliminated in heats received 2 points each. The continental championships had a lesser status with the winner earning 20 points, semifinalists at least 2 points and all others were awarded 1 point for participation. Because the continental championships were not open to all countries, every athlete could only compete in one of them. The world championships points scale was the same as for the world cups multiplied by a factor of 1.5. That meant the world champion earned 45 points, semifinalists got at least 7.5 points and paddlers eliminated in heats received 3 points apiece. If two or more athletes or boats were equal on points, the ranking was determined by their positions at the world championships.
Results
2005 Continental Cup Oceania
Continental Cup Oceania took place in Mangahao, New Zealand from 29 to 30 January. The C1 event did not count for the world cup and the C2 event was not held.
2005 European Championships
The European Championships took place at the Tacen Whitewater Course, Slovenia from 24 to 26 June.
2005 Asia Canoe Slalom Championships
The Asia Canoe Slalom Championships took place in Naein-chun, South Korea from 1 to 2 July.
World Cup Race 1
The first regular world cup race of the series took place at the Hellinikon Olympic Canoe/Kayak Slalom Centre in Athens, Greece from 8 to 10 July.
World Cup Race 2
World Cup Race 2 took place at the Augsburg Eiskanal, Germany from 15 to 17 July.
World Cup Race 3
World Cup Race 3 took place at the Segre Olympic Park in La Seu d'Urgell, Spain from 23 to 24 July.
2005 Pan American Championships
The Pan American Championships took place on the Kern River in California from 26 to 27 August.
2005 World Championships
The World Championships took place at the Penrith Whitewater Stadium, Australia from 29 September to 3 October.
References
External links
International Canoe Federation
Canoe Slalom World Cup
Canoe Slalom World Cup |
André Colin (19 January 1910 – 29 August 1978) was a French politician. He served as a member of the National Assembly from 1945 to 1958, and as a member of the French Senate from 1959 to 1978, representing Finistère.
References
1910 births
1978 deaths
Politicians from Brest, France
French Roman Catholics
Popular Republican Movement politicians
Democratic Centre (France) politicians
Centre of Social Democrats politicians
Union for French Democracy politicians
French Ministers of Overseas France
Members of the Provisional Consultative Assembly
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1945)
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1946)
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Members of Parliament for Finistère
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Finistère
Presidents of the Regional Council of Brittany
Members of the Regional Council of Brittany
French general councillors
French military personnel of World War II
French Resistance members
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Resistance Medal |
C. K. Alexander (May 4, 1923 – September 2, 1980) was an Egyptian actor, director, composer, and playwright. Of Lebanese and Syrian descent, he was born as Charles Khalil Alexander (the first name of his father) Saad in Cairo, Egypt, on May 4, 1923. C.K. attended Cairo University from 1938 to 1939 and the American University in Cairo from 1940 to 1941. He changed his name to Charles Khalil Alexander after moving to the United States in 1942.
Acting career
C.K. made his professional acting debut in the role of Khadja in a production of The Merry Widow at the Cairo Royal Opera House in 1942. While in Egypt, he was a member of the New Vic Players and of the Cairo Dramatic and Musical Society. C.K. went on to make his Broadway debut in 1946 at the Plymouth Theatre in the role of Steward in Hidden Horizon, a production that would close after just twelve performances. After Hidden Horizon, C.K. directed a season of summer stock theatre in Duxbury, Massachusetts. He did not return to Broadway until 1950 when he appeared in the role of Uncle Louis in The Happy Time, again at the Plymouth Theatre.
He appeared on television in The Defenders, The Adams Chronicles, and The Scarlet Letter. Alexander founded two non-profit Off Broadway groups: the Company of Twelve and Theater Explorations Inc. C.K. died in New York City on September 2, 1980.
Composing career
C.K. composed under his own name and under the pseudonyms Mario Quimber and Basheer Qadar. He composed music for Francesca da Rimini, The Campbells of Boston, As Happy As Kings, Harlequinades for the Mourners, and The Justice Box. He also wrote the entire score for The Applegates, a play he would appear in at The Public Theater in 1978.
References
External links
C.K. Alexander papers 1943–1980, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Egyptian male film actors
Egyptian composers
1923 births
1980 deaths
Egyptian male stage actors
20th-century Egyptian male actors
20th-century composers
Egyptian emigrants to the United States |
```python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# Test remapping of topic name for incoming message
from mosq_test_helper import *
def write_config(filename, port1, port2, port3, protocol_version):
with open(filename, 'w') as f:
f.write("per_listener_settings true\n")
f.write("port %d\n" % (port2))
f.write("listener %d 127.0.0.1\n" % (port3))
f.write("\n")
f.write("connection bridge_sample\n")
f.write("address 127.0.0.1:%d\n" % (port1))
f.write("bridge_attempt_unsubscribe false\n")
f.write("topic # in 0 local/topic/ remote/topic/\n")
f.write("topic prefix/# in 0 local2/topic/ remote2/topic/\n")
f.write("topic +/value in 0 local3/topic/ remote3/topic/\n")
f.write("topic ic/+ in 0 local4/top remote4/tip\n")
f.write("topic clients/total in 0 test/mosquitto/org $SYS/broker/\n")
f.write("notifications false\n")
f.write("restart_timeout 5\n")
f.write("bridge_protocol_version %s\n" % (protocol_version))
def inner_test(bridge, sock, proto_ver):
global connect_packet, connack_packet
if not mosq_test.expect_packet(bridge, "connect", connect_packet):
return 1
bridge.send(connack_packet)
if proto_ver == 5:
opts = mqtt5_opts.MQTT_SUB_OPT_NO_LOCAL | mqtt5_opts.MQTT_SUB_OPT_RETAIN_AS_PUBLISHED
else:
opts = 0
mid = 0
patterns = [
"remote/topic/#",
"remote2/topic/prefix/#",
"remote3/topic/+/value",
"remote4/tipic/+",
"$SYS/broker/clients/total",
]
for pattern in ("remote/topic/#", "remote2/topic/prefix/#", "remote3/topic/+/value"):
mid += 1
subscribe_packet = mosq_test.gen_subscribe(mid, pattern, 0 | opts, proto_ver=proto_ver)
suback_packet = mosq_test.gen_suback(mid, 0, proto_ver=proto_ver)
if not mosq_test.expect_packet(bridge, "subscribe", subscribe_packet):
return 1
bridge.send(suback_packet)
mid += 1
subscribe_packet = mosq_test.gen_subscribe(mid, "#", 0 | opts, proto_ver=proto_ver)
suback_packet = mosq_test.gen_suback(mid, 0, proto_ver=proto_ver)
sock.send(subscribe_packet)
if not mosq_test.expect_packet(sock, "suback", suback_packet):
return 1
cases = [
('local/topic/something', 'remote/topic/something'),
('local/topic/some/t/h/i/n/g', 'remote/topic/some/t/h/i/n/g'),
('local/topic/value', 'remote/topic/value'),
# Don't work, #40 must be fixed before
# ('local/topic', 'remote/topic'),
('local2/topic/prefix/something', 'remote2/topic/prefix/something'),
('local3/topic/something/value', 'remote3/topic/something/value'),
('local4/topic/something', 'remote4/tipic/something'),
('test/mosquitto/orgclients/total', '$SYS/broker/clients/total'),
]
for (local_topic, remote_topic) in cases:
mid += 1
remote_publish_packet = mosq_test.gen_publish(
remote_topic, qos=0, mid=mid, payload='', proto_ver=proto_ver)
local_publish_packet = mosq_test.gen_publish(
local_topic, qos=0, mid=mid, payload='', proto_ver=proto_ver)
bridge.send(remote_publish_packet)
match = mosq_test.expect_packet(sock, "publish", local_publish_packet)
if not match:
print("Fail on cases local_topic=%r, remote_topic=%r" % (
local_topic, remote_topic,
))
return 1
return 0
def do_test(proto_ver):
global connect_packet, connack_packet
if proto_ver == 4:
bridge_protocol = "mqttv311"
proto_ver_connect = 128+4
else:
bridge_protocol = "mqttv50"
proto_ver_connect = 5
(port1, port2, port3) = mosq_test.get_port(3)
conf_file = os.path.basename(__file__).replace('.py', '.conf')
write_config(conf_file, port1, port2, port3, bridge_protocol)
rc = 1
keepalive = 60
client_id = socket.gethostname()+".bridge_sample"
connect_packet = mosq_test.gen_connect(client_id, keepalive=keepalive, clean_session=False, proto_ver=proto_ver_connect)
connack_packet = mosq_test.gen_connack(rc=0, proto_ver=proto_ver)
client_connect_packet = mosq_test.gen_connect("pub-test", keepalive=keepalive, proto_ver=proto_ver)
client_connack_packet = mosq_test.gen_connack(rc=0, proto_ver=proto_ver)
ssock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
ssock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
ssock.settimeout(4)
ssock.bind(('', port1))
ssock.listen(5)
broker = mosq_test.start_broker(filename=os.path.basename(__file__), port=port2, use_conf=True)
try:
(bridge, address) = ssock.accept()
bridge.settimeout(2)
sock = mosq_test.do_client_connect(
client_connect_packet, client_connack_packet,
port=port2,
)
rc = inner_test(bridge, sock, proto_ver)
sock.close()
bridge.close()
except mosq_test.TestError:
pass
finally:
os.remove(conf_file)
try:
bridge.close()
except NameError:
pass
broker.terminate()
broker.wait()
(stdo, stde) = broker.communicate()
ssock.close()
if rc:
print(stde.decode('utf-8'))
exit(rc)
do_test(proto_ver=4)
do_test(proto_ver=5)
exit(0)
``` |
Bolton Great Moor Street railway station was the first station in Bolton. It was opened on 11 June 1831 by the Bolton and Leigh Railway.
Originally named Bolton, it was renamed Bolton Great Moor Street in October 1849. The original street level station was replaced by a temporary station at Bolton Crook Street Goods Yard on 1 August 1871 while the new station was built in a classic Italian style. It opened either on 1 April 1875 or on 28 September 1874 on the same site as the original station but at a higher level. The rebuilt station had four platforms covered by a roof. Its reconstruction coincided with the building of the direct line to Manchester Exchange via Walkden Low Level by the London and North Western Railway which opened on 1 April 1875.
Local trains to and from Kenyon Junction via Chequerbent used the station's western platforms 1 & 2 whilst trains to and from Manchester Exchange via Walkden used Platforms 3 & 4.
The station closed for regular passenger use by British Railways on 29 March 1954, although holiday and football specials ran until 1958 and an unadvertised workmen's service to Monton Green continued for some months. An enthusiasts' special visited on 21 September 1963 and on 9 May 1964 another visited the adjacent Crook St goods yard, this was the last passenger train on LNWR lines in the Bolton area.
Tracks in the station were lifted in April 1964. The station was demolished in October 1966 and the area redeveloped.
See also
B. Hick and Sons
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
The station on a 1948 OS map via npe maps
The station on an 1885 series OS map overlay via National Library of Scotland
The station and line via railwaycodes
Railtour files via sixbellsjunction
History of Bolton
Former London and North Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1831
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1954
Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton |
In organic chemistry, paddlane is any member of a class of tricyclic saturated hydrocarbons having two bridgehead carbon atoms joined by four bridges. The name derives from a supposed resemblance of the molecule to a paddle wheel: namely, the rings would be the propeller's blades, and the shared carbon atoms would be its axis.
Systematically named tricyclo [m.n.o.p1,m+2]alkanes, these compounds have been referred to as [m.n.o.p]paddlanes. The notation [m.n.o.p]paddlane means the member of the family whose rings have m, n, o, and p carbons, not counting the two bridgeheads; or m + 2, n + 2, o + 2, and p + 2 carbons, counting them. The chemical formula is therefore C2+m+n+o+pH2(m+n+o+p). When p = 0, the compounds are propellanes.
Compounds
The best known paddlane is [1.1.1.1]paddlane which can be seen as a precursor to octahedrane (C6), an allotrope of elemental carbon.
The American chemist Philip Eaton, famous for being the first to synthesize the "impossible" cubane molecule, has conducted studies for the synthesis of [2.2.2.2]paddlane.
The first mention of paddlane goes back to 1973.
References
See also
Propellane
Fenestrane
Inverted tetrahedral geometry
Hydrocarbons
Tricyclic compounds |
There are a number of languages in Morocco. De jure, the two official languages are Standard Arabic and Standard Moroccan Berber. Moroccan Arabic (known as Darija) is by far the primary spoken vernacular and lingua franca, whereas Berber languages serve as vernaculars for significant portions of the country. The languages of prestige in Morocco are Arabic in its Classical and Modern Standard Forms and sometimes French, the latter of which serves as a second language for approximately 33% of Moroccans. According to a 2000–2002 survey done by Moha Ennaji, author of Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco, "there is a general agreement that Standard Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, and Berber are the national languages." Ennaji also concluded "This survey confirms the idea that multilingualism in Morocco is a vivid sociolinguistic phenomenon, which is favored by many people."
There are around 6 million Berber speakers in Morocco. French retains a major place in Morocco, as it is taught universally and serves as Morocco's primary language of commerce and economics, culture, sciences and medicine; it is also widely used in education and government. Morocco is a member of the Francophonie.
Spanish is spoken by many Moroccans, particularly in the northern regions around Tetouan and Tangier, as well as in parts of the south, due to historic ties and business interactions with Spain.
According to a 2012 study by the Government of Spain, 98% of Moroccans spoke Moroccan Arabic, 63% spoke French, 26% Berber, 14% spoke English, and 10% spoke Spanish.
History
Historically, languages such as Phoenician, Punic, and Amazigh languages have been spoken in Morocco. Juba II, king of Mauretania, wrote in Greek and Latin. It is unclear how long African Romance was spoken, but its influence on Northwest African Arabic (particularly in the language of northwestern Morocco) indicates it must have had a significant presence in the early years after the Arab conquest.
Arabic came with the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb; Abdellah Guennoun cites the Friday sermon delivered by Tariq Ibn Ziad just before the conquest of al-Andalus in 711 as the first instance of Moroccan literature in Arabic. However, the language spread much more slowly than the religion. At first, Arabic was used only in urban areas, especially in cities in the north, while the rural areas remained the domain of Amazigh languages.
Under the Almohads, the khuṭbas (from , the Friday sermon) had to be delivered in Arabic and Berber, or as the Andalusi historian described it: "al-lisān al-gharbī" ( 'the western tongue'). The khaṭīb, or sermon-giver, of al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque in Fes, Mahdī b. ‘Īsā, was replaced under the Almohads by Abū l-Ḥasan b. ‘Aṭiyya khaṭīb because the latter was fluent in Berber.
The first recorded work in Darija or Moroccan Arabic is Al-Kafif az-Zarhuni's epic zajal poem "al-Mala'ba," dating back to the reign of Marinid Sultan Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman.
During the Middle ages, sailors and traders in the Mediterranean, including the Barbary Coast, developed a contact language known as Mediterranean Lingua Franca or .
It was influenced by the languages of Italy, Catalan, Occitan, Berber, Arabic, Spanish and Portuguese.
Its use declined after the European conquest.
Language policy
After Morocco gained independence with the end of the French Protectorate in 1956, it started a process of Arabization. For this task, the Institute for Studies and Research on Arabization was established by decree in 1960. The policy of Arabization was not applied in earnest until 17 years after independence. An editorial in Lamalif in 1973 argued that, although French unified the elite and major sections of the economy, national unity could only be achieved based on Arabic—though Lamalif called for a new incarnation of the language, describing Standard Arabic as untenably prescriptive and Moroccan vernacular Arabic (Darija) as too poor to become in and of itself a language of culture and knowledge.
In the year 2000, after years of neglecting and ignoring the other languages present in Morocco, the Charter for Educational Reform recognized them and the necessity for them.
Until then the Berber languages were marginalized in the modern society and the number of monolingual speakers decreased. In recent years, the Berber culture has been gaining strength and some developments promise that these languages will not die (Berber is the generic name for the Berber languages. The term Berber is not used nor known by the speakers of these languages).
Arabic, on the other hand, has been perceived as a prestigious language in Morocco for over a millennium. However, there are very distinctive varieties of Arabic used, not all equally prestigious, which are MSA (Modern Standard Arabic), the written form used in schools and ‘Dialectal Arabic’, the non-standardized spoken form. The difference between the two forms in terms of grammar, phonology and vocabulary is so great, it can be considered as diglossia. MSA is practically foreign to Moroccan schoolchildren, and this creates problems with reading and writing, consequently leading to a high level of illiteracy in Morocco.
The French language is also dominant in Morocco, especially in education and administration, therefore was initially learned by an elite and later on was learned by a great number of Moroccans for use in domains such as finance, science, technology and media. That is despite the government decision to implement a language policy of ignoring French after gaining independence, for the sake of creating a monolingual country.
From its independence until the year 2000, Morocco opted for Arabization as a policy, in an attempt of replacing French with Arabic. By the end of the 1980s, Arabic was the dominant language in education, although French was still in use in many important domains. The goals of Arabization were not met, in linguistic terms, therefore a change was needed. By 2020, the country ended its policy of Arabization, with French reimplemented as the medium of instruction in core subjects such as science and math.
In 2000 the Charter of Educational Reform introduced a drastic change in language policy. From then on, Morocco has adopted a clear perpetual educational language policy with three main cores: improving and reinforcing the teaching of Arabic, using a variety of languages, such as English and French in teaching the fields of technology and science and acceptance of Berber. The state of Morocco still sees Arabic (MSA) as its national language, but acknowledges that not all Moroccans are Arabic speakers and that Arabization did not succeed in the area of science and technology. The aims of the Charter seem to have been met faster than expected, probably since the conditions of the Charter started to be implemented immediately. Nowadays the different minority languages are acknowledged in Morocco although Arabic still is the dominant one and is being promoted by the government.
Amazigh was made an official language in 2011. In 2019, a law was enacted to implement the constitutional changes from 2011. In particular, Amazigh was extended to all public services. Moroccan citizens can get their marriage certificates, identity cards, passports, and driver's licenses in Amazigh and the language can be used in courts. The government aims to generalize Amazigh education to all Moroccan schools. However, as of 2023, only 10% of Moroccan pupils study Amazigh. The government hired civil servants able to speak the three main dialects (Tachalhit, Tamazight and Tarifet) to help citizens in courts, hospitals, and other public services.
Education
Framework Law 17:51 allowed scientific subjects to be taught in foreign languages—especially French—in public elementary schools.
In 2019, the Parliament voted to expand Amazigh classes to all Moroccan schools. According to Prime Minister Aziz Akhannouch, about 2,000 schools taught Amazigh in 2022 and the government was training more teachers to accelerate the roll out of Amazigh teaching. As of 2023, this reform is still in progress.
In July 2023, the gradual generalization of learning English from secondary school was decided by the Ministry of Education.
Arabic
Arabic, along with Berber, is one of Morocco's two official languages, although it is the Moroccan dialect of Arabic, namely Darija, meaning "everyday/colloquial language"; that is spoken or understood, frequently as a second language, by the majority of the population (about 85% of the total population). Many native Berber speakers also speak the local Arabic variant as a second language. Arabic in its Classical and Standard forms is one of the two prestige languages in Morocco. Aleya Rouchdy, author of Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic, said that Classical/Modern Arabic and French are constantly in conflict with one another, but that most Moroccans believe that the bilingualism of Classical Arabic and French is the most optimal choice to allow for Morocco's development.
In 1995 the number of native Arabic speakers in Morocco was approximately 18.8 million (65% of the total population), and 21 million including the Moroccan diaspora.
As a member of the Maghrebi Arabic grouping of dialects, Moroccan Arabic is similar to the dialects spoken in Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya (and also Maltese). The so called Darija dialect of Morocco is quite different from its Middle Eastern counterparts but in general understandable to each other, it’s estimated that Darija shares 70/75% of its vocabulary with Modern Standard Arabic. The country shows a marked difference in urban and rural dialects. This is due to the history of settlement. traditionally, Arabs established centers of power in only a few cities and ports in the region, with the effect that the other areas remained Berber-speaking. Then, in the 13th century, Bedouin tribes swept through many of the unsettled areas, spreading with them their distinct Arabic dialect in the non-urbanized areas and leaving speakers of Berber isolated in the mountainous regions.
Modern Standard and Classical Arabic
Moroccans learn Standard Arabic as a language. It is generally not spoken at home or on the streets. Standard Arabic is frequently used in administrative offices, mosques, and schools. According to Rouchdy, within Morocco Classical Arabic is still only used in literary and cultural aspects, formal traditional speeches, and discussions about religion.
Dialectal Arabic
Moroccan Arabic
Moroccan Arabic, along with Berber, is one of two mother tongues acquired by Moroccan children and spoken in homes and on the street. The language is not used in writing. Abdelâli Bentahila, the author of the 1983 book Language Attitudes among Arabic–French Bilinguals in Morocco, said that Moroccans who were bilingual in both French and Arabic preferred to speak Arabic while discussing religion; while discussing matters in a grocery store or restaurant; and while discussing matters with family members, beggars, and maids. Moha Ennaji, author of Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco, said that Moroccan Arabic has connotations of informality, and that Moroccan Arabic tends to be used in casual conversations and spoken discourse. Ennaji added that Bilingual Moroccans tend to use Moroccan Arabic while in the house. Berbers generally learn Moroccan Arabic as a second language and use it as a lingua franca, since not all versions of Berber are mutually intelligible with one another.
The below table presents statistical figures of speakers, based on the 2014 population census. This table includes not only native speakers of Arabic, but also people who speak Arabic as a second or third language.
Hassaniya Arabic
Hassānīya, is spoken by about 0.8% of the population, mainly in the territory of Western Sahara, claimed by both Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Communities of speakers exist elsewhere in Morocco too.
The below table presents statistical figures of speakers, based on the 2014 population census.
Berber
The exact population of speakers of Berber languages is hard to ascertain, since most North African countries do not – traditionally – record language data in their censuses (An exception to this was the 2004 Morocco population census). The Ethnologue provides a useful academic starting point; however, its bibliographic references are inadequate, and it rates its own accuracy at only B-C for the area. Early colonial censuses may provide better documented figures for some countries; however, these are also very much out of date. The number for each Berber language is difficult to estimate.
Berber serves as a vernacular language in many rural areas of Morocco. Berber, along with Moroccan Arabic, is one of two languages spoken in homes and on the street. The population does not use Berber in writing. Aleya Rouchdy, author of "Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic," said that Berber is mainly used in the contexts of family, friendship, and "street". In his 2000–2002 research, Ennaji found that 52% of the interviewees placed Berber as a language inferior to Arabic because it did not have a prestigious status and because its domain was restricted. Ennaji added that "[t]he dialectisation of Berber certainly reduces its power of communication and its spread."
Speakers of Riffian language were estimated to be around 1.5 million in 1990.
The language is spoken in the Rif area in the north of the country and is one of the three main Berber languages of Morocco.
The Tashelhit language is considered to be the most widely spoken as it covers the whole of the Region Souss-Massa-Drâa, and is also spoken in the Marrakech-Tensift-El Haouz and Tadla-Azilal regions. Studies done in 1990 show around 3 million people, concentrated in the south of Morocco, speak the language.
Central Morocco Tamazight is the second Berber language in Morocco. A 1998 study done by Ethnologue, shows that around 3 million people speak the language in Morocco. The language is most used in the regions Middle Atlas, High Atlas and east High Atlas Mountains.
Other Berber languages are spoken in Morocco, as the Senhaja de Srair and the Ghomara dialects in the Rif mountains, the Figuig Shilha (not to be confused with Atlas Shilha) and Eastern Zenati in eastern Morocco, and Eastern Middle Atlas dialects in central Morocco.
2014 Population Census
Local used languages in Morocco:
2014 Population Census by region
The below table presents statistical figures of speakers of Berber languages, based on the 2014 population census.
Other studies
"Few census figures are available; all countries (Algeria and Morocco included) do not count Berber languages. Population shifts in location and number, effects of urbanization and education in other languages, etc., make estimates difficult. In 1952 A. Basset (LLB.4) estimated the number of Berberophones at 5,500,000. Between 1968 and 1978 estimates ranged from eight to thirteen million (as reported by Galand, LELB 56, pp. 107, 123–25); Voegelin and Voegelin (1977, p. 297) call eight million a conservative estimate. In 1980, S. Chaker estimated that the Berberophone populations of Kabylie and the three Moroccan groups numbered more than one million each; and that in Algeria, 3,650,000, or one out of five Algerians, speak a Berber language (Chaker 1984, pp. 8-)
In 1952, André Basset ("La langue berbère", Handbook of African Languages, Part I, Oxford) estimated that a "small majority" of Morocco's population spoke Berber. The 1960 census estimated that 34% of Moroccans spoke Berber, including bi-, tri-, and quadrilinguals. In 2000, Karl Prasse cited "more than half" in an interview conducted by Brahim Karada at Tawalt.com. According to the Ethnologue (by deduction from its Moroccan Arabic figures), the Berber-speaking population is estimated at 65% (1991 and 1995). However, the figures it gives for individual languages only add up to 7.5 million, or about 57%. Most of these are accounted for by three dialects:
Riff: 4.5 million (1991)
Shilha: 7 million (1998)
Central Morocco Tamazight: 7 million (1998)
This nomenclature is common in linguistic publications, but is significantly complicated by local usage: thus Shilha is sub-divided into Shilha of the Dra valley, Tasusit (the language of the Souss) and several other (mountain) dialects. Moreover, linguistic boundaries are blurred, such that certain dialects cannot accurately be described as either Central Morocco Tamazight (spoken in the Central and eastern Atlas area) or Shilha. The differences among all Moroccan dialects are not too pronounced: public radio news are broadcast using the various dialects; each journalist speaks his or her own dialect with the result that understanding is not obstructed, though most southern Berbers find that understanding Riff requires some getting used to.
French
Within Morocco, French, one of the country's two prestige languages, is often used for business, diplomacy, and government; and serves as a lingua franca. Aleya Rouchdy, author of Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic, said that "For all practical purposes, French is used as a second language."
Different figures of French speakers in Morocco are given. According to the OIF, 36% of Moroccans speak French overall, while 47% of students have French as their medium of instruction at schools. According to the 2014 census, about 66% of literate people can read and write French, that is, 66% of 68% = 45%. Other sources put the number of total French speakers at 64% as of 2014.
Spanish
In a survey from 2005 by the CIDOB (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs), 21.9% of respondents from Morocco claimed to speak Spanish, with higher percentages in the northern regions. By 2017, that figure had declined to about 4.5% of the population.
Spanish was used in northern Morocco and Western Sahara due to Spanish occupation of those areas and the incorporation of Spanish Sahara as a province. After Morocco declared independence in 1956, French and Arabic became the main languages of administration and education, causing the role of Spanish to decline. In northern Morocco, transmission of Spanish television is often available and there are interactions in Spanish on a daily basis in areas bordering the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla.
Today, Spanish is still offered as one of the foreign languages in the educational system but has fallen well behind French and English. According to the Cervantes Institute, there were 11,409 students learning Spanish in Morocco in 2016, a large decline from about 50,000 in 2005. Demand for Spanish and overall competency in the language has fallen since the start of the 21st century.
Judeo-Spanish
After the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492, thousands of Sephardic Jews took refuge in Morocco.
The Jews of Portugal were similarly expelled in 1496
They spoke Old Spanish, Portuguese, Judeo-Catalan, Judeo-Aragonese and other Romance languages.
Mixing in Morocco and influenced by local Arabic, their language became Haketia (with an offshoot in Oran, now part of Algeria).
Unlike other Judeo-Spanish dialects, Haketia did not develop a literature and, during the colonization, North African Sephardim adopted Spanish and French.
Emigration to Spain, Iberoamerica and Israel has reduced a lot the number of speakers of Haketia.
See also
Arabic
Berber languages
Languages of Algeria
Languages of Mauritania
Languages of Spain
Languages of Tunisia
References
Ennaji, Moha. Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco. Springer Publishing, January 20, 2005. p. 127. , 9780387239798.
Rouchdy, Aleya. Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic. Psychology Press, January 6, 2003. Volume 3 of Curzon Arabic Linguistics Series, Curzon Studies in Arabic Linguistics. p. 71. , 9780700713790.
Stevens, Paul B. "Language Attitudes among Arabic-French Bilinguals in Morocco." (book review) Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 1985 4:73. p. 73–76. .
Notes
Further reading
Bentahila, Abdelâli. "Language attitudes among Arabic-French bilinguals in Morocco". Multilingual Matters (Clevedon, Avon, England), 1983. Series #4. (electronic book), 0585259763 (electronic book), 9780585259765 (electronic book).
Bentahila, Abdelâli. "Motivations for Code-Switching among Arabic-French Bilinguals in Morocco." Language & Communication. 1983. Volume 3, p. 233 – 243. , E, .
Chakrani, Brahim. "A sociolinguistic investigation of language attitudes among youth in Morocco." (dissertation) ProQuest. . UMI Number: 3452059.
Heath, Jeffrey. "Jewish and Muslim Dialects of Moroccan Arabic". Routledge, 2013. (preview)
Keil-Sagawe, Regina. "Soziokulturelle und sprachenpolitische Aspekte der Francophonie am Beispiel Marokko (Manuskripte zur Sprachlehrforschung, 38) by Martina Butzke-Rudzynski" (review). Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur. Franz Steiner Verlag. Bd. 106, H. 3, 1996. p. 295–298. Available at JStor. The document is in the German language.
Lahjomri, Abdeljalil. Enseignement de la langue francaise au Maroc et dialogue des cultures (Teaching of the French Language in Morocco and Dialogue of Cultures). Francais dans le Monde. 1984. p. 18–21. ERIC #: EJ312036. The document is in the French language. See profile at ERIC.
Languages of Morocco
Sadiqi, Fatima. Women, Gender and Language in Morocco. 01/2003, Women and Gender Ser., , Volume 1., p. 354
Salah-Dine Hammoud, Mohamed (1982). "Arabization in Morocco: A Case Study in Language Planning and Language Policy Attitudes." Unpublished PhD dissertation for the University of Texas at Austin, Available from University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan. |
```glsl
#extension GL_OES_EGL_image_external : require
precision highp float;
varying highp vec2 textureCoordinate;
uniform samplerExternalOES inputImageTexture;
uniform sampler2D curve;
uniform sampler2D greyFrame;
uniform sampler2D layerImage;
void main()
{
lowp vec4 textureColor;
vec4 greyColor;
vec4 layerColor;
float xCoordinate = textureCoordinate.x;
float yCoordinate = textureCoordinate.y;
highp float redCurveValue;
highp float greenCurveValue;
highp float blueCurveValue;
textureColor = texture2D( inputImageTexture, vec2(xCoordinate, yCoordinate));
greyColor = texture2D(greyFrame, vec2(xCoordinate, yCoordinate));
layerColor = texture2D(layerImage, vec2(xCoordinate, yCoordinate));
// step1 curve
redCurveValue = texture2D(curve, vec2(textureColor.r, 0.0)).r;
greenCurveValue = texture2D(curve, vec2(textureColor.g, 0.0)).g;
blueCurveValue = texture2D(curve, vec2(textureColor.b, 0.0)).b;
// step2 curve with mask
textureColor = vec4(redCurveValue, greenCurveValue, blueCurveValue, 1.0);
redCurveValue = texture2D(curve, vec2(textureColor.r, 0.0)).a;
greenCurveValue = texture2D(curve, vec2(textureColor.g, 0.0)).a;
blueCurveValue = texture2D(curve, vec2(textureColor.b, 0.0)).a;
lowp vec4 textureColor2 = vec4(redCurveValue, greenCurveValue, blueCurveValue, 1.0);
// step3 screen with 60%
lowp vec4 base = vec4(mix(textureColor.rgb, textureColor2.rgb, 1.0 - greyColor.r), textureColor.a);
lowp vec4 overlayer = vec4(layerColor.r, layerColor.g, layerColor.b, 1.0);
// screen blending
textureColor = 1.0 - ((1.0 - base) * (1.0 - overlayer));
textureColor = (textureColor - base) * 0.6 + base;
redCurveValue = texture2D(curve, vec2(textureColor.r, 1.0)).r;
greenCurveValue = texture2D(curve, vec2(textureColor.g, 1.0)).g;
blueCurveValue = texture2D(curve, vec2(textureColor.b, 1.0)).b;
textureColor = vec4(redCurveValue, greenCurveValue, blueCurveValue, 1.0);
gl_FragColor = vec4(textureColor.r, textureColor.g, textureColor.b, 1.0);
}
``` |
```html
<html xmlns="path_to_url"
xmlns:ui="path_to_url"
xmlns:h="path_to_url"
xmlns:f="path_to_url"
xmlns:p="path_to_url">
<h:head>
<title>Panel, PanelGrid, PanelMenu</title>
<script name="jquery/jquery.js" library="primefaces"></script>
</h:head>
<h:form>
<p:panel id="Panel1" closable="true" toggleable="true">
<f:facet name="options">
<p:menu>
<p:menuitem value="Primefaces Tutorials"></p:menuitem>
<p:menuitem value="Hibernate Tutorials"></p:menuitem>
<p:menuitem value="JPA Tutorials"></p:menuitem>
</p:menu>
</f:facet>
<p:ajax event="toggle" listener="#{panelManagedBean.toggleHandle}"></p:ajax>
<p:ajax event="close" listener="#{panelManagedBean.closeHandle}"></p:ajax>
<f:facet name="header">
<p:outputLabel value="Tutorials Provided"></p:outputLabel>
</f:facet>
<p:outputLabel value="Name of tutorial you're looking for:"></p:outputLabel>
<p:inputText value="#{panelManagedBean.tutorial}"></p:inputText>
<p:commandButton value="Search" action="#{panelManagedBean.search}" update="result"></p:commandButton>
<p:dataTable value="#{panelManagedBean.tutorials}" var="tutorial" id="result">
<p:column>
<f:facet name="header">
<p:outputLabel value="Tutorial Name"></p:outputLabel>
</f:facet>
<p:outputLabel value="#{tutorial}"></p:outputLabel>
</p:column>
<f:facet name="footer">
<p:outputLabel value="Provided By Jouranldev.com"></p:outputLabel>
</f:facet>
</p:dataTable>
</p:panel>
</h:form>
</html>
``` |
This section of the list of rampage killers (home intruders) contains those cases that occurred in United States.
This section of the list of rampage killers contains those cases that either occurred mostly within a single household, or where most of the victims were members of a single family not related to the perpetrator. Cases where the primary motive for the murders was to facilitate or cover up another felony, like robbery, are not included.
A rampage killer has been defined as follows:
This list should contain every case with at least one of the following features:
Rampage killings with 6 or more dead
In all cases the perpetrator is not counted among those killed or injured.
All abbreviations used in the table are explained below.
Rampage killers
Abbreviations and footnotes
W – A basic description of the weapons used in the murders
F – Firearms and other ranged weapons, especially rifles and handguns, but also bows and crossbows, grenade launchers, flamethrowers, or slingshots
M – Melee weapons, like knives, swords, spears, machetes, axes, clubs, rods, stones, or bare hands
O – Any other weapons, such as bombs, hand grenades, Molotov cocktails, poison and poisonous gas, as well as vehicle and arson attacks
A – indicates that an arson attack was the only other weapon used
V – indicates that a vehicle was the only other weapon used
E – indicates that explosives of any sort were the only other weapon used
P – indicates that an anaesthetising or deadly substance of any kind was the only other weapon used (includes poisonous gas)
See also
List of mass shootings in the United States
List of rampage killers in the United States
References
rampage killers
home intruders in the United States
rampage
Lists of criminals
rampage |
```powershell
<#
.SYNOPSIS
This is a Powershell script to bootstrap a Cake build.
.DESCRIPTION
This Powershell script will download NuGet if missing, restore NuGet tools (including Cake)
and execute your Cake build script with the parameters you provide.
.PARAMETER Script
The build script to execute.
.PARAMETER Target
The build script target to run.
.PARAMETER Configuration
The build configuration to use.
.PARAMETER Verbosity
Specifies the amount of information to be displayed.
.PARAMETER Experimental
Tells Cake to use the latest Roslyn release.
.PARAMETER WhatIf
Performs a dry run of the build script.
No tasks will be executed.
.PARAMETER Mono
Tells Cake to use the Mono scripting engine.
.PARAMETER SkipToolPackageRestore
Skips restoring of packages.
.PARAMETER ScriptArgs
Remaining arguments are added here.
.LINK
path_to_url
#>
[CmdletBinding()]
Param(
[string]$Script = "build.cake",
[string]$Target = "Default",
[ValidateSet("Release", "Debug")]
[string]$Configuration = "Debug",
[ValidateSet("Quiet", "Minimal", "Normal", "Verbose", "Diagnostic")]
[string]$Verbosity = "Normal",
[switch]$Experimental = $true,
[Alias("DryRun","Noop")]
[switch]$WhatIf,
[switch]$Mono,
[switch]$SkipToolPackageRestore,
[Parameter(Position=0,Mandatory=$false,ValueFromRemainingArguments=$true)]
[string[]]$ScriptArgs
)
[Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName("System.Security") | Out-Null
function MD5HashFile([string] $filePath)
{
if ([string]::IsNullOrEmpty($filePath) -or !(Test-Path $filePath -PathType Leaf))
{
return $null
}
[System.IO.Stream] $file = $null;
[System.Security.Cryptography.MD5] $md5 = $null;
try
{
$md5 = [System.Security.Cryptography.MD5]::Create()
$file = [System.IO.File]::OpenRead($filePath)
return [System.BitConverter]::ToString($md5.ComputeHash($file))
}
finally
{
if ($file -ne $null)
{
$file.Dispose()
}
}
}
Write-Host "Preparing to run build script..."
if(!$PSScriptRoot){
$PSScriptRoot = Split-Path $MyInvocation.MyCommand.Path -Parent
}
$TOOLS_DIR = Join-Path $PSScriptRoot "tools"
$NUGET_EXE = Join-Path $TOOLS_DIR "nuget.exe"
$CAKE_EXE = Join-Path $TOOLS_DIR "Cake/Cake.exe"
$NUGET_URL = "path_to_url"
$PACKAGES_CONFIG = Join-Path $TOOLS_DIR "packages.config"
$PACKAGES_CONFIG_MD5 = Join-Path $TOOLS_DIR "packages.config.md5sum"
# Should we use mono?
$UseMono = "";
if($Mono.IsPresent) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Using the Mono based scripting engine."
$UseMono = "-mono"
}
# Should we use the new Roslyn?
$UseExperimental = "";
if($Experimental.IsPresent -and !($Mono.IsPresent)) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Using experimental version of Roslyn."
$UseExperimental = "-experimental"
}
# Is this a dry run?
$UseDryRun = "";
if($WhatIf.IsPresent) {
$UseDryRun = "-dryrun"
}
# Make sure tools folder exists
if ((Test-Path $PSScriptRoot) -and !(Test-Path $TOOLS_DIR)) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Creating tools directory..."
New-Item -Path $TOOLS_DIR -Type directory | out-null
}
# Make sure that packages.config exist.
if (!(Test-Path $PACKAGES_CONFIG)) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Downloading packages.config..."
try { (New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadFile("path_to_url", $PACKAGES_CONFIG) } catch {
Throw "Could not download packages.config."
}
}
# Try find NuGet.exe in path if not exists
if (!(Test-Path $NUGET_EXE)) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Trying to find nuget.exe in PATH..."
$existingPaths = $Env:Path -Split ';' | Where-Object { (![string]::IsNullOrEmpty($_)) -and (Test-Path $_) }
$NUGET_EXE_IN_PATH = Get-ChildItem -Path $existingPaths -Filter "nuget.exe" | Select -First 1
if ($NUGET_EXE_IN_PATH -ne $null -and (Test-Path $NUGET_EXE_IN_PATH.FullName)) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Found in PATH at $($NUGET_EXE_IN_PATH.FullName)."
$NUGET_EXE = $NUGET_EXE_IN_PATH.FullName
}
}
# Try download NuGet.exe if not exists
if (!(Test-Path $NUGET_EXE)) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Downloading NuGet.exe..."
try {
(New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadFile($NUGET_URL, $NUGET_EXE)
} catch {
Throw "Could not download NuGet.exe."
}
}
# Save nuget.exe path to environment to be available to child processed
$ENV:NUGET_EXE = $NUGET_EXE
# Restore tools from NuGet?
if(-Not $SkipToolPackageRestore.IsPresent) {
Push-Location
Set-Location $TOOLS_DIR
# Check for changes in packages.config and remove installed tools if true.
[string] $md5Hash = MD5HashFile($PACKAGES_CONFIG)
if((!(Test-Path $PACKAGES_CONFIG_MD5)) -Or
($md5Hash -ne (Get-Content $PACKAGES_CONFIG_MD5 ))) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Missing or changed package.config hash..."
Remove-Item * -Recurse -Exclude packages.config,nuget.exe
}
Write-Verbose -Message "Restoring tools from NuGet..."
$NuGetOutput = Invoke-Expression "&`"$NUGET_EXE`" install -ExcludeVersion -OutputDirectory `"$TOOLS_DIR`""
if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) {
Throw "An error occured while restoring NuGet tools."
}
else
{
$md5Hash | Out-File $PACKAGES_CONFIG_MD5 -Encoding "ASCII"
}
Write-Verbose -Message ($NuGetOutput | out-string)
Pop-Location
}
# Make sure that Cake has been installed.
if (!(Test-Path $CAKE_EXE)) {
Throw "Could not find Cake.exe at $CAKE_EXE"
}
# Start Cake
Write-Host "Running build script..."
Invoke-Expression "& `"$CAKE_EXE`" `"$Script`" -target=`"$Target`" -configuration=`"$Configuration`" -verbosity=`"$Verbosity`" $UseMono $UseDryRun $UseExperimental $ScriptArgs"
exit $LASTEXITCODE
``` |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="path_to_url"
xmlns:tools="path_to_url"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".testcase.testMatrix.TestMatrixActivity">
<com.chillingvan.canvasglsample.testcase.testMatrix.TestMatrixTextureView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
/>
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>
``` |
An army division or division ( or Fördelning) was during the 1900s in the Swedish Army a designation for a larger military unit, comprising two or more brigades, an artillery regiment, an engineer battalion, an anti-aircraft battalion, a signal battalion and a transport battalion. An arméfördelning corresponds to a division in many countries' armies, and it has been common to also use the word "division" in Swedish when referring to foreign rather than Swedish military units. The last divisions were disbanded through the Defence Act of 2000 and were replaced between 2000 and 2004 as a transition period of the 1st Mechanized Division (1. mekaniserade divisionen).
History
The concept of arméfördelning ("army division"), originally only fördelning ("division") began to be used after the beginning of the 19th century, and was introduced in 1889 as a term also in the peace-time organization. Through the 1892 and 1897 changes made in the organization of the army, the artillery was also placed under the commanding officers of the army divisions. An army division then, apart from some exceptions, consisted of four infantry, one cavalry and one artillery regiment, and one service corps, for which at war, engineer troops were added. The army division was intended for independent operations, but lacks complete administrative bodies in peacetime. Sweden was divided into six army division areas in 1904, with command offices in Helsingborg (1st), Linköping (2nd), Skövde (3rd), Stockholm (4th and 5th) and Härnösand (6th).
The army divisions replaced the peacetime subdivision of military districts that was used in the years 1833–1888. In 1889–1892, the territorial territory of the army division was called military district, but this was abolished from 1893 when the territorial territory of an army division was named army division area (arméfördelningsområde).
Through the Defence Act of 1942, the I-IV Military Districts came to mobilize two divisions each, while the V and VI Military Districts each mobilized one army division. On 1 October 1966, the Roman numerals in the designation of the army divisions was changed to Arabic numerals. Through the Defence Act of 1977, the army divisions were reduced by two staffs. Through 1988 Defense Investigation, the army divisions were reduced by two staffs. Through the Defence Act of 1996, the army divisions were reduced by three staffs, since the three military districts would mobilize one army division each. Through the Defence Act of 2000, the last three army divisions were disbanded, and replaced by the 1st Mechanized Division (1. mekaniserade divisionen).
Divisions
1893–1901
The 1893 subdivision was operational from 1 October of that year. From 1898, Roman numerals was used.
1902–1927
The 1902 subdivision was operational from 1 January of that year.
1928–1936
The 1928 subdivision was operational from 1 January of that year.
1937–1942
The 1937 subdivision was operational from 1 January of that year.
1943–1966
The 1943 subdivision was operational from 7 February of that year.
1966–1994
1994–2000
See also
Military district (Sweden)
References
Notes
Print
Web
List
Army |
```java
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.apache.beam.sdk.io.jdbc;
import static org.apache.beam.sdk.io.jdbc.JdbcUtil.JDBC_DRIVER_MAP;
import static org.apache.beam.sdk.io.jdbc.JdbcUtil.registerJdbcDriver;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.ServiceLoader;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.io.common.DatabaseTestHelper;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.Schema;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.transforms.SchemaTransformProvider;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.testing.TestPipeline;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.Create;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.PCollectionRowTuple;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.Row;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v32_1_2_jre.com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v32_1_2_jre.com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
public class JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProviderTest {
private static final JdbcIO.DataSourceConfiguration DATA_SOURCE_CONFIGURATION =
JdbcIO.DataSourceConfiguration.create(
"org.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver", "jdbc:derby:memory:testDB;create=true");
private static final DataSource DATA_SOURCE = DATA_SOURCE_CONFIGURATION.buildDatasource();
private String writeTableName;
@Rule public final transient TestPipeline pipeline = TestPipeline.create();
@BeforeClass
public static void beforeClass() throws Exception {
// by default, derby uses a lock timeout of 60 seconds. In order to speed up the test
// and detect the lock faster, we decrease this timeout
System.setProperty("derby.locks.waitTimeout", "2");
System.setProperty("derby.stream.error.file", "build/derby.log");
registerJdbcDriver(
ImmutableMap.of(
"derby", Objects.requireNonNull(DATA_SOURCE_CONFIGURATION.getDriverClassName()).get()));
}
@Before
public void before() throws SQLException {
writeTableName = DatabaseTestHelper.getTestTableName("UT_WRITE");
DatabaseTestHelper.createTable(DATA_SOURCE, writeTableName);
}
@Test
public void testInvalidWriteSchemaOptions() {
assertThrows(
IllegalArgumentException.class,
() -> {
JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider.JdbcWriteSchemaTransformConfiguration.builder()
.setDriverClassName("")
.setJdbcUrl("")
.build()
.validate();
});
assertThrows(
IllegalArgumentException.class,
() -> {
JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider.JdbcWriteSchemaTransformConfiguration.builder()
.setDriverClassName("ClassName")
.setJdbcUrl("JdbcUrl")
.setLocation("Location")
.setWriteStatement("WriteStatement")
.build()
.validate();
});
assertThrows(
IllegalArgumentException.class,
() -> {
JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider.JdbcWriteSchemaTransformConfiguration.builder()
.setDriverClassName("ClassName")
.setJdbcUrl("JdbcUrl")
.build()
.validate();
});
assertThrows(
IllegalArgumentException.class,
() -> {
JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider.JdbcWriteSchemaTransformConfiguration.builder()
.setJdbcUrl("JdbcUrl")
.setLocation("Location")
.setJdbcType("invalidType")
.build()
.validate();
});
assertThrows(
IllegalArgumentException.class,
() -> {
JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider.JdbcWriteSchemaTransformConfiguration.builder()
.setJdbcUrl("JdbcUrl")
.setLocation("Location")
.build()
.validate();
});
assertThrows(
IllegalArgumentException.class,
() -> {
JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider.JdbcWriteSchemaTransformConfiguration.builder()
.setJdbcUrl("JdbcUrl")
.setLocation("Location")
.setDriverClassName("ClassName")
.setJdbcType((String) JDBC_DRIVER_MAP.keySet().toArray()[0])
.build()
.validate();
});
}
@Test
public void testValidWriteSchemaOptions() {
for (String jdbcType : JDBC_DRIVER_MAP.keySet()) {
JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider.JdbcWriteSchemaTransformConfiguration.builder()
.setJdbcUrl("JdbcUrl")
.setLocation("Location")
.setJdbcType(jdbcType)
.build()
.validate();
}
}
@Test
public void testWriteToTable() throws SQLException {
JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider provider = null;
for (SchemaTransformProvider p : ServiceLoader.load(SchemaTransformProvider.class)) {
if (p instanceof JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider) {
provider = (JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider) p;
break;
}
}
assertNotNull(provider);
Schema schema =
Schema.of(
Schema.Field.of("id", Schema.FieldType.INT64),
Schema.Field.of("name", Schema.FieldType.STRING));
List<Row> rows =
ImmutableList.of(
Row.withSchema(schema).attachValues(1L, "name1"),
Row.withSchema(schema).attachValues(2L, "name2"));
PCollectionRowTuple.of("input", pipeline.apply(Create.of(rows).withRowSchema(schema)))
.apply(
provider.from(
JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider.JdbcWriteSchemaTransformConfiguration.builder()
.setDriverClassName(DATA_SOURCE_CONFIGURATION.getDriverClassName().get())
.setJdbcUrl(DATA_SOURCE_CONFIGURATION.getUrl().get())
.setLocation(writeTableName)
.build()));
pipeline.run();
DatabaseTestHelper.assertRowCount(DATA_SOURCE, writeTableName, 2);
}
@Test
public void testWriteToTableWithJdbcTypeSpecified() throws SQLException {
JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider provider = null;
for (SchemaTransformProvider p : ServiceLoader.load(SchemaTransformProvider.class)) {
if (p instanceof JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider) {
provider = (JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider) p;
break;
}
}
assertNotNull(provider);
Schema schema =
Schema.of(
Schema.Field.of("id", Schema.FieldType.INT64),
Schema.Field.of("name", Schema.FieldType.STRING));
List<Row> rows =
ImmutableList.of(
Row.withSchema(schema).attachValues(1L, "name1"),
Row.withSchema(schema).attachValues(2L, "name2"));
PCollectionRowTuple.of("input", pipeline.apply(Create.of(rows).withRowSchema(schema)))
.apply(
provider.from(
JdbcWriteSchemaTransformProvider.JdbcWriteSchemaTransformConfiguration.builder()
.setJdbcUrl(DATA_SOURCE_CONFIGURATION.getUrl().get())
.setJdbcType("derby")
.setLocation(writeTableName)
.build()));
pipeline.run();
DatabaseTestHelper.assertRowCount(DATA_SOURCE, writeTableName, 2);
}
}
``` |
```c
/*
* SSL server demonstration program using fork() for handling multiple clients
*
*/
#include "mbedtls/build_info.h"
#include "mbedtls/platform.h"
#if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) || \
!defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C) || \
!defined(MBEDTLS_NET_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_RSA_C) || \
!defined(MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C) || \
!defined(MBEDTLS_TIMING_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_FS_IO) || \
!defined(MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C)
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
((void) argc);
((void) argv);
mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C "
"and/or MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C and/or MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C and/or "
"MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
"MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C and/or "
"MBEDTLS_TIMING_C and/or MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C not defined.\n");
mbedtls_exit(0);
}
#elif defined(_WIN32)
int main(void)
{
mbedtls_printf("_WIN32 defined. This application requires fork() and signals "
"to work correctly.\n");
mbedtls_exit(0);
}
#else
#include "mbedtls/entropy.h"
#include "mbedtls/ctr_drbg.h"
#include "test/certs.h"
#include "mbedtls/x509.h"
#include "mbedtls/ssl.h"
#include "mbedtls/net_sockets.h"
#include "mbedtls/timing.h"
#include <string.h>
#include <signal.h>
#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(EFIX64) || defined(EFI32)
#include <unistd.h>
#endif
#define HTTP_RESPONSE \
"HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html\r\n\r\n" \
"<h2>Mbed TLS Test Server</h2>\r\n" \
"<p>Successful connection using: %s</p>\r\n"
#define DEBUG_LEVEL 0
static void my_debug(void *ctx, int level,
const char *file, int line,
const char *str)
{
((void) level);
mbedtls_fprintf((FILE *) ctx, "%s:%04d: %s", file, line, str);
fflush((FILE *) ctx);
}
int main(void)
{
int ret = 1, len, cnt = 0, pid;
int exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE;
mbedtls_net_context listen_fd, client_fd;
unsigned char buf[1024];
const char *pers = "ssl_fork_server";
mbedtls_entropy_context entropy;
mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context ctr_drbg;
mbedtls_ssl_context ssl;
mbedtls_ssl_config conf;
mbedtls_x509_crt srvcert;
mbedtls_pk_context pkey;
mbedtls_net_init(&listen_fd);
mbedtls_net_init(&client_fd);
mbedtls_ssl_init(&ssl);
mbedtls_ssl_config_init(&conf);
mbedtls_entropy_init(&entropy);
mbedtls_pk_init(&pkey);
mbedtls_x509_crt_init(&srvcert);
mbedtls_ctr_drbg_init(&ctr_drbg);
#if defined(MBEDTLS_USE_PSA_CRYPTO)
psa_status_t status = psa_crypto_init();
if (status != PSA_SUCCESS) {
mbedtls_fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialize PSA Crypto implementation: %d\n",
(int) status);
goto exit;
}
#endif /* MBEDTLS_USE_PSA_CRYPTO */
signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN);
/*
* 0. Initial seeding of the RNG
*/
mbedtls_printf("\n . Initial seeding of the random generator...");
fflush(stdout);
if ((ret = mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed(&ctr_drbg, mbedtls_entropy_func, &entropy,
(const unsigned char *) pers,
strlen(pers))) != 0) {
mbedtls_printf(" failed! mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed returned %d\n\n", ret);
goto exit;
}
mbedtls_printf(" ok\n");
/*
* 1. Load the certificates and private RSA key
*/
mbedtls_printf(" . Loading the server cert. and key...");
fflush(stdout);
/*
* This demonstration program uses embedded test certificates.
* Instead, you may want to use mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_file() to read the
* server and CA certificates, as well as mbedtls_pk_parse_keyfile().
*/
ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse(&srvcert, (const unsigned char *) mbedtls_test_srv_crt,
mbedtls_test_srv_crt_len);
if (ret != 0) {
mbedtls_printf(" failed! mbedtls_x509_crt_parse returned %d\n\n", ret);
goto exit;
}
ret = mbedtls_x509_crt_parse(&srvcert, (const unsigned char *) mbedtls_test_cas_pem,
mbedtls_test_cas_pem_len);
if (ret != 0) {
mbedtls_printf(" failed! mbedtls_x509_crt_parse returned %d\n\n", ret);
goto exit;
}
ret = mbedtls_pk_parse_key(&pkey, (const unsigned char *) mbedtls_test_srv_key,
mbedtls_test_srv_key_len, NULL, 0,
mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, &ctr_drbg);
if (ret != 0) {
mbedtls_printf(" failed! mbedtls_pk_parse_key returned %d\n\n", ret);
goto exit;
}
mbedtls_printf(" ok\n");
/*
* 1b. Prepare SSL configuration
*/
mbedtls_printf(" . Configuring SSL...");
fflush(stdout);
if ((ret = mbedtls_ssl_config_defaults(&conf,
MBEDTLS_SSL_IS_SERVER,
MBEDTLS_SSL_TRANSPORT_STREAM,
MBEDTLS_SSL_PRESET_DEFAULT)) != 0) {
mbedtls_printf(" failed! mbedtls_ssl_config_defaults returned %d\n\n", ret);
goto exit;
}
mbedtls_ssl_conf_rng(&conf, mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, &ctr_drbg);
mbedtls_ssl_conf_dbg(&conf, my_debug, stdout);
mbedtls_ssl_conf_ca_chain(&conf, srvcert.next, NULL);
if ((ret = mbedtls_ssl_conf_own_cert(&conf, &srvcert, &pkey)) != 0) {
mbedtls_printf(" failed! mbedtls_ssl_conf_own_cert returned %d\n\n", ret);
goto exit;
}
mbedtls_printf(" ok\n");
/*
* 2. Setup the listening TCP socket
*/
mbedtls_printf(" . Bind on path_to_url ...");
fflush(stdout);
if ((ret = mbedtls_net_bind(&listen_fd, NULL, "4433", MBEDTLS_NET_PROTO_TCP)) != 0) {
mbedtls_printf(" failed! mbedtls_net_bind returned %d\n\n", ret);
goto exit;
}
mbedtls_printf(" ok\n");
while (1) {
/*
* 3. Wait until a client connects
*/
mbedtls_net_init(&client_fd);
mbedtls_ssl_init(&ssl);
mbedtls_printf(" . Waiting for a remote connection ...\n");
fflush(stdout);
if ((ret = mbedtls_net_accept(&listen_fd, &client_fd,
NULL, 0, NULL)) != 0) {
mbedtls_printf(" failed! mbedtls_net_accept returned %d\n\n", ret);
goto exit;
}
/*
* 3.5. Forking server thread
*/
mbedtls_printf(" . Forking to handle connection ...");
fflush(stdout);
pid = fork();
if (pid < 0) {
mbedtls_printf(" failed! fork returned %d\n\n", pid);
goto exit;
}
if (pid != 0) {
mbedtls_printf(" ok\n");
mbedtls_net_close(&client_fd);
if ((ret = mbedtls_ctr_drbg_reseed(&ctr_drbg,
(const unsigned char *) "parent",
6)) != 0) {
mbedtls_printf(" failed! mbedtls_ctr_drbg_reseed returned %d\n\n", ret);
goto exit;
}
continue;
}
mbedtls_net_close(&listen_fd);
pid = getpid();
/*
* 4. Setup stuff
*/
mbedtls_printf("pid %d: Setting up the SSL data.\n", pid);
fflush(stdout);
if ((ret = mbedtls_ctr_drbg_reseed(&ctr_drbg,
(const unsigned char *) "child",
5)) != 0) {
mbedtls_printf(
"pid %d: SSL setup failed! mbedtls_ctr_drbg_reseed returned %d\n\n",
pid, ret);
goto exit;
}
if ((ret = mbedtls_ssl_setup(&ssl, &conf)) != 0) {
mbedtls_printf(
"pid %d: SSL setup failed! mbedtls_ssl_setup returned %d\n\n",
pid, ret);
goto exit;
}
mbedtls_ssl_set_bio(&ssl, &client_fd, mbedtls_net_send, mbedtls_net_recv, NULL);
mbedtls_printf("pid %d: SSL setup ok\n", pid);
/*
* 5. Handshake
*/
mbedtls_printf("pid %d: Performing the SSL/TLS handshake.\n", pid);
fflush(stdout);
while ((ret = mbedtls_ssl_handshake(&ssl)) != 0) {
if (ret != MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_READ && ret != MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_WRITE) {
mbedtls_printf(
"pid %d: SSL handshake failed! mbedtls_ssl_handshake returned %d\n\n",
pid, ret);
goto exit;
}
}
mbedtls_printf("pid %d: SSL handshake ok\n", pid);
/*
* 6. Read the HTTP Request
*/
mbedtls_printf("pid %d: Start reading from client.\n", pid);
fflush(stdout);
do {
len = sizeof(buf) - 1;
memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
ret = mbedtls_ssl_read(&ssl, buf, len);
if (ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_READ || ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_WRITE) {
continue;
}
if (ret <= 0) {
switch (ret) {
case MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_PEER_CLOSE_NOTIFY:
mbedtls_printf("pid %d: connection was closed gracefully\n", pid);
break;
case MBEDTLS_ERR_NET_CONN_RESET:
mbedtls_printf("pid %d: connection was reset by peer\n", pid);
break;
default:
mbedtls_printf("pid %d: mbedtls_ssl_read returned %d\n", pid, ret);
break;
}
break;
}
len = ret;
mbedtls_printf("pid %d: %d bytes read\n\n%s", pid, len, (char *) buf);
if (ret > 0) {
break;
}
} while (1);
/*
* 7. Write the 200 Response
*/
mbedtls_printf("pid %d: Start writing to client.\n", pid);
fflush(stdout);
len = sprintf((char *) buf, HTTP_RESPONSE,
mbedtls_ssl_get_ciphersuite(&ssl));
while (cnt++ < 100) {
while ((ret = mbedtls_ssl_write(&ssl, buf, len)) <= 0) {
if (ret == MBEDTLS_ERR_NET_CONN_RESET) {
mbedtls_printf(
"pid %d: Write failed! peer closed the connection\n\n", pid);
goto exit;
}
if (ret != MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_READ && ret != MBEDTLS_ERR_SSL_WANT_WRITE) {
mbedtls_printf(
"pid %d: Write failed! mbedtls_ssl_write returned %d\n\n",
pid, ret);
goto exit;
}
}
len = ret;
mbedtls_printf("pid %d: %d bytes written\n\n%s\n", pid, len, (char *) buf);
mbedtls_net_usleep(1000000);
}
mbedtls_ssl_close_notify(&ssl);
goto exit;
}
exit_code = MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS;
exit:
mbedtls_net_free(&client_fd);
mbedtls_net_free(&listen_fd);
mbedtls_x509_crt_free(&srvcert);
mbedtls_pk_free(&pkey);
mbedtls_ssl_free(&ssl);
mbedtls_ssl_config_free(&conf);
mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free(&ctr_drbg);
mbedtls_entropy_free(&entropy);
#if defined(MBEDTLS_USE_PSA_CRYPTO)
mbedtls_psa_crypto_free();
#endif /* MBEDTLS_USE_PSA_CRYPTO */
mbedtls_exit(exit_code);
}
#endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C &&
MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C &&
! _WIN32 */
``` |
The Burlington County Courthouse is located in Mount Holly, the county seat of Burlington County, New Jersey, U.S., which itself is coterminous with the 3rd vicinage.
The historic courthouse continues to handle judicial proceedings.
The building was constructed in 1796 under the direction of Michael Rush. Its architect, Samuel Lewis, designed the building as a virtual identical twin of Congress Hall and Old City Hall, the buildings flanking Independence Hall in Philadelphia. The courthouse bell, removed and installed from an earlier courthouse, rang for independence in 1776.
It is a contributing property to the Mount Holly Historic District, listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places (#842) and National Register of Historic Places (#73001084) in 1973. and has been documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS NJ-27).
See also
List of the oldest courthouses in the United States
County courthouses in New Jersey
Federal courthouses in New Jersey
Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex
National Register of Historic Places listings in Burlington County, New Jersey
References
County courthouses in New Jersey
Government buildings completed in 1796
Federal architecture in New Jersey
Mount Holly, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Burlington County, New Jersey
1796 establishments in New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Buildings and structures in Burlington County, New Jersey
Historic district contributing properties in New Jersey |
Agiez is a municipality of the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
History
Agiez is first mentioned in 1011 as in Aziaco.
Geography
Agiez has an area, , of . Of this area, or 63.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 31.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 4.4% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.5% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.4% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 51.0% is used for growing crops and 10.6% is pastures, while 1.6% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.
The municipality was part of the Orbe District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Agiez became part of the new district of Jura-Nord Vaudois.
The municipality is located on a plateau above the banks of the Orbe river.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per pale Argent and Gules, two crossed pikes counterchanged.
Demographics
Agiez has a population () of . , 13.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 12.5%. It has changed at a rate of 14.3% due to migration and at a rate of -2.2% due to births and deaths.
Most of the population () speaks French (216 or 96.4%), with Portuguese being second most common (4 or 1.8%) and German being third (2 or 0.9%).
The age distribution, , in Agiez is; 37 children or 14.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 33 teenagers or 13.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 14 people or 5.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 44 people or 17.5% are between 30 and 39, 32 people or 12.7% are between 40 and 49, and 31 people or 12.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 34 people or 13.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 17 people or 6.8% are between 70 and 79, there are 5 people or 2.0% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 4 people or 1.6% who are 90 and older.
, there were 88 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 108 married individuals, 13 widows or widowers and 15 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 98 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 31 households that consist of only one person and 7 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 100 households that answered this question, 31.0% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 34 married couples without children, 27 married couples with children There were 4 single parents with a child or children. There was 1 household that was made up of unrelated people and 2 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.
there were 43 single family homes (or 55.8% of the total) out of a total of 77 inhabited buildings. There were 10 multi-family buildings (13.0%), along with 21 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (27.3%) and 3 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (3.9%).
, a total of 94 apartments (87.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 7 apartments (6.5%) were seasonally occupied and 7 apartments (6.5%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 6.19%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Sights
The entire village of Agiez is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 41.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (13.89%), the Green Party (10.84%) and the FDP (10.03%). In the federal election, a total of 85 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.1%.
Economy
, Agiez had an unemployment rate of 4.2%. , there were 32 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 13 businesses involved in this sector. 25 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 9 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 5 businesses in this sector. There were 106 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.3% of the workforce.
the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 52. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 21, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 24 of which 3 or (12.5%) were in manufacturing and 21 (87.5%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 7. In the tertiary sector; 1 was in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 3 or 42.9% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was a technical professional or scientist, 2 or 28.6% were in education.
, there were 11 workers who commuted into the municipality and 64 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 5.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 5.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 54.7% used a private car.
Religion
From the , 32 or 14.3% were Roman Catholic, while 142 or 63.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 6 individuals (or about 2.68% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.89% of the population) who were Jewish, and 32 (or about 14.29% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 12 individuals (or about 5.36% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Agiez about 88 or (39.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 23 or (10.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 23 who completed tertiary schooling, 65.2% were Swiss men, 30.4% were Swiss women.
In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 36 students in the Agiez school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 578 children of which 359 children (62.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 22 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 14 students in those schools.
, there were 15 students in Agiez who came from another municipality, while 34 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
See also
Agassiz family
References
External links
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Vaud
Articles which contain graphical timelines |
```kotlin
package net.corda.node.services.persistence
import net.corda.core.crypto.Crypto
import net.corda.core.utilities.hexToByteArray
import net.corda.core.utilities.toHex
import java.security.PublicKey
import javax.persistence.AttributeConverter
import javax.persistence.Converter
/**
* Converts to and from a Public key into a hex encoded string.
* Used by JPA to automatically map a [PublicKey] to a text column
*/
@Converter(autoApply = true)
class PublicKeyToTextConverter : AttributeConverter<PublicKey, String> {
override fun convertToDatabaseColumn(key: PublicKey?): String? = key?.let { Crypto.encodePublicKey(key).toHex() }
override fun convertToEntityAttribute(text: String?): PublicKey? = text?.let { Crypto.decodePublicKey(it.hexToByteArray()) }
}
``` |
Walter Sullivan was an Australian actor, journalist and reviewer who worked extensively in radio, film, TV and theatre, over a career spanning 6 decades, he's stage and screen career spanning from 1948 and 1997
Select Credits
The Slaughter of St Teresa's Day (1960)
Venus Observed (1960)
Stormy Petrel (1960)
Ballad for One Gun (1963)
A Dead Secret (1963)
Scobie Malone (1975)
Cop Shop
The Prisoner of Zenda (1988, voice)
References
External links
Walter Sullivan at IMDb
Walter Sullivan at Ausstage
Australian male actors |
Cristóval María Larrañaga (1758–1851) was one of the first trained physicians in New Mexico. He served in the Spanish military and engineered a successful vaccination program against smallpox in 1804 and 1805.
Biography
Born in Spain, Larrañaga immigrated through Mexico City to Northern New Mexico. He married María Gertrudiz Mestas and had seven sons and two daughters.
In 1804, Larrañaga received a shipment of cowpox scabs from Mexico City and travelled north to Chihuahua City with children to pass the smallpox vaccination from person to person. He continued his travels up north along the Camino Real to Taos. His logs show he vaccinated 3,610 people. Larrañaga is credited for saving a generation. The children who traveled from Ciudad Chihuahua to Santa Fé with Larrañaga were children of soldiers, and were also labeled as heroes. New Mexico had been struggling against smallpox since the early 1780s; a 1781 outbreak had killed 5,000 people, which is thought to have been more than a quarter of the population in New Mexico.
Fray Angélico Chávez states extant orders given to Larrañaga to vaccinate the area until 1809. He also cites Larrañaga as a notary for the state. In 1809, Larrañaga was vaccinating again after running out of antigen. In 1810, he is recorded as vaccinating 124 children up to age six.
By the end of that year, he exhausted himself by providing serum to so many. In Saints & Seasons: A Guide to New Mexico's Most Popular Saints, the authors state that "[i]n the annals of New Mexico medicine, Cristóval Larrañaga is both a pioneer and a hero."
Simmons states that "Dr. Larrañaga deserves a biographer". He practiced in New Mexico from 1775 to 1811.
Larrañaga was the only accredited and trained physician in the territory. The pioneer was responsible for caring for more than forty thousand people. In Tocante a monumentos de españoles, the author Jerry Padilla says that Larrañaga should be honored for his efforts of vaccinating so many.
On page 106 of Land Claims in New Mexico, Congressional Edition, Volume 967, Larrañaga signs as secretary of the Corporation (Capital) of Santa Fé. This was a promotion due to the notaries he facilitated. Larrañaga is mentioned as deserving a promotion due to his extensive knowledge of medicine.
Eight Generations of the Larrañaga Family, David H. Salazar. One of the least known persons who made an impact in New Mexico. Salazar provides the first genealogical research on the family Larrañaga.
Descendants have served as doctors, served in the military, and served as notaries. Descendants include Larry Larrañaga, a New Mexico State Representative.
Larrañaga's work with the smallpox vaccine in New Mexico inspired a children's book, Amadito and the Hero Children.
References
1758 births
1851 deaths |
```c++
// Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// path_to_url
#include <libs/vmd/test/test_sequence_enum.cxx>
``` |
The following is a list of ingredients used in Burmese cuisine. Burmese cuisine utilizes a wide array of vegetables and fruits. Due to influences from India and China, most Burmese dishes use a much wider variety of ingredients than the Indian or Chinese cuisines.
Ingredients used in Burmese dishes are often fresh. Many fruits are used in conjunction with vegetables in many dishes. The Burmese eat a great variety of vegetables and fruits, and many kinds of meat.
Herbs and spices
Fresh herbs and spices
Sweet basil (ပင်စိမ်းမွှေး)
Cha-om, Acacia pennata leaves (ဆူးပုပ်ရွက်)
Garlic (ကြက်သွန်ဖြူ)
Ginger (ချင်း)
Chili (ငရုတ်သီး အစိမ်း/အခြောက်), dried as well as green
Chinese chives (ဂျူးဖူ)
Galangal (ပတဲကော)
Green onions (ကြက်သွန်မြိတ်)
Coriander / cilantro (နံနံပင်)
Curry leaf (ပျဉ်းတော်သိမ်)
Malaphu (မာလာဖူး)
Lemongrass (စပါးလင်)
Kaffir lime leaves (ရှောက်နူ)
Mint ()
Mustard leaf (မုန့်ညှင်းရွက်)
Onion (ကြက်သွန်နီ )
Pandan (ဆွမ်းမွှေး)
Black pepper (ငရုတ်ကောင်း)
Tamarind (မန်ကျည်း)
Senegalia rugata (ကင်ပွန်းချဉ်)
Dried herbs and spices
Aniseed (စမုန်စပါး)
Bay leaf (ကရဝေးရွက်)
Black cumin (စမုန်နက်)
Cardamom (ဖာလာစေ့)
Cinnamon (သစ်ဂျပိုး)
Cloves (လေးညှင်းပွင့်)
Cumin (ဇီယာ)
Five spice powder (တရုတ်မဆလာ)
Masala (မဆလာမှုန့်)
Paprika (အရောင်တင်မှုန့် or ငရုတ်သီးမှုန့်)
Peanut (မြေပဲ)
Perilla seed (ရှမ်းနှမ်းစေ့)
Poppy seed (ဘိန်းစေ့)
Sesame seeds (နှမ်း)
Turmeric (နနွင်း)
Pastes, sauces, and condiments
Ngapi (စိမ်းစား ငပိ/မျှင်ငပိ) - fermented fish paste
Fish sauce (ငံပြာရည်)
Pon ye gyi (ပုန်းရည်ကြီး), a fermented bean paste
Pe ngapi (ပဲငါးပိ), fermented soybean paste
Fermented bean sprouts (ပဲတီချဉ်)
Fermented sesame cake (နှမ်းဖက်ချဉ်)
Fish paste (ရေကြိုငပိ or ငပိရေကြိုရာတွင်သုံးသော ငပိ)
Fermented bean cake (ပဲဖက်ချဉ်)
Shrimp paste, belacan (စိမ်းစားငပိ/မျှင်ငပိ)
Soy sauce (ပဲငံပြာရည်)
Vegetables
Asiatic pennywort (မြင်းခွာရွက်)
asparagus (ကညွှတ်)
bean sprouts (ပဲပင်ပေါက်)
bitter gourd (ကြက်ဟင်းခါးသီး)
cabbage (ဂေါ်ဖီထုပ်)
carrot (ခါကြက်ဥနီ)
cauliflower (ပန်းဂေါ်ဖီ/ပန်းပွင့်)
chayote (ဂေါ်ရခါးသီး)
Chinese cabbage (မုန်ညှင်းဖြူ)
cucumber (သခွားသီး)
Daikon or white radish (မုံလာဥဖြူ), pickled (မုံလာဥချဉ်)
drumstick, Moringa oleifera (ဒန့်သလွန်သီး)
eggplant (ခရမ်းသီး)
gourd (ဘူးသီး) and the young vine (ဘူးညွှန့်)
green bean (ပဲတောင့်ရှည်)
Gai lan (ကိုက်လန်)
lettuce (ဆလတ်ရွက်)
mustard greens (မုံညှင်းရွက်), pickled (မုံညှင်းချဉ်)
haricot bean (ပဲကြီး)
neem leaves, margosa(တမာ ရွက်)
okra, lady's finger (ရုံးပတီသီး)
Oroxylum_indicum, Indian Trumpet fruit (ကြောင်လျှာသီး)
plumeria alba (တရုတ်စကား)
potato (အာလူး)
pumpkin (ရွှေဖရုံသီး)
ridged gourd (ခဝဲသီး)
roselle leaves (ချဉ်ပေါင်ရွက်)
snake gourd (ပဲလင်းမြွေသီး)
Scallion Spring onions (ကြက်သွန်မြိတ်)
sesbania grandiflora (ပေါက်ပန်းဖြူ)
tindora (ကင်းပုံ)
tomato (ခရမ်းချဉ်သီး)
water spinach (ကန်စွန်းရွက်)
winter melon (ကျောက်ဖရုံသီး)
Lentils
Black-eyed pea (ပဲလွမ်း)
Butter bean (ထောပတ်ပဲ)
Chickpea (ကုလားပဲ )
Chickpea flour (ပဲမှုန့် )
Lablab bean (ပဲကြီး)
Lentils (ပဲနီကလေး or ပဲရာဇာ)
Urad dal, black lentil (မတ်ပဲ )
winged bean (ပဲစောင်းလျား)
Roots
Bamboo shoot (မျှစ်)
banana stem (ငှက်ပျောအူ)
Chinese chive roots (ဂျူးမြှစ်)
Jicama (စိမ်းစားဥ)
Sweet potato (ကန်စွန်းဥ)
Taro corn (ပိန်းဥ)
Pickles
sour fermented bamboo shoot (မျှစ်ချဉ်)
sour fermented green mango, pressed(သရက်သီးသနပ်/သရက်ချဉ်)
Oils
Chili oil (ငရုတ်ဆီ)
Si-Chet (ဆီချက်), toasted peanut oil that is often used to dress salads
Peanut oil (ပဲဆီ
Sesame oil (နှမ်းဆီ )
Staple foods and other starches
Paw hsan hmwe
Glutinous rice (ကောက်ညှင်း ), purple variety (ငချိတ် )
Rice flour (ဆန်မှုန့် )
Glutinous rice flour (ကောက်ညှင်းမှုန့်)
Semolina (ရွှေချီမှုန့်)
Edible fungi
mushrooms (မှို )
Tree fungi (မှိုခြောက်)
Wood ear (အဖိုးကြီးနားရွက်)
Fruits and nuts
coconut (အုန်းသီး)
djenkol (ဒိန်ညှင်း/တညှင်းသီး)
kaffir lime (ရှောက်သီး)
lime (သံပရာသီး)
luffa (သပွတ်သီး)
mango (သရက်သီး), green as well as ripe
santol (သစ်တိုသီး)
Myanma grape heritiera fomes (ကနစိုသီး)
soap nut (ကင်ပွန်းသီး)
water chestnut (ကျွဲခေါင်းသီး)
rambutan (ကြက်မောက်သီး)
betel-nut (ကွမ်းသီး)
pomelo (ကျွဲကောသီး)
star fruit (စောင်းလျားသီး)
rose apple (ဇမ္ဗူသပြေသီး)
persimmon (တည္သီး)
avocado (ထောပတ်သီး)
palm (ထန်းသီး)
durian (ဒူးရင်းသီး)
jack fruit (ပိန္နဲသီး)
Terminalia (ဖန္ခါးသီး)
almond ဗာဒံသီး (ဗန္ဒါသီး)
eggplant (မရမ်းသီး)
guava (မာလကာသီး)
mangosteen (မင်းဂွတ်သီး)
damson (မက်မန်းသီး)
peach (မက္မံုသီး)
morinda (ရဲယိုသီး)
acorn (၀က္သစ္ခ်သီး)
pomegranate (သလဲသီး)
fig (သဖန်းသီး)
sapota (သၾကားသီး)
jump plum (သပြေသီး)
papaya (သင်္ဘောသီး)
wood apple (သီးသီး)
star gooseberry (သင်္ဘောဆီးဖြူသီး)
sugar apple (ဩဇာသီး)
Meat and poultry
beef (အမဲသား)
chicken (ကြက်သား)
duck (ဘဲသား)
chicken/duck/quail egg (ကြက်ဥ/ဘဲဥ/ငုံးဥ)
goat / mutton (ဆိတ်သား/သိုးသား)
pork (ဝက်သား)
Venison (အမဲလိုက်ခြင်းမှ ရရှိသော 'တော' ကောင်သား) - game Meat
Fish and seafood
Barramundi (ကကတစ်)
catfish (ငါးခူ )
Daggertooth pike conger (ငါးရွှေ)
eel (ငါးရှဉ့်)
hilsa (ငါးသလောက်)
mahseer (ငါးဒုတ်)
mudfish (ငါးရံ့)
Bronze featherback (ငါးဖယ်)
Rohu (ငါးမြစ်ချင်း)
Mrigal (ငါးချင်း)
Prawn (ပုစွန်)
Snapper (ငါးပါးနီ)
Processed seafood products
bombay duck (အာပဲ့ခြောက်)
dried fish (ငါးခြောက် )
dried shrimp (ပုစွန်ခြောက် )
Salted fish (ငါးဆားနယ် or ငါးပိကောင်)
Ngachin (ငါးချဉ်) - pickled fish, fermented and pressed
Pickled shrimp (ပုစွန်ချဉ်) - pickled shrimp, fermented and pressed
References
See also
Cuisine of Myanmar
Burmese cuisine
Myanmar-related lists |
Andrea Adami da Bolsena (30 November 1663 – 22 July 1742) was an Italian castrato, musician, and later secretary to Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni.
He was born in Bolsena. Until 1690, he served the former queen Christina I of Sweden, alongside violinist Archangelo Corelli and cellist Filippo Amadei. They performed in operas by Flavio Carlo Lanciani (1667–1706) and Alessandro Stradella.
Through the influence of and as a favorite of Cardinal Ottoboni, he was appointed master of the papal choir in 1700. He left a history of this institution, with portraits and memoirs of the singers (in the Sistine Chapel), under the title of "Osservazioni per ben regolare il coro dei cantori della Cappella Pontificia" (Rome, 1711).
He was reportedly highly esteemed by the Romans for his personal as well as his musical gifts. He helped his nephew Lionardo Adami become the librarian. He died in Rome.
Notes
1663 births
1742 deaths
17th-century Italian composers
18th-century Italian composers |
Re'quan Boyette is an American football coach and former player. He currently serves as the co-offensive coordinator and wide receivers coach at Duke University. A Duke graduate himself, Boyette lettered for five years as a running back for the Blue Devils from 2005 to 2009, and has spent his entire coaching career with the team.
Playing career
Boyette spent five years as a member of the Duke Blue Devils football program, lettering each year from 2005 to 2009. He led the team in rushing in 2006 and 2007, but was sidelined in 2008 due to an injury. Despite this, he was still voted a team captain for that season, and was voted to the same honor the following season.
In October 2008, Boyette was selected to the American Football Coaches Association Good Works Team, which recognizes players for their volunteer community service. He was the second Duke player to be named to the team, and was recognized at a ceremony held during the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans.
Coaching career
Boyette joined the Duke coaching staff in 2012 as a graduate assistant before being promoted to running backs coach for the 2013 season. In his eight years in this position, he coached players including Juwan Thompson, Shaun Wilson, Mataeo Durant, and Deon Jackson. Boyette's players broke multiple school records under his tenure; Wilson set a single-game rushing record in 2014 and Jackson broke the all-purpose yardage record in 2018.
Prior to the start of the 2021 season, Boyette was promoted to co-offensive coordinator, alongside Jeff Faris, and was given the role of wide receivers coach as well. However, upon Cutcliffe's departure from Duke, Boyette would take a job as an assistant coach at East Carolina, where he has coached both outside wide receivers as well as running backs under coach Mike Houston.
Personal life
Boyette graduated from Duke University in 2009 with a Bachelor of Arts in sociology. He is married to Khristen, with whom he has one child.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American football running backs
Duke Blue Devils football coaches
Duke Blue Devils football players
People from Wilson, North Carolina
21st-century American people |
Environmental managers are involved in processes that seek to control some environmental entities in orientation to a plan or idea. Whether such control is possible, however, is contested. Examples for environmental managers range from corporate agents (corporate environmental managers) via managers of a nature reserve, to environmental and resource planning agents but, analytically seen, also involve indigenous environmental managers, farmers or environmental activists. In many accounts, hope is held that environmental managers implement grand plans or political programmes. At the heart of the notion of environmental managers is, thus, a pragmatic and rational actor who optimises environments in orientation to some aim. Critical academics point out that the very idea that such managers exist and are imagined as capable of managing may well be flawed.
Corporate environmental managers
Steve Fineman studied UK managers and their "'green' selves and roles" in the last decade, suggesting that while environmental problems may be recognised by them, production is seen as legitimising pollution. Optimistic accounts see managers as stewards of environmental ethics. Literature differentiates different styles by managers to engage with the environment.
State environmental managers
State institutions can manage directly environments through their staff. And state institutions can use civil agents on their behalf. Examples for the latter are farmers who are to implement environmental regulation, citizens subject to e.g. recycling legislation or independent auditors who use laws as standards. Military agents can also act as environmental managers insofar as their action constitutes planned intervention in some environment (e.g. the burning of a forest, the destruction of streets or managing an open landscape for military training), trying to achieve military aims.
Scientists as environmental managers
A variety of scientists are involved directly in environmental management. Cases of ecologists acting as managers of ecosystems are known.
Study of environmental managers
The very notion that humans may be able to manage environments is criticised for being top-down, anthropocentric and short-sighted.
See also
Environmental activist
Chief sustainability officer
Rational planning model
References
External links
How do you manage? Unravelling the situated practice of environmental management
The Environmental Manager Symposium
Environmental sociology
Environmental policy
Sustainability and environmental management |
Jon Myer (September 29, 1922 – August 30, 2001) was an experimental physicist and inventor who received 50 U.S. patents in the fields of semiconductors, mechanics, electronics, magnetics and optics. His prolific work encompassed a wide field of research and his inventions ranged from supermarket scanners to laser microwelder technology. Over the course of his career, Myer was the author of 11 scholarly papers on semiconductor materials technology, optical instrumentation, information processing and the history of science. In 1972 he was inducted into the Tau Beta Pi engineering honor society.
Early life
Myer was born Hans Wolfgang Mayer in Heilbronn, Germany. In 1935, at the age of 13, he fled the Nazis to British-governed Palestine with his parents and two younger brothers.
Myer earned his engineering degree in 1941 from the Hebrew Technical College in Haifa and worked at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology on a variety of projects including anti-magnetic-mine timers for the British Navy. While at the Technion, he worked with George Feher
on secret project for the paramilitary Haganah, to devise a system for broad communication of secret information without the use of wired or wireless systems. This project remained a state secret for over 50 years.
Career
In 1942, Myer became an instrument designer and engineer for the Anglo Iranian Oil Co. in Abadan, Iran later returning to the Hebrew Technical College as an instrument designer and engineering consultant.
Myer emigrated to the United States in 1947 where he changed his name to Jon Harold Myer. He worked as an instrumentologist in the University of Southern California chemistry department for six years. From 1953 to 1967, Myer worked as an engineer and physicist in the Semiconductor Division as well as the Aerospace Systems division at Hughes Aircraft Company in Newport Beach, California. In 1967, he became a member of the Technical Staff at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California and was ultimately promoted to Senior Scientist. He also served as a consultant in the Radar Systems Division at Hughes Aircraft in Culver City. Myer was awarded the Hughes Corporate Group Patent Award upon his retirement in 1991.
In addition to his work at Hughes, Myer lectured extensively to professional and lay audiences including school-age children on the subjects of creativity as well as science and technology in society. He also taught science and technology in law enforcement at California Lutheran College.
He received the distinguished service Silver Beaver Award from the Boy Scouts of America in 1966 for creating the first Boy Scouts Explorer post in Newport Beach, California dedicated to science and technology as well as the first to include women.
Published journal articles
References
American inventors
1922 births
2001 deaths
German emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Expatriates in Iran
Mandatory Palestine emigrants to the United States
American people of Palestinian-Jewish descent |
Tayler Kane is an Australian actor who is best known for his roles in the British soap opera Families and the Australian television series Fire.
Career
A one-time model, Kane made his television debut playing Andrew Stevens in the soap opera, Families. He subsequently appeared on the Australian soap opera, Paradise Beach. He appeared in the 1999 miniseries Tribe. He was a regular cast member in the television drama series Fire and the comedy series Sit Down, Shut Up. He was also the title character in the Legacy of the Silver Shadow playing a computer generation of the long dead superhero Silver Shadow.
He has appeared in films such as The Dish and Queen of the Damned.
External links
Australian male television actors
Australian male film actors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Ghost Festival (भुतमेला, bhoot mela) takes place on the full moon day of the month of Kartik (October/November) in Siraha district of Nepal at the Kamala River. In this festival, the shamans cure any illness caused by their family deity, or by evil people in their village by using tantric power.
History
The festival is a centuries-old tradition celebrated every year on the full moon day of Kartik to control the influence of ghosts and Boksi. The festival occurs in the same time as Dashain. The origin of this festival is not known.
Activities
Thousands of people, mostly from Dhanusha District and India take part in the event. During the night, people chant mantras while shamans practice various rituals near the temple of Sonamai (सोनामाई). Shamans classify the possessions into two groups. First one is the people possessed by the soul of another person who suffered an untimely or unwanted death (ghosts). Second, are the ones possessed by their lineage to god or goddess and therefore considered godly.
Food and temporary shelters are generally provided by the organization committee for the pilgrimages.
Controversy
The practice is considered to be superstitious and victimizing the marginalized community such as the lower caste Dalit community.
References
Festivals in Nepal
Dhanusha District |
Culinary arts are the cuisine arts of food preparation, cooking, and presentation of food, usually in the form of meals. People working in this field – especially in establishments such as restaurants – are commonly called chefs or cooks, although, at its most general, the terms culinary artist and culinarian are also used. Table manners (the table arts) are sometimes referred to as a culinary art.
Expert chefs are in charge of making meals that are both aesthetically beautiful and delicious. This often requires understanding of food science, nutrition, and diet. Delicatessens and relatively large institutions like hotels and hospitals rank as their principal workplaces after restaurants.
History
The origins of culinary arts began with primitive humans roughly 2 million years ago. Various theories exist as to how early humans used fire to cook meat. According to anthropologist Richard Wrangham, author of Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, primitive humans simply tossed a raw hunk of meat into the flames and watched it sizzle. Another theory claims humans may first have savoured roasted meat by chance when the flesh of a beast killed in a forest fire was found to be more appetizing and easier to chew and digest than conventional raw meat.
Culinary techniques improved with the introduction of earthenware and stoneware, the domestication of livestock, and advancements in agriculture. In early civilizations, the primary employers of professional chefs were kings, aristocrats, or priests. The divide between professional chefs cooking for the wealthy and peasants cooking for their families engendered the development of many cuisines.
Much of the study of culinary arts in Europe was organized by Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, a man famous for his quote "Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are", which has since been mistranslated and oversimplified into "You are what you eat". Other people helped to parse out the different parts of food science and gastronomy. Over time, increasingly deeper and more detailed studies into foods and the culinary arts has led to a greater wealth of knowledge.
In Asia, a similar path led to a separate study of the culinary arts, which later essentially merged with the Western counterpart. In the modern international marketplace, there is no longer a distinct divide between Western and Eastern foods. Culinary arts students today, generally speaking, are introduced to the different cuisines of many different cultures from around the world.
The culinary arts, in the Western world, as a craft and later as a field of study, began to evolve at the end of the Renaissance period. Prior to this, chefs worked in castles, cooking for kings and queens, as well as their families, guests, and other workers of the castle. As Monarchical rule became phased out as a modality, the chefs took their craft to inns and hotels. From here, the craft evolved into a field of study.
Before cooking institutions, professional cooks were mentors for individual students who apprenticed under them. In 1879, the first cooking school was founded in the United States: the Boston Cooking School. This school standardized cooking practices and recipes, and laid the groundwork for the culinary arts schools that would follow.
Tools and techniques
An integral part of the culinary arts are the tools, known as cooking or kitchen utensils, that are used by both professional chefs and home cooks alike. Professionals in the culinary arts often call these utensils by the French term "batterie de cuisine". These tools vary in materials and use. Cooking implements are made with anything from wood, glass, and various types of metals, to the newer silicone and plastic that can be seen in many kitchens today.
Within the realm of the culinary arts, there is a wide array of different cooking techniques that originate from various cultures and continue to develop over time as these techniques are shared between cultures and progress with new technology. Different cooking techniques require the use of certain tools, foods and heat sources in order to produce a specific desired result. The professional kitchen may utilize certain techniques that a home cook might not, such as the use of an expensive professional grill.
Professional study
Modern culinary arts students study many different aspects of food. Specific areas of study include butchery, chemistry and thermodynamics, visual presentation, food safety, human nutrition, and physiology, international history, menu planning, the manufacture of food items (such as the milling of wheat into flour or the refining of cane plants into crystalline sucrose), and many others.
Training in culinary arts is possible in most countries around the world usually at the tertiary level (university) with institutions government funded, privately funded or commercial. Professional Culinary Arts Programmes are curated educational and skills studies over a 3-year period with select Universities and Hotel and Culinary schools.
See also
References
Bibliography
"Cooking Schools 101". Cooking Schools. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 September 2013
"History". Of Culinary Archives & Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 September 2013
"History of Culinary". Culinary Arts information RSS. N.p., nd. web.17 September 2013
"History of Culinary Arts". Culinary Arts Information RSS. N.p,. web. 17 September 2013
"The Culinary Timeline". The Culinary Timeline. N.p,.web. 17 September 2013
Further reading
Beal, Eileen. Choosing a career in the restaurant industry. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1997.
Institute for Research. Careers and jobs in the restaurant business: jobs, management, ownership. Chicago: The Institute, 1977.
External links
Culinary Arts Degree – ciachef.edu
What is Culinary arts – hospitalityinsights.ehl.edu
Cooking
Culinary terminology |
Primagama Tutoring Institution, known as Primagama, is the largest tutoring institution in Indonesia. It started on March 10, 1982, at an office in Yogyakarta. Primagama gives extra education to students from elementary and high school to gain academic success. Primagama has 300 branches across 21 cities, with more than 14,000 students and 3,200 tutors. Awards include ISO certificate 1998, Superbrand, Marketing Award, Franchise Award, and Top Brand for Kid.
History
The institution has 766 branches throughout Indonesia. Almost every year, approximately 300,000 students join Primagama. Primagama is confirmed as Indonesia’ largest tutoring organisation by MURI (the Indonesian Record Museum). Primagama is also a holding company which has 20 subsidiaries in formal education, non-formal education, telecommunications, travel agents, restaurants, supermarkets, insurance, and golf courses.
New Primagama Powered by Zenius
Zenius officially acquired Primagama by signing the memorandum of understanding (MoU) in February 2022. Through the acquisition, Primagama's name changed to “New Primagama Powered by Zenius, which was announced on Primagama’s 40th anniversary.
Through this new brand, New Primagama Powered by Zenius launched a hybrid learning method with a two-teachers model approach that allows students in all New Primagama branches to learn virtually with one master tutor at the same time. Meanwhile, offline tutor in New Primagama branches also accompany their students, and provide additional guidelines and mentoring directly.
This learning method has been introduced through a series of events dubbed Hybrid Edunation which was held in Surabaya in July. This event was also held collaboratively with the Deputy Governor of East Java Emil Dardak and content creator Jerome Polin.
References
External links
http://beke000.wordpress.com/2010/09/05/kisah-sukses-purdi-e-chandra-pendiri-primagama/ Story of Purdi E Chandra, founder of Primagama
http://www.primagama.co.id/main.php?hal=pengumuman&id=12 29 Tahun Turut Mencerdaskan Bangsa
http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2009/02/02/17081355/lesehan.malioboro Kompas : Primagama change paradigm
http://bataviase.co.id/node/602285 Primagama Launches Educational Website
http://konsultasi.dmiprimagama.com/event/2011/06/2/PROGRAM-KEMITRAAN-FINGERPRINT-TES-DMI.html DMI Fingerprint Test Partnership Program
http://www.antaranews.com/berita/248246/primagama-umumkan-sarana-edukasi-era-digital Microsoft Launch Educational Facilities of Digital Age
https://dailysocial.id/post/zenius-akuisisi-primagama
https://mediaindonesia.com/humaniora/477494/bergabung-dengan-zenius-primagama-perkenalkan-program-hybrid-learning
https://edukasi.kompas.com/read/2022/07/12/165150971/two-teachers-model-upaya-mengakselerasi-pendidikan-pasca-pandemi?page=all
https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2022/07/26/gandeng-wagub-emil-dan-jerome-polin-zenius-gelar-hybrid-edunation-2022-di-surabaya
Schools in Indonesia |
Berry Head House (now used as the Berry Head Hotel) is a large detached house in Brixham, England. It is listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England.
History
The building was originally built in 1809 by the Board of Ordinance as a military hospital in support of the three Napoleonic war forts on Berry Head.
Later it became the home of the hymnist and poet Henry Francis Lyte who turned the building into a country house and bought the surrounding lands.
Library
In the ground of the property, Lyte wrote the words to the Hymn "Abide with Me" and "Praise, my soul, the King of heaven". Lyte built up a library in the house which was described as "one of the most valuable libraries in the Southwest of England". The library took 17 days of auctions to sell in London.
Ownership
The building was also the home to the photographer Farnham Maxwell-Lyte and was linked to Sir Henry Churchill Maxwell-Lyte. Evelyn George Martin a guest of Lyte family, and lived at Berry Head between his school terms at Eton College. A plaque was unveiled in May 2013 to commemorate Martin's time spend at the house.
The house remained with Lyte's descendants until 1949 when it was turned into the Berry Head Hotel. The house was sold by James Arthur Palmes, only surviving son of Arthur Lindsay Palmes and Alice Massingberd Maxwell Hogg (granddaughter of HF Lyte) but other parts of the estate were sold off later, including the Berry Head Forts and Headland. Berry Head Farmhouse was sold by the family in the 1990s.
Hotel
The hotel is currently run by a company called the Berry Head Hotel Limited and owned by the Bence Family.
References
Brixham
Grade II listed buildings in Devon
Grade II listed houses
Defunct hospitals in England
1803 establishments in England |
United Nations Security Council resolution 1268, adopted unanimously on 15 October 1999, after reaffirming Resolution 696 (1991) and all subsequent resolutions on Angola, particularly resolutions 1229 (1999) and 1237 (1999), the council established the United Nations Office in Angola (UNOA) to liaise with political, military, police and other civilian authorities.
The security council reaffirmed that the present situation in Angola was caused by the failure of UNITA under the leadership of Jonas Savimbi to comply with its obligations under the Accordos de Paz, Lusaka Protocol and relevant Security Council resolutions. National reconciliation and lasting peace could only be achieved through the implementation of the aforementioned agreements and the continued presence of the United Nations in Angola was necessary.
UNOA would be established for an initial period of six months until 15 April 2000 staffed with 30 personnel and support staff necessary to liaise with political, military, police and other civilian authorities in Angola to explore measures to restore peace, promote human rights and provide humanitarian assistance. The Angolan government and the Secretary-General Kofi Annan were called upon to conclude a Status of Forces Agreement and the latter requested to report every three months with recommendations on the peace process and other developments.
See also
Angolan Civil War
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1201 to 1300 (1998–2000)
References
External links
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
1268
1999 in Angola
1268
October 1999 events |
Grabanina is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Żmigród, within Jasło County, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland.
References
Grabanina |
Collective Defined Contribution pension schemes (CDCs) enable savers to pool their money into a single fund to share investment risk and longevity risk. Such schemes became popular in the Netherlands in the early 2000s. CDCs tend to have lower operating costs than smaller individual schemes.
The CDC fund pays a monthly or annual pension income. Pension incomes vary depending on the funding level of the CDC.
Advantages
Following a lengthy public consultation involving 70 contributors from the pension and insurance industry around the world, the United Kingdom Department for Work and Pensions concluded that CDCs offer the following advantages for consumers:
They "provide savings and income in retirement option within one package that is potentially attractive to people who are uncomfortable making complex financial decisions at the point of retirement".
They "enable the sharing of longevity risk between members, therefore providing each individual member with an element of longevity protection without the cost of accessing the insurance market".
They "allow employers to offer their employees a pension scheme, which offers an income in retirement in the form of a pension from the scheme’s own assets, but without the risks and balance sheet impact of sponsoring a Defined benefit plan".
Disadvantages
The key risk facing CDCs is Intergenerational risk transfer where older members are paid too much relative to younger members or vice versa. Whilst many solutions have been proposed for managing this risk, a simple to understand and actuarially fair method to eliminate this risk is to segregate separate age group cohorts into mini-CDCs and to manage these groups as a Tontine.
Examples
Royal Mail Pension Scheme
See also
Tontines
Target Benefit
References
Pensions |
Jacqueline Hahn (born 21 July 1991) is an Austrian former racing cyclist. She competed in the 2013 UCI women's time trial in Florence. Hahn won national titles in the road race, criterium and cyclo-cross during her career.
Major results
Source:
2007
1st Schwazer Raiffeisen
2008
National Road Championships
1st Junior time trial
3rd Road race
2nd Time trial, UEC European Junior Road Championships
2009
National Road Championships
1st Criterium
1st Junior time trial
3rd Road race
1st Tour de Berne (junior)
2010
National Road Championships
1st Under-23 road race
3rd Road race
2011
1st Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships
1st Langenlois Road Race
1st Langenlois Criterium
9th Overall Gracia–Orlová
2012
1st Elite race, National Cyclo-cross Championships
National Road Championships
1st Under-23 time trial
3rd Time trial
9th Memorial Davide Fardelli
2013
National Road Championships
1st Criterium
1st Under-23 time trial
7th Time trial, UEC European Junior Road Championships
2014
National Road Championships
1st Road race
2nd Time trial
1st GP Osterhas
2015
2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
Austrian female cyclists
Sportspeople from Innsbruck
Cyclists at the 2015 European Games
European Games competitors for Austria
21st-century Austrian women |
Ralambo was the ruler of the Kingdom of Imerina in the central Highlands region of Madagascar from 1575 to 1612. Ruling from Ambohidrabiby, Ralambo expanded the realm of his father, Andriamanelo, and was the first to assign the name of Imerina to the region. Oral history has preserved numerous legends about this king, including several dramatic military victories, contributing to his heroic and near-mythical status among the kings of ancient Imerina. The circumstances surrounding his birth, which occurred on the highly auspicious date of the first of the year, are said to be supernatural in nature and further add to the mystique of this sovereign.
Oral history attributes numerous significant and lasting political and cultural innovations to King Ralambo. He is credited with popularizing the consumption of beef in the Kingdom of Imerina and celebrating this discovery with the establishment of the fandroana New Year's festival which traditionally took place on the day of Ralambo's birth. According to legend, circumcision and polygamy were also introduced under his rule, as was the division of the noble class (andriana) into four sub-castes. Oral history furthermore traces the tradition of royal idols (sampy) in Imerina to the reign of Ralambo, who made heavy use of these supernatural objects to expand his realm and consolidate the divine nature of his sovereignty. Due to the enduring cultural legacy left by this king, Ralambo is often considered a key figure in the development of Merina cultural identity.
Early life
Born in the sacred highland village of Alasora to King Andriamanelo and Queen Randapavola, Ralambo was the only one of his parents' children to survive to adulthood. According to one legend, as a child he may have been known by the name Rabiby, being given the name Ralambo after successfully killing a particularly ferocious wild boar (lambo) in the woods. Another story attributes his name to a wild boar that walked past the threshold of the house where his mother was resting shortly after giving birth to him. However, both of these explanations are likely to have originated at some point after his reign; it is more probable that he took the name Ralambo after propagating the consumption of the meat of the zebu, called lambo in the proto-Malagasy language and the Malayo-Polynesian tongue from which it derived.
A popular legend imbues the birth of Ralambo with a mystical character. The legend relates that his mother, who was known in her youth as Ramaitsoanala ("Green Forest"), was the daughter of the Vazimba water goddess Ivorombe ("Great Bird"). With the assistance of her celestial mother, Ramaitsoanala confronted and overcame numerous obstacles. After her marriage to Andriamanelo (whereupon she assumed the name Queen Randapavola), one of these obstacles took the form of reproductive difficulties: six consecutive times Randapavola miscarried or lost her children in infancy. When she was pregnant with her seventh child, the queen was especially afraid for her unborn child because the number seven was traditionally associated with death. This time, Randapavola sought the guidance of an astrologer to protect the unborn child from an evil fate. On his advice she chose to defy the tradition of delivering the baby at her parents' home village of Ambohidrabiby, rather choosing the village of Alasora, to the north of Antananarivo, because this cardinal direction embodied great power. According to the tale, the queen gave birth in a house built to resemble a boat (called a kisambosambo) evocative of the transoceanic origins of the Malagasy people. There, Randapavola took the name Rasolobe upon delivering a healthy son, Ralambo, on the first day of the first month of the year (Alahamady), the most auspicious date for the birth of a sovereign.
Reign
Ralambo's many enduring and significant political and cultural achievements of his reign have earned him a heroic and near mythical status among the greatest ancient sovereigns of Merina history. Ralambo was the first to assign the name of Imerina ("Land of the Merina people") to the central highland territories where he ruled. He moved his capital from Alasora to Ambohidrabiby, location of the former capital of his maternal grandfather King Rabiby. The first sub-divisions of the andriana noble caste were created when Ralambo split it into four ranks. He introduced the traditions of circumcision and family intermarriage (such as between parent and step-child, or between half-siblings) among Merina nobles, these practices having already existed among certain other Malagasy ethnic groups. The practice of sanctifying deceased Merina sovereigns is also believed to have originated with this king.
Ralambo is credited with introducing the tradition of polygamy in Imerina. The Merina legend of the origin of this practice was recorded in the 19th-century collection of Merina andriana oral history and genealogy entitled Tantara ny Andriana eto Madagasikara. According to this source, Ralambo had already married once when his servant encountered the beautiful princess Rafotsimarobavina and four female companions gathering edible greens in a valley west of Ambohidrabiby. Upon hearing of her beauty, Ralambo instructed the servant to make her a marriage offer on his behalf. The servant asked three times, and each time the princess refused to give her consent, instead replying "If Ralambo is king and I am queen." The fourth time, after Ralambo had instructed his servant to carry her to him by force, the princess agreed to marry on the condition that it be done properly with the consent of her parents, a condition to which the king agreed. Ralambo then informed his first wife of his intention to marry again, to which she replied, "I approve your decision," and the marriage was made. Ralambo ultimately took four wives in total: Rafotsitohina, Rafotsiramarobavina, Ratsitohinina and Rafotsindrindra. These marriages produced three daughters and twelve sons, the eldest of whom, Andriantompokoindrindra, was passed over for Ralambo's succession in favor of his second son, Andrianjaka.
Ralambo expanded and defended his realm through a combination of diplomacy and successful military action aided by the procurement of the first firearms in Imerina by way of trade with kingdoms on the coast. According to legend, when a group of warriors from a village near the Ikopa river attempted to attack the village of Ambohibaoladina, Ralambo so frightened the warriors with the noise of a single shotgun blast that every warrior ran into the Ikopa river and drowned. Imposing a capitation tax for the first time (the vadin-aina, or "price of secure life"), he was able to establish the first standing Merina royal army and established units of blacksmiths and silversmiths to equip them. He famously repelled an attempted invasion by an army of the powerful western coastal Betsimisaraka people at a site now known as Mandamako ("Lazy") at Androkaroka, north of Alasora. The Betsimisaraka traditionally only fought at night and so were found asleep in their camp by Ralambo and his men and were easily vanquished. In another famous incident, Ralambo's army set a trap for a Vazimba king named Andrianafovaratra who claimed to control thunder. Ralambo's emissary, a man named Andriamandritany, was sent to the Vazimba king to invite him to participate in a contest of superiority against Ralambo. While Andrianafovaratra traveled to join Ralambo for the competition, Andriamandritany set fire to the Vazimba capital of Imerinkasinina. The Vazimba king saw the smoke and began to hasten back to the village but was captured in an ambush laid by Ralambo's troops and was forced to exile himself in the forests far to the east.
Fandroana
According to oral history, the wild zebu cattle that roamed the Highlands were first domesticated for food in Imerina under the reign of Ralambo. Different legends attribute the discovery that zebu were edible to the king's servant or to Ralambo himself. Ralambo disseminated this discovery throughout his realm, as well as the practice and design of cattle pen construction. Ralambo is likewise credited with founding the traditional ceremony of the fandroana (the "Royal Bath"), although others have suggested he merely added certain practices to the celebration of a long-standing ritual. Among the Merina, legend characterizes the fandroana as a festival established by Ralambo to celebrate his culinary discovery.
According to one version of the story, while traversing the countryside, Radama and his men came across a wild zebu so exceptionally fat that the king decided to make a burnt offering of it. As the zebu flesh cooked, the enticing smell led Ralambo to taste the meat. He declared zebu meat to be fit for human consumption. In honor of the discovery, he decided to establish a holiday called fandroana that would be distinguished by the consumption of well-fattened zebu meat. The holiday was to be celebrated on the day of his birth, which coincided with the first day of the year. To this end, the holiday symbolically represented a community-wide renewal that would take place over a period of several days before and after the first of the year.
Although the precise form of the original holiday cannot be known with certainty and its traditions have evolved over time, 18th- and 19th-century accounts provide insight into the festival as it was practiced at that time. Accounts from these centuries indicate that all family members were required to reunite in their home villages during the festival period. Estranged family members were expected to attempt to reconcile. Homes were cleaned and repaired and new housewares and clothing were purchased. The symbolism of renewal was particularly embodied in the traditional sexual permissiveness encouraged on the eve of the fandroana (characterized by early 19th-century British missionaries as an "orgy") and the following morning's return to rigid social order with the sovereign firmly at the helm of the kingdom. On this morning, the first day of the year, a red rooster was traditionally sacrificed and its blood used to anoint the sovereign and others present at the ceremony. Afterward the sovereign would bathe in sanctified water, then sprinkle it upon attendees to purify and bless them and ensure an auspicious start to the year. Children would celebrate the fandroana by carrying lighted torches and lanterns in a nighttime processional through their villages. The zebu meat eaten over the course of the festival was primarily grilled or consumed as jaka, a preparation reserved uniquely for this holiday. This delicacy was made during the festival by sealing shredded zebu meat with suet in a decorative clay jar. The confit would then be conserved in an underground pit for twelve months to be served at the next year's fandroana.
Sampy
Amulets and idols fashioned from assorted natural materials have occupied an important place among many ethnic groups of Madagascar for centuries. Ody, personal amulets believed to protect or allocate powers to the wearer, were commonplace objects possessed by anyone from slave children to kings. The name sampy was given to those amulets that, while physically indistinguishable from ody, were distinct in that their powers extended over an entire community. The sampy were often personified—complete with a distinct personality—and offered their own house with guardians dedicated to their service. Ralambo amassed twelve of the most reputed and powerful sampy from neighboring communities. He furthermore transformed the nature of the relationship between sampy and ruler: whereas previously the sampy had been seen as tools at the disposal of community leaders, under Ralambo they became divine protectors of the leader's sovereignty and the integrity of the state which would be preserved through their power on the condition that the line of sovereigns ensured the sampy were shown the respect due to them. By collecting the twelve greatest sampy—twelve being a sacred number in Merina cosmology—and transforming their nature, Ralambo strengthened the supernatural power and legitimacy of the royal line of Imerina.
The Tantara ny Andriana eto Madagasikara, the 19th-century transcription of Merina oral history, offers an account of the idols' introduction into Imerina. According to legend, one day during Ralambo's reign a woman named Kalobe arrived in Imerina carrying a small object wrapped in banana leaves and grass. She had traveled from her village located at Isondra in Betsileo country to the south which had been destroyed by fire, walking the great distance and traveling only at night in order to deliver to the king what she called Kelimalaza ("the Little Famous One"), giving the impression that it was no less than the greatest treasure in the land. Ralambo took the sampy and built a house for it in a nearby village. He then selected a group of adepts who were to study under Kalobe to learn the mysteries of Kelimalaza. Oral history maintains that Kalobe was "made to disappear" after the adepts' training was completed in order to prevent her from absconding with the precious idol.
Not long after, the legend continues, a group of Sakalava (or, by some accounts, Vazimba) warriors were preparing to attack a village north of Alasora called Ambohipeno. Ralambo announced that it would be sufficient to throw a rotten egg at the warriors, and Kelimalaza would take care of the rest. According to oral history, the egg was thrown and hit a warrior in the head, killing him on contact; his corpse fell onto another warrior and killed him, and this corpse fell onto another and so forth, until the warriors had all been destroyed, forevermore confirming the power of Kelimalaza as the protector of the kingdom in the minds of the Merina populace. Similarly, at the besieged Imerina village of Ambohimanambola, invoking Kelimalaza was said to have produced a massive hailstorm that wiped out the enemy warriors.
The honored place that Ralambo awarded to Kelimalaza encouraged others like Kalobe to bring their own sampy to Ralambo from neighboring lands where they had been introduced long before by the Antaimoro. First after Kelimalaza was Ramahavaly, said to control snakes and repel attacks. The next arrival, Manjakatsiroa, protected the sovereignty of the king from rivals and became the favorite of Ralambo, who kept it always near him. Afterward came Rafantaka, believed to protect against injury and death; others followed, all of Antaimoro origin with the possible exception of Mosasa, which had come from the Tanala forest people to the east. The propagation of similar sampy at the service of less powerful citizens consequently increased throughout Imerina under Ralambo's rule: nearly every village chief, as well as many common families, had one in their possession and claimed the powers and protection their communal sampy offered them. These lesser sampy were destroyed or reduced to the status of ody (personal talismans) by the end of the reign of Ralambo's son, Andrianjaka, officially leaving only twelve truly powerful sampy (known as the sampin'andriana: the "Royal Sampy") which were all in the possession of the king. These royal sampy, including Kelimalaza, continued to be worshiped until their supposed destruction in a bonfire by Queen Ranavalona II upon her public conversion to Christianity in 1869.
Death and succession
Ralambo is believed to have died around 1612. He was buried in the traditional stone tomb of his grandfather, King Rabiby, which still stands at the highland village of Ambohidrabiby. According to a 19th-century source, his death was mourned for a full year. His burial reportedly took place at night and a royal mausoleum (trano masina) was constructed over his tomb, a royal Merina tradition that would continue until the collapse of the 19th century Kingdom of Madagascar. The rules of succession established by Andriamanelo obliged Ralambo to pass over his eldest son (by his second wife) in favor of the succession of Andrianjaka, his younger son by his first wife, Rafotsindrindramanjaka.
References
Bibliography
History of Madagascar
Monarchs in Africa
Malagasy monarchs |
Alan Durward Mickle (20 August 1882 – 15 May 1969) was an Australian writer of essays and verse.
History
Mickle was born in East Melbourne, the elder son of David Mickle (died 3 January 1918), and educated at Queen's College, St. Kilda, and Melbourne Grammar School.
He was living with his mother at 30 Marine Parade, St Kilda, Victoria, in 1919 and married Ida Jeanette Cameron on 16 December 1922. No mention of children has been found.
Works by A. D. Mickle
The Great Longing (1910) Jonathan Cape
The Dark Tower (1912)
Said My Philosopher (1919)
The Wee Dog (1922)
The Questing Mind (1925)
This Age of Ours (1927)
Six Plays of Eugene O'Neill (1928) criticism
The Poor Poet and the Beautiful Lady (1931)
Pemmican Pete and Other Verses (1933)
The Great City verse
The Pilgrimage of Peer
Appartement in Brussels (1940)
References
1882 births
1969 deaths
20th-century Australian male writers |
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was an August 23, 1939, agreement between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany colloquially named after Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. The treaty renounced warfare between the two countries. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol dividing several eastern European countries between the parties.
Before the treaty's signing, the Soviet Union conducted negotiations with the United Kingdom and France regarding a potential "Tripartite" alliance. Long-running talks between the Soviet Union and Germany over a potential economic pact expanded to include the military and political discussions, culminating in the pact, along with a commercial agreement signed four days earlier.
Background
After World War I
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Soviet Russia ended its fight against the Central Powers, including Germany, in World War I by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in which Russia agreed to cede sovereignty and influence over parts of several countries in Eastern Europe. Most of those countries became ostensibly-democratic republics after Germany's defeat and its signing of an armistice in the autumn of 1918. With the exception of Belarus and Ukraine, those countries also became independent. However, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk lasted only eight-and-a-half months, when Germany renounced it and broke off diplomatic relations with Russia.
Before World War I, Germany and Russia had long shared a trading relationship. Germany. a relatively small country with few natural resources, lacks natural supplies of several key raw materials that are needed for economic and military operations. Since the late 19th century, it had relied heavily upon Russian imports of raw materials. Germany had imported 1.5 billion Rechsmarks of raw materials and other goods annually from Russia before the war.
In 1922, the countries signed the Treaty of Rapallo, renouncing territorial and financial claims against each other. Both countries pledged neutrality in the event of an attack against each other with the 1926 Treaty of Berlin. Imports of Soviet goods to Germany fell after World War I, but after trade agreements signed between the two countries in the mid-1920s, trade had increased to 433 million Reichsmarks per year by 1927.
In the early 1930s, that relationship fell as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and the abandonment of post-war military control decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports and so Soviet imports fell to 223 million Reichsmarks in 1934.
Mid-1930s
In the mid-1930s, the Soviet Union made repeated efforts to re-establish closer contacts with Germany. The Soviets sought chiefly to repay debts from earlier trade with raw materials, and Germany sought to rearm, and both countries signed a credit agreement in 1935. The rise to power of the Nazi Party increased tensions between Germany, the Soviet Union and other countries with ethnic Slavs, which were considered untermenschen by Nazi racial ideology. The Nazis were convinced that ethnic Slavs were incapable of forming their own state and accordingly had to be ruled by others. Moreover, the anti-semitic Nazis associated ethnic Jews with both communism and international capitalism, both of which they opposed. Consequently, the Nazis believed that Soviet Slavic untermenschen were being ruled by "Jewish Bolshevik" masters. Two primary goals of Nazism were to eliminate Jews and to seek Lebensraum ("living space") for ethnic Aryans to the east. In 1934, Hitler spoke of an inescapable battle against "pan-Slav ideals", the victory in which would lead to "permanent mastery of the world", but he stated that they would "walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us".
Despite the political rhetoric, the Soviets in 1936, attempted to seek closer political ties to Germany along with an additional credit agreement, but Hitler rebuffed the advances and did not want to seek closer political ties even though a 1936 raw material crisis prompted Hitler to decree a Four-Year Plan for rearmament "without regard to costs". In the 1930s, two Foreign Office cipher clerks, Ernest Holloway Oldham and John Herbert King, sold the British diplomatic codes to the NKVD, which allowed the Soviets to read British diplomatic traffic. However, the Soviet code-breakers were completely unable to break the German codes that were encrypted by the Enigma machine. The fact that Soviet intelligence-gathering activities in Germany were performed by the underground Communist Party of Germany, which was full of Gestapo informers, rendered most Soviet espionage in Germany ineffective. Stalin's decision to execute or imprison most of the German Communist emigres living in the Soviet Union during the Great Purge finished off almost all of the Soviet espionage in the Reich.
Tensions grew further after Germany and Fascist Italy supported the Spanish Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War in 1936, and the Soviets supported the Spanish Republic, which had many communists. In November 1936, Soviet-German relations sank further after Germany and Japan entered the Anti-Comintern Pact, which was purportedly directed against the Communist International, but it contained a secret agreement that either side would remain neutral if the other became involved with the Soviet Union. In November 1937, Italy also joined the Anti-Comintern Pact.
Late 1930s
The Moscow Trials of the mid-1930s seriously undermined Soviet prestige in the West. The Soviet purges in 1937 and 1938 made a deal less likely by disrupting the already-confused Soviet administrative structure that was necessary for negotiations and gave Hitler the belief that the Soviets were militarily weak.
The Soviets were not invited to the Munich Conference on Czechoslovakia. The Munich Agreement, which followed, marked the start of the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1938 by a partial German annexation. That was part of the appeasement of Germany.
After the German need for military supplies after the Munich Agreement and the Soviet demand for military machinery increased, talks between both countries occurred from late 1938 to March 1939. The Soviet Third Five-Year Plan would require massive new infusions of technology and industrial equipment. An autarkic economic approach or an alliance with Britain were impossible for Germany and so closer relations with the Soviet Union were necessary if only for economic reasons. Germany could then supply only 25% of its petroleum needs, and without its primary petroleum source, in the United States, during a war, it would have to look to Russia and Romania. Germany suffered the same natural shortfall and supply problems for rubber and metal ores, needed for hardened steel in war equipment, and Germany relied on Soviet supplies or transit by using Soviet railways. Finally, Germany also imported 40% of its fat and oil food requirements, which would grow if Germany conquered nations that were also net food importers. Germany thus needed Soviet imports of Ukrainian grains or Soviet transshipments of Manchurian soybeans. Moreover, an anticipated British blockade in the event of war and the end of petroleum from the United States would create massive shortages for Germany in a number of key raw materials
On 31 March 1939, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in the British House of Commons made the famous "guarantee" of Poland that Britain would go to war in the defense of Polish independence but its integrity. On 28 April 1939, Hitler in a speech to the Reichstag renounced the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact. Britain and France had made statements guaranteeing the sovereignty of Poland and on April 25 signed a military alliance with Poland, which refused to be associated with a four-power guarantee involving the Soviets.
Initial talks
Potential for Soviet-German talk expansion
Germany and the Soviet Union discussed an economic deal throughout early 1939. For months, Germany had secretly hinted to Soviet diplomats that it could offer better terms for a political agreement than could Britain and France. On March 10, Hitler in his official speech proclaimed that directly. That same day, Stalin, in a speech to the Eighteenth Congress of the All-Union Communist Party, characterised the Western nations' actions regarding Hitler as moving away from "collective security" and toward "nonintervention" with the goal being to direct fascist aggression anywhere but against themselves. After the Congress concluded, the Soviet press mounted an attack on both France and Britain. Stalin believed that the British and the French governments were engaging in a conspiracy to direct Germany towards the east and to cause a German-Soviet war. In the aftermath of the Great Terror, the maxim ugadat, ugodit, utselet ("sniff out, suck up, survive") dominated the Soviet regime, and the NKVD tended to provide Stalin with intelligence that fit his preconceptions, which thus reinforced what he already believed.
Rudolf von Scheliha, the First Secretary at the German embassy in Warsaw, had been working as a Soviet spy since 1937 and kept the Kremlin well informed about the state of German-Polish relations, and it was intelligence provided by him that let the Soviets know that Hitler was seriously considering invading Poland from March 1939 onward and agve the orders for an invasion of Poland in May. On 13 March 1939, Scheliha reported to [[Moscow] that he had conversation with one of Ribbentrop's aides, a Peter Kleist, who told him Germany would probably attack Poland sometime that year. In his reports to Moscow, Scheliha made it clear that the Auswärtiges Amt had attempted to reduce Poland to a German satellite state during the winter of 1938-1939, but the Poles had refused to play that role. The chief Soviet spy in Japan, Richard Sorge, had meanwhile reported to Moscow that the German attempt to convert the Anti-Comintern Pact into a military alliance had failed, as Germany wanted the alliance to be directed against Britain, but Japan wanted it to be directed against the Soviet Union. On 5 April 1939, Baron Ernst von Weizsäcker, the State Secretary (second man) at the Auswärtiges Amt, ordered Count Hans-Adolf von Moltke, the German ambassador to Poland, not to engage in talks with the Poles under any conditions over resolving the dispute over the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk). as the Danzig issue was just a pretext for war, and he was afraid if talks began, the Poles might actually agree to Danzig rejoining Germany, which would deprive the Reich of its pretext for war. Scheliha, in turn, informed Moscow that the Auswärtiges Amt would not engage in talks for a diplomatic solution to the Danzig issue, which indicated that German policy towards Poland was not a policy with a high risk of war, but it was a policy aimed at causing a war.
On April 7, a Soviet diplomat visited the German Foreign Ministry stating that there was no point in continuing the German-Soviet ideological struggle and that the countries could conduct a concerted policy. Ten days later, Soviet Ambassador Alexei Merekalov met Ernst von Weizsäcker, the State Secretary at the Auswärtiges Amt and presented him a note requesting speedy removal of any obstacles for fulfillment of military contracts signed between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union before the former was occupied by Germany. According to German accounts, at the end of the discussion, the ambassador stated, "there exists for Russia no reason why she should not live with us on a normal footing. And from normal the relations might become better and better", but other sources admit that it could be an exaggeration or an inaccurate recounting of the ambassador's words.
Immediately, the Soviet ambassador had been withdrawn to Moscow and never returned to Germany. According to Ulam, future conversations on the topic in Berlin were believed to continue with lower-level officials working under the cover of a Soviet trade mission. Starting on 14 April 1939 and continuing right up to August 1939, the German embassy in London received anonymous copies of British diplomatic cables to and from Moscow, which detailed London's attempts to have the Soviets join the anti-German "peace front". The Foreign Office's diplomatic telegrams were selectively edited to make it sound like that Anglo-Soviet relations were far better than they actually were and that the talks were going much better than they really were. The German ambassador to Britain, Herbert von Dirksen, judged the cables credible and passed them along in his reports to Berlin. As the Germans could not break the Foreign Office's codes, and the Abwehr had no agent with access to the Foreign Office's codes, the intercepted cables were not the work of German intelligence. In fact, the cables that sent to the German embassy in London were the work of the NKVD, which had broken the British codes and was seeking to pressure the Reich to come to terms with the Soviet Union .
Tripartite talks begin
In mid-March 1939, the Soviet Union, Britain and France staerted to trade a flurry of suggestions and counterplans regarding a potential political and military agreement. The Soviet Union feared the West and the possibility of a "capitalist encirclements", had little faith either that war could be avoided or in the Polish Army and wanted guaranteed support for a two-pronged attack on Germany.
Britain and France believed that war could still be avoided and that the Soviet Union, weakened by Great Purge, could not serve as a main military participant. France, as a continental power, was more anxious for an agreement with the Soviets than was Britain, which was more willing to make concessions and more aware of the dangers of an agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany. On April 17, Soviet Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov outlined a French–British–Soviet mutual assistance pact between the three powers for five to ten years, including military support, if any of the powers was the subject of aggression.
May changes
Litvinov dismissal
On May 3, Stalin replaced Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov with Vyacheslav Molotov, which significantly increased Stalin's freedom to manoeuvre in foreign policy. The dismissal of Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed disfavourably by Nazi Germany, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany.
Stalin immediately directed Molotov to "purge the ministry of Jews". Litvinov's prior attempts to create an anti-fascist coalition, association with the doctrine of collective security with France and Britain, and pro-Western orientation by the standards of the Kremlin made his dismissal indicate the existence of a Soviet option of rapprochement with Germany. Likewise, Molotov's appointment served as a signal to Germany that the USSR was open to offers.
The dismissal also signaled to France and Britain the existence of a potential negotiation option with Germany. One British official wrote that Litvinov's disappearance also meant the loss of an admirable technician or shock-absorber, and Molotov's "modus operandi" was "more truly Bolshevik than diplomatic or cosmopolitan". However, Stalin sent a double message since Molotov appointed Solomon Lozovsky, a Jew, as one of his deputies. Émile Naggiar, the French ambassador in Moscow, reported to Bonnet that Molotov wanted a full military alliance as "the new commissar now intends to obtain more extensive advantages".
May tripartite negotiations
Although informal consultations started in late April, the main negotiations between the Soviet Union, Britain and France began in May. At a meeting in May 1939, the French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet told the Soviet Ambassador to France, Jakob Suritz, that Bonnet was willing to support turning over all of eastern Poland to the Soviet Union, regardless of Polish opposition, if that was the price of an alliance with Moscow.
German supply concerns and potential political discussions
In May, German war planners also became increasingly concerned that without Soviet supplies, Germany would need to find massive substitute quantities of 165,000 tons of manganese and almost 2 million tons of oil per year. In the context of further economic discussions, on May 17, the Soviet ambassador told a German official that he wanted to restate "in detail that there were no conflicts in foreign policy between Germany and Soviet Russia and that therefore there was no reason for any enmity between the two countries". Three days later, on May 20, Molotov told Count Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg, the German ambassador in Moscow that he no longer wanted to discuss only economic matters, and that it was necessary to establish a "political basis", which German officials saw an "implicit invitation." Due to information provided by Scheliha, the Soviets knew that Germany did not want a diplomatic solution to the Danzig crisis and had decided to invade Poland in the summer of 1939.
On May 26, German officials feared a potential positive result to come from the Soviets talks regarding proposals by Britain and France. On May 30, fearing potential positive results from a British and French offer to the Soviets, Germany directed its diplomats in Moscow that "we have now decided to undertake definite negotiations with the Soviet Union." The ensuing discussions were channelled through the economic negotiation because the economic needs of both sides were substantial and because close military and diplomatic connections had been severed in the mid-1930s, which left those talks as the only means of communication.
Baltic sticking point and German rapprochement
Mixed signals
The Soviets sent mixed signals thereafter. In his first main speech as Soviet Foreign Minister on May 31, Molotov criticized an Anglo-French proposal, stated that the Soviets did not "consider it necessary to renounce business relations with countries like Germany" and proposed to enter a wide-ranging mutual assistance pact against aggression. However, Soviet Commissar for Foreign Trade Anastas Mikoyan argued on June 2 to a German official that Moscow "had lost all interest in these [economic] negotiations' as a result of earlier German procrastination". By June 1939, information sold by Scheliha let the Soviets know that Germany was committed to an invasion of Poland later that year.
Tripartite talks progress and Baltic moves
On June 2, the Soviet Union insisted that any mutual assistance pact should be accompanied by a military agreement describing in detail the military assistance that the Soviets, the French and the British would provide. The same day, the Soviet Union also submitted a modification to a French and British proposalm which specified the states that would be given aid in the event of "direct aggression"; they included Belgium, Greece, Turkey, Romania, Poland, Estonia, Latvia and Finland. Five days later, Estonia and Latvia signed non-aggression pacts with Germany, which created suspicions that Germany had ambitions in a region through which it could attack the Soviet Union.
British attempt to stop German armament
On June 8, the Soviets had agreed that a high-ranking German official could come to Moscow to continue the economic negotiations, which occurred in Moscow on July 3. Thereafter, official talks were started in Berlin on July 22.
Meanwhile, hoping to stop the German war machine, in July, Sir Horace Wilson, the British government's Chief Industrial Adviser and one of the most closest friends of Chamberlain, conducted talks in London with Ambassador Herbert von Dirksen and Helmuth Wohlthat, an economist of the Four-Year Plan Organisation who was in London as part of the German delegation to the International Whaling Conference for an economic agreement. Acting on his own, Robert Hudson approached Wohlthat and Dirksen regarding a potential plan to bail out the debt-ridden German economy at the cost of 1 billion pounds in exchange for Germany ending its armaments program. The British press broke a story on the talks, and Germany eventually rejected the offer. As the Soviets were reading the British diplomatic codes in 1939, the Kremlin was well informed about the general thrust of the British policy to build a "peace front" meant to "contain" Germany.
Tripartite talks regarding "indirect aggression"
After weeks of political talks that began after the arrival of Central Department Foreign Office head William Strang, on July 8, the British and French submitted a proposed agreement to which Molotov added a supplementary letter. Talks in late July stalled over a provision in Molotov's supplementary letter stating that a political turn to Germany by the Baltic states constituted "indirect aggression", which Britain feared might justify Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany, but France was less resistant to the supplement. On July 23, France and Britain agreed with the Soviet proposal to draw up a military convention specifying a reaction to a German attack.
Beginning of German-Soviet political negotiations
On July 18, the Soviet trade representative Yevgeniy Barbarin visited Julius Schnurre and said that the Soviets would like to extend and intensify German-Soviet relations. On July 25, the Soviet Union and Germany were very close to finalising the terms of a proposed economic deal. On July 26, over dinner, the Soviets accepted a proposed three-stage agenda, which included first the economic agenda and "a new arrangement which took account of the vital political interests of both parties." On July 28, Molotov sent a first political instruction to the Soviet ambassador in Berlin that finally opened the door to a political détente with Germany.
Germany had learned about the military convention talks before the July 31 British announcement and was skeptical that the Soviets would reach a deal with Britain and France during those planned talks in August. On August 1, the Soviet ambassador stated that two conditions must be met before political negotiations could begin: a new economic treaty and the cessation of anti-Soviet attacks by German media, and German officials immediately agreed with them. On August 2, Soviet political discussions with France and Britain were suspended when Molotov stated they could not be restarted until progress was made in the scheduled military talks.
Addressing past hostilities
On August 3, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop told Soviet diplomats that "there was no problem between the Baltic and the Black Sea that could not be solved between the two of us". The Germans discussed prior hostility between the nations in the 1930s. They addressed the common ground of anti-capitalism and stated "there is one common element in the ideology of Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union: opposition to the capitalist democracies", "neither we nor Italy have anything in common with the capitalist west" and "it seems to us rather unnatural that a socialist state would stand on the side of the western democracies". They explained that their prior hostility toward Soviet Bolshevism had subsided with the changes in the Comintern and the Soviet renunciation of a world revolution. Astakhov characterized the conversation as "extremely important."
Final negotiations
Finalising economic agreement
In August, as Germany scheduled its invasion of Poland on August 25 and prepared for war with France, German war planners estimated that with an expected British naval blockade, if the Soviet Union became hostile, Germany would fall short of its war mobilization requirements of oil, manganese, rubber and foodstuffs by huge margins. Every internal German military and economic study had argued that Germany was doomed to defeat without at least Soviet neutrality. On August 5, Soviet officials stated that the completion of the trading credit agreement was the most important stage that could be taken in the direction of further such talks.
By August 10, the countries worked out the last minor technical details to make their economic arrangement all but final, but the Soviets delayed signing that agreement for almost ten days until they were sure that they had reached a political agreement with Germany. The Soviet ambassador explained to German officials that the Soviets had begun their British negotiations "without much enthusiasm" when they felt Germany would not "come to an understanding", and the parallel talks with the British could not be simply broken off when they had been initiated after "mature consideration". On August 12, Germany received word that Molotov wished to further discuss these issues, including Poland, in Moscow.
Tripartite military talks begin
The Soviets, British and French began military negotiations in August. hey were delayed until August 12 because the British military delegation, which did not include Strang, took six days to make the trip since it travelled in a slow merchant ship, The City of Exeter. That undermined the Soviets' confidence in British resolve. In a show of Allied solidarity, the French military mission led by General Joseph Doumenc, was to travel with the British delegation, and there were a number of protests from French Ambassador Charles Corbin when he learned that the military mission would travel on The City of Exeter, which moved at only 13 knots per hour. Ivan Maisky, the Soviet ambassador in London, complained to Admiral Reginald Drax, who was to command the British military mission, about the decision to travel on The City of Exeter instead of taking the first flight to Moscow, but Drax claimed that he and the other members of the mission needed a ship because of all the excess baggage that they were bringing with them.
Lord Halifax vetoed the idea of the mission travelling from London to Leningrad on a fast-moving destroyer or cruiser under the grounds that a British warship in the Baltic Sea would be too provocative to Germany during the Danzig crisis. Maisky reported to Moscow about the decision to use The City of Exeter: "Staggering. Chamberlain is still up to his tricks. He does not need a tripartite pact, he needs negotiations on a pact, in order to sell more dearly this card to Hitler". The Anglo-French mission arrived in Leningrad on 10 August and in Moscow via train on 11 August. On August 14, the question of Poland was raised by Kliment Voroshilov for the first time by requesting British and French pressure on the Poles to agree to allow the Soviet Army transit rights in Poland. The Polish government feared that the Soviet government sought to annex disputed territories, the Eastern Borderlands, which had been received by Poland in 1920 after the Treaty of Riga, which endedthe Polish–Soviet War. The British and the French contingent communicated the Soviets' concern over Poland to their home offices and told the Soviet delegation that they could not answer that political matter without their governments' approval.
Meanwhile, Molotov spoke with Germany's ambassador in Moscow on August 15 about the possibility of "settling by negotiation all outstanding problems of Soviet–German relations". The discussions included the possibility of a Soviet-German non-aggression pact, the fates of the Baltic states and potential improvements in Soviet-Japanese relations. Molotov stated that "should the German foreign minister come here", those issues "must be discussed in concrete terms"é Within hours of receiving word of the meeting, Germany sent a reply stating that it was prepared to conclude a 25-year non-aggression pact, "guarantee the Baltic States jointly with the Soviet Union" and exert influence to improve Soviet-Japanese relations. The Soviets responded positively but stated that a "special protocol" was required, "defining the interests" of the parties. Germany replied that in contrast to the British delegation in Moscow at that time without Strang, Ribbentrop would personally travel to Moscow to conclude a deal.
In the Soviet-British-French talks, the Anglo-Franco military negotiators were sent to discuss "general principles", rather than details. On August 15, the British contingent was instructed to move more quickly to bring the military talks to a conclusion and thus were permitted to give Soviet negotiators confidential British information. The British contingent stated that Britain currently had only six army divisions but in the event of a war they use employ 16 divisions initially, followed by a second contingent of 16 divisions, far less than the 120 Soviet divisions. French negotiators stated that they had 110 divisions available. In discussions on August 18–19, the Poles informed the French ambassador that they would not approve Red Army troops operating in Poland.
Delayed signing of commercial agreement
After Soviet and German officials in Moscow first finalised the terms of a seven-year German-Soviet Commercial Agreement, German officials became nervous that the Soviets were delaying its signing on August 19 for political reasons. When Tass published a report that the Soviet-British-French talks had become snarled over the Far East and "entirely different matters", Germany took that as a signal that there was still time and hope to reach a Soviet-German deal. Hitler himself sent out a coded telegram to Stalin to state that because "Poland has become intolerable", Stalin must receive Ribbentrop in Moscow by August 23 at the latest to sign a pact. Controversy surrounds a related alleged Stalin's speech on August 19, 1939 asserting that a great war between the Western powers was necessary for the spread of world revolution. Historians debate whether that speech ever actually occurred.
At 2:00 a.m. on August 20, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a commercial agreement, dated August 19. It provided for the trade of certain German military and civilian equipment in exchange for Soviet raw materials. The agreement covered "current" business, which entailed a Soviet obligation to deliver 180 million Reichsmarks in raw materials in response to German orders, and Germany would allow the Soviets to order 120 million Reichsmarks for German industrial goods. Under the agreement, Germany also granted the Soviet Union a merchandise credit of 200 million Reichsmarks over seven years to buy German manufactured goods at an extremely-favourable interest rate.
Soviets adjourn tripartite military talks and strike deal with Germany
After the Poles' resistance to pressure, Voroshilov proposed on August 21 the adjournment of the military talks with the British and French by using the excuse that the absence of the senior Soviet personnel at the talks interfered with the autumn manoeuvres of the Soviet forces, but the primary reason was the progress thatwas made in the German-Soviet negotiations.
That same day, August 21, Stalin has received assurance would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would grant the Soviets land in Poland, the Baltic states, Finland and Romania. That night, with Germany nervously awaiting a response to Hitler's August 19 telegram, Stalin replied at 9:35 p.m. that the Soviets were willing to sign the pact and that he would receive Ribbentrop on August 23. The Pact was signed sometime in the night between August 23–24.
Signing of pact
On August 24, a ten-year non-aggression pact was signed with provisions that included consultation, arbitration if either party disagreed, neutrality if either went to war against a third power and no membership of a group "which is directly or indirectly aimed at the other." Most notably, there was also a secret protocol to the pact according to which the states of Northern and Eastern Europe were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence".
Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement". The Soviets promised the eastern part of Poland that was primarily populated with Ukrainians and Belarusians]], in case of its dissolution, and additionally Latvia, Estonia and Finland. Bessarabia, which was part of Romania, was given a free hand for the Soviets by Germany.
Ribbentrop and Stalin enjoyed warm conversations at the signing, exchanged toasts and further discussed the prior hostilities between the countries in the 1930s. Ribbentrop stated that Britain had always attempted to disrupt Soviet–German relations, was "weak" and "wants to let others fight for her presumptuous claim to world dominion." Stalin concurred by adding, "If England dominated the world, that was due to the stupidity of the other countries that always let themselves be bluffed". Ribbentrop stated that the Anti-Comintern Pact was directed against not the Soviet Union but the Western democracies, "frightened principally the City of London [the British financiers] and the English shopkeepers", and he stated that Berliners had joked that Stalin would yet joint the Anti-Comintern Pact himself. Stalin proposed a toast to Hitler, and Stalin and Molotov repeatedly toasted the German nation, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and Soviet-German relations. Ribbentrop countered with a toast to Stalin and a toast to both countries' relations. As Ribbentrop left, Stalin took him aside and stated that the Soviet government took the new pact very seriously and that he would "guarantee his word of honor that the Soviet Union would not betray its partner."
The news of the pact was met with utter shock and surprise by government leaders and media worldwide, most being aware only of the British–French–Soviet negotiations that had taken place for months.
Events during pact's operation
Immediate dealings with Britain
The day after the Pact was signed, the French and British military negotiation delegation urgently requested a meeting with Voroshilov. On August 25, Voroshilov told them, "In view of the changed political situation, no useful purpose can be served in continuing the conversation". That day, Hitler told the British ambassador to Berlin that the pact with the Soviets prevented Germany from facing a two-front war and changed the strategic situation from that in World War I and that Britain should accept his demands regarding Poland. Surprising Hitler, Britain signed a mutual-assistance treaty with Poland that day, which caused Hitler to delay the planned August 26 invasion of western Poland.
Division of eastern Europe
On September 1, 1939, the German invasion of its agreed-upon portion of western Poland started World War II. On September 17, the Red Army invaded eastern Poland and occupied the Polish territory assigned to it pact, and co-ordination of Soviet and German forces in Poland followed. Eleven days later, the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was modified to allot Germany a larger part of Poland and cede most of Lithuania to the Soviet Union.
After a Soviet attempt to invade Finland faced stiff resistance, the combatants signed an interim peace granting the Soviets approximately 10% of Finnish territory. The Soviet Union also sent troops into Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. Puppet governments in all three Baltic countries requested admission to the Soviet Union, which soon occurred..
Further dealings
Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, which was over four times larger than the one that both countries had signed in August 1939 by providing for millions of tons of shipment to Germany of oil, foodstuffs and other key raw materials in exchange for German war machines and other equipment. That was followed by a January 10, 1941, agreement setting several ongoing issues, including border specificity, ethnic migrations and further commercial deal expansion.
Discussions in the fall and the winter of 1940 and 1941 ensued regarding the potential entry of the Soviet Union as the fourth member of the Axis powers. The countries never came to an agreement on that issue.
Aftermath
Nazi Germany terminated the pact with its invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa on June 22, 1941. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union by the pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within three weeks, the Soviets, attempting to defend against large German advances, had suffered 750,000 casualties, and lost 10,000 tanks and 4,000 aircraft. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and the Germans had captured three million Soviet prisoners-of-war, two million of whom would die in German captivity by February 1942. German forces had advanced 1,050 mi (1,690 km) and maintained a linearly-measured front of 1,900 mi (3,058 km).
Post-war commentary regarding negotiations
Reasons behind signing pact
There is no consensus among historians regarding the reasons that prompted the Soviet Union to sign the pact with Germany. According to Ericson, the opinions "have ranged from seeing the Soviets as far-sighted anti-Nazis, to seeing them as reluctant appeasers, as cautious expansionists, or as active aggressors and blackmailers". Edward Hallett Carr argued that it was necessary to join a non-aggression pact to buy tim since the Soviet Union was not in a position to fight a war in 1939 and needed at least three years to prepare. He stated: "In return for non-intervention Stalin secured a breathing space of immunity from German attack." According to Carr, the "bastion" created by means of the Pact, "was and could only be, a line of defense against potential German attack". An important advantage, projected by Carr, was that "if Soviet Russia had eventually to fight Hitler, the Western Powers would already be involved".
However, during the last decades, that view has been disputed. The historian Werner Maser stated that "the claim that the Soviet Union was at the time threatened by Hitler, as Stalin supposed,... is a legend, to whose creators Stalin himself belonged". In Maser's view, "neither Germany nor Japan were in a situation [of] invading the USSR even with the least perspective [sic] of success", which Stalin must have known.
The extent to which the Soviet Union's territorial acquisitions may have contributed to preventing its fall and thus a German victory in the war remains a factor in evaluating the pact. Soviet sources point out that the German advance eventually stopped just a few kilometres away from Moscow and so the role of the extra territory might have been crucial in such a close call. Others postulate that Poland and the Baltic countries played the important role of buffer states between the Soviets and the Germans and that the pact was a precondition not only for the Germans' invasion of Western Europe but also their invasion of the Soviet Union. The military aspect of moving from established fortified positions on the Stalin Line into undefended Polish territory could also be seen as one of the causes of rapid disintegration of Soviet armed forces in the border area during the German 1941 campaign, as the newly-constructed Molotov Line was unfinished and could not provide Soviet troops with the necessary defence capabilities.
Historians have debated whether Stalin was planning an invasion of German territory in the summer of 1941. Most historians agreed that the geopolitical differences between the Soviet Union and the Axis made war inevitable and that Stalin had made extensive preparations for war and exploited the military conflict in Europe to his advantage. A number of German historians have debunked the claim that Operation Barbarossa was a pre-emptive strike such as Andreas Hillgruber, Rolf-Dieter Müller, and Christian Hartmann, but they have also acknowledged the Soviets were aggressive to their neighbours.
Documentary evidence of early Soviet-German rapprochement
In 1948, the U.S. State Department published a collection of documents that had been recovered from the Foreign Office of Nazi Germany, that formed a documentary base for studies of Nazi-Soviet relations. The collection contains the German State Secretary's account on a meeting with Soviet Ambassador Merekalov. The memorandum reproduces the following ambassador's statement: "there exists for Russia no reason why she should not live with us on a normal footing. And from normal the relations might become better and better". According to Carr, that document is the first recorded Soviet step in the rapprochement with Germany. The next documentary evidence is the memorandum on the May 17 meeting between the Soviet ambassador and the German Foreign Office official, and the ambassador "stated in detail that there were no conflicts in foreign policy between Germany and Soviet Russia and that therefore there was no reason for any enmity between the two countries". The third document is the summary of the May 20 meeting between Molotov and German Ambassador Friedrich-Werner von der Schulenburg. According to the document, Molotov told the German ambassador that he no longer wanted to discuss only economic matters and that it was necessary to establish a "political basis", which German officials saw as an "implicit invitation". The last document is the German State Office memorandum on the telephone call made on June 17 by Bulgarian Ambassador Purvan Draganov. In German accounts of Draganov's report, Astakhov explained that a Soviet deal with Germany better suited the Soviets than one with Britain and France, but from the Bulgarian ambassador, it "could not be ascertained whether it had reflected the personal opinions of Herr Astakhov or the opinions of the Soviet Government".
The documentary evidence of an early Nazi-Soviet rapprochement was questioned by Geoffrey Roberts, who analyzed Soviet archival documents that had been declassified and released on the eve of the 1990s. Roberts found no evidence that the alleged statements quoted by the Germans had ever been made, and he came to the conclusion that the German archival documents cannot serve as evidence for the existence of a dual policy during first half of 1939. According to him, no documentary evidence exists that the Soviets responded to or made any overtures to the Germans "until the end of July 1939 at the earliest".
Litvinov's dismissal and Molotov's appointment
Many historians note that the dismissal of Foreign Minister Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavourably by Nazi Germany, removed a major obstacle to negotiations between it and the Soviets.
Carr, however, has argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Litvinov with Molotov on May 3, 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany but rather Stalin's way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a tough negotiator, Molotov, to the Foreign Commissariat. Albert Resis argued that the replacement of Litvinov by Molotov was both a warning to Britain and a signal to Germany.
Derek Watson argued that Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security and could more easily negotiate with Germany. Geoffrey Roberts argued that Litvinov's dismissal helped the Soviets with British-French talks, because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions.
See also
Timeline of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
Notes
References
1939 in the Soviet Union
1939 in Germany
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Eastern European theatre of World War II
Romania in World War II
Germany–Soviet Union relations
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Military history of Germany during World War II
1939 in international relations
Treaties of Nazi Germany
Negotiations |
```go
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package record
import (
"fmt"
"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/api/unversioned"
"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/runtime"
)
// FakeRecorder is used as a fake during tests.
type FakeRecorder struct {
Events []string
}
func (f *FakeRecorder) Event(object runtime.Object, eventtype, reason, message string) {
f.Events = append(f.Events, fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s", eventtype, reason, message))
}
func (f *FakeRecorder) Eventf(object runtime.Object, eventtype, reason, messageFmt string, args ...interface{}) {
f.Events = append(f.Events, fmt.Sprintf(eventtype+" "+reason+" "+messageFmt, args...))
}
func (f *FakeRecorder) PastEventf(object runtime.Object, timestamp unversioned.Time, eventtype, reason, messageFmt string, args ...interface{}) {
}
``` |
Benoit Clair (born 1953) is a French journalist and a published author.
Career
After studying journalism, sciences politiques and law in University in Paris and Tours (France), Benoit Clair began his career as the French Parliament liaison for Remy Montagne, who was deputy of the 3rd district of Louviers, in the Eure area. In 1974, Clair was a correspondent for French media like Radio France and Europe 1. He was one of the first French journalists to cover the war in Lebanon (1974–1975), with Gabriel Dardaud. Founder of the free radio Paris FM in 1981, which three years later became a subsidiary of Europe 1, Clair was appointed its co-director together with Robert Namias. Located in the Montparnasse Tower, Paris FM later changed its name to 95.2 FM, then Fun Radio Group, which is still in business.
In 1985, the prestigious French publication Paris Match delegated Clair as special envoy to the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, to observe the training of two CNES French spacemen, members of the first Franco-American shuttle crew. A senior writer for Paris Match, Benoit was the first journalist allowed to join the shuttle crew members. He accompanied them 24 hours a day, for the entire training period until their departure for the launch pad at Cape Canaveral. A series of reports on the training was published in Paris Match in 1985 and 1986. Paris Match sold more than one million copies worldwide covering this major event. Benoit's first book, Aujourd'hui le soleil se lève 16 fois (Today, the Sun Rises 16 Times), was the outcome of this assignment and was published in September 1985 by Carrère-Lafon. The book covers the space trip of Patrick Baudry, French payload specialist aboard NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery mission STS-51-G. The book was followed by an audio CD produced by CBS France in January 1986. The series features the narration of the space trip, written by Clair, with voice-over by Michel Chevalet from TF1.
Later, Clair was hired by Aérospatiale as head of Communication of their Ariane 5-Hermès space program. In 1988, Benoit was appointed communications advisor for the political campaign of Raymond Barre, presidential candidate. After the election, he was retained as director of communication and marketing for Europe by the American group AlliedSignal/Bendix Corporation, headquartered in Morristown, New Jersey.
Clair moved to the United States in 1991, as communication consultant and accredited journalist correspondent of French media entities like Le Figaro, Prisma-Presse group (VSD) and RTL. He was the permanent correspondent of Radio Monte Carlo from 1995 to 2007. During his tenure at RMC, he was the producer and host of a daily hit broadcast show, live from [New-York with numerous shows edited from Hollywood, California. The show lasted from 1996 to 2000. In 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012, Clair covered the US Presidential Elections for different French media, like TV5 and published, in 2004, a second book about Senator John Kerry's campaign. The book was John F. Kerry targets the White House; Pierre Salinger, the former press secretary of President John F. Kennedy, wrote the foreword. In 2007, Clair co-wrote the script, produced and directed the film The Truth about Black Dahlia, commissioned by NBC Universal for French TV sub-channel 13ème rue using new digital cinematography cameras, i.e., the RedOne . Clair is currently Senior Correspondent for several french and european media-companies and associate-producer for a series of TV and high profile HDTV news and documentary videos. He is also Managing Chief Editor at BCLTV Productions, a French based TV productions company with several subsidiaries through the world (NYC, LA). He is the widower of a 9/11/2001 victim and has 2 kids.
Films and writings
The Dream is alive (Le rêve est vivant), 1986: Screenplay and voice-over, IMAX Canada – USA – Japon – France (La Géode)
"Waiting for Hermès" ("En attendant Hermès") and "Children of the mine", ("Les enfants de la mine"), 1998: Special Envoy to Peru TV station FRANCE 2
Information Mercenaries (Les mercenaires de l'Info), 52 min.: Screenplay TF1 Prime News
The Truth about Black Dahlia (La vérité sur le Dahlia noir), 52 min., 2007: Screenplay and Director, NBC Universal and 13ème Rue TV (Paris)
Several other contributions for entities such as TV5MONDE, LCI TV (TF1), LCP-Assemblée Nationale and CNN
Today, the Sun rises 16 Times (Aujourd'hui le soleil se lève 16 fois), publisher Carrère-Lafon, Paris.
John F. Kerry targets the White House (John F. Kerry: Objectif Maison-Blanche), foreword by Pierre Salinger, Publisher Le Felin, Paris.
FBI - 100 years (FBI - 100 ans d'histoire), in the making, to be published in 2024.
‘’Eugène Bullard: a French-American héros ‘’ to be publish in 2024.
‘’ Je t’emmènerais dormir en Provence’’ à novel and a feature film about 9/11 aftermath in New-York City, to be published and aired in 2025.}}
References
External links
Paris Match
John F. Kerry, Le Felin Books
John F. Kerry by Benoit Clair
https://web.archive.org/web/20110710174728/http://www.eko-sphere.com/documents/Le%20glacier%20de%20la%20honte%20-%20la%20rinconada.pdf
1953 births
Living people
French journalists
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
French male non-fiction writers
Bendix Corporation people |
The districts of Uganda are divided into 167 counties, 1 city council, and 23 municipal councils. Counties are divided into sub-counties. The counties are listed below, by district:
List
See also
Regions of Uganda
Districts of Uganda
Sub-counties of Uganda
Uganda Local Governments Association
References
Subdivisions of Uganda
Uganda, Counties
Uganda 2
Counties, Uganda |
```xml
import expect from 'expect';
import { getSuggestionsFactory as getSuggestions } from './useSuggestions';
describe('getSuggestions', () => {
const choices = [
{ id: 1, value: 'one' },
{ id: 2, value: 'two' },
{ id: 3, value: 'three' },
];
const defaultOptions = {
choices,
getChoiceText: ({ value }) => value,
getChoiceValue: ({ id }) => id,
matchSuggestion: undefined,
optionText: 'value',
selectedItem: undefined,
};
it('should return all suggestions when filtered by empty string', () => {
expect(getSuggestions(defaultOptions)('')).toEqual(choices);
});
it('should filter choices according to the filter argument', () => {
expect(getSuggestions(defaultOptions)('o')).toEqual([
{ id: 1, value: 'one' },
{ id: 2, value: 'two' },
]);
expect(
getSuggestions({
...defaultOptions,
choices: [
{ id: 0, value: '0' },
{ id: 1, value: 'one' },
],
})('0')
).toEqual([{ id: 0, value: '0' }]);
});
it('should filter choices according to the filter argument when it contains RegExp reserved characters', () => {
expect(
getSuggestions({
...defaultOptions,
choices: [
{ id: 1, value: '**one' },
{ id: 2, value: 'two' },
{ id: 3, value: 'three' },
],
})('**o')
).toEqual([{ id: 1, value: '**one' }]);
});
it('should add createSuggestion if allowCreate is true', () => {
expect(
getSuggestions({
...defaultOptions,
allowCreate: true,
})('')
).toEqual([
{ id: 1, value: 'one' },
{ id: 2, value: 'two' },
{ id: 3, value: 'three' },
{ id: '@@create', value: 'ra.action.create' },
]);
});
it('should not add createSuggestion if allowCreate is true and the current filter matches exactly the selected item', () => {
expect(
getSuggestions({
...defaultOptions,
selectedItem: { id: 1, value: 'one' },
allowCreate: true,
})('one')
).toEqual([
{ id: 1, value: 'one' },
{ id: 2, value: 'two' },
{ id: 3, value: 'three' },
]);
});
it('should add createSuggestion if allowCreate is true and selectedItem is an array', () => {
expect(
getSuggestions({
...defaultOptions,
selectedItem: [
{ id: 1, value: 'one' },
{ id: 2, value: 'two' },
],
allowCreate: true,
})('')
).toEqual([
{ id: 1, value: 'one' },
{ id: 2, value: 'two' },
{ id: 3, value: 'three' },
{ id: '@@create', value: 'ra.action.create' },
]);
});
it('should limit the number of choices', () => {
expect(
getSuggestions({
...defaultOptions,
suggestionLimit: 2,
})('')
).toEqual([
{ id: 1, value: 'one' },
{ id: 2, value: 'two' },
]);
expect(
getSuggestions({
...defaultOptions,
suggestionLimit: 2,
})('')
).toEqual([
{ id: 1, value: 'one' },
{ id: 2, value: 'two' },
]);
});
it('should return all choices on empty/falsy values', () => {
expect(getSuggestions(defaultOptions)(undefined)).toEqual(choices);
expect(getSuggestions(defaultOptions)(false)).toEqual(choices);
expect(getSuggestions(defaultOptions)(null)).toEqual(choices);
});
it('should return all choices if allowDuplicates is true', () => {
expect(
getSuggestions({
...defaultOptions,
allowDuplicates: true,
selectedItem: choices[0],
})('')
).toEqual([
{ id: 1, value: 'one' },
{ id: 2, value: 'two' },
{ id: 3, value: 'three' },
]);
});
it('should return all the filtered choices if allowDuplicates is true', () => {
expect(
getSuggestions({
...defaultOptions,
allowDuplicates: true,
selectedItem: [choices[0]],
})('o')
).toEqual([
{ id: 1, value: 'one' },
{ id: 2, value: 'two' },
]);
});
});
``` |
Karim Fouad Abdel Hamid Mahmoud (born 1 October 1999) is an Egyptian football player who plays as a defender for Al Ahly.
Honours and achievements
Al Ahly
Egyptian Premier League: 2022–23
CAF Super Cup: 2021 (December)
FIFA Club World Cup: Third-Place 2021
Egyptian Super Cup: 2021–22
Egypt Cup: 2021–22
CAF Champions League: 2022–23
References
Living people
1999 births
Egyptian men's footballers
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Men's association football defenders
Nogoom FC players
ENPPI SC players
Al Ahly SC players
Egyptian Premier League players
Olympic footballers for Egypt |
Brock McGinn (born February 2, 1994) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted 47th overall by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft.
Playing career
McGinn played four seasons of junior hockey for the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) from 2010-11 through 2013-14. During the 2012 NHL Entry Draft, he was selected in the second round, 47th overall by the Carolina Hurricanes.
On April 3, 2013, the Hurricanes signed McGinn to a three-year, entry-level contract. He joined the Hurricanes' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Charlotte Checkers, to close out the 2012-13 AHL season. Having returned to the Storm for the 2013–14 season, McGinn established a junior career high numbers in which he tallied 43 goals and 85 points.
In his first full professional season in 2014–15, McGinn recorded 15 goals and 27 points in 73 games for the Checkers. After scoring two goals in two games to start the 2015–16 season with the Checkers, McGinn received his first NHL recall and made his debut on October 16, 2015 against the Detroit Red Wings. In his first shift, McGinn scored his first NHL goal to open the scoring after only 55 seconds. It was the fastest debut goal since Alexander Mogilny scored after 20 seconds in 1989. He also contributed with an assist to help the Hurricanes defeat the Red Wings 5-3.
McGinn became a regular for the Hurricanes during the 2016-17 season, skating in 57 games.
In Game 7 of the 2019 Eastern Conference First Round against the Washington Capitals, McGinn made a save with just over two minutes remaining in regulation, and scored the series-winning goal with 8:55 left in double overtime on an assist by Justin Williams.
On July 20, 2019, the Hurricanes re-signed McGinn to a two-year, $4.2 million contract extension.
Upon reaching unrestricted free agency after the season, McGinn joined the Pittsburgh Penguins on July 28, 2021 by signing a four-year, $11 million contract.
On March 3, 2023, the Penguins traded McGinn and a third-round draft pick to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for Dmitry Kulikov.
Personal life
McGinn has two brothers who also play professional hockey, with Brock being the youngest. Jamie (born 1988) was a 2006 second-round pick by the San Jose Sharks who most recently played for the Florida Panthers. Tye (born 1990) was a 2010 fourth-round pick by the Philadelphia Flyers and who most recently played for the Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League.
Along with his father, Bob McGinn, and his two brothers, he is one of the owners of the Roanoke Rail Yard Dawgs of the Southern Professional Hockey League.
Career statistics
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
Anaheim Ducks players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Canadian people of Irish descent
Carolina Hurricanes draft picks
Carolina Hurricanes players
Charlotte Checkers (2010–) players
Guelph Storm players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Ice hockey people from Ontario |
```go
//
// Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// Viper is an application configuration system.
// It believes that applications can be configured a variety of ways
// via flags, ENVIRONMENT variables, configuration files retrieved
// from the file system, or a remote key/value store.
// Each item takes precedence over the item below it:
// overrides
// flag
// env
// config
// key/value store
// default
package viper
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/csv"
"errors"
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"path/filepath"
"reflect"
"strconv"
"strings"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
slog "github.com/sagikazarmark/slog-shim"
"github.com/spf13/afero"
"github.com/spf13/cast"
"github.com/spf13/pflag"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/dotenv"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/hcl"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/ini"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/javaproperties"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/json"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/toml"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/yaml"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/features"
)
// ConfigMarshalError happens when failing to marshal the configuration.
type ConfigMarshalError struct {
err error
}
// Error returns the formatted configuration error.
func (e ConfigMarshalError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("While marshaling config: %s", e.err.Error())
}
var v *Viper
type RemoteResponse struct {
Value []byte
Error error
}
func init() {
v = New()
}
type remoteConfigFactory interface {
Get(rp RemoteProvider) (io.Reader, error)
Watch(rp RemoteProvider) (io.Reader, error)
WatchChannel(rp RemoteProvider) (<-chan *RemoteResponse, chan bool)
}
// RemoteConfig is optional, see the remote package.
var RemoteConfig remoteConfigFactory
// UnsupportedConfigError denotes encountering an unsupported
// configuration filetype.
type UnsupportedConfigError string
// Error returns the formatted configuration error.
func (str UnsupportedConfigError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("Unsupported Config Type %q", string(str))
}
// UnsupportedRemoteProviderError denotes encountering an unsupported remote
// provider. Currently only etcd and Consul are supported.
type UnsupportedRemoteProviderError string
// Error returns the formatted remote provider error.
func (str UnsupportedRemoteProviderError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("Unsupported Remote Provider Type %q", string(str))
}
// RemoteConfigError denotes encountering an error while trying to
// pull the configuration from the remote provider.
type RemoteConfigError string
// Error returns the formatted remote provider error.
func (rce RemoteConfigError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("Remote Configurations Error: %s", string(rce))
}
// ConfigFileNotFoundError denotes failing to find configuration file.
type ConfigFileNotFoundError struct {
name, locations string
}
// Error returns the formatted configuration error.
func (fnfe ConfigFileNotFoundError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("Config File %q Not Found in %q", fnfe.name, fnfe.locations)
}
// ConfigFileAlreadyExistsError denotes failure to write new configuration file.
type ConfigFileAlreadyExistsError string
// Error returns the formatted error when configuration already exists.
func (faee ConfigFileAlreadyExistsError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("Config File %q Already Exists", string(faee))
}
// A DecoderConfigOption can be passed to viper.Unmarshal to configure
// mapstructure.DecoderConfig options.
type DecoderConfigOption func(*mapstructure.DecoderConfig)
// DecodeHook returns a DecoderConfigOption which overrides the default
// DecoderConfig.DecodeHook value, the default is:
//
// mapstructure.ComposeDecodeHookFunc(
// mapstructure.StringToTimeDurationHookFunc(),
// mapstructure.StringToSliceHookFunc(","),
// )
func DecodeHook(hook mapstructure.DecodeHookFunc) DecoderConfigOption {
return func(c *mapstructure.DecoderConfig) {
c.DecodeHook = hook
}
}
// Viper is a prioritized configuration registry. It
// maintains a set of configuration sources, fetches
// values to populate those, and provides them according
// to the source's priority.
// The priority of the sources is the following:
// 1. overrides
// 2. flags
// 3. env. variables
// 4. config file
// 5. key/value store
// 6. defaults
//
// For example, if values from the following sources were loaded:
//
// Defaults : {
// "secret": "",
// "user": "default",
// "endpoint": "path_to_url"
// }
// Config : {
// "user": "root"
// "secret": "defaultsecret"
// }
// Env : {
// "secret": "somesecretkey"
// }
//
// The resulting config will have the following values:
//
// {
// "secret": "somesecretkey",
// "user": "root",
// "endpoint": "path_to_url"
// }
//
// Note: Vipers are not safe for concurrent Get() and Set() operations.
type Viper struct {
// Delimiter that separates a list of keys
// used to access a nested value in one go
keyDelim string
// A set of paths to look for the config file in
configPaths []string
// The filesystem to read config from.
fs afero.Fs
// A set of remote providers to search for the configuration
remoteProviders []*defaultRemoteProvider
// Name of file to look for inside the path
configName string
configFile string
configType string
configPermissions os.FileMode
envPrefix string
// Specific commands for ini parsing
iniLoadOptions ini.LoadOptions
automaticEnvApplied bool
envKeyReplacer StringReplacer
allowEmptyEnv bool
parents []string
config map[string]any
override map[string]any
defaults map[string]any
kvstore map[string]any
pflags map[string]FlagValue
env map[string][]string
aliases map[string]string
typeByDefValue bool
onConfigChange func(fsnotify.Event)
logger *slog.Logger
// TODO: should probably be protected with a mutex
encoderRegistry *encoding.EncoderRegistry
decoderRegistry *encoding.DecoderRegistry
}
// New returns an initialized Viper instance.
func New() *Viper {
v := new(Viper)
v.keyDelim = "."
v.configName = "config"
v.configPermissions = os.FileMode(0o644)
v.fs = afero.NewOsFs()
v.config = make(map[string]any)
v.parents = []string{}
v.override = make(map[string]any)
v.defaults = make(map[string]any)
v.kvstore = make(map[string]any)
v.pflags = make(map[string]FlagValue)
v.env = make(map[string][]string)
v.aliases = make(map[string]string)
v.typeByDefValue = false
v.logger = slog.New(&discardHandler{})
v.resetEncoding()
return v
}
// Option configures Viper using the functional options paradigm popularized by Rob Pike and Dave Cheney.
// If you're unfamiliar with this style,
// see path_to_url and
// path_to_url
type Option interface {
apply(v *Viper)
}
type optionFunc func(v *Viper)
func (fn optionFunc) apply(v *Viper) {
fn(v)
}
// KeyDelimiter sets the delimiter used for determining key parts.
// By default it's value is ".".
func KeyDelimiter(d string) Option {
return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
v.keyDelim = d
})
}
// StringReplacer applies a set of replacements to a string.
type StringReplacer interface {
// Replace returns a copy of s with all replacements performed.
Replace(s string) string
}
// EnvKeyReplacer sets a replacer used for mapping environment variables to internal keys.
func EnvKeyReplacer(r StringReplacer) Option {
return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
v.envKeyReplacer = r
})
}
// NewWithOptions creates a new Viper instance.
func NewWithOptions(opts ...Option) *Viper {
v := New()
for _, opt := range opts {
opt.apply(v)
}
v.resetEncoding()
return v
}
// Reset is intended for testing, will reset all to default settings.
// In the public interface for the viper package so applications
// can use it in their testing as well.
func Reset() {
v = New()
SupportedExts = []string{"json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "hcl", "tfvars", "dotenv", "env", "ini"}
SupportedRemoteProviders = []string{"etcd", "etcd3", "consul", "firestore", "nats"}
}
// TODO: make this lazy initialization instead.
func (v *Viper) resetEncoding() {
encoderRegistry := encoding.NewEncoderRegistry()
decoderRegistry := encoding.NewDecoderRegistry()
{
codec := yaml.Codec{}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("yaml", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("yaml", codec)
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("yml", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("yml", codec)
}
{
codec := json.Codec{}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("json", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("json", codec)
}
{
codec := toml.Codec{}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("toml", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("toml", codec)
}
{
codec := hcl.Codec{}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("hcl", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("hcl", codec)
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("tfvars", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("tfvars", codec)
}
{
codec := ini.Codec{
KeyDelimiter: v.keyDelim,
LoadOptions: v.iniLoadOptions,
}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("ini", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("ini", codec)
}
{
codec := &javaproperties.Codec{
KeyDelimiter: v.keyDelim,
}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("properties", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("properties", codec)
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("props", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("props", codec)
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("prop", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("prop", codec)
}
{
codec := &dotenv.Codec{}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("dotenv", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("dotenv", codec)
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("env", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("env", codec)
}
v.encoderRegistry = encoderRegistry
v.decoderRegistry = decoderRegistry
}
type defaultRemoteProvider struct {
provider string
endpoint string
path string
secretKeyring string
}
func (rp defaultRemoteProvider) Provider() string {
return rp.provider
}
func (rp defaultRemoteProvider) Endpoint() string {
return rp.endpoint
}
func (rp defaultRemoteProvider) Path() string {
return rp.path
}
func (rp defaultRemoteProvider) SecretKeyring() string {
return rp.secretKeyring
}
// RemoteProvider stores the configuration necessary
// to connect to a remote key/value store.
// Optional secretKeyring to unencrypt encrypted values
// can be provided.
type RemoteProvider interface {
Provider() string
Endpoint() string
Path() string
SecretKeyring() string
}
// SupportedExts are universally supported extensions.
var SupportedExts = []string{"json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "hcl", "tfvars", "dotenv", "env", "ini"}
// SupportedRemoteProviders are universally supported remote providers.
var SupportedRemoteProviders = []string{"etcd", "etcd3", "consul", "firestore", "nats"}
// OnConfigChange sets the event handler that is called when a config file changes.
func OnConfigChange(run func(in fsnotify.Event)) { v.OnConfigChange(run) }
// OnConfigChange sets the event handler that is called when a config file changes.
func (v *Viper) OnConfigChange(run func(in fsnotify.Event)) {
v.onConfigChange = run
}
// WatchConfig starts watching a config file for changes.
func WatchConfig() { v.WatchConfig() }
// WatchConfig starts watching a config file for changes.
func (v *Viper) WatchConfig() {
initWG := sync.WaitGroup{}
initWG.Add(1)
go func() {
watcher, err := fsnotify.NewWatcher()
if err != nil {
v.logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("failed to create watcher: %s", err))
os.Exit(1)
}
defer watcher.Close()
// we have to watch the entire directory to pick up renames/atomic saves in a cross-platform way
filename, err := v.getConfigFile()
if err != nil {
v.logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("get config file: %s", err))
initWG.Done()
return
}
configFile := filepath.Clean(filename)
configDir, _ := filepath.Split(configFile)
realConfigFile, _ := filepath.EvalSymlinks(filename)
eventsWG := sync.WaitGroup{}
eventsWG.Add(1)
go func() {
for {
select {
case event, ok := <-watcher.Events:
if !ok { // 'Events' channel is closed
eventsWG.Done()
return
}
currentConfigFile, _ := filepath.EvalSymlinks(filename)
// we only care about the config file with the following cases:
// 1 - if the config file was modified or created
// 2 - if the real path to the config file changed (eg: k8s ConfigMap replacement)
if (filepath.Clean(event.Name) == configFile &&
(event.Has(fsnotify.Write) || event.Has(fsnotify.Create))) ||
(currentConfigFile != "" && currentConfigFile != realConfigFile) {
realConfigFile = currentConfigFile
err := v.ReadInConfig()
if err != nil {
v.logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("read config file: %s", err))
}
if v.onConfigChange != nil {
v.onConfigChange(event)
}
} else if filepath.Clean(event.Name) == configFile && event.Has(fsnotify.Remove) {
eventsWG.Done()
return
}
case err, ok := <-watcher.Errors:
if ok { // 'Errors' channel is not closed
v.logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("watcher error: %s", err))
}
eventsWG.Done()
return
}
}
}()
watcher.Add(configDir)
initWG.Done() // done initializing the watch in this go routine, so the parent routine can move on...
eventsWG.Wait() // now, wait for event loop to end in this go-routine...
}()
initWG.Wait() // make sure that the go routine above fully ended before returning
}
// SetConfigFile explicitly defines the path, name and extension of the config file.
// Viper will use this and not check any of the config paths.
func SetConfigFile(in string) { v.SetConfigFile(in) }
func (v *Viper) SetConfigFile(in string) {
if in != "" {
v.configFile = in
}
}
// SetEnvPrefix defines a prefix that ENVIRONMENT variables will use.
// E.g. if your prefix is "spf", the env registry will look for env
// variables that start with "SPF_".
func SetEnvPrefix(in string) { v.SetEnvPrefix(in) }
func (v *Viper) SetEnvPrefix(in string) {
if in != "" {
v.envPrefix = in
}
}
func GetEnvPrefix() string { return v.GetEnvPrefix() }
func (v *Viper) GetEnvPrefix() string {
return v.envPrefix
}
func (v *Viper) mergeWithEnvPrefix(in string) string {
if v.envPrefix != "" {
return strings.ToUpper(v.envPrefix + "_" + in)
}
return strings.ToUpper(in)
}
// AllowEmptyEnv tells Viper to consider set,
// but empty environment variables as valid values instead of falling back.
// For backward compatibility reasons this is false by default.
func AllowEmptyEnv(allowEmptyEnv bool) { v.AllowEmptyEnv(allowEmptyEnv) }
func (v *Viper) AllowEmptyEnv(allowEmptyEnv bool) {
v.allowEmptyEnv = allowEmptyEnv
}
// TODO: should getEnv logic be moved into find(). Can generalize the use of
// rewriting keys many things, Ex: Get('someKey') -> some_key
// (camel case to snake case for JSON keys perhaps)
// getEnv is a wrapper around os.Getenv which replaces characters in the original
// key. This allows env vars which have different keys than the config object
// keys.
func (v *Viper) getEnv(key string) (string, bool) {
if v.envKeyReplacer != nil {
key = v.envKeyReplacer.Replace(key)
}
val, ok := os.LookupEnv(key)
return val, ok && (v.allowEmptyEnv || val != "")
}
// ConfigFileUsed returns the file used to populate the config registry.
func ConfigFileUsed() string { return v.ConfigFileUsed() }
func (v *Viper) ConfigFileUsed() string { return v.configFile }
// AddConfigPath adds a path for Viper to search for the config file in.
// Can be called multiple times to define multiple search paths.
func AddConfigPath(in string) { v.AddConfigPath(in) }
func (v *Viper) AddConfigPath(in string) {
if in != "" {
absin := absPathify(v.logger, in)
v.logger.Info("adding path to search paths", "path", absin)
if !stringInSlice(absin, v.configPaths) {
v.configPaths = append(v.configPaths, absin)
}
}
}
// AddRemoteProvider adds a remote configuration source.
// Remote Providers are searched in the order they are added.
// provider is a string value: "etcd", "etcd3", "consul", "firestore" or "nats" are currently supported.
// endpoint is the url. etcd requires path_to_url consul requires ip:port, nats requires nats://ip:port
// path is the path in the k/v store to retrieve configuration
// To retrieve a config file called myapp.json from /configs/myapp.json
// you should set path to /configs and set config name (SetConfigName()) to
// "myapp".
func AddRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path string) error {
return v.AddRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path)
}
func (v *Viper) AddRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path string) error {
if !stringInSlice(provider, SupportedRemoteProviders) {
return UnsupportedRemoteProviderError(provider)
}
if provider != "" && endpoint != "" {
v.logger.Info("adding remote provider", "provider", provider, "endpoint", endpoint)
rp := &defaultRemoteProvider{
endpoint: endpoint,
provider: provider,
path: path,
}
if !v.providerPathExists(rp) {
v.remoteProviders = append(v.remoteProviders, rp)
}
}
return nil
}
// AddSecureRemoteProvider adds a remote configuration source.
// Secure Remote Providers are searched in the order they are added.
// provider is a string value: "etcd", "etcd3", "consul", "firestore" or "nats" are currently supported.
// endpoint is the url. etcd requires path_to_url consul requires ip:port
// secretkeyring is the filepath to your openpgp secret keyring. e.g. /etc/secrets/myring.gpg
// path is the path in the k/v store to retrieve configuration
// To retrieve a config file called myapp.json from /configs/myapp.json
// you should set path to /configs and set config name (SetConfigName()) to
// "myapp".
// Secure Remote Providers are implemented with github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt.
func AddSecureRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path, secretkeyring string) error {
return v.AddSecureRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path, secretkeyring)
}
func (v *Viper) AddSecureRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path, secretkeyring string) error {
if !stringInSlice(provider, SupportedRemoteProviders) {
return UnsupportedRemoteProviderError(provider)
}
if provider != "" && endpoint != "" {
v.logger.Info("adding remote provider", "provider", provider, "endpoint", endpoint)
rp := &defaultRemoteProvider{
endpoint: endpoint,
provider: provider,
path: path,
secretKeyring: secretkeyring,
}
if !v.providerPathExists(rp) {
v.remoteProviders = append(v.remoteProviders, rp)
}
}
return nil
}
func (v *Viper) providerPathExists(p *defaultRemoteProvider) bool {
for _, y := range v.remoteProviders {
if reflect.DeepEqual(y, p) {
return true
}
}
return false
}
// searchMap recursively searches for a value for path in source map.
// Returns nil if not found.
// Note: This assumes that the path entries and map keys are lower cased.
func (v *Viper) searchMap(source map[string]any, path []string) any {
if len(path) == 0 {
return source
}
next, ok := source[path[0]]
if ok {
// Fast path
if len(path) == 1 {
return next
}
// Nested case
switch next := next.(type) {
case map[any]any:
return v.searchMap(cast.ToStringMap(next), path[1:])
case map[string]any:
// Type assertion is safe here since it is only reached
// if the type of `next` is the same as the type being asserted
return v.searchMap(next, path[1:])
default:
// got a value but nested key expected, return "nil" for not found
return nil
}
}
return nil
}
// searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes recursively searches for a value for path in source map/slice.
//
// While searchMap() considers each path element as a single map key or slice index, this
// function searches for, and prioritizes, merged path elements.
// e.g., if in the source, "foo" is defined with a sub-key "bar", and "foo.bar"
// is also defined, this latter value is returned for path ["foo", "bar"].
//
// This should be useful only at config level (other maps may not contain dots
// in their keys).
//
// Note: This assumes that the path entries and map keys are lower cased.
func (v *Viper) searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(source any, path []string) any {
if len(path) == 0 {
return source
}
// search for path prefixes, starting from the longest one
for i := len(path); i > 0; i-- {
prefixKey := strings.ToLower(strings.Join(path[0:i], v.keyDelim))
var val any
switch sourceIndexable := source.(type) {
case []any:
val = v.searchSliceWithPathPrefixes(sourceIndexable, prefixKey, i, path)
case map[string]any:
val = v.searchMapWithPathPrefixes(sourceIndexable, prefixKey, i, path)
}
if val != nil {
return val
}
}
// not found
return nil
}
// searchSliceWithPathPrefixes searches for a value for path in sourceSlice
//
// This function is part of the searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes recurring search and
// should not be called directly from functions other than searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes.
func (v *Viper) searchSliceWithPathPrefixes(
sourceSlice []any,
prefixKey string,
pathIndex int,
path []string,
) any {
// if the prefixKey is not a number or it is out of bounds of the slice
index, err := strconv.Atoi(prefixKey)
if err != nil || len(sourceSlice) <= index {
return nil
}
next := sourceSlice[index]
// Fast path
if pathIndex == len(path) {
return next
}
switch n := next.(type) {
case map[any]any:
return v.searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(cast.ToStringMap(n), path[pathIndex:])
case map[string]any, []any:
return v.searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(n, path[pathIndex:])
default:
// got a value but nested key expected, do nothing and look for next prefix
}
// not found
return nil
}
// searchMapWithPathPrefixes searches for a value for path in sourceMap
//
// This function is part of the searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes recurring search and
// should not be called directly from functions other than searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes.
func (v *Viper) searchMapWithPathPrefixes(
sourceMap map[string]any,
prefixKey string,
pathIndex int,
path []string,
) any {
next, ok := sourceMap[prefixKey]
if !ok {
return nil
}
// Fast path
if pathIndex == len(path) {
return next
}
// Nested case
switch n := next.(type) {
case map[any]any:
return v.searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(cast.ToStringMap(n), path[pathIndex:])
case map[string]any, []any:
return v.searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(n, path[pathIndex:])
default:
// got a value but nested key expected, do nothing and look for next prefix
}
// not found
return nil
}
// isPathShadowedInDeepMap makes sure the given path is not shadowed somewhere
// on its path in the map.
// e.g., if "foo.bar" has a value in the given map, it shadows
//
// "foo.bar.baz" in a lower-priority map
func (v *Viper) isPathShadowedInDeepMap(path []string, m map[string]any) string {
var parentVal any
for i := 1; i < len(path); i++ {
parentVal = v.searchMap(m, path[0:i])
if parentVal == nil {
// not found, no need to add more path elements
return ""
}
switch parentVal.(type) {
case map[any]any:
continue
case map[string]any:
continue
default:
// parentVal is a regular value which shadows "path"
return strings.Join(path[0:i], v.keyDelim)
}
}
return ""
}
// isPathShadowedInFlatMap makes sure the given path is not shadowed somewhere
// in a sub-path of the map.
// e.g., if "foo.bar" has a value in the given map, it shadows
//
// "foo.bar.baz" in a lower-priority map
func (v *Viper) isPathShadowedInFlatMap(path []string, mi any) string {
// unify input map
var m map[string]interface{}
switch miv := mi.(type) {
case map[string]string:
m = castMapStringToMapInterface(miv)
case map[string]FlagValue:
m = castMapFlagToMapInterface(miv)
default:
return ""
}
// scan paths
var parentKey string
for i := 1; i < len(path); i++ {
parentKey = strings.Join(path[0:i], v.keyDelim)
if _, ok := m[parentKey]; ok {
return parentKey
}
}
return ""
}
// isPathShadowedInAutoEnv makes sure the given path is not shadowed somewhere
// in the environment, when automatic env is on.
// e.g., if "foo.bar" has a value in the environment, it shadows
//
// "foo.bar.baz" in a lower-priority map
func (v *Viper) isPathShadowedInAutoEnv(path []string) string {
var parentKey string
for i := 1; i < len(path); i++ {
parentKey = strings.Join(path[0:i], v.keyDelim)
if _, ok := v.getEnv(v.mergeWithEnvPrefix(parentKey)); ok {
return parentKey
}
}
return ""
}
// SetTypeByDefaultValue enables or disables the inference of a key value's
// type when the Get function is used based upon a key's default value as
// opposed to the value returned based on the normal fetch logic.
//
// For example, if a key has a default value of []string{} and the same key
// is set via an environment variable to "a b c", a call to the Get function
// would return a string slice for the key if the key's type is inferred by
// the default value and the Get function would return:
//
// []string {"a", "b", "c"}
//
// Otherwise the Get function would return:
//
// "a b c"
func SetTypeByDefaultValue(enable bool) { v.SetTypeByDefaultValue(enable) }
func (v *Viper) SetTypeByDefaultValue(enable bool) {
v.typeByDefValue = enable
}
// GetViper gets the global Viper instance.
func GetViper() *Viper {
return v
}
// Get can retrieve any value given the key to use.
// Get is case-insensitive for a key.
// Get has the behavior of returning the value associated with the first
// place from where it is set. Viper will check in the following order:
// override, flag, env, config file, key/value store, default
//
// Get returns an interface. For a specific value use one of the Get____ methods.
func Get(key string) any { return v.Get(key) }
func (v *Viper) Get(key string) any {
lcaseKey := strings.ToLower(key)
val := v.find(lcaseKey, true)
if val == nil {
return nil
}
if v.typeByDefValue {
// TODO(bep) this branch isn't covered by a single test.
valType := val
path := strings.Split(lcaseKey, v.keyDelim)
defVal := v.searchMap(v.defaults, path)
if defVal != nil {
valType = defVal
}
switch valType.(type) {
case bool:
return cast.ToBool(val)
case string:
return cast.ToString(val)
case int32, int16, int8, int:
return cast.ToInt(val)
case uint:
return cast.ToUint(val)
case uint32:
return cast.ToUint32(val)
case uint64:
return cast.ToUint64(val)
case int64:
return cast.ToInt64(val)
case float64, float32:
return cast.ToFloat64(val)
case time.Time:
return cast.ToTime(val)
case time.Duration:
return cast.ToDuration(val)
case []string:
return cast.ToStringSlice(val)
case []int:
return cast.ToIntSlice(val)
case []time.Duration:
return cast.ToDurationSlice(val)
}
}
return val
}
// Sub returns new Viper instance representing a sub tree of this instance.
// Sub is case-insensitive for a key.
func Sub(key string) *Viper { return v.Sub(key) }
func (v *Viper) Sub(key string) *Viper {
subv := New()
data := v.Get(key)
if data == nil {
return nil
}
if reflect.TypeOf(data).Kind() == reflect.Map {
subv.parents = append([]string(nil), v.parents...)
subv.parents = append(subv.parents, strings.ToLower(key))
subv.automaticEnvApplied = v.automaticEnvApplied
subv.envPrefix = v.envPrefix
subv.envKeyReplacer = v.envKeyReplacer
subv.config = cast.ToStringMap(data)
return subv
}
return nil
}
// GetString returns the value associated with the key as a string.
func GetString(key string) string { return v.GetString(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetString(key string) string {
return cast.ToString(v.Get(key))
}
// GetBool returns the value associated with the key as a boolean.
func GetBool(key string) bool { return v.GetBool(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetBool(key string) bool {
return cast.ToBool(v.Get(key))
}
// GetInt returns the value associated with the key as an integer.
func GetInt(key string) int { return v.GetInt(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetInt(key string) int {
return cast.ToInt(v.Get(key))
}
// GetInt32 returns the value associated with the key as an integer.
func GetInt32(key string) int32 { return v.GetInt32(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetInt32(key string) int32 {
return cast.ToInt32(v.Get(key))
}
// GetInt64 returns the value associated with the key as an integer.
func GetInt64(key string) int64 { return v.GetInt64(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetInt64(key string) int64 {
return cast.ToInt64(v.Get(key))
}
// GetUint returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
func GetUint(key string) uint { return v.GetUint(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetUint(key string) uint {
return cast.ToUint(v.Get(key))
}
// GetUint16 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
func GetUint16(key string) uint16 { return v.GetUint16(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetUint16(key string) uint16 {
return cast.ToUint16(v.Get(key))
}
// GetUint32 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
func GetUint32(key string) uint32 { return v.GetUint32(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetUint32(key string) uint32 {
return cast.ToUint32(v.Get(key))
}
// GetUint64 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
func GetUint64(key string) uint64 { return v.GetUint64(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetUint64(key string) uint64 {
return cast.ToUint64(v.Get(key))
}
// GetFloat64 returns the value associated with the key as a float64.
func GetFloat64(key string) float64 { return v.GetFloat64(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetFloat64(key string) float64 {
return cast.ToFloat64(v.Get(key))
}
// GetTime returns the value associated with the key as time.
func GetTime(key string) time.Time { return v.GetTime(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetTime(key string) time.Time {
return cast.ToTime(v.Get(key))
}
// GetDuration returns the value associated with the key as a duration.
func GetDuration(key string) time.Duration { return v.GetDuration(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetDuration(key string) time.Duration {
return cast.ToDuration(v.Get(key))
}
// GetIntSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int values.
func GetIntSlice(key string) []int { return v.GetIntSlice(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetIntSlice(key string) []int {
return cast.ToIntSlice(v.Get(key))
}
// GetStringSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of strings.
func GetStringSlice(key string) []string { return v.GetStringSlice(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetStringSlice(key string) []string {
return cast.ToStringSlice(v.Get(key))
}
// GetStringMap returns the value associated with the key as a map of interfaces.
func GetStringMap(key string) map[string]any { return v.GetStringMap(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetStringMap(key string) map[string]any {
return cast.ToStringMap(v.Get(key))
}
// GetStringMapString returns the value associated with the key as a map of strings.
func GetStringMapString(key string) map[string]string { return v.GetStringMapString(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetStringMapString(key string) map[string]string {
return cast.ToStringMapString(v.Get(key))
}
// GetStringMapStringSlice returns the value associated with the key as a map to a slice of strings.
func GetStringMapStringSlice(key string) map[string][]string { return v.GetStringMapStringSlice(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetStringMapStringSlice(key string) map[string][]string {
return cast.ToStringMapStringSlice(v.Get(key))
}
// GetSizeInBytes returns the size of the value associated with the given key
// in bytes.
func GetSizeInBytes(key string) uint { return v.GetSizeInBytes(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetSizeInBytes(key string) uint {
sizeStr := cast.ToString(v.Get(key))
return parseSizeInBytes(sizeStr)
}
// UnmarshalKey takes a single key and unmarshals it into a Struct.
func UnmarshalKey(key string, rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
return v.UnmarshalKey(key, rawVal, opts...)
}
func (v *Viper) UnmarshalKey(key string, rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
return decode(v.Get(key), defaultDecoderConfig(rawVal, opts...))
}
// Unmarshal unmarshals the config into a Struct. Make sure that the tags
// on the fields of the structure are properly set.
func Unmarshal(rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
return v.Unmarshal(rawVal, opts...)
}
func (v *Viper) Unmarshal(rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
keys := v.AllKeys()
if features.BindStruct {
// TODO: make this optional?
structKeys, err := v.decodeStructKeys(rawVal, opts...)
if err != nil {
return err
}
keys = append(keys, structKeys...)
}
// TODO: struct keys should be enough?
return decode(v.getSettings(keys), defaultDecoderConfig(rawVal, opts...))
}
func (v *Viper) decodeStructKeys(input any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) ([]string, error) {
var structKeyMap map[string]any
err := decode(input, defaultDecoderConfig(&structKeyMap, opts...))
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
flattenedStructKeyMap := v.flattenAndMergeMap(map[string]bool{}, structKeyMap, "")
r := make([]string, 0, len(flattenedStructKeyMap))
for v := range flattenedStructKeyMap {
r = append(r, v)
}
return r, nil
}
// defaultDecoderConfig returns default mapstructure.DecoderConfig with support
// of time.Duration values & string slices.
func defaultDecoderConfig(output any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) *mapstructure.DecoderConfig {
c := &mapstructure.DecoderConfig{
Metadata: nil,
Result: output,
WeaklyTypedInput: true,
DecodeHook: mapstructure.ComposeDecodeHookFunc(
mapstructure.StringToTimeDurationHookFunc(),
mapstructure.StringToSliceHookFunc(","),
),
}
for _, opt := range opts {
opt(c)
}
return c
}
// decode is a wrapper around mapstructure.Decode that mimics the WeakDecode functionality.
func decode(input any, config *mapstructure.DecoderConfig) error {
decoder, err := mapstructure.NewDecoder(config)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return decoder.Decode(input)
}
// UnmarshalExact unmarshals the config into a Struct, erroring if a field is nonexistent
// in the destination struct.
func UnmarshalExact(rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
return v.UnmarshalExact(rawVal, opts...)
}
func (v *Viper) UnmarshalExact(rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
config := defaultDecoderConfig(rawVal, opts...)
config.ErrorUnused = true
keys := v.AllKeys()
if features.BindStruct {
// TODO: make this optional?
structKeys, err := v.decodeStructKeys(rawVal, opts...)
if err != nil {
return err
}
keys = append(keys, structKeys...)
}
// TODO: struct keys should be enough?
return decode(v.getSettings(keys), config)
}
// BindPFlags binds a full flag set to the configuration, using each flag's long
// name as the config key.
func BindPFlags(flags *pflag.FlagSet) error { return v.BindPFlags(flags) }
func (v *Viper) BindPFlags(flags *pflag.FlagSet) error {
return v.BindFlagValues(pflagValueSet{flags})
}
// BindPFlag binds a specific key to a pflag (as used by cobra).
// Example (where serverCmd is a Cobra instance):
//
// serverCmd.Flags().Int("port", 1138, "Port to run Application server on")
// Viper.BindPFlag("port", serverCmd.Flags().Lookup("port"))
func BindPFlag(key string, flag *pflag.Flag) error { return v.BindPFlag(key, flag) }
func (v *Viper) BindPFlag(key string, flag *pflag.Flag) error {
if flag == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("flag for %q is nil", key)
}
return v.BindFlagValue(key, pflagValue{flag})
}
// BindFlagValues binds a full FlagValue set to the configuration, using each flag's long
// name as the config key.
func BindFlagValues(flags FlagValueSet) error { return v.BindFlagValues(flags) }
func (v *Viper) BindFlagValues(flags FlagValueSet) (err error) {
flags.VisitAll(func(flag FlagValue) {
if err = v.BindFlagValue(flag.Name(), flag); err != nil {
return
}
})
return nil
}
// BindFlagValue binds a specific key to a FlagValue.
func BindFlagValue(key string, flag FlagValue) error { return v.BindFlagValue(key, flag) }
func (v *Viper) BindFlagValue(key string, flag FlagValue) error {
if flag == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("flag for %q is nil", key)
}
v.pflags[strings.ToLower(key)] = flag
return nil
}
// BindEnv binds a Viper key to a ENV variable.
// ENV variables are case sensitive.
// If only a key is provided, it will use the env key matching the key, uppercased.
// If more arguments are provided, they will represent the env variable names that
// should bind to this key and will be taken in the specified order.
// EnvPrefix will be used when set when env name is not provided.
func BindEnv(input ...string) error { return v.BindEnv(input...) }
func (v *Viper) BindEnv(input ...string) error {
if len(input) == 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("missing key to bind to")
}
key := strings.ToLower(input[0])
if len(input) == 1 {
v.env[key] = append(v.env[key], v.mergeWithEnvPrefix(key))
} else {
v.env[key] = append(v.env[key], input[1:]...)
}
return nil
}
// MustBindEnv wraps BindEnv in a panic.
// If there is an error binding an environment variable, MustBindEnv will
// panic.
func MustBindEnv(input ...string) { v.MustBindEnv(input...) }
func (v *Viper) MustBindEnv(input ...string) {
if err := v.BindEnv(input...); err != nil {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("error while binding environment variable: %v", err))
}
}
// Given a key, find the value.
//
// Viper will check to see if an alias exists first.
// Viper will then check in the following order:
// flag, env, config file, key/value store.
// Lastly, if no value was found and flagDefault is true, and if the key
// corresponds to a flag, the flag's default value is returned.
//
// Note: this assumes a lower-cased key given.
func (v *Viper) find(lcaseKey string, flagDefault bool) any {
var (
val any
exists bool
path = strings.Split(lcaseKey, v.keyDelim)
nested = len(path) > 1
)
// compute the path through the nested maps to the nested value
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInDeepMap(path, castMapStringToMapInterface(v.aliases)) != "" {
return nil
}
// if the requested key is an alias, then return the proper key
lcaseKey = v.realKey(lcaseKey)
path = strings.Split(lcaseKey, v.keyDelim)
nested = len(path) > 1
// Set() override first
val = v.searchMap(v.override, path)
if val != nil {
return val
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInDeepMap(path, v.override) != "" {
return nil
}
// PFlag override next
flag, exists := v.pflags[lcaseKey]
if exists && flag.HasChanged() {
switch flag.ValueType() {
case "int", "int8", "int16", "int32", "int64":
return cast.ToInt(flag.ValueString())
case "bool":
return cast.ToBool(flag.ValueString())
case "stringSlice", "stringArray":
s := strings.TrimPrefix(flag.ValueString(), "[")
s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, "]")
res, _ := readAsCSV(s)
return res
case "intSlice":
s := strings.TrimPrefix(flag.ValueString(), "[")
s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, "]")
res, _ := readAsCSV(s)
return cast.ToIntSlice(res)
case "durationSlice":
s := strings.TrimPrefix(flag.ValueString(), "[")
s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, "]")
slice := strings.Split(s, ",")
return cast.ToDurationSlice(slice)
case "stringToString":
return stringToStringConv(flag.ValueString())
case "stringToInt":
return stringToIntConv(flag.ValueString())
default:
return flag.ValueString()
}
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInFlatMap(path, v.pflags) != "" {
return nil
}
// Env override next
if v.automaticEnvApplied {
envKey := strings.Join(append(v.parents, lcaseKey), ".")
// even if it hasn't been registered, if automaticEnv is used,
// check any Get request
if val, ok := v.getEnv(v.mergeWithEnvPrefix(envKey)); ok {
return val
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInAutoEnv(path) != "" {
return nil
}
}
envkeys, exists := v.env[lcaseKey]
if exists {
for _, envkey := range envkeys {
if val, ok := v.getEnv(envkey); ok {
return val
}
}
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInFlatMap(path, v.env) != "" {
return nil
}
// Config file next
val = v.searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(v.config, path)
if val != nil {
return val
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInDeepMap(path, v.config) != "" {
return nil
}
// K/V store next
val = v.searchMap(v.kvstore, path)
if val != nil {
return val
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInDeepMap(path, v.kvstore) != "" {
return nil
}
// Default next
val = v.searchMap(v.defaults, path)
if val != nil {
return val
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInDeepMap(path, v.defaults) != "" {
return nil
}
if flagDefault {
// last chance: if no value is found and a flag does exist for the key,
// get the flag's default value even if the flag's value has not been set.
if flag, exists := v.pflags[lcaseKey]; exists {
switch flag.ValueType() {
case "int", "int8", "int16", "int32", "int64":
return cast.ToInt(flag.ValueString())
case "bool":
return cast.ToBool(flag.ValueString())
case "stringSlice", "stringArray":
s := strings.TrimPrefix(flag.ValueString(), "[")
s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, "]")
res, _ := readAsCSV(s)
return res
case "intSlice":
s := strings.TrimPrefix(flag.ValueString(), "[")
s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, "]")
res, _ := readAsCSV(s)
return cast.ToIntSlice(res)
case "stringToString":
return stringToStringConv(flag.ValueString())
case "stringToInt":
return stringToIntConv(flag.ValueString())
case "durationSlice":
s := strings.TrimPrefix(flag.ValueString(), "[")
s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, "]")
slice := strings.Split(s, ",")
return cast.ToDurationSlice(slice)
default:
return flag.ValueString()
}
}
// last item, no need to check shadowing
}
return nil
}
func readAsCSV(val string) ([]string, error) {
if val == "" {
return []string{}, nil
}
stringReader := strings.NewReader(val)
csvReader := csv.NewReader(stringReader)
return csvReader.Read()
}
// mostly copied from pflag's implementation of this operation here path_to_url#L79
// alterations are: errors are swallowed, map[string]any is returned in order to enable cast.ToStringMap.
func stringToStringConv(val string) any {
val = strings.Trim(val, "[]")
// An empty string would cause an empty map
if val == "" {
return map[string]any{}
}
r := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(val))
ss, err := r.Read()
if err != nil {
return nil
}
out := make(map[string]any, len(ss))
for _, pair := range ss {
k, vv, found := strings.Cut(pair, "=")
if !found {
return nil
}
out[k] = vv
}
return out
}
// mostly copied from pflag's implementation of this operation here path_to_url#L68
// alterations are: errors are swallowed, map[string]any is returned in order to enable cast.ToStringMap.
func stringToIntConv(val string) any {
val = strings.Trim(val, "[]")
// An empty string would cause an empty map
if val == "" {
return map[string]any{}
}
ss := strings.Split(val, ",")
out := make(map[string]any, len(ss))
for _, pair := range ss {
k, vv, found := strings.Cut(pair, "=")
if !found {
return nil
}
var err error
out[k], err = strconv.Atoi(vv)
if err != nil {
return nil
}
}
return out
}
// IsSet checks to see if the key has been set in any of the data locations.
// IsSet is case-insensitive for a key.
func IsSet(key string) bool { return v.IsSet(key) }
func (v *Viper) IsSet(key string) bool {
lcaseKey := strings.ToLower(key)
val := v.find(lcaseKey, false)
return val != nil
}
// AutomaticEnv makes Viper check if environment variables match any of the existing keys
// (config, default or flags). If matching env vars are found, they are loaded into Viper.
func AutomaticEnv() { v.AutomaticEnv() }
func (v *Viper) AutomaticEnv() {
v.automaticEnvApplied = true
}
// SetEnvKeyReplacer sets the strings.Replacer on the viper object
// Useful for mapping an environmental variable to a key that does
// not match it.
func SetEnvKeyReplacer(r *strings.Replacer) { v.SetEnvKeyReplacer(r) }
func (v *Viper) SetEnvKeyReplacer(r *strings.Replacer) {
v.envKeyReplacer = r
}
// RegisterAlias creates an alias that provides another accessor for the same key.
// This enables one to change a name without breaking the application.
func RegisterAlias(alias, key string) { v.RegisterAlias(alias, key) }
func (v *Viper) RegisterAlias(alias, key string) {
v.registerAlias(alias, strings.ToLower(key))
}
func (v *Viper) registerAlias(alias, key string) {
alias = strings.ToLower(alias)
if alias != key && alias != v.realKey(key) {
_, exists := v.aliases[alias]
if !exists {
// if we alias something that exists in one of the maps to another
// name, we'll never be able to get that value using the original
// name, so move the config value to the new realkey.
if val, ok := v.config[alias]; ok {
delete(v.config, alias)
v.config[key] = val
}
if val, ok := v.kvstore[alias]; ok {
delete(v.kvstore, alias)
v.kvstore[key] = val
}
if val, ok := v.defaults[alias]; ok {
delete(v.defaults, alias)
v.defaults[key] = val
}
if val, ok := v.override[alias]; ok {
delete(v.override, alias)
v.override[key] = val
}
v.aliases[alias] = key
}
} else {
v.logger.Warn("creating circular reference alias", "alias", alias, "key", key, "real_key", v.realKey(key))
}
}
func (v *Viper) realKey(key string) string {
newkey, exists := v.aliases[key]
if exists {
v.logger.Debug("key is an alias", "alias", key, "to", newkey)
return v.realKey(newkey)
}
return key
}
// InConfig checks to see if the given key (or an alias) is in the config file.
func InConfig(key string) bool { return v.InConfig(key) }
func (v *Viper) InConfig(key string) bool {
lcaseKey := strings.ToLower(key)
// if the requested key is an alias, then return the proper key
lcaseKey = v.realKey(lcaseKey)
path := strings.Split(lcaseKey, v.keyDelim)
return v.searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(v.config, path) != nil
}
// SetDefault sets the default value for this key.
// SetDefault is case-insensitive for a key.
// Default only used when no value is provided by the user via flag, config or ENV.
func SetDefault(key string, value any) { v.SetDefault(key, value) }
func (v *Viper) SetDefault(key string, value any) {
// If alias passed in, then set the proper default
key = v.realKey(strings.ToLower(key))
value = toCaseInsensitiveValue(value)
path := strings.Split(key, v.keyDelim)
lastKey := strings.ToLower(path[len(path)-1])
deepestMap := deepSearch(v.defaults, path[0:len(path)-1])
// set innermost value
deepestMap[lastKey] = value
}
// Set sets the value for the key in the override register.
// Set is case-insensitive for a key.
// Will be used instead of values obtained via
// flags, config file, ENV, default, or key/value store.
func Set(key string, value any) { v.Set(key, value) }
func (v *Viper) Set(key string, value any) {
// If alias passed in, then set the proper override
key = v.realKey(strings.ToLower(key))
value = toCaseInsensitiveValue(value)
path := strings.Split(key, v.keyDelim)
lastKey := strings.ToLower(path[len(path)-1])
deepestMap := deepSearch(v.override, path[0:len(path)-1])
// set innermost value
deepestMap[lastKey] = value
}
// ReadInConfig will discover and load the configuration file from disk
// and key/value stores, searching in one of the defined paths.
func ReadInConfig() error { return v.ReadInConfig() }
func (v *Viper) ReadInConfig() error {
v.logger.Info("attempting to read in config file")
filename, err := v.getConfigFile()
if err != nil {
return err
}
if !stringInSlice(v.getConfigType(), SupportedExts) {
return UnsupportedConfigError(v.getConfigType())
}
v.logger.Debug("reading file", "file", filename)
file, err := afero.ReadFile(v.fs, filename)
if err != nil {
return err
}
config := make(map[string]any)
err = v.unmarshalReader(bytes.NewReader(file), config)
if err != nil {
return err
}
v.config = config
return nil
}
// MergeInConfig merges a new configuration with an existing config.
func MergeInConfig() error { return v.MergeInConfig() }
func (v *Viper) MergeInConfig() error {
v.logger.Info("attempting to merge in config file")
filename, err := v.getConfigFile()
if err != nil {
return err
}
if !stringInSlice(v.getConfigType(), SupportedExts) {
return UnsupportedConfigError(v.getConfigType())
}
file, err := afero.ReadFile(v.fs, filename)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return v.MergeConfig(bytes.NewReader(file))
}
// ReadConfig will read a configuration file, setting existing keys to nil if the
// key does not exist in the file.
func ReadConfig(in io.Reader) error { return v.ReadConfig(in) }
func (v *Viper) ReadConfig(in io.Reader) error {
v.config = make(map[string]any)
return v.unmarshalReader(in, v.config)
}
// MergeConfig merges a new configuration with an existing config.
func MergeConfig(in io.Reader) error { return v.MergeConfig(in) }
func (v *Viper) MergeConfig(in io.Reader) error {
cfg := make(map[string]any)
if err := v.unmarshalReader(in, cfg); err != nil {
return err
}
return v.MergeConfigMap(cfg)
}
// MergeConfigMap merges the configuration from the map given with an existing config.
// Note that the map given may be modified.
func MergeConfigMap(cfg map[string]any) error { return v.MergeConfigMap(cfg) }
func (v *Viper) MergeConfigMap(cfg map[string]any) error {
if v.config == nil {
v.config = make(map[string]any)
}
insensitiviseMap(cfg)
mergeMaps(cfg, v.config, nil)
return nil
}
// WriteConfig writes the current configuration to a file.
func WriteConfig() error { return v.WriteConfig() }
func (v *Viper) WriteConfig() error {
filename, err := v.getConfigFile()
if err != nil {
return err
}
return v.writeConfig(filename, true)
}
// SafeWriteConfig writes current configuration to file only if the file does not exist.
func SafeWriteConfig() error { return v.SafeWriteConfig() }
func (v *Viper) SafeWriteConfig() error {
if len(v.configPaths) < 1 {
return errors.New("missing configuration for 'configPath'")
}
return v.SafeWriteConfigAs(filepath.Join(v.configPaths[0], v.configName+"."+v.configType))
}
// WriteConfigAs writes current configuration to a given filename.
func WriteConfigAs(filename string) error { return v.WriteConfigAs(filename) }
func (v *Viper) WriteConfigAs(filename string) error {
return v.writeConfig(filename, true)
}
// SafeWriteConfigAs writes current configuration to a given filename if it does not exist.
func SafeWriteConfigAs(filename string) error { return v.SafeWriteConfigAs(filename) }
func (v *Viper) SafeWriteConfigAs(filename string) error {
alreadyExists, err := afero.Exists(v.fs, filename)
if alreadyExists && err == nil {
return ConfigFileAlreadyExistsError(filename)
}
return v.writeConfig(filename, false)
}
func (v *Viper) writeConfig(filename string, force bool) error {
v.logger.Info("attempting to write configuration to file")
var configType string
ext := filepath.Ext(filename)
if ext != "" && ext != filepath.Base(filename) {
configType = ext[1:]
} else {
configType = v.configType
}
if configType == "" {
return fmt.Errorf("config type could not be determined for %s", filename)
}
if !stringInSlice(configType, SupportedExts) {
return UnsupportedConfigError(configType)
}
if v.config == nil {
v.config = make(map[string]any)
}
flags := os.O_CREATE | os.O_TRUNC | os.O_WRONLY
if !force {
flags |= os.O_EXCL
}
f, err := v.fs.OpenFile(filename, flags, v.configPermissions)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer f.Close()
if err := v.marshalWriter(f, configType); err != nil {
return err
}
return f.Sync()
}
func (v *Viper) unmarshalReader(in io.Reader, c map[string]any) error {
buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
buf.ReadFrom(in)
switch format := strings.ToLower(v.getConfigType()); format {
case "yaml", "yml", "json", "toml", "hcl", "tfvars", "ini", "properties", "props", "prop", "dotenv", "env":
err := v.decoderRegistry.Decode(format, buf.Bytes(), c)
if err != nil {
return ConfigParseError{err}
}
}
insensitiviseMap(c)
return nil
}
// Marshal a map into Writer.
func (v *Viper) marshalWriter(f afero.File, configType string) error {
c := v.AllSettings()
switch configType {
case "yaml", "yml", "json", "toml", "hcl", "tfvars", "ini", "prop", "props", "properties", "dotenv", "env":
b, err := v.encoderRegistry.Encode(configType, c)
if err != nil {
return ConfigMarshalError{err}
}
_, err = f.WriteString(string(b))
if err != nil {
return ConfigMarshalError{err}
}
}
return nil
}
func keyExists(k string, m map[string]any) string {
lk := strings.ToLower(k)
for mk := range m {
lmk := strings.ToLower(mk)
if lmk == lk {
return mk
}
}
return ""
}
func castToMapStringInterface(
src map[any]any,
) map[string]any {
tgt := map[string]any{}
for k, v := range src {
tgt[fmt.Sprintf("%v", k)] = v
}
return tgt
}
func castMapStringSliceToMapInterface(src map[string][]string) map[string]any {
tgt := map[string]any{}
for k, v := range src {
tgt[k] = v
}
return tgt
}
func castMapStringToMapInterface(src map[string]string) map[string]any {
tgt := map[string]any{}
for k, v := range src {
tgt[k] = v
}
return tgt
}
func castMapFlagToMapInterface(src map[string]FlagValue) map[string]any {
tgt := map[string]any{}
for k, v := range src {
tgt[k] = v
}
return tgt
}
// mergeMaps merges two maps. The `itgt` parameter is for handling go-yaml's
// insistence on parsing nested structures as `map[any]any`
// instead of using a `string` as the key for nest structures beyond one level
// deep. Both map types are supported as there is a go-yaml fork that uses
// `map[string]any` instead.
func mergeMaps(src, tgt map[string]any, itgt map[any]any) {
for sk, sv := range src {
tk := keyExists(sk, tgt)
if tk == "" {
v.logger.Debug("", "tk", "\"\"", fmt.Sprintf("tgt[%s]", sk), sv)
tgt[sk] = sv
if itgt != nil {
itgt[sk] = sv
}
continue
}
tv, ok := tgt[tk]
if !ok {
v.logger.Debug("", fmt.Sprintf("ok[%s]", tk), false, fmt.Sprintf("tgt[%s]", sk), sv)
tgt[sk] = sv
if itgt != nil {
itgt[sk] = sv
}
continue
}
svType := reflect.TypeOf(sv)
tvType := reflect.TypeOf(tv)
v.logger.Debug(
"processing",
"key", sk,
"st", svType,
"tt", tvType,
"sv", sv,
"tv", tv,
)
switch ttv := tv.(type) {
case map[any]any:
v.logger.Debug("merging maps (must convert)")
tsv, ok := sv.(map[any]any)
if !ok {
v.logger.Error(
"Could not cast sv to map[any]any",
"key", sk,
"st", svType,
"tt", tvType,
"sv", sv,
"tv", tv,
)
continue
}
ssv := castToMapStringInterface(tsv)
stv := castToMapStringInterface(ttv)
mergeMaps(ssv, stv, ttv)
case map[string]any:
v.logger.Debug("merging maps")
tsv, ok := sv.(map[string]any)
if !ok {
v.logger.Error(
"Could not cast sv to map[string]any",
"key", sk,
"st", svType,
"tt", tvType,
"sv", sv,
"tv", tv,
)
continue
}
mergeMaps(tsv, ttv, nil)
default:
v.logger.Debug("setting value")
tgt[tk] = sv
if itgt != nil {
itgt[tk] = sv
}
}
}
}
// ReadRemoteConfig attempts to get configuration from a remote source
// and read it in the remote configuration registry.
func ReadRemoteConfig() error { return v.ReadRemoteConfig() }
func (v *Viper) ReadRemoteConfig() error {
return v.getKeyValueConfig()
}
func WatchRemoteConfig() error { return v.WatchRemoteConfig() }
func (v *Viper) WatchRemoteConfig() error {
return v.watchKeyValueConfig()
}
func (v *Viper) WatchRemoteConfigOnChannel() error {
return v.watchKeyValueConfigOnChannel()
}
// Retrieve the first found remote configuration.
func (v *Viper) getKeyValueConfig() error {
if RemoteConfig == nil {
return RemoteConfigError("Enable the remote features by doing a blank import of the viper/remote package: '_ github.com/spf13/viper/remote'")
}
if len(v.remoteProviders) == 0 {
return RemoteConfigError("No Remote Providers")
}
for _, rp := range v.remoteProviders {
val, err := v.getRemoteConfig(rp)
if err != nil {
v.logger.Error(fmt.Errorf("get remote config: %w", err).Error())
continue
}
v.kvstore = val
return nil
}
return RemoteConfigError("No Files Found")
}
func (v *Viper) getRemoteConfig(provider RemoteProvider) (map[string]any, error) {
reader, err := RemoteConfig.Get(provider)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
err = v.unmarshalReader(reader, v.kvstore)
return v.kvstore, err
}
// Retrieve the first found remote configuration.
func (v *Viper) watchKeyValueConfigOnChannel() error {
if len(v.remoteProviders) == 0 {
return RemoteConfigError("No Remote Providers")
}
for _, rp := range v.remoteProviders {
respc, _ := RemoteConfig.WatchChannel(rp)
// Todo: Add quit channel
go func(rc <-chan *RemoteResponse) {
for {
b := <-rc
reader := bytes.NewReader(b.Value)
v.unmarshalReader(reader, v.kvstore)
}
}(respc)
return nil
}
return RemoteConfigError("No Files Found")
}
// Retrieve the first found remote configuration.
func (v *Viper) watchKeyValueConfig() error {
if len(v.remoteProviders) == 0 {
return RemoteConfigError("No Remote Providers")
}
for _, rp := range v.remoteProviders {
val, err := v.watchRemoteConfig(rp)
if err != nil {
v.logger.Error(fmt.Errorf("watch remote config: %w", err).Error())
continue
}
v.kvstore = val
return nil
}
return RemoteConfigError("No Files Found")
}
func (v *Viper) watchRemoteConfig(provider RemoteProvider) (map[string]any, error) {
reader, err := RemoteConfig.Watch(provider)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
err = v.unmarshalReader(reader, v.kvstore)
return v.kvstore, err
}
// AllKeys returns all keys holding a value, regardless of where they are set.
// Nested keys are returned with a v.keyDelim separator.
func AllKeys() []string { return v.AllKeys() }
func (v *Viper) AllKeys() []string {
m := map[string]bool{}
// add all paths, by order of descending priority to ensure correct shadowing
m = v.flattenAndMergeMap(m, castMapStringToMapInterface(v.aliases), "")
m = v.flattenAndMergeMap(m, v.override, "")
m = v.mergeFlatMap(m, castMapFlagToMapInterface(v.pflags))
m = v.mergeFlatMap(m, castMapStringSliceToMapInterface(v.env))
m = v.flattenAndMergeMap(m, v.config, "")
m = v.flattenAndMergeMap(m, v.kvstore, "")
m = v.flattenAndMergeMap(m, v.defaults, "")
// convert set of paths to list
a := make([]string, 0, len(m))
for x := range m {
a = append(a, x)
}
return a
}
// flattenAndMergeMap recursively flattens the given map into a map[string]bool
// of key paths (used as a set, easier to manipulate than a []string):
// - each path is merged into a single key string, delimited with v.keyDelim
// - if a path is shadowed by an earlier value in the initial shadow map,
// it is skipped.
//
// The resulting set of paths is merged to the given shadow set at the same time.
func (v *Viper) flattenAndMergeMap(shadow map[string]bool, m map[string]any, prefix string) map[string]bool {
if shadow != nil && prefix != "" && shadow[prefix] {
// prefix is shadowed => nothing more to flatten
return shadow
}
if shadow == nil {
shadow = make(map[string]bool)
}
var m2 map[string]any
if prefix != "" {
prefix += v.keyDelim
}
for k, val := range m {
fullKey := prefix + k
switch val := val.(type) {
case map[string]any:
m2 = val
case map[any]any:
m2 = cast.ToStringMap(val)
default:
// immediate value
shadow[strings.ToLower(fullKey)] = true
continue
}
// recursively merge to shadow map
shadow = v.flattenAndMergeMap(shadow, m2, fullKey)
}
return shadow
}
// mergeFlatMap merges the given maps, excluding values of the second map
// shadowed by values from the first map.
func (v *Viper) mergeFlatMap(shadow map[string]bool, m map[string]any) map[string]bool {
// scan keys
outer:
for k := range m {
path := strings.Split(k, v.keyDelim)
// scan intermediate paths
var parentKey string
for i := 1; i < len(path); i++ {
parentKey = strings.Join(path[0:i], v.keyDelim)
if shadow[parentKey] {
// path is shadowed, continue
continue outer
}
}
// add key
shadow[strings.ToLower(k)] = true
}
return shadow
}
// AllSettings merges all settings and returns them as a map[string]any.
func AllSettings() map[string]any { return v.AllSettings() }
func (v *Viper) AllSettings() map[string]any {
return v.getSettings(v.AllKeys())
}
func (v *Viper) getSettings(keys []string) map[string]any {
m := map[string]any{}
// start from the list of keys, and construct the map one value at a time
for _, k := range keys {
value := v.Get(k)
if value == nil {
// should not happen, since AllKeys() returns only keys holding a value,
// check just in case anything changes
continue
}
path := strings.Split(k, v.keyDelim)
lastKey := strings.ToLower(path[len(path)-1])
deepestMap := deepSearch(m, path[0:len(path)-1])
// set innermost value
deepestMap[lastKey] = value
}
return m
}
// SetFs sets the filesystem to use to read configuration.
func SetFs(fs afero.Fs) { v.SetFs(fs) }
func (v *Viper) SetFs(fs afero.Fs) {
v.fs = fs
}
// SetConfigName sets name for the config file.
// Does not include extension.
func SetConfigName(in string) { v.SetConfigName(in) }
func (v *Viper) SetConfigName(in string) {
if in != "" {
v.configName = in
v.configFile = ""
}
}
// SetConfigType sets the type of the configuration returned by the
// remote source, e.g. "json".
func SetConfigType(in string) { v.SetConfigType(in) }
func (v *Viper) SetConfigType(in string) {
if in != "" {
v.configType = in
}
}
// SetConfigPermissions sets the permissions for the config file.
func SetConfigPermissions(perm os.FileMode) { v.SetConfigPermissions(perm) }
func (v *Viper) SetConfigPermissions(perm os.FileMode) {
v.configPermissions = perm.Perm()
}
// IniLoadOptions sets the load options for ini parsing.
func IniLoadOptions(in ini.LoadOptions) Option {
return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
v.iniLoadOptions = in
})
}
func (v *Viper) getConfigType() string {
if v.configType != "" {
return v.configType
}
cf, err := v.getConfigFile()
if err != nil {
return ""
}
ext := filepath.Ext(cf)
if len(ext) > 1 {
return ext[1:]
}
return ""
}
func (v *Viper) getConfigFile() (string, error) {
if v.configFile == "" {
cf, err := v.findConfigFile()
if err != nil {
return "", err
}
v.configFile = cf
}
return v.configFile, nil
}
// Debug prints all configuration registries for debugging
// purposes.
func Debug() { v.Debug() }
func DebugTo(w io.Writer) { v.DebugTo(w) }
func (v *Viper) Debug() { v.DebugTo(os.Stdout) }
func (v *Viper) DebugTo(w io.Writer) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Aliases:\n%#v\n", v.aliases)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Override:\n%#v\n", v.override)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "PFlags:\n%#v\n", v.pflags)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Env:\n%#v\n", v.env)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Key/Value Store:\n%#v\n", v.kvstore)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Config:\n%#v\n", v.config)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Defaults:\n%#v\n", v.defaults)
}
``` |
Vinicoloraobovella is a genus of mites in the family Urodinychidae.
Species
Vinicoloraobovella rubra (Athias-Binche, 1983)
References
Mesostigmata
Acari genera |
Lamezia Terme (), commonly called Lamezia, is an Italian city and comune of 70,452 inhabitants (2013), in the province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region.
Geography
Lamezia is located on the eastern border of the coastal plain commonly called Piana di Sant'Eufemia, which was created by drying a wide marshy area.
The municipality borders with Conflenti, Curinga, Falerna, Feroleto Antico, Gizzeria, Maida, Martirano Lombardo, Nocera Terinese, Platania, San Pietro a Maida and Serrastretta.
History
The municipality of Lamezia Terme was formally created on 4 January 1968. Its territory includes those of the former municipalities of Nicastro, Sambiase and Sant'Eufemia Lamezia.
Nicastro
Nicastro's origins trace back to the 9th century, when Calabria was part of the Byzantine Empire, when a fortress called Neo Castrum ("New Castle") was created. A great Benedictine abbey, St. Eufemia, was founded here in 1062 by the Norman count Robert Guiscard. It was for a long time a fief of the Caracciolo family and, later, to the D'Aquino. The city was nearly destroyed after an earthquake in 1638 (more than 100 inhabitants died), and the abbey was turned into ruin. The castle, built by the Normans and enlarged by Emperor Frederick II and the Angevine kings, crumbled down. Floods and a further earthquake followed in the 18th century.
Until the 18th century, in Nicastro and its surroundings sericulture was a very widespread and prosperous activity, so much so that five thousand pounds of raw silk were produced every year.
According to the historian Giuseppe Maria Galanti, at the end of the 18th century, sericulture alongside the cultivation of mulberry trees for the breeding of silkworms were still practiced, however there was a remarkable decline in the production.
Nicastro experienced the highest rate of emigration during the late 19th and the early 20th century (some 8,000 citizens), as well as after the Second World War.
Sambiase
The baths of Sambiase are mentioned in the Roman itinerary Tabula Peutingeriana, indicating the village was an important destination of the time. A library edition of the map is kept at the Lamezia Terme Town Library in Lamezia Terme in its historical and specialist section, the Casa del Libro Antico (House of the Ancient Book).
The thermal baths of Sambiase were a great and famous place of comfort and rest for wayfarers, soldiers, and messengers. In the ancient times they were called "Aque Ange".
The Romans knew Sambiase by the name of Turres, or "towers", after the two observation towers situated there.
But Sambiase already existed during the ancient Greek period, first with the name of Melea (here they are placed in fact its ancient boundaries), and then Terina (of which numerous coins have been found again in the fraction Acquafredda and also the Sant'Eufemia Treasure preserved in the British Museum).
With the fall of the ancient Roman empire, Turres was abandoned and devastated by the Ostrogoths.
Byzantine monks who escaped to Calabria from Sicily in the 7th century helped Sambiase become an exporter of farm products. The monks erected numerous monasteries, including that of St. Blase, from which the city's name derived, and taught the farmers to read and write. They developed alliances with great Byzantine cities in Taranto, Naples, and Gaeta, Italy, and Greece and Turkey. Thanks to their work, Sambiase succeeded in exporting its own products, including olives, grapes, corn, and wheat to the whole empire. They formed numerous orthodox monasteries and churches, such as the Sts. Forty Martyrs, Saint Sophia, and St. Constantine, important centers of culture comparable to the great European courts. By the 10th century, Sambiase had numerous churches, of which today only five remain.
Norman adventurer Robert Guiscard and his brother, Roger I of Sicily, stopped at the thermal baths together with their team of soldiers during the difficult attempt to conquer Calabria.
After the Norman conquest of Calabria and Sicily, Sambiase became home to an important and famous Norman university and was among the preferred places of the Norman sovereigns such as the Guiscards, King Frederick II and Manfred, King of Sicily, who also strengthened the power of some abbeys of Sambiase, such as St. Constantine.
With the Aragonese kingdom, Sambiase strengthened its own influence on the central government of Naples. Many students of the ancient university gained important court positions as mathematicians, astronomers and chamberlains.
Sambiase was a most important place for the Spanish and Italian economy.
Main point was the strictness and the share of Sambiase to the Italian wars of independence.
Notable figures born in Sambiase include the politician Giovanni Nicotera, the philosopher Francesco Fiorentino, and the poet [Franco Costabile].
Sant'Eufemia Lamezia
The current Sant'Eufemia Lamezia corresponds to the ancient city location. The most ancient settlement was the Greek city of Terina, whose ruins were excavated in 1997.
The city of Terina is linked to the myth of Ligea, one of the three Sirens of Homer's Odyssey. Ancient coins have been found, on which Ligea's face is imprinted, in some she is sitting on a stone, while playing ball and in others she appears filling an amphora with the water, coming out of a lion's mouth.
Other material evidence of the presence of an ancient settlement in the area of Sant'Eufemia dates back to 1865, when a gold diadem and a treasure of jewels of the 4th century BC were found by chance. At the end of the same century, it was sold to the British Museum of London, where it is still preserved today.
Sant'Eufemia Lamezia (nowadays Sant'Eufemia Vetere) was created upon a hill not long after the 1638 earthquake. The current quarter was built in the Fascist era after the drying of a marshy area.
Economy
Agriculture
Lamezia Terme has a deep-rooted agricultural tradition, known for the production of different varieties of typical Mediterranean crops. The most popular productions are:
the olive tree, mainly of the Carolea variety, from which the Lametia DOP olive oil with a typical strong taste is produced;
the grape vine, from which excellent wines are produced including six Lamezia DOC wines: Lamezia white, Lamezia rosato, Lamezia red, Lamezia novello, Lamezia red reserve and Lamezia Greco;
chestnut and beech;
various herbaceous plants such as wheat, oats and maize;
different species of citrus fruits, including the renowned clementines of Calabria PDO.
Industry
The "Papa Benedetto XVI" industrial area covers an area of about 1,100 hectares and is the largest of the South after the one in Bagnoli. The typical industry produces local red clay pottery.
Main sights
The Castle is today an ensemble of ruins occupying the summit of a hill high. It was built, according to some scholars, by the Bruttii or by Greek colonists. The current structure dates probably from the Norman domination, although some structure existed at the time of the Ostrogoth king Teia. In 1122 Pope Callixtus II resided here for 15 days. Later, the castle was enlarged by Constance of Hauteville and his son Frederick II, as well as by the Angevines. The castle was heavily damaged by the earthquakes of 1609, 1638 and 1783, and subsequently abandoned.
The San Teodoro old district is the heart of Nicastro's historic centre: the alleys lead to numerous little churches, finally culminating in the remains of the Norman-Swabian castle, in the highest part of the town. This spot offers a view towards the Gulf of Saint Euphemia.
The Bastion of the Knights of Malta is a massive, well-preserved watchtower built in 1550 by the Spanish viceroy of Naples Pedro de Toledo. It was assigned to the Knights, who had a fief in the neighbourhood. Ruins of several other watchtowers are in the area.
Near Sant'Eufemia, the ruins of the Cistercian abbey of Santa Maria di Corazzo can be seen. It was founded around 1060. Joachim of Fiore was an abbot here, and Bernardino Telesio wrote many of his philosophical works here in 1554.
The Lametino Archaeological Museum houses archaeological finds from surveys, excavations and fortuitous discoveries carried out in the so-called Lamezia plain. The Museum is divided into three sections: Prehistoric, Classical and Medieval. One of the most important finds is an ancient Greek red-figure hydria of the 4th century BC, depicting a gynaeceum scene.
D'Ippolito Palace, in Nicastro, is one of the most famous buildings of Lamezia Terme, which was built around 1763, when nobleman Felice d'Ippolito acquired a number of buildings. The 18th century complex is an expression of the late southern Baroque. Designed to respond the need for representation and domestic life, the architectural complex has four horizontal levels and specific detached premises. The palace stands out for its architectural quality and conservation. It features a rich stucco decoration of the facade, which in some way assimilates with Austrian and Hungarian architecture. The entrance hall depicts the heraldic coat of arms of the Ippolito family.
The Bronze Statue of King Frederick II as he handles the falcon, with his face and the index pointed towards the ruins of the Norman Swabian castle, symbol of the political and administrative power that the city had during his reign.
The abbey of the 40 Martyrs (Lamezia Terme - Sambiase), created in the 9th-10th century, is still active.
The Diocesan Museum houses an Arab-Norman ivory case (12th century), paintings of 17th-18th centuries and other works.
Eco-museum of Lamezia Terme in Sambiase.
The Textile Museum of Lamezia Terme collects tools linked to the ancient craft of weaving, hosts an exhibition space and a workshop.
There are numerous churches of Sambiase di Lamezia Terme. The most important is Saint Pancrazio's church where there are some of Mattia Preti's pictures, fantastic statues and frescoes. It was a symbol of the new Sambiase in the 18th century.
People
Francesco Fiorentino, philosopher
Felice Natalino, footballer
Giovanni Nicotera, patriot and politician
Carlo Rambaldi, special effects expert
Transport
The central location of Lamezia Terme in Calabria has made it the main transport hub of the region. The city is situated adjacent to the A2 Salerno-Reggio Calabria Motorway, and the state road 288 runs to Catanzaro from Lamezia.
The central railway station, on the main line leading from Reggio to Naples, is a major terminal for goods traffic. Secondary branches connect to Catanzaro and Crotone.
Lamezia is the site of the Lamezia Terme International Airport, built in 1976. The airport has both national and international connections.
See also
List of cities in Italy by population
Calabrian wine
Vigor Lamezia
References
External links
Historic portal of Lamezia Terme
Cities and towns in Calabria |
Avrainvillea is a genus of green algae in the family Dichotomosiphonaceae.
As sources of bioactive natural products
The organic extract of Avrainvillea longicaulis had antioxidant activity surpassing or equivalent to that of commercially available antioxidants (butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole and alpha-tocopherol).
Avrainvillea erecta was reported to have strong hemagglutination activity. In addition, the chloroform fraction of a methanol extract of Avrainvillea erecta exhibited hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity as strong as that shown by gallic acid.
References
Bryopsidales
Ulvophyceae genera |
Barnay () is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. It is located north of Autun, close to the border of Côte-d'Or.
Population
See also
Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department
References
Communes of Saône-et-Loire |
Morgan Nicole Reid Allen (born Morgan Nicole Reid; June 13, 1995) is an American former soccer player who played as a defender. She played collegiately at Duke University before being drafted by the North Carolina Courage in the fourth round of the 2018 NWSL College Draft.
Early life
Reid was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She grew up in Cary, North Carolina and attended the private Cardinal Gibbons High School in Raleigh, North Carolina, playing both soccer and basketball. She was a four-year letter winner and a two-time team MVP and the basketball team's starting point guard. In 2011 as a sophomore, Reid was invited to attend the U.S. National Soccer Camp in California, gaining a shot at the U.S. Soccer Youth National Team.
In soccer, she guided her team to the 2013 State Championship, scoring against St. Stephens High School in the final. She was named NCSCA Player of the Year and Gatorade Player of the Year for the state of North Carolina in 2014, ranking as the No. 1 player in the South Atlantic Region.
Duke Blue Devils (2014–17)
Reid attended Duke University from 2014 to 2017 where she got a degree in evolutionary anthropology and was a four-time member of the ACC Honor Roll. She was a four-year starter for the Duke Blue Devils, making a total of 92 appearances. In her senior year she helped the team secure a school-record 18 shutouts before earning another in the 2017 College Cup semi-final against UCLA. However, Duke was eliminated on penalties. Reid had previously made it to a College Cup final in 2015, eventually losing 1–0 to Penn State.
Club career
North Carolina Courage (2018)
In January 2018, Reid was drafted in the fourth round (38th overall) of the 2018 NWSL College Draft. She failed to make an NWSL appearance for the Courage but did make substitute appearances in two friendlies against French Division 1 teams Paris Saint-Germain and Olympique Lyon as part of the 2018 Women's International Champions Cup. The Courage won the tournament.
Orlando Pride (2019–20)
On April 4, 2019, Reid was traded to the Orlando Pride in exchange for a 2020 NWSL College Draft fourth round pick. She made her competitive professional debut on May 11, 2019, starting against Portland Thorns FC. She was waived at the end of the 2020 season having missed the year through injury and made available on the re-entry wire but was not picked up.
Retirement
In November 2022, Reid revealed she retired due to severe hip pain. Having been misdiagnosed on five separate occasions, she was finally diagnosed with a labral tear that required surgery after seeing a specialist at the American Hip Institute in Chicago.
International career
Reid was a member of the United States under-17 squad that won the 2012 CONCACAF Women's under-17 Championship. Later that year she was part of the team that traveled to Azerbaijan for the 2012 FIFA under-17 Women's World Cup. They failed to progress from the group stage on goal difference, the first time a team had been eliminated without losing. In 2014, she was called into under-20 camp by Michelle French.
Personal life
Reid grew up in a sports oriented family. Her parents met at Ohio State University in the late 80s, her father Brian was on the wrestling team and her mother Cheryl played basketball. Her grandfather, George Reid, also wrestled and is a celebrated coach, notably as head coach at the University of Georgia. In 2010 he was inducted into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame. Her three brothers Justin, Jake and Jason all play basketball, while her younger sister Madison is a soccer player having been part of the North Carolina Courage Development Academy before committing to Clemson in 2020.
Reid began dating Duke men's basketball player Grayson Allen while both were attending Duke. They got engaged in February 2022 and married on July 23, 2022.
Honors
Duke Blue Devils
Atlantic Coast Conference Regular Season: 2017
Women's College Cup runner-up: 2015
North Carolina Courage
NWSL Champions: 2018
NWSL Shield: 2018
Women's International Champions Cup: 2018
United States U17
CONCACAF Women's under-17 Championship: 2012
References
External links
Duke player profile
US Soccer player profile
National Women's Soccer League players
1995 births
Living people
Orlando Pride players
Sportspeople from Cary, North Carolina
Duke Blue Devils women's soccer players
Soccer players from North Carolina
North Carolina Courage draft picks
American women's soccer players
Women's association football defenders
United States women's youth international soccer players |
The Chacra Mesa is a high mesa massif composing the southwestern flank of Chaco Canyon, a region that is notable for its rich collection of Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites.
It is located in the northwest portion of the U.S. state of New Mexico, in what is now Chaco Culture National Historical Park. The ruins of Tsin Kletsin, a Chacoan great house, sit on top of it.
References
Colorado Plateau
Chaco Canyon
Mesas of New Mexico
Chaco Culture National Historical Park |
The Kuwait national under-23 football team is the youth association football team representing Kuwait in youth competitions and it is controlled by Kuwait Football Association. Kuwait under 23 Could also be called as Kuwait Olympic Team. Kuwait under 23 also represents its country in the Olympic Games. From 1900 to 1976 Kuwait did not qualify for the Olympic Games but in 1980 Kuwait qualified for the Olympic Games in China and had the best record of their country finishing in the quarter-finals of that Olympic games. Kuwait missed the 1984 and 1988 Olympic games. But in 1992 Kuwait finally qualified for the 1992 Olympic Games in Spain, however with their poor performance, Kuwait was eliminated in the first round of that tournament. After that Kuwait had missed the 1996 Olympic Games that was hosted by the United States, Kuwait then qualified for the 2000 Olympic Games in Australia and that was the last time Kuwait qualified for the Olympic Games. Kuwait has never won the GCC U-23 Championship but their best finish at that Competition was as a runner up in 2010. In the 2022 Asian U-23 qualification Cup Group D, Kuwait managed to defeat Bangladesh by 1-0 and Saudi Arabia by 2-1, this resulted in Kuwait to qualify for the 2022 Asian U-23 Cup.
Honours
Regional honours
GCC U-23 Championship
Runners-up (2): 2010, 2015
Minor
2018 Olympic Return Cup
History
Kuwait’s first-ever qualification to the Olympic games was in the 1980 Olympic Games which Kuwait were eliminated in the quarter-finals of that Olympic games. Kuwait missed the 1984 Olympic Games and the 1988 Olympic Games. Kuwait came back to the Olympic Games in 1992 after missing two events being eliminated in the quarter-final of that event. Kuwait did not qualify until the 2000 Olympic Games and that was the last time Kuwait qualified for the Olympic games. Kuwait did not qualify to the Olympic Games in 2004 after being eliminated in the qualifying Preliminary round 3 of the Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Qualifiers at the third position of the 3rd group. Kuwait was unqualified from Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Qualifier, with 2 being 4 goals less than Qatar due to that, Kuwait missed the 2008 Olympic Games. Kuwait also failed to participate in the 2012 Olympic Games after losing Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Qualifiers, within losing the first leg to Japan 3-1 but then Kuwait defeated Japan 2-1, Japan won on the aggregate.
Kuwait does not have a good record at GCC U-23 Championship after finishing 5th in the final group of the 2008 GCC U-23 Championship.
Kuwait was at the bottom of the table at that time. In 2010 Kuwait was the runner-up of their group. Kuwait was qualified for the semi-finals, Kuwait defeated Oman 5-4 on penalties. But lost to UAE. In the 2011 and 2012 GCC U-23 Championship, Kuwait was unfortunately eliminated in the first round with 0 points losing all three games.
Participation in Tournaments
Summer Olympics
Asian Games
From 2002 Asian Games, at the first tournament to be played in an under-23 format.
AFC U-23 Asian Cup
Kuwait's fixtures and results
2022
2023
Players
Current squad
The following 22 players were called up for the 2022 Asian Games
Coaching staff
See also
Kuwait national football team
Kuwait national under-20 football team
Kuwait national under-17 football team
Kuwait women's national football team
References
u23
Asian national under-23 association football teams |
"Neutron Star Collision (Love Is Forever)" is a song by the English alternative rock band Muse, featured on the soundtrack to the 2010 film The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. Recorded by the band in 2010, the song was released as the lead single from the album on 17 May 2010.
The single became a top ten hit in Italy. It was also certified gold by Federation of the Italian Music Industry.
History
The song was first announced on Stephenie Meyer's official website. BBC Radio 1 aired the full song at 7.30pm on 17 May 2010, during Zane Lowe's show, accompanied by an interview with Matt Bellamy. Matt Bellamy explained that the song was written after he split with his longtime girlfriend at the end of 2009, and was based on his feelings at the beginning of their relationship. A 30-second preview of the music video is displayed on the official MTV website. While Muse featured on the Twilight and New Moon soundtracks previously (with "Supermassive Black Hole" and a special remix of "I Belong to You" respectively), this marks the first time the band has produced the lead single for a movie.
Composition
The song is written in D-flat major, incorporating modal interchange in the chorus and outro.
Music video
The video first shows Matt Bellamy playing on his piano while red smoke rises from the background. When the first "love is forever" is uttered, the scene shifts to a scene from The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. The video continues to play clips from Eclipse until near the end of the song, where the piano scene is seen again.
Track listing
Reception
In a positive review, BBC Music described the song as Muse "turning their reality-altering Preposteriser Ray on their own back catalogue". Above and Beyond Magazine wrote: "Neutron Star Collision... reminds [me] of their previous work Origin of Symmetry, which is in my mind, the real and honest Muse."
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Sales and certifications
References
2010 singles
2010 songs
Muse (band) songs
Music videos directed by Anthony Mandler
Rock ballads
Songs from The Twilight Saga (film series)
Songs written by Matt Bellamy |
Hobak-juk () or pumpkin porridge is a variety of Korean porridge, or juk, made with pumpkin and glutinous rice flour. It is a smooth and naturally sweet porridge that is traditionally served to recovering patients or the elderly.
Preparation
Pumpkins, preferably Korean cheese pumpkins called cheongdung-hobak () or kabocha squash called danhobak (), are washed and sliced into thick pieces. It is boiled, peeled, deseeded and mashed. Mashed pumpkin can be strained to obtain a smoother texture. It is then mixed with glutinous rice flour slurry and boiled, during which parboiled red beans or black beans may be added. Another common addition is saealsim (; literally "bird's egg", named as such due to its resemblance to small bird's eggs, possibly quail eggs), the small rice cake balls made of glutinous rice flour kneaded with hot water. Finally, salt and optionally sugar is added, to taste.
See also
Patjuk
Pumpkin soup
List of porridges
List of squash and pumpkin dishes
References
Juk
Squash and pumpkin dishes |
```php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
// Settlement, Maturity, Frequency, Basis, Result
return [
[
39217,
'25-Jan-2007',
'15-Nov-2008',
2,
1,
],
[
40568,
'2011-01-01',
'2012-10-25',
4,
],
[
40568,
'2011-01-01',
'2012-10-25',
4,
null,
],
[
'#VALUE!',
'Invalid Date',
'15-Nov-2008',
2,
1,
],
[
'#VALUE!',
'25-Jan-2007',
'Invalid Date',
2,
1,
],
'Invalid Frequency' => [
'#NUM!',
'25-Jan-2007',
'15-Nov-2008',
3,
1,
],
'Non-Numeric Frequency' => [
'#VALUE!',
'25-Jan-2007',
'15-Nov-2008',
'NaN',
1,
],
'Invalid Basis' => [
'#NUM!',
'25-Jan-2007',
'15-Nov-2008',
4,
-1,
],
'Non-Numeric Basis' => [
'#VALUE!',
'25-Jan-2007',
'15-Nov-2008',
4,
'NaN',
],
'Same Date' => [
'#NUM!',
'24-Dec-2000',
'24-Dec-2000',
4,
0,
],
[
36884,
'23-Dec-2000',
'24-Dec-2000',
4,
0,
],
[
36884,
'24-Sep-2000',
'24-Dec-2000',
4,
0,
],
[
36793,
'23-Sep-2000',
'24-Dec-2000',
4,
0,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
1,
0,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
1,
1,
],
[
43910,
'31-Jan-2020',
'20-Mar-2021',
1,
1,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
1,
2,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
1,
3,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
1,
4,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
2,
0,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
2,
1,
],
[
43910,
'31-Jan-2020',
'20-Mar-2021',
2,
1,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
2,
2,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
2,
3,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
2,
4,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
4,
0,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
4,
1,
],
[
43910,
'31-Jan-2020',
'20-Mar-2021',
4,
1,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
4,
2,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
4,
3,
],
[
44275,
'31-Jan-2021',
'20-Mar-2021',
4,
4,
],
[
44651,
'30-Sep-2021',
'31-Mar-2022',
2,
0,
],
[
44834,
'31-Mar-2022',
'30-Sep-2022',
2,
0,
],
[
43738,
'05-Apr-2019',
'30-Sep-2021',
2,
0,
],
[
43921,
'05-Oct-2019',
'31-Mar-2022',
2,
0,
],
];
``` |
Frederick Appleton Smith (May 15, 1849 – February 4, 1922) was a brigadier general.
Biography
He was born in New York on May 15, 1849. He entered the United States Military Academy on July 1, 1869, and graduated in 1873. He then served in the Nez Perce War. He retired on May 15, 1913. On January 28, 1915, he remarried at age 64, a widow, Mrs. Hevenor, the former Emma Mandeville.
He died on February 4, 1922, and is buried in Cedar Hill Cemetery and Mausoleum, Newburgh, New York.
Publications
Personal experiences and observations during campaign in Cuba (1899)
Infantry drill regulations, United States Army (1904)
References
1849 births
1922 deaths
United States Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni |
```java
package arg.marshon.publiclibrary.autoviewpager;
import android.content.Context;
import android.view.animation.Interpolator;
import android.widget.Scroller;
public class AutoScrollFactorScroller extends Scroller {
private double factor = 1;
public AutoScrollFactorScroller(Context context) {
super(context);
}
public AutoScrollFactorScroller(Context context, Interpolator interpolator) {
super(context, interpolator);
}
public void setFactor(double factor) {
this.factor = factor;
}
public double getFactor() {
return factor;
}
@Override
public void startScroll(int startX, int startY, int dx, int dy, int duration) {
super.startScroll(startX, startY, dx, dy, (int)(duration * factor));
}
}
``` |
The 2023–24 Florida State Seminoles men's basketball team represents Florida State University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Seminoles are led by head coach Leonard Hamilton, in his 22nd year, and play their home games at the Donald L. Tucker Center on the university's Tallahassee, Florida campus as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference.
Previous season
The Seminoles finished the 2022–23 season 9–23, 7–13 in ACC play, to finish in 12th place. In the ACC Tournament, they lost to Georgia Tech in the first round. Their nine overall wins were the lowest season total since 2001.
Offseason
Departures
Incoming transfers
2023 recruiting class
2024 Recruiting class
Roster
Schedule and results
Source:
|-
!colspan=12 style=| Exhibition
|-
!colspan=12 style=| Regular season
|-
!colspan=12 style=|ACC Tournament
Rankings
References
Florida State
Florida State Seminoles men's basketball seasons
Florida State Seminoles men's basketball
Florida State Seminoles men's basketball |
Wayne Norton (November 13, 1942 – January 6, 2018) was a Canadian professional baseball outfielder, coach, and scout. He played 10 seasons in Minor League Baseball, then had a lengthy career as a coach and scout. Noted for his impact on baseball in Canada, Norton was inducted to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 2016. Listed at and , he threw right-handed and batted left-handed.
Biography
Norton was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and grew up in Port Moody, British Columbia. He played amateur baseball in the Vancouver area for Coquitlam in the late 1950s, then played college baseball for the Whitworth Pirates in Spokane, Washington. After batting .419 during his freshman season, he signed with the New York Yankees in June 1961 and was assigned to the Florida State League (FSL).
In his first professional season, Norton batted .238 with one home run and 21 runs batted in (RBIs) in 66 games with the St. Petersburg Saints of the FSL. After the season, he was claimed by the Kansas City Athletics in the minor-league portion of the Rule 5 draft. Norton went on to spend the remainder of his Minor League Baseball career within the Athletics organization. He first reached Triple-A in 1966 with the Vancouver Mounties of the Pacific Coast League, and finished his playing career in 1970 with the Triple-A Iowa Oaks of the American Association. Overall, Norton played in 1206 minor-league games, 459 at the Triple-A level. He had a career batting average of .242 with 107 home runs and 490 RBIs. Defensively, he played 1080 games in the outfield, compiling a .968 fielding percentage; he also played 10 games as a third baseman and made one appearance as a second baseman.
After his playing career, Norton had a long career in coaching and scouting. He established Canada's Junior National Team and managed the Canada national baseball team at the 1975 Pan American Games. In 1986, he established a baseball academy in Vancouver, the National Baseball Institute (NBI). Players developed at NBI include Matt Stairs and Corey Koskie.
Norton left NBI in 1994, worked as a scout for the Baltimore Orioles from 1996 to 1999, then moved to the Seattle Mariners in 2000. He was hired into both organizations by Pat Gillick. Norton scouted for the Mariners in Canada for 17 years, and also scouted in Europe. Canadian players he signed include Phillippe Aumont, Tyler O'Neill, James Paxton, and Michael Saunders. In Europe, he signed players such as Greg Halman, Alex Liddi, and Dylan Unsworth. Norton was honored as International Scout of the Year by the Mariners (2007), and twice was named Canadian Scout of the Year by the Canadian Baseball Network (CBN) (1998, 2013). CBN named the Wayne Norton Award, presented to their selection for minor-league pitcher of the year, in his honor.
Port Moody, when Norton grew up, honored him with a civic award in 2015, and named the city's Wayne Norton Baseball Diamond in his honor in 2018. Norton was diagnosed with ALS in 2015, and continued to scout for the Mariners during the 2016 season despite his illness. In June 2016, he was inducted to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. He threw out a ceremonial first pitch at Safeco Field in September 2017. Norton died in January 2018, aged 75. He was survived by his wife, a daughter, and a son.
Notes
References
External links
1942 births
2018 deaths
Sportspeople from Winnipeg
Baseball people from Manitoba
People from Port Moody
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Whitworth Pirates baseball players
St. Petersburg Saints players
Lewiston Broncs players
Binghamton Triplets players
Birmingham Barons players
Vancouver Mounties players
Birmingham A's players
Iowa Oaks players
Baltimore Orioles scouts
Seattle Mariners scouts
Deaths from motor neuron disease |
Rafael Pereira da Silva (; born 9 July 1990), commonly known as Rafael or Rafael da Silva, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Botafogo. He normally plays as a right-back, but can also play on the right side of midfield. He and his twin brother, Fábio, began their careers with Fluminense before joining Manchester United in January 2008. After seven years in England that included three Premier League titles, Rafael joined Lyon in August 2015 for a fee of up to £2.5 million.
Rafael has two caps for Brazil, having made his debut in a 3–1 victory over Denmark on 26 May 2012. He has also played for Brazil at under-17 level and was part of the silver medal-winning under-23 side at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Early life
Rafael was born in Petrópolis, approximately one hour's drive away from Rio de Janeiro in Rio de Janeiro state, and began playing football from the age of five. He began his career with amateur side Boa Esperança, playing as a striker. He and his identical twin, Fábio, were then spotted by a representative of Fluminense playing five-a-side in their neighbourhood; he invited them to join the club and they began living there when they were 11 years old.
Club career
Fluminense
Upon joining Fluminense, Rafael was converted to play at full-back by the youth team coach. The club then took part in the 2005 Nike Premier Cup in Hong Kong, where Rafael was spotted by Manchester United scout Les Kershaw, who remarked that the twins reminded him of "two little whippets". Kershaw then telephoned Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson and recommended that the club sign the Silva twins. Manchester United got in touch with Fluminense and asked permission for the twins to travel to Manchester to train with them in 2005. Shortly afterwards, a scout claiming to represent Arsenal visited the twins and asked them to come to England to train with Arsenal without the permission of Fluminense; however, they were dissuaded from this by their mother, who reminded them that they had been with Fluminense since they were 11, and that they should show the club some loyalty. Therefore, they decided to sign for Manchester United over Arsenal, and the two clubs agreed a deal in February 2007; the twins moved to Manchester in January 2008 without ever having played for the Fluminense first team.
Manchester United
2008–09 season
The twins decided to sign for Manchester United, and a deal was agreed between the two clubs in February 2007. The twins moved to Manchester in January 2008, but were unable to play in matches until they turned 18 in July 2008. Rafael made his first appearance for the club in a 2–0 friendly win over Peterborough United on 4 August. Rafael was then registered in the club's senior squad for the 2008–09 season and was assigned the number 21 shirt. Rafael made his competitive debut for Manchester United on the opening day of the 2008–09 Premier League season, replacing Fraizer Campbell in their 1–1 home draw against Newcastle United on 17 August.
Rafael's first start for Manchester United came on 23 September in their 3–1 home victory over Middlesbrough in the Third Round of the League Cup. Rafael made first start in European competition in United's 3–0 away win over Aalborg BK in the UEFA Champions League on 30 September. Rafael made his first Premier League start in Manchester United's 4–0 home win over West Bromwich Albion on 18 October. On 8 November, Rafael scored his first goal for Manchester United, netting a 90th minute consolation goal in a 2–1 defeat to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. On 19 April 2009, in the FA Cup semi-final against Everton, Rafael and his twin brother Fábio started a match together for Manchester United for the first time. United, however, lost the match 4–2 on penalties. At the end of Rafael's first professional season, he and his Manchester United teammate Jonny Evans were shortlisted as nominees for the PFA Young Player of the Year award. The two of them, however, were beaten to the award by Aston Villa's Ashley Young. In recognition of his successful first season in English football, Rafael was handed a two-year extension to his Manchester United contract, tying him to the club until 2013.
2009–10 season
On 27 October 2009, Fábio, Rafael's twin brother, was booked for a foul committed by Rafael in United's 2–0 League Cup victory over Barnsley. Manchester United appealed and The FA agreed it was a case of mistaken identity, transferring the card over to Rafael. On 30 December, Rafael scored the second goal of his Manchester United career and the first at Old Trafford in a 5–0 league win over Wigan Athletic. On 7 April 2010, Rafael was sent off for the first time in his United career, receiving two yellow cards either side of half-time against Bayern Munich in the second leg of the Champions League quarter-final tie. Despite United winning the game, they were eliminated from the competition due to the away goals rule when the aggregate score was 4–4. Despite this red card, Sir Alex Ferguson praised Rafael for his performance and stated that "he absolutely dominated Franck Ribéry".
2010–11 season
On 16 January 2011, Rafael was sent off for a second occasion, collecting two bookings in a 0–0 league draw against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. Rafael received an £8,000 fine and a warning about his future conduct by The FA following his red card. Rafael suffered a concussion in United's 3–2 away victory over Blackpool on 25 January, the match following his one-game ban, and was taken to hospital for X-rays before later being released. Rafael collided with Blackpool's Marlon Harewood during the second half, which resulted in ten minutes of stoppage time, and forced Rafael out of United's FA Cup tie away to Southampton on 29 January.
2011–12 season
Rafael made his first competitive start of the season since the Community Shield victory back in August against Crystal Palace in the League Cup on 20 November 2011, a game which United lost 2–1 in extra time. On 31 December, Rafael started his first league game of the season against Blackburn Rovers, playing in an unusual defensive midfield role with Park Ji-sung before moving to right-back for the second half. He was later replaced by Will Keane in the 85th minute.
2012–13 season
On 2 July 2012, Rafael signed a new four-year contract to keep him at the club until 2016. For the 2012–13 season, he was given the number 2 shirt, previously worn by Gary Neville, who retired in 2011. After missing the opening game of the season, he returned to play against Fulham on 25 August 2012, and scored United's third goal (and his third for the club) in a 3–2 win. On 23 September 2012, Rafael scored the equalising goal in a 1–2 United win at Anfield over Liverpool. After receiving a layoff from Shinji Kagawa, he cut inside onto his left foot and curled a shot past Pepe Reina and into the top corner. On 23 October 2012, Rafael made his 100th appearance for United in a 3–2 win over Portuguese side Braga. On 23 February 2013, Rafael scored United's first goal in a 2–0 league win away to Queens Park Rangers, hitting the ball on the half-volley from 25 yards out, through a crowd of players and into the top corner of the goal. On 5 May, Rafael was sent off against Chelsea for a challenge on David Luiz.
2014–15 season
On 27 September 2014, Rafael was named man of the match for his performance in the 2–1 victory over West Ham United.
Lyon
On 3 August 2015, Rafael joined French club Lyon on a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee.
İstanbul Başakşehir
On 8 September 2020, Turkish club İstanbul Başakşehir announced the signing of Rafael on a free transfer, on a two-year contract with the option of a third year.
Botafogo
On 8 September 2021, Rafael joined Brazilian club Botafogo on a two-and-a-half-year contract. He and his twin brother Fábio supported the club when they were young.
International career
Rafael played for Brazil's national under-17 team at the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup in South Korea. He was approached by Portugal national team head coach Carlos Queiroz and asked to play for Portugal's senior side, as both Rafael and Fábio hold Portuguese citizenship. Rafael indicated a willingness to take Queiroz up on his offer if he did not end up playing for Brazil, while Fábio remained set on playing for Brazil. On 26 July 2010, Rafael was called up to the Brazilian senior team for the first time, as he was included in new coach Mano Menezes' first squad for their friendly against the United States on 10 August.
Rafael was originally left out of the Brazil squad for their friendlies in May and June 2012, but was later called up to replace the injured Dani Alves. Porto right back Danilo was selected ahead of Rafael for the game against Denmark on 26 May, but he did eventually come on as a substitute to make his senior international debut. On 26 July 2012, Rafael scored Brazil under-23's first goal at the 2012 Olympics in a 3–2 victory over Egypt. In December 2013, The Times reported that he had considered representing England at international level, however he decided against it. He was not eligible for England as he had earlier represented Brazil in 2007 at U17 level in a FIFA-recognised "official competition", meaning that the only national teams he could choose between would be Brazil and Portugal, the nations he was eligible to represent at the time he played in the 2007 South American Under-17 Football Championship.
Style of play
Along with his brother Fábio, Rafael has been praised for his energetic style, and has been described as an "excellent footballer" by Sir Alex Ferguson. Les Kershaw, the former Manchester United academy manager who spotted them, described the pair as being like "two little whippets", praising how "when they got knocked down, they just got straight back up again and got on with it. They were like bouncing balls... very, very quick". The Times has called them "Brazil's answer to the Neville brothers (Gary and Phil Neville)".
Personal life
Rafael's twin brother Fábio is also a professional footballer; both twins signed for Manchester United at the same time in 2008. The twins' elder brother, Luiz Henrique Pereira da Silva, used to play for América-MG in Brazil and Brescia in Italy, but moved with his wife to England when the twins signed for Manchester United. After a six-week wait for international clearance, Luiz Henrique signed for Radcliffe Borough, but he and his wife returned to Brazil in early 2009 in preparation for the birth of their child, where he returned to England few months later.
Despite starting their careers at Fluminense, both Fábio and Rafael are actually supporters of their local rivals Botafogo.
Rafael is married to Carla. On 4 January 2012, the couple had their first child, a girl named Eduarda.
Career statistics
Honours
Manchester United
Premier League: 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13
Football League Cup: 2009–10
FA Community Shield: 2008, 2011, 2013
FIFA Club World Cup: 2008
Botafogo
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 2021
Brazil U17
South American Under-17 Football Championship: 2007
Brazil U23
Olympic Silver Medal: 2012
Notes
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Identical twins
Brazilian twins
Brazilian people of Portuguese descent
Sportspeople from Petrópolis
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro (state)
Men's association football defenders
Manchester United F.C. players
Olympique Lyonnais players
İstanbul Başakşehir F.K. players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Premier League players
Ligue 1 players
Süper Lig players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in England
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in France
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
Brazil men's youth international footballers
Footballers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Naturalised citizens of Portugal
Olympic footballers for Brazil
Olympic medalists in football
Olympic silver medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games competitors for Brazil |
Sister & Brother is the full-length debut by Melky Sedeck, released in 1999. It mixes a variety of genres, including hip-hop, reggae, soul, and gospel.
The album was initially titled Da Joint.
Critical reception
The Los Angeles Times wrote that "Melky’s plush, earthy voice simultaneously conveys attitude, passion and coolness, getting to your heart through deep emotion, not high drama." Robert Christgau wrote that "conscious siblings though they may be, they do sex best," and praised "Shake It" and "Attraction". The New Yorker listed the album as one of 1999's twelve best, calling it "a bright, celestial soundscape." The New York Times wrote that "this fine set of grooves deserves attention, most of all for Ms. [Melky] Jean's vociferous talent.
Track listing
"Shake It" (featuring Supreme C) – 4:18
"Foolish Heart" – 4:14
"To Sir With Love" – 3:40
"Lady" (featuring Darryl Pearson) – 4:18
"Mi Amor" – 3:37
"Raw" – 5:51
"In Time" – 4:01
"#1 Guy" – 4:07
"Attraction" – 4:00
"High Heel Shoes" – 2:45
"Diva" – 3:16
"Paradise" – 4:31
References
External links
FFWD Weekly
1999 debut albums
Melky Sedeck albums |
Sharda Rajan Iyengar (25 October 1933 – 14 June 2023), known professionally as Sharda, was an Indian playback singer most active in the 1960s and 1970s. She won the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the cabaret "Baat Zara Hai Aapas Ki" in Jahan Pyar Miley (1970), though she is most remembered for her song "Titli Udi" in Suraj (1966). In 2007, she released her album Andaaz-E-Bayan Aur, featuring her own compositions based on Mirza Ghalib's ghazals.
Early life
Sharda was from an Iyengar family from Tamil Nadu, India and was inclined towards music from childhood. She graduated with a BA degree.
Career
Early in her career Sharda was offered a voice test by Raj Kapoor when he first heard her singing at Shrichand Ahuja's residence in Tehran. She got her first big break in Bollywood with the song "Titli Udi" in Suraj (1966). She was promoted by Shankar of the Shankar Jaikishan duo.
"Titli udi" turned out to be a top chartbuster in 1966. It so happens that the coveted Filmfare award for best playback singer had only one category (either male or female) until 1966. "Titli Udi" song, however, was tied as best song with Mohd Rafi's song "Baharo Phool Barsao" which had never happened before. Sharda didn't win the award but from then on Filmfare started giving two awards for best playback singer: one for male singer and the other for female singer. Thus Sharda made history. Thereafter Sharda was nominated four years in a row (1968–71) for best female playback singer and won another Filmfare award. In a short span Sharda won two Filmfare awards, when the Mangeshkar Sisters were dominating. Thereafter she continued singing for Shankar in nearly all of his films until his death. Her voice was last heard in Kaanch Ki Deewar (1986).
She sang with singers such as Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle, Kishore Kumar, Yesudas, Mukesh, and Suman Kalyanpur. She lent her voice to leading ladies of the time like Vyjayanthimala, Rajshree, Sadhana, Saira Banu, Hema Malini, Sharmila Tagore, Mumtaz, Rekha, and Helen. In addition to Shankar, she recorded songs with Usha Khanna, Ravi, Dattaram, Iqbal Qureshi, and others. She was the first Indian female singer to record her own pop album in India with Sizzlers, released in 1971 by HMV.
Original music
On 21 July 2007 Sharda released her Ghazal album Andaaz-e-Bayan Aur, a compilation of Mirza Ghalib's ghazals. The album was released at Juhu Jagriti Mumbai at the hands of actress Shabana Azmi. Music Director Khayyam was present at the release party, where Sharda thrilled the audience by singing a few songs from the album.
Shankar composed "Ek Chehra jo Dil Ke Kareeb" for a film called Garam Khoon (1980) and sung by Lata Mangeshkar. The song was penned by Sharda under the name Singaar and picturised on Sulakshana Pandit.
In the mid-1970s she directed music for films like Maa Behen Aur Biwi, Tu Meri Main Tera, Kshitij, Mandir Masjid, and Maila Anchal. Mohd Rafi was nominated for Filmfare Best Male Playback Singer Award for the song "Achcha Hi Hua Dil Toot Gaya" from Maa Behen Aur Biwi (1974), which he sang under Sharda's music direction.
Death
Sharda died on 14 June 2023, at the age of 89.
Popular songs
"Titli udi" (Suraj)
"Dekho mera dil machal gaya" (Suraj)
"Baat Zara Hai Aapas Ki" (Jahan Pyar Miley, 1970, Filmware Award Winner)
"Aa Aayega kaun yahan" (Gumnaam)
"Jaan e Chaman Shola badan" (Gumnaam) – with Mohd Rafi
"Masti Aur Jawani Ho Umar Badi Mastani Ho" (Dil Daulat Duniya) – With Kishore Kumar & Asha Bhosle
"Jigar ka dard badhta ja raha hai" (Street Singer) - with Mohd Rafi
"Bakkamma-2 Bakkamma-2 Ekkada Potao Ra" (Shatranj) - with Mohd Rafi and Mehmood
"Leja Leja Leja mera dil" (An Evening in Paris)
"Chale jana zara thhahro" (Around The World) – with Mukesh
"Tum Pyar se dekho" (Sapno Ka Saudagar) – with Mukesh
"Duniya ki sair kar lo" (Around The World) - with Mukesh
"Woh Pari kahan se laun" (Pehchan) – with Mukesh and Suman Kalyanpur
"Kisike dil ko sanam" ()
"Jab bhi yeh dil udaas hota hai" (Seema) – with Mohd Rafi
"Aap ki Rai Mere Baare Mein kya hai kahiye" (Elaan) – with Mohd Rafi
"Jane Anjane Yahan sabhi hain Deewane" (Jane Anjane)
"Jaane bhi De Sanam Mujhe, abhi jaane..." (Around the World)
"Man ke panchhi kaheen duur chal, duur chal" ("Naina")
"Wahi Pyar Ke Khuda Hum Jin Pe Fida" ( "Paapi Pet Ka Sawal Hai" 1984 )
Tera ang ka rang hai anguri (Chanda aur Bijli)
Yeh muh aur massur ki dhal (Around the world) with Mubarak Begum
Humko tou barbad kiya hay aur kisey barbad karogey (Gunahon ka Devta 1967) - with Mohd. Rafi
Sunn sunn re balam, dil tujhko pukarey (Pyar Mohabbat 1968)- with Mohd.Rafi
Telugu songs
"Kanti Choopu Cheputondi" (Jeevitha Chakram)
“Madhurathi madhuram “(Jeevitha Chakram) - with Ghantasala
“Kallallo Kallupetti Choodu “(Jeevitha Chakram) - with Ghantasala
References
External links
Sharda website
1933 births
2023 deaths
Bollywood playback singers
Indian women playback singers
Women musicians from Tamil Nadu
20th-century Indian women singers
20th-century Indian singers
Singers from Tamil Nadu
Filmfare Awards winners |
Nathan Masler Adcock (born February 25, 1988) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals, Texas Rangers, and Cincinnati Reds.
High school
Before playing professionally, Adcock attended North Hardin High School. He was drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the fifth round of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft and began his professional career that year.
Professional career
Seattle Mariners
With the AZL Mariners in 2006, Adcock went 0–2 with a 3.31 ERA in 10 games (three starts). In 2007, he went 3–11 with a 4.58 ERA in 22 games (21 starts) for the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers and High Desert Mavericks. He pitched for Wisconsin again in 2008, going 2–5 with a 3.72 ERA in 15 games (14 starts), striking out 82 batters in 77 1/3 innings. He began the 2009 season with High Desert.
Pittsburgh Pirates
On July 29, 2009, he was traded with Ronny Cedeño, Jeff Clement, Aaron Pribanic, and Brett Lorin to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Ian Snell and Jack Wilson. He finished the year with the Lynchburg Hillcats and went 8–9 with a 5.29 ERA in 28 games (23 starts) that season. In 2010, he went 11–7 with a 3.38 ERA in 27 games (26 starts) for the Bradenton Marauders. He was taken by the Kansas City Royals in the 2010 Rule 5 Draft.
Kansas City Royals
He was taken by the Kansas City Royals in the 2010 Rule 5 Draft. Adcock made his major league debut on March 31, 2011, which was Opening Day. He pitched a scoreless eighth inning against the Los Angeles Angels.
Arizona Diamondbacks
On June 13, 2013, the Arizona Diamondbacks claimed Adcock off of waivers and assigned him to the Reno Aces of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League.
Texas Rangers
Adcock signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers organization on December 5, 2013.
Cincinnati Reds
On December 23, 2014, Adcock signed a minor league deal with the Cincinnati Reds. On July 31, 2015, it was discovered by doctors that Adcock sustained a tear in his ulnar collateral and would need Tommy John surgery, ending his season.
Baltimore Orioles
On February 29, 2016, Adcock signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles. Adcock did not appear for the Orioles organization as he continued his recovery from surgery, and elected free agency on November 6, 2017.
Post-playing career
On November 7, 2018, Adcock was hired as an area scout for the Miami Marlins, ending his playing career.
Pitching style
Adcock was a sinkerballer. His sinker was thrown in the low 90s and had superb movement; it averaged nearly a foot of tailslide break away from left-handers and in toward right-handers. Complementing his sinker were a four-seam fastball, slider, curveball, and changeup.
References
External links
Living people
1988 births
Baseball players from Kentucky
People from Elizabethtown, Kentucky
Major League Baseball pitchers
Kansas City Royals players
Texas Rangers players
Cincinnati Reds players
Arizona League Mariners players
High Desert Mavericks players
Wisconsin Timber Rattlers players
Lynchburg Hillcats players
Bradenton Marauders players
Surprise Saguaros players
Omaha Storm Chasers players
Reno Aces players
Round Rock Express players
Louisville Bats players |
This is a list of members of the Tasmanian Legislative Council between 1957 and 1963. Terms of the Legislative Council did not coincide with Legislative Assembly elections, and members served six year terms, with a number of members facing election each year.
Elections
Members
Notes
In November 1958, Elliot Lillico, the member for Meander, resigned. Charles Best won the resulting by-election on 6 December 1958.
On 7 December 1958, George Flowers, the member for Westmorland, died. Oliver Gregory won the resulting by-election on 14 February 1959.
On 21 April 1959, Geoffrey Green, the member for Monmouth, died. Louis Bisdee won the resulting by-election on 4 July 1959.
On 25 April 1960, Neil Campbell, the member for Tamar, died. Liberal candidate Daniel Hitchcock won the resulting by-election on 9 July 1960.
In November 1961, John Orchard, the member for Cornwall, resigned. Geoffrey Foot won the resulting by-election on 10 December 1961.
Sources
Parliament of Tasmania (2006). The Parliament of Tasmania from 1856
Members of Tasmanian parliaments by term
20th-century Australian politicians |
5-azacytidine-induced protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AZI2 gene.
AZI2, or NAP1, contributes to the activation of NFKB (see MIM 164011)-dependent gene expression by activating IKK-related kinases, such as NAK (TBK1; MIM 604834) (Fujita et al., 2003).[supplied by OMIM]
References
External links
Further reading |
Juan Sebastián Cabal and Robert Farah won their second consecutive Grand Slam men's doubles title, defeating Marcel Granollers and Horacio Zeballos in the final, 6–4, 7–5 to win the men's doubles tennis title at the 2019 US Open. Cabal and Farah retained the ATP no. 1 doubles ranking. Mike Bryan, Łukasz Kubot and Nicolas Mahut were also in contention for the top ranking at the start of the tournament.
Mike Bryan and Jack Sock were the defending champions, but chose not to participate together. Bryan played alongside his brother Bob, but lost in the third round to Sock and Jackson Withrow. Sock lost in the quarterfinals to Jamie Murray and Neal Skupski.
This tournament marked the final major appearance of former doubles world No. 1 and eight-time men's doubles major champion Leander Paes. Partnering Guillermo Durán, he was defeated in the first round.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
References
External links
Main draw
2019 US Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Doubles
US Open – Men's Doubles
US Open (tennis) by year – Men's doubles |
Bridge bidding systems that incorporate a strong 2 clubs opening bid include modern Standard American, standard Acol, 2/1 game forcing and many others.
In most natural bridge bidding systems, the opening bid of 2 is used exclusively for hands too strong for an opening bid at the one-level. Typically, the bid is reserved for hands that are almost strong enough to bid to the game level on their own power, or even stronger. The exact requirements for the bid vary considerably depending upon the system used and partnership agreement.
In most early bidding systems, opening bids of two of a suit signified a very strong hand and were referred to as strong two bids. However, pioneer bridge inventors like Pierre Albarran and David Burnstine saw that the frequency of such bids is fairly low, and that a 2 bid can be used for all strong hands, leaving other two-level opening bids for other purposes (for example, weak two bids).
Bid requirements
The strength requirements for the 2 bid differ slightly in different systems. In all cases they show a hand which is close to game forcing. For balanced hands, a 2 bid shows 22 or more points in Standard American (Yellow Card), and 23 or more points in standard Acol. For unbalanced hands, the typical strength is about 9 or more playing tricks, or 3 losers or less if using Losing-Trick Count.
Responses
Natural responses
With "natural" responses, which is the most commonly used treatment, the 2 bid is artificial and very weak (up to 6 HCP). All other bids are natural and positive.
Waiting and positive 2
Some players alter or reverse the order of natural responses in order to preserve bidding space and allow for more accuracy in later bidding. There are several treatments in circulation:
Waiting 2 – a response of 2 is a relay asking the opening bidder to further describe the strong hand. This bid does not limit the responder's hand in any way. Some players combine this response with each of the following.
Natural 2 and 2, typically showing at least a game-going hand (4 or more HCP) with at least a five-card major. Some players go as far to require a 6-card suit with 2 top honors for a suit response.
Weak 2. The response of 2 shows a very bad hand (0-3 HCP), making the 2 relay a game-forcing bid.
Positive 2 – a response of 2 shows values, and all other bids show less than 7 HCP.
Positive 2 – a response of 2 show a (semi-)positive, and 2 a negative (0-4 HCP)
"Three Point Step" responses
"Three Point Step" responses to a strong 2 opening bid is another option. In this simple convention, the responder specifies the high card strength of his or her hand, without regard to distribution, as follows.
2 = 0-3 High Card Points (HCP); Very Weak. The responder normally will bid again only to show a long suit (5 or more cards) or a trump fit, but should use "Garbage Stayman" or "Garbage Transfers" if appropriate whenever opener's rebid is 2NT. The opening bidder obviously needs more than minimum values (at least 25 HCP) or a good trump fit to go to game.
2 = 4-6 HCP; Alertable and Game Forcing. Subsequent bids are natural, seeking a trump fit, typically with "systems on" (Stayman and transfers in effect) if opener rebids 2NT showing a balanced hand.
2 = 7-9 HCP; Alertable and Slam Inviting. Subsequent bids are natural, seeking a trump fit, typically with "systems on" (Stayman and transfers in effect) if opener rebids 2NT showing a balanced hand. Opener must have extra values (at least 25 HCP) or a good trump fit to go to slam.
2NT = 10 or more HCP; Alertable and Slam Forcing. Subsequent bids are natural, seeking a trump fit, typically with "systems on" (Stayman and transfers in effect) if opener rebids 3NT showing a balanced hand.
Over interference, a Double (alertable) by responder shows a stolen bid (that is, takes on the same meaning as the interfering bid) and a Pass shows any inferior response. This treatment results in loss of granularity only if the interfering bid is 2 or higher.
If requested, the explanation of an alert should describe the meaning of the bid completely; for example:
"My partner's response of 2 shows 4-6 HCP. It says nothing whatsoever about distribution, and in particular neither shows nor denies hearts."
or
"My partner's double of 2 shows 7-9 HCP. It says nothing whatsoever about distribution, and in particular neither shows nor denies spades."
This convention for response has two significant advantages and two relatively minor disadvantages over other responses. The first advantage is that the 2 "Drop dead!" response alerts the opening bidder to partner's weakness immediately, while there's plenty of room to find a safe landing spot, when partner's hand is too weak to go on to game—which happens quite often in actual play. The second major advantage is that it immediately tells the opening bidder the combined high card strength of the two hands to within one HCP, and thus the most probable optimal level to which to bid (with the caveat that one sometimes can go a level higher with a good trump fit). The first drawback is that the weaker hand occasionally will end up declaring a contract with a trump fit in the major suit of the response. (Note that a transfer following opener's rebid of 2NT over a response of either 2 or 2 may be to the suit of the response. Such transfers cannot achieve the objective of making the strong hand the declarer, but they still help to find such a trump fit.) The second drawback is that it uses up some bidding space if the responder has an unusually strong hand. Nonetheless, opener's minimum of 22 HCP leaves a maximum of 18 HCP distributed among the other three hands. It's quite rare for responder to hold more than half of them. Indeed, this convention has gained popularity both for its simplicity (comparable to standard Blackwood) and for the infrequent occurrence and relatively minor consequences of its drawbacks.
The origin of this convention is uncertain. Some players have attributed it to Oswald Jacoby, of Jacoby Transfer and Jacoby 2NT fame, while others refer to it as "Castlebury" (or "Castleberry"?), but the present author is not aware of any source that would verify either attribution.
Control-showing responses
Some players prefer to show their controls (high cards) rather than suits in the response to 2 opening bid. This has an advantage in cases when the opener has a strong one- or two-suiter (i.e. has an interest in cover cards rather than finding the suit fit), but can take up bidding space and miss a suit fit when the opener is balanced or semi-balanced.
In standard "controls," an ace counts as two controls and a king counts as one control. The theoretical advantage of this system is that aces and kings may be more significant for finding a potential slam than other honor cards, but it also may miss a slam opportunity if the responder has a lot of inferior honor cards. There are several variations in the manner of showing the number of controls, all of which are alertable. The following examples of responses are representative but by no means all-inclusive.
2 shows 0 or 1 control (at most 1 king),
2 shows 2 controls (1 ace or 2 kings),
2 shows 3 controls (specifically 1 ace and 1 king),
2NT shows 3 controls (specifically 3 kings), and
3 shows 4 controls,
3 or higher, etc. on up the line.
With ace-showing responses, the responder bids the suit of the Ace, 2NT with two or more kings, and 2 with a king or less. With (unlikely) 2 aces, the responder bids 3. As a corollary, subsequent Blackwood by the opener asks for kings rather than aces.
Either-or treatment
Some players play that 2 can also contain a weak variant, for example the 2 weak two bid. In this scheme, 2 by responder is a waiting bid, asking the opener to describe his hand further if he is strong. If the opening hand has a weak two bid in diamonds, he should pass. However, if the responder has a strong hand, typically 15 high card points or more, he responds with 2NT. This treatment is often subject to restrictions in tournament play, as it has a destructive potential—see Bridge convention#Regulations.
Advantages
One major advantage of the artificial opening bid of 2 for all types of strong hands is that other opening bids at the two-level (2, 2 and 2) become available for weak two bids, thus eliminating many possible bids for the opponents. These weak two hands appear 20 times as often as the very strong hands, which illustrates the inefficiency of reserving all opening bids at the two-level for very strong hands.
An alternative is to use strong two bids for hands which are strong but not game forcing, which reduces the range of one-level openings and helps bidding accuracy. However, since weak twos are so useful, there are methods which allow weak twos in hearts and spades and use 2 to show a different range of strong hands; these are Benjaminised (Benji) Acol, Reverse Benji and the Multicoloured Two Diamonds.
Another advantage is the relative precision with which strong balanced hands can be bid. An opening bid of 2 NT indicates a balanced hand with 20-21 HCP in Standard American or 20-22 HCP in standard Acol, and for even stronger balanced hands, the opening bid of 2 can be used. The opener's rebid (in these cases always in No Trump) then indicates the strength of the hand using steps of 2-3 HCP. Hence 2 - 2 - 2NT shows 22-24 HCP's in Standard American or 23-24 HCP in Acol, while a 3NT rebid can show 25+ HCP's.
Disadvantages
If the opening bid of 2 is exclusively used for strong hands, the auction becomes more susceptive to disruptive (jump) overcalls (especially when the opposing partnership is not vulnerable) than the "old" treatment of strong two bids. However, that danger is smaller when compared to strong 1 system in strong club systems, because 2 bid is made with bigger high-card strength and on a higher level. On the other hand, the strong 2 opening reduces the bidding space for the pair themselves compared with strong 1—sometimes, the pair can be unable to find a fit on a relatively low level (below 3NT), and/or reduce the space for effective slam investigation with cue bidding.
Other treatments
In most strong club systems, the opening bid of 2 is natural and promises a hand with long clubs (for example, in both Precision and Blue club, it shows 11-15 high card points and either a 6-card club suit or at least a 5-card club suit and a 4-card major suit). As such, it makes overcalls more difficult, since they have to be made at the two-level. Chances are therefore increased that the side of the opener has an undisturbed auction, and the opponents will not discover a fit in a major suit. However, as a corollary, their strong 1 opening bid is more susceptible to preempting by opponents.
Another variant advocates two strong forcing openings, 2 for strong hands with fewer than four spades and 2 for strong hands with four or more spades.
References
Bridge conventions |
Frederick John Watson was a Canadian fashion illustrator and painter from Barrie, Ontario. He is best known for his international paintings of women, fashion illustrations and theater and Art Deco posters. He has also created a fine art print collection of stylized women reminiscent of the Art Deco style. The start of inspiration for his work came from a woman he saw on Madison Avenue in New York City, wearing black, high heels, a diamond brooch, and carrying an umbrella.
Biography
Frederick Watson was born to a farm family in Barrie, Ontario. His father worked in the air force as a pilot and not around much. After moving to Toronto in his early 20's, before becoming an illustrator, he worked at Simpsons for five years. One morning, a mysteriously dressed woman came in with an open portfolio and checked in her coat before going shopping. From the contents of that portfolio, his love for fashion was born. Watson's first official show was the Alexander gallery in New York City. His style was heavily impacted by years of studying the design of art deco and marketing illustration materials. His pencil work was first recognized in magazines such as theatrical and glamour posters, which went on to become valued collector's items on the Toronto art scene. He was an actor for a while but ended up deciding it wasn't for him. He also took up tap dancing for the Fred Astaire company in Toronto but ultimately went back to his passion of fashion drawing. Watson drew mice for a Christmas ad which would go on to be his first project.
His mother's red hair may have been a precursor to his art career and served as an inspiration for many of his artworks. Watson found inspiration and beauty in the rarest of places. From toe dancing at Eaton's Auditorium (The Carlu) in Toronto, to horseback riding, to his Canadian hometown to performing at Museum theatre Harlequin in Toronto; no matter what he was doing, he always knew that inside he was an artist. His mentor, Jean Miller, illustrator for the Robert Simpson Co., is who he credits for getting him started in fashion illustrations in 1957. Frederick Watson was a man with an eye for beauty and the ability to transport all of his viewers into a world of glamour and style. In the words of Frederick himself, "Elegance is timeless".
His mentor, Jean Miller, illustrator for the Robert Simpson Co., who he credited for getting him started in fashion illustrations in 1957. Watson's pieces begin with a face either from a reference, his imagination or both. He started painting for himself and people seemed to have loved the results. He painted everyday and was always looking out for image that inspired him. These images were mostly found in books he owned and various magazines containing photos and illustrations from his favorite fashion era. When Watson was 76 he did nothing but paint and didn't want to illustrate anymore. At that time in his life he did not want to worry about the pressures of deadlines.
Social Impact
Watson was invited as a guest on numerous television and radio shows and has been interviewed in major newspapers and columns in the Toronto Star, the Globe and Mail, Bravo, US Magazine along with many other journals. He has done volunteer work at several HIV/AIDS|AIDS fundraiser events. Frederick's prints have not only been in newspapers but he has also contributed limited edition prints for jewelry companies, cruise ships and luxury goods. Watson's work has also appeared in several paramount shows in New York City and Toronto. The core of his art celebrates the beauty of women from all over.
Fashion journalist and Canadian television personality Jeanne Baker had known Watson for almost two decades and collaborated with him at several fashion events. She was first attracted to his work because of the history and fashion illustration aspects. She now owns several of his paintings that are displayed throughout her home.
References
External links
1935 births
2017 deaths
Fashion illustrators
Canadian illustrators
Canadian male painters
Artists from Ontario
People from Barrie
20th-century Canadian male artists
21st-century Canadian male artists |
The Municipal Property Assessment Corporation (MPAC) administers property assessments and appeals of assessment in the province of Ontario, Canada. MPAC determines the assessed value for all properties across Ontario. This is provided in the form of an Assessment Roll, which is delivered to municipalities throughout the province on the second Tuesday in December. Municipalities then take the assessment roll, and calculate property taxes for each individual property in their jurisdiction. MPAC complains that taxpayers often confuse MPAC's role as an assessment agency for taxes; MPAC responds that it only provides assessments. Municipalities set the tax rates and distribute the tax burden based on the assessed values provided by MPAC.
The head office is located in Pickering, Ontario. MPAC, formerly known as OPAC (Ontario Property Assessment Corporation), was created on December 31, 1997, as a method to create accurate and equitable assessments across Ontario. MPAC came into existence with the MPAC Act, and it administers the Assessment Act, both part of Ontario provincial legislation. On December 31, 1998, the Government of Ontario transferred responsibility for property assessment from the Ministry of Finance to the Ontario Property Assessment Corporation, an independent body established by the Ontario Property Assessment Corporation Act, 1997.
Prior to the creation of MPAC, municipalities in Ontario had discretion on how they chose to assess properties. This created inequity across the province, as similar properties across the province had separate values.
In 2022, MPAC sent out approximately 6 million property assessment notices, advising properties of their assessment value. The current values are based on a January 1, 2016 valuation date. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ontario government postponed the 2020 Assessment Update. They indicated that property assessments for the 2022 and 2023 property tax years will continue to be based on the fully phased-on January 1, 2016, current values. in August 2023, the Ontario government announced that is was postponing a provincewide property reassessment as it conducts a new review of the accuracy and fairness of the system. In 2022 alone, MPAC added more than $37.8 billion to municipal rolls across Ontario through its assessments of new construction and renovated properties. Municipalities pay more than $200 million annually for this service.
MPAC history
Pre-1970
Although property assessment originally came under the jurisdiction of Upper Canada, it was transferred to Ontario municipalities in 1849. Over time, each municipality developed its own assessment system and methods of valuing property. This resulted in inconsistencies in property assessment and the distribution of property taxes. Within a municipality, properties with a similar appearance and value could have very different assessments. There were also very different assessments from municipality to municipality.
In 1963, the Provincial Government appointed the Ontario Committee on Taxation to study taxation and recommend changes. Its report, published in 1967, highlighted many inequities in the assessment system.
1970-1997 – Market value assessment introduced
In response to The Ontario Committee on Taxation Report, the Provincial Government assumed responsibility for property assessment in 1970 to create a uniform assessment system for all Ontario municipalities. The Government introduced market value assessment and the new system was offered to municipal governments on a voluntary basis.
Since the new system was voluntary, not all municipalities implemented market value assessment. As a result, property assessments differed from municipality to municipality. This situation was addressed by the Province with the introduction of the Fair Municipal Finance Act, 1997. With this Act substantial amendments to the Assessment Act, the Municipal Act and other related legislation were implemented, setting the stage for reshaping Ontario's assessment and property tax system in 1998.
Post-1997 – Ontario Fair Assessment System
Under the "Ontario Fair Assessment System", property assessments across the province were updated to their current value, using a common valuation date.
In addition, on December 31, 1998, responsibility for property assessment was transferred by the government of the Hon. Mr. Mike Harris to a new, not-for-profit corporation called the Ontario Property Assessment Corporation, later renamed the Municipal Property Assessment Corporation (MPAC). Every municipality in Ontario is a member of MPAC, which is governed by a board of directors composed of taxpayer, municipal, and provincial representatives.
Controversy
Persons living in areas where other houses increase in value, such as by replacement with newer and larger houses, often blame MPAC for increases in their taxes. MPAC disclaims responsibility, arguing that the property owners should blame the municipality. The municipalities, in turn, blame MPAC and its organizing legislation. The debate is ongoing.
The value or price of a property is decided in the real estate market not by MPAC
Toronto Star Investigation
In 2023, a Toronto Star investigation into the accuracy and fairness of property assessments found that MPAC systemically under-assessed more expensive homes and over-assessed less expensive homes, which causes a disproportionate tax burden on lower and middle-income homeowners.
See also
Crown corporations of Canada
References
External links
Municipal Property Assessment Corporation
About MPAC
Organizations based in Ontario
Crown corporations of Ontario
Canadian taxation government bodies
Property taxes
Local taxation in Canada
Pickering, Ontario |
The 1927 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team represented Humboldt State Normal College—now known as California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt—as an independent during the 1927 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Fred Telonicher, the Lumberjacks compiled a record of 1–2. The team played home games in Eureka, California.
The 1927 season was the program's third season and the first in which the team played against another college. In the 1924 and 1925 seasons Humboldt State only played against high school teams and the school did not field a team in 1926. Telonicher was the third head coach for the Lumberjacks in as many seasons.
Schedule
References
Humboldt State
Humboldt State Lumberjacks football seasons
Humboldt State Lumberjacks football |
In enzymology, a putrescine N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
caffeoyl-CoA + putrescine CoA + N-caffeoylputrescine
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are caffeoyl-CoA and putrescine, whereas its two products are CoA and N-caffeoylputrescine.
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is caffeoyl-CoA:putrescine N-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl)transferase. Other names in common use include caffeoyl-CoA putrescine N-caffeoyl transferase, PHT, putrescine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:putrescine hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, and putrescine hydroxycinnamoyltransferase.
References
EC 2.3.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
Scott Barnes may refer to:
Scott Barnes (athletic director) (born 1962), American athletic director
Scott Barnes (baseball) (born 1987), American professional baseball player
Scottie Barnes (born 2001), American basketball player |
Margaret O'Donnell may refer to:
Margaret O'Donnell (poet), see 1963 in poetry
Margaret H. O'Donnell (born 1935), Australian tennis player active from 1949 to 1956
Margaret R. O'Donnell (born 1938), British tennis player active from 1956 to 1965
Margaret O'Donnell, character in 17 Again (film) |
Yangzhou fried rice (Traditional Chinese: 揚州炒飯; Simplified Chinese : 扬州炒饭; Pinyin : Yángzhōu chǎofàn, Jyutping: Joeng4zau1 Caau2faan6) is a popular Chinese-style wok fried rice dish in many Chinese restaurants throughout the world. It is commonly sold in the UK as special fried rice, in the US as house special fried rice, in Australia and New Zealand as combination fried rice and in Vietnam as cơm chiên dương châu.
Ingredients
The difference between Yangzhou fried rice and ordinary fried rice is that Yangzhou style invariably includes a combination of proteins. Rather than using a single protein like shrimp or pork or chicken as the dominant ingredient in fried rice, Yangzhou uses a variety. Most commonly used is a combination of pork, shrimp and frequently chicken or duck. Ordinarily, some of its staple items include:
Cooked rice (preferably day-old, because freshly cooked rice is too sticky due to higher water content)
Chinese-style roast pork or lap cheong
Some sort of seafood, generally shrimp
Roasted or boiled chicken, duck or other protein
Scallions (spring onions or green onions), chopped, including green end
Fresh vegetables such as kai-lan, carrots, peas, corn, and bamboo shoots
Egg
The peas may be a replacement or an addition for the green onions. Some recipes include Shaoxing wine. Some western Chinese restaurants also use soy sauce to flavor the rice, and add meat such as chicken.
History
Despite the name, this dish did not originate in Yangzhou, Jiangsu (Yangchow; Yeung Chow). The recipe was invented by Qing China's Yi Bingshou (1754–1815) and the dish was named Yeung Chow fried rice since Yi was once the regional magistrate of Yangzhou Still, there have been attempts by people in Yangzhou to patent the dish .
Failed world record attempt
In October 2015, as part of the 2,500th anniversary of the town of Yangzhou, an attempt was made in Yangzhou at beating the previous world record for fried rice set in 2014 by the Turkey culinary federation. The attempt, made by the World Association of Chinese Cuisine resulted in of Yangzhou fried rice being produced by a team of 300 cooks. The organizers initially planned to send the end product to five companies for consumption by their staff. However, about of it ended up as pig swill, as it had been cooked for four hours and was felt unsuitable for human consumption. As per the organizers' intents, the rest was sent to local canteens. However, due to a part of it being sent to feed animals, the world record attempt was disqualified, as a Guinness World Records spokesman said that it had become obvious that the dish was not fit for human consumption.
See also
List of Chinese dishes
List of fried rice dishes
References
American Chinese cuisine
American rice dishes
Canadian Chinese cuisine
Australian Chinese cuisine
New Zealand Chinese cuisine
Cantonese cuisine
Chinese rice dishes
Fried rice
Hong Kong cuisine
Macanese cuisine
Yangzhou
American pork dishes |
Malankara may refer to:
Malankara Church, a collection of Indian apostolic churches
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, an Oriental Orthodox denomination in India
Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic denomination in India
Malankara Metropolitan, a legal title given to the head of the Malankara Church Puthenkoor Christians
Malankara Rite, a version of the West Syriac liturgical rite
Malankara–Persia relations, relations between Christians of Malankara and Persia
Malankara Catholic College, Mariagiri, Tamil Nadu, India
See also
Malabar (disambiguation) |
Donacia magnifica is a species of aquatic leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.
References
Further reading
Donaciinae
Beetles described in 1851 |
Gregoia vitrosphaera is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Triviidae, the false cowries or trivias.
Description
The length of the shell attains 6.7 mm.
Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Coral Sea
References
Dolin, L. (2001). Les Triviidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda) de l'Indo-Pacifique: Révision des genres Trivia, Dolichupis et Trivellona = Indo-Pacific Triviidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda): Revision of Trivia, Dolichupis and Trivellona. in: Bouchet, P. et al. (Ed.) Tropical deep-sea benthos. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. Série A, Zoologie. 185: 201-241
Fehse D. (2017). Contributions to the knowledge of the Triviidae, XXIX-M. New Triviidae from the New Caledonia and comments on Dolin's (2001) 'Les Triviidae de l'Indo-Pacifique'. Visaya. suppl. 8: 150-238
Triviidae
Gastropods described in 2001 |
```java
/*
*
* Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license
* that can be found in the LICENSE file in the root of the source
* tree. An additional intellectual property rights grant can be found
* in the file PATENTS. All contributing project authors may
* be found in the AUTHORS file in the root of the source tree.
*/
package org.webrtc;
import android.media.MediaCodecInfo;
import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
import java.util.Arrays;
/** Factory for Android hardware VideoDecoders. */
public class HardwareVideoDecoderFactory extends MediaCodecVideoDecoderFactory {
private final static Predicate<MediaCodecInfo> defaultAllowedPredicate =
new Predicate<MediaCodecInfo>() {
@Override
public boolean test(MediaCodecInfo arg) {
return MediaCodecUtils.isHardwareAccelerated(arg);
}
};
/** Creates a HardwareVideoDecoderFactory that does not use surface textures. */
@Deprecated // Not removed yet to avoid breaking callers.
public HardwareVideoDecoderFactory() {
this(null);
}
/**
* Creates a HardwareVideoDecoderFactory that supports surface texture rendering.
*
* @param sharedContext The textures generated will be accessible from this context. May be null,
* this disables texture support.
*/
public HardwareVideoDecoderFactory(@Nullable EglBase.Context sharedContext) {
this(sharedContext, /* codecAllowedPredicate= */ null);
}
/**
* Creates a HardwareVideoDecoderFactory that supports surface texture rendering.
*
* @param sharedContext The textures generated will be accessible from this context. May be null,
* this disables texture support.
* @param codecAllowedPredicate predicate to filter codecs. It is combined with the default
* predicate that only allows hardware codecs.
*/
public HardwareVideoDecoderFactory(@Nullable EglBase.Context sharedContext,
@Nullable Predicate<MediaCodecInfo> codecAllowedPredicate) {
super(sharedContext,
(codecAllowedPredicate == null ? defaultAllowedPredicate
: codecAllowedPredicate.and(defaultAllowedPredicate)));
}
}
``` |
Lim Sun-Young (; Hanja: 林善永; born 21 March 1988) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a midfielder.
Club career
Lim was selected in the priority pick of the 2011 K-League Draft by Gwangju FC.
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
South Korean men's footballers
Gwangju FC players
Asan Mugunghwa FC players
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors players
Seongnam FC players
FC Anyang players
K League 1 players
K League 2 players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Gyeonggi Province |
Radin Mas is a neighbourhood within Telok Blangah Estate, located in Bukit Merah, Singapore.
Etymology
The area was named after Radin Mas Ayu (Jawi: رادين مس ايو; ), a princess of the Javanese Royal Court. Her name literally translates to Princess of Golden Beauty.
History
Kampong Radin Mas was a small Malay village situated on the foothills of Mount Faber in Telok Blangah.
According to legend, Puteri Radin Mas Ayu was a young and very beautiful princess. After her mother died in a fire which was planned by some enemies intended to kill both her and her daughter, she fled from Java for Singapore together with her father, the crown prince, to avoid persecution at the hands of her uncle, the sultan. The area that was named after her was where her home was located when she first landed in Singapore.
She was buried near her first home at Telok Blangah. The tomb and a shrine, locally known as Makam Puteri Radin Mas, still stands today at Mount Faber Road, near the junction with Telok Blangah Road. There was an old village mosque nearby that also bore her name. It was, however, removed in 2001 to extend the road going up to Mount Faber.
Radin Mas came to be of prominence during 2007's National Day Rally when Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong called it as the model of Singapore by 2020 when the proportion of Singaporeans above 65 years of age is expected to be 1 in 6.
Present
Today, while no street bears the name, the area is frequently referred to as Radin Mas. A road flyover http://www.streetdirectory.com/sg/radin-mas/15121_1.html , few buildings are also named after her, like Radin Mas Primary School and Radin Mas Community Club. Radin Mas SMC is also named in her honour, as a ward from 1976 to 1988 and since 2011.
There is also a Tahfiz school named Sekolah Ugama Radin Mas named after her at Masjid Darul Amaan in Eunos. The school has been in operation since 1956.
External links
Reference from National Library of Singapore Infopedia Website
Radin Mas Primary School
GoogleMaps StreetView of Makam Puteri Radin Mas Ayu
Places in Singapore
Bukit Merah |
Dumte Christian Pyagbara (born 13 March 1996) is a Nigerian professional footballer, who plays as a forward.
International career
In January 2014, coach Stephen Keshi, invited Pyagbara to be included in the Nigeria 23-man team for the 2014 African Nations Championship. He helped the team defeat Zimbabwe to a third-place finish, by a goal to nil.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Nigerian men's footballers
Nigeria men's under-20 international footballers
Nigeria men's international footballers
Enyimba F.C. players
Sharks F.C. players
Akwa United F.C. players
Rangers International F.C. players
AS Gabès players
Damac FC players
Heartland F.C. players
FK Ventspils players
Al-Sharq Club players
Saudi First Division League players
Latvian Higher League players
Saudi Second Division players
Nigeria men's A' international footballers
2014 African Nations Championship players
African Games bronze medalists for Nigeria
African Games medalists in football
Men's association football forwards
Competitors at the 2015 African Games
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Tunisia
Expatriate men's footballers in Tunisia
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Latvia
Expatriate men's footballers in Latvia |
```java
/*
*
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
* copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
* SOFTWARE.
*/
package me.lucko.luckperms.common.plugin.scheduler;
/**
* Represents a scheduled task
*/
public interface SchedulerTask {
/**
* Cancels the task.
*/
void cancel();
}
``` |
Pterolophia pygmaea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.
References
pygmaea
Beetles described in 1938 |
Sence v očesu is a novel by Slovenian author . It was first published in 2000.
See also
List of Slovenian novels
References
Slovenian novels
2000 novels |
The Frederick W. Panhorst Bridge, more commonly known as the Russian Gulch Bridge, is a reinforced concrete open-spandrel deck arch bridge on California State Highway 1, spanning Russian Gulch Creek in Russian Gulch State Park, Mendocino County, California, United States. It is named after Frederick W. Panhorst, who served as the Chief of the Bridge Section of the California Division of Highways from 1931 to 1960.
Design
The bridge was designed by Henry E. Kuphal. It is similar in design to the more famous Bixby Creek Bridge several hundred miles south on the same highway, but in contrast to the Bixby Creek Bridge, its arch is supported only by the two rocky headlands on either side without need for buttresses. Its main span is long, and its total length is ; it carries an average of 10,500 vehicles per day.
Two nearby bridges to the north in Jug Handle State Natural Reserve and across Hare Creek also have a similar open spandrel concrete deck arch design.
History
Prior to the bridge's opening, traffic across the gulch was carried on a wooden trestle bridge, built in 1911, that was designed to support the weight of a 6-horse team but was inadequate for later motorized vehicle traffic.
The present bridge was constructed at the expense of US$109,000 from 1939 to 1940, and it was dedicated by governor Culbert Olson on June 9, 1940. In 1996–1998, the Russian Gulch Bridge and eleven other Mendocino County bridges underwent seismic retrofitting, at a total cost of US$9.7 million.
The Russian Gulch Bridge was renamed to be the Frederick W. Panhorst bridge in 1974, by California Senate Concurrent Resolution 145. Panhorst was Chief of the Bridge Section of the California Division of Highways from 1931 to 1960, and served as a director for the American Society of Civil Engineers.
Evaluation
Retired California bridge engineer Arthur Elliott considered the Russian Gulch Bridge to be the most beautiful of California's concrete arch bridges, and it is the frequent subject of photographs.
The columns of the bridge are spaced more widely as they become longer, adding to its aesthetics. It is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places as the embodiment of a typical mid-20th-century open-spandrel concrete arch bridge, and as an example of the late-career work of Kuphal.
In 2007, Caltrans bridge engineer Barton Newton called the bridge "functionally obsolete" due to its narrow deck, but stated that the bridge was structurally sound.
References
Bridges in Mendocino County, California
California State Route 1
Concrete bridges in California
Road bridges in California
Bridges completed in 1940
Open-spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States |
```c++
/* -*-mode:c++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
#include "../../vp8/util/memory.hh"
#include <string>
#include <cassert>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#ifdef _WIN32
#include <fcntl.h>
#endif
#include "bitops.hh"
#include "component_info.hh"
#include "uncompressed_components.hh"
#include "jpgcoder.hh"
#include "vp8_encoder.hh"
#include "bool_encoder.hh"
#include "model.hh"
#include "numeric.hh"
#include "../vp8/model/model.hh"
#include "../vp8/encoder/encoder.hh"
#include "../io/MuxReader.hh"
#include "lepton_codec.hh"
extern unsigned char ujgversion;
using namespace std;
typedef Sirikata::MuxReader::ResizableByteBuffer ResizableByteBuffer;
void printContext(FILE * fp) {
#ifdef ANNOTATION_ENABLED
for (int cm= 0;cm< 3;++cm) {
for (int y = 0;y < Context::H/8; ++y) {
for (int x = 0;x < Context::W/8; ++x) {
for (int by = 0; by < 8; ++by){
for (int bx = 0; bx < 8; ++bx) {
for (int ctx = 0;ctx < NUMCONTEXT;++ctx) {
for (int dim = 0; dim < 3; ++dim) {
int val = 0;
val = gctx->p[cm][y][x][by][bx][ctx][dim];
const char *nam = "UNKNOWN";
switch (ctx) {
case ZDSTSCAN:nam = "ZDSTSCAN";break;
case ZEROS7x7:nam = "ZEROS7x7";break;
case EXPDC:nam = "EXPDC";break;
case RESDC:nam = "RESDC";break;
case SIGNDC:nam = "SIGNDC";break;
case EXP7x7:nam = "EXP7x7";break;
case RES7x7:nam = "RES7x7";break;
case SIGN7x7:nam = "SIGN7x7";break;
case ZEROS1x8:nam = "ZEROS1x8";break;
case ZEROS8x1:nam = "ZEROS8x1";break;
case EXP8:nam = "EXP8";break;
case THRESH8: nam = "THRESH8"; break;
case RES8:nam = "RES8";break;
case SIGN8:nam = "SI#include "emmintrin.h"GN8";break;
default:break;
}
if (val != -1 && ctx != ZDSTSCAN) {
fprintf(fp, "col[%02d] y[%02d]x[%02d] by[%02d]x[%02d] [%s][%d] = %d\n",
cm, y, x, by, bx, nam, dim, val);
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
#endif
}
template <class ArithmeticCoder>
VP8ComponentEncoder<ArithmeticCoder>::VP8ComponentEncoder(bool do_threading, bool use_ans_encoder)
: LeptonCodec<ArithmeticCoder>(do_threading){
this->mUseAnsEncoder = use_ans_encoder;
}
template <class ArithmeticCoder>
CodingReturnValue VP8ComponentEncoder<ArithmeticCoder>::encode_chunk(const UncompressedComponents *input,
IOUtil::FileWriter *output,
const ThreadHandoff *selected_splits,
unsigned int num_selected_splits)
{
return vp8_full_encoder(input, output, selected_splits, num_selected_splits, this->mUseAnsEncoder);
}
template <class ArithmeticCoder>
template<class Left, class Middle, class Right, class BoolEncoder>
void VP8ComponentEncoder<ArithmeticCoder>::process_row(ProbabilityTablesBase &pt,
Left & left_model,
Middle& middle_model,
Right& right_model,
int curr_y,
const UncompressedComponents * const colldata,
Sirikata::Array1d<ConstBlockContext,
(uint32_t)ColorChannel::NumBlockTypes> &context,
BoolEncoder &bool_encoder) {
uint32_t block_width = colldata->full_component_nosync((int)middle_model.COLOR).block_width();
if (block_width > 0) {
ConstBlockContext state = context.at((int)middle_model.COLOR);
const AlignedBlock &block = state.here();
#ifdef ANNOTATION_ENABLED
gctx->cur_cmp = component; // for debug purposes only, not to be used in production
gctx->cur_jpeg_x = 0;
gctx->cur_jpeg_y = curr_y;
#endif
state.num_nonzeros_here->set_num_nonzeros(block.recalculate_coded_length());
serialize_tokens(state,
bool_encoder,
left_model,
pt);
uint32_t offset = colldata->full_component_nosync((int)middle_model.COLOR).next(state,
true,
curr_y);
context.at((int)middle_model.COLOR) = state;
if (offset >= colldata->component_size_in_blocks(middle_model.COLOR)) {
return;
}
}
for ( unsigned int jpeg_x = 1; jpeg_x + 1 < block_width; jpeg_x++ ) {
ConstBlockContext state = context.at((int)middle_model.COLOR);
const AlignedBlock &block = state.here();
#ifdef ANNOTATION_ENABLED
gctx->cur_cmp = component; // for debug purposes only, not to be used in production
gctx->cur_jpeg_x = jpeg_x;
gctx->cur_jpeg_y = curr_y;
#endif
state.num_nonzeros_here->set_num_nonzeros(block.recalculate_coded_length()); //FIXME set edge pixels too
serialize_tokens(state,
bool_encoder,
middle_model,
pt);
uint32_t offset = colldata->full_component_nosync((int)middle_model.COLOR).next(state,
true,
curr_y);
context.at((int)middle_model.COLOR) = state;
if (offset >= colldata->component_size_in_blocks(middle_model.COLOR)) {
return;
}
}
if (block_width > 1) {
ConstBlockContext state = context.at((int)middle_model.COLOR);
const AlignedBlock &block = state.here();
#ifdef ANNOTATION_ENABLED
gctx->cur_cmp = middle_model.COLOR; // for debug purposes only, not to be used in production
gctx->cur_jpeg_x = block_width - 1;
gctx->cur_jpeg_y = curr_y;
#endif
state.num_nonzeros_here->set_num_nonzeros(block.recalculate_coded_length());
serialize_tokens(state,
bool_encoder,
right_model,
pt);
colldata->full_component_nosync((int)middle_model.COLOR).next(state, false, curr_y);
context.at((int)middle_model.COLOR) = state;
}
}
uint32_t aligned_block_cost_scalar(const AlignedBlock &block) {
uint32_t scost = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 64; ++i) {
scost += 1 + 2 * uint16bit_length(abs(block.raw_data()[i]));
}
return scost;
}
uint32_t aligned_block_cost(const AlignedBlock &block) {
#if defined(__SSE2__) && !defined(USE_SCALAR) /* SSE2 or higher instruction set available { */
const __m128i zero = _mm_setzero_si128();
__m128i v_cost;
for (int i = 0; i < 64; i+= 8) {
__m128i val = _mm_abs_epi16(_mm_load_si128((const __m128i*)(const char*)(block.raw_data() + i)));
v_cost = _mm_set1_epi16(0);
#ifndef __SSE4_1__
while (_mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpeq_epi32(val, zero)) != 0xFFFF)
#else
while (!_mm_test_all_zeros(val, val))
#endif
{
__m128i mask = _mm_cmpgt_epi16(val, zero);
v_cost = _mm_add_epi16(v_cost, _mm_and_si128(mask, _mm_set1_epi16(2)));
val = _mm_srli_epi16(val, 1);
}
v_cost = _mm_add_epi16(v_cost, _mm_srli_si128(v_cost, 8));
v_cost = _mm_add_epi16(v_cost ,_mm_srli_si128(v_cost, 4));
v_cost = _mm_add_epi16(v_cost, _mm_srli_si128(v_cost, 2));
}
return 16 + _mm_extract_epi16(v_cost, 0);
#else /* } No SSE2 instructions { */
return aligned_block_cost_scalar(block);
#endif /* } */
}
#ifdef ALLOW_FOUR_COLORS
#define ProbabilityTablesTuple(left, above, right) \
ProbabilityTables<left && above && right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR0>, \
ProbabilityTables<left && above && right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR1>, \
ProbabilityTables<left && above && right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR2>, \
ProbabilityTables<left && above && right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR3>
#define EACH_BLOCK_TYPE(left, above, right) ProbabilityTables<left&&above&&right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR0>(BlockType::Y, \
left, \
above, \
right), \
ProbabilityTables<left&&above&&right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR1>(BlockType::Cb, \
left, \
above, \
right), \
ProbabilityTables<left&&above&&right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR2>(BlockType::Cr, \
left, \
above, \
right), \
ProbabilityTables<left&&above&&right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR3>(BlockType::Ck, \
left, \
above, \
right)
#else
#define ProbabilityTablesTuple(left, above, right) \
ProbabilityTables<left && above && right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR0>, \
ProbabilityTables<left && above && right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR1>, \
ProbabilityTables<left && above && right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR2>
#define EACH_BLOCK_TYPE(left, above, right) ProbabilityTables<left&&above&&right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR0>(BlockType::Y, \
left, \
above, \
right), \
ProbabilityTables<left&&above&&right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR1>(BlockType::Cb, \
left, \
above, \
right), \
ProbabilityTables<left&&above&&right, TEMPLATE_ARG_COLOR2>(BlockType::Cr, \
left, \
above, \
right)
#endif
tuple<ProbabilityTablesTuple(false, false, false)> corner(EACH_BLOCK_TYPE(false,false,false));
tuple<ProbabilityTablesTuple(true, false, false)> top(EACH_BLOCK_TYPE(true, false, false));
tuple<ProbabilityTablesTuple(false, true, true)> midleft(EACH_BLOCK_TYPE(false, true, true));
tuple<ProbabilityTablesTuple(true, true, true)> middle(EACH_BLOCK_TYPE(true, true, true));
tuple<ProbabilityTablesTuple(true, true, false)> midright(EACH_BLOCK_TYPE(true, true, false));
tuple<ProbabilityTablesTuple(false, true, false)> width_one(EACH_BLOCK_TYPE(false, true, false));
template <class ArithmeticCoder> template <class BoolEncoder>
void VP8ComponentEncoder<ArithmeticCoder>::process_row_range(unsigned int thread_id,
const UncompressedComponents * const colldata,
int min_y,
int max_y,
ResizableByteBuffer *stream,
BoolEncoder *bool_encoder,
Sirikata::Array1d<std::vector<NeighborSummary>,
(uint32_t)ColorChannel::NumBlockTypes
> *num_nonzeros) {
TimingHarness::timing[thread_id][TimingHarness::TS_ARITH_STARTED] = TimingHarness::get_time_us();
using namespace Sirikata;
Array1d<ConstBlockContext, (uint32_t)ColorChannel::NumBlockTypes> context;
for (size_t i = 0; i < context.size(); ++i) {
context[i] = colldata->full_component_nosync(i).begin(num_nonzeros->at(i).begin());
}
uint8_t is_top_row[(uint32_t)ColorChannel::NumBlockTypes];
memset(is_top_row, true, sizeof(is_top_row));
ProbabilityTablesBase *model = nullptr;
if (this->do_threading_) {
LeptonCodec<ArithmeticCoder>::reset_thread_model_state(thread_id);
model = &this->thread_state_[thread_id]->model_;
} else {
LeptonCodec<ArithmeticCoder>::reset_thread_model_state(0);
model = &this->thread_state_[0]->model_;
}
KBlockBasedImagePerChannel<false> image_data;
for (int i = 0; i < colldata->get_num_components(); ++i) {
image_data[i] = &colldata->full_component_nosync((int)i);
}
uint32_t encode_index = 0;
Array1d<uint32_t, (uint32_t)ColorChannel::NumBlockTypes> max_coded_heights = colldata->get_max_coded_heights();
while(true) {
LeptonCodec_RowSpec cur_row = LeptonCodec_row_spec_from_index(encode_index++,
image_data,
colldata->get_mcu_count_vertical(),
max_coded_heights);
if(cur_row.done) {
break;
}
if (cur_row.luma_y >= max_y && thread_id + 1 != NUM_THREADS) {
break;
}
if (cur_row.skip) {
continue;
}
if (cur_row.luma_y < min_y) {
continue;
}
context[cur_row.component]
= image_data.at(cur_row.component)->off_y(cur_row.curr_y,
num_nonzeros->at(cur_row.component).begin());
// DEBUG only fprintf(stderr, "Thread %d min_y %d - max_y %d cmp[%d] y = %d\n", thread_id, min_y, max_y, (int)component, curr_y);
int block_width = image_data.at(cur_row.component)->block_width();
if (is_top_row[cur_row.component]) {
is_top_row[cur_row.component] = false;
switch((BlockType)cur_row.component) {
case BlockType::Y:
process_row(*model,
std::get<(int)BlockType::Y>(corner),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Y>(top),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Y>(top),
cur_row.curr_y,
colldata,
context,
*bool_encoder);
break;
case BlockType::Cb:
process_row(*model,
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cb>(corner),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cb>(top),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cb>(top),
cur_row.curr_y,
colldata,
context,
*bool_encoder);
break;
case BlockType::Cr:
process_row(*model,
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cr>(corner),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cr>(top),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cr>(top),
cur_row.curr_y,
colldata,
context,
*bool_encoder);
break;
#ifdef ALLOW_FOUR_COLORS
case BlockType::Ck:
process_row(*model,
std::get<(int)BlockType::Ck>(corner),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Ck>(top),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Ck>(top),
cur_row.curr_y,
colldata,
context,
*bool_encoder);
break;
#endif
}
} else if (block_width > 1) {
switch((BlockType)cur_row.component) {
case BlockType::Y:
process_row(*model,
std::get<(int)BlockType::Y>(midleft),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Y>(middle),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Y>(midright),
cur_row.curr_y,
colldata,
context,
*bool_encoder);
break;
case BlockType::Cb:
process_row(*model,
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cb>(midleft),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cb>(middle),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cb>(midright),
cur_row.curr_y,
colldata,
context,
*bool_encoder);
break;
case BlockType::Cr:
process_row(*model,
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cr>(midleft),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cr>(middle),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cr>(midright),
cur_row.curr_y,
colldata,
context,
*bool_encoder);
break;
#ifdef ALLOW_FOUR_COLORS
case BlockType::Ck:
process_row(*model,
std::get<(int)BlockType::Ck>(midleft),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Ck>(middle),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Ck>(midright),
cur_row.curr_y,
colldata,
context,
*bool_encoder);
break;
#endif
}
} else {
always_assert(block_width == 1);
switch((BlockType)cur_row.component) {
case BlockType::Y:
process_row(*model,
std::get<(int)BlockType::Y>(width_one),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Y>(width_one),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Y>(width_one),
cur_row.curr_y,
colldata,
context,
*bool_encoder);
break;
case BlockType::Cb:
process_row(*model,
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cb>(width_one),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cb>(width_one),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cb>(width_one),
cur_row.curr_y,
colldata,
context,
*bool_encoder);
break;
case BlockType::Cr:
process_row(*model,
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cr>(width_one),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cr>(width_one),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Cr>(width_one),
cur_row.curr_y,
colldata,
context,
*bool_encoder);
break;
#ifdef ALLOW_FOUR_COLORS
case BlockType::Ck:
process_row(*model,
std::get<(int)BlockType::Ck>(width_one),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Ck>(width_one),
std::get<(int)BlockType::Ck>(width_one),
cur_row.curr_y,
colldata,
context,
*bool_encoder);
break;
#endif
}
}
}
LeptonCodec_RowSpec test = ::LeptonCodec_row_spec_from_index(encode_index,
image_data,
colldata->get_mcu_count_vertical(),
max_coded_heights);
if (thread_id == NUM_THREADS - 1 && (test.skip == false || test.done == false)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Row spec test: cmp %d luma %d item %d skip %d done %d\n",
test.component, test.luma_y, test.curr_y, test.skip, test.done);
custom_exit(ExitCode::ASSERTION_FAILURE);
}
bool_encoder->finish(*stream);
TimingHarness::timing[thread_id][TimingHarness::TS_ARITH_FINISHED] = TimingHarness::get_time_us();
}
int load_model_file_fd_output() {
const char * out_model_name = getenv( "LEPTON_COMPRESSION_MODEL_OUT" );
if (!out_model_name) {
return -1;
}
return open(out_model_name, O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_WRONLY, 0
#ifndef _WIN32
|S_IWUSR | S_IRUSR
#endif
);
}
int model_file_fd = load_model_file_fd_output();
template <class BoolDecoder>
template<class BoolEncoder> void VP8ComponentEncoder<BoolDecoder>::threaded_encode_inner(const UncompressedComponents * const colldata,
IOUtil::FileWriter *str_out,
const ThreadHandoff * selected_splits,
unsigned int num_selected_splits,
BoolEncoder bool_encoder[MAX_NUM_THREADS],
ResizableByteBuffer stream[Sirikata::MuxReader::MAX_STREAM_ID]) {
using namespace Sirikata;
Array1d<std::vector<NeighborSummary>,
(uint32_t)ColorChannel::NumBlockTypes> num_nonzeros[MAX_NUM_THREADS];
for (unsigned int thread_id = 0; thread_id < NUM_THREADS; ++thread_id) {
bool_encoder[thread_id].init();
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_nonzeros[thread_id].size(); ++i) {
num_nonzeros[thread_id].at(i).resize(colldata->block_width(i) << 1);
}
}
if (this->do_threading()) {
for (unsigned int thread_id = 1; thread_id < NUM_THREADS; ++thread_id) {
this->spin_workers_[thread_id - 1].work
= std::bind(&VP8ComponentEncoder<BoolDecoder>::process_row_range<BoolEncoder>, this,
thread_id,
colldata,
selected_splits[thread_id].luma_y_start,
selected_splits[thread_id].luma_y_end,
&stream[thread_id],
&bool_encoder[thread_id],
&num_nonzeros[thread_id]);
this->spin_workers_[thread_id - 1].activate_work();
}
}
process_row_range(0,
colldata,
selected_splits[0].luma_y_start,
selected_splits[0].luma_y_end,
&stream[0],
&bool_encoder[0],
&num_nonzeros[0]);
if(!this->do_threading()) { // single threading
for (unsigned int thread_id = 1; thread_id < NUM_THREADS; ++thread_id) {
process_row_range(thread_id,
colldata,
selected_splits[thread_id].luma_y_start,
selected_splits[thread_id].luma_y_end,
&stream[thread_id],
&bool_encoder[thread_id],
&num_nonzeros[thread_id]);
}
}
static_assert(MAX_NUM_THREADS * SIMD_WIDTH <= MuxReader::MAX_STREAM_ID,
"Need to have enough mux streams for all threads and simd width");
if (this->do_threading()) {
for (unsigned int thread_id = 1; thread_id < NUM_THREADS; ++thread_id) {
TimingHarness::timing[thread_id][TimingHarness::TS_THREAD_WAIT_STARTED] = TimingHarness::get_time_us();
this->spin_workers_[thread_id - 1].main_wait_for_done();
TimingHarness::timing[thread_id][TimingHarness::TS_THREAD_WAIT_FINISHED] = TimingHarness::get_time_us();
}
}
}
template<class BoolDecoder>
CodingReturnValue VP8ComponentEncoder<BoolDecoder>::vp8_full_encoder(const UncompressedComponents * const colldata,
IOUtil::FileWriter *str_out,
const ThreadHandoff * selected_splits,
unsigned int num_selected_splits,
bool use_ans_encoder)
{
/* cmpc is a global variable with the component count */
using namespace Sirikata;
/* get ready to serialize the blocks */
if (colldata->get_num_components() > (int)BlockType::Y) {
ProbabilityTablesBase::set_quantization_table(BlockType::Y,
colldata->get_quantization_tables(BlockType::Y));
}
if (colldata->get_num_components() > (int)BlockType::Cb) {
ProbabilityTablesBase::set_quantization_table(BlockType::Cb,
colldata->get_quantization_tables(BlockType::Cb));
}
if (colldata->get_num_components() > (int)BlockType::Cr) {
ProbabilityTablesBase::set_quantization_table(BlockType::Cr,
colldata->get_quantization_tables(BlockType::Cr));
}
#ifdef ALLOW_FOUR_COLORS
if (colldata->get_num_components() > (int)BlockType::Ck) {
ProbabilityTablesBase::set_quantization_table(BlockType::Ck,
colldata->get_quantization_tables(BlockType::Ck));
}
#endif
ResizableByteBuffer stream[MuxReader::MAX_STREAM_ID];
if (use_ans_encoder) {
#ifdef ENABLE_ANS_EXPERIMENTAL
ANSBoolWriter bool_encoder[MAX_NUM_THREADS];
this->threaded_encode_inner(colldata,
str_out,
selected_splits,
num_selected_splits,
bool_encoder,
stream);
#else
always_assert(false && "Need to enable ANS compile flag to include ANS");
#endif
} else {
VPXBoolWriter bool_encoder[MAX_NUM_THREADS];
this->threaded_encode_inner(colldata,
str_out,
selected_splits,
num_selected_splits,
bool_encoder,
stream);
}
TimingHarness::timing[0][TimingHarness::TS_STREAM_MULTIPLEX_STARTED] = TimingHarness::get_time_us();
Sirikata::MuxWriter mux_writer(str_out, JpegAllocator<uint8_t>(), ujgversion);
size_t stream_data_offset[MuxReader::MAX_STREAM_ID] = {0};
bool any_written = true;
while (any_written) {
any_written = false;
for (int i = 0; i < MuxReader::MAX_STREAM_ID; ++i) {
if (stream[i].size() > stream_data_offset[i]) {
any_written = true;
size_t max_written = 65536;
if (stream_data_offset[i] == 0) {
max_written = 256;
} else if (stream_data_offset[i] == 256) {
max_written = 4096;
}
auto to_write = std::min(max_written, stream[i].size() - stream_data_offset[i]);
stream_data_offset[i] += mux_writer.Write(i, &(stream[i])[stream_data_offset[i]], to_write).first;
}
}
}
mux_writer.Close();
write_byte_bill(Billing::DELIMITERS, true, mux_writer.getOverhead());
// we can probably exit(0) here
TimingHarness::timing[0][TimingHarness::TS_STREAM_MULTIPLEX_FINISHED] =
TimingHarness::timing[0][TimingHarness::TS_STREAM_FLUSH_STARTED] = TimingHarness::get_time_us();
check_decompression_memory_bound_ok(); // this has to happen before last
// bytes are written
/* possibly write out new probability model */
{
uint32_t out_file_size = str_out->getsize() + 4; // gotta include the final uint32_t
uint32_t file_size = out_file_size;
uint8_t out_buffer[sizeof(out_file_size)] = {};
for (uint8_t i = 0; i < sizeof(out_file_size); ++i) {
out_buffer[i] = out_file_size & 0xff;
out_file_size >>= 8;
}
str_out->Write(out_buffer, sizeof(out_file_size));
write_byte_bill(Billing::HEADER, true, sizeof(out_file_size));
(void)file_size;
always_assert(str_out->getsize() == file_size);
}
if ( model_file_fd >= 0 ) {
const char * msg = "Writing new compression model...\n";
while (write(2, msg, strlen(msg)) < 0 && errno == EINTR){}
std::get<(int)BlockType::Y>(middle).optimize(this->thread_state_[0]->model_);
std::get<(int)BlockType::Y>(middle).serialize(this->thread_state_[0]->model_, model_file_fd );
}
#ifdef ANNOTATION_ENABLED
{
FILE * fp = fopen("/tmp/lepton.ctx","w");
printContext(fp);
fclose(fp);
}
#endif
TimingHarness::timing[0][TimingHarness::TS_STREAM_FLUSH_FINISHED] = TimingHarness::get_time_us();
return CODING_DONE;
}
template class VP8ComponentEncoder<VPXBoolReader>;
#ifdef ENABLE_ANS_EXPERIMENTAL
template class VP8ComponentEncoder<ANSBoolReader>;
#endif
``` |
Krishna Gopalayyan was an Indian administrator who served as the Diwan of Travancore from 1768 to 1776.
References
18th-century Indian people
Diwans of Travancore
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing |
Paul LeBaron Thiebaud (October 10, 1960 – June 19, 2010) was an American art dealer who owned two influential galleries, one in New York City and the other in San Francisco. He exhibited the work of a host of lesser-known artists whom he felt it was his role to bring to a wider public audience, in addition to the work of his father, the noted pop painter Wayne Thiebaud.
His elder sister is the actress, model, and writer Twinka Thiebaud; his mother Betty is a filmmaker; and his brother Matthew is an artist as well. He had a wife, Karen, and two daughters. He died of colon cancer on June 19, 2010, at the age of 49.
References
External links
Obituary
The Paul Thiebaud Gallery Website
1960 births
2010 deaths
American art collectors
American art dealers
20th-century American businesspeople
People from Sacramento, California
Deaths from colorectal cancer |
```ruby
require 'concurrent/synchronization'
module Concurrent
module Collection
# A thread safe observer set implemented using copy-on-read approach:
# observers are added and removed from a thread safe collection; every time
# a notification is required the internal data structure is copied to
# prevent concurrency issues
#
# @api private
class CopyOnNotifyObserverSet < Synchronization::LockableObject
def initialize
super()
synchronize { ns_initialize }
end
# @!macro observable_add_observer
def add_observer(observer = nil, func = :update, &block)
if observer.nil? && block.nil?
raise ArgumentError, 'should pass observer as a first argument or block'
elsif observer && block
raise ArgumentError.new('cannot provide both an observer and a block')
end
if block
observer = block
func = :call
end
synchronize do
@observers[observer] = func
observer
end
end
# @!macro observable_delete_observer
def delete_observer(observer)
synchronize do
@observers.delete(observer)
observer
end
end
# @!macro observable_delete_observers
def delete_observers
synchronize do
@observers.clear
self
end
end
# @!macro observable_count_observers
def count_observers
synchronize { @observers.count }
end
# Notifies all registered observers with optional args
# @param [Object] args arguments to be passed to each observer
# @return [CopyOnWriteObserverSet] self
def notify_observers(*args, &block)
observers = duplicate_observers
notify_to(observers, *args, &block)
self
end
# Notifies all registered observers with optional args and deletes them.
#
# @param [Object] args arguments to be passed to each observer
# @return [CopyOnWriteObserverSet] self
def notify_and_delete_observers(*args, &block)
observers = duplicate_and_clear_observers
notify_to(observers, *args, &block)
self
end
protected
def ns_initialize
@observers = {}
end
private
def duplicate_and_clear_observers
synchronize do
observers = @observers.dup
@observers.clear
observers
end
end
def duplicate_observers
synchronize { @observers.dup }
end
def notify_to(observers, *args)
raise ArgumentError.new('cannot give arguments and a block') if block_given? && !args.empty?
observers.each do |observer, function|
args = yield if block_given?
observer.send(function, *args)
end
end
end
end
end
``` |
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