text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
```smalltalk
//
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
// a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
// permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
// the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
// included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
// LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
// OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
//
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using NUnit.Framework;
#if PCL
using System.Windows.Markup;
using System.Xaml;
using System.Xaml.Schema;
#else
using System.Windows.Markup;
using System.Xaml;
using System.Xaml.Schema;
#endif
using Category = NUnit.Framework.CategoryAttribute;
namespace MonoTests.System.Windows.Markup
{
[TestFixture]
public class ReferenceTest
{
[Test]
public void ConstructorNullName ()
{
new Reference ((string) null); // it is somehow allowed
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithoutTypeOrName ()
{
var reference = new Reference ();
Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException> (() => reference.ProvideValue (null));
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithNameWithoutResolver ()
{
var x = new Reference ("X");
Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException> (() => x.ProvideValue (null)); // serviceProvider is required.
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithNameWithProviderNoResolver ()
{
var x = new Reference ("X");
Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException> (() => x.ProvideValue (new NameServiceProvider (false, false)));
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithNameWithProviderResolveFail ()
{
var x = new Reference ("X");
var r = new NameServiceProvider (true, false);
Assert.AreEqual ("BAR", x.ProvideValue (r), "#1");
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithNameWithProviderResolveSuccess ()
{
var x = new Reference ("Y");
var r = new NameServiceProvider (true, true);
Assert.AreEqual ("FOO", x.ProvideValue (r), "#1");
}
class NameServiceProvider : IServiceProvider
{
Resolver resolver;
public NameServiceProvider (bool worksFine, bool resolvesFine)
{
resolver = worksFine ? new Resolver (resolvesFine) : null;
}
public object GetService (Type serviceType)
{
Assert.AreEqual (typeof (IXamlNameResolver), serviceType, "TypeToResolve");
return resolver;
}
}
class Resolver : IXamlNameResolver
{
bool resolves;
public Resolver (bool resolvesFine)
{
resolves = resolvesFine;
}
public IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<string, object>> GetAllNamesAndValuesInScope ()
{
throw new Exception ();
}
public object GetFixupToken (IEnumerable<string> names)
{
throw new NotImplementedException ();
}
// only X (which 'failed' to resolve) calls this
public object GetFixupToken (IEnumerable<string> names, bool canAssignDirectly)
{
Assert.IsTrue (canAssignDirectly, "canAssignDirectly");
Assert.AreEqual (1, names.Count (), "Count");
Assert.AreEqual ("X", names.First (), "name0");
return "BAR";
}
public bool IsFixupTokenAvailable {
get { throw new NotImplementedException (); }
}
#pragma warning disable 67
public event EventHandler OnNameScopeInitializationComplete;
#pragma warning restore 67
// both X and Y calls this.
public object Resolve (string name)
{
return resolves ? "FOO" : null;
}
public object Resolve (string name, out bool isFullyInitialized)
{
throw new NotImplementedException ();
}
}
}
}
``` |
Eupithecia macreus is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Costa Rica.
References
Moths described in 1913
macreus
Moths of Central America |
Niklaus Leuenberger (c. July 17, 1615 – executed 6 September, 1653 Bern) was one of the leaders of the rural rebellion that led to the Swiss peasant war of 1653 in Switzerland. He was nicknamed the "King of the Peasants"
Leuenberger was baptized on July 17, 1615. He was part of a well-to-do peasant family. His father, Hans, was born in 1586. From 1643, he was a member of the court of Ranflüh.
Appointed leader of the uprising shortly before the formation of the "League of Huttwil" (May 14, 1653), he was nicknamed the "King of the Peasants" because he was one of the leaders of the rebellion. Leuenberger had Bern besieged by his troops on May 22, 1653. Six days later, after reaching an agreement with the mayor of Bern (the "peace of Murifeld") Leuenberger left the vicinity of the city.
On June 3, 1653, his troops clashed at Wohlenschwil with the contingent of Conrad Werdmüller, who had not been informed in time of the development of the situation. Ill-equipped, Leuenberger's army was defeated and had to retreat.
On June 4 1653, he signed the Treaty of Mellingen along with Christian Schybi.
On June 7, 1653, a Bernese expedition led by Sigmund von Erlach encountered a regiment of 2,000 men from Leuenberger. The peasants fell back to Herzogenbuchsee where they were defeated by Von Erlach. The city was burned during the battle and Leuenberger fled. He tried to hide but was betrayed by a neighbor
On June 9, 1653, Samuel Tribolet, the Landvogt (sheriff) of the district of Bern apprehended him.
On September 6, 1653, After the defeat of the peasants at Herzogenbuchsee, he was delivered to the Bernese authorities. Leuenberger was executed by decapitation with a sword and drawn and quartered in Bern. His head was fixed on a gallows with a copy of the Huttwil league federal charter next to it. Four parts of his body were exhibited on the four highways out Bern.
On June 7, 1903, on the occasion of the 250th anniversary of the Peasants' War, in Emmental (municipality of Ruderswil) erected a monument in honor of Niklaus Leuenberger.
Footnotes
All dates are given according to the Gregorian calendar, which was already in effect in all the Catholic cantons. The Protestant cantons still followed the Julian calendar at that time.
Notes
References
Stüssi-Lauterburg, J.; Luginbühl, H.; Gasser, A.; Greminger, A. (2003): Verachtet Herrenpossen! Verschüchet fremde Gäst!, Verlag Merker im Effingerhof, Lenzburg; 2003. .
External links
Swiss rebels
1653 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
17th-century Swiss people
Executed Swiss people
People executed by Switzerland by decapitation
17th-century executions by Switzerland
Peasant revolts |
Solara is the debut album by alternative rock band Cecimonster Vs. Donka from Lima, Peru.
Track listing
Personnel
Band Members
Sergio Saba – vocals, guitar
Sebastian Kouri – guitar
Alonso García – bass guitar
Patrick Mitchell – Drums
Additional personnel
Saito Chinén – Production, engineering and mastering
References
2011 debut albums
Cecimonster Vs. Donka albums |
Eladio Romero Santos was a Dominican musician.
Originally from Cenoví, a town outside of San Francisco de Macorís, Santos' career spans over forty years. Santos started recording bachata in 1966 with his first song "Tomando En Tu Mesa". Since he performed mostly in country social clubs and for patron saints' festivals, he was not marginalized as were many of his fellow bachateros. Santos' style was much simpler and more straightforward than that of other guitarists such as Edilio Paredes; it was also rhythmic and danceable. He contracted arthritis in 1995 and was forced to stop playing the guitar. After 1995, he only performed as a singer. Romero Santos retired in 1998. He died three years later, in 2001, of lung cancer. his sister Leonilda Alejo moved to the United States and made some very popular songs such as Mamita and sera porque soy pobre. she currently now lives in the United states and has quit her music career.
Discography
El Creador (1970)
El Zumbador (1970)
La Muerte de Mi Hermano (1970)
La Muñeca (1970)
Las Bailadoras (1970)
La Madrugadora (1978)
La Viuda (1979)
La Mujer Policía (1980)
El Sabor de Mi Guitarra (1980)
Eladio Romero Santos (1981)
Eladio Romero Santos Presenta a Francisco Ulloa y el Conjunto San Rafael (with Francisco Ulloa) (1981)
Muchacha Dominicana (1988)
15 Éxitos (1990)
Éxitos Vol. 2 (1990)
Relevance
Santos is specially remembered because he developed an innovative way to perform the merengue with guitars, in opposition to the traditional way of the conjunto tipico or the combos(another popular urban style of orchestra).
External links
Eladio Romero Santos: Pioneer of bachata and guitar merengue
Profile at Bachata Republic
1937 births
2001 deaths
Bachata musicians
Merengue musicians
Dominican Republic guitarists
20th-century Dominican Republic male singers
20th-century guitarists |
Talamancan mythology includes the traditional beliefs of the Bribri and Cabécar peoples, two groups of indigenous peoples in Costa Rica living in the Talamanca region. These peoples speak two different but closely related languages, and from a cultural point of view, constitute a single community. With some exceptions, they share the same religious beliefs, the same stories, the same ritual songs, etc.
Mythological figures
Sibú or Sibö - primary deity, creator of the Earth and humans, Wak (owner/guardian) of the indigenous people.
Shulákama or Shula'kma - King of the Serpents. Venomous snakes are considered his arrows.
Itso' - helper or peón of Sibú
Sórkura or SórkuLa - grandfather (in some sources, grand-uncle) of Sibú
Sìitami - mother of Sibú
Sibökõmõ - father of Sibú
Nãmãitãmĩ, also called Tapir - Sibú's sister, mother of Irìria
Irìria, also called Sulára, la Niña Tierra, or tapir girl - Sibú's niece
Sulá - father of Irìria, lord of the underworld
Bikakra - grandmother of Irìria
Tsuru' - Sibú's wife, goddess of cacao
Bulumia - Sibú's cousin, wife of Shulákama
Sérke - Wak of the Animals, personification of the wind
Duarö - servant of Sérke, who protects animals if people kill unnecessarily
MnuLtmi, also Duluitami - female personification of the Sea
ChbekoL - a giant snake that ate people who broke the laws against incest
Dukur Bulú - vampire bat who helped Sibú' create humans
Káchabuké - a poisonous frog
Hurricane Children
Talá Yekela - god of thunder, father of the Hurricane Children
Dalàbulu - sun god
Dìnamu - aquatic feline monster that eats people trying to cross a river
History of the Earth
At first, conditions were not favorable for life, since the world was made of pure stone and there was no soil. In addition, animals at that time were like human beings today. One day, Dukur Bulú, a bat that lived in Sibö's house, defecated inside the house. From the excrement were instantly born beautiful girls. Sibö, astonished, asked Dukur Bulú why this had happened. He replied that he sucked the blood of Iriria the Earth Girl, the daughter of Sulá and Nãmãitãmĩ, who lived in the underworld with her mother and grandmother Makeur Siau. Sibö planned to hold a party to fool Nãmãitãmĩ, inviting her and her daughter, and to capture Iriria so he could create the Earth.
One day, Sibö arrived where her mother, surprised by the appearance of Sibö (since she had previously told her mother Makeur Siau that she dreamed of this arrival of the Lord) asked her why she was visiting, Sibö answered that there was going to be a big party and that he came to ask for her help to collect and serve chocolate. Nãmãitãmĩ refused until Sibö convinced her that he was going to marry her to some men. After a while Nãmãitãmĩ went with Sibö; then, suddenly a thunder sent by Talá Yekela ordered by Sibö to destroy the sanctuary, and knowing that Nãmãitãmĩ had been deceived, runs to Sibö's house in the west; but when it arrives, Iriria lay dead. Nãmãitãmĩ cried while looking upon her dead daughter and from her tears many species came to be. Finally, there was a grand opening party, since Sibö takes the Child to the world and through a ceremony, it becomes a substance that was watered throughout the house, that is to say the planet and thus the Earth was created to sow and to harvest our food from it.
History of the Sea
Sibö brought the corn kernels from under the Earth, which the indigenous people considered the first human beings. At that time Sibö made the land with the help of his different friends. The Earth was made of very strong stone from the bedrock, so that it would last for a long time. The land had many valleys and hills but almost no vegetation.
There were no rivers or lagoons like today, so the Sea did not exist. At that moment something special happened in the land, there was a medium tree that became a woman and a tree, it was almost never in the same place. Sometimes the voice of the tree was heard: "You who pass and look towards me, I am the Sea, I am the supporter of life and my fruits will satisfy hunger, I am a tree, I am wood to build your house, I am part of the green book, my leaves give off messages of love...".
Sibö, curious about the tree's behavior, followed the tree and realized that she was the daughter of a woman who became pregnant without the consent of her family. They did not want the child to be born, so she had to give birth far away on a mountain. Since she was not welcome, she decided to become a tree. When the girl was born, the mother called her: Bulumia. She was Sibö's first cousin and her hair grew to her feet. When she was an adult she lived alone beyond the Earth, in a conical house made in a circle. She was happy in her palenque (dwelling) and in the mornings she sang, danced and saw the sky and the Sun Lord. It was very hot and this caused Bulumia to release a lot of sweat, flooding her palenque.
One day, Sibö said: "The Earth will be barren, desolate and very sad if nothing is done..." and his idea of creating it was to multiply the seeds of the men of corn, then Sibö said: "I have to do something , to turn the world into something wonderful." Sibö looked at the loneliness in which Bulumia lived and said: "Hello, cousin! What are you doing? Would you like to have a man for good company? It would be great!". Lady Bulumia said: "No, no, no". Sibö said to her: "We are going to take a walk in the Universe and maybe you will find a man that you like". She said: "Here where I live there is no one, and if I had I would not join with anyone, only with you". Sibö told her: "I can not marry you because you are my cousin," and worried about seeing her alone, he would go looking for a companion for her.
At last Sibö decided to visit a young lady named Jútsini at his palenque. She went to the toilet and they both greeted each other. He asked if she had already decided to have a companion and she asked him what that man was like. Sibö told her that he was identical to her but with different genitals. She did not want to have company, she wanted to remain free. Sibö visited the palenque several times to insist that she must have a partner, until he convinced her. She wanted to meet her new partner, so Sibö and the lady fasted two days and climbed the whole hill and went to infinity in the middle of the Universe to look for the house of Shulákama, the King of Serpents. When they arrived at the palenque of the Lord they were badly treated. Shulákama said to them: "I am fasting and dieting because I realized that you, Sibö, are going to make many Ditsa appear that are the little seeds of the men of corn, and all that will be mine."
"Also, you bring me bad energy, go away and come back from where you came from, I do not want anyone in my house, except a woman." And they left but Sibö kept insisting to Shulakama: "What do you think about having a housemate? How fascinating it would be if you had a wife like Bulumia!" Shulákama's mood softened and he accepted, apologizing to Bulumia for the uncourteous welcome, although she would be his wife and he would cut tree trunks every day from the pejibaye tree where he worked.
Once Shulákama fell asleep, Sibö softly blew the remains of the surplus materials and collected them and in a ceremony turned them into non-poisonous snakes, which devoured the poisonous snakes of Shulákama.
Shulakama fell in love with Bulumia and they lived in free union. Bulumia wanted a staff or crozier like he had, so he made her one of a terciopelo (pit viper) and the rules were: always carry it vertically; when sleeping, put it behind the head; carry it with the right arm...... A few months passed and Bulumia became pregnant and Shulakama was happy and proud. One day Bulumia did not want to comply with the rules of the staff. She went to defecate and placed the stick in different positions. She saw her cane slowly roll up to hide in a bush. When she stopped defecating she went to find her staff but could not find it. She returned home and told her husband what happened and asked him to help her look for it but he said: "Go there, your staff must be there." She returned to the thicket and instantly felt a bite from her own staff. She arrived at the house almost dying. When she told her husband what happened, he angrily said, "This is why I did not want to give you the staff, your end has come." She died, but the fetus in her womb was still moving. Shulakama found the staff.
Sibö arrived at Shulakama's palenque and wrapped Bulumia's body in bijagua leaves and brought it to Earth. Sibö looked for an assistant to watch the body. He found Káchabuké the poisonous frog and placed him on her belly. Sibö told him to stand guard over the body of Bulumia for four days and not to move from there. Sibö said that if anything happened to the body it would be Káchabuké's responsibility. The frog felt proud to be the one chosen to take care of the corpse, but he could not sleep well at night because the noise coming from the belly was similar to ocean waves, and his loneliness caused him to become frightened. The days passed and Káchabuké had not eaten anything which caused him great hunger. Sibö sent a bumblebee for the frog to catch and eat, but he could not catch it. The bumblebee collided with some trees and landed, and the frog rushed to catch it. As soon as he jumped, Káchabuké heard a wind and ran back to the corpse, but he was too late; the belly was detached from the corpse and the fetus, a small tree called Duluítami, had emerged. The next day Sibö came looking for the little frog and Duluítami was playing. Sibö said "Why did not you do what I told you?" The frog explained that he was very hungry and tried to grab the bumblebee.
The tree grew with all its splendor and it was wonderful. One day the house of Sibö moved a lot and it was the branch of the tree and there it remained, so Sibö looked for the spirits to cut the branches because there were no humans. Although he was glad that a tree grew for the first time on the bedrock, as the tree grew too much then the spirits decided to cut it but they had to be good, respectful, good habits... At that time they did everything with joy, singing , dancing..., that's why people do things happily, while they cut the tree this crack. Sibö said he did not want to be cut off so early and hiding his way slowly to see the tree and he hugged it and because he did not want to be cut, he put it back together and started to sing until it closed intact. The next morning the spirits returned to finish cutting the tree but the tree was unharmed. They cut it again and Sibö returned to repair it in the night. The next day the spirits blamed Sibö for making fun of them but he said that they gave another chance and when they cut the tree again he made the axes break. To build them strong again they had to go to Ógama's house. But he was upset by their visit and did not want to give them anything, but then he gave them to them and they left. Sibö fell in love with elegant naked ladies and climbed some branches to see them but they broke and Sibö had an accident and the body fell on Earth in pieces and Sulá sent all the animals to bring all the organs and Sulá built it again to this day, but since he did not speak then Sulá said that the vulture ate an organ and this one was hit by an assistant until he vomited up Sibö's liver and he is the same again.
Sibö asked the old woman Bulikela not to reign on the face of the Earth. He asked her to hold the trunk when it is going to fall so it wouldn't bounce too hard. She did, but the trunk bounced so high that the birds all scattered throughout the Earth and the trunk crushed the old woman, forcing humanity to suffer many disasters. Sibö asked the deer Mulurbi je jami Duéyabei to take the tree's crown and drag it four times around the house to turn it into the Earth. Sibö blew and transformed the trunk into the Sea and the birds that lived in the trunk into marine animals. The branches of the tree, depending on the size, became lakes, wells, lagoons, and saline waters.
References
Bibliography
Jara Murillo, Carla Victoria. Diccionario de mitología bribri (1st edition). San José, CR: EUCR. .
Jara, C, V (1997). The place of time Stories and other oral traditions of the Bribri people. San José, Costa Rica. Editorial of the University of Costa Rica. University City Rodrigo Facio.
Fernández, Severiano (2011). The banquet of Sibo. Lemon. Nairi Foundation.
Palmer, Paula; Sánchez, Juanita; Mayorga, Gloria (1993). Taking Care of Sibö's Gifts: An Environmental Treatise from Costa Rica's KéköLdi Indigenous Reserve. San José, Costa Rica: Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena Cocles/KéköLdi. .
Central American mythology
Costa Rican culture
Costa Rican folklore |
Kurt Lawrence Sander (born April 27, 1969) is an American composer of choral and instrumental works.
Biography
Sander is currently a Professor of Composition at Northern Kentucky University. He received a D.M in Music Composition from Northwestern University where he studied with Alan Stout and Andrew Imbrie. The 2019 CD release of Sander's 90-minute choral work The Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom on the Reference Recordings label was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance. The recording featured the PaTRAM Institute Singers under the direction of Peter Jermihov.
Works
In 1993, Sander converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity and joined the Russian Orthodox Church. In the years since, he has dedicated much of his work to the composition of choral music inspired by the Orthodox Christian Church. His works appear in both English and Church Slavonic settings.
In 2016, Sander collaborated on an historic commission from the Saint John of Damascus Society which would become known as the Psalm 103 Project. This ground-breaking project brought together six Orthodox composers to collaborate on a concert setting of Psalm 103. The critically acclaimed choral ensemble Cappella Romana premiered this work under the title "Heaven and Earth: A Song of Creation" in Seattle, Washington, on October 12, 2018. Musica Russica published the score in March 2020. This work was recorded on Cappella Romana under the direction of John Michael Boyer and released in November 2022 on the Cappella Records label paired with Ikon of Light by John Tavener.
In April 2019, Sander's Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom was released on the Reference Recordings label performed by the PaTRAM Institute Choir, Peter Jermihov, conductor. The CD was recorded by Sound Mirror with Grammy Award-winning producer Blanton Alspaugh.
Portions of the Slavonic version of Sander's Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom were first performed in Russia by the Kastal'sky Choir under the direction of Peter Jermihov on January 30, 2019. The concert took place in the renowned Rachmaninoff Hall, a 300-seat auditorium housed in the Moscow State Conservatory in Russia. The complete 90-minute Slavonic version was premiered on November 30, 2022 on a concert by the vocal ensemble Canticum Festum under the direction of Lyubov Shangina in Moscow. Shangina recorded the Sander's Slavonic Liturgy in 2022 with Canticum Festum which is scheduled for release in fall of 2023.
References
1969 births
Living people
Northern Kentucky University faculty
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
American male classical composers
Northwestern University alumni
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians |
HMS Maidstone was a submarine depot ship of the Royal Navy. It operated in the Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean during the Second World War. It was later used as a barracks ship and then a prison ship in Northern Ireland.
Facilities
It was built to support the increasing number of submarines, especially on distant stations, such as the Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific Far East. Its equipment included a foundry, coppersmiths, plumbing and carpentry shops, heavy and light machine shops, electrical and torpedo repair shops and plants for charging submarine batteries. It was designed to look after nine operational submarines, supplying over 100 torpedoes and a similar number of mines. Besides large workshops, there were repair facilities for all materiel in the attached submarines and extensive diving and salvage equipment was carried. There were steam laundries, a cinema, hospital, chapel, two canteens, a bakery, barber shop, and a fully equipped operating theatre and dental surgery.
Career
Second World War
In September 1939 Maidstone was depot ship to the ten submarines of the 1st Submarine Flotilla. In March 1941 it went to Gibraltar. From November 1942, Maidstone was based at Algiers Harbour, the main Allied base in the Mediterranean. In November 1943 it was assigned to the Eastern Fleet. In September 1944 Maidstone and the 8th Submarine Flotilla were transferred from Ceylon to Fremantle in Western Australia to operate in the Pacific.
In late 1945 Maidstone left Fremantle, and en route to the UK, docked in the Selborne dry dock at Simonstown, South Africa. While on passage, it was diverted to Macassar to pick up 400 British naval prisoners of war from , and . In November 1945, it arrived at Portsmouth.
During the war Maidstone was adopted by the Borough of Maidstone as part of Warship Week. The plaque from this adoption is held by the National Museum of the Royal Navy in Portsmouth.
Postwar
In 1946 Maidstone became mother ship to the 2nd and 7th Submarine Flotillas. The 2nd Flotilla comprised operational boats, the latter a trials and training squadron. Maidstone had a semi-permanent mooring off Monkey Island (Portland) but often put to sea with its subsidiary ships. In 1951 Maidstone called briefly at Corunna to land a sick crewman. This was not classified an official visit, although it was the first time a British warship had entered a Spanish harbour since the end of the Spanish Civil War. In 1953, it took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.
On 16 June 1955 the submarine sank in Portland harbour alongside Maidstone 20 minutes after an explosion in the forward torpedo compartment. A rescue party from Maidstone saved a number of the Sidons crew, but 13 died. A week later, the submarine was raised and the accident was found to be caused by the high-test peroxide fuel in a torpedo. Surgeon Lieutenant Charles Rhodes was posthumously awarded the Albert Medal for his part in the rescue.
In 1956 Maidstone was the flagship of the Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet. In September 1957, the Soviet Union protested when Maidstone accompanied the training aircraft carrier on a visit to Helsinki. In 1959 Maidstone received an extensive refit to accommodate nuclear submarines and the 2nd Flotilla was then moved to Devonport. In 1961 Maidstone sailed to Faslane, on Gareloch, where it was the depot ship to the 3rd and 10th Submarine Squadrons. In 1965, it undertook a trip to Liverpool, and it visited the same port one year later. It also undertook a trip to Rothesay during this period and then, in 1968, it sailed to Rosyth Dockyard to undertake preparations to permanently retire the Maidstone. The Norwegian navy considered buying it, as did HM Prison Service, who decided the facilities onboard, used by hundreds of sailors, were only suitable for 50 or so prisoners.
Belfast
In October 1969 Maidstone was refitted and re-commissioned as accommodation for 2,000 troops and sent to Belfast. In 1969, it arrived under tow at Belfast to serve as barracks for the increased security forces in the area. In 1971, it was used as a prison ship in Operation Demetrius as a place to hold internees without trial, including Gerry Adams. The holding area itself was at the stern and consisted of two bunkhouses, one up, one down, and two mess rooms. Above these were the rooms of the governor and his staff (previously the captain's cabin) and above this was the deck, used twice a day for exercise. The deck was surrounded by -high barbed wire. It was moored in Belfast harbour from the land, entry to the jetty being guarded by sand-bagged army emplacements. Maidstone was also notable for the escape of seven Provisional IRA members on 17January 1972. The men swam close to through icy water and evaded army and police and later held a press conference. On 9 April 1972 all internees were moved to Long Kesh prison (HM Prison Maze).
The presence of the ship in Belfast Harbour drew attention to the constitutional status of Northern Ireland's territorial waters, which had long been a point of contention with the Irish government. By early 1975 the ship remained at Sydenham Wharf in Belfast as part of the Royal Naval Operation in Northern Ireland, to provide immediate short-notice accommodation for the Army, should significant reinforcements be required and to provide ad-hoc accommodation for UK Service Personnel visiting the Province.
Fate
On 23 May 1978, Maidstone was broken up for scrap at the Thos. W. Ward scrapyard in Inverkeithing. The ship's bell is now located at Maidstone Grammar School, where it is rung to signify the start of assemblies.
See also
References
Publications
Prison ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Cold War fleet auxiliaries of the United Kingdom
Auxiliary ships of the Royal Navy
Royal Navy Submarine Depot Ships
Defunct prisons in Northern Ireland
1937 ships
The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
Prison escapes
Internment camps during the Troubles (Northern Ireland)
Internment camps in the United Kingdom |
William John Fiennes FRSL (born 7 August 1970) is an English author best known for his memoirs The Snow Geese (2002) and The Music Room (2009).
Early life and education
Fiennes was born into the aristocratic Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes family and raised in 14th-century Broughton Castle in Oxfordshire, the youngest of five children of Nathaniel Fiennes, 21st Baron Saye and Sele (born 1920) and Mariette née Salisbury-Jones. His elder sister is the artist Susannah Fiennes and his maternal grandfather was soldier and courtier Guy Salisbury-Jones. One of William's brothers died in a road accident at the age of three before he was born, and another brother, Richard, developed epilepsy which caused aggression and mood swings (and eventually his death at the age of 41).
Fiennes was educated at the Dragon School in Oxford, Eton College, and Oxford University, where he received both undergraduate and graduate degrees.
Writing
Fiennes' first book, The Snow Geese (2002), is his account of how he followed snow geese from Texas to their summer breeding grounds on Baffin Island, and a meditation on the idea of home. Mark Cocker reviewed it for The Guardian, writing: "The Snow Geese is the debut of a striking talent". It was shortlisted for the 2002 Samuel Johnson Prize and won the 2003 Hawthornden Prize, the 2003 Somerset Maugham Award and the 2003 Sunday Times Young Writer of the Year Award.
His second book, The Music Room (2009), is his memoir of growing up in an English castle with an elder brother, Richard, who suffered from severe epilepsy which caused mood swings and intermittent aggression, but who could also be very loving and creative. The Music Room was called "a small masterpiece, a tribute to the power of place, family and memory" by Nicholas Shakespeare, who reviewed it for the Telegraph. It was shortlisted for the Costa Book Awards, the Duff Cooper Prize, the Ondaatje Prize, the PEN/Ackerley Prize and the Independent Booksellers' Book of the Year Award.
Fiennes has also written for Granta, the London Review of Books, The Observer, the Daily Telegraph and the Times Literary Supplement.
In 2011, Fiennes contributed a short fable, "Why the Ash has Black Buds", to an anthology titled Why Willows Weep. Sales from the book raised funds for The Woodland Trust and its mission to plant native trees throughout Great Britain.
In 2018, he contributed a chapter to the book Beneath the Skin: Great Writers on the Body (Profile Books). The chapter is about two years in his early 20s when the chronic illness Crohn's disease forced him to live with part of his intestines protruding outside of his abdominal cavity through a surgical incision. First diagnosed at the age of nineteen, he has undergone several surgeries and hospitalisations over the years and in 2009, he called his struggle with Crohn's "exhausting and demoralising".
Other work
Fiennes spent two years as Fellow in the Creative Arts at Wolfson College, Oxford and in 2007, he was named Writer-in-Residence at the American School in London and at Cranford Community College, Hounslow. Since 2011, he has taught Creative Writing at Newcastle University.
Personal life
William Fiennes is a second cousin of the explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes and a distant relative of the travel writer Celia Fiennes (1662–1741). He is a third cousin of the actors Ralph Fiennes and Joseph Fiennes.
He plays cricket as a member of the Authors XI team of British writers and contributed a chapter, "Cricket and Memory" (which concludes with him breaking his collarbone while diving to make a catch), to the team's 2013 book about their first year together, The Authors XI: A Season of English Cricket from Hackney to Hambledon. Team captain Charlie Campbell describes Fiennes in the book as "the best fielder in the side and the most stylish batsman", while teammate Jon Hotten calls him "undoubtedly the nicest man in cricket".
In 2007, Fiennes co-founded the charity First Story, which brings acclaimed authors to secondary schools in low-income communities, where they run writing workshops for students to foster creativity.
He was named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2009.
References
External links
William Fiennes website
First Story website
Broughton Castle website
The Historic Houses Association Magazine, Vol 26, Number 4, Winter 2002
Recalling a Home that Really Is a Castle, Sarah Lyall, The New York Times, 23 September 2009
1970 births
Living people
People educated at The Dragon School
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Fellows of Wolfson College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
English autobiographers
English travel writers
21st-century British writers
Younger sons of barons
William |
```shell
#!/bin/bash
trap 'exit' ERR
curbranch="$(git branch --show-current)"
git reset --hard
git clean -dxf
git checkout gh-pages
git checkout --orphan tmp
git commit -m "vtk.js website"
git branch -D gh-pages
git branch -m gh-pages
git push -f origin gh-pages
git checkout "$curbranch"
``` |
```shell
#!/bin/bash
# credit: "path_to_url"
# under GPL license
##
# Tests if running on windows
#
# @return {bool} If running on windows
##
is_windows() {
command_exists "systeminfo"
}
##
# Add error message formatting to a string, and echo it.
#
# @param {string} message The string to add formatting to.
##
error_message() {
echo -en "\033[31mERROR\033[0m: $1"
}
##
# Add status message formatting to a string, and echo it.
#
# @param {string} message The string to add formatting to.
##
status_message() {
echo -en "\033[32mSTATUS\033[0m: $1"
}
##
# Add formatting to an action string.
#
# @param {string} message The string to add formatting to.
##
action_format() {
echo -en "\033[32m$1\033[0m"
}
##
# Check if the command exists as some sort of executable.
#
# The executable form of the command could be an alias, function, builtin, executable file or shell keyword.
#
# @param {string} command The command to check.
#
# @return {bool} Whether the command exists or not.
##
command_exists() {
type -t "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1
}
``` |
Phantom 2040 is an action-adventure platform game published by Viacom New Media in 1995 for the Genesis, Super NES and Game Gear. The game is directly based upon the animated television series Phantom 2040 but follows a plotline not strictly taken by the show. The game has been classified as a metroidvania, and plays similarly to the Metroid and Castlevania series.
Gameplay
The game follows primarily side-scrolling action elements. At several points in the storyline, players can make a direct choice about which path they take (in each case, the paths reconvene at the next chapter). Every choice the player makes results in a unique ending, meaning over 20 different endings are available. A select few endings are classified as successful endings, while all others result in negative outcomes for the city of Metropia and present the player with the message "Try Again".
Phantom 2040 has a heavy emphasis on exploration. It is up to the player to locate the area's objective or exit, and every area offers optional areas with restoration kits or weapon upgrades. Some areas are locked by numbered gates that must be opened by destroying the remote lock of the same number, located elsewhere in that area (additionally, some locks can only be accessed if the area is reached by a secret underground network of sewer systems which connect every area). The area's objective may include locating a keycard, dealing with a boss or simply finding access to the next area. The majority of areas can all be revisited at the player's leisure anytime after they are unlocked.
Version differences
The story line in Phantom 2040 is presented differently in the NTSC and PAL versions of the game. In the NTSC version of Phantom 2040 in the options menu the player has the choice of having the game's story presented to them in cinematics between levels and dialog between characters, or in a short point-list of what happens in those cinematics. In the PAL version, only the summarized story line is available, and the player may choose what language the game's text is displayed in.
Plot
While the backstory Phantom 2040 is exactly the same as the backstory of the television series, the video game does not specifically enact any of the series' episodes but instead borrows elements from various episodes in the overarching story of the Phantom's mission to stop Maximum, Inc. from dominating Metropia.
Backstory
It is the year 2040, all environmental disasters and the economic Resource Wars of the early twenty-first century have had catastrophic effects upon the Earth's ecological balance. Ever-increasing polarisation of wealth, along with the development of humanoid, robotic "biots" (Biological Optical Transputer Systems), have resulted in a social demographic that leaves the majority of the world's population scavenging in the undercity slums while a wealthy minority live luxurious lives in towering skyscrapers. The Earth's population continues to rise, but without the resources to support them or the jobs to sustain them, they are cast onto the streets of the over-urbanised mega-cities.
The megalopolis of Metropia, a reformed and renamed New York City, is the world's most powerful city-state and within it are the headquarters of the world's most powerful corporation, Maximum Inc. Maximum's mass production of biots and its influence upon the world's corrupted leaders has allowed it to shape Metropia into a cold and metallic urban center, where technologically advanced buildings and transport systems have replaced any natural plant or animal life. Maximum's chairperson, Rebecca Madison, driven by the violent death of her husband Maxwell Madison Sr. and a desire for revenge against the Phantom who she believes killed him, has plans to construct an impenetrable fortress called Cyberville where the elite wealthy can retreat once Earth deteriorates beyond hope of restoration. Maximum's hidden underground biot factories are illegally constructing Maximum's personal biot army, which Rebecca will use to guarantee the world's collapse so that she may take control of the world through Cyberville.
In the Ghost Jungle (a gigantic, hidden stretch of jungle twisting through Metropia's ruins and underground), Kit Walker discovers that he is the 24th Phantom, sworn to bring an end to piracy, greed, and violence, a role passed from father to son for 500 years. Kit's father was killed with Maxwell Madison Sr. in a mysterious toxic train wreck, and now it is up to the Phantom to stop Rebecca Madison's plans of worldwide domination.
Game storyline
The game's storyline revolves around multiple threats against Metropia. Rebecca Madison seeks to find the fabled Black Panther, the last of its kind, to use its blood in an infusion that will allow her to trap her dead husband's captured brainwaves inside a living body. Once Maxwell Madison Sr. is revived, Maximum will be unstoppable.
However, a rogue smuggler called Tracker has captured the Black Panther and both Maximum and the Phantom will do anything to rescue it. The Phantom succeeds first, but must decide between keeping the Panther safe in the Ghost Jungle or exchanging it to the shady information broker Mr. Cairo for the whereabouts of the Phantom's friend and mentor Professor Archer, who has been kidnapped by Maximum.
Meanwhile, Maximum is secretly harvesting rare Ghost Jungle plants with photosynthetic properties for use in particle laser technologies. Rebecca Madison is constructing a giant battleship under the facade of protecting the Political Summit, which is soon to meet in Metropia, but in actuality plans to destroy the Summit before it can outlaw combat biots of any kind. The Phantom manages to warn the Summit and destroy the battleship Prometheus, but further plant shipments are being sent to Sean One, terrorist and leader of the Orbital colonies who will go to any lengths to achieve independence for the Orbital people.
The Phantom must find a way to stop both Sean One's deadly particle beam cannon and Rebecca's use of the Panther in restoring her husband's brainwaves, but there are multiple other threads to deal with in the process, including:
Experiments with mutants in secret laboratories below the city
Massive combat biot factories building new, dangerous types of biots
A missile launch targeting a suburban area
Rebecca's Madison's disturbed son, Max Madison Jr. in his virtually controlled Legion biot
A group of telepathically mutated women called the Triad
Differences between the game and series
The game ignores several important plot "twists" revealed in the cartoon. For example, in the game, Mr. Cairo is not yet completely loyal to the Phantom. Additionally, Maxwell Madison Sr, who is revealed late in the series to have been good friends with the 23rd Phantom up until his death, remains antagonistic in the game's last chapter. Sagan Cruz's allegiance with the Phantom is absent, though she is seen reporting on events within the game. Otherwise, the game's characters remain very accurate to the characters seen in the series: Dr. Jak arrogantly and enthusiastically reports events between chapters, Graft's loyalty to Maximum wavers multiple times, Maxwell Madison Jr. has the same cool and uninterested attitude, and Sean One remains coldly apathetic towards humankind on Earth.
Reception
Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the Super NES version a 6.875 out of 10. Three of their four reviewers had an overall positive reaction to the game, though they criticized the constant spawning of robot enemies and the lack of originality. They were critical of the walking animation for the title character but assessed the graphics in general to be very good, and also praised the game's cinematics and non-linear quest. Atomic Dawg of GamePro, while cautioning that the game's high difficulty makes it suitable only for hardcore gamers, was more enthusiastic, calling it "a rip-roaring action/adventure game that pumps the best elements of the genre: fast-moving, side-view, beat-em-up action; multiple selectable weapons; and hordes of enemies." He additionally praised the "excellent" controls, graphics, and multiple endings. He reviewed the Genesis version with equal enthusiasm, commenting that "if you hunger for a 16-bit challenge, Phantom 2040 is a feast made even more satisfying by lengthy replay value."
Bro' Buzz of GamePro had a much more mixed assessment of the Game Gear version, stating the gameplay is strong with a variety of "slick moves", but that the audio and graphics pale compared to the console versions, making it easy to lose track of the Phantom and his enemies against the backgrounds.
References
1995 video games
Cyberpunk video games
Metroidvania games
The Phantom
Sega Genesis games
Single-player video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Unexpected Development games
Viacom New Media games
Video games based on animated television series
Video games based on comics
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Burke Trieschmann
Video games set in the 2040s |
KRI Teluk Ende (517) is the sixth of the Indonesian Navy.
Design
The ship has a length of , a beam of , with a draught of and her displacement is at full load. She was powered by two diesel engines, with total sustained power output of distributed in two shaft. Teluk Banten has a speed of , with range of while cruising at .
Teluk Banten has a capacity of 200 troops, of cargo (which includes 17 main battle tanks), and 2 LCVPs on davits. The ship has a complement of 90 personnel, including 13 officers. Teluk Banten is a command ship variant of the class and has distinguishing features such as the LCVP davits located forward of the bridge and the exhaust vents above the waterlines instead of funnels found on the other ships.
She were armed with two single Bofors 40 mm L/70 guns, two single Rheinmettal 20 mm autocannons, and two single DShK 12.7 mm heavy machine guns.
The ship has hangar facility and helicopter deck in the aft with provisions for up to 3 Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma helicopters.
Construction and commissioning
Teluk Ende was built by Korea Tacoma Shipyard in Masan, ordered in June 1981. She was commissioned on 1 September 1982.
She was docked at the Trisakti Harbor pier on 15 October 2019, at 15.00 WITA for 3 days until 17 October 2019. The mission of this visit was to provide education and share experiences from AAL cadets on visits to schools. With the agenda of the visit, it was hoped that it will increase the motivation of the younger generation who have graduated from school in Banau, South Kalimantan so that they want to work and devote themselves to being Navy soldiers.
She carried hundreds of Navy level II cadets leaning against the port of Tanjung Bara, Sangatta, East Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province on 20 October 2019. On this mission, she took the cadets to carry out socialization in schools in the East Kutai Regency area.
She brought clean water assistance to Sapudi Island, Madura and docked at the Sapudi Island pier on 4 November 2019. The long dry season caused drought and made residents on Sapudi Island experience a clean water crisis, making it difficult for them to meet their daily needs. The dry conditions moved Koarmada II in collaboration with the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of East Java to provide clean water assistance. In this mission, she brought members of the Sumenep Drought Disaster Management Task Force consisting of personnel from the Joint Fleet Task Force, Lantamal V and Lanal Batuporon, 1 SST Yonmarhanlan, East Java BPBD, Tagana and Satpol PP, which amounted to approximately 200 people, brought 2 units of material. The Bromo and Tambora Tug Boats as well as 1 unit of fresh water barge from Lantamal V, carried 3,000 - 5,000 jerry cans of clean water, each containing 25 liters of water, carrying three East Java BPDB water tankers, each carrying 50,000 liters of clean water.
Gallery
References
Bibliography
Ships built by Hanjin Heavy Industries
Amphibious warfare vessels of the Indonesian Navy
Teluk Semangka-class tank landing ships
1982 ships |
```c++
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#include "paddle/phi/api/profiler/device_tracer.h"
#include <deque>
#include <forward_list>
#include <fstream>
#include <mutex> // NOLINT
#include <string>
#include <thread> // NOLINT
#include "glog/logging.h"
#include "paddle/common/flags.h"
#include "paddle/phi/core/enforce.h"
PHI_DECLARE_bool(enable_host_event_recorder_hook);
namespace phi {
// Used only by DeviceTracer
uint64_t GetThreadIdFromSystemThreadId(uint32_t id);
namespace {
// Tracking the nested block stacks of each thread.
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_SW
// sw not supported thread_local
std::deque<int> block_id_stack;
std::deque<Event *> annotation_stack;
#else
// Tracking the nested event stacks.
thread_local std::deque<int> block_id_stack;
// Tracking the nested event stacks.
thread_local std::deque<Event *> annotation_stack;
#endif
// stack to store event such as pe and so on
static std::deque<Event *> main_thread_annotation_stack{};
static std::deque<std::string> main_thread_annotation_stack_name{};
std::map<uint32_t, uint64_t> system_thread_id_map;
std::mutex system_thread_id_map_mutex;
std::once_flag tracer_once_flag;
DeviceTracer *tracer = nullptr;
void PrintCuptiHint() {
static bool showed = false;
if (showed) return;
showed = true;
LOG(WARNING) << "Invalid timestamp occurred. Please try increasing the "
"FLAGS_multiple_of_cupti_buffer_size.";
}
} // namespace
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
namespace {
// The experimental best performance is
// the same size with CUPTI device buffer size(8M)
uint64_t kBufSize = 1024 * 1024 * 8;
uint64_t kAlignSize = 8;
std::unordered_map<CUpti_CallbackId, std::string> runtime_cbid_str,
driver_cbid_str;
#define ALIGN_BUFFER(buffer, align) \
(((uintptr_t)(buffer) & ((align)-1)) \
? ((buffer) + (align) - ((uintptr_t)(buffer) & ((align)-1))) \
: (buffer))
#define CUPTI_CALL(call) \
do { \
CUptiResult _status = call; \
if (_status != CUPTI_SUCCESS) { \
const char *errstr; \
dynload::cuptiGetResultString(_status, &errstr); \
fprintf(stderr, \
"%s:%d: error: function %s failed with error %s.\n", \
__FILE__, \
__LINE__, \
#call, \
errstr); \
exit(-1); \
} \
} while (0)
std::string MemcpyKind(CUpti_ActivityMemcpyKind kind) {
switch (kind) {
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_HTOD:
return "MEMCPY_HtoD";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_DTOH:
return "MEMCPY_DtoH";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_HTOA:
return "MEMCPY_HtoA";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_ATOH:
return "MEMCPY_AtoH";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_ATOA:
return "MEMCPY_AtoA";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_ATOD:
return "MEMCPY_AtoD";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_DTOA:
return "MEMCPY_DtoA";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_DTOD:
return "MEMCPY_DtoD";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_HTOH:
return "MEMCPY_HtoH";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_PTOP:
return "MEMCPY_PtoP";
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_MEMCPY_KIND_FORCE_INT:
return "MEMCPY_FORCE_INT";
default:
break;
}
return "MEMCPY";
}
std::string DriverKind(CUpti_CallbackId cbid) {
auto iter = driver_cbid_str.find(cbid);
if (iter == driver_cbid_str.end())
return "Driver API " + std::to_string(cbid);
return iter->second;
}
std::string RuntimeKind(CUpti_CallbackId cbid) {
auto iter = runtime_cbid_str.find(cbid);
if (iter == runtime_cbid_str.end())
return "Runtime API " + std::to_string(cbid);
return iter->second;
}
void EnableActivity() {
// Device activity record is created when CUDA initializes, so we
// want to enable it before cuInit() or any CUDA runtime call.
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMCPY));
CUPTI_CALL(
dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_CONCURRENT_KERNEL));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_KERNEL));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_DRIVER));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_RUNTIME));
// We don't track these activities for now.
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMSET));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_OVERHEAD));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_DEVICE));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_CONTEXT));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_DRIVER));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_RUNTIME));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_NAME));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityEnable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MARKER));
}
void DisableActivity() {
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMCPY));
CUPTI_CALL(
dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_CONCURRENT_KERNEL));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_DEVICE));
// Disable all other activity record kinds.
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_CONTEXT));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_DRIVER));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_RUNTIME));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMSET));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_NAME));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MARKER));
// CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityDisable(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_OVERHEAD));
}
void CUPTIAPI bufferRequested(uint8_t **buffer,
size_t *size,
size_t *maxNumRecords) {
uint8_t *buf = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(malloc(kBufSize + kAlignSize));
*size = kBufSize;
*buffer = ALIGN_BUFFER(buf, kAlignSize);
*maxNumRecords = 0;
}
void CUPTIAPI bufferCompleted(CUcontext ctx,
uint32_t streamId,
uint8_t *buffer,
size_t size,
size_t validSize) {
static std::thread::id cupti_thread_id(0);
if (cupti_thread_id == std::thread::id(0))
cupti_thread_id = std::this_thread::get_id();
PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(
std::this_thread::get_id(),
cupti_thread_id,
errors::PermissionDenied(
"Only one thread is allowed to call bufferCompleted()."));
CUptiResult status;
CUpti_Activity *record = nullptr;
if (validSize > 0) {
do {
status = dynload::cuptiActivityGetNextRecord(buffer, validSize, &record);
if (status == CUPTI_SUCCESS) {
switch (record->kind) {
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_KERNEL:
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_CONCURRENT_KERNEL: {
#if CUDA_VERSION >= 9000
auto *kernel =
reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityKernel4 *>(record);
#else
auto *kernel =
reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityKernel3 *>(record);
#endif
tracer->AddKernelRecords(kernel->name,
kernel->start,
kernel->end,
kernel->deviceId,
kernel->streamId,
kernel->correlationId);
break;
}
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMCPY: {
auto *memcpy =
reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityMemcpy *>(record);
tracer->AddMemRecords(
MemcpyKind(
static_cast<CUpti_ActivityMemcpyKind>(memcpy->copyKind)),
memcpy->start,
memcpy->end,
memcpy->deviceId,
memcpy->streamId,
memcpy->correlationId,
memcpy->bytes);
break;
}
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMCPY2: {
auto *memcpy =
reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityMemcpy2 *>(record);
tracer->AddMemRecords(
MemcpyKind(
static_cast<CUpti_ActivityMemcpyKind>(memcpy->copyKind)),
memcpy->start,
memcpy->end,
memcpy->deviceId,
memcpy->streamId,
memcpy->correlationId,
memcpy->bytes);
break;
}
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_MEMSET: {
auto *memset =
reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityMemset *>(record);
tracer->AddKernelRecords("MEMSET",
memset->start,
memset->end,
memset->deviceId,
memset->streamId,
memset->correlationId);
break;
}
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_DRIVER: {
auto *api = reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityAPI *>(record);
if (api->start != 0 && api->end != 0) {
// -1 device id represents ActiveKind api call
tracer->AddActiveKindRecords(
DriverKind(api->cbid),
api->start,
api->end,
-1,
GetThreadIdFromSystemThreadId(api->threadId),
api->correlationId);
}
break;
}
case CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_RUNTIME: {
auto *api = reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_ActivityAPI *>(record);
if (api->start != 0 && api->end != 0) {
// -1 device id represents ActiveKind api call
tracer->AddActiveKindRecords(
RuntimeKind(api->cbid),
api->start,
api->end,
-1,
GetThreadIdFromSystemThreadId(api->threadId),
api->correlationId);
}
break;
}
default: {
break;
}
}
} else if (status == CUPTI_ERROR_MAX_LIMIT_REACHED) {
// Seems not an error in this case.
break;
} else {
CUPTI_CALL(status);
}
} while (true);
size_t dropped;
CUPTI_CALL(
dynload::cuptiActivityGetNumDroppedRecords(ctx, streamId, &dropped));
if (dropped != 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Dropped %u activity records\n", (unsigned int)dropped);
PrintCuptiHint();
}
}
free(buffer);
}
void initCuptiCbidStr();
} // namespace
#endif // PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
class DeviceTracerImpl : public DeviceTracer {
public:
DeviceTracerImpl() : enabled_(false), start_ns_(0), end_ns_(0) {
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
initCuptiCbidStr();
#endif
}
void AddAnnotation(uint32_t id, Event *event) override {
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_SW
std::forward_list<std::pair<uint32_t, Event *>> *local_correlations_pairs =
nullptr;
#else
thread_local std::forward_list<std::pair<uint32_t, Event *>>
*local_correlations_pairs = nullptr;
#endif
if (local_correlations_pairs == nullptr) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
correlations_pairs.emplace_front();
local_correlations_pairs = &correlations_pairs.front();
}
local_correlations_pairs->push_front(std::make_pair(id, event));
}
void AddAnnotations(
const std::map<uint64_t, ThreadEvents> &thr_events) override {
for (auto &tmp : active_kind_records_) {
for (const ActiveKindRecord &r : tmp) {
auto iter = thr_events.find(r.thread_id);
if (iter == thr_events.end()) {
VLOG(10) << __func__ << " " << r.name
<< " Missing tid: " << r.thread_id;
continue;
}
const ThreadEvents &evts = iter->second;
auto evt_iter = evts.upper_bound(r.end_ns);
if (evt_iter == evts.end()) {
VLOG(10) << __func__ << " Missing Record " << r.name
<< " tid: " << r.thread_id << " end_ns: " << r.end_ns;
continue;
}
if (evt_iter != evts.begin()) {
auto prev_iter = std::prev(evt_iter);
if (prev_iter->first >= r.end_ns) {
evt_iter = prev_iter;
} else {
VLOG(10) << __func__ << " prev end_ns " << prev_iter->first
<< " end_ns: " << r.end_ns;
}
}
Event *evt = evt_iter->second.first;
uint64_t start_ns = evt_iter->second.second;
if (start_ns > r.start_ns) {
VLOG(10) << __func__ << " Mismatch Record " << r.name
<< " tid: " << r.thread_id << " start_ns: " << r.start_ns
<< " end_ns: " << r.end_ns << ", event " << evt->name()
<< " start_ns: " << start_ns;
continue;
}
VLOG(10) << __func__ << " tid: " << r.thread_id << " Add correlation "
<< r.correlation_id << "<->" << evt->name();
AddAnnotation(r.correlation_id, evt);
}
}
}
void AddCPURecords(const std::string &anno,
uint64_t start_ns,
uint64_t end_ns,
int64_t device_id,
uint64_t thread_id) override {
if (anno.empty()) {
VLOG(1) << "Empty timeline annotation.";
return;
}
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_SW
std::forward_list<CPURecord> *local_cpu_records_ = nullptr;
#else
thread_local std::forward_list<CPURecord> *local_cpu_records_ = nullptr;
#endif
if (local_cpu_records_ == nullptr) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
cpu_records_.emplace_front();
local_cpu_records_ = &cpu_records_.front();
}
local_cpu_records_->push_front(
CPURecord{anno, start_ns, end_ns, device_id, thread_id});
}
void AddMemRecords(const std::string &name,
uint64_t start_ns,
uint64_t end_ns,
int64_t device_id,
int64_t stream_id,
uint32_t correlation_id,
uint64_t bytes) override {
// 0 means timestamp information could not be collected for the kernel.
if (start_ns == 0 || end_ns == 0 || start_ns == end_ns) {
VLOG(3) << name << " cannot be traced";
PrintCuptiHint();
return;
}
// NOTE(liangdun): lock is not needed, only one thread call this function.
mem_records_.push_front(MemRecord{
name, start_ns, end_ns, device_id, stream_id, correlation_id, bytes});
}
void AddMemInfoRecord(uint64_t start_ns,
uint64_t end_ns,
size_t bytes,
const Place &place,
const std::string &alloc_in,
const std::string &free_in,
uint64_t thread_id) override {
if (0 == start_ns || 0 == end_ns) {
VLOG(3) << alloc_in << ", " << free_in << " Cannot be traced.";
return;
}
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_SW
std::forward_list<MemInfoRecord> *local_mem_info_record = nullptr;
#else
thread_local std::forward_list<MemInfoRecord> *local_mem_info_record =
nullptr;
#endif
if (local_mem_info_record == nullptr) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
mem_info_record_.emplace_front();
local_mem_info_record = &mem_info_record_.front();
}
local_mem_info_record->emplace_front(MemInfoRecord{
start_ns, end_ns, bytes, place, thread_id, alloc_in, free_in});
}
void AddActiveKindRecords(const std::string &anno,
uint64_t start_ns,
uint64_t end_ns,
int64_t device_id,
uint64_t thread_id,
uint32_t correlation_id) override {
if (anno.empty()) {
VLOG(1) << "Empty timeline annotation.";
return;
}
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_SW
std::forward_list<ActiveKindRecord> *local_active_kind_records = nullptr;
#else
thread_local std::forward_list<ActiveKindRecord>
*local_active_kind_records = nullptr;
#endif
if (local_active_kind_records == nullptr) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
active_kind_records_.emplace_front();
local_active_kind_records = &active_kind_records_.front();
}
// lock is not needed, only one thread call this function.
local_active_kind_records->push_front(ActiveKindRecord{
anno, start_ns, end_ns, device_id, thread_id, correlation_id});
}
void AddKernelRecords(std::string name,
uint64_t start,
uint64_t end,
int64_t device_id,
int64_t stream_id,
uint32_t correlation_id) override {
// 0 means timestamp information could not be collected for the kernel.
if (start == 0 || end == 0 || start == end) {
VLOG(3) << correlation_id << " cannot be traced";
PrintCuptiHint();
return;
}
// NOTE(liangdun): lock is not needed, only one thread call this function.
kernel_records_.push_front(
KernelRecord{name, start, end, device_id, stream_id, correlation_id});
}
bool IsEnabled() override {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
return enabled_;
}
void Enable() override {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
if (enabled_) {
return;
}
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
EnableActivity();
// Register callbacks for buffer requests and completed by CUPTI.
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiActivityRegisterCallbacks(bufferRequested,
bufferCompleted));
CUptiResult ret;
ret = dynload::cuptiSubscribe(
&subscriber_, static_cast<CUpti_CallbackFunc>(ApiCallback), this);
if (ret == CUPTI_ERROR_MAX_LIMIT_REACHED) {
fprintf(stderr, "CUPTI subcriber limit reached.\n");
} else if (ret != CUPTI_SUCCESS) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create CUPTI subscriber.\n");
}
const std::vector<int> runtime_cbids {
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaMemcpy_v3020,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaSetupArgument_v3020,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaMemcpyAsync_v3020,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaMemset_v3020,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaMemsetAsync_v3020,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaLaunch_v3020,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaLaunchKernel_v7000
#if CUDA_VERSION >= 9000
,
CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_cudaLaunchCooperativeKernel_v9000,
your_sha256_hashv9000
#endif
};
const std::vector<int> driver_cbids{CUPTI_DRIVER_TRACE_CBID_cuLaunch,
CUPTI_DRIVER_TRACE_CBID_cuLaunchGrid,
CUPTI_DRIVER_TRACE_CBID_cuLaunchKernel};
for (auto cbid : runtime_cbids)
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiEnableCallback(
1, subscriber_, CUPTI_CB_DOMAIN_RUNTIME_API, cbid));
for (auto cbid : driver_cbids)
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiEnableCallback(
1, subscriber_, CUPTI_CB_DOMAIN_DRIVER_API, cbid));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiGetTimestamp(&start_ns_));
#endif // PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
enabled_ = true;
}
void Reset() override {
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
CUPTI_CALL(
dynload::cuptiActivityFlushAll(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_FLAG_FLUSH_FORCED));
#endif
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
kernel_records_.clear();
mem_records_.clear();
correlations_.clear();
for (auto &tmp : correlations_pairs) tmp.clear();
for (auto &tmp : cpu_records_) tmp.clear();
for (auto &tmp : mem_info_record_) tmp.clear();
for (auto &tmp : active_kind_records_) tmp.clear();
}
void GenEventKernelCudaElapsedTime() override {
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
if (correlations_.empty())
for (auto &tmp : correlations_pairs)
for (auto &pair : tmp) correlations_[pair.first] = pair.second;
for (const KernelRecord &r : kernel_records_) {
auto c = correlations_.find(r.correlation_id);
if (c != correlations_.end() && c->second != nullptr) {
Event *e = c->second;
Event *parent = e->parent();
while (parent) {
parent->AddCudaElapsedTime(r.start_ns, r.end_ns); // NOLINT
parent = parent->parent();
}
e->AddCudaElapsedTime(r.start_ns, r.end_ns); // NOLINT
}
}
for (const auto &r : mem_records_) {
auto c = correlations_.find(r.correlation_id);
if (c != correlations_.end() && c->second != nullptr) {
Event *e = c->second;
Event *parent = e->parent();
while (parent) {
parent->AddCudaElapsedTime(r.start_ns, r.end_ns); // NOLINT
parent = parent->parent();
}
e->AddCudaElapsedTime(r.start_ns, r.end_ns); // NOLINT
}
}
#endif
}
proto::Profile GenProfile(const std::string &profile_path) override {
proto::Profile profile_pb = this->GetProfile();
std::ofstream profile_f;
profile_f.open(profile_path,
std::ios::out | std::ios::trunc | std::ios::binary);
profile_pb.SerializeToOstream(&profile_f);
profile_f.close();
return profile_pb;
}
proto::Profile GetProfile() override {
int miss = 0, find = 0;
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
proto::Profile profile_pb;
profile_pb.set_start_ns(start_ns_);
profile_pb.set_end_ns(end_ns_);
if (correlations_.empty()) {
for (auto &tmp : correlations_pairs) {
for (auto &pair : tmp) correlations_[pair.first] = pair.second;
}
}
for (const KernelRecord &r : kernel_records_) {
auto *event = profile_pb.add_events();
event->set_type(proto::Event::GPUKernel);
auto c = correlations_.find(r.correlation_id);
if (c != correlations_.end() && c->second != nullptr) {
event->set_name(c->second->name());
event->set_detail_info(c->second->attr());
find++;
} else {
VLOG(10) << __func__ << " Missing Kernel Event: " + r.name;
miss++;
event->set_name(r.name);
}
event->set_start_ns(r.start_ns);
event->set_end_ns(r.end_ns);
event->set_sub_device_id(r.stream_id);
event->set_device_id(r.device_id);
}
VLOG(1) << __func__ << " KernelRecord event miss: " << miss
<< " find: " << find;
for (auto &tmp : cpu_records_) {
for (const CPURecord &r : tmp) {
auto *event = profile_pb.add_events();
event->set_type(proto::Event::CPU);
event->set_name(r.name);
event->set_start_ns(r.start_ns);
event->set_end_ns(r.end_ns);
event->set_sub_device_id(r.thread_id);
event->set_device_id(r.device_id);
}
}
for (auto &tmp : active_kind_records_) {
for (const ActiveKindRecord &r : tmp) {
auto *event = profile_pb.add_events();
event->set_type(proto::Event::CPU);
auto c = correlations_.find(r.correlation_id);
if (c != correlations_.end() && c->second != nullptr) {
event->set_name(c->second->name());
event->set_detail_info(r.name);
} else {
event->set_name(r.name);
}
event->set_start_ns(r.start_ns);
event->set_end_ns(r.end_ns);
event->set_sub_device_id(r.thread_id);
event->set_device_id(r.device_id);
}
}
miss = find = 0;
for (const MemRecord &r : mem_records_) {
auto *event = profile_pb.add_events();
event->set_type(proto::Event::GPUKernel);
auto c = correlations_.find(r.correlation_id);
if (c != correlations_.end() && c->second != nullptr) {
event->set_name(c->second->name());
event->set_detail_info(r.name);
find++;
} else {
miss++;
event->set_name(r.name);
}
event->set_start_ns(r.start_ns);
event->set_end_ns(r.end_ns);
event->set_sub_device_id(r.stream_id);
event->set_device_id(r.device_id);
event->mutable_memcopy()->set_bytes(r.bytes);
}
VLOG(1) << __func__ << " MemRecord event miss: " << miss
<< " find: " << find;
for (auto &tmp : mem_info_record_) {
for (const auto &r : tmp) {
auto *event = profile_pb.add_mem_events();
event->set_device_id(0);
if (r.place.GetType() == phi::AllocationType::CPU) {
event->set_place(proto::MemEvent::CPUPlace);
} else if (r.place.GetType() == phi::AllocationType::GPU) {
event->set_place(proto::MemEvent::CUDAPlace);
event->set_device_id(r.place.GetDeviceId());
} else if (r.place.GetType() == phi::AllocationType::GPUPINNED) {
event->set_place(proto::MemEvent::CUDAPinnedPlace);
} else {
PADDLE_THROW(
errors::Unimplemented("The current place is not supported."));
}
event->set_alloc_in(r.alloc_in);
event->set_free_in(r.free_in);
event->set_start_ns(r.start_ns);
event->set_end_ns(r.end_ns);
event->set_bytes(r.bytes);
event->set_thread_id(r.thread_id);
}
}
return profile_pb;
}
void Disable() override {
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
// flush might cause additional calls to DeviceTracker.
CUPTI_CALL(
dynload::cuptiActivityFlushAll(CUPTI_ACTIVITY_FLAG_FLUSH_FORCED));
#endif // PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> l(trace_mu_);
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
DisableActivity();
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiUnsubscribe(subscriber_));
CUPTI_CALL(dynload::cuptiGetTimestamp(&end_ns_));
#endif // PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
enabled_ = false;
}
private:
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
static void CUPTIAPI ApiCallback(void *userdata,
CUpti_CallbackDomain domain,
CUpti_CallbackId cbid,
const void *cbdata) {
if (LIKELY(FLAGS_enable_host_event_recorder_hook)) {
return;
}
auto *cbInfo = reinterpret_cast<const CUpti_CallbackData *>(cbdata);
DeviceTracerImpl *tracer = reinterpret_cast<DeviceTracerImpl *>(userdata);
if (cbInfo->callbackSite == CUPTI_API_ENTER) {
Event *event = CurAnnotation();
tracer->AddAnnotation(cbInfo->correlationId, event);
}
}
CUpti_SubscriberHandle subscriber_;
#endif // PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
std::mutex trace_mu_;
bool enabled_;
uint64_t start_ns_;
uint64_t end_ns_;
std::forward_list<KernelRecord> kernel_records_;
std::forward_list<MemRecord> mem_records_;
std::forward_list<std::forward_list<CPURecord>> cpu_records_;
std::forward_list<std::forward_list<MemInfoRecord>> mem_info_record_;
std::forward_list<std::forward_list<ActiveKindRecord>> active_kind_records_;
std::forward_list<std::forward_list<std::pair<uint32_t, Event *>>>
correlations_pairs;
std::unordered_map<uint32_t, Event *> correlations_;
};
void CreateTracer(DeviceTracer **t) { *t = new DeviceTracerImpl(); }
DeviceTracer *GetDeviceTracer() {
std::call_once(tracer_once_flag, CreateTracer, &tracer);
return tracer;
}
// In order to record PE time, we add main_thread_annotation_stack
// for all event between PE run, we treat it as PE's child Event,
// so when event is not in same thread of PE event, we need add
// father event(PE::run event) for this event
void SetCurAnnotation(Event *event) {
if (!annotation_stack.empty()) {
event->set_parent(annotation_stack.back());
event->set_name(annotation_stack.back()->name() + "/" + event->name());
}
if (annotation_stack.empty() && !main_thread_annotation_stack.empty() &&
main_thread_annotation_stack.back()->thread_id() != event->thread_id()) {
event->set_parent(main_thread_annotation_stack.back());
event->set_name(main_thread_annotation_stack.back()->name() + "/" +
event->name());
}
annotation_stack.push_back(event);
if (event->role() == EventRole::kSpecial) {
std::string name = event->name();
if (!main_thread_annotation_stack_name.empty()) {
name = main_thread_annotation_stack_name.back() + "/" + event->name();
}
main_thread_annotation_stack_name.push_back(name);
main_thread_annotation_stack.push_back(event);
}
}
void ClearCurAnnotation() {
if (!main_thread_annotation_stack.empty()) {
std::string name = annotation_stack.back()->name();
std::string main_name = main_thread_annotation_stack.back()->name();
int main_name_len = static_cast<int>(main_name.length());
int name_len = static_cast<int>(name.length());
int prefix_len = main_name_len - name_len;
if ((prefix_len > 0 && main_name.at(prefix_len - 1) == '/' &&
name == main_name.substr(prefix_len, name_len)) ||
(name == main_name)) {
main_thread_annotation_stack_name.pop_back();
main_thread_annotation_stack.pop_back();
}
}
annotation_stack.pop_back();
}
Event *CurAnnotation() {
if (annotation_stack.empty()) return nullptr;
return annotation_stack.back();
}
std::string CurAnnotationName() {
if (annotation_stack.empty()) return "Unknown";
return annotation_stack.back()->name();
}
void SetCurBlock(int block_id) { block_id_stack.push_back(block_id); }
void ClearCurBlock() { block_id_stack.pop_back(); }
int BlockDepth() { return static_cast<int>(block_id_stack.size()); }
uint32_t GetCurSystemThreadId() {
std::stringstream ss;
ss << std::this_thread::get_id();
uint32_t id = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::stoull(ss.str()));
return id;
}
void RecordCurThreadId(uint64_t id) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(system_thread_id_map_mutex);
auto gid = GetCurSystemThreadId();
system_thread_id_map[gid] = id;
}
uint64_t GetThreadIdFromSystemThreadId(uint32_t id) {
auto it = system_thread_id_map.find(id);
if (it != system_thread_id_map.end()) return it->second;
// return origin id if no event is recorded in this thread.
return static_cast<int32_t>(id);
}
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
namespace {
void initCuptiCbidStr() {
static bool called = false;
if (called) return;
called = true;
#define REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cbid) \
runtime_cbid_str[CUPTI_RUNTIME_TRACE_CBID_##cbid] = #cbid
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaBindTexture_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaConfigureCall_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaDeviceGetAttribute_v5000);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaDeviceGetStreamPriorityRange_v5050);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaDeviceSynchronize_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaDriverGetVersion_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaEventCreateWithFlags_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaEventDestroy_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaEventDestroy_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaEventQuery_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaEventRecord_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaFreeHost_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaFree_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaFuncGetAttributes_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaGetDeviceCount_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaGetDeviceProperties_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaGetDevice_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaGetErrorString_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaGetLastError_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaHostAlloc_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaHostGetDevicePointer_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaLaunchKernel_v7000);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaMallocHost_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaMalloc_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaMemcpyAsync_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaMemcpy_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaMemsetAsync_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaMemset_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(
cudaOccupancyMaxActiveBlocksPerMultiprocessorWithFlags_v7000);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaPeekAtLastError_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaRuntimeGetVersion_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaSetDevice_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaStreamCreate_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaStreamCreateWithFlags_v5000);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaStreamCreateWithPriority_v5050);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaStreamDestroy_v5050);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaStreamSynchronize_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaStreamWaitEvent_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaUnbindTexture_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaSetupArgument_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaLaunch_v3020);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaDeviceGetPCIBusId_v4010);
#if CUDA_VERSION >= 9000
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaLaunchCooperativeKernel_v9000);
REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR(cudaLaunchCooperativeKernelMultiDevice_v9000);
#endif
#undef REGISTER_RUNTIME_CBID_STR
}
} // namespace
#endif // PADDLE_WITH_CUPTI
} // namespace phi
``` |
Tis Hazari is a neighbourhood in Old Delhi, India just south of the Northern Ridge. It is the location of the Tis Hazari Courts Complex which was inaugurated on 19 March 1958 by Chief Justice Mr. A. N. Bhandari of the then Punjab High Court. It is one of the six District Courts that function under the Delhi High Court, and continues to be the principal Court building in state of Delhi.
History
The place gets its name from a force of 30,000 Sikhs, which encamped here under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, and Baghel Singh in 1783, prior to Battle of Delhi (1783). Sikhs defeated Mughals in the Battle of Delhi (1783) and captured Red Fort. Under the command of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and other leading warriors crossed the Yamuna and captured Saharanpur. They overran the territory of Najib ud-Daulah, the Ruhila chief, acquiring from him a tribute of eleven lakh of rupees (INR 1,100,000). In April Baghel Singh Dhaliwal with two other sardars (Rai Singh Bhangi and Tara Singh Ghaiba) crossed the Yamuna to occupy that country, which was then ruled by Zabita Khan, who was the son and successor of Najib ud-Daulah. Zabita Khan in desperation offered Baghel Singh Dhaliwal large sums of money and proposed an alliance to jointly plunder the crown lands. Sardar Baghel Singh Dhaliwal set up an octroi-post near Sabzi Mandi to collect the tax on the goods imported into the city to finance the search and the construction of the Sikh Temples. (He did not want to use the cash received from the Government Treasury for this purpose, and most of that was handed out to the needy and poor. He often distributed sweetmeats bought out of this government gift to the congregationalists at the place which is now known as the Pul Mithai.)
Tis Hazari Court
The Tis Hazari Courts Complex was inaugurated in 1958 by Chief Justice A.N. Bhandari, the then Chief Justice of Punjab, since Delhi was under the jurisdiction of High Court of Punjab at the time. Tis Hazari was the principal court complex in Delhi, since Delhi consisted of only one district. However, courts were shifted out to other complexes with time. Presently, the court houses courts having their jurisdiction over Central Delhi, West Delhi.
2019 Clash of Lawyers & Police
On 2 November 2019, an altercation broke out between lawyers and police officers allegedly over parking. The lawyers alleged that the police misbehaved with them, while the police claimed that the lawyers turned violent without provocation. The incident spiralled into a police officer opening fire at lawyers, injuring two lawyers. The police claim that this was done to prevent lawyers from breaking into the lockup. Following this, spontaneous violence broke out throughout the Tis Hazari complex and several vehicles, including police vehicles, were set ablaze. A lady Deputy Commissioner of Police who happened to be present in the complex claimed to have her pistol snatched by lawyers.
The High Court of Delhi took cognizance of the violence, and conducted a special hearing on Sunday. The High Court ordered suspension of the police officers involved, and transfer of a Special Commissioner of Police and an Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police. The High Court also ordered a judicial probe headed by Justice (Retired) S.P. Garg.
The lawyers in all district courts of Delhi immediately went on strike and abstained from work. In the following days, incidents of lawyers harassing and manhandling police officers were reported. The strike was called off two weeks later.
Sexual Harassment
Several female lawyers have reported incidents of sexual harassment at Tis Hazari Courts, including groping and sexually coloured remarks.
St Stephen's Hospital
St Stephen's Hospital, Delhi is the other landmark at Tis Hazari. It is a 600 bedded tertiary care and teaching hospital located adjacent to the court complex.
Transport
The area is serviced by the Tis Hazari station on the Red Line of the Delhi Metro. Besides the Metro connections, Tis Hazari District Court is well connected through a series of "Destination" Bus services run by the Delhi Bar Association from Karkardooma Court, Patiala House Court, Delhi High Court and Supreme Court. One can otherwise avail other local buses with the major Bus terminal / destination namely ISBT and the nearby Mori Gate bus stop.
References
External links
Tis Hazari Court, Official website
Tis Hazari Court
Neighbourhoods in Delhi
North Delhi district |
```go
package main
import (
"github.com/GoesToEleven/golang-web-dev/000_temp/44_class/13_interface/cmd"
"github.com/GoesToEleven/golang-web-dev/000_temp/44_class/13_interface/memcache"
)
func main() {
c := &memcache.MemCache{
M: map[string]interface{}{},
}
cmd.CacheUser(c, "Bob", "Hello")
cmd.CacheUser(c, "Bob", "Goodbye")
}
``` |
```java
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*
*/
package com.netflix.hollow.api.perfapi;
import com.netflix.hollow.core.read.dataaccess.HollowDataAccess;
import com.netflix.hollow.core.read.dataaccess.HollowListTypeDataAccess;
import com.netflix.hollow.core.read.dataaccess.missing.HollowListMissingDataAccess;
import com.netflix.hollow.core.read.iterator.HollowOrdinalIterator;
import java.util.List;
public class HollowListTypePerfAPI extends HollowTypePerfAPI {
private final HollowListTypeDataAccess typeAccess;
final long elementMaskedTypeIdx;
public HollowListTypePerfAPI(HollowDataAccess dataAccess, String typeName, HollowPerformanceAPI api) {
super(typeName, api);
HollowListTypeDataAccess typeAccess = (HollowListTypeDataAccess) dataAccess.getTypeDataAccess(typeName);
int elementTypeIdx = typeAccess == null ? Ref.TYPE_ABSENT : api.types.getIdx(typeAccess.getSchema().getElementType());
this.elementMaskedTypeIdx = Ref.toTypeMasked(elementTypeIdx);
if(typeAccess == null)
typeAccess = new HollowListMissingDataAccess(dataAccess, typeName);
this.typeAccess = typeAccess;
}
public int size(long ref) {
return typeAccess.size(ordinal(ref));
}
public long get(long ref, int idx) {
int ordinal = typeAccess.getElementOrdinal(ordinal(ref), idx);
return Ref.toRefWithTypeMasked(elementMaskedTypeIdx, ordinal);
}
public HollowPerfReferenceIterator iterator(long ref) {
HollowOrdinalIterator iter = typeAccess.ordinalIterator(ordinal(ref));
return new HollowPerfReferenceIterator(iter, elementMaskedTypeIdx);
}
public <T> List<T> backedList(long ref, POJOInstantiator<T> instantiator) {
return new HollowPerfBackedList<>(this, ordinal(ref), instantiator);
}
public HollowListTypeDataAccess typeAccess() {
return typeAccess;
}
}
``` |
The mayor of Peterborough is an elected official who serves as the head of the municipal government of Peterborough. The mayor is a member of city council, which is an elected body that is responsible for developing policies, programs and services of the municipality; representing constituents in municipal government; and providing governance over the corporation of the municipality. The Mayor leads Council and acts as the Chairperson of council meetings, as the Chief Executive Officer for the corporation, and as the representative for the municipality.
Between 1850 and 1859, when Peterborough first became a township, aldermen were elected every January and these elected officials appointed a mayor, reeve and deputy reeve from among their numbers. In 1860, this changed and the public was able to vote for mayor at the polls.
On Canada Day 1905, the town of Peterborough and the village of Ashburnham amalgamated — creating the City of Peterborough. This merger changed Peterborough's municipal status from 'town' to 'city' and accordingly Peterborough Town Council became Peterborough City Council.
Currently, municipal elections are held every four years and voters are able to cast their ballot for a mayoral candidate as well as candidates in their home ward. Mayors serve a term of four years and may run for re-election indefinitely as there are no term limits.
List of Peterborough Mayors
Peterborough Town Council (1850-1905)
Peterborough City Council (1905-present)
References
External links
Mayor's Office City of Peterborough.
Peterborough |
This is a list of Roman canals. Roman canals were typically multi-purpose structures, intended for irrigation, drainage, land reclamation, flood control and navigation where feasible. This list focuses on the larger canals, particularly navigational canals, as recorded by ancient geographers and still traceable by modern archaeology. Channels which served the needs of urban water supply are covered at the List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire.
Greek engineers were the first to use canal locks, by which they regulated the water flow in the Ancient Suez Canal as early as the 3rd century BC. The Romans under Trajan too secured the entrance to the Red Sea with sluice gates, while they extended the canal south to the height of modern Cairo in order to improve its water inflow. The existence of ancient pound locks to bridge height gaps has been proposed by a number of authors, but in the absence of clear archaeological evidence the question seems to be permanently undecided.
Canals
By chronological order:
Italy
Gaul
Germania
Britain
Egypt
Moesia
Projected canals
In the following, Roman canal projects which were never completed for various reasons are listed.
See also
Record-holding canals in antiquity
References
Sources
Froriep, Siegfried (1986): "Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen", Antike Welt, 2nd Special Edition, pp. 39–50
Grewe, Klaus (2008): "Tunnels and Canals", in: Oleson, John Peter (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World, Oxford University Press, pp. 319–336,
Moore, Frank Gardner (1950): "Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 97–111
Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): "Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal", Skyllis, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28–43
Serban, Marko (2009): "Trajan’s Bridge over the Danube", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 331–342
Tudor, D. (1974): Les ponts romains du Bas-Danube, Bibliotheca Historica Romaniae Études, Vol. 51, Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, pp. 47–134
White, K. D. (1984): Greek and Roman Technology, London: Thames and Hudson, pp. 110–112; 227–229, table 6
Wikander, Charlotte (2000): "Canals", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.): Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 321–330,
Further reading
Redmount, Carol A. (1995): "The Wadi Tumilat and the 'Canal of the Pharaohs'", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 127–135
Smith, N.A.F. (1977/78): "Roman Canals", Transactions of the Newcomen Society, Vol. 49, pp. 75–86
External links
Livius.org: Fossa Drusiana
Livius.org: Fossa Corbulonis
Telegraph.co.uk: 'Biggest Canal Ever Built by Romans' Discovered
Canals |
Jim Wearne (born 1950) is a Cornish-American singer-songwriter.
(The surname is pronounced in one syllable to rhyme with "cairn") Born in St. Louis, Missouri, United states, he was raised in the Chicago area. Early interests in music and theatre led to a desire to become a performer. He learned to play the guitar in his teens, and performed mostly folk music at local venues. He studied theatre at Southern Illinois University, receiving a BS in theatre in 1972. His working career has included many occupations, including stagehand, salesman, meeting coordinator, retailer, and instructor, but his avocation has always been music.
His researches into folk music and family history led him to an interest in things Cornish, and Cornish music in particular. He has since written many songs on Cornish themes, and performs these songs and traditional Cornish material at festivals throughout the USA, and in Cornwall. His interest in Cornwall has led to a sympathy with the movement to establish national status for Cornwall within the United Kingdom. His song This Isn't England includes the lyric "This isn't England, you stupid twit!"
Wearne is notable as one of only two known exclusive proponents/performers of Cornish music in North America (the other being Marion Howard of Wisconsin.) Reviews of his work in publications such as Cornish World and Dirty Linen credit him with bringing the music, people and culture of Cornwall to America, where it is little known.
In spring 2002 at Castel Pendynas, Pendennis, Falmouth in Cornwall, Wearne was made a Bard of the Cornish Gorsedd for services to Cornish Music in America (in Cornish: Rag gonys dhe Ylow Kernewek yn Ameryky) with the bardic name Canor Gwanethtyr - Singer of the Prairie.
Recordings
Here and There, ASIN: B001DGSDYU, July 22, 2008,
So Low, ASIN: B000QOS24Q
Kowetha, ASIN: B000LPR9O4, November 16, 2006
Howl Lowen
Me and Cousin Jack
Books
"Basic Homebrewing: Storey Country Wisdom Bulletin A-144", J.Wearne, Storey Publications, 1995,
"The Adventure of the Old Campaigners" (Novel), J. Wearne, Mr. Bear Ent./BookBaby, 2011,
"The World. Around it. On a Ship. Mostly." (Travel/adventure Non-Fiction)BookBaby, 2017
References
1950 births
Living people
Bards of Gorsedh Kernow
Singers from St. Louis
Southern Illinois University alumni
American folk musicians
American people of Cornish descent
Cornish folk musicians |
This is a list of Kosovar Supercup finals from 1992 to 2019.
Fixtures and results
1992–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
Notes and references
Notes
References
External links
Kosovar Supercup at RSSSF
Supercup finals (1992–2019)
Finals |
The Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ300 (also known as the Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ330) is a constant-aperture DSLR-styled digital bridge camera announced by Panasonic on July 16, 2015. It succeeds the Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ200.
Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ330 with opticals components and other filters
Close-up Raynox
Hoya CPL
Hoya ND filters
See also
List of bridge cameras
References
http://www.dpreview.com/products/panasonic/slrs/panasonic_dmcfz300/specifications
FZ300
Bridge digital cameras
Superzoom cameras |
The Sign of Four is a 1932 British crime film directed by Graham Cutts and starring Arthur Wontner, Ian Hunter and Graham Soutten. The film is based on Arthur Conan Doyle's second Sherlock Holmes novel The Sign of the Four (1890). The film is also known as The Sign of Four: Sherlock Holmes' Greatest Case.
It is the third film in the 1931–1937 film series starring Wontner as Sherlock Holmes.
A young woman needs Sherlock Holmes for protection when she's tormented by an escaped killer. However, when the woman is abducted, Holmes and Watson must infiltrate the city's criminal underworld to track down the young woman.
Plot
Jonathan Small, a prisoner serving a lengthy sentence on the Andaman Islands cuts a deal with two army officers, Major Sholto and Captain Morstan, in command of the prison. He reveals the location of a stash of loot in exchange for their help in helping him to escape from jail. The proceeds are to be split equally between the three of them.
Sholto and Morstan go to investigate the treasure which is hidden in an old Indian fortress. When they unearth the valuable trinkets behind a brick wall it sparks a violent quarrel between the two men with each wanting to take all of the treasure. After a struggle Sholto kills his accomplice and returns to England without fulfilling his pledge to help Small escape.
A number of years later Sholto is now living in London in great wealth thanks to his theft of the treasure. However, he is disturbed to read of the escape from jail of Small. He becomes haunted by the sound of Small's wooden leg and is convinced he will shortly be killed in revenge for his past betrayal of the convict. He calls his sons Bartholomew and Thaddeus to him and tells them of his murky past that had gained him the wealth on which the family fortune is built. He reveals that Morstan had a daughter, Mary, and instructs his sons to send her a valuable necklace and split their inheritance with her. Shortly afterwards Sholto is murdered before he can reveal the location of the bulk of his treasure.
The killing has been committed by Small who has broken out of jail with two accomplices, a heavily-tattooed convict and a native named Tonga. He reveals himself and menaces Thaddeus into telling him about Miss Morstan. The gang soon begin threatening Miss Morstan in the hope that she will hand over her share of the treasure to them. Frightened, she calls in Sherlock Holmes to help her protect herself. She is approached by Thaddeus, who reveals that the secret hiding place of the treasure has been discovered, and offers her the share as instructed by his father, and takes them to the family house.
However, when they arrive there Bartholomew is dead, and the treasure is missing. Holmes has his theory about the murder, but the innocent Thaddeus is arrested for murder by the incompent detective from Scotland Yard. Holmes and Watson set out to prove Theodore's innocence and track down the gang who are threatening Miss Morstan. They soon discover that Small and his accomplices are waiting to take the necklace from Mary Morstan to complete their haul and then flee the country and are hiding out in a circus. Watson unwisely takes Mary to investigate, and she is forcibly taken by them. Small's gang plan to make their escape by boat up the River Thames, but they are pursued by Holmes and Watson. The film climaxes in a shoot-out at a deserted warehouse.
Cast
Arthur Wontner as Sherlock Holmes
Isla Bevan as Mary Morstan
Ian Hunter as Dr. John H. Watson
Graham Soutten as Jonathan Small
Miles Malleson as Thaddeus Sholto
Herbert Lomas as Major John Sholto
Gilbert Davis as Det. Insp. Atherly Jones
Margaret Yarde as Mrs. Smith
Roy Emerton as The Tattooed Man
Charles Farrell as Funfair Patron
Clare Greet as Mrs Hudson
Moore Marriott as Mordecai Smith
Edgar Norfolk as Captain Morstan
Kynaston Reeves as Bartholomew Sholto
Ernest Sefton as Barrett
Mr. Burnhett as Tattoo Artist
Togo as Tonga
Production
After the successes of The Sleeping Cardinal and The Missing Rembrandt, Wontner was lured away from Twickenham Studios to make a Sherlock Holmes film for Associated Radio Pictures. Graham Cutts was hired to direct with Rowland V. Lee as a production supervisor. To de-age the leads, Wontner was given a thick toupée and regular Watson Ian Fleming was replaced by the younger Ian Hunter.
Unlike other adaptations of Conan Doyle's story, screenwriter W.P. Lipscomb had the flashback scenes placed at the beginning making the film unfold chronologically. Lipscomb took some great liberties with the story and the characters having Holmes make some large leaps in logic such as deducing a letter's author having only one leg based on handwriting alone and deducing the source of a rope based on traces of malt. He also moves the address from the famed 221B Baker Street to 22A.
Bibliography
Low, Rachael. Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
Perry, George. Forever Ealing. Pavilion Books, 1994.
References
External links
1932 films
1930s crime thriller films
1930s mystery thriller films
British crime thriller films
British mystery thriller films
Sherlock Holmes films based on works by Arthur Conan Doyle
British black-and-white films
Films set in India
Films set in London
Associated Talking Pictures
Films directed by Graham Cutts
1930s English-language films
1930s British films |
```java
/*
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.apache.shardingsphere.infra.exception.postgresql.exception.authority;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
import org.apache.shardingsphere.infra.exception.dialect.exception.SQLDialectException;
/**
* Privilege not granted exception.
*/
@RequiredArgsConstructor
@Getter
public final class PrivilegeNotGrantedException extends SQLDialectException {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8410672833723209253L;
private final String username;
private final String databaseName;
}
``` |
Robin Söderling defeated Gaël Monfils in the final, 6–1, 7–6(7–1) to win the singles tennis title at the 2010 Paris Masters.
Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but lost in the third round to Michaël Llodra.
Seeds
All seeds received a bye into the second round.
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
Qualifying
Seeds
Qualifiers
Lucky loser
Draw
First qualifier
Second qualifier
Third qualifier
Fourth qualifier
Fifth qualifier
Sixth qualifier
External links
Main draw
Qualifying draw
Bnp Paribas Masters - Singles
Singles |
Thomas Aloysius Murray (March 23, 1867 - June 26, 1939) was a Major League Baseball player. Murray played in one game in the 1894 season with the Philadelphia Phillies.
External links
Baseball-Reference page
Philadelphia Phillies players
1867 births
1939 deaths
Baseball players from Paterson, New Jersey
19th-century baseball players |
```xml
/**
*
* This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
* LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
*/
import {nullthrows} from 'shared/utils';
/**
* Incrementally increases throttling when an even starts happening too often.
* For example, initially there's no throttle
* After 10 events without a gap of 10s, there's a 10s throttle.
* After 30 events without a gap of 30s, there's a 30s throttle.
* After no events for 10s, the throttle is reset to 0.
*
* These thresholds are configurable.
* "Throttling" means dropping events after the first one (unlike debouncing).
*/
export function stagedThrottler<P extends Array<unknown>>(
stages: Array<{
throttleMs: number;
/** number of input events needed to advance to the enxt stage.
* Note: it doesn't matter if it was throttled or not. Every input adds to the advancement. */
numToNextStage?: number;
resetAfterMs: number;
/** Called when entering a stage.
* Note: 0th stage onEnter is not called "on startup", only if you reset the stage,
* and that this stage resets the next time a value IS emitted, not merely once the time passes.
*/
onEnter?: () => unknown;
}>,
cb: (...args: P) => void,
) {
// Time of the last non-throttled call
let lastEmitted = -Infinity;
let currentStage = 0;
let numSeen = 0;
return (...args: P) => {
const stage = nullthrows(stages[currentStage]);
const currentThrottle = stage.throttleMs;
const elapsed = Date.now() - lastEmitted;
// Input always counts towards going to the next stage
numSeen++;
// Maybe go to the next stage
if (numSeen > 1 && elapsed > stage.resetAfterMs) {
// Reset the throttle
numSeen = 0;
currentStage = 0;
stages[currentStage].onEnter?.();
} else if (stage.numToNextStage && numSeen >= stage.numToNextStage) {
const nextStage = currentStage + 1;
if (nextStage < stages.length) {
numSeen = 0;
currentStage++;
stages[currentStage].onEnter?.();
}
}
if (elapsed < currentThrottle) {
// Needs to be throttled
return;
}
// No need to throttle
lastEmitted = Date.now();
return cb(...args);
};
}
``` |
Ralph Henry Miller (January 14, 1899 – February 18, 1967) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball for one game as a pitcher for the Washington Senators on September 16, .
Ralph's older brother Bing Miller played 16 seasons in the Major Leagues from 1921 through 1936.
References
External links
1899 births
1967 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Iowa
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
People from Vinton, Iowa
Regina Senators players |
Phloeipsius fraudator is a species of beetle in the family Laemophloeidae, the only species in the genus Phloeipsius.
References
Laemophloeidae
Beetles described in 1899 |
Simpelejärvi is a medium-sized lake in the Parikkala municipality in South Karelia region in Finland.
See also
List of lakes in Finland
References
Rautjärvi
South Karelia
Lakes of Parikkala |
```c++
//
// Use, modification, and distribution is subject to the Boost Software
// path_to_url
//
// See path_to_url for documentation.
//
// You are welcome to contact the author at:
// fernando_cacciola@hotmail.com
// akrzemi1@gmail.com
#ifndef your_sha256_hashB2016_HPP
#define your_sha256_hashB2016_HPP
// Daniel Wallin discovered that bind/apply.hpp badly interacts with the apply<>
// member template of a factory as used in the optional<> implementation.
// He proposed this simple fix which is to move the call to apply<> outside
// namespace boost.
namespace boost_optional_detail
{
template <class T, class Factory>
inline void construct(Factory const& factory, void* address)
{
factory.BOOST_NESTED_TEMPLATE apply<T>(address);
}
}
namespace boost
{
class in_place_factory_base ;
class typed_in_place_factory_base ;
}
#endif // header guard
``` |
Many computer user interfaces use a control panel metaphor to give the user control of software and hardware features. The control panel consists of multiple settings including display settings, network settings, user account settings, and hardware settings. Control panels are also used by web applications for easy graphical configuration. Some services offered by control panels require the user to have admin rights or root access.
Computer history
The term control panel was used for the plugboards in unit record equipment and in the early computers of the 1940s and '50s. In the 1980s, the Xerox Star and the Apple Lisa, which pioneered the first graphical user interface metaphors, controlled user settings by single click selections and variable fields. In 1984 the Apple Macintosh in its initial release made use of fundamental graphic representation of a "control panel board" imitating the operation of slider controls, on/off buttons and radio-select buttons that corresponded to user settings.
Functionality
There are many tasks grouped in a control panel:
Hardware
Color
Color management
Computer displays
Brightness
Contrast
Color calibration
Energy saving
Gamma correction
Screen resolution and orientation
Graphics tablet
Keyboard
Shortcuts and bindings
Language and layout
Text cursor appearance
Mouse and touchpad
Power management
Energy saving
Battery usage
Display brightness
Power button actions
Power plans
Printers and scanners
Sound
Networking
Bluetooth connection and file exchange
Ethernet connection
Internet Accounts
E-mail integration
Social media integration
Wi-Fi connection
System-wide proxy
Security
Certificates and password management
Firewall
Filesystem encryption
Privacy
File indexing and event tracking
Data sharing
System
Login window
System information
Hostname
System time
Calendar system
NTP server
Time zone
Software management
Application management
System update configuration
Software sources
Different types
In Microsoft Windows operating systems, the Control Panel and Settings app are where various computer settings can be modified.
In the classic Mac OS, a control panel served a similar purpose. In macOS, the equivalent to control panels are referred to as System Preferences.
In web hosting, browser-based control panels, such as CPanel and Plesk, are used to manage servers, web services and users.
There are different control panels in free desktops, like GNOME, KDE, Webmin...
See also
Control panel (engineering)
Dashboard (business)
References
User interfaces |
Ulf Lohmann is a German electronic music producer most popular for his releases on Kompakt. He has released an album, Because Before, and several singles. Much of his work has been featured on Kompakt's Pop Ambient series.
References
[ Because Before Allmusic entry]
External links
German electronic musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
German male musicians |
```c++
// Boost.Range library concept checks
//
// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// path_to_url
//
#ifndef BOOST_RANGE_DETAIL_MISC_CONCEPT_HPP_INCLUDED
#define BOOST_RANGE_DETAIL_MISC_CONCEPT_HPP_INCLUDED
#include <boost/concept_check.hpp>
namespace boost
{
namespace range_detail
{
template<typename T1, typename T2>
class SameTypeConcept
{
public:
BOOST_CONCEPT_USAGE(SameTypeConcept)
{
same_type(a,b);
}
private:
template<typename T> void same_type(T,T) {}
T1 a;
T2 b;
};
}
}
#endif // include guard
``` |
```python
"""
This module provides a pool manager that uses Google App Engine's
`URLFetch Service <path_to_url`_.
Example usage::
from urllib3 import PoolManager
from urllib3.contrib.appengine import AppEngineManager, is_appengine_sandbox
if is_appengine_sandbox():
# AppEngineManager uses AppEngine's URLFetch API behind the scenes
http = AppEngineManager()
else:
# PoolManager uses a socket-level API behind the scenes
http = PoolManager()
r = http.request('GET', 'path_to_url
There are `limitations <path_to_url
urlfetch/#Python_Quotas_and_limits>`_ to the URLFetch service and it may not be
the best choice for your application. There are three options for using
urllib3 on Google App Engine:
1. You can use :class:`AppEngineManager` with URLFetch. URLFetch is
cost-effective in many circumstances as long as your usage is within the
limitations.
2. You can use a normal :class:`~urllib3.PoolManager` by enabling sockets.
Sockets also have `limitations and restrictions
<path_to_url
#limitations-and-restrictions>`_ and have a lower free quota than URLFetch.
To use sockets, be sure to specify the following in your ``app.yaml``::
env_variables:
GAE_USE_SOCKETS_HTTPLIB : 'true'
3. If you are using `App Engine Flexible
<path_to_url`_, you can use the standard
:class:`PoolManager` without any configuration or special environment variables.
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
import io
import logging
import warnings
from ..exceptions import (
HTTPError,
HTTPWarning,
MaxRetryError,
ProtocolError,
SSLError,
TimeoutError,
)
from ..packages.six.moves.urllib.parse import urljoin
from ..request import RequestMethods
from ..response import HTTPResponse
from ..util.retry import Retry
from ..util.timeout import Timeout
from . import _appengine_environ
try:
from google.appengine.api import urlfetch
except ImportError:
urlfetch = None
log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
class AppEnginePlatformWarning(HTTPWarning):
pass
class AppEnginePlatformError(HTTPError):
pass
class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
"""
Connection manager for Google App Engine sandbox applications.
This manager uses the URLFetch service directly instead of using the
emulated httplib, and is subject to URLFetch limitations as described in
the App Engine documentation `here
<path_to_url`_.
Notably it will raise an :class:`AppEnginePlatformError` if:
* URLFetch is not available.
* If you attempt to use this on App Engine Flexible, as full socket
support is available.
* If a request size is more than 10 megabytes.
* If a response size is more than 32 megabytes.
* If you use an unsupported request method such as OPTIONS.
Beyond those cases, it will raise normal urllib3 errors.
"""
def __init__(
self,
headers=None,
retries=None,
validate_certificate=True,
urlfetch_retries=True,
):
if not urlfetch:
raise AppEnginePlatformError(
"URLFetch is not available in this environment."
)
warnings.warn(
"urllib3 is using URLFetch on Google App Engine sandbox instead "
"of sockets. To use sockets directly instead of URLFetch see "
"path_to_url",
AppEnginePlatformWarning,
)
RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
self.validate_certificate = validate_certificate
self.urlfetch_retries = urlfetch_retries
self.retries = retries or Retry.DEFAULT
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
# Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
return False
def urlopen(
self,
method,
url,
body=None,
headers=None,
retries=None,
redirect=True,
timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
**response_kw
):
retries = self._get_retries(retries, redirect)
try:
follow_redirects = redirect and retries.redirect != 0 and retries.total
response = urlfetch.fetch(
url,
payload=body,
method=method,
headers=headers or {},
allow_truncated=False,
follow_redirects=self.urlfetch_retries and follow_redirects,
deadline=self._get_absolute_timeout(timeout),
validate_certificate=self.validate_certificate,
)
except urlfetch.DeadlineExceededError as e:
raise TimeoutError(self, e)
except urlfetch.InvalidURLError as e:
if "too large" in str(e):
raise AppEnginePlatformError(
"URLFetch request too large, URLFetch only "
"supports requests up to 10mb in size.",
e,
)
raise ProtocolError(e)
except urlfetch.DownloadError as e:
if "Too many redirects" in str(e):
raise MaxRetryError(self, url, reason=e)
raise ProtocolError(e)
except urlfetch.ResponseTooLargeError as e:
raise AppEnginePlatformError(
"URLFetch response too large, URLFetch only supports"
"responses up to 32mb in size.",
e,
)
except urlfetch.SSLCertificateError as e:
raise SSLError(e)
except urlfetch.InvalidMethodError as e:
raise AppEnginePlatformError(
"URLFetch does not support method: %s" % method, e
)
http_response = self._urlfetch_response_to_http_response(
response, retries=retries, **response_kw
)
# Handle redirect?
redirect_location = redirect and http_response.get_redirect_location()
if redirect_location:
# Check for redirect response
if self.urlfetch_retries and retries.raise_on_redirect:
raise MaxRetryError(self, url, "too many redirects")
else:
if http_response.status == 303:
method = "GET"
try:
retries = retries.increment(
method, url, response=http_response, _pool=self
)
except MaxRetryError:
if retries.raise_on_redirect:
raise MaxRetryError(self, url, "too many redirects")
return http_response
retries.sleep_for_retry(http_response)
log.debug("Redirecting %s -> %s", url, redirect_location)
redirect_url = urljoin(url, redirect_location)
return self.urlopen(
method,
redirect_url,
body,
headers,
retries=retries,
redirect=redirect,
timeout=timeout,
**response_kw
)
# Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
has_retry_after = bool(http_response.headers.get("Retry-After"))
if retries.is_retry(method, http_response.status, has_retry_after):
retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=http_response, _pool=self)
log.debug("Retry: %s", url)
retries.sleep(http_response)
return self.urlopen(
method,
url,
body=body,
headers=headers,
retries=retries,
redirect=redirect,
timeout=timeout,
**response_kw
)
return http_response
def _urlfetch_response_to_http_response(self, urlfetch_resp, **response_kw):
if is_prod_appengine():
# Production GAE handles deflate encoding automatically, but does
# not remove the encoding header.
content_encoding = urlfetch_resp.headers.get("content-encoding")
if content_encoding == "deflate":
del urlfetch_resp.headers["content-encoding"]
transfer_encoding = urlfetch_resp.headers.get("transfer-encoding")
# We have a full response's content,
# so let's make sure we don't report ourselves as chunked data.
if transfer_encoding == "chunked":
encodings = transfer_encoding.split(",")
encodings.remove("chunked")
urlfetch_resp.headers["transfer-encoding"] = ",".join(encodings)
original_response = HTTPResponse(
# In order for decoding to work, we must present the content as
# a file-like object.
body=io.BytesIO(urlfetch_resp.content),
msg=urlfetch_resp.header_msg,
headers=urlfetch_resp.headers,
status=urlfetch_resp.status_code,
**response_kw
)
return HTTPResponse(
body=io.BytesIO(urlfetch_resp.content),
headers=urlfetch_resp.headers,
status=urlfetch_resp.status_code,
original_response=original_response,
**response_kw
)
def _get_absolute_timeout(self, timeout):
if timeout is Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
return None # Defer to URLFetch's default.
if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
if timeout._read is not None or timeout._connect is not None:
warnings.warn(
"URLFetch does not support granular timeout settings, "
"reverting to total or default URLFetch timeout.",
AppEnginePlatformWarning,
)
return timeout.total
return timeout
def _get_retries(self, retries, redirect):
if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
if retries.connect or retries.read or retries.redirect:
warnings.warn(
"URLFetch only supports total retries and does not "
"recognize connect, read, or redirect retry parameters.",
AppEnginePlatformWarning,
)
return retries
# Alias methods from _appengine_environ to maintain public API interface.
is_appengine = _appengine_environ.is_appengine
is_appengine_sandbox = _appengine_environ.is_appengine_sandbox
is_local_appengine = _appengine_environ.is_local_appengine
is_prod_appengine = _appengine_environ.is_prod_appengine
is_prod_appengine_mvms = _appengine_environ.is_prod_appengine_mvms
``` |
Events from the year 1680 in Sweden
Incumbents
Monarch – Charles XI
Events
Wedding between the King and Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark.
In the Riksdagen 1680, Charles XI introduces absolute monarchy in Sweden by banning the council from making suggestions unless asked to bey the monarch.
During the Riksdag, the Great Reversion is introduced: The Baronies and Counties of the nobility, the donations from the foreign provinces, and all donations worth more than 600 silver a year is reverted to the crown, which leads to the confiscation of about 80 percent of all the property donated from the crown to the high nobility during the 17th-century.
Wenerid by Skogekär Bergbo.
Births
Deaths
10 June - Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna, statesman (born 1635)
2 September - Per Brahe the Younger, statesman (born 1602)
Debora van der Plas, business person (born 1616)
References
External links
Years of the 17th century in Sweden
Sweden |
```c++
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
#include "fibonacci_single_task.h"
#include "fibonacci_two_tasks.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
#include <utility>
int cutoff;
bool testing_enabled;
template <typename F>
std::pair</* result */ unsigned long, /* time */ unsigned long> measure(F&& f,
int number,
unsigned long ntrial) {
std::vector<unsigned long> times;
unsigned long result;
for (unsigned long i = 0; i < ntrial; ++i) {
auto t1 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
result = f(number);
auto t2 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
auto time = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(t2 - t1).count();
times.push_back(time);
}
return std::make_pair(
result,
static_cast<unsigned long>(std::accumulate(times.begin(), times.end(), 0) / times.size()));
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
int numbers = argc > 1 ? strtol(argv[1], nullptr, 0) : 50;
cutoff = argc > 2 ? strtol(argv[2], nullptr, 0) : 16;
unsigned long ntrial = argc > 3 ? (unsigned long)strtoul(argv[3], nullptr, 0) : 20;
testing_enabled = argc > 4 ? (bool)strtol(argv[4], nullptr, 0) : false;
auto res = measure(fibonacci_two_tasks, numbers, ntrial);
std::cout << "Fibonacci two tasks impl N = " << res.first << " Avg time = " << res.second
<< " ms" << std::endl;
res = measure(fibonacci_single_task, numbers, ntrial);
std::cout << "Fibonacci single task impl N = " << res.first << " Avg time = " << res.second
<< " ms" << std::endl;
}
``` |
Lajoskomárom () is a village in Fejér County, Hungary.
History
The village of Lajoskomárom was settled by the aristocratic Batthyány family in 1802. Its name is derived from the name of its founder Lajos Batthyány and from the neighbouring village of Mezőkomárom, to which the area of Lajoskomárom used to belong. The settlers were of three different ethnicities (Germans, Hungarians and Slovaks). The biggest group were the Donauschwaben, most of whom were Lutherans with a Catholic minority. They didn't come directly from abroad, but rather from areas in modern-day Hungary already settled by ethnic Germans, most notably from Pusztavám and Tolna county. The second ones in terms of population were the Hungarians, who belonged to three distinct denominations (Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism) and who arrived from various areas of Western Hungary. The Slovaks were uniformly Lutheran and mostly originated from Oroszlány. The three church towers in the crest of the village, symbolize the three denominations historically and currently present in the community.
External links
in Hungarian and German
Street map
Populated places in Fejér County
Hungarian German communities |
In camera design, a focal-plane shutter (FPS) is a type of photographic shutter that is positioned immediately in front of the focal plane of the camera, that is, right in front of the photographic film or image sensor.
Two-curtain shutters
The traditional type of focal-plane shutter in 35 mm cameras, pioneered by Leitz for use in its Leica cameras, uses two shutter curtains, made of opaque rubberised fabric, that run horizontally across the film plane. For slower shutter speeds, the first curtain opens (usually) from right to left, and after the required time with the shutter open, the second curtain closes the aperture in the same direction. When the shutter is cocked again the shutter curtains are moved back to their starting positions, ready to be released.
Focal-plane shutter at low speed
Figure 1: The black rectangle represents the frame aperture through which the exposure is made. It is currently covered by the first shutter curtain, shown in red. The second shutter curtain shown in green is on the right side.
Figure 2: The first shutter curtain moves fully to the left allowing the exposure to be made. At this point, the flash is made to fire if one is attached and ready to do so.
Figure 3: After the required amount of exposure the second shutter curtain moves to the left to cover the frame aperture. When the shutter is recocked the shutter curtains are wound back to the right-hand side ready for the next exposure.
This is a graphical representation only; the actual mechanisms are much more complex. For example, the shutter curtains actually roll on and off spools at either side of the frame aperture so as to use as little space as possible.
Faster shutter speeds are achieved by the second curtain closing before the first one has fully opened; this results in a vertical slit that travels horizontally across the film. Faster shutter speeds simply require a narrower slit, as the speed of travel of the shutter curtains is not normally varied.
Focal-plane shutter at high speed
Figure 1: The black rectangle represents the frame aperture through which the exposure is made. It is currently covered by the first shutter curtain, shown in red. The second shutter curtain shown in green is on the right side.
Figure 2: The first shutter curtain begins to move to the left allowing the exposure to be made. Because the exposure requires a very fast shutter speed, the second curtain begins to move across at a set distance from the first one.
Figure 3: The first shutter curtain continues to travel across the frame aperture followed by the second curtain. It would be pointless to use an electronic flash with this shutter speed as the short duration flash would expose only a very small amount of the frame as the rest is covered by either the first or second shutter curtain.
Figure 4: The first shutter curtain finishes moving, followed closely by the second curtain which is now covering the frame aperture completely. When the shutter is recocked both shutter curtains are wound back to the right-hand side ready for the next exposure.
Vertical-travel shutters
Most modern 35 mm and digital SLR cameras now use vertical travel metal blade shutters. These work in precisely the same way as the horizontal shutters, but because of the shorter distance the shutter blades must travel (24 mm as opposed to 36 mm), the shutter blades can travel across the film plane in less time. This can result in faster flash synchronization speeds than are possible with the horizontal-curtain focal-plane shutter, and the shutter can reliably provide higher speeds (up to 1/12000 of a second).
Advantages
One of the advantages of focal-plane shutters is that the shutter can be built into the body of a camera that accepts interchangeable lenses, eliminating the need for each lens to have a central shutter built into it.
Another advantage of the focal-plane shutter is that their fastest speeds are quite high: 1/4000 second, 1/8000 second, or even 1/12000 second; much higher than the 1/500 second of the typical leaf shutter. (See The Square-type metal-bladed focal-plane shutter and The quest for higher speed, below.)
Disadvantages
The main disadvantage of the focal-plane shutter is that a durable and reliable one is a complex (and often expensive) device. While the concept of a travelling slit shutter is simple, a modern FP shutter is a computerised microsecond accurate timer, governing sub-gram masses of exotic materials, subjected to hundreds of gs acceleration, moving with micron precision, choreographed with other camera systems for 100,000+ cycles. This is why FP shutters are seldom seen in compact or point-and-shoot cameras.
In addition, the typical focal-plane shutter has flash synchronization speeds that are slower than the typical leaf shutter's 1/500 s, because the first curtain has to open fully and the second curtain must not start to close until the flash has fired. In other words, the very narrow slits of fast speeds will not be properly flash exposed. The fastest X-sync speed on a 35 mm camera is traditionally 1/60 s for horizontal Leica-type FP shutters and 1/125 s for vertical Square-type FP shutters. Modern FP shutters have increased X-sync to 1/300 s with the use of exotic ultra-strong materials and computer control, and 1/8000 s through electronic sleight of hand. (See The quest for higher speed and Breaking the X-sync barrier, below.)
Focal-plane shutters may also produce image distortion of very fast-moving objects or when panned rapidly, as described in the Rolling shutter article. A large relative difference between a slow wipe speed and a narrow curtain slit results in cartoonish distortion, because one side of the frame is exposed at a noticeably later instant than the other and the object's interim movement is imaged.
For a horizontal Leica-type FP shutter, the image is stretched if the object moves in the same direction as the shutter curtains, and compressed if travelling in the opposite direction of them. For a downward-firing vertical Square-type FP shutter, the top of the image leans forward. In fact, the use of leaning to give the impression of speed in illustration is a caricature of the distortion caused by the slow wiping vertical FP shutters of large format cameras from the first half of the 20th century.
Electro-optical shutters
Instead of using relatively slow-moving mechanical shutter curtains, electro-optic devices such as Pockels cells can be employed as shutters. While not commonly used, they completely avoid the problems associated with travelling-curtain shutters such as flash synchronisation limitations and image distortions when the object is moving. Such shutters are significantly more costly than mechanical shutters.
Rotary focal-plane shutter
Besides the horizontal Leica and vertical Square FP shutters, other types of FP shutters exist. The most prominent is the rotary or sector FP shutter. The rotary disc shutter is common in film movie cameras, but rare in still cameras. These spin a round metal plate with a sector cutout in front of the film. In theory, rotary shutters can control their speeds by narrowing or widening the sector cutout (by using two overlapping plates and varying the overlap) and/or by spinning the plate faster or slower. However, for simplicity's sake, most still camera rotary shutters have fixed cutouts and vary the spinning speed. The Olympus Pen F and Pen FT (1963 and 1966, both from Japan) half frame 35 mm SLRs spun a semicircular titanium plate to 1/500 s.
Semicircular rotary shutters also have the advantage of unlimited X-sync speed, but all rotary FP shutters have the disadvantage of the bulk required for the plate spin. The Univex Mercury (1938, US) half frame 35 mm camera had a very large dome protruding out the top of the main body to accommodate its 1/1000 s rotary shutter. They also produce very unusual distortion at very high speed because of the angular sweep of the exposure wipe. Bulk can be reduced by substituting blade sheaves for the plate, but then the rotary FP shutter essentially becomes a regular bladed FP shutter.
Revolving drum focal-plane shutter
The revolving drum is an unusual FP shutter that has been used in several specialised panoramic cameras such as the Panon Widelux (1959, Japan) and KMZ Horizont (1968, Soviet Union). Instead of using an extremely short focal length (wide-angle) lens to achieve an extra-wide field of view, these cameras have a medium-wide lens encapsulated in a drum with a rear vertical slit. As the entire drum is horizontally pivoted on the lens's rear nodal point, the slit wipes an extra-wide-aspect image onto film held against a curved focal plane. The Widelux produced a 140° wide image in a 24×59 mm frame on 135 film with a Lux 26 mm f/2.8 lens and controlled shutter speed by varying rotation speed on a fixed slit width.
In the Kodak Cirkut (1907, US) and Globus Globuscope (1981, US) cameras, the entire camera and lens revolved as the film was pulled past the slit in the opposite direction. The Globuscope produced a 360° angle of view image in a 24×160 mm frame on 135 film with a 25 mm lens and had adjustable slit width with a constant rotation speed.
Revolving FP shutters produce images with unusual distortion where the image center seems to bulge toward the viewer, while the periphery appears to curve away because the lens's field of view changes as it swivels. This distortion will disappear if the photograph is mounted on a circularly curved support and viewed with the eye at the center. Revolving shutters must also rotate smoothly; otherwise, uneven exposure will result in ugly vertical banding in the image. Since the rotation may take several seconds to complete, no matter the shutter speed, the camera should be tripod mounted. For the same reason, flash cannot be used with these cameras.
These cameras are often used for photographing large groups of people (e.g. the 'school' photograph). For this purpose, the subjects are arranged in a shortened semicircle with the camera at the centre such that all the subjects are the same distance from the camera and facing the camera. Once the exposure is made and processed, the panoramic print shows everyone in a straight line facing in the same direction. The distortion present in the background betrays the technique.
History and technical development
The earliest daguerreotype (invented 1839) photographic cameras did not have shutters, because the lack of sensitivity of the process and the small apertures of available lenses meant that exposure times were measured in many minutes. A photographer could easily control exposure time by removing and returning the camera lens' lens cap or plug.
However, during the 19th century, as one increased-sensitivity process replaced another, and larger apertures lenses became available, exposure times shortened to seconds and then to fractions of seconds. Exposure timing control mechanisms became a necessary accessory and then a standard camera feature.
Single-curtain focal-plane shutter
The earliest manufactured shutter was the drop shutter of the 1870s. This was an accessory guillotine-like device – a wooden panel with slit cutout mounted on rails in front of the camera lens that gravity dropped at a controlled rate. As the slit passed the lens, it "wiped" the exposure onto the photographic plate. With rubber bands to increase the drop speed, a 1/500 or 1/1000 s shutter speed could be reached. Eadweard Muybridge used shutters of this type in his famous trotting horse studies.
By the 1880s, lens front mounted accessory shutter boxes were available, containing a rubberised silk cloth curtain (also called a blind) with one or more width slit cutouts wound around two parallel drums and using springs to pull a slit from one drum to the other. These shutters offered a wide range of shutter speeds by adjusting the spring tension and selecting a slit width.
In 1883, Ottomar Anschütz (Germany) patented a camera with an internal roller blind shutter mechanism, just in front of the photographic plate. Thus the focal-plane shutter in modern recognizable form was born. Goerz manufactured the Anschütz Camera (Germany) as the first production FP shutter camera in 1890. Francis Blake invented a type of focal plane shutter camera by 1889 that achieved shutter speeds of 1/2000 second, and exhibited numerous stop-action photographs. A drop shutter-like mechanism with adjustable slit was used at the focal plane of an apparently one-off William England camera in 1861 and this is considered the first FP shutter of any kind.
Single curtain, vertical travelling, fixed-width slit, focal-plane shutters with adjustable spring tension and slit-width selection remained popular in large and medium format cameras for the next half-century. The lens on a single curtain FP shutter camera must have its lens cap on when the shutter is cocked; otherwise the film will be double exposed when the blind's cutout re-passes the film gate. A camera-mounted FP shutter's main advantage over the competing interlens leaf shutter was ability to use a very narrow slit to offer an action stopping 1/1000 second shutter speed at a time when leaf shutters topped out at 1/250 s – although the available contemporaneous ISO 1 to 3 equivalent speed emulsions limited the opportunities to use the high speeds.
However, these older focal-plane shutters wiped the exposure fairly slowly, even under the highest available spring tension, because the delicate curtain was too fragile to survive the necessary accelerative shocks to move faster. The large relative difference between a slow downward wipe speed and a narrow curtain slit resulted in cartoonish distortion of very fast moving objects instead of truly freezing their motion. (See Section 4: "Disadvantages", above.)
Folmer and Schwing (US) was the most famous proponent of single curtain FP shutters, with their large format sheet film Graflex single-lens reflex and Graphic press cameras using them from 1905 to 1973. Their most common 4×5 inch shutters had four slit widths ranging from to inch and up to six spring tensions for a speed range of 1/10 to 1/1000 second.
Leica-type dual-curtain focal-plane shutter
In 1925, the Leica A (Germany) 35 mm camera was introduced with a dual-cloth-curtain, horizontal-travelling-slit, focal-plane shutter. A dual curtain FP shutter does not have precut slits and the spring tension is not adjustable. The exposure slit is formed by drawing open the first curtain onto one drum and then pulling closed the second curtain off a second drum after a clockwork escapement timed delay (imagine two overlapping window shades) and moves at one speed (technically the curtains are still accelerating slightly) across film gate. Faster shutter speeds are provided by timing the second shutter curtain to close sooner after the first curtain opens and narrowing the slit wiping the film (see schematic figures above). Dual curtain FP shutters are self-capping; the curtains are designed to overlap as the shutter is cocked to prevent double exposure.
Although self-capping dual curtain FP shutters date back to the late 19th century, the Leica design made them popular and virtually all FP shutters introduced since 1925 are dual curtain models. As perfected in the 1954 Leica M3 (West Germany), a typical Leica-type horizontal FP shutter for 35 mm cameras is pre-tensioned to traverse the 36 millimeter wide film gate in 18 milliseconds (at 2 meters per second) and supports slit widths for a speed range of 1 to 1/1000 s. A minimum 2 mm wide slit produces a maximum 1/1000 s effective shutter speed. The dual curtain FP shutter suffers the same fast speed distortion problems as the single curtain type. Similar technology FP shutters were also common in medium format 120 roll film cameras.
Horizontal cloth FP shutters are normally limited to 1/1000 s maximum speed because of the difficulties in precisely timing extremely narrow slits and the unacceptable distortion resulting from a relatively slow wipe speed. Their maximum flash synchronization speed is also limited because the slit is fully open only to the film gate (36 mm wide or wider) and able to be flash exposed up to 1/60 s X-synchronization (nominal; 18 ms = 1/55 s actual maximum; in reality, a 40 mm slit to allow for variance gives 1/50 s ⅓ stop slow). (See Section 4: "Disadvantages", above.)
Some horizontal FP shutters managed to exceed these limits by narrowing the slit or increasing curtain velocity beyond the norm. However, these tended to be sophisticated ultra-high precision models used in expensive professional-level cameras. The first such shutter was to be found in the Konica F, released in February 1960. Called the Hi-Synchro, this shutter reached the speed of 1/2000s and made possible flash synchronization at 1/125s.
Square-type metal-bladed focal-plane shutter
In 1960, the Konica F (Japan) 35 mm SLR began a long term incremental increase in maximum shutter speeds with its "High Synchro" FP shutter. This shutter greatly improved efficiency over the typical Leica shutter by using stronger metal blade sheaves that were "fanned" much faster, vertically along the minor axis of the 24×36 mm frame. As perfected in 1965 by Copal, the Copal Square's slit traversed the 24 mm high film gate in 7 ms (3.4 m/s). This doubled flash X-sync speed to 1/125 s. In addition, a minimum 1.7 mm wide slit would double top shutter speed to a maximum 1/2000 s. Note, most Squares were derated to 1/1000 s in the interest of reliability.
The Square's metal blades were also immune to the drying out, rotting and pinholing that cloth curtained shutters could suffer from as they aged. In addition, Squares came from the supplier as complete drop-in modules, so camera designers could concentrate on camera design and leave shutter design to specialist subcontractors. This had previously been an advantage of leaf shutters.
Square-type FP shutters were originally bulky in size and noisy in operation, limiting their popularity in the 1960s among camera designers and photographers. Although Konica and Nikkormat and Topcon (D-1) were major users of the Copal Square, many other brands including Asahi Pentax, Canon, Leica and Minolta continued to refine the Leica-type shutter for reliability, if not speed; moving from three axis to four axis designs (one control axis for each curtain drum axis, instead of one control for both drums).
New compact and quieter Square designs, with simpler construction and greater reliability, were introduced in the 1970s. The most notable were the Copal Compact Shutter (CCS), introduced by the Konica Autoreflex TC (1976), and the Seiko Metal Focal-Plane Compact (MFC), first used in the Pentax ME (1977; all from Japan). The vertical blade type supplanted the horizontal cloth type as the dominant FP shutter type in the 1980s. Even Leica Camera (originally E. Leitz), long a champion of the horizontal cloth FP shutter for its quietness, switched to a vertical metal FP shutter in 2006 for its first digital rangefinder (RF) camera, the Leica M8 (Germany).
The Contax (Germany) 35 mm RF camera of 1932 had a vertical travel FP shutter with dual brass-slatted roller blinds with adjustable spring tension and slit width, and a top speed of 1/1000 s (the Contax II of 1936 had a claimed 1/1250 s top speed), but it was woefully unreliable and not an antecedent of the modern Square shutter.
Quest for higher speed
Although the Square shutter improved the FP shutter in most ways, it still limited maximum flash X-sync speed to 1/125 s (unless using special long-burn FP flash bulbs that burn throughout the slit wipe, making slit width irrelevant.). Any quality leaf shutter of the 1960s could achieve at least 1/500 s flash sync. Greater FP shutter X-sync speed would require further strengthening the curtains, by using exotic materials, allowing them to move even faster and widen the slits.
Copal collaborated with Nippon Kogaku to improve the Compact Square shutter for the Nikon FM2 (Japan) of 1982 by using honeycomb pattern etched titanium foil, stronger and lighter than plain stainless steel, for its blade sheaves. This permitted cutting shutter-curtain travel time by nearly half to 3.6 ms (at 6.7 m/s) and allowed 1/200 s flash X-sync speed. A bonus was a distortionless top speed of 1/4000 s (with 1.7 mm slit). The Nikon FE2 (Japan), with an improved version of this shutter, had a 3.3 ms (at 7.3 m/s) curtain travel time and boosted X-sync speed to 1/250 s in 1983. The top speed remained 1/4000 s (with 1.8 mm slit).
The fastest focal-plane shutter ever used in a film camera was the 1.8 ms curtain travel time (at 13.3 m/s) duralumin and carbon fiber bladed one introduced by the Minolta Maxxum 9xi (named Dynax 9xi in Europe, α-9xi in Japan) in 1992. It provided a maximum 1/12,000 s (with 1.1 mm slit) and 1/300 s X-sync. A further improved version of this shutter, spec'ed for 100.000 actuations, was used in the (named Dynax 9 in Europe, α-9 in Japan) in 1998 and Minolta Maxxum 9Ti (named Dynax 9Ti in Europe, α-9Ti in Japan) in 1999.
Electronically controlled focal-plane shutter
A parallel development to faster speed FP shutters was electronic shutter control as part of the general trend of electronic governance of all camera systems. In 1966, the VEB Pentacon Praktica electronic (East Germany) was the first SLR with an electronically controlled FP shutter. It used electronic circuitry to time its shutter instead of the traditional spring/gear/lever clockwork mechanisms. In 1971, the Asahi Pentax Electro Spotmatic (Japan; name shortened to Asahi Pentax ES in 1972; called Honeywell Pentax ES in US) tied its electronically controlled shutter to its exposure control light meter to provide electronic aperture-priority autoexposure.
The traditional 1/1000 s and 1/2000 s top speeds of horizontal and vertical FP shutters are on the knife's edge of mechanical controllability – often stop too slow, even in ultra-high-quality models. Spring powered geartrains become inadequate to durably control and reliably time any higher accelerations and shocks. For example, some highly tensioned FP shutters could suffer from "shutter curtain bounce". This phenomenon is exactly what it sounds like – if the curtains are not properly braked after crossing the film gate, they might crash and bounce; reopening the shutter and causing double exposure ghosting bands on the image edge. Even the Nikon F2's ultra-high precision shutter suffered from this as an early production teething problem. As the Square-type FP shutter's blades moved faster and faster to provide shorter and shorter shutter speeds, the need for better blade timing control only increased.
At first, electromagnets controlled by analogue resistor/capacitor timers were used to govern the release of the second shutter curtain (though still operated by spring power). In 1979, the Yashica Contax 139 Quartz (Japan) introduced more precise digital piezoelectric quartz (shortly followed by ceramic) oscillator circuits (ultimately under digital microprocessor control) to time and sequence its entire exposure cycle – including its vertical FP shutter. Electric "coreless" micromotors, with near instantaneous on/off capability and very high power for their size, would drive both curtains (and other camera systems), replacing springs altogether, in the late 1980s. Minimizing mechanical moving parts also helped to prevent inertial shock vibration problems.
Electronic control also made it simpler to time very long shutter speeds. A spring-wound clockwork escapement must completely unwind fairly quickly and limit the longest speed – generally to one full second, although the Kine Exakta (Germany) offered 12 s in 1936. The Olympus OM-2's electronically timed horizontal FP shutter could reach 60 s in 1975 and the Olympus OM-4 (both Japan) reached 240 s in 1983. The Pentax LX (Japan, 1980) and Canon New F-1 (Japan, 1981) even had hybrid electromechanical FP shutters that timed their fast speeds mechanically, but used electronics only to extend the slow speed range; the LX to 125 s, the F-1N to a modest 8 s. Note, the Nikon F4 (Japan, 1989) was specified to reach a timed shutter speed of 999 hours with the use of the accessory electronic Multi Control Back MF-23. In theory, the longest available speed is limited only by available battery power for the electronics. This caught some 1970s photographers by surprise when they attempted very long "B" exposures and found their camera batteries had died in the middle because of the era's power hungry electronics and ruined the exposure.
Breaking the X-sync barrier
Electronics are also responsible for pushing the focal-plane shutter's X-sync speed beyond its mechanical limits. As stated earlier, a horizontal FP shutter for 35 mm cameras is fully open and usable only for flash exposure up to 1/60 s, while vertical FP shutters are usually limited to 1/125 s. At higher speeds, a normal 1 millisecond electronic flash burst would expose only the part open to the slit. (See Sections 4: "Disadvantages", and 7.2 "The Leica-type dual curtain focal-plane shutter", above.)
In 1986, the Olympus OM-4T (Japan) introduced a system that could synchronize a specially dedicated accessory Olympus F280 Full Synchro electronic flash to pulse its light at a 20 kilohertz rate for up to 40 ms, to illuminate its horizontal FP shutter's slit as it crossed the entire film gate – in effect, simulating long-burn FP flashbulbs – allowing flash exposure at shutter speeds as fast as 1/2000 s. This allowed daylight plus fill-flash use in almost any situation. However, there is a concomitant loss of flash range. Extended "FP flash" sync speeds began appearing in many high-end 35 mm SLRs in the mid-1990s, and reached 1/12,000 s in the (Japan; called Dynax 9 in Europe, Alpha 9 in Japan) of 1998. They are still offered in some digital-SLRs to 1/8000 s. Leaf shutter cameras are not affected by this issue – they have completely different limitations.
Focal-plane shutters today
Focal-plane shutter top speed peaked at 1/16,000 s (and 1/500 s X-sync) in 1999 with the Nikon D1 digital SLR. The D1 used electronic assist from its sensor for the 1/16,000 s speed and its 15.6×23.7 mm "APS-size" sensor was smaller than 35 mm film and therefore easier to cross quickly for 1/500 s X-sync.
However, with very limited need for such extremely fast speeds, FP shutters retreated to 1/8000 s in 2003 (and 1/250 s X-sync in 2006) – even in professional level cameras. In addition, since no specialised timers are needed for extremely slow speeds, the slowest speed setting is usually 30 s.
Instead, over the last twenty years, most effort has gone into improving durability and reliability. Whereas the best mechanically controlled shutters were rated for 150,000 cycles and had an accuracy of ±¼ stop from nominal value (more typically 50,000 cycles at ±½ stop), today's best electronically controlled FP shutters can last 300,000 cycles and have no noticeable speed error.
In last few years, digital point-and-shoot cameras have been using timed electronic sampling of the image sensor, replacing the traditional mechanical leaf shutter, with delicate moving parts that can wear out, used by film-based point-and-shoot units. Something similar is now also occurring with more sophisticated digital cameras that, in the past, would have used focal-plane shutters. For example, the Panasonic Lumix DMC-G3 (2011, Japan) interchangeable lens digital camera has an FP shutter, but in its 20 frames per second SH Burst mode, it locks its mechanical shutter open and electronically scans its digital sensor, although with resolution reduced to 4 megapixels from 16 MP.
References
Photographic shutters
eo:Obturatoro#Fokus-ebena obturatoro |
The Norwegian Fjordhorse Center (Norwegian: Norsk Fjordhest Senter) is the national resource center of the Fjord Horse breed in Norway. The center was established in 1989 and is owned by the Norwegian Fjord Horse Association, Stad Municipality and the Vestland County authority. The main goal of the center is to promote the breeding and usage of the horses.
The center is a resource center for the breed, offering information and advisory services regarding all disciplines connected to the horses. There is also course activity throughout the year. Every year the center hosts an exhibition for stallions, mares, geldings and young horses.
Activities
The Fjordhorse Center offers a wide range of activities for visitors at the center. The tourism sector in Nordfjordeid is strong, cruise tourists are offered riding trips up the mountains around the town, and children are able to pet the horses.
The facilities are also used as a teaching venue for the Fjordane Folk High School also situated in Nordfjordeid. The school offers a horse program.
Stallion Show
The stallion show is held in Mai annually in Nordfjordeid. The stallions will receive grades for the following aspects: type and character, physique and muscles, bone position and bone quality, movements and integrity of the exterior, based on the goals in the breeding plan. Stallions and owners from several different countries, especially the United States, United Kingdom and Germany travel to the show.
Conservation
The Norwegian Genetic Resource Center coordinates activities within the conservation and use of national genetic resources, and has the task of monitoring status and contributing to the efficient management of the genetic resources in livestock, useful plants and forest trees in Norway. The responsibility for this work on horses is assigned to the Norwegian Fjordhorse Center, which has an advisory and executive function for the breeding organizations. The Norwegian Fjordhorse Center reports to LMD, and also reports annual key figures to the Norwegian Genetic Resource Center.
References
Horse breeding organizations
Equestrian organizations
Norwegian equestrians
Horse breeding and studs |
```objective-c
#pragma once
#ifndef TNZIMAGE_INCLUDED
#define TNZIMAGE_INCLUDED
#include "tcommon.h"
#undef DVAPI
#undef DVVAR
#ifdef IMAGE_EXPORTS
#define DVAPI DV_EXPORT_API
#define DVVAR DV_EXPORT_VAR
#else
#define DVAPI DV_IMPORT_API
#define DVVAR DV_IMPORT_VAR
#endif
DVAPI void initImageIo(bool lightVersion = false);
#endif
``` |
The Saratoga Springs City School District is the public school district of Saratoga Springs, New York. The district is an independent public entity. It is governed by the Saratoga Springs City School District Board of Education, whose members are elected in non-partisan elections for staggered, three-year terms. The board selects a superintendent, who is the district's chief administrative official. The district's offices are located in the former Junior High building on 3 Blue Streak Boulevard, next to the high school.
The district has six elementary schools, one middle school, and one comprehensive high school serving about 6,400 students. As of 2015, it spends an average of $16,161 per pupil and has a student to teacher ratio of 14.3 (the national averages are $12,435 and 15.3 respectively).
The district serves students from the city of Saratoga Springs and the Saratoga County towns of Milton, Wilton, Malta, Greenfield and Saratoga.
Schools
High schools
Saratoga Springs High School - comprehensive high school (9th-12th Grade)
Middle schools
Maple Avenue Middle School (6th-8th Grade)
Elementary schools
Caroline Street Elementary School (Pre K- Grade 5)
Division Street Elementary School (Pre K- Grade 5)
Dorothy Nolan Elementary School (Pre K- Grade 5)
Geyser Road Elementary School (Pre K- Grade 5)
Greenfield Elementary School (Pre K- Grade 5)
Lake Avenue Elementary School (former location of Saratoga Springs High School) (Pre K- Grade 5)
Board of education
There are nine (9) Board members. They are elected in the school budget elections in May to staggered three-year terms, which expire on June 30.
Tony Krackeler (President, elected in 2020, term expires in 2023)
Natalya Lakhtakia (Vice President, elected in 2019, re-elected in 2022, term expires in 2025)
Dr. John Brueggemann (elected in 2019, re-elected in 2022, term expires in 2025)
Erika Borman (elected in 2020, term expires in 2023)
John Ellis (elected in 2015, re-elected in 2018 and 2021, term expires in 2024)
Amanda Ellithorpe (elected in 2021, term expires in 2024)
Anjeanette Emeka (elected in 2017, re-elected in 2020, term expires in 2023)
Dean A. Kolligian Jr. (elected in 2019, re-elected in 2022, term expires in 2025)
Connie Woytowich (elected in 2021, term expires in 2024)
Source: https://www.saratogaschools.org/boe/board-members/
External links
Education in Saratoga County, New York
Saratoga Springs, New York
School districts in New York (state)
1923 establishments in New York (state)
School districts established in 1923 |
```objective-c
/*your_sha256_hash---------
*
* ruleutils.h
* Declarations for ruleutils.c
*
*
* src/include/utils/ruleutils.h
*
*your_sha256_hash---------
*/
#ifndef RULEUTILS_H
#define RULEUTILS_H
#include "nodes/nodes.h"
#include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
#include "nodes/pg_list.h"
struct Plan; /* avoid including plannodes.h here */
struct PlannedStmt;
extern char *pg_get_indexdef_string(Oid indexrelid);
extern char *pg_get_indexdef_columns(Oid indexrelid, bool pretty);
extern char *pg_get_partkeydef_columns(Oid relid, bool pretty);
extern char *pg_get_partconstrdef_string(Oid partitionId, char *aliasname);
extern char *pg_get_constraintdef_command(Oid constraintId);
extern char *deparse_expression(Node *expr, List *dpcontext,
bool forceprefix, bool showimplicit);
extern List *deparse_context_for(const char *aliasname, Oid relid);
extern List *deparse_context_for_plan_tree(struct PlannedStmt *pstmt,
List *rtable_names);
extern List *set_deparse_context_plan(List *dpcontext,
struct Plan *plan, List *ancestors);
extern List *select_rtable_names_for_explain(List *rtable,
Bitmapset *rels_used);
extern char *generate_collation_name(Oid collid);
extern char *generate_opclass_name(Oid opclass);
extern char *get_range_partbound_string(List *bound_datums);
extern char *pg_get_statisticsobjdef_string(Oid statextid);
#endif /* RULEUTILS_H */
``` |
```objective-c
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
#ifndef STORAGE_LEVELDB_INCLUDE_EXPORT_H_
#define STORAGE_LEVELDB_INCLUDE_EXPORT_H_
#if !defined(LEVELDB_EXPORT)
#if defined(LEVELDB_SHARED_LIBRARY)
#if defined(_WIN32)
#if defined(LEVELDB_COMPILE_LIBRARY)
#define LEVELDB_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
#else
#define LEVELDB_EXPORT __declspec(dllimport)
#endif // defined(LEVELDB_COMPILE_LIBRARY)
#else // defined(_WIN32)
#if defined(LEVELDB_COMPILE_LIBRARY)
#define LEVELDB_EXPORT __attribute__((visibility("default")))
#else
#define LEVELDB_EXPORT
#endif
#endif // defined(_WIN32)
#else // defined(LEVELDB_SHARED_LIBRARY)
#define LEVELDB_EXPORT
#endif
#endif // !defined(LEVELDB_EXPORT)
#endif // STORAGE_LEVELDB_INCLUDE_EXPORT_H_
``` |
The Bandun Man () were an ancient people living along the Jialing River valley, in the area of modern Langzhong in Sichuan, China. Their name, literally meaning "board shield barbarians", is derived from their fighting style of charging with shields to break the enemy line. They were also called the Bohu Yi (白虎夷), meaning the "white tiger barbarians".
In the second century CE, the Bandun Man converted to the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice.
See also
Nanman
Ancient peoples of China
History of Sichuan |
Marco Christ (born 6 November 1980) is a German former professional football who played as a midfielder.
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Nuremberg
Men's association football midfielders
German men's footballers
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
Germany men's youth international footballers
1. FC Nürnberg players
1. FC Nürnberg II players
SSV Jahn Regensburg players
Dynamo Dresden players
VfR Aalen players
Fortuna Düsseldorf players
SV Wehen Wiesbaden players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players |
Anund meaning trail-blazer Anund or Anund the Land Clearer; alternate names Brøt-Anundr (Old East Norse) or Braut-Önundr (Old West Norse) was a semi-legendary Swedish king of the House of Yngling who reigned in the mid-seventh century. The name would have been Proto-Norse *Anuwinduz meaning "winning ancestor".
History
In his Ynglinga saga, Snorri Sturluson relates that Anund succeeded his father King Yngvar who fell in battle with the Estonians. After his father's wars against Danish Vikings and Estonian Vikings, peace reigned over Sweden and there were good harvests. Anund was a popular king who became very rich, not only because of the peace and the good harvests but also because he avenged his father in Estonia. That country was ravaged far and wide and in the autumn Anund returned with great riches.
In those days Sweden was dominated by vast and uninhabited forests, so Anund started making roads and clearing land and vast districts were settled by Swedes. Consequently, he was named Bröt-Anund. He made a farm for himself in every district and used to stay as a guest in many homes.
One autumn, King Anund was travelling between his halls (see Husbys) and came to a place called Himinheiðr (sky heath) between two mountains. He was surprised by a landslide which killed him.
After presenting this story of Anund, Snorri Sturluson quotes Þjóðólfr of Hvinir's Ynglingatal:
The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, older than Snorri's quotation (continuing after Ingvar):
The original text of Ynglingatal is hard to interpret, and it only says that Anund died und Himinfjöllum (under the sky mountains) and that stones were implied. According to Historia Norwegiæ, he was murdered by his brother Sigvard in Himinherthy (which the source says means "the fields of the sky", cœli campus. Such a place name is not known and Swedish archaeologist Birger Nerman (1888–1971) suggests that the original place of death was under the sky mountains, i.e. under the clouds (cf. the etymology of cloud). Consequently, he may have been killed outdoors, by his brother and with a stone.
Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar says that Anund was not the son of Ingvar, but Östen. It also relates that he had a brother named Olaf who was the king of Fjordane.
All sources say that Anund was the father of Ingjald (Ingjald Illråde).
See also
Anundshög
References
Primary sources
Historia Norwegiæ
Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Secondary sources
Birger Nerman (1925) Det svenska rikets uppkomst (Stockholm: Föreningen för svensk kulturhistoria)
640 deaths
7th-century monarchs in Europe
People whose existence is disputed
Semi-legendary kings of Sweden
Year of birth unknown |
This is the list of the number-one singles of the Finnish Singles Chart in 1994.
History
References
Number-one singles
Finland
1994 |
The Best of Me is an American romance novel, written by Nicholas Sparks.
Plot
In the novel, Dawson Cole returns to his hometown for the first time after twenty years to fulfill the last wishes of his dear friend and surrogate father, Tuck Hostetler. When he arrives, Dawson is surprised to find that Tuck arranged for Dawson's high school girlfriend, Amanda, to join him in fulfilling these last wishes. In fact, it soon becomes apparent that Tuck’s intention was to have Dawson and Amanda rekindle their old romance, however Amanda is married. As for Dawson, his family are a group of notorious criminals, who pose a danger that could not only alter Tuck's plans but Dawson's future irrevocably.
Dawson Cole works on an oil rig off the coast of Louisiana. One day an explosion on the rig nearly took Dawson's life, but a stranger in the water showed Dawson where to go, saving his life. Months later, Dawson learns of the death of his good friend, Tuck Hostetler. Dawson rushes home to fulfil Tuck’s final wishes, even though he has not been home in 20 years.
Dawson was born into a notorious criminal family; who are allowed to get away with many petty crimes, out of the fear the town feels toward this family. Dawson is not like his family, but no one really believes that a Cole could be honest or law abiding. For this reason, Dawson lived an isolated life in his hometown. As a child, Dawson tries to stay within the boundaries of the law and is repeatedly beaten and abused by most of his family, more specifically his father Tommy Cole and two older cousins, Abee and Crazy Ted. When he was sixteen years old, Dawson left his father's home and began living in the garage of a local mechanic, Tuck Hostetler. Tuck, who had recently lost his wife, allowed Dawson to stay, forging a relationship that would last the rest of Tuck's life.
Late in his teens, Dawson became lab partners with Amanda Collier, the daughter of a prominent family. They soon fell in love and began dating for about a year and a half, despite the tension this caused between Amanda and her parents. When high school graduation came and Amanda had to make a choice between college and Dawson, Dawson forced her to choose school. Shortly thereafter, Dawson accidentally drove a truck into and killed a local doctor, David Bonner. Dawson pled guilty to the charges, even though it had been an accident. Dawson served four years in prison and spent his parole living with Tuck. During his parole, Dawson's father and cousin Ted arrived at Tuck's garage one day to collect money from Dawson, but Dawson beat them both with a crowbar and warned them never to return. When he was finally free from his parole, Dawson left town and never looked back.
During Dawson's absence from his hometown, dire situations began to occur at the Coles' residence. Crazy Ted was arrested for assaulting a man at a bar and served nine years behind bars. Dawson's father Tommy died from an overdose of alcohol poisoning, and the authorities began to keep a closer eye on the Coles.
When Dawson arrives at Tuck's, he is surprised to find Amanda there. Amanda had struck up a friendship with Tuck in the last few years of his life, and for this reason, was called by Tuck's lawyer upon his death. Amanda and Dawson talk for a while, even having dinner together in Tuck's house, before parting. When Amanda goes home to her mother's, her mother lectures her about her relationship with Dawson and how it looks, especially since Amanda is a married woman. Amanda's mother, however, is unaware that Amanda has become disillusioned in her marriage because of her husband's alcoholism in the wake of the death of their daughter, Bea.
The following day, Amanda and Dawson visit Tuck's lawyer and learn that they are to scatter his ashes at a cabin he owned with his wife. This means another full day together. Amanda and Dawson have lunch together and discuss their plans. When Amanda goes home, Dawson remains at Tuck's to repair a car Tuck was working on before he died. As Dawson works, he is unaware that his cousin, Crazy Ted, is stalking him with plans to kill him for the beating he had received from Dawson years ago. As Crazy Ted sneaks up to Tuck's, Dawson sees the same man he saw the day of the oil rig explosion and chases him through the woods. This causes Dawson to find Crazy Ted's truck and learn of his danger. Dawson confronts Crazy Ted, beating him and returning him to the family compound. In retaliation for his failed attempt to kill Dawson, Crazy Ted recruits the help of his older brother Abee, who was planning his own revenge against Dr. Bonner's son Alan for dating his girlfriend Candy, a pretty young bartender.
The following day, Dawson and Amanda go to the cabin, where they learn the love story of Tuck and his wife, by reading a letter written by Tuck. The letter inspires Dawson and Amanda, as Tuck clearly hoped, and they spend the night alone together. The following day, Amanda makes the agonizing decision to return to her family. Dawson prepares to leave town, but returns to Tuck's when he recalls that he left a letter Tuck had written to him there. As Dawson enters town, he again sees the strange man who saved him after the oil rig explosion. Dawson follows this man to a bar where he discovers the young doctor he killed has led him to save his son, now grown, from a beating Dawson's cousins Abee and Crazy Ted Cole are giving him. Dawson saves the young man, but is killed when Crazy Ted shoots him in the head. At the same time, Amanda's son has been in an accident and needs a heart transplant. The next day, Amanda is informed of Dawson's death and she mourns for her loss.
Two years have passed since Dawson's tragic death. Amanda and Frank have repaired their damaged marriage, though it was no longer romantic or casual as it was years prior. Dawson's cousins, Abee and Crazy Ted have been arrested and put in jail for murdering Dawson. Amanda's son is happy and healthy with his new heart and questions Amanda on the anniversary of his accident if it is possible to trace the donor and thank his family. Amanda, who knows that her son has received Dawson's heart since she investigated this on hearing about Dawson's death, tells him that the donation was made anonymous for a reason. She hugs him close and tells him she loves him, which is meant for both her son and for Dawson, whose heart is beating inside.
Publication history
According to Little Brown book group, the book has been translated into "more than 40 languages." It was published on 11 October 2011 by Grand Central Publishing.
Awards and nominations
The Best of Me was ranked #2 in the Top 10 overall from Publishers Weekly.
Reception
According to Denise Garofalo, 'it transforms into a predictable yet depressing tale that is rushed and transparent and that suffers from cliche and a somewhat anticlimactic ending'. Laura Santana stated, "It fulfills every desire they have to swoon and be shocked."
Adaptation
References
Novels by Nicholas Sparks
American novels adapted into films
2011 American novels
American romance novels
Novels set in North Carolina
Grand Central Publishing books |
Farm No. 266—Johnny Cash Boyhood Home was the home of singer-songwriter Johnny Cash from 1935 to 1950. Cash moved with his family to a rural community in Mississippi County, Arkansas. The farm house was built in 1934 in a government project to help boost the economy. The Cash family joined the community in March of 1935. Ray and Carrie Cash moved to Arkansas when they took an offer to farm government land for poor and impoverished farmers. The Cash family went through many hard ships while living in the farm house by floods and losing one of their children, Jack Cash. Growing up picking cotton and working on the farm influenced some of Johnny Cash's songs in the future, one of them being "Pickin' Time." In 2018, the home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
History
In March 1935, when American musician Johnny Cash was three years old, the family settled in Dyess, Arkansas, a New Deal colony of the Franklin Roosevelt administration. Dyess Colony was founded in Mississippi county in 1934 to give poor families a chance to work land that they had a chance to own. The colony was named after William Reynolds Dyess, a Mississippi native, and the first Arkansas WPA administrator. Dyess gave the idea of supplying farms to families in poverty to Harry Hopkins, and then named the first "Colonization Project No 1." 16,000 acres in Mississippi County were given to this project for 500 different families to come farm on. Families started arriving in October 1934. The Cash family settled in March of 1935 on 20 acres. The house given to the Cash family is one of few left standing in the Dyess Colony.
J.R., as Cash was known as a child, started working in his father's cotton fields at the age of five, singing along with his family while working. He lived there until he graduated from high school in 1950. All families in Dyess colony depended on cotton. None were sharecroppers so the idea of one day purchasing their farms from the government was real. The government eventually stopped funding the scheme, but the Cash family continued farming at the property.
Arkansas State University acquired the home in 2011, and the university's Heritage Sites Office operates it as a small museum, "Historic Dyess Colony: Johnny Cash Boyhood Home", as of 2022. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.
J.R. Cash growing up
Johnny Cash was born to Ray, and Carrie Cash on February 26, 1932. J.R was the fourth born of seven kids to the Cash family. J.R was three years old when the family packed up and moved to their new home, Farm No. 266. The Great Depression was a tragedy at this time, but along with the Great Depression came floods and natural disasters. In 1937 the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers flooded. The flood was so bad on the Cash family, they had to evacuate. Everyone but Ray Cash left to go to Kingsland; until it was safe to return. Along with natural disasters and the Great Depression, the Cash family went through a tragedy. On May 20, 1944 Jack Cash died. Jack was J.R’s older brother. Jack was 14 years old when he fell into a table saw at work. Jack died in hospital a week later.
Incorporating the farm house into his music
Johnny Cash used his experiences at the farm house growing up in many of his songs. One important song that was inspired from the farm house is, "Pickin' Time".
The family farm was flooded on at least two occasions, which inspired his song "Five Feet High and Rising".
Gallery
See also
House of Cash
Carter Family Fold
References
Further reading
External links
Boyhood Home in Dyess, 360o Tour, ArkansasOnline
National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi County, Arkansas
Houses completed in 1934
1934 establishments in Arkansas
Houses in Mississippi County, Arkansas
Historic house museums in Arkansas
Museums in Mississippi County, Arkansas
University museums in Arkansas
Arkansas State University
Biographical museums in Arkansas
Boyhood Home
Country music museums
New Deal in Arkansas
Arkansas culture
Dyess, Arkansas |
Fumitremorgins are tremorogenic metabolites of Aspergillus and Penicillium, that belong to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines.
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis pathway of fumitremorgin pathway involves several different enzymes. FtmA is a nonribosomal peptide synthase. Both FtmB and FtmH are prenyltransferase. Three different cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in the biosynthesis of furmitremorgin C are FtmC, FtmE, and FtmG. Furthermore, FtmD is proposed to function as the methyltransferase. The synthesis starts with the formation of brevianamide F. FtmA catalyzes the nonribosomal peptide synthesis (NRPS) of this diketopiperazine product from two amino acids, L-tryptophan and L-proline. Then, another enzyme, FtmB, prenylates the product to form tryprostatin B. At this point, there are two separate pathways. FtmE may cyclize tryprostatin B to form demethoxyfumitremorgin C, or FtmC may oxidize tryprostatin B to form desmethyltrprostatin A by adding a hydroxyl group to the C-6 of the indole ring. The later pathway is followed by methylation to form tryprostatin A. The enzyme that catalyzes this methylation reaction has not been fully identified, but FtmD is suspected to be the plausible candidate. Then, the cyclization of tryprostatin A produces fumitremorgin C by forming the C-N bond by FtmE. The subsequent hydroxylation of fumitremorgin C takes place at C-12 and C-13 to form 12α, 13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C by FtmG. Fumitremorgin B is formed by another prenyltransferase, FtmH, that prenylates at N-1 of the indole ring.
References
Indole alkaloids
Fumitremorgin
Diketopiperazines |
Fortean TV was a British paranormal documentary television series that originally aired from to on Channel 4. Produced by Rapido TV, the program features anomalous phenomena and the paranormal. It was based upon the Fortean Times magazine and was presented by Reverend Lionel Fanthorpe. Fortean TV ran for 3 series (the third was an adult version renamed Fortean TV Uncut with unseen material from the previous two series as well as new items). The three seasons comprised: 22 half-hour episodes (the last of the first season was a compilation "Best Of"), plus a final hour-long family Christmas special.
Series 1 contained 9 unique episodes, broadcast on Wednesday evenings (29 January – 26 March 1997), with a final tenth "Best Of" the following week to round off the season (Wednesday, 2 April 1997).
Series 2 contained 8 unique episodes, beginning again the following January, broadcast now on Friday evenings (16 January – 6 March 1998).
Fortean TV Uncut – a short four-episode adult spin-off series with unseen material from the previous two series as well as new items – immediately followed (beginning less than a week after the second series had finished), now back on Wednesday evenings (11 March – 1 April 1998).
The show concluded with a Christmas Special at the end of that year entitled Xmas Files (Saturday 19 December 1998).
The show's theme tune was Danny's Inferno by The Three Suns.
The entire show was released on DVD in the UK in 2021.
References
External links
Channel 4 documentary series
Forteana
Paranormal television
British supernatural television shows
1990s British documentary television series
1997 British television series debuts
1998 British television series endings
English-language television shows |
```java
/*
* Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
* found in the LICENSE file.
*/
package io.flutter.inspector;
import com.intellij.openapi.Disposable;
import com.intellij.openapi.util.Disposer;
import com.intellij.ui.components.JBLabel;
import com.intellij.util.ui.JBUI;
import com.intellij.util.ui.UIUtil;
import io.flutter.run.daemon.FlutterApp;
import io.flutter.vmService.HeapMonitor;
import io.flutter.vmService.HeapMonitor.HeapListener;
import io.flutter.vmService.HeapMonitor.HeapSample;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.geom.Path2D;
import java.util.LinkedList;
public class HeapDisplay extends JPanel {
public static JPanel createJPanelView(Disposable parentDisposable, FlutterApp app) {
final JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
final JBLabel heapLabel = new JBLabel("", SwingConstants.RIGHT);
heapLabel.setAlignmentY(Component.BOTTOM_ALIGNMENT);
heapLabel.setFont(UIUtil.getLabelFont(UIUtil.FontSize.SMALL));
heapLabel.setForeground(UIUtil.getLabelDisabledForeground());
heapLabel.setBorder(JBUI.Borders.empty(4));
final HeapState heapState = new HeapState(60 * 1000);
final HeapDisplay graph = new HeapDisplay(state -> {
heapLabel.setText(heapState.getHeapSummary());
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(heapLabel::repaint);
});
graph.setLayout(new BoxLayout(graph, BoxLayout.X_AXIS));
graph.add(Box.createHorizontalGlue());
graph.add(heapLabel);
panel.add(graph, BorderLayout.CENTER);
final HeapListener listener = memoryUsages -> SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
heapState.handleMemoryUsage(memoryUsages);
graph.updateFrom(heapState);
panel.repaint();
});
assert app.getVMServiceManager() != null;
app.getVMServiceManager().addHeapListener(listener);
Disposer.register(parentDisposable, () -> app.getVMServiceManager().removeHeapListener(listener));
return panel;
}
private static Color getForegroundColor() {
return UIUtil.getLabelDisabledForeground();
}
private static final int TEN_MB = 1024 * 1024 * 10;
private static final Stroke GRAPH_STROKE = new BasicStroke(2f);
private interface SummaryCallback {
void updatedSummary(HeapState state);
}
@Nullable
private final SummaryCallback summaryCallback;
private @Nullable HeapState heapState;
public HeapDisplay(@Nullable SummaryCallback summaryCallback) {
this.summaryCallback = summaryCallback;
setVisible(true);
}
private void updateFrom(HeapState state) {
this.heapState = state;
if (!heapState.getSamples().isEmpty()) {
final HeapSample sample = heapState.getSamples().get(0);
if (summaryCallback != null) {
summaryCallback.updatedSummary(state);
}
}
}
@Override
protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
super.paintComponent(g);
if (heapState == null) {
return;
}
final int height = getHeight() - 1;
final int width = getWidth();
final long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
final long maxDataSize = Math.round(heapState.getCapacity() / (double)TEN_MB) * TEN_MB + TEN_MB;
final Graphics2D graphics2D = (Graphics2D)g;
graphics2D.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
graphics2D.setColor(getForegroundColor());
graphics2D.setStroke(GRAPH_STROKE);
Path2D path = null;
for (HeapSample sample : heapState.getSamples()) {
final double x = width - (((double)(now - sample.getSampleTime())) / ((double)heapState.getMaxSampleSizeMs()) * width);
final double y = (double)height * sample.getBytes() / maxDataSize;
if (path == null) {
path = new Path2D.Double();
path.moveTo(x, height - y + 1);
}
else {
path.lineTo(x, height - y + 1);
}
}
graphics2D.draw(path);
}
}
/**
* A fixed-length list of captured samples.
*/
class HeapSamples {
final LinkedList<HeapSample> samples = new LinkedList<>();
final int maxSampleSizeMs;
HeapSamples(int maxSampleSizeMs) {
this.maxSampleSizeMs = maxSampleSizeMs;
}
void addSample(HeapMonitor.HeapSample sample) {
samples.add(sample);
// Leave a little bit extra in the samples we trim off.
final long oldestTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - maxSampleSizeMs - 2000;
while (!samples.isEmpty() && samples.get(0).getSampleTime() < oldestTime) {
samples.removeFirst();
}
}
}
``` |
Northrop Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer from its formation in 1939 until its 1994 merger with Grumman to form Northrop Grumman. The company is known for its development of the flying wing design, most successfully the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber.
History
Jack Northrop founded 3 companies using his name. The first was the Avion Corporation in 1928, which was absorbed in 1929 by the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation as a subsidiary named "Northrop Aircraft Corporation" (and later became part of Boeing). The parent company moved its operations to Kansas in 1931, and so Jack, along with Donald Douglas, established a "Northrop Corporation" located in El Segundo, California, which produced several successful designs, including the Northrop Gamma and Northrop Delta. However, labor difficulties led to the dissolution of the corporation by Douglas in 1937, and the plant became the El Segundo Division of Douglas Aircraft.
Northrop still sought his own company, and so in 1939 he established the "Northrop Corporation" in nearby Hawthorne, California, a site located by co-founder Moye Stephens. The corporation ranked 100th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. It was there that the P-61 Black Widow night fighter, the B-35 and YB-49 experimental flying wing bombers, the F-89 Scorpion interceptor, the SM-62 Snark intercontinental cruise missile, and the F-5 Freedom Fighter economical jet fighter (and its derivative, the successful T-38 Talon trainer) were developed and built.
The F-5 was so successful that Northrop spent much of the 1970s and 1980s attempting to duplicate its success with similar lightweight designs. Their first attempt to improve the F-5 was the N-300, which featured much more powerful engines and moved the wing to a higher position to allow for increased ordnance that the higher power allowed. The N-300 was further developed into the P-530 with even larger engines, this time featuring a small amount of "bypass" (turbofan) to improve cooling and allow the engine bay to be lighter, as well as much more wing surface. The P-530 also included radar and other systems considered necessary on modern aircraft. When the Light Weight Fighter program was announced, the P-530 was stripped of much of its equipment to become the P-600, and eventually the YF-17 Cobra, which lost the competition to the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon.
Nevertheless, the YF-17 Cobra was modified with help from McDonnell Douglas to become the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet in order to fill a similar lightweight design competition for the US Navy. Northrop intended to sell a de-navalized version as the F-18L, but the basic F-18A continued to outsell it, leading to a long and fruitless lawsuit between the two companies. Northrop continued to build much of the F-18 fuselage and other systems after this period, but also returned to the original F-5 design with yet another new engine to produce the F-20 Tigershark as a low-cost aircraft. This garnered little interest in the market, and the project was dropped.
In 1985, Northrop bought northrop.com, the sixth .com domain created.
Based on the experimentation with flying wings the company developed the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber of the 1990s.
In 1994, partly due to the loss of the Advanced Tactical Fighter contract to Lockheed Corporation and the removal of their proposal from consideration for the Joint Strike Fighter competition, the company bought Grumman to form Northrop Grumman.
Aircraft
Projects
Northrop N-1 (USAAC flying wing bomber)
Northrop N-4 (USAAF pursuit)
Northrop N-5 (USAAF pursuit)
Northrop N-6 (Navy fighter design)
Northrop N-15 (2-engine cargo plane)
Northrop N-31 (flying wing bomber project)
Northrop N-34 (nuclear-powered flying wing bomber design)
Northrop N-55 (patrol aircraft)
Northrop N-59 (carrier-based bomber)
Northrop N-60 (ASW aircraft; lost to Grumman S-2 Tracker)
Northrop N-63 (rival tailsitting VTOL design to Lockheed XFV-1 and Convair XFY-1)
Northrop N-65 (interceptor for WS-201 program)
Northrop N-74 (tactical transport)
Northrop N-94 (Navy fighter competitor design to Vought F8U Crusader)
Northrop N-102 Fang
Northrop N-103 (all-weather interceptor)
Northrop N-132 (strategic fighter)
Northrop N-144 (long-range interceptor)
Northrop N-155 (target-towing aircraft)
Northrop N-285 (USN advanced jet trainer; lost to T-45 Goshawk)
Northrop N-321/P610 (Light-Weight Fighter)
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Northrop AQM-35
Northrop AQM-38
Northrop BQM-74 Chukar
Missiles
GAM-67 Crossbow
Northrop JB-1 Bat
SM-62 Snark
See also
Northrop Grumman
References
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of the United States
Defunct technology companies based in California
Manufacturing companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Technology companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Hawthorne, California
American companies established in 1930
Electronics companies established in 1930
Manufacturing companies established in 1930
Technology companies established in 1930
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1994
Technology companies disestablished in 1994
1930 establishments in California
1994 disestablishments in California
Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles
American companies disestablished in 1994
Defunct manufacturing companies based in California |
Long Beach 2 Fillmoe is the first collaborative album by American rappers Daz Dillinger & JT the Bigga Figga. It was released on January 16, 2001 via D1A Records/Get Low Recordz/D.P.G. Recordz. The album was a minor success, making it to #70 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and #30 on Independent Albums, however no charting singles were released from the album.
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
2001 albums
Daz Dillinger albums
JT the Bigga Figga albums
Collaborative albums |
The Omaha Jaycee Open was a golf tournament on the LPGA Tour from 1964 to 1965. It was played at the Miracle Hills Golf Club in Omaha, Nebraska.
Winners
Omaha Jaycee Open
1965 Clifford Ann Creed
Omaha Jaycee Open Invitational
1964 Ruth Jessen
References
Former LPGA Tour events
Golf in Nebraska
Sports in Omaha, Nebraska
History of women in Nebraska |
Environment friendly processes, or environmental-friendly processes (also referred to as eco-friendly, nature-friendly, and green), are sustainability and marketing terms referring to goods and services, laws, guidelines and policies that claim reduced, minimal, or no harm upon ecosystems or the environment.
Companies use these ambiguous terms to promote goods and services, sometimes with additional, more specific certifications, such as ecolabels. Their overuse can be referred to as greenwashing. To ensure the successful meeting of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) companies are advised to employ environmental friendly processes in their production. Specifically, Sustainable Development Goal 12 measures 11 targets and 13 indicators "to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns".
The International Organization for Standardization has developed ISO 14020 and ISO 14024 to establish principles and procedures for environmental labels and declarations that certifiers and eco-labellers should follow. In particular, these standards relate to the avoidance of financial conflicts of interest, the use of sound scientific methods and accepted test procedures, and openness and transparency in the setting of standards.
Regional variants
Europe
Products located in members of the European Union can use the EU Ecolabel pending the EU's approval. EMAS is another EU label that signifies whether an organization management is green as opposed to the product. Germany also uses the Blue Angel, based on Germany's standard.
In Europe, there are many different ways that companies are using environmentally friendly processes, eco-friendly labels, and overall changing guidelines to ensure that there is less harm being done to the environment and ecosystems while their products are being made. In Europe, for example, many companies are already using EMAS labels to show that their products are friendly.
Companies
Many companies in Europe make putting eco-labels on their products a top-priority since it can result to an increase in sales when there are eco-labels on these products. In Europe specifically, a study was conducted that shows a connection between eco-labels and the purchasing of fish: "Our results show a significant connection between the desire for eco-labeling and seafood features, especially the freshness of the fish, the geographical origin of the fish and the wild vs farmed origin of the fish". This article shows that eco-labels are not only reflecting a positive impact on the environment when it comes to creating and preserving products, but also increase sales. However, not all European countries agree on whether certain products, especially fish, should have eco-labels. In the same article, it is remarked: "Surprisingly, the country effect on the probability of accepting a fish eco-label is tricky to interpret. The countries with the highest level of eco-labeling acceptability are Belgium and France". According to the same analysis and statistics, France and Belgium are most likely of accepting these eco-labels.
North America
In the United States, environmental marketing claims require caution. Ambiguous titles such as environmentally friendly can be confusing without a specific definition; some regulators are providing guidance. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has deemed some ecolabels misleading in determining whether a product is truly "green".
In Canada, one label is that of the Environmental Choice Program. Created in 1988, only products approved by the program are allowed to display the label.
Overall, Mexico was one of the first countries in the world to pass a specific law on climate change. The law set an obligatory target of reducing national greenhouse-gas emissions by 30% by 2020. The country also has a National Climate Change Strategy, which is intended to guide policymaking over the next 40 years.
Oceania
The Energy Rating Label is a Type III label that provides information on "energy service per unit of energy consumption". It was first created in 1986, but negotiations led to a redesign in 2000.
Oceania generates the second most e-waste, 16.1 kg, while having the third lowest recycling rate of 8.8%. Out of Oceania, only Australia has a policy in policy to manage e-waste, that being the Policy Stewardship Act published in 2011 that aimed to manage the impact of products, mainly those in reference to the disposal of products and their waste. Under the Act the National Television and Computer Recycling Scheme (NTCRS) was created, which forced manufactures and importers of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) importing 5000 or more products or 15000 or more peripherals be liable and required to pay the NTCRS for retrieving and recycling materials from electronic products.
New Zealand does not have any law that directly manages their e-waste, instead they have voluntary product stewardship schemes such as supplier trade back and trade-in schemes and voluntary recycling drop-off points. Though this has helped it costs the provider money with labor taking up 90% of the cost of recycling. In addition, e-waste is currently not considered a priority product, which would encourage the enforcement of product stewardship. In Pacific Island Regions (PIR), e-waste management is a hard task since they lack the adequate amount of land to properly dispose of it even though they produce one of the lowest amounts of e-waste in the world due to their income and population. Due to this there are large stockpiles of waste unable to be recycled safely.
Currently, The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), an organization in charge of managing the natural resources and environment of the Pacific region, is in charge of region coordination and managing the e-waste of the Oceania region. SPREP uses Cleaner Pacific 2025 as a framework to guide the various governments in the region. They also work with PacWaste (Pacific Hazardous Waste) to identify and resolve the different issues with waste management of the islands, which largely stem from the lack of government enforcement and knowledge on the matter. They have currently proposed a mandatory product stewardship policy be put in place along with an advance recycling fee which would incentivize local and industrial recycling. They are also in the mindset that the islands should collaborate and share resources and experience to assist in the endeavor.
With the help from the NTCRS, though the situation has improved they have been vocal about the responsibilities of stakeholders in the situation and how they need to be more clearly defined. In addition to there being a differences in state and federal regulations, with only Southern Australia, Australian Capital Territory, and Victoria having banned e-waste landfill, it would be possible to make this apply the rest of the region if a federal decision was made. They have also advocated for reasonable access to collection points for waste, with there being only one collection point within a 100 km radius in some cases. It has been shown that the reason some residents do not recycle is because of their distance from a collection point. In addition, there have been few campaigns to recycle, with the company, MobileMuster, a voluntary collection program managed by the Australian Mobile Telecommunication Association, aimed to collect phones before they went to a landfill and has been doing so since 1999. Upon further study, it was found that only 46% of the public was award of the program, which later increased to 74% in 2018, but this was after an investment of $45 million from the Australian Mobile Telecommunication Association.
Asia
"Economic growth in Asia has increased in the past three decades and has heightened energy demand, resulting in rising greenhouse gas emissions and severe air pollution. To tackle these issues, fuel switching and the deployment of renewables are essential." However, as countries continue to advance, it leads to more pollution as a result of increased energy consumption. In recent years, the biggest concern for Asia is its air pollution issues. Major Chinese cities such as Beijing have received the worst air quality rankings (Li et al., 2017). Seoul, the capital of South Korea, also suffers from air pollution (Kim et al., 2017). Currently, Indian cities such as Mumbai and Delhi are overtaking Chinese cities in the ranking of worst air quality. In 2019, 21 of the world's 30 cities with the worst air quality were in India."
The environmentally friendly trends are marketed with a different color association, using the color blue for clean air and clean water, as opposed to green in western cultures. Japanese- and Korean-built hybrid vehicles use the color blue instead of green all throughout the vehicle, and use the word "blue" indiscriminately.
China
According to Shen, Li, Wang, and Liao, the emission trading system that China had used for its environmentally friendly journey was implemented in certain districts and was successful in comparison to those which were used in test districts that were approved by the government. This shows how China tried to effectively introduce new innovative systems to impact the environment. China implemented multiple ways to combat environmental problems even if they didn't succeed at first. It led to them implementing a more successful process which benefited the environment. Although China needs to implement policies like, "The “fee-to-tax” process should be accelerated, however, and the design and implementation of the environmental tax system should be improved. This would form a positive incentive mechanism in which a low level of pollution correlates with a low level of tax." By implementing policies like these companies have a higher incentive to not over pollute the environment and instead focus on creating an eco-friendlier environment for their workplaces. In doing so, it will lead to less pollution being emitted while there also being a cleaner environment. Companies would prefer to have lower taxes to lessen the costs they have to deal with, so it encourages them to avoid polluting the environment as much as possible.
International
Energy Star is a program with a primary goal of increasing energy efficiency and indirectly decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. Energy Star has different sections for different nations or areas, including the United States, the European Union and Australia. The program, which was founded in the United States, also exists in Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and Taiwan. Additionally, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 17 has a target to promote the development, transfer, dissemination, and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies to developing countries as part of the 2030 Agenda.
See also
Climate justice
Cradle-to-Cradle Design
Design for Environment
Ecolabel
Environmental Choice Program
Environmental enterprise
Environmental movement
Environmental organizations
Environmental protection
Environmentalism
Green brands
Green trading
Greenwashing
List of environmental issues
List of environmental organizations
List of environmental topics
Market-based instruments
Natural capital
Natural resource
Renewable energy
Sustainability
Sustainable products
Corporate sustainability
References
Sustainable business
Sustainable technologies
Environmentalism |
```c++
/*
This file is part of Mod Organizer.
Mod Organizer is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
(at your option) any later version.
Mod Organizer is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with Mod Organizer. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
#include "syncoverwritedialog.h"
#include "shared/directoryentry.h"
#include "shared/fileentry.h"
#include "shared/filesorigin.h"
#include "ui_syncoverwritedialog.h"
#include <log.h>
#include <report.h>
#include <utility.h>
#include <QComboBox>
#include <QDir>
#include <QDirIterator>
#include <QStringList>
using namespace MOBase;
using namespace MOShared;
SyncOverwriteDialog::SyncOverwriteDialog(const QString& path,
DirectoryEntry* directoryStructure,
QWidget* parent)
: TutorableDialog("SyncOverwrite", parent), ui(new Ui::SyncOverwriteDialog),
m_SourcePath(path), m_DirectoryStructure(directoryStructure)
{
ui->setupUi(this);
refresh(path);
QHeaderView* headerView = ui->syncTree->header();
#if QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(5, 0, 0)
headerView->setSectionResizeMode(0, QHeaderView::Stretch);
headerView->setSectionResizeMode(1, QHeaderView::Interactive);
#else
headerView->setResizeMode(0, QHeaderView::Stretch);
headerView->setResizeMode(1, QHeaderView::Interactive);
#endif
}
SyncOverwriteDialog::~SyncOverwriteDialog()
{
delete ui;
}
static void addToComboBox(QComboBox* box, const QString& name, const QVariant& userData)
{
if (QString::compare(name, "overwrite", Qt::CaseInsensitive) != 0) {
box->addItem(name, userData);
}
}
void SyncOverwriteDialog::readTree(const QString& path,
DirectoryEntry* directoryStructure,
QTreeWidgetItem* subTree)
{
QDir overwrite(path);
overwrite.setFilter(QDir::Dirs | QDir::Files | QDir::NoDotAndDotDot);
QDirIterator dirIter(overwrite);
while (dirIter.hasNext()) {
dirIter.next();
QFileInfo fileInfo = dirIter.fileInfo();
QString file = fileInfo.fileName();
if (file == "meta.ini") {
continue;
}
QTreeWidgetItem* newItem = new QTreeWidgetItem(subTree, QStringList(file));
if (fileInfo.isDir()) {
DirectoryEntry* subDir = directoryStructure->findSubDirectory(ToWString(file));
if (subDir != nullptr) {
readTree(fileInfo.absoluteFilePath(), subDir, newItem);
} else {
log::error("no directory structure for {}?", file);
delete newItem;
newItem = nullptr;
}
} else {
const FileEntryPtr entry = directoryStructure->findFile(ToWString(file));
QComboBox* combo = new QComboBox(ui->syncTree);
combo->addItem(tr("<don't sync>"), -1);
if (entry.get() != nullptr) {
bool ignore;
int origin = entry->getOrigin(ignore);
addToComboBox(combo,
ToQString(m_DirectoryStructure->getOriginByID(origin).getName()),
origin);
const auto& alternatives = entry->getAlternatives();
for (const auto& alt : alternatives) {
addToComboBox(
combo,
ToQString(m_DirectoryStructure->getOriginByID(alt.originID()).getName()),
alt.originID());
}
combo->setCurrentIndex(combo->count() - 1);
} else {
combo->setCurrentIndex(0);
}
ui->syncTree->setItemWidget(newItem, 1, combo);
}
if (newItem != nullptr) {
subTree->addChild(newItem);
}
}
}
void SyncOverwriteDialog::refresh(const QString& path)
{
QTreeWidgetItem* rootItem = new QTreeWidgetItem(ui->syncTree, QStringList("<data>"));
readTree(path, m_DirectoryStructure, rootItem);
ui->syncTree->addTopLevelItem(rootItem);
ui->syncTree->expandAll();
}
void SyncOverwriteDialog::applyTo(QTreeWidgetItem* item, const QString& path,
const QString& modDirectory)
{
for (int i = 0; i < item->childCount(); ++i) {
QTreeWidgetItem* child = item->child(i);
QString filePath;
if (path.length() != 0) {
filePath = path + "/" + child->text(0);
} else {
filePath = child->text(0);
}
if (child->childCount() != 0) {
applyTo(child, filePath, modDirectory);
} else {
QComboBox* comboBox =
qobject_cast<QComboBox*>(ui->syncTree->itemWidget(child, 1));
if (comboBox != nullptr) {
int originID =
comboBox->itemData(comboBox->currentIndex(), Qt::UserRole).toInt();
if (originID != -1) {
FilesOrigin& origin = m_DirectoryStructure->getOriginByID(originID);
QString source = m_SourcePath + "/" + filePath;
QString destination =
modDirectory + "/" + ToQString(origin.getName()) + "/" + filePath;
if (!QFile::remove(destination)) {
reportError(tr("failed to remove %1").arg(destination));
} else if (!QFile::rename(source, destination)) {
reportError(tr("failed to move %1 to %2").arg(source).arg(destination));
}
}
}
}
}
QDir dir(m_SourcePath + "/" + path);
if ((path.length() > 0) && (dir.count() == 2)) {
dir.rmpath(".");
}
}
void SyncOverwriteDialog::apply(const QString& modDirectory)
{
applyTo(ui->syncTree->topLevelItem(0), "", modDirectory);
}
``` |
Yannick Hasler (born 6 May 1978) is a Swiss former footballer who played in the 1990s as defender. He studied Economics (lic. rer. pol. University of Basel) and works for Bâloise since 2002.
Football career
Hasler played his youth football for FC Basel and advanced to the first team for their 1995–96 season under head-coach Claude Andrey. After playing in four test games Hasler played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game in the St. Jakob Stadium on 18 April 1996 as Basel played 0–2 against Grasshopper Club.
Hasler then played the 1998–99 season with FC Baden in the second tier of Swiss football and the first half of the 1999–2000 season with SV Muttenz in the third tier. He then returned to Basel but played either in the eldest youth team or with their reserve team
Between the years 1995 and 200 Hasler played a total of 14 games for the Basel first team. Five of these games were in the Nationalliga A, one in the UEFA Intertoto Cup and seven were friendly games.
Private life
Yannick Hasler studied Economics and obtained his Licentiate (lic. rer. pol.) at the University of Basel. During his studies he played football at the top level. He joined Bâloise in 2002, where one of his roles included managing the Motor Vehicle Insurance Department, which he did for eight years. He held the role of Head of Pricing at Baloise from 2015 and in 2019 he was selected as a new member of the Executive Committee at Baloise Switzerland for the Product Management Private Customers Department as of 1 January 2020.
References
Sources
Rotblau: Jahrbuch Saison 2017/2018. Publisher: FC Basel Marketing AG.
Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel.
Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv" Homepage
FC Basel players
SV Muttenz players
FC Baden players
Swiss men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Swiss Super League players
1978 births
Living people |
The 2018 NHL Winter Classic (officially the 2018 Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic) was an outdoor ice hockey game played in the National Hockey League (NHL) on January 1, 2018, at Citi Field in the New York City borough of Queens. The tenth edition of the Winter Classic, the game matched the Buffalo Sabres against the New York Rangers; the Rangers won, 3–2, on an overtime goal by J. T. Miller. The game marked the 10th anniversary of the Winter Classic.
The 2018 game marked the second Winter Classic for each team, following the Rangers' appearance in the 2012 event and the Sabres' in 2008. It was the Rangers' fourth outdoor game, having also appeared in the 2014 Stadium Series.
Background
On March 15, 2017, Arthur Staple of Newsday reported that the game had been awarded to the New York Rangers. The Rangers originally had planned to play at Blaik Field at Michie Stadium on the campus of the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York but were unable to come up with an agreement to use that facility in time. Yankee Stadium, which hosted the Rangers' games in the 2014 NHL Stadium Series, was ruled out for the Winter Classic because it hosts college football's Pinstripe Bowl a week before the event. Instead, the Rangers reportedly reached an agreement with Citi Field, home of the New York Mets baseball team, to host the event. The same article identified the Buffalo Sabres as the Rangers' opponent. The Sabres were also in negotiations to host the event, both because it marked ten years since the inaugural Winter Classic and because the 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships had already scheduled an outdoor game at New Era Field for late December 2017, which would have allowed the outdoor ice surface to be used for both that and the Winter Classic. League vice president Bill Daly argued that having two major outdoor games in the same facility so close together would have stretched the resources of Pegula Sports and Entertainment too thin, hence why New York City was chosen as the host site. The Sabres were chosen as the opponents in a thank-you gesture from NBC and the NHL for taking the risk on the inaugural Winter Classic in 2008, and the team's poor performance and declining television ratings (at a time when the Winter Classic's ratings are also declining) did not concern NBC.
On May 10, 2017, commissioner Gary Bettman officially announced that the 2018 Winter Classic would be played at Citi Field, and feature the New York Rangers against the Buffalo Sabres. In order to maintain the tax-exempt status of the Rangers' home arena, Madison Square Garden, the Rangers are designated as the away team for this game as a legal fiction. The tax exemption stipulates that it only applies if the Rangers do not "cease playing" home games at MSG, generally interpreted as playing any "home" game outside of MSG. Hence, the Rangers' Stadium Series games in 2014 were also subject to this fiction, and all games that the Rangers play at neutral sites (such as the 2011 NHL Premiere) have likewise listed the Rangers as the away team.
Despite being the designated home team, the Sabres wore a white throwback uniform during the game (current NHL custom has the home team wear color and the away team white). The uniform is primarily based on the Sabres' 1970s jersey and colors, with some elements borrowed from the team's Buffalo Bisons-inspired 40th Anniversary third jerseys from 2010 to 2012. The Rangers wore navy blue jerseys with the diagonal "RANGERS" lettering on the front of the jersey in white, inspired by the lettering worn by the team in the late 1920s, with the sleeve and waist striping inspired by the uniforms of the early 1930s.
Game summary
The temperature at the puck drop was 20 degrees. The Rangers went up 2-0 in the first period with goals by Paul Carey and Michael Grabner. Buffalo's Sam Reinhart had a power play goal in the second period, and then Rasmus Ristolainen tied the game early in the third. The game went into overtime, where J. T. Miller scored on a power play goal with 2:17 left in the extra period to win the game.
Number in parentheses represents the player's total in goals or assists to that point of the season
Broadcasting
The game was broadcast, as it has been since the Winter Classic's inception, by NBC in the United States. In Canada, Sportsnet simulcast the NBC feed, while TVA Sports used NBC's video to dub their French-language commentary. Mike Emrick called the game on the play-by-play with Mike Milbury filling-in for Eddie Olczyk as color commentator while he recovered from colon cancer treatments, and Jeremy Roenick taking over Milbury's pregame role.
The broadcast of the game set a record low for viewership of the game, with 2.48 million viewers and a 1.4 Nielsen rating, both down slightly from the previous year's record low and continuing the game's continuous decline in ratings since the event's peak in 2014. NBC, however, stated that viewership was still two times higher than the average viewership of regular season games in the previous season. Audience burnout, the Sabres' poor play (which drove ratings for the Sabres' regional telecasts for that season down 20 percent compared to the previous year), competition from a strong slate of bowl games (including the UCF Knights football team's bid for a perfect season airing on the 2018 Peach Bowl opposite the Winter Classic), and fan hangover after the Buffalo Bills broke their 17-year playoff drought the previous day were cited as factors in the continued ratings decline.
Pregame/Anthem/Entertainment
During the team introductions, Ace Frehley performed New York Groove
The anthem was performed by New York City Children's Choir Every Voice Choirs
The ceremonial puck drop was done by first responders from NYPD, FDNY, and New York State Police
During the first intermission Goo Goo Dolls performed
References
Winter Classic
NHL Winter Classic
NHL Winter Classic
NHL Winter Classic
NHL Winter Classic
Ice hockey competitions in New York City
Sports in Queens, New York
New York Rangers games
Buffalo Sabres games
2010s in Queens
Flushing, Queens |
Gail A. Bishop is an American professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of Iowa and director of the Center for Immunology & Immune-Based Diseases at the Carver College of Medicine.
Early life and education
Bishop was born in Wisconsin, United States. She became interested in science as a teenager after first studying biology in the 9th grade. She completed a summer job in a leukemia research laboratory in Milwaukee. Bishop studied biology at St. Olaf College. She earned a master's degree in oncology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Bishop moved to University of Michigan as a graduate student, working in cellular biology with Joseph Glorioso. Her doctoral degree involved research into the Herpes simplex virus. After completing her PhD Bishop was appointed as a postdoctoral fellow to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where she worked on the mechanism of B lymphocyte activation and the structure-function relationships within B cell signalling receptors.
Research and career
In 1989 Bishop was appointed as an assistant professor at the University of Iowa. She was promoted to professor in 1998, and in 2001 became the Distinguished Professor of Microbiology.
Bishop studies the molecular mechanisms that underlie lymphocyte regulation and activation by members of the TNF receptor superfamily. She studies lymphocyte signalling and the interaction between immune receptors. Her work involves studying the mechanisms by which the protein-coding gene TRAF3 deficiency regulates survival in B lymphocytes. She has shown that TRAF3 is a regulator of critical negative regulator of homeostatic survival in B lymphocytes. Through this research Bishop hopes to design new treatments for B lymphocyte malignancies.
She has also investigated the role of TRAF3 in T cell signalling and function, as well as trying to establish the nuclear roles of TRAF3. T cells that are deficient in TRAF3 have no clear differences in survival, but do have decreases in CD4+ and CD8+ responses to infection or immunisation. Bishop showed that in T cells TRAF3 associates with the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex, which governs TCR-mediated activation.
Bishop believes that B lymphocytes could be used for immunotherapeutic cancer treatment, whereby B-cells can injected, become activated in vitro and serve as antigen-presenting cells. B cell immunotherapy presents a promising alternative to using dendritic cells.
Alongside her scientific research, Bishop has spoken about the environment for women and other minoritized groups within academic science.
Awards and honours
Her awards and honours include:
2003 University of Iowa Graduate Mentoring Award
2007 Elected to the Council of the American Association of Immunologists
2009 Iowa Technology Association Woman of Innovation
2010 Chair of the National Institutes of Health Tumors, Tolerance and Transplantation study section
2012 President of the American Association of Immunologists
2019 Elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Selected publications
Her publications include:
References
Living people
Scientists from Wisconsin
St. Olaf College alumni
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health alumni
University of Michigan alumni
American immunologists
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill fellows
University of Iowa faculty
Cancer researchers
Women medical researchers
Women immunologists
American medical researchers
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Tobias Rühle (born 7 February 1991) is a German footballer who plays for 3. Liga club SSV Ulm 1846.
Career
After his contract with Sonnenhof Großaspach had expired at the end of the 2015-16 season, he joined Preußen Münster on a two-year contract starting 1 July 2016.
On 25 March 2019 KFC Uerdingen 05 confirmed, that they had signed Rühle for the upcoming 2019/20 season.
On 31 January 2020, he joined SSV Ulm 1846 on a contract until the summer 2022.
References
External links
Profile at DFB.de
1991 births
Living people
German men's footballers
Germany men's youth international footballers
VfB Stuttgart II players
1. FC Heidenheim players
Stuttgarter Kickers players
SG Sonnenhof Großaspach players
KFC Uerdingen 05 players
SSV Ulm 1846 players
3. Liga players
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
SC Preußen Münster players |
Manuel Elias Acta (born January 11, 1969) is a Dominican former professional baseball manager who is currently the third base coach for the Seattle Mariners, and formerly a broadcast analyst for ESPN and ESPN Deportes. He has served as manager for the Washington Nationals and the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball.
In the Dominican Winter League, He has been sucesfull both as a manager, and general manager He managed the Tigres del Licey from 2003–2005, including leading them to victory at the 2004 Caribbean Series .As a general manager, he won with the Tigres del Licey on the 2013-14 season, and then did the same with Aguilas Cibaenas on 2018.Acta managed the Dominican Republic team at the 2006 World Baseball Classic where they placed 4th.
Playing career
Houston Astros
Acta was signed by the Houston Astros at age 17 as an undrafted free agent infielder. Acta played baseball professionally for six seasons, all in the Astros' system, but never reached the major leagues as a player. The Astros organization would eventually send him to scouting school in Florida to utilize his analytical skills rather than his athletic talent.
Coaching career
Minor leagues
In 1991, Acta became a player-coach at the A level, and soon after that quit his playing career and focused solely on coaching. He became the manager of the A-level Auburn Astros team at Auburn, New York in 1993, and he managed in the minors through 2000. He led the Kissimmee Cobras to a Florida State League championship in 1999.
Montreal Expos
Acta was hired as the third base coach for the Montreal Expos under Frank Robinson in 2002, and held that position through 2005.
New York Mets
In 2005 Acta was hired as the third base coach for the New York Mets under manager Willie Randolph. He held this position for two years, leaving to become the manager of the Washington Nationals.
Seattle Mariners
On November 9, 2015, Acta was hired as the third base coach for the Seattle Mariners under new manager Scott Servais for the 2016 season. Acta was the first person issued #14 as it had been out of circulation since Lou Piniella left the team after the 2002 season.
Managerial career
Washington Nationals
Acta was hired as manager of the Washington Nationals on November 14, 2006, returning to the franchise that gave him his first major league job (the Nationals were the Expos prior to a relocation following the 2004 season). Acta received the job for his youth and enthusiasm, as well as knowing a few of the Nationals players from his third base coaching job with the Expos. In his first season with Washington, projected to be one of the worst teams in Major League Baseball, Acta and the Nationals finished 73–89. With his team beset by many injuries—on Opening Day, he lost starting shortstop Cristian Guzman and center fielder Nook Logan for five weeks and by June, four of his five starting pitchers were on the disabled list—Acta maintained a positive influence on his young Nationals. In his first year with the Nationals he earned votes for NL Manager of the Year, coming in fifth in that vote. In his second season managing the Nats, the team's record worsened to 59–102. Signs of the team progressing in the win column was not being realized during the beginning of his third season with the club. At 26–61, and the Nats coming off a 100-loss season, including a seven-game road trip in which they would win just one game, Acta's time as manager was drawing to a close.
On July 12, 2009, Acta reported he had been fired as Nationals manager following a loss to the Houston Astros. The Nationals announced on their website on July 13 that an announcement concerning the dismissal was forthcoming, which served as a confirmation of the firing. Nationals bench coach Jim Riggleman, who had previously managed the San Diego Padres, Chicago Cubs, and Seattle Mariners, assumed the position as interim manager.
Cleveland Indians
On October 25, 2009, the Cleveland Indians announced that they had hired Acta as their manager, signing him to a three-year contract with an option for an additional year. The Astros had also offered Acta their managerial position. The Indians struggled in his first year, marginally improving from their 2009 campaign at 69–93. In his second season, the Indians improved by 11 games to 80–82 after starting out the season 30–15. Cleveland would finish in second place, fifteen games behind the Detroit Tigers. On September 29, 2011, the Indians announced they had exercised Acta's option for the 2013 season.
After a 20–51 record in the second half of the 2012 season, the Indians fired Acta on September 27, 2012 with only six games remaining in the regular season. Bench coach Sandy Alomar Jr. was named interim manager and Terry Francona eventually was named to the position full-time.
Seattle Mariners
Acta served as interim manager for 2 games in May 2018 as regular manager Scott Servais was gone to attend his daughter's college graduation.
Managerial record
Personal life
Acta comes from a family of Lebanese descent that settled in San Pedro de Macorís a century ago.
The fatal plane crash on October 11, 2006, that killed New York Yankees pitcher Cory Lidle and his pilot crashed into Acta's apartment building in New York while he was still coaching for the Mets. Acta wasn't there at the time because he had gone to Shea Stadium to prepare for that night's Game 1 of the NLCS between the Mets and St. Louis Cardinals.
His ImpACTA Kids Foundation has raised a significant amount of awareness and donations in providing children with the opportunities to achieve their dreams. As of 2010, the ImpACTA Kids Foundation has awarded $5,000 in college scholarships in the United States and neared completion of an athletic/education youth complex in Consuelo, Dominican Republic.
See also
List of Cleveland Guardians managers
References
External links
Manny Acta profile provided by mwlguide.com
Column by Tim Brown provided by Yahoo! Sports
1969 births
Living people
Burlington Astros players
Dominican Republic baseball coaches
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball people in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dominican Republic national baseball team managers
Dominican Republic people of Lebanese descent
ESPN people
Sportspeople of Lebanese descent
Cleveland Indians managers
Columbus Mudcats players
Gulf Coast Astros players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Minor league baseball managers
Montreal Expos coaches
New York Mets coaches
Osceola Astros players
Seattle Mariners coaches
Sportspeople from San Pedro de Macorís
Washington Nationals managers
White Dominicans |
```go
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
package capture
import (
aggr "github.com/m3db/m3/src/aggregator/aggregator"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/metrics/metric/aggregated"
"github.com/m3db/m3/src/metrics/metric/unaggregated"
)
// Aggregator provide an aggregator for testing purposes.
type Aggregator interface {
aggr.Aggregator
// NumMetricsAdded returns the number of metrics added.
NumMetricsAdded() int
// Snapshot returns a copy of the aggregated data, resets
// aggregations and number of metrics added.
Snapshot() SnapshotResult
}
// SnapshotResult is the snapshot result.
type SnapshotResult struct {
CountersWithMetadatas []unaggregated.CounterWithMetadatas
BatchTimersWithMetadatas []unaggregated.BatchTimerWithMetadatas
GaugesWithMetadatas []unaggregated.GaugeWithMetadatas
ForwardedMetricsWithMetadata []aggregated.ForwardedMetricWithMetadata
TimedMetricWithMetadata []aggregated.TimedMetricWithMetadata
PassthroughMetricWithMetadata []aggregated.PassthroughMetricWithMetadata
}
``` |
Larry or Lawrence Newman may refer to:
Larry Newman (rugby union) (1902–1963), rugby union player who represented Australia
Larry Newman (aviator) (1947–2010), American pilot and balloonist
Lawrence R. Newman (1925–2011), deaf activist and educator |
In the Moment is an album by Gateway, a trio composed of John Abercrombie, Dave Holland and Jack DeJohnette. It was recorded in 1994 and released on the ECM label in 1996.
Reception
The review at AllMusic states: "The collective trio Gateway has worked together on and off for three decades. They're sympathetically matched, with the five pieces on this album emerging from extended improvisations. The tonal range they embrace is dazzling, switching gears from Indian-flavored propulsion... to ethereal tone poems... Jack DeJohnette's ability to work equally well as a percussionist/drummer and pianist... benefits the group, and they make full use of the further possibilities offered. DeJohnette's work on the Turkish frame drum is extremely skilled and inventive, adding a key element to complement John Abercrombie's bent-note improvisations."
Tyran Grillo, writing for Between Sound and Space, commented: "DeJohnette chants through a Turkish frame drum for the start, Abercrombie working his microtonal magic with an ess-curved twang. This formula persists because it works, finding new purpose in 'Cinuçen.' Pregnant like a Saharan sky, it lets down its golden hair and lumbers through 'The Enchanted Forest' to catch up to its own jangling caravan. The interaction between bass and drums make tracks like 'Shrubberies' the beautiful things that they are. As far a cry as possible from the Monty Python images its title may evoke, this is an honest excursion that lowers us like a sleeping child into 'Soft.' For this, Holland draws his bow like the Loch Ness monster beneath Abercrombie's wavering reflections as a pianistic fog assures the sighting will never be captured. Magic and pure to the last, this one is."
The authors of The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings wrote: "In the Moment is supergroup playing of a high order, three hugely experienced musicians interacting without anxiety and with dazzling ease."
Track listing
All compositions by John Abercrombie, Jack DeJohnette & Dave Holland
"In the Moment" - 8:37
"The Enchanted Forest" - 9:23
"Cinucen" - 6:45
"Shrubberies" - 14:02
"Soft" - 7:09
Personnel
John Abercrombie – guitar
Jack DeJohnette – drums, piano
Dave Holland – bass
References
1996 albums
Gateway (band) albums
ECM Records albums
Albums produced by Manfred Eicher |
```smalltalk
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using NewLife.Data;
using NewLife.Log;
using NewLife.Model;
namespace NewLife.Net;
/// <summary></summary>
public abstract class SessionBase : DisposeBase, ISocketClient, ITransport, ILogFeature
{
#region
/// <summary></summary>
public Int32 ID { get; internal set; }
/// <summary></summary>
public String Name { get; set; }
/// <summary></summary>
public NetUri Local { get; set; } = new NetUri();
/// <summary></summary>
public Int32 Port { get { return Local.Port; } set { Local.Port = value; } }
/// <summary></summary>
public NetUri Remote { get; set; } = new NetUri();
/// <summary>3000ms</summary>
public Int32 Timeout { get; set; } = 3_000;
/// <summary></summary>
public Boolean Active { get; set; }
/// <summary>Socket</summary>
public Socket? Client { get; protected set; }
/// <summary></summary>
public DateTime LastTime { get; internal protected set; } = DateTime.Now;
/// <summary>Tcp1UdpCPU*1.60</summary>
public Int32 MaxAsync { get; set; } = 1;
/// <summary>8k</summary>
public Int32 BufferSize { get; set; }
/// <summary></summary>
public String? CloseReason { get; set; }
/// <summary>APM</summary>
public ITracer? Tracer { get; set; }
#endregion
#region
/// <summary></summary>
public SessionBase()
{
Name = GetType().Name;
BufferSize = SocketSetting.Current.BufferSize;
LogDataLength = SocketSetting.Current.LogDataLength;
}
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="disposing"></param>
protected override void Dispose(Boolean disposing)
{
base.Dispose(disposing);
var reason = GetType().Name + (disposing ? "Dispose" : "GC");
try
{
Close(reason);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
OnError("Dispose", ex);
}
}
/// <summary></summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public override String ToString() => Local + "";
#endregion
#region
/// <summary></summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public virtual Boolean Open()
{
if (Disposed) throw new ObjectDisposedException(GetType().Name);
if (Active) return true;
lock (this)
{
if (Active) return true;
using var span = Tracer?.NewSpan($"net:{Name}:Open", Remote?.ToString());
try
{
_RecvCount = 0;
var rs = OnOpen();
if (!rs) return false;
var timeout = Timeout;
if (timeout > 0 && Client != null)
{
Client.SendTimeout = timeout;
Client.ReceiveTimeout = timeout;
}
Active = true;
if (Pipeline is Pipeline pipe && pipe.Handlers.Count > 0)
{
WriteLog("");
foreach (var handler in pipe.Handlers)
{
WriteLog(" {0}", handler);
}
}
//
Pipeline?.Open(CreateContext(this));
ReceiveAsync();
//
Opened?.Invoke(this, EventArgs.Empty);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
span?.SetError(ex, null);
throw;
}
}
return true;
}
/// <summary></summary>
/// <returns></returns>
[MemberNotNullWhen(true, nameof(Client))]
protected abstract Boolean OnOpen();
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="reason"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public virtual Boolean Close(String reason)
{
if (!Active) return true;
lock (this)
{
if (!Active) return true;
using var span = Tracer?.NewSpan($"net:{Name}:Close", Remote?.ToString());
try
{
CloseReason = reason;
//
Pipeline?.Close(CreateContext(this), reason);
var rs = true;
if (OnClose(reason ?? (GetType().Name + "Close"))) rs = false;
_RecvCount = 0;
//
Closed?.Invoke(this, EventArgs.Empty);
Active = rs;
return !rs;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
span?.SetError(ex, null);
throw;
}
}
}
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="reason"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
protected abstract Boolean OnClose(String reason);
Boolean ITransport.Close() => Close("TransportClose");
/// <summary>FIN/RST</summary>
/// <returns></returns>
protected String? CheckClosed()
{
var sock = Client;
if (sock == null || !sock.Connected) return "Disconnected";
if (sock.Poll(10, SelectMode.SelectRead))
{
try
{
var buffer = new Byte[1];
if (sock.Receive(buffer, SocketFlags.Peek) == 0)
{
// FIN
return "Finish";
}
}
catch (SocketException ex)
when (ex.SocketErrorCode == SocketError.ConnectionReset)
{
return "ConnectionReset";
}
}
return null;
}
/// <summary></summary>
public event EventHandler? Opened;
/// <summary></summary>
public event EventHandler? Closed;
#endregion
#region
/// <summary> Byte[]/Packet</summary>
/// <remarks>
/// <seealso cref="Remote"/>
/// </remarks>
/// <param name="data"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public Int32 Send(Packet data)
{
if (Disposed) throw new ObjectDisposedException(GetType().Name);
if (!Open()) return -1;
return OnSend(data);
}
/// <summary></summary>
/// <remarks>
/// <seealso cref="Remote"/>
/// </remarks>
/// <param name="data"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
protected abstract Int32 OnSend(Packet data);
#endregion
#region
/// <summary></summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public virtual Packet? Receive()
{
if (Disposed) throw new ObjectDisposedException(GetType().Name);
if (!Open() || Client == null) return null;
using var span = Tracer?.NewSpan($"net:{Name}:Receive", BufferSize + "");
try
{
var buf = new Byte[BufferSize];
var size = Client.Receive(buf);
if (span != null) span.Value = size;
return new Packet(buf, 0, size);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
span?.SetError(ex, null);
throw;
}
}
/// <summary></summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public virtual async Task<Packet?> ReceiveAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
{
if (Disposed) throw new ObjectDisposedException(GetType().Name);
if (!Open() || Client == null) return null;
using var span = Tracer?.NewSpan($"net:{Name}:ReceiveAsync", BufferSize + "");
try
{
var buf = new Byte[BufferSize];
#if NETFRAMEWORK || NETSTANDARD2_0
var ar = Client.BeginReceive(buf, 0, buf.Length, SocketFlags.None, null, Client);
var size = ar.IsCompleted ?
Client.EndReceive(ar) :
await Task.Factory.FromAsync(ar, Client.EndReceive);
#else
var size = await Client.ReceiveAsync(new ArraySegment<Byte>(buf), SocketFlags.None, cancellationToken);
#endif
if (span != null) span.Value = size;
return new Packet(buf, 0, size);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
span?.SetError(ex, null);
throw;
}
}
/// <summary></summary>
private Int32 _RecvCount;
/// <summary></summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public virtual Boolean ReceiveAsync()
{
if (Disposed) throw new ObjectDisposedException(GetType().Name);
if (!Open()) return false;
var count = _RecvCount;
var max = MaxAsync;
if (count >= max) return false;
//
for (var i = count; i < max; i++)
{
count = Interlocked.Increment(ref _RecvCount);
if (count > max)
{
Interlocked.Decrement(ref _RecvCount);
return false;
}
// SocketError.MessageSize
var buf = new Byte[BufferSize];
var se = new SocketAsyncEventArgs();
se.SetBuffer(buf, 0, buf.Length);
se.Completed += (s, e) => ProcessEvent(e, -1, _IntoThreadCount);
se.UserToken = count;
if (Log != null && Log.Level <= LogLevel.Debug) WriteLog("RecvSA {0}", count);
StartReceive(se, 0);
}
return true;
}
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="se"></param>
/// <param name="reason"></param>
private void ReleaseRecv(SocketAsyncEventArgs se, String reason)
{
var idx = se.UserToken.ToInt();
if (Log != null && Log.Level <= LogLevel.Debug) WriteLog("RecvSA {0} {1}", idx, reason);
if (_RecvCount > 0) Interlocked.Decrement(ref _RecvCount);
try
{
se.SetBuffer(null, 0, 0);
}
catch { }
se.TryDispose();
}
/// <summary>10</summary>
private Int32 _IntoThreadCount = 10;
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="se"></param>
/// <param name="ioThread">,00</param>
/// <returns></returns>
private Boolean StartReceive(SocketAsyncEventArgs se, Int32 ioThread)
{
if (Disposed)
{
ReleaseRecv(se, "Disposed " + se.SocketError);
throw new ObjectDisposedException(GetType().Name);
}
var rs = false;
try
{
//
rs = OnReceiveAsync(se);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
ReleaseRecv(se, "ReceiveAsyncError " + ex.Message);
if (!ex.IsDisposed())
{
OnError("ReceiveAsync", ex);
// UDP
//if (!io && ThrowException) throw;
}
return false;
}
// 0
if (!rs && se.BytesTransferred == 0 && se.SocketError == SocketError.Success)
{
var reason = CheckClosed() ?? "EmptyData";
Close(reason);
Dispose();
return false;
}
//
if (!rs)
{
if (ioThread-- > 0)
{
ProcessEvent(se, -1, ioThread);
}
else
{
ThreadPool.UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem(s =>
{
try
{
if (s is SocketAsyncEventArgs ee) ProcessEvent(ee, -1, _IntoThreadCount);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
XTrace.WriteException(ex);
}
}, se);
}
}
return true;
}
internal abstract Boolean OnReceiveAsync(SocketAsyncEventArgs se);
/// <summary></summary>
/// <remarks>
/// ioThread:
/// StartReceiveProcessEventworker
/// IOCPProcessEventcompletionPort
/// </remarks>
/// <param name="se"></param>
/// <param name="bytes"></param>
/// <param name="ioThread">IO</param>
protected internal void ProcessEvent(SocketAsyncEventArgs se, Int32 bytes, Int32 ioThread)
{
try
{
if (!Active)
{
ReleaseRecv(se, "!Active " + se.SocketError);
return;
}
//
if (se.SocketError != SocketError.Success)
{
// Socket
if (OnReceiveError(se))
{
var ex = se.GetException();
if (ex != null) OnError("ReceiveAsync", ex);
ReleaseRecv(se, "SocketError " + se.SocketError);
return;
}
}
else
{
var ep = se.RemoteEndPoint as IPEndPoint ?? Remote.EndPoint;
if (bytes < 0) bytes = se.BytesTransferred;
if (se.Buffer != null)
{
var pk = new Packet(se.Buffer, se.Offset, bytes);
//
// IO
ProcessReceive(pk, se.ReceiveMessageFromPacketInfo.Address, ep);
}
}
//
if (Active && !Disposed)
StartReceive(se, ioThread);
else
ReleaseRecv(se, "!Active || Disposed");
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
XTrace.WriteException(ex);
try
{
// Error
//
ReleaseRecv(se, "ProcessEventError " + ex.Message);
Close("ProcessEventError");
}
catch { }
Dispose();
}
}
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="pk"></param>
/// <param name="local"></param>
/// <param name="remote"></param>
private void ProcessReceive(Packet pk, IPAddress local, IPEndPoint remote)
{
//
DefaultSpan.Current = null;
using var span = Tracer?.NewSpan($"net:{Name}:ProcessReceive", pk.Total + "", pk.Total);
try
{
LastTime = DateTime.Now;
//
var ss = OnPreReceive(pk, local, remote);
if (ss == null) return;
if (LogReceive && Log != null && Log.Enable) WriteLog("Recv [{0}]: {1}", pk.Total, pk.ToHex(LogDataLength));
if (Local.IsTcp) remote = Remote.EndPoint;
var e = new ReceivedEventArgs { Packet = pk, Local = local, Remote = remote };
// Tcp/Udp
var pp = Pipeline;
if (pp == null)
OnReceive(e);
else
{
var ctx = CreateContext(ss);
ctx.Data = e;
// Finish
pp.Read(ctx, pk);
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
span?.SetError(ex, pk.ToHex());
if (!ex.IsDisposed()) OnError("OnReceive", ex);
}
}
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="pk"></param>
/// <param name="local"></param>
/// <param name="remote"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
protected internal abstract ISocketSession? OnPreReceive(Packet pk, IPAddress local, IPEndPoint remote);
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="e"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
protected abstract Boolean OnReceive(ReceivedEventArgs e);
/// <summary></summary>
public event EventHandler<ReceivedEventArgs>? Received;
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="sender"></param>
/// <param name="e"></param>
protected virtual void RaiseReceive(Object sender, ReceivedEventArgs e) => Received?.Invoke(sender, e);
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="se"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
internal virtual Boolean OnReceiveError(SocketAsyncEventArgs se)
{
//if (se.SocketError == SocketError.ConnectionReset) Dispose();
if (se.SocketError == SocketError.ConnectionReset) Close("ConnectionReset");
return true;
}
#endregion
#region
/// <summary></summary>
/// <remarks>
/// 1
/// 2
/// </remarks>
public IPipeline? Pipeline { get; set; }
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="session"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
protected internal virtual NetHandlerContext CreateContext(ISocketRemote session)
{
var context = new NetHandlerContext
{
Pipeline = Pipeline,
Session = session,
Owner = session,
};
return context;
}
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="message"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public virtual Int32 SendMessage(Object message)
{
if (Pipeline == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(Pipeline), "No pipes are set");
using var span = Tracer?.NewSpan($"net:{Name}:SendMessage", message);
try
{
var ctx = CreateContext(this);
return (Int32)(Pipeline.Write(ctx, message) ?? 0);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
span?.SetError(ex, message);
throw;
}
}
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="message"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public virtual async Task<Object> SendMessageAsync(Object message)
{
if (Pipeline == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(Pipeline), "No pipes are set");
using var span = Tracer?.NewSpan($"net:{Name}:SendMessageAsync", message);
try
{
var ctx = CreateContext(this);
var source = new TaskCompletionSource<Object>();
ctx["TaskSource"] = source;
ctx["Span"] = span;
var rs = (Int32)(Pipeline.Write(ctx, message) ?? 0);
#if NET45
if (rs < 0) return Task.FromResult(0);
#else
if (rs < 0) return Task.CompletedTask;
#endif
return await source.Task;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
if (ex is TaskCanceledException)
span?.AppendTag(ex.Message);
else
span?.SetError(ex, message);
throw;
}
}
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="message"></param>
/// <param name="cancellationToken"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public virtual async Task<Object> SendMessageAsync(Object message, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
if (Pipeline == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(Pipeline), "No pipes are set");
using var span = Tracer?.NewSpan($"net:{Name}:SendMessageAsync", message);
try
{
var ctx = CreateContext(this);
var source = new TaskCompletionSource<Object>();
ctx["TaskSource"] = source;
ctx["Span"] = span;
var rs = (Int32)(Pipeline.Write(ctx, message) ?? 0);
#if NET45
if (rs < 0) return Task.FromResult(0);
#else
if (rs < 0) return Task.CompletedTask;
#endif
//
// RegisterDispose
// path_to_url
using (cancellationToken.Register(TrySetCanceled, source))
{
return await source.Task;
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
if (ex is TaskCanceledException)
span?.AppendTag(ex.Message);
else
span?.SetError(ex, null);
throw;
}
}
private void TrySetCanceled(Object? state)
{
if (state is TaskCompletionSource<Object> source && !source.Task.IsCompleted)
source.TrySetCanceled();
}
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="data"></param>
void ISocketRemote.Process(IData data)
{
if (data is ReceivedEventArgs e) OnReceive(e);
}
#endregion
#region
/// <summary>/</summary>
public event EventHandler<ExceptionEventArgs>? Error;
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="action"></param>
/// <param name="ex"></param>
protected internal virtual void OnError(String action, Exception ex)
{
Pipeline?.Error(CreateContext(this), ex);
Log?.Error("{0}{1}Error {2} {3}", LogPrefix, action, this, ex.Message);
Error?.Invoke(this, new ExceptionEventArgs(action, ex));
}
#endregion
#region
private ConcurrentDictionary<String, Object?>? _items;
/// <summary></summary>
public IDictionary<String, Object?> Items => _items ??= new();
/// <summary> </summary>
/// <param name="key"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public Object? this[String key] { get => _items != null && _items.TryGetValue(key, out var obj) ? obj : null; set => Items[key] = value; }
#endregion
#region
/// <summary></summary>
public virtual String? LogPrefix { get; set; }
/// <summary></summary>
public ILog Log { get; set; } = Logger.Null;
/// <summary>false</summary>
public Boolean LogSend { get; set; }
/// <summary>false</summary>
public Boolean LogReceive { get; set; }
/// <summary>64</summary>
public Int32 LogDataLength { get; set; } = 64;
/// <summary></summary>
/// <param name="format"></param>
/// <param name="args"></param>
public void WriteLog(String format, params Object?[] args)
{
LogPrefix ??= Name.TrimEnd("Server", "Session", "Client");
if (Log != null && Log.Enable) Log.Info($"[{LogPrefix}]{format}", args);
}
#endregion
}
``` |
Tahir Kamran, (), is a notable Pakistani historian and former Iqbal fellow at the University of Cambridge, as professor in the Centre of South Asian Studies. He has authored four books and has written several articles specifically on the history of the Punjab, sectarianism, democracy, and governance. He was the head of the department of history when he founded a semi-annual scholarly journal, The Historian.
He has been influential in the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and implemented methods to improve educational standards in Pakistan.
Kamran has been a visiting fellow at Southampton University, the SOAS and at the University of Cambridge . He remained associated with Government College University, Lahore as chairperson of Department of History and the Dean of the faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of the University till January 10, 2018.
Tahir Kamran established Khaldunia Centre for Historical Research in Lahore. The Centre publishes academic books. Under the auspices of the Centre, he leads a team which edits a semi-annual scholarly journal, Pakistan Journal of Historical Studies. The journal, which primarily focuses on histories of emotions and animals, is edited in Pakistan and published in the USA by Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Tahir Kamran is instrumental in internationalizing the Government College University Lahore. Due to his efforts, the number of international students in the University has increased considerably.
Bibliography
Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan
Tareekh-i-Pakistan, from 1707 to 1988 (History of Pakistan 1707-1988), Lahore: Majeed Book Depot, 1993.
Also translated in Urdu: Jamhoriyat aur Tarz-i-Hukamrani, Lahore: South Asia Partnership, 2009.
(Co-edited), Critical Perspectives on Social Sciences in Pakistan. Lahore: GC University, 2008.
Democracy and Governance in Pakistan, Lahore: South Asia Partnership, 2008
Kamran, Tahir. Democracy and Governance in Pakistan. Lahore: South Asia Partnership — Pakistan, 2008. OCLC 276144654
Also translated in Urdu: Pakistan mein Jamhuriat aur Governance (Lahore: South Asia Partnership, 2008)
Role of Election Commission in Pakistan Politics, Lahore: South Asia Partnership, 2009
Kamran, Tahir. Election Commission of Pakistan: Role in Politics. Lahore: South Asia Partnership — Pakistan, 2009. OCLC 608495037
With Ian Talbot, Lahore: In the Raj London: Hurst & Co., 2016.
Translations (Urdu)
Punjab Mein Zarai Paidawar Aur Nau Abadyati Policy, Trans. of J. S. Grewal, Tareekh Oct, 2003
Ru Ba Taraqi Riyasat Ka Mazi Aur Mustaqbil, Trans. of Amiya Kumar Bagchi, Tareekh, Apr, 2003
Aik Masa’la: Tareekh Ki Tahreer-I-Nau, Trans. of Niladri Bhattacharia, Tareekh, 2003
Kisan Aur Inqilab, Trans. of Hamza Alvi, Tareekh, 1999
Pakistan - Raisat Ka Bohran, Anthology of Hamza Alavi’s sociological writings, (Lahore: Fiction House, 2002)
Jagirdari aur Samraj, Anthology of Hamza Alavi’s sociological writings, (Lahore: Fiction House, 1999)
Punjab mein baen bazoo kee Tareekh. Trans. of Dr Ajit Javed, Left Politics in Punjab, (Lahore, Fiction House: Lahore, 1997)
Khizar Tiwana, Trans. of Ian Talbot, Khizar Tiwana, (Lahore: Fiction House, 1996)
Punjab: Ghulami say Azadi Tuk (1849-11947), Trans of Ian Talbot, Punjab and the Raj, (Lahore: Takhliqaat, 1996)
Pakistan kay Muashi, Siasi aur Talimi Masail, Trans. of Abdus Samad, Problems of Governance in Pakistan, (Lahore: Fiction House, 1996)
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Southampton
Academic staff of the Government College University, Lahore
History Today people
20th-century Pakistani historians
21st-century Pakistani historians |
Cerconota armiferella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1864. It is found in Amazonas, Brazil.
Adults are a pale fawn colour, with nearly half the length from the exterior border of the forewings pale testaceous (brick coloured) cinereous (ash coloured) two transverse denticulated darker lines. There are some elongated black costal points and a black streak by the interior angle and another near the base of the interior border. There are also two discal points, one in the middle, the other exterior and the marginal points are black. The hindwings are aeneous (bronze coloured).
References
Moths described in 1864
Cerconota |
```javascript
import { StatusBar } from 'react-native';
// @needsAudit
/**
* Toggle visibility of the network activity indicator.
* @param visible If the network activity indicator should be visible.
* @platform ios
*/
export default function setStatusBarNetworkActivityIndicatorVisible(visible) {
StatusBar.setNetworkActivityIndicatorVisible(visible);
}
//# sourceMappingURL=setStatusBarNetworkActivityIndicatorVisible.js.map
``` |
Mahmoud Karimi (Persian: محمود کریمی) is an Iranian Maddah
Maddah who was born on 13 June 1968 in Tehran; his father is considered among Iranian missing combatants (during Iran-Iraq war), and his brother was killed in 1985 during "Operation Karbala 5" in Shalamcheh. Mahmoud Karimi got married in 1991 and has 2 children (a son and a daughter).
It has been mentioned in regards to Mahmoud Karimi's occupation that he is self-employed, and is working related-industrial activities. Karimi mentions that he has studied at Allameh Tabataba'i University
at the subject of "industrial management" but he left it after passing 74 university credits; and preferred to be active at cultural front/issues, thus he entered cultural/maddahi fields.
This Iranian Maddah who is also known as "Haj Mahmoud Karimi", has performed diverse Maddahis and mourning, and has presented various maddahi albums/Nohas, too. He also has held maddahis/dhikrs in the "office of the supreme leader of Iran".
See also
Sadiq Ahangaran
Saeed Haddadian
References
20th-century Iranian male singers
Maddahs
21st-century Iranian male singers |
The GameStick is a discontinued home video game console developed by PlayJam. It is a microconsole the size of a USB flash drive that plugs directly into the back of a TV through an HDMI port and ships with its own Bluetooth controller. Users can download content from a curated storefront via Wi-Fi, with content stored locally for offline access. The device is powered by the PlayJam Games Platform and runs its own version of the Android operating system. It is portable and aimed at casual to mid-core gamers. Like the Ouya, it was funded through Kickstarter.
Because of a change in production methods, the original release date of June 2013 was delayed, and units did not ship to retailers until early November 2013. The GameStick features an exclusive game and access to its app store, which mainly sells casual games. All systems can be used as development kits, allowing any GameStick owner to also be a developer, without licensing fees. The GameStick is part of the eighth generation of video game consoles.
Jasper Smith (chief executive officer of PlayJam) and the PlayJam development team began recruiting support early in the process. Before the project's launch, GameStick, based out of San Francisco, California, was said to have support from more than 1,000 developers. Game designers interested in the project could pledge $500 in exchange for a prototype unit and development kit one month before launch. As of February 2013, the game was successfully funded with over 5,600 backers and about $650,000 raised.
Design and specifications
The GameStick consists of the flash-drive-sized console and a wireless Bluetooth controller. The controller has two analog sticks, a directional pad, four face buttons, two shoulder buttons, four system buttons for power and menus, and a slot in which the console can be stored. A GameStick dock is also available; it allows faster internet access with an Ethernet port, charging access for both the controller and the console, additional storage space, and the ability to connect to various peripherals such as USB keyboards, webcams, microphones, and dance mats. The console contains an HDMI connector, an internal processor and memory, and wireless radios.
Up to four controllers can be connected via Bluetooth 4.0, as can wireless keyboards and mice. The GameStick also supports iOS and Android devices as controllers. The system itself is Android-based but iOS compatible. The device supports 1080 HD playback as well as XBMC DLNA with an optional firmware upgrade. The GameStick uses an interface similar to the tiled dashboard on the Xbox 360. The charger is a micro USB cable.
GameStick was the first third-party device to license ToFu Media Center, a derivative fork of XBMC Media Center.
Reception
The Verge praised the GameStick's minimalist design and low cost, but criticized its limited game selection, its locked-down software and hardware, and its under-powered CPU, which was unable to play the latest Android games. Similarly, Engadget cited the device's portability, low price, and slick design as strengths but was disappointed by the selection of games and the hardware, which it said could become outdated fairly quickly.
Shutdown
The GameStick website began displaying a message saying that they would be shutting down the service after two years of operation, stating that after January 9th, 2017, the storefront would be inactive.
In December 2017, the GameStick website showed only the goodbye message and presented an expired SSL certificate. It is unlikely the service will ever return and the device itself is indirectly discontinued. Attempting to visit the GameStick website will cause a redirection to a Turkish soccer betting website.
See also
PlayJam
Free-to-play
Independent video game development
List of OnLive video games
Open source video game
Homebrew (video games)
References
External links
Android-based video game consoles
ARM-based video game consoles
Eighth-generation video game consoles
Microconsoles
Kickstarter-funded video game consoles
Products introduced in 2013 |
Draba longisiliqua, the long-podded whitlow grass, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to the Caucasus. Despite its common name, it does not resemble, nor is it related to, the true grasses. It is a low-growing evergreen perennial growing to tall by wide, forming a cushion of hairy grey leaves with masses of yellow flowers in spring. It is usually grown in an alpine house or scree bed, as it requires excellent drainage and protection from winter wet. The plant is also known to thrive in tufa. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
References
longisiliqua |
De toutes mes forces is a 2017 French drama film directed by Chad Chenouga.
Plot
Nassim, a 16-year-old boy who is placed with a family in the suburbs following the death of his drug addict mother. But he refuses to integrate into the social setting that surrounds him. He invents another life for himself, similar to that of his mates at the big Parisian high school he goes to. There's no reason for that to change. His two lives, his home life and his school life, must be kept separate at all costs.
Cast
Khaled Alouach as Nassim
Yolande Moreau as Madame Cousin
François Guignard as Benjamin
Jisca Kalvanda as Zawady
Laurent Xu as Kevin
Daouda Keita as Moussa
Aboudou Sacko as Brahim
Sabri Nouioua as Ryan
Fadila Belkebla
Myriam Mansouri
Chloé Mons
Elodie Gouraud
Marine Moal
Production
The movie is shot in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Paris, between March and May 2016. The shooting lasted four weeks.
References
External links
2017 drama films
French drama films
2010s French-language films
2017 films
2010s French films |
Catharine Isobel Whiteside, CM, FRCPC, FCAHS is a Canadian physician and medical researcher. She is Director, Strategic Partnerships of Diabetes Action Canada and Chair of the board of the Banting Research Foundation. Whiteside is the former Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto.
Education
1972 BSc Victoria College (University of Toronto)
1975 MD University of Toronto
1984 PhD University of Toronto
Medical career
Whiteside obtained her MD from the University of Toronto (U of T) with certifications in internal medicine and nephrology. Whiteside provides leadership in continuing health education, focused on inter-professional teamwork and patient-centred practice.
Whiteside was appointed Director of the Cinician Scientist Training Program at U of T in 1997. Whiteside was graduate coordinator for the Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS) at U of T. In 2003, IMS established the annual Whiteside award in her honour to be presented to a recently graduated MSc student who had made outstanding scholarly contributions.
Whiteside was Dean of Medicine at the University of Toronto from 2006-2014. She is a founding member and former president of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences.
Whiteside was Executive Director of Diabetes Action Canada from 2016-2021. As Director of the CIHR Strategic Patient-Oriented Research Network for Diabetes and Related Complications, she stated that "Our mission is to improve patient experience, population outcomes and health professional experience, and to reduce health care costs related to diabetes". In 2022 she became Director, Strategic Partnerships for Diabetes Action Canada. Whiteside joined the Board of Directors of Scarborough Health Network in 2022.
Research
Whiteside conducted doctoral research on kidney physiology. Her subsequent research examined the effect of diabetes and glucose levels on the interactions of glomerular cells during injury and healing. The glomerular filtration barrier forms the primary filter in the kidneys, but damage to the epithelial glomerular tissue and the endothelial podocytes are common in diabetic nephropathy. This damage affects the kidneys' ability to remove waste products and extract fluid from the body.
Whiteside’s research suggests that early damage to the kidney from high glucose occurs through increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS generation may be a consequence of activation of the polyol pathway and is amplified by protein kinase C (PKC) signalling. PKC activation increases the level of growth factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, including disassembly of F-actin stress fibres in glomerular mesangial cells.
Whiteside studies potential therapeutic mechanisms to reduce the effect of diabetic nephropathies.
Whiteside also studies the management of health sciences in academia.
Awards and distinctions
2007 Kidney Foundation of Canada Medal for Research Excellence
2009 Canadian Medical Association May Cohen Award for Women Mentors
2015 Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
2016 Member of the Order of Canada
2016 Ontario Medical Association Advocate for Students and Residents Award
References
Living people
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian medical researchers
Canadian women physicians
Physicians from Ontario
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian university and college faculty deans
Women deans (academic)
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
20th-century Canadian physicians
Canadian nephrologists |
Cragston Dependencies is a group of historic buildings located at Highlands in Orange County, New York. They were built about 1860 as part of the Cragston estate of J. P. Morgan (1837–1913). They consist of a house, barn, well, carriage house, and stable in the Carpenter Gothic style.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Carpenter Gothic houses in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1860
Houses in Orange County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, New York |
Anatole de Bengy (born 19 September 1824, executed at the court of the Cité Vincennes, Rue Haxo, Paris 26 May 1871) was one of the five Jesuit martyrs of the Paris Commune, along with Pierre Olivaint.
De Bengy spent nine years in residence at the Jesuit College of Brugelette, and in 1834 entered the Society of Jesus. During the Crimean War he served as chaplain to the French soldiery and thereafter until 1870 devoted his life to college work. When the Franco-Prussian War broke out, he again sought and obtained the post of chaplain. He rendered signal service to the poor, sick and wounded during the siege of Paris. After the war he retired to the school of Sainte-Geneviève to resume his work as professor, but he did not long enjoy the tranquility of school life.
At midnight, 3 April, a battalion or National Guards surrounded the school and placed all the Jesuit inmates under arrest as hostages of the Commune. De Bengy cheered up his companions during the dark days of anticipated death. On Friday, 26 May, with two Jesuit companions and some forty other victims, he was led to the court of the Cité Vincennes, Rue Haxo, where he met his death joyfully amid the frenzied shouts of the maddened Communists. His remains were placed in a chapel in the Rue de Sèvres.
References
1824 births
1871 deaths
19th-century French Jesuits
Jesuit martyrs |
```c++
//===-- TargetList.cpp ----------------------------------------------------===//
//
// See path_to_url for license information.
//
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
#include "lldb/Target/TargetList.h"
#include "lldb/Core/Debugger.h"
#include "lldb/Core/Module.h"
#include "lldb/Core/ModuleSpec.h"
#include "lldb/Host/Host.h"
#include "lldb/Host/HostInfo.h"
#include "lldb/Interpreter/CommandInterpreter.h"
#include "lldb/Interpreter/OptionGroupPlatform.h"
#include "lldb/Symbol/ObjectFile.h"
#include "lldb/Target/Platform.h"
#include "lldb/Target/Process.h"
#include "lldb/Utility/Broadcaster.h"
#include "lldb/Utility/Event.h"
#include "lldb/Utility/State.h"
#include "lldb/Utility/TildeExpressionResolver.h"
#include "lldb/Utility/Timer.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallString.h"
#include "llvm/Support/FileSystem.h"
using namespace lldb;
using namespace lldb_private;
ConstString &TargetList::GetStaticBroadcasterClass() {
static ConstString class_name("lldb.targetList");
return class_name;
}
// TargetList constructor
TargetList::TargetList(Debugger &debugger)
: Broadcaster(debugger.GetBroadcasterManager(),
TargetList::GetStaticBroadcasterClass().AsCString()),
m_target_list(), m_target_list_mutex(), m_selected_target_idx(0) {
CheckInWithManager();
}
Status TargetList::CreateTarget(Debugger &debugger,
llvm::StringRef user_exe_path,
llvm::StringRef triple_str,
LoadDependentFiles load_dependent_files,
const OptionGroupPlatform *platform_options,
TargetSP &target_sp) {
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
auto result = TargetList::CreateTargetInternal(
debugger, user_exe_path, triple_str, load_dependent_files,
platform_options, target_sp);
if (target_sp && result.Success())
AddTargetInternal(target_sp, /*do_select*/ true);
return result;
}
Status TargetList::CreateTarget(Debugger &debugger,
llvm::StringRef user_exe_path,
const ArchSpec &specified_arch,
LoadDependentFiles load_dependent_files,
PlatformSP &platform_sp, TargetSP &target_sp) {
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
auto result = TargetList::CreateTargetInternal(
debugger, user_exe_path, specified_arch, load_dependent_files,
platform_sp, target_sp);
if (target_sp && result.Success())
AddTargetInternal(target_sp, /*do_select*/ true);
return result;
}
Status TargetList::CreateTargetInternal(
Debugger &debugger, llvm::StringRef user_exe_path,
llvm::StringRef triple_str, LoadDependentFiles load_dependent_files,
const OptionGroupPlatform *platform_options, TargetSP &target_sp) {
Status error;
PlatformList &platform_list = debugger.GetPlatformList();
// Let's start by looking at the selected platform.
PlatformSP platform_sp = platform_list.GetSelectedPlatform();
// This variable corresponds to the architecture specified by the triple
// string. If that string was empty the currently selected platform will
// determine the architecture.
const ArchSpec arch(triple_str);
if (!triple_str.empty() && !arch.IsValid()) {
error.SetErrorStringWithFormat("invalid triple '%s'",
triple_str.str().c_str());
return error;
}
ArchSpec platform_arch(arch);
// Create a new platform if a platform was specified in the platform options
// and doesn't match the selected platform.
if (platform_options && platform_options->PlatformWasSpecified() &&
!platform_options->PlatformMatches(platform_sp)) {
const bool select_platform = true;
platform_sp = platform_options->CreatePlatformWithOptions(
debugger.GetCommandInterpreter(), arch, select_platform, error,
platform_arch);
if (!platform_sp)
return error;
}
bool prefer_platform_arch = false;
auto update_platform_arch = [&](const ArchSpec &module_arch) {
// If the OS or vendor weren't specified, then adopt the module's
// architecture so that the platform matching can be more accurate.
if (!platform_arch.TripleOSWasSpecified() ||
!platform_arch.TripleVendorWasSpecified()) {
prefer_platform_arch = true;
platform_arch = module_arch;
}
};
if (!user_exe_path.empty()) {
ModuleSpec module_spec(FileSpec(user_exe_path, FileSpec::Style::native));
FileSystem::Instance().Resolve(module_spec.GetFileSpec());
// Try to resolve the exe based on PATH and/or platform-specific suffixes,
// but only if using the host platform.
if (platform_sp->IsHost() &&
!FileSystem::Instance().Exists(module_spec.GetFileSpec()))
FileSystem::Instance().ResolveExecutableLocation(
module_spec.GetFileSpec());
// Resolve the executable in case we are given a path to a application
// bundle like a .app bundle on MacOSX.
Host::ResolveExecutableInBundle(module_spec.GetFileSpec());
lldb::offset_t file_offset = 0;
lldb::offset_t file_size = 0;
ModuleSpecList module_specs;
const size_t num_specs = ObjectFile::GetModuleSpecifications(
module_spec.GetFileSpec(), file_offset, file_size, module_specs);
if (num_specs > 0) {
ModuleSpec matching_module_spec;
if (num_specs == 1) {
if (module_specs.GetModuleSpecAtIndex(0, matching_module_spec)) {
if (platform_arch.IsValid()) {
if (platform_arch.IsCompatibleMatch(
matching_module_spec.GetArchitecture())) {
// If the OS or vendor weren't specified, then adopt the module's
// architecture so that the platform matching can be more
// accurate.
update_platform_arch(matching_module_spec.GetArchitecture());
} else {
StreamString platform_arch_strm;
StreamString module_arch_strm;
platform_arch.DumpTriple(platform_arch_strm.AsRawOstream());
matching_module_spec.GetArchitecture().DumpTriple(
module_arch_strm.AsRawOstream());
error.SetErrorStringWithFormat(
"the specified architecture '%s' is not compatible with '%s' "
"in '%s'",
platform_arch_strm.GetData(), module_arch_strm.GetData(),
module_spec.GetFileSpec().GetPath().c_str());
return error;
}
} else {
// Only one arch and none was specified.
prefer_platform_arch = true;
platform_arch = matching_module_spec.GetArchitecture();
}
}
} else if (arch.IsValid()) {
// Fat binary. A (valid) architecture was specified.
module_spec.GetArchitecture() = arch;
if (module_specs.FindMatchingModuleSpec(module_spec,
matching_module_spec))
update_platform_arch(matching_module_spec.GetArchitecture());
} else {
// Fat binary. No architecture specified, check if there is
// only one platform for all of the architectures.
std::vector<PlatformSP> candidates;
std::vector<ArchSpec> archs;
for (const ModuleSpec &spec : module_specs.ModuleSpecs())
archs.push_back(spec.GetArchitecture());
if (PlatformSP platform_for_archs_sp =
platform_list.GetOrCreate(archs, {}, candidates)) {
platform_sp = platform_for_archs_sp;
} else if (candidates.empty()) {
error.SetErrorString("no matching platforms found for this file");
return error;
} else {
// More than one platform claims to support this file.
StreamString error_strm;
std::set<llvm::StringRef> platform_set;
error_strm.Printf(
"more than one platform supports this executable (");
for (const auto &candidate : candidates) {
llvm::StringRef platform_name = candidate->GetName();
if (platform_set.count(platform_name))
continue;
if (!platform_set.empty())
error_strm.PutCString(", ");
error_strm.PutCString(platform_name);
platform_set.insert(platform_name);
}
error_strm.Printf("), specify an architecture to disambiguate");
error.SetErrorString(error_strm.GetString());
return error;
}
}
}
}
// If we have a valid architecture, make sure the current platform is
// compatible with that architecture.
if (!prefer_platform_arch && arch.IsValid()) {
if (!platform_sp->IsCompatibleArchitecture(
arch, {}, ArchSpec::CompatibleMatch, nullptr)) {
platform_sp = platform_list.GetOrCreate(arch, {}, &platform_arch);
if (platform_sp)
platform_list.SetSelectedPlatform(platform_sp);
}
} else if (platform_arch.IsValid()) {
// If "arch" isn't valid, yet "platform_arch" is, it means we have an
// executable file with a single architecture which should be used.
ArchSpec fixed_platform_arch;
if (!platform_sp->IsCompatibleArchitecture(
platform_arch, {}, ArchSpec::CompatibleMatch, nullptr)) {
platform_sp =
platform_list.GetOrCreate(platform_arch, {}, &fixed_platform_arch);
if (platform_sp)
platform_list.SetSelectedPlatform(platform_sp);
}
}
if (!platform_arch.IsValid())
platform_arch = arch;
return TargetList::CreateTargetInternal(debugger, user_exe_path,
platform_arch, load_dependent_files,
platform_sp, target_sp);
}
Status TargetList::CreateTargetInternal(Debugger &debugger,
llvm::StringRef user_exe_path,
const ArchSpec &specified_arch,
LoadDependentFiles load_dependent_files,
lldb::PlatformSP &platform_sp,
lldb::TargetSP &target_sp) {
LLDB_SCOPED_TIMERF("TargetList::CreateTarget (file = '%s', arch = '%s')",
user_exe_path.str().c_str(),
specified_arch.GetArchitectureName());
Status error;
const bool is_dummy_target = false;
ArchSpec arch(specified_arch);
if (arch.IsValid()) {
if (!platform_sp || !platform_sp->IsCompatibleArchitecture(
arch, {}, ArchSpec::CompatibleMatch, nullptr))
platform_sp =
debugger.GetPlatformList().GetOrCreate(specified_arch, {}, &arch);
}
if (!platform_sp)
platform_sp = debugger.GetPlatformList().GetSelectedPlatform();
if (!arch.IsValid())
arch = specified_arch;
FileSpec file(user_exe_path);
if (!FileSystem::Instance().Exists(file) && user_exe_path.startswith("~")) {
// we want to expand the tilde but we don't want to resolve any symbolic
// links so we can't use the FileSpec constructor's resolve flag
llvm::SmallString<64> unglobbed_path;
StandardTildeExpressionResolver Resolver;
Resolver.ResolveFullPath(user_exe_path, unglobbed_path);
if (unglobbed_path.empty())
file = FileSpec(user_exe_path);
else
file = FileSpec(unglobbed_path.c_str());
}
bool user_exe_path_is_bundle = false;
char resolved_bundle_exe_path[PATH_MAX];
resolved_bundle_exe_path[0] = '\0';
if (file) {
if (FileSystem::Instance().IsDirectory(file))
user_exe_path_is_bundle = true;
if (file.IsRelative() && !user_exe_path.empty()) {
llvm::SmallString<64> cwd;
if (! llvm::sys::fs::current_path(cwd)) {
FileSpec cwd_file(cwd.c_str());
cwd_file.AppendPathComponent(file);
if (FileSystem::Instance().Exists(cwd_file))
file = cwd_file;
}
}
ModuleSP exe_module_sp;
if (platform_sp) {
FileSpecList executable_search_paths(
Target::GetDefaultExecutableSearchPaths());
ModuleSpec module_spec(file, arch);
error = platform_sp->ResolveExecutable(module_spec, exe_module_sp,
executable_search_paths.GetSize()
? &executable_search_paths
: nullptr);
}
if (error.Success() && exe_module_sp) {
if (exe_module_sp->GetObjectFile() == nullptr) {
if (arch.IsValid()) {
error.SetErrorStringWithFormat(
"\"%s\" doesn't contain architecture %s", file.GetPath().c_str(),
arch.GetArchitectureName());
} else {
error.SetErrorStringWithFormat("unsupported file type \"%s\"",
file.GetPath().c_str());
}
return error;
}
target_sp.reset(new Target(debugger, arch, platform_sp, is_dummy_target));
target_sp->SetExecutableModule(exe_module_sp, load_dependent_files);
if (user_exe_path_is_bundle)
exe_module_sp->GetFileSpec().GetPath(resolved_bundle_exe_path,
sizeof(resolved_bundle_exe_path));
if (target_sp->GetPreloadSymbols())
exe_module_sp->PreloadSymbols();
}
} else {
// No file was specified, just create an empty target with any arch if a
// valid arch was specified
target_sp.reset(new Target(debugger, arch, platform_sp, is_dummy_target));
}
if (!target_sp)
return error;
// Set argv0 with what the user typed, unless the user specified a
// directory. If the user specified a directory, then it is probably a
// bundle that was resolved and we need to use the resolved bundle path
if (!user_exe_path.empty()) {
// Use exactly what the user typed as the first argument when we exec or
// posix_spawn
if (user_exe_path_is_bundle && resolved_bundle_exe_path[0]) {
target_sp->SetArg0(resolved_bundle_exe_path);
} else {
// Use resolved path
target_sp->SetArg0(file.GetPath().c_str());
}
}
if (file.GetDirectory()) {
FileSpec file_dir;
file_dir.SetDirectory(file.GetDirectory());
target_sp->AppendExecutableSearchPaths(file_dir);
}
// Now prime this from the dummy target:
target_sp->PrimeFromDummyTarget(debugger.GetDummyTarget());
return error;
}
bool TargetList::DeleteTarget(TargetSP &target_sp) {
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
auto it = std::find(m_target_list.begin(), m_target_list.end(), target_sp);
if (it == m_target_list.end())
return false;
m_target_list.erase(it);
return true;
}
TargetSP TargetList::FindTargetWithExecutableAndArchitecture(
const FileSpec &exe_file_spec, const ArchSpec *exe_arch_ptr) const {
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
auto it = std::find_if(m_target_list.begin(), m_target_list.end(),
[&exe_file_spec, exe_arch_ptr](const TargetSP &item) {
Module *exe_module = item->GetExecutableModulePointer();
if (!exe_module ||
!FileSpec::Match(exe_file_spec, exe_module->GetFileSpec()))
return false;
return !exe_arch_ptr ||
exe_arch_ptr->IsCompatibleMatch(exe_module->GetArchitecture());
});
if (it != m_target_list.end())
return *it;
return TargetSP();
}
TargetSP TargetList::FindTargetWithProcessID(lldb::pid_t pid) const {
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
auto it = std::find_if(m_target_list.begin(), m_target_list.end(),
[pid](const TargetSP &item) {
auto *process_ptr = item->GetProcessSP().get();
return process_ptr && (process_ptr->GetID() == pid);
});
if (it != m_target_list.end())
return *it;
return TargetSP();
}
TargetSP TargetList::FindTargetWithProcess(Process *process) const {
TargetSP target_sp;
if (!process)
return target_sp;
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
auto it = std::find_if(m_target_list.begin(), m_target_list.end(),
[process](const TargetSP &item) {
return item->GetProcessSP().get() == process;
});
if (it != m_target_list.end())
target_sp = *it;
return target_sp;
}
TargetSP TargetList::GetTargetSP(Target *target) const {
TargetSP target_sp;
if (!target)
return target_sp;
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
auto it = std::find_if(m_target_list.begin(), m_target_list.end(),
[target](const TargetSP &item) { return item.get() == target; });
if (it != m_target_list.end())
target_sp = *it;
return target_sp;
}
uint32_t TargetList::SendAsyncInterrupt(lldb::pid_t pid) {
uint32_t num_async_interrupts_sent = 0;
if (pid != LLDB_INVALID_PROCESS_ID) {
TargetSP target_sp(FindTargetWithProcessID(pid));
if (target_sp) {
Process *process = target_sp->GetProcessSP().get();
if (process) {
process->SendAsyncInterrupt();
++num_async_interrupts_sent;
}
}
} else {
// We don't have a valid pid to broadcast to, so broadcast to the target
// list's async broadcaster...
BroadcastEvent(Process::eBroadcastBitInterrupt, nullptr);
}
return num_async_interrupts_sent;
}
uint32_t TargetList::SignalIfRunning(lldb::pid_t pid, int signo) {
uint32_t num_signals_sent = 0;
Process *process = nullptr;
if (pid == LLDB_INVALID_PROCESS_ID) {
// Signal all processes with signal
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
for (const auto &target_sp : m_target_list) {
process = target_sp->GetProcessSP().get();
if (process && process->IsAlive()) {
++num_signals_sent;
process->Signal(signo);
}
}
} else {
// Signal a specific process with signal
TargetSP target_sp(FindTargetWithProcessID(pid));
if (target_sp) {
process = target_sp->GetProcessSP().get();
if (process && process->IsAlive()) {
++num_signals_sent;
process->Signal(signo);
}
}
}
return num_signals_sent;
}
int TargetList::GetNumTargets() const {
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
return m_target_list.size();
}
lldb::TargetSP TargetList::GetTargetAtIndex(uint32_t idx) const {
TargetSP target_sp;
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
if (idx < m_target_list.size())
target_sp = m_target_list[idx];
return target_sp;
}
uint32_t TargetList::GetIndexOfTarget(lldb::TargetSP target_sp) const {
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
auto it = std::find(m_target_list.begin(), m_target_list.end(), target_sp);
if (it != m_target_list.end())
return std::distance(m_target_list.begin(), it);
return UINT32_MAX;
}
void TargetList::AddTargetInternal(TargetSP target_sp, bool do_select) {
lldbassert(!llvm::is_contained(m_target_list, target_sp) &&
"target already exists it the list");
m_target_list.push_back(std::move(target_sp));
if (do_select)
SetSelectedTargetInternal(m_target_list.size() - 1);
}
void TargetList::SetSelectedTargetInternal(uint32_t index) {
lldbassert(!m_target_list.empty());
m_selected_target_idx = index < m_target_list.size() ? index : 0;
}
void TargetList::SetSelectedTarget(uint32_t index) {
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
SetSelectedTargetInternal(index);
}
void TargetList::SetSelectedTarget(const TargetSP &target_sp) {
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
auto it = std::find(m_target_list.begin(), m_target_list.end(), target_sp);
SetSelectedTargetInternal(std::distance(m_target_list.begin(), it));
}
lldb::TargetSP TargetList::GetSelectedTarget() {
std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> guard(m_target_list_mutex);
if (m_selected_target_idx >= m_target_list.size())
m_selected_target_idx = 0;
return GetTargetAtIndex(m_selected_target_idx);
}
``` |
```python
s = 'abc'
print(s.islower())
s = 'Abc'
print(s.islower())
s = '123'
print(s.islower())
s = 'a123'
print(s.islower())
s = ''
print(s.islower())
import unicodedata
count = 0
for codepoint in range(2 ** 16):
ch = chr(codepoint)
if ch.islower():
print(u'{:04x}: {} ({})'.format(codepoint, ch, unicodedata.name(ch, 'UNNAMED')))
count = count + 1
print(f'Total Number of Lowercase Unicode Characters = {count}')
``` |
Fun was a Victorian weekly humorous magazine, first published on 21 September 1861 in competition with Punch.
The magazine's first editors were H. J. Byron and Tom Hood. They had many well-known contributors, including Tom Robertson, Ambrose Bierce, G. R. Sims and Clement Scott but the most important contributor to its success in its first decade was W. S. Gilbert, whose Bab Ballads were almost all first published in Fun between 1861 and 1871, along with a wide range of his articles, drawings and other verses.
At a penny an issue Fun undercut its rival, Punch, and prospered into the 1870s, after which it suffered a gradual decline. It passed through various ownerships under different editors, and ceased publication in 1901, when it was absorbed into a rival comic magazine, Sketchy Bits.
History
Early years
Fun was founded in 1861 by a London businessman, Charles Maclean, who believed there was scope for a rival to the established comic weekly magazine Punch. He established its premises at 80 Fleet Street, London, and installed the writer H. J. Byron as its titular editor, although in the early days the editing seems to have been a collective effort by Byron, Tom Hood and others. Fun became known as "the poor man's Punch": at a penny for its weekly issue of twelve pages, it sold at a third of the price of its older rival. According to the historian Charles Barrie, Fun "had a young upstart liveliness, which by then Punch had lost, and was well received, reaching a circulation of 20,000 by 1865". Each issue of Punch featured a drawing of Mr Punch and his dog, Toby: Fun parodied them with its own jester, Mr Fun, and his cat.
According to the introduction to the Gale Fun archive, the new magazine became Punchs most successful rival and surpassed the older publication in its commentary on literature, fine arts, and theatre.
The Gale site adds:
Fun was aimed at a well-educated readership interested in politics, literature and theatre. Like Punch, it published satiric verse and parodies, as well as political and literary criticism, sports and travel information. These were often illustrated or accompanied by topical cartoons, often of a political nature. The more conservative and establishment-minded Punch took a condescending view of its upstart competitor. William Makepeace Thackeray, a longstanding contributor to the older publication, dubbed the new magazine "Funch". Mark Lemon, the editor of Punch, nevertheless made frequent efforts to lure Funs best contributors away. He succeeded with F. C. Burnand but failed with Funs star contributor, W. S. Gilbert.
Encouraged by the success of Fun and looking to make more money, Byron founded and became editor of another humorous paper, Comic News, in July 1863. He was succeeded at Fun by Hood in May 1865, when Edward Wylam, a prosperous manufacturer of dog biscuits, bought the business.
Peak years: 1865–1874
Hood assembled a vivacious and progressive team, who liked to think of themselves as bohemian, albeit in a generally respectable way. The historian Jane Stedman describes them:
Notable contributors included Tom Robertson, Ambrose Bierce, G. R. Sims and, most importantly for the magazine's fortunes, W. S. Gilbert, who was an unknown novice when Fun began, but who rapidly became its most valuable asset. His Bab Ballads were almost all published in Fun, along with other articles, verses, illustrations and drama criticism over a ten-year period.
Hood, the son of a famous poet, was exacting in his standards. Clement Scott recalled, "In the matter of verse Tom Hood was a purist. A Cockney rhyme was to him an abomination. A false rhythm sent him crazy. It was an education, indeed, to be brought up under such a strict master". As well as Gilbert, Hood's writers of verse included Mortimer Collins, Edmund Yates, Jeff Prowse and Harry Leigh. Cartoonists included Arthur Boyd Houghton, Matt Morgan and James Francis Sullivan (1852–1936).
The Fun gang frequented the Arundel Club, the Savage Club, and especially Evans's Café, where they had a table in competition with the Punch "Round table". Even though Fun was seen as liberal in comparison with the increasingly conservative Punch, it could cast satirical scorn or praise on either side of the political spectrum. For instance, Disraeli, whose unorthodox character and Jewish lineage made him a frequent target of attack, was praised in the magazine, particularly for his Reform Bill of 1867.
Later years
The ownership of Fun passed in 1870 to the engravers and publishers George and Edward Dalziel, who had previously engraved drawings for Punch. Two years later they transferred it to their nephew Gilbert Dalziel (1853–1930). After the death of Hood in 1874 the quality of the content began a slow decline. Gilbert's contributions ceased in the early 1870s, and although Fun still had talented writers including Clement Scott and Arthur Wing Pinero, the magazine lost a key asset without his unique combination of what Stedman calls "squibs, fillers, puns, verses, drawings, social and dramatic criticism, suggestions for double acrostics (a special Fun feature), absurd letters, and, of course, the Bab Ballads, which out-laughed anything Punch had to offer".
Hood was succeeded as editor by Henry Sampson until 1878, and then the editorship devolved to Charles Dalziel. In 1893 the Dalziel family withdrew from the journal, and Henry T. Johnson became editor. Fun was bought by the publisher George Newnes, who sold it to Charles Shurey, proprietor of a rival comic paper early in 1901. It ceased publication in the same year, when it was absorbed into Shurey's Sketchy Bits.
Gallery
Notes
Sources
External links
Waterloo Directory
Fun is online with zoomable page images and searchable text at University of Florida's Comics Digital Collections
Satirical magazines published in the United Kingdom
Caricature
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1861
Magazines disestablished in 1901
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
1861 establishments in the United Kingdom
1901 disestablishments in the United Kingdom |
```c
/*
*
* This file is part of FFmpeg.
*
* FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
*
* FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
*/
#include "libavutil/common.h"
#include "dcadct.h"
#include "dcamath.h"
static void sum_a(const int *input, int *output, int len)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
output[i] = input[2 * i] + input[2 * i + 1];
}
static void sum_b(const int *input, int *output, int len)
{
int i;
output[0] = input[0];
for (i = 1; i < len; i++)
output[i] = input[2 * i] + input[2 * i - 1];
}
static void sum_c(const int *input, int *output, int len)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
output[i] = input[2 * i];
}
static void sum_d(const int *input, int *output, int len)
{
int i;
output[0] = input[1];
for (i = 1; i < len; i++)
output[i] = input[2 * i - 1] + input[2 * i + 1];
}
static void dct_a(const int *input, int *output)
{
static const int cos_mod[8][8] = {
{ 8348215, 8027397, 7398092, 6484482, 5321677, 3954362, 2435084, 822227 },
{ 8027397, 5321677, 822227, -3954362, -7398092, -8348215, -6484482, -2435084 },
{ 7398092, 822227, -6484482, -8027397, -2435084, 5321677, 8348215, 3954362 },
{ 6484482, -3954362, -8027397, 822227, 8348215, 2435084, -7398092, -5321677 },
{ 5321677, -7398092, -2435084, 8348215, -822227, -8027397, 3954362, 6484482 },
{ 3954362, -8348215, 5321677, 2435084, -8027397, 6484482, 822227, -7398092 },
{ 2435084, -6484482, 8348215, -7398092, 3954362, 822227, -5321677, 8027397 },
{ 822227, -2435084, 3954362, -5321677, 6484482, -7398092, 8027397, -8348215 }
};
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
int64_t res = 0;
for (j = 0; j < 8; j++)
res += (int64_t)cos_mod[i][j] * input[j];
output[i] = norm23(res);
}
}
static void dct_b(const int *input, int *output)
{
static const int cos_mod[8][7] = {
{ 8227423, 7750063, 6974873, 5931642, 4660461, 3210181, 1636536 },
{ 6974873, 3210181, -1636536, -5931642, -8227423, -7750063, -4660461 },
{ 4660461, -3210181, -8227423, -5931642, 1636536, 7750063, 6974873 },
{ 1636536, -7750063, -4660461, 5931642, 6974873, -3210181, -8227423 },
{ -1636536, -7750063, 4660461, 5931642, -6974873, -3210181, 8227423 },
{ -4660461, -3210181, 8227423, -5931642, -1636536, 7750063, -6974873 },
{ -6974873, 3210181, 1636536, -5931642, 8227423, -7750063, 4660461 },
{ -8227423, 7750063, -6974873, 5931642, -4660461, 3210181, -1636536 }
};
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
int64_t res = input[0] * (INT64_C(1) << 23);
for (j = 0; j < 7; j++)
res += (int64_t)cos_mod[i][j] * input[1 + j];
output[i] = norm23(res);
}
}
static void mod_a(const int *input, int *output)
{
static const int cos_mod[16] = {
4199362, 4240198, 4323885, 4454708,
4639772, 4890013, 5221943, 5660703,
-6245623, -7040975, -8158494, -9809974,
-12450076, -17261920, -28585092, -85479984
};
int i, k;
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
output[i] = mul23(cos_mod[i], input[i] + input[8 + i]);
for (i = 8, k = 7; i < 16; i++, k--)
output[i] = mul23(cos_mod[i], input[k] - input[8 + k]);
}
static void mod_b(int *input, int *output)
{
static const int cos_mod[8] = {
4214598, 4383036, 4755871, 5425934,
6611520, 8897610, 14448934, 42791536
};
int i, k;
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
input[8 + i] = mul23(cos_mod[i], input[8 + i]);
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
output[i] = input[i] + input[8 + i];
for (i = 8, k = 7; i < 16; i++, k--)
output[i] = input[k] - input[8 + k];
}
static void mod_c(const int *input, int *output)
{
static const int cos_mod[32] = {
1048892, 1051425, 1056522, 1064244,
1074689, 1087987, 1104313, 1123884,
1146975, 1173922, 1205139, 1241133,
1282529, 1330095, 1384791, 1447815,
-1520688, -1605358, -1704360, -1821051,
-1959964, -2127368, -2332183, -2587535,
-2913561, -3342802, -3931480, -4785806,
-6133390, -8566050, -14253820, -42727120
};
int i, k;
for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
output[i] = mul23(cos_mod[i], input[i] + input[16 + i]);
for (i = 16, k = 15; i < 32; i++, k--)
output[i] = mul23(cos_mod[i], input[k] - input[16 + k]);
}
static void clp_v(int *input, int len)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
input[i] = clip23(input[i]);
}
static void imdct_half_32(int32_t *output, const int32_t *input)
{
int buf_a[32], buf_b[32];
int i, k, mag, shift, round;
mag = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
mag += abs(input[i]);
shift = mag > 0x400000 ? 2 : 0;
round = shift > 0 ? 1 << (shift - 1) : 0;
for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
buf_a[i] = (input[i] + round) >> shift;
sum_a(buf_a, buf_b + 0, 16);
sum_b(buf_a, buf_b + 16, 16);
clp_v(buf_b, 32);
sum_a(buf_b + 0, buf_a + 0, 8);
sum_b(buf_b + 0, buf_a + 8, 8);
sum_c(buf_b + 16, buf_a + 16, 8);
sum_d(buf_b + 16, buf_a + 24, 8);
clp_v(buf_a, 32);
dct_a(buf_a + 0, buf_b + 0);
dct_b(buf_a + 8, buf_b + 8);
dct_b(buf_a + 16, buf_b + 16);
dct_b(buf_a + 24, buf_b + 24);
clp_v(buf_b, 32);
mod_a(buf_b + 0, buf_a + 0);
mod_b(buf_b + 16, buf_a + 16);
clp_v(buf_a, 32);
mod_c(buf_a, buf_b);
for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
buf_b[i] = clip23(buf_b[i] * (1 << shift));
for (i = 0, k = 31; i < 16; i++, k--) {
output[ i] = clip23(buf_b[i] - buf_b[k]);
output[16 + i] = clip23(buf_b[i] + buf_b[k]);
}
}
static void mod64_a(const int *input, int *output)
{
static const int cos_mod[32] = {
4195568, 4205700, 4226086, 4256977,
4298755, 4351949, 4417251, 4495537,
4587901, 4695690, 4820557, 4964534,
5130115, 5320382, 5539164, 5791261,
-6082752, -6421430, -6817439, -7284203,
-7839855, -8509474, -9328732, -10350140,
-11654242, -13371208, -15725922, -19143224,
-24533560, -34264200, -57015280, -170908480
};
int i, k;
for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
output[i] = mul23(cos_mod[i], input[i] + input[16 + i]);
for (i = 16, k = 15; i < 32; i++, k--)
output[i] = mul23(cos_mod[i], input[k] - input[16 + k]);
}
static void mod64_b(int *input, int *output)
{
static const int cos_mod[16] = {
4199362, 4240198, 4323885, 4454708,
4639772, 4890013, 5221943, 5660703,
6245623, 7040975, 8158494, 9809974,
12450076, 17261920, 28585092, 85479984
};
int i, k;
for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
input[16 + i] = mul23(cos_mod[i], input[16 + i]);
for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
output[i] = input[i] + input[16 + i];
for (i = 16, k = 15; i < 32; i++, k--)
output[i] = input[k] - input[16 + k];
}
static void mod64_c(const int *input, int *output)
{
static const int cos_mod[64] = {
741511, 741958, 742853, 744199,
746001, 748262, 750992, 754197,
757888, 762077, 766777, 772003,
777772, 784105, 791021, 798546,
806707, 815532, 825054, 835311,
846342, 858193, 870912, 884554,
899181, 914860, 931667, 949686,
969011, 989747, 1012012, 1035941,
-1061684, -1089412, -1119320, -1151629,
-1186595, -1224511, -1265719, -1310613,
-1359657, -1413400, -1472490, -1537703,
-1609974, -1690442, -1780506, -1881904,
-1996824, -2128058, -2279225, -2455101,
-2662128, -2909200, -3208956, -3579983,
-4050785, -4667404, -5509372, -6726913,
-8641940, -12091426, -20144284, -60420720
};
int i, k;
for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
output[i] = mul23(cos_mod[i], input[i] + input[32 + i]);
for (i = 32, k = 31; i < 64; i++, k--)
output[i] = mul23(cos_mod[i], input[k] - input[32 + k]);
}
static void imdct_half_64(int32_t *output, const int32_t *input)
{
int buf_a[64], buf_b[64];
int i, k, mag, shift, round;
mag = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
mag += abs(input[i]);
shift = mag > 0x400000 ? 2 : 0;
round = shift > 0 ? 1 << (shift - 1) : 0;
for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
buf_a[i] = (input[i] + round) >> shift;
sum_a(buf_a, buf_b + 0, 32);
sum_b(buf_a, buf_b + 32, 32);
clp_v(buf_b, 64);
sum_a(buf_b + 0, buf_a + 0, 16);
sum_b(buf_b + 0, buf_a + 16, 16);
sum_c(buf_b + 32, buf_a + 32, 16);
sum_d(buf_b + 32, buf_a + 48, 16);
clp_v(buf_a, 64);
sum_a(buf_a + 0, buf_b + 0, 8);
sum_b(buf_a + 0, buf_b + 8, 8);
sum_c(buf_a + 16, buf_b + 16, 8);
sum_d(buf_a + 16, buf_b + 24, 8);
sum_c(buf_a + 32, buf_b + 32, 8);
sum_d(buf_a + 32, buf_b + 40, 8);
sum_c(buf_a + 48, buf_b + 48, 8);
sum_d(buf_a + 48, buf_b + 56, 8);
clp_v(buf_b, 64);
dct_a(buf_b + 0, buf_a + 0);
dct_b(buf_b + 8, buf_a + 8);
dct_b(buf_b + 16, buf_a + 16);
dct_b(buf_b + 24, buf_a + 24);
dct_b(buf_b + 32, buf_a + 32);
dct_b(buf_b + 40, buf_a + 40);
dct_b(buf_b + 48, buf_a + 48);
dct_b(buf_b + 56, buf_a + 56);
clp_v(buf_a, 64);
mod_a(buf_a + 0, buf_b + 0);
mod_b(buf_a + 16, buf_b + 16);
mod_b(buf_a + 32, buf_b + 32);
mod_b(buf_a + 48, buf_b + 48);
clp_v(buf_b, 64);
mod64_a(buf_b + 0, buf_a + 0);
mod64_b(buf_b + 32, buf_a + 32);
clp_v(buf_a, 64);
mod64_c(buf_a, buf_b);
for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
buf_b[i] = clip23(buf_b[i] * (1 << shift));
for (i = 0, k = 63; i < 32; i++, k--) {
output[ i] = clip23(buf_b[i] - buf_b[k]);
output[32 + i] = clip23(buf_b[i] + buf_b[k]);
}
}
av_cold void ff_dcadct_init(DCADCTContext *c)
{
c->imdct_half[0] = imdct_half_32;
c->imdct_half[1] = imdct_half_64;
}
``` |
```javascript
/*
* jQuery File Upload Validation Plugin
* path_to_url
*
* path_to_url
*
* path_to_url
*/
/* global define, require, window */
;(function (factory) {
'use strict';
if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
// Register as an anonymous AMD module:
define([
'jquery',
'./jquery.fileupload-process'
], factory);
} else if (typeof exports === 'object') {
// Node/CommonJS:
factory(
require('jquery'),
require('./jquery.fileupload-process')
);
} else {
// Browser globals:
factory(
window.jQuery
);
}
}(function ($) {
'use strict';
// Append to the default processQueue:
$.blueimp.fileupload.prototype.options.processQueue.push(
{
action: 'validate',
// Always trigger this action,
// even if the previous action was rejected:
always: true,
// Options taken from the global options map:
acceptFileTypes: '@',
maxFileSize: '@',
minFileSize: '@',
maxNumberOfFiles: '@',
disabled: '@disableValidation'
}
);
// The File Upload Validation plugin extends the fileupload widget
// with file validation functionality:
$.widget('blueimp.fileupload', $.blueimp.fileupload, {
options: {
/*
// The regular expression for allowed file types, matches
// against either file type or file name:
acceptFileTypes: /(\.|\/)(gif|jpe?g|png)$/i,
// The maximum allowed file size in bytes:
maxFileSize: 10000000, // 10 MB
// The minimum allowed file size in bytes:
minFileSize: undefined, // No minimal file size
// The limit of files to be uploaded:
maxNumberOfFiles: 10,
*/
// Function returning the current number of files,
// has to be overriden for maxNumberOfFiles validation:
getNumberOfFiles: $.noop,
// Error and info messages:
messages: {
maxNumberOfFiles: 'Maximum number of files exceeded',
acceptFileTypes: 'File type not allowed',
maxFileSize: 'File is too large',
minFileSize: 'File is too small'
}
},
processActions: {
validate: function (data, options) {
if (options.disabled) {
return data;
}
var dfd = $.Deferred(),
settings = this.options,
file = data.files[data.index],
fileSize;
if (options.minFileSize || options.maxFileSize) {
fileSize = file.size;
}
if ($.type(options.maxNumberOfFiles) === 'number' &&
(settings.getNumberOfFiles() || 0) + data.files.length >
options.maxNumberOfFiles) {
file.error = settings.i18n('maxNumberOfFiles');
} else if (options.acceptFileTypes &&
!(options.acceptFileTypes.test(file.type) ||
options.acceptFileTypes.test(file.name))) {
file.error = settings.i18n('acceptFileTypes');
} else if (fileSize > options.maxFileSize) {
file.error = settings.i18n('maxFileSize');
} else if ($.type(fileSize) === 'number' &&
fileSize < options.minFileSize) {
file.error = settings.i18n('minFileSize');
} else {
delete file.error;
}
if (file.error || data.files.error) {
data.files.error = true;
dfd.rejectWith(this, [data]);
} else {
dfd.resolveWith(this, [data]);
}
return dfd.promise();
}
}
});
}));
``` |
Big Canoe is the second studio album released by former Split Enz frontman Tim Finn in April 1986. The album peaked at number 3 in New Zealand and number 31 in Australia.
Track listing
LP Listing
CD Listing
The CD included the extra songs "Searching the Streets" and "Hole in My Heart".
The introduction track "Spiritual Hunger" began life as a Split Enz demo called "Mr Catalyst"
Personnel
Tim Finn - vocals, keyboards & Piano
Geoff Dugmore - drums, percussion and the occasional scream
Steve Greetham - Bass
Jon McLoughlin - Guitars (One Red, One White)
Phil Judd - Sitar/Guitar on Hyacinth, Extra Rhythm Guitar on Water Into Wine, Intro Composition, Solo & Guitar Synth on Spiritual Hunger, Brass arrangements in So Deep plus contributions to Nick's footwear
Norma Lewis - Backing vocals
Wendy Harris - Backing vocals
Additional personnel
Mark McGann - Backing vocals on Hyacinth
Paul Wickens - Keyboards
Danny Schogger - Keyboards
Anne Dudley - String Arrangements
Skaila Kanga - Harp on Hyacinth
Pandit Dinesh - Tabla & Indian Percussion on No Thunder, No Fire, No Rain
Danny Cummings - Congas on Searching The Streets
Gary Barnacle - Electric Sax & Solos
Luke Tunney - Trumpet
Simon Gardner - Trumpet
Pete Toms - Trombone
All songs arranged by Tim & Nick, with help from the band.
Charts
Certifications
References
Tim Finn albums
1986 albums
Albums produced by Nick Launay
Virgin Records albums |
Evanston Davis Street is a commuter railroad station in downtown Evanston, Illinois. It is served by Metra's Union Pacific North Line with trains going south to Ogilvie Transportation Center in Chicago and as far north as Kenosha, Wisconsin. In Metra's zone-based fare system, Davis Street is in zone C. As of 2018, Evanston Davis Street is the 12th busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 1,876 weekday boardings. The station is next to the Davis station of the Chicago Transit Authority's Purple Line, where CTA and Pace buses terminate. Between the two stations is 909 Davis Street, a six-story building with a kiss-and-ride loop for car drop-off.
Davis Street station, at Davis Street and Maple Avenue, has two elevated platforms. Northbound trains stop at the west platform and southbound trains stop at the east platform. The ticket agent's office is on the east platform. At ground level, there is a restaurant called Chef's Station. Just to the east of the Davis CTA station is the 12-story Sherman Avenue Garage.
As of April 25, 2022, Evanston Davis Street is served by all 70 trains (35 in each direction) on weekdays, by 24 trains (12 in each direction) on Saturdays, and by all 18 trains (nine in each direction) on Sundays and holidays. During the summer concert season, the extra weekend train to also stops here.
This is the closest Metra station to most of the buildings on Northwestern University's Evanston campus, with the exception of Ryan Field, which is closer to the station.
History
When the Chicago & Milwaukee railroad, the predecessor of the Chicago and North Western Railway was built, there was only a single track. The stations were placed on the North side of tracks on the other C&NW West line, the original Chicago and Galena Union line. The station buildings were built on the side for inbound Chicago passengers.
The Davis Street station was the only stop in Evanston for intercity Chicago and North Western Railway trains, such as the Twin Cities 400. The Union Pacific bought the assets of the C&NW.
Transportation
The Davis Street Metra station is only steps west of the CTA station and, together with that station, forms a transportation center allowing easy transfer from one station to the other, there is also a pedestrian walkway.
Rail
CTA Purple Line
Davis
Bus
CTA
93 California/Dodge (Monday–Saturday only)
201 Central/Ridge (Monday–Saturday only)
206 Evanston Circulator (school days only)
Pace
208 Golf Road
213 Green Bay Road
250 Dempster Street
Pulse Dempster Line
References
External links
Metra - Evanston Davis Street
Chef's Station - Evanston, IL 60201 / Metromix Chicago
Davis Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Church Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Metra stations in Illinois
Former Chicago and North Western Railway stations
Davis Street (Metra)
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1910
Union Pacific North Line |
Psychomastax deserticola, the desert monkey grasshopper, is a species of monkey grasshopper in the family Eumastacidae. It is found in North America.
The IUCN conservation status of Psychomastax deserticola is "VU", vulnerable. The species faces a high risk of endangerment in the medium term. The IUCN status was reviewed in 1996.
Subspecies
These two subspecies belong to the species Psychomastax deserticola:
Psychomastax deserticola deserticola Hebard, 1934
Psychomastax deserticola indigena Rehn & Grant, 1959
References
Eumastacidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1934 |
Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways: by pre-formed structures and chemicals, and by infection-induced responses of the immune system. Relative to a susceptible plant, disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant (and hence a reduction of disease), while the term disease tolerance describes plants that exhibit little disease damage despite substantial pathogen levels. Disease outcome is determined by the three-way interaction of the pathogen, the plant and the environmental conditions (an interaction known as the disease triangle).
Defense-activating compounds can move cell-to-cell and systematically through the plant's vascular system. However, plants do not have circulating immune cells, so most cell types exhibit a broad suite of antimicrobial defenses. Although obvious qualitative differences in disease resistance can be observed when multiple specimens are compared (allowing classification as “resistant” or “susceptible” after infection by the same pathogen strain at similar inoculum levels in similar environments), a gradation of quantitative differences in disease resistance is more typically observed between plant strains or genotypes. Plants consistently resist certain pathogens but succumb to others; resistance is usually specific to certain pathogen species or pathogen strains.
Background
Plant disease resistance is crucial to the reliable production of food, and it provides significant reductions in agricultural use of land, water, fuel and other inputs. Plants in both natural and cultivated populations carry inherent disease resistance, but this has not always protected them.
The late blight Great Famine of Ireland of the 1840s was caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans. The world’s first mass-cultivated banana cultivar Gros Michel was lost in the 1920s to Panama disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. The current wheat stem rust, leaf rust and yellow stripe rust epidemics spreading from East Africa into the Indian subcontinent are caused by rust fungi Puccinia graminis and P. striiformis. Other epidemics include Chestnut blight, as well as recurrent severe plant diseases such as Rice blast, Soybean cyst nematode, Citrus canker.
Plant pathogens can spread rapidly over great distances, vectored by water, wind, insects, and humans. Across large regions and many crop species, it is estimated that diseases typically reduce plant yields by 10% every year in more developed nations or agricultural systems, but yield loss to diseases often exceeds 20% in less developed settings.
However, disease control is reasonably successful for most crops. Disease control is achieved by use of plants that have been bred for good resistance to many diseases, and by plant cultivation approaches such as crop rotation, pathogen-free seed, appropriate planting date and plant density, control of field moisture, and pesticide use.
Common disease resistance mechanisms
Pre-formed structures and compounds
Plant cuticle/surface
Plant cell walls
Antimicrobial chemicals (for example: polyphenols, sesquiterpene lactones, saponins)
Antimicrobial peptides
Enzyme inhibitors
Detoxifying enzymes that break down pathogen-derived toxins
Receptors that perceive pathogen presence and activate inducible plant defences
Inducible post-infection plant defenses
Cell wall reinforcement (cellulose, lignin, suberin, callose, cell wall proteins)
Antimicrobial chemicals, including reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide or peroxynitrite, or more complex phytoalexins such as genistein or camalexin
Antimicrobial proteins such as defensins, thionins, or PR-1
Antimicrobial enzymes such as chitinases, beta-glucanases, or peroxidases
Hypersensitive response - a rapid host cell death response associated with defence induction.
Immune system
The plant immune system carries two interconnected tiers of receptors, one most frequently sensing molecules outside the cell and the other most frequently sensing molecules inside the cell. Both systems sense the intruder and respond by activating antimicrobial defenses in the infected cell and neighboring cells. In some cases, defense-activating signals spread to the rest of the plant or even to neighboring plants. The two systems detect different types of pathogen molecules and classes of plant receptor proteins.
The first tier is primarily governed by pattern recognition receptors that are activated by recognition of evolutionarily conserved pathogen or microbial–associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs). Activation of PRRs leads to intracellular signaling, transcriptional reprogramming, and biosynthesis of a complex output response that limits colonization. The system is known as PAMP-Triggered Immunity or as Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI).
The second tier, primarily governed by R gene products, is often termed effector-triggered immunity (ETI). ETI is typically activated by the presence of specific pathogen "effectors" and then triggers strong antimicrobial responses (see R gene section below).
In addition to PTI and ETI, plant defenses can be activated by the sensing of damage-associated compounds (DAMP), such as portions of the plant cell wall released during pathogenic infection.
Responses activated by PTI and ETI receptors include ion channel gating, oxidative burst, cellular redox changes, or protein kinase cascades that directly activate cellular changes (such as cell wall reinforcement or antimicrobial production), or activate changes in gene expression that then elevate other defensive responses.
Plant immune systems show some mechanistic similarities with the immune systems of insects and mammals, but also exhibit many plant-specific characteristics. The two above-described tiers are central to plant immunity but do not fully describe plant immune systems. In addition, many specific examples of apparent PTI or ETI violate common PTI/ETI definitions, suggesting a need for broadened definitions and/or paradigms.
The term Quantitative Resistance (discussed below) refers to plant disease resistance that is controlled by multiple genes and multiple molecular mechanisms that each have small effects on the overall resistance trait. Quantitative resistance is often contrasted to ETI resistance mediated by single major-effect R genes.
Pattern-triggered immunity
PAMPs, conserved molecules that inhabit multiple pathogen genera, are referred to as MAMPs by many researchers. The defenses induced by MAMP perception are sufficient to repel most pathogens. However, pathogen effector proteins (see below) are adapted to suppress basal defenses such as PTI. Many receptors for MAMPs (and DAMPs) have been discovered. MAMPs and DAMPs are often detected by transmembrane receptor-kinases that carry LRR or LysM extracellular domains.
Effector triggered immunity
Effector Triggered Immunity (ETI) is activated by the presence of pathogen effectors. The ETI response is reliant on R genes, and is activated by specific pathogen strains. Plant ETI often causes an apoptotic hypersensitive response.
R genes and R proteins
Plants have evolved R genes (resistance genes) whose products mediate resistance to specific virus, bacteria, oomycete, fungus, nematode or insect strains. R gene products are proteins that allow recognition of specific pathogen effectors, either through direct binding or by recognition of the effector's alteration of a host protein. Many R genes encode NB-LRR proteins (proteins with nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domains, also known as NLR proteins or STAND proteins, among other names). Most plant immune systems carry a repertoire of 100-600 different R gene homologs. Individual R genes have been demonstrated to mediate resistance to specific virus, bacteria, oomycete, fungus, nematode or insect strains. R gene products control a broad set of disease resistance responses whose induction is often sufficient to stop further pathogen growth/spread.
Studied R genes usually confer specificity for particular strains of a pathogen species (those that express the recognized effector). As first noted by Harold Flor in his mid-20th century formulation of the gene-for-gene relationship, a plant R gene has specificity for a pathogen avirulence gene (Avr gene). Avirulence genes are now known to encode effectors. The pathogen Avr gene must have matched specificity with the R gene for that R gene to confer resistance, suggesting a receptor/ligand interaction for Avr and R genes. Alternatively, an effector can modify its host cellular target (or a molecular decoy of that target), and the R gene product (NLR protein) activates defenses when it detects the modified form of the host target or decoy.
Effector biology
Effectors are central to the pathogenic or symbiotic potential of microbes and microscopic plant-colonizing animals such as nematodes. Effectors typically are proteins that are delivered outside the microbe and into the host cell. These colonist-derived effectors manipulate the host's cell physiology and development. As such, effectors offer examples of co-evolution (example: a fungal protein that functions outside of the fungus but inside of plant cells has evolved to take on plant-specific functions). Pathogen host range is determined, among other things, by the presence of appropriate effectors that allow colonization of a particular host. Pathogen-derived effectors are a powerful tool to identify plant functions that play key roles in disease and in disease resistance. Apparently most effectors function to manipulate host physiology to allow disease to occur. Well-studied bacterial plant pathogens typically express a few dozen effectors, often delivered into the host by a Type III secretion apparatus. Fungal, oomycete and nematode plant pathogens apparently express a few hundred effectors.
So-called "core" effectors are defined operationally by their wide distribution across the population of a particular pathogen and their substantial contribution to pathogen virulence. Genomics can be used to identify core effectors, which can then be used to discover new R gene alleles, which can be used in plant breeding for disease resistance.
Small RNAs and RNA interference
Plant sRNA pathways are understood to be important components of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Bacteria‐induced microRNAs (miRNAs) in Arabidopsis have been shown to influence hormonal signalling including auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Advances in genome‐wide studies revealed a massive adaptation of host miRNA expression patterns after infection by fungal pathogens Fusarium virguliforme, Erysiphe graminis, Verticillium dahliae, and Cronartium quercuum, and the oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Changes to sRNA expression in response to fungal pathogens indicate that gene silencing may be involved in this defense pathway. However, there is also evidence that the antifungal defense response to Colletotrichum spp. infection in maize is not entirely regulated by specific miRNA induction, but may instead act to fine-tune the balance between genetic and metabolic components upon infection.
Transport of sRNAs during infection is likely facilitated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) and multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The composition of RNA in plant EVs has not been fully evaluated, but it is likely that they are, in part, responsible for trafficking RNA. Plants can transport viral RNAs, mRNAs, miRNAs and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) systemically through the phloem. This process is thought to occur through the plasmodesmata and involves RNA-binding proteins that assist RNA localization in mesophyll cells. Although they have been identified in the phloem with mRNA, there is no determinate evidence that they mediate long-distant transport of RNAs. EVs may therefore contribute to an alternate pathway of RNA loading into the phloem, or could possibly transport RNA through the apoplast. There is also evidence that plant EVs can allow for interspecies transfer of sRNAs by RNA interference such as Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS). The transport of RNA between plants and fungi seems to be bidirectional as sRNAs from the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea have been shown to target host defense genes in Arabidopsis and tomato.
Species-level resistance
In a small number of cases, plant genes are effective against an entire pathogen species, even though that species is pathogenic on other genotypes of that host species. Examples include barley MLO against powdery mildew, wheat Lr34 against leaf rust and wheat Yr36 against wheat stripe rust. An array of mechanisms for this type of resistance may exist depending on the particular gene and plant-pathogen combination. Other reasons for effective plant immunity can include a lack of coadaptation (the pathogen and/or plant lack multiple mechanisms needed for colonization and growth within that host species), or a particularly effective suite of pre-formed defenses.
Signaling mechanisms
Perception of pathogen presence
Plant defense signaling is activated by the pathogen-detecting receptors that are described in an above section. The activated receptors frequently elicit reactive oxygen and nitric oxide production, calcium, potassium and proton ion fluxes, altered levels of salicylic acid and other hormones and activation of MAP kinases and other specific protein kinases. These events in turn typically lead to the modification of proteins that control gene transcription, and the activation of defense-associated gene expression.
Transcription factors and the hormone response
Numerous genes and/or proteins as well as other molecules have been identified that mediate plant defense signal transduction. Cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking dynamics help to orient plant defense responses toward the point of pathogen attack.
Mechanisms of transcription factors and hormones
Plant immune system activity is regulated in part by signaling hormones such as:
Salicylic acid
Jasmonic acid
Ethylene
There can be substantial cross-talk among these pathways.
Regulation by degradation
As with many signal transduction pathways, plant gene expression during immune responses can be regulated by degradation. This often occurs when hormone binding to hormone receptors stimulates ubiquitin-associated degradation of repressor proteins that block expression of certain genes. The net result is hormone-activated gene expression. Examples:
Auxin: binds to receptors that then recruit and degrade repressors of transcriptional activators that stimulate auxin-specific gene expression.
Jasmonic acid: similar to auxin, except with jasmonate receptors impacting jasmonate-response signaling mediators such as JAZ proteins.
Gibberellic acid: Gibberellin causes receptor conformational changes and binding and degradation of Della proteins.
Ethylene: Inhibitory phosphorylation of the EIN2 ethylene response activator is blocked by ethylene binding. When this phosphorylation is reduced, EIN2 protein is cleaved and a portion of the protein moves to the nucleus to activate ethylene-response gene expression.
Ubiquitin and E3 signaling
Ubiquitination plays a central role in cell signaling that regulates processes including protein degradation and immunological response. Although one of the main functions of ubiquitin is to target proteins for destruction, it is also useful in signaling pathways, hormone release, apoptosis and translocation of materials throughout the cell. Ubiquitination is a component of several immune responses. Without ubiquitin's proper functioning, the invasion of pathogens and other harmful molecules would increase dramatically due to weakened immune defenses.
E3 signaling
The E3 Ubiquitin ligase enzyme is a main component that provides specificity in protein degradation pathways, including immune signaling pathways. The E3 enzyme components can be grouped by which domains they contain and include several types.
These include the Ring and U-box single subunit, HECT, and CRLs. Plant signaling pathways including immune responses are controlled by several feedback pathways, which often include negative feedback; and they can be regulated by De-ubiquitination enzymes, degradation of transcription factors and the degradation of negative regulators of transcription.
Quantitative Resistance
Differences in plant disease resistance are often incremental or quantitative rather than qualitative. The term quantitative resistance (QR) refers to plant disease resistance that is controlled by multiple genes and multiple molecular mechanisms that each have small or minor effects on the overall resistance trait. QR is important in plant breeding because the resulting resistance is often more durable (effective for more years), and more likely to be effective against most or all strains of a particular pathogen. QR is typically effective against one pathogen species or a group of closely related species, rather than being broadly effective against multiple pathogens. QR is often obtained through plant breeding without knowledge of the causal genetic loci or molecular mechanisms. QR is likely to depend on many of the plant immune system components discussed in this article, as well as traits that are unique to certain plant-pathogen pairings (such as sensitivity to certain pathogen effectors), as well as general plant traits such as leaf surface characteristics or root system or plant canopy architecture. The term QR is synonymous with minor gene resistance.
Adult Plant Resistance and Seedling Resistance
Adult plant resistance (APR) is a specialist term referring to quantitative resistance that is not effective in the seedling stage but is effective throughout many remaining plant growth stages. The difference between adult plant resistance and seedling resistance is especially important in annual crops.
Seedling resistance is resistance which begins in the seedling stage of plant development and continues throughout its lifetime. When used by specialists, the term does not refer to resistance that is only active during the seedling stage. “Seedling resistance” is meant to be synonymous with major gene resistance or all stage resistance (ASR), and is used as a contrast to “adult plant resistance". Seedling resistance is often mediated by single R genes, but not all R genes encode seedling resistance.
Plant breeding for disease resistance
Plant breeders emphasize selection and development of disease-resistant plant lines. Plant diseases can also be partially controlled by use of pesticides and by cultivation practices such as crop rotation, tillage, planting density, disease-free seeds and cleaning of equipment, but plant varieties with inherent (genetically determined) disease resistance are generally preferred. Breeding for disease resistance began when plants were first domesticated. Breeding efforts continue because pathogen populations are under selection pressure and evolve increased virulence, pathogens move (or are moved) to new areas, changing cultivation practices or climate favor some pathogens and can reduce resistance efficacy, and plant breeding for other traits can disrupt prior resistance. A plant line with acceptable resistance against one pathogen may lack resistance against others.
Breeding for resistance typically includes:
Identification of plants that may be less desirable in other ways, but which carry a useful disease resistance trait, including wild plant lines that often express enhanced resistance.
Crossing of a desirable but disease-susceptible variety to a plant that is a source of resistance.
Growth of breeding candidates in a disease-conducive setting, possibly including pathogen inoculation. Attention must be paid to the specific pathogen isolates, to address variability within a single pathogen species.
Selection of disease-resistant individuals that retain other desirable traits such as yield, quality and including other disease resistance traits.
Resistance is termed durable if it continues to be effective over multiple years of widespread use as pathogen populations evolve. "Vertical resistance" is specific to certain races or strains of a pathogen species, is often controlled by single R genes and can be less durable. Horizontal or broad-spectrum resistance against an entire pathogen species is often only incompletely effective, but more durable, and is often controlled by many genes that segregate in breeding populations. Durability of resistance is important even when future improved varieties are expected to be on the way: The average time from human recognition of a new fungal disease threat to the release of a resistant crop for that pathogen is at least twelve years.
Crops such as potato, apple, banana and sugarcane are often propagated by vegetative reproduction to preserve highly desirable plant varieties, because for these species, outcrossing seriously disrupts the preferred traits. See also asexual propagation. Vegetatively propagated crops may be among the best targets for resistance improvement by the biotechnology method of plant transformation to manage genes that affect disease resistance.
Scientific breeding for disease resistance originated with Sir Rowland Biffen, who identified a single recessive gene for resistance to wheat yellow rust. Nearly every crop was then bred to include disease resistance (R) genes, many by introgression from compatible wild relatives.
GM or transgenic engineered disease resistance
The term GM ("genetically modified") is often used as a synonym of transgenic to refer to plants modified using recombinant DNA technologies. Plants with transgenic/GM disease resistance against insect pests have been extremely successful as commercial products, especially in maize and cotton, and are planted annually on over 20 million hectares in over 20 countries worldwide (see also genetically modified crops). Transgenic plant disease resistance against microbial pathogens was first demonstrated in 1986. Expression of viral coat protein gene sequences conferred virus resistance via small RNAs. This proved to be a widely applicable mechanism for inhibiting viral replication. Combining coat protein genes from three different viruses, scientists developed squash hybrids with field-validated, multiviral resistance. Similar levels of resistance to this variety of viruses had not been achieved by conventional breeding.
A similar strategy was deployed to combat papaya ringspot virus, which by 1994 threatened to destroy Hawaii’s papaya industry. Field trials demonstrated excellent efficacy and high fruit quality. By 1998 the first transgenic virus-resistant papaya was approved for sale. Disease resistance has been durable for over 15 years. Transgenic papaya accounts for ~85% of Hawaiian production. The fruit is approved for sale in the U.S., Canada and Japan.
Potato lines expressing viral replicase sequences that confer resistance to potato leafroll virus were sold under the trade names NewLeaf Y and NewLeaf Plus, and were widely accepted in commercial production in 1999-2001, until McDonald's Corp. decided not to purchase GM potatoes and Monsanto decided to close their NatureMark potato business. NewLeaf Y and NewLeaf Plus potatoes carried two GM traits, as they also expressed Bt-mediated resistance to Colorado potato beetle.
No other crop with engineered disease resistance against microbial pathogens had reached the market by 2013, although more than a dozen were in some state of development and testing.
PRR transfer
Research aimed at engineered resistance follows multiple strategies. One is to transfer useful PRRs into species that lack them. Identification of functional PRRs and their transfer to a recipient species that lacks an orthologous receptor could provide a general pathway to additional broadened PRR repertoires. For example, the Arabidopsis PRR EF-Tu receptor (EFR) recognizes the bacterial translation elongation factor EF-Tu. Research performed at Sainsbury Laboratory demonstrated that deployment of EFR into either Nicotiana benthamianaor Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), which cannot recognize EF-Tu, conferred resistance to a wide range of bacterial pathogens. EFR expression in tomato was especially effective against the widespread and devastating soil bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. Conversely, the tomato PRR Verticillium 1 (Ve1) gene can be transferred from tomato to Arabidopsis, where it confers resistance to race 1 Verticillium isolates.
Stacking
The second strategy attempts to deploy multiple NLR genes simultaneously, a breeding strategy known as stacking. Cultivars generated by either DNA-assisted molecular breeding or gene transfer will likely display more durable resistance, because pathogens would have to mutate multiple effector genes. DNA sequencing allows researchers to functionally “mine” NLR genes from multiple species/strains.
The avrBs2 effector gene from Xanthomona perforans is the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of pepper and tomato. The first “effector-rationalized” search for a potentially durable R gene followed the finding that avrBs2 is found in most disease-causing Xanthomonas species and is required for pathogen fitness. The Bs2 NLR gene from the wild pepper, Capsicum chacoense, was moved into tomato, where it inhibited pathogen growth. Field trials demonstrated robust resistance without bactericidal chemicals. However, rare strains of Xanthomonas overcame Bs2-mediated resistance in pepper by acquisition of avrBs2 mutations that avoid recognition but retain virulence. Stacking R genes that each recognize a different core effector could delay or prevent adaptation.
More than 50 loci in wheat strains confer disease resistance against wheat stem, leaf and yellow stripe rust pathogens. The Stem rust 35 (Sr35) NLR gene, cloned from a diploid relative of cultivated wheat, Triticum monococcum, provides resistance to wheat rust isolate Ug99. Similarly, Sr33, from the wheat relative Aegilops tauschii, encodes a wheat ortholog to barley Mla powdery mildew–resistance genes. Both genes are unusual in wheat and its relatives. Combined with the Sr2 gene that acts additively with at least Sr33, they could provide durable disease resistance to Ug99 and its derivatives.
Executor genes
Another class of plant disease resistance genes opens a “trap door” that quickly kills invaded cells, stopping pathogen proliferation. Xanthomonas and Ralstonia transcription activator–like (TAL) effectors are DNA-binding proteins that activate host gene expression to enhance pathogen virulence. Both the rice and pepper lineages independently evolved TAL-effector binding sites that instead act as an executioner that induces hypersensitive host cell death when up-regulated. Xa27 from rice and Bs3 and Bs4c from pepper, are such “executor” (or "executioner") genes that encode non-homologous plant proteins of unknown function. Executor genes are expressed only in the presence of a specific TAL effector.
Engineered executor genes were demonstrated by successfully redesigning the pepper Bs3 promoter to contain two additional binding sites for TAL effectors from disparate pathogen strains. Subsequently, an engineered executor gene was deployed in rice by adding five TAL effector binding sites to the Xa27 promoter. The synthetic Xa27 construct conferred resistance against Xanthomonas bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak species.
Host susceptibility alleles
Most plant pathogens reprogram host gene expression patterns to directly benefit the pathogen. Reprogrammed genes required for pathogen survival and proliferation can be thought of as “disease-susceptibility genes.” Recessive resistance genes are disease-susceptibility candidates. For example, a mutation disabled an Arabidopsis gene encoding pectate lyase (involved in cell wall degradation), conferring resistance to the powdery mildew pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. Similarly, the Barley MLO gene and spontaneously mutated pea and tomato MLO orthologs also confer powdery mildew resistance.
Lr34 is a gene that provides partial resistance to leaf and yellow rusts and powdery mildew in wheat. Lr34 encodes an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–binding cassette (ABC) transporter. The dominant allele that provides disease resistance was recently found in cultivated wheat (not in wild strains) and, like MLO provides broad-spectrum resistance in barley.
Natural alleles of host translation elongation initiation factors eif4e and eif4g are also recessive viral-resistance genes. Some have been deployed to control potyviruses in barley, rice, tomato, pepper, pea, lettuce and melon. The discovery prompted a successful mutant screen for chemically induced eif4e alleles in tomato.
Natural promoter variation can lead to the evolution of recessive disease-resistance alleles. For example, the recessive resistance gene xa13 in rice is an allele of Os-8N3. Os-8N3 is transcriptionally activated byXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strains that express the TAL effector PthXo1. The xa13 gene has a mutated effector-binding element in its promoter that eliminates PthXo1 binding and renders these lines resistant to strains that rely on PthXo1. This finding also demonstrated that Os-8N3 is required for susceptibility.
Xa13/Os-8N3 is required for pollen development, showing that such mutant alleles can be problematic should the disease-susceptibility phenotype alter function in other processes. However, mutations in the Os11N3 (OsSWEET14) TAL effector–binding element were made by fusing TAL effectors to nucleases (TALENs). Genome-edited rice plants with altered Os11N3 binding sites remained resistant to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, but still provided normal development function.
Gene silencing
RNA silencing-based resistance is a powerful tool for engineering resistant crops. The advantage of RNAi as a novel gene therapy against fungal, viral and bacterial infection in plants lies in the fact that it regulates gene expression via messenger RNA degradation, translation repression and chromatin remodelling through small non-coding RNAs. Mechanistically, the silencing processes are guided by processing products of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) trigger, which are known as small interfering RNAs and microRNAs.
Host range
Among the thousands of species of plant pathogenic microorganisms, only a small minority have the capacity to infect a broad range of plant species. Most pathogens instead exhibit a high degree of host-specificity. Non-host plant species are often said to express non-host resistance. The term host resistance is used when a pathogen species can be pathogenic on the host species but certain strains of that plant species resist certain strains of the pathogen species. The causes of host resistance and non-host resistance can overlap. Pathogen host range is determined, among other things, by the presence of appropriate effectors that allow colonization of a particular host. Pathogen host range can change quite suddenly if, for example, the pathogen's capacity to synthesize a host-specific toxin or effector is gained by gene shuffling/mutation, or by horizontal gene transfer.
Epidemics and population biology
Native populations are often characterized by substantial genotype diversity and dispersed populations (growth in a mixture with many other plant species). They also have undergone of plant-pathogen coevolution. Hence as long as novel pathogens are not introduced/do not evolve, such populations generally exhibit only a low incidence of severe disease epidemics.
Monocrop agricultural systems provide an ideal environment for pathogen evolution, because they offer a high density of target specimens with similar/identical genotypes. The rise in mobility stemming from modern transportation systems provides pathogens with access to more potential targets. Climate change can alter the viable geographic range of pathogen species and cause some diseases to become a problem in areas where the disease was previously less important.
These factors make modern agriculture more prone to disease epidemics. Common solutions include constant breeding for disease resistance, use of pesticides, use of border inspections and plant import restrictions, maintenance of significant genetic diversity within the crop gene pool (see crop diversity), and constant surveillance to accelerate initiation of appropriate responses. Some pathogen species have much greater capacity to overcome plant disease resistance than others, often because of their ability to evolve rapidly and to disperse broadly.
See also
Gene-for-gene relationship
Plant defense against herbivory
Plant pathology
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense
Systemic acquired resistance
Induced Systemic Resistance
References
Further reading
Lucas, J.A., "Plant Defence." Chapter 9 in Plant Pathology and Plant Pathogens, 3rd ed. 1998 Blackwell Science.
Hammond-Kosack, K. and Jones, J.D.G. "Responses to plant pathogens." In: Buchanan, Gruissem and Jones, eds. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, Second Edition. 2015. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ.
Schumann, G. Plant Diseases: Their Biology and Social Impact. 1991 APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
External links
APS Home
Resistance
Plant immunity
Chemical ecology |
Le philtre is an 1831 opera in two acts by Daniel Auber to a libretto by Eugène Scribe set in the Basque country. It premiered at the Théâtre de l’Académie royale de musique on 20 June 1831. In the 20th century it was largely eclipsed by the success of an Italian opera based on Scribe's libretto, which appeared in Italy in the next year, Donizetti’s L'elisir d'amore. But in the 19th century Auber's original was largely judged superior.
Cast
Guillaume ........, a simple peasant, in love with Térézine (became Nemorino in Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore) tenor
Térézine..........(Adina in L'elisir)
Joli-Cœur ........(Belcore in L'elisir)
Fontanarose.......(Dulcamara in L'elisir)
Jeannette ........(Gianetta in L'elisir)
Soldiers, peasants and young girls
Recording
Patrick Kabongo tenor (Guillaume), Emmanuel Franco (Joli-Cœur), Eugenio Di Lieto (Fontanarose) Luiza Fatyol (Térézine), Adina Vilichi (Jeannette). Cracow Philharmonic Chorus Cracow Philharmonic Orchestra Luciano Acocella, Naxos 2CD 2022
References
Opéras comiques
Operas by Daniel Auber
Libretti by Eugène Scribe
French-language operas
Operas
1831 operas
Opera world premieres at the Opéra-Comique
Operas set in Italy |
Pterostichus moestus is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.
References
Further reading
moestus
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1823 |
Crab meat or crab marrow is the meat found within a crab, or more specifically, the leg of a crab. It is used in many cuisines around the world, prized for its soft, delicate and sweet taste. Crab meat is low in fat and provides around of food energy per serving. Brown crab (Cancer pagurus), blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), blue swimming crabs (Portunus pelagicus), and red swimming crabs (Portunus haanii) are among the most commercially available species of crabmeat globally.
In some fisheries, crab meat is harvested by declawing of crabs. This is the process whereby one or both claws of a live crab are manually pulled off and the animal is then returned to the water. The practice is defended because some crabs can naturally autotomise (shed) limbs and then about a year later after a series of moults, regenerate these limbs.
Grades
European crab
In Western Europe crab meat is derived primarily from the species Cancer pagurus. C. pagurus is a large crab noted for the sweet, delicate flavour of its meat. It is also known as the "brown crab", the "common crab" or the "edible crab". The United Kingdom is the largest fishery for C. pagurus with large fisheries in Scotland and a smaller but substantial fishery in the South West of England in Cornwall and Devon. The best grade of crab meat is "handpicked" - this refers to the method by which the crab has been processed (by hand) and ensures the flavour of the crab meat is unadulterated. By contrast "machine processed crab" is produced by using water or air to blast the crab meat from the shell which has a detrimental effect on the flavour. C. pagurus crab meat is widely consumed throughout the countries from where it is fished. Due to its short fresh shelf life of around 4 days, much of the crab meat available through retailers is sold from defrosted crab. White crab meat has a natural water content that crystallises when frozen. Once defrosted this leads to an alteration in the texture of the crabmeat and a loss of the natural flavour. This crab meat is also available pasteurised, which avoids the pitfalls of freezing and should, when produced with care, have a flavour almost indistinguishable from fresh crab. C. pagurus contains two types of meat:
White meat
White crab meat comes from the claws and legs of the crab and while predominantly white in colour it does have a naturally occurring red/brown tinge throughout. White crab is very low in fat and particularly high in protein, it has a delicate, sweet flavour, a sweet aroma and a naturally flaky texture. White crab meat is versatile and while it is consumed largely in sandwiches, it can be used in pastas, risottos, and salads as well as a canape topping.
Brown meat
Brown meat is from the body of the crab. It has a higher natural fat content, but is also extremely high in Omega-3. 100 g of brown crab contains of the 3 g weekly recommended intake of Omega 3. Brown crab meat has an even pâté like texture and a rich full flavour. The color and texture of the brown meat vary throughout the year as the crab's physiology changes.
U.S. crab
For the U.S. market the meat of crabs comes in different grades, depending on which part of the crab's body it comes from and the overall size of the crab the meat is taken from.
Colossal
Colossal crab meat, sometimes called Mega Jumbo Lump, is the largest whole unbroken pieces available from the blue crab and blue swimming crab. The colossal meat is taken from the two largest muscles connected to the back swimming legs of the crab. The lumps, or pieces, in the Colossal grade are bigger than those in the Jumbo Lump.
Jumbo lump
The jumbo lump grade crab meat comes from larger crabs and is the meat from the two large muscles connected to the swimming legs. Contrary to smaller portions of crab meat, it can be used whole. It has a brilliant white color.
Lump
The Lump grade of crab meat is composed of broken pieces of Jumbo Lump, which are not included in the Jumbo Lump grade pack, and other flake pieces. This grade of crab meat is ideal for crab cakes and it is commonly used by manufacturers.
Back fin
The back fin portion consists of flakes of white meat, coming both from the special meat and the jumbo lump. Back fin is a popular crab meat for Chesapeake Bay, Maryland style crab cakes.
Special
The "special meat" is shreds and small flakes of white meat from the body cavity of the crab. It is generally used for all dishes in which white crab meat is used.
Claw
Claw meat is the dark pink meat that comes from the swimming fins and claws of the crab. It has a stronger taste, and is less expensive than the white color meat grades. It is often used in soups, where the strong taste comes through.
Claw fingers
The Claw Fingers, also called Cocktail Fingers, are the tips of the pinchers, usually served whole, with the dark pink meat still in it. They are commonly used as garnish or hors d'œuvre.
Imitation
Imitation crab meat is widely used in America as a replacement for 100% crab meat in many dishes, due to the labour-intensive process of extracting fresh crab meat, and is popularly used in American sushi (e.g. California roll).
The flaky, red-edged faux crab often served in seafood salad or California roll is most likely made of Alaska pollock. Also called walleye pollock, snow cod, or whiting, this fish is abundant in the Bering Sea near Alaska and can also be found along the central California coast and in the Sea of Japan. Pollock has a very mild flavor, making it ideal for the processing and artificial flavoring of imitation crab. While pollock is the most common fish used to make imitation crab, New Zealand hoki is also used, and some Asian manufacturers use Southeast Asian fish like golden threadfin bream and white croaker.
The processing of imitation crabmeat begins with the skinning and boning of the fish. Then the meat is minced and rinsed, and the water is leached out. This creates a thick paste called surimi. The word means "minced fish" in Japanese, and the essential techniques for making it were developed in Japan over 800 years ago. Surimi is commonly used in Japan to make a type of fish ball or cake called kamaboko. In 1975, a method for processing imitation crabmeat from surimi was invented in Japan, and in 1983, American companies started production.
Animal welfare
Declawing of crabs is the process whereby one or both claws of a live crab are manually pulled off and the animal is then returned to the water. It occurs in several fisheries worldwide, such as in the Florida stone crab (Menippe mercenaria) fishery, the north-east Atlantic deep-water red crab (Chaceon affinis) fishery and in southern Iberia, where the major claws of the fiddler crab Uca tangeri are harvested. There is scientific debate about whether crabs experience pain from this procedure, but there is evidence it increases mortality.
It is argued that declawing therefore provides a sustainable fishery, however, declawing can lead to 47% mortality and negative effects on feeding behaviour. Furthermore, once separated from the body, the claws will start to degenerate—usually, crabs are cooked moments after capture.
See also
References
External links
Seafood
Meat by animal |
The Sumathi Most Popular Teledrama Series Award is presented annually in Sri Lanka by the Sumathi Group of Campany associated with many commercial brands for the popular Sri Lankan teledrama series of the year in television screen.
The award was first given in 1995. Following is a list of the winners of this prestigious title since then.
References
Popular Teledrama |
The Fashion was a website and discovery platform that existed from 2013 to 2016. It aggregated a multitude of fashion sites into one interface. Its aim was to provide users a streamlined shopping experience. The Fashion maintained localized sites for users in the United Kingdom, United States and Denmark, and offered a selection from over 150 online shops with 1,000 brands. The company was headquartered in London and Copenhagen. Co-founder Kasper Vardup served as its CEO.
History
The Fashion was founded in 2013 by serial entrepreneurs Ida Adler-Olsen, Kasper Vardup, and Troels Knak-Nielsen. Olsen was previously a project manager at the Copenhagen School of Entrepreneurship and a partner at Echo.it, an enterprise social network startup. Vardup previously founded phone recycling company GreenWire and business incubator Startup Bootcamp. He is also a partner at venture capital firm Rainmaking. Knak-Nielsen previously worked with Vardup as chief technology officer at GreenWire.
The Fashion received $400,000 in angel investment from Rainmaking and angel investor Kristian Byrge in 2013. The site officially launched in the United Kingdom, United States, and Denmark in May 2014. In November of that year The Fashion closed a $1.7 million seed funding round led North East Venture Capital and the Danish Growth Fund. The funding round was intended to help the site expand into Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands.
In 2016, its website announced that The Fashion had gone out of business, writing "We're sorry, but we've turned off the lights. It was three years of great fun and fashion, but no good thing lasts for ever."
Website and business model
The Fashion aggregated information from various fashion websites and online stores to allow consumers an overview of available clothing and accessories and compare prices without visiting individual retailers’ sites. The site also updates in real time information from retailers such as price or amount of items in stock. After a consumer selected an item they wish to purchase, The Fashion redirected the user to the retailer's website where they can finalize their purchase. The site was paid a percentage of the total sales price of each sale made by the retailer.
The site maintained localized websites for users in the United Kingdom, United States, and Denmark. It used algorithms and machine learning technology to tailor to individual users content such as the type of fashion products or styles displayed by the site. Users could filter displayed items by designer, brand, color, size, and price. The Fashion curated fashion trends and updates on a weekly basis for its userbase.
References
External links
International site
Danish site
Internet properties established in 2013
Online retailers of Denmark
Defunct companies based in Copenhagen
2013 establishments in Denmark
Internet properties disestablished in 2016
2016 disestablishments in Denmark |
```smalltalk
"
I store metadata for this package. These meta data are used by other tools such as the SmalllintManifestChecker and the critics Browser
"
Class {
#name : 'ManifestSystemSupportTests',
#superclass : 'PackageManifest',
#category : 'System-Support-Tests-Manifest',
#package : 'System-Support-Tests',
#tag : 'Manifest'
}
{ #category : 'code-critics' }
ManifestSystemSupportTests class >> ruleRefersToClassRuleV1FalsePositive [
^ #(#(#(#RGPackageDefinition #(#'System-Support-Tests')) #'2020-11-13T09:08:21.683585+01:00') )
]
{ #category : 'code-critics' }
ManifestSystemSupportTests class >> ruleStringConcatenationRuleV1FalsePositive [
^ #(#(#(#RGMethodDefinition #(#SystemNavigationTest #testIsMessageSentInSystemWithClassesActuallySendngTheMessage #false)) #'2020-11-13T09:41:27.659044+01:00') #(#(#RGMethodDefinition #(#SystemNavigationTest #testIsMessageSentInSystemWithTheSelectorInsideAnArray #false)) #'2020-11-13T09:41:36.301311+01:00') )
]
``` |
```xml
<menu xmlns:android="path_to_url"
xmlns:app="path_to_url">
<item
android:id="@+id/action_menu_get_link"
android:icon="@drawable/ic_link01_medium_regular_outline"
android:orderInCategory="0"
app:iconTint="?attr/colorSecondary"
android:title="@{@plurals/label_share_links(one)}"
app:showAsAction="always" />
<item
android:id="@+id/action_delete"
android:icon="@drawable/ic_trash_medium_regular_outline"
android:orderInCategory="1"
android:title="@string/general_remove"
app:iconTint="?attr/colorSecondary"
app:showAsAction="ifRoom" />
<item
android:id="@+id/action_menu_remove_link"
android:orderInCategory="2"
android:title="@string/context_remove_link_menu"
app:iconTint="?attr/colorSecondary"
app:showAsAction="never" />
<item
android:id="@+id/action_context_select_all"
android:orderInCategory="3"
android:title="@string/action_select_all"
app:showAsAction="never" />
<item
android:id="@+id/action_context_clear_selection"
android:orderInCategory="4"
android:title="@string/action_unselect_all"
app:showAsAction="never" />
</menu>
``` |
```xml
import { db } from './db';
export function setupHeroEditor({
heroNameElement,
heroColorElement,
saveElement,
}: {
heroNameElement: HTMLInputElement;
heroColorElement: HTMLInputElement;
saveElement: HTMLButtonElement;
}) {
let heroName: string;
let heroColor: string;
const resetForm = () => {
heroNameElement.value = '';
heroColorElement.value = '';
};
const saveHeroes = async (name: string, color: string) => {
const db$ = await db();
await db$.heroes
.insert({
name,
color,
createdAt: new Date().getTime(),
updatedAt: new Date().getTime(),
})
.then(resetForm);
};
saveElement.addEventListener('click', () => {
heroName = heroNameElement.value;
heroColor = heroColorElement.value;
if (heroName.length > 0 && heroColor.length > 0) {
saveHeroes(heroName, heroColor);
} else {
alert('Please fill all the fields');
}
});
}
``` |
Franciscan Health is the name under which the Franciscan Alliance, Inc., a Catholic healthcare system, operates. It operates eleven hospitals serving Indiana and one hospital in Illinois and employs over 18,000 full- and part-time employees. Franciscan Alliance is under the sponsorship of the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration, Inc.
History
Mother Maria Theresia Bonzel founded the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration in 1863 in Olpe, Germany. Drawn to the ideals of Francis of Assisi, Mother Theresia cared for poor and neglected children and for persons in need of healthcare. In 1875, she sent sisters to Indiana where the mission grew to include hospitals, schools, orphanages and homes for the aged. St. Elizabeth Hospital, now Franciscan Health Lafayette Central in Lafayette, was the first facility founded by the sisters in America. In 1931 the sisters divided into eastern and western provinces, the eastern centered at Mishawaka, Indiana.
In 1974, the sisters of the eastern province incorporated their healthcare ministry under the name of the "Sisters of St. Francis Health Services, Inc." In 1986, the corporate offices were moved to their current location on the provincialate grounds in Mishawaka.
In November 2010, Sisters of St. Francis Health Services, Inc., changed its name to "Franciscan Alliance, Inc." In September 2016, Franciscan Alliance renamed its healthcare facilities using “Franciscan Health” and location, rather than the names of saints.
Franciscan Alliance Inc. v. Burwell
The group joined with eight states in filing a lawsuit against the federal government to vacate portions of Section 1557 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which provided protections from discrimination on the basis of gender identity or reproductive choices. They alleged the rule compelled them "to provide gender transition services and abortion services against their religious beliefs and medical judgment".
Facilities
Healthcare facilities
Franciscan Health Carmel — Carmel, Indiana (founded 2012)
Franciscan Health Crawfordsville — Crawfordsville, Indiana (founded 1902)
Franciscan Health Crown Point — Crown Point, Indiana (founded 1974)
Franciscan Health Dyer — Dyer, Indiana (founded 1898)
Franciscan Health Hammond — Hammond, Indiana (founded 1898)
Franciscan Health Indianapolis — Indianapolis, Indiana (founded 1995)
Franciscan Health Lafayette East — Lafayette, Indiana (founded 2010)
Franciscan Health Michigan City — Michigan City, Indiana (founded 1903)
Franciscan Health Mooresville — Mooresville, Indiana (founded 1881)
Franciscan Health Munster — Munster, Indiana (founded 1994)
Franciscan Health Olympia Fields — Olympia Fields, Illinois (founded 1978)
Franciscan Health Rensselaer — Rensselaer, Indiana (founded 1917)
Support facilities
Franciscan Health Information Services — Beech Grove, Indiana
Tonn & Blank Construction — Michigan City, Indiana
Corporate office
The corporate office for Franciscan Health is located at 1515 West Dragoon Trail in Mishawaka, Indiana.
References
External links
Franciscan Health website
Health care companies based in Indiana
Health care companies established in 1974
American companies established in 1974
1974 establishments in Indiana
Catholic hospital networks in the United States |
Ghased () may refer to:
Ghased (bomb), an Iranian smartbomb
Ghased (rocket), an Iranian satellite launch vehicle
Ghassed, a series of Iranian guided bombs
See also
Courier (; ; ;)
Qasid (disambiguation) ()
Qased (disambiguation)
قاصد (disambiguation) |
This is a list of all episodes of the CBS television series Barnaby Jones.
Series overview
At present, the first season has been released on DVD by Paramount Home Video.
Episodes
Season 1 (1973)
Season 2 (1973–74)
Season 3 (1974–75)
Season 4 (1975–76)
Season 5 (1976–77)
Season 6 (1977–78)
Season 7 (1978–79)
Season 8 (1979–80)
References
See also
List of Cannon episodes - includes Part 1 of "The Deadly Conspiracy".
External links
Barnaby Jones |
Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is a form of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy that uses a laser as the light source. Photoemission spectroscopy is a powerful and sensitive experimental technique to study surface physics. It is based on the photoelectric effect originally observed by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and later explained by Albert Einstein in 1905 that when a material is shone by light, the electrons can absorb photons and escape from the material with the kinetic energy: , where is the incident photon energy, the work function of the material. Since the kinetic energy of ejected electrons are highly associated with the internal electronic structure, by analyzing the photoelectron spectroscopy one can realize the fundamental physical and chemical properties of the material, such as the type and arrangement of local bonding, electronic structure and chemical composition.
In addition, because electrons with different momentum will escape from the sample in different directions, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is widely used to provide the dispersive energy-momentum spectrum. The photoemission experiment is conducted using synchrotron radiation light source with typical photon energy of 20 – 100 eV. Synchrotron light is ideal for investigating two-dimensional surface systems and offers unparalleled flexibility to continuously vary the incident photon energy. However, due to the high costs to construct and maintain this accelerator, high competition for beam time, as well as the universal minimum electron mean free path in the material around the operating photon energy (20–100 eV) which leads to the fundamental hindrance to the three-dimensional bulk materials sensitivity, an alternative photon source for angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is desirable.
If femtosecond lasers are used, the method can easily be extended to access excited electronic states and electron dynamics by introducing a pump-probe scheme, see also two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy.
Laser-based ARPES
Background
Table-top laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy had been developed by some research groups. Daniel Dessau of University of Colorado, Boulder, made the first demonstration and applied this technique to explore superconducting system. The achievement not only greatly reduces the costs and size of facility, but also, most importantly, provides the unprecedented higher bulk sensitivity due to the low photon energy, typically 6 eV, and consequently the longer photoelectron mean free path (2–7 nm) in the sample. This advantage is extremely beneficial and powerful for the study of strongly correlated materials and high-Tc superconductors in which the physics of photoelectrons from the topmost layers might be different from the bulk.
In addition to about one-order-of-magnitude improvement in the bulk sensitivity, the advance in the momentum resolution is also very significant: the photoelectrons will be more broadly dispersed in emission angle when the energy of incident photon decreases. In other words, for a given angular resolution of the electron spectrometer, the lower photon energy leads to higher momentum resolution. The typical momentum resolution of a 6 eV laser-based ARPES is approximately 8 times better than that of a 50 eV synchrotron radiation ARPES. Besides, the better momentum resolution due to low photon energy also results in less k-space accessible to ARPES which is helpful to the more precise spectrum analysis. For instance, in the 50 eV synchrotron ARPES, electrons from the first 4 Brillouin zones will be excited and scattered to contribute to the background of photoelectron analysis. However, the small momentum of 6 eV ARPES will only access some part of the first Brillouin zone and therefore only those electrons from small region of k-space can be ejected and detected as the background. The reduced inelastic scattering background is desirable while doing the measurement of weak physical quantities, in particular the high-Tc superconductors.
Experimental realization
The first 6 eV laser-based ARPES system used a Kerr mode-locked Ti: sapphire oscillator is used and pumped with another frequency doubled Nd:Vanadate laser of 5 W and then generates 70 fs and 6 nJ pulses which are tunable around 840 nm (1.5 eV) with the 1 MHz repetition rate. Two stages of non-linear second harmonic generation of light are carried out through type Ι phase matching in β-barium borate and then the quadruple light with 210 nm (~ 6 eV) is generated and finally focused and directed into the ultra-high vacuum chamber as the low-energy photon source to investigate the electronic structure of the sample.
In the first demonstration, Dessau’s group showed that the typical forth harmonic spectrum fits very well with the Gaussian profile with a full width at half maximum of 4.7 meV as well as presents a 200 μW power. The performance of high flux (~ 1014- 1015 photons/s) and narrow bandwidth makes the laser-based ARPES overwhelm the synchrotron radiation ARPES even though the best undulator beamlines are used. Another noticeable point is that one can make the quadruple light pass through either 1/4 wave plate or 1/2 wave plate which produces the circular polarization or any linear polarization light in the ARPES. Because the polarization of light can influence the signal to background ratio, the ability to control the polarization of light is a very significant improvement and advantage over the synchrotron ARPES. With the aforementioned favorable features, including lower costs for operating and maintenance, better energy and momentum resolution, and higher flux and ease of polarization control of photon source, the laser-based ARPES undoubtedly is an ideal candidate to be employed to conduct more sophisticated experiments in condensed matter physics.
Applications
High-Tc superconductor
One way to show the powerful ability of laser-based ARPES is to study high Tc superconductors. The following figure references refer to this publication. Fig. 1 shows the experimental dispersion relation, binding energy vs. momentum, of the superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d along the nodal direction of the Brillouin zone. Fig. 1 (b) and Fig. 1 (c) are taken by the synchrotron light source of 28 eV and 52 eV, respectively, with the best undulator beamlines. The significantly sharper spectral peaks, the evidence of quasiparticles in the cuprate superconductor, by the powerful laser-based ARPES are shown in Fig. 1 (a). This is the first comparison of dispersive energy-momentum relation at low photon energy from table-top laser with higher energy from synchrotron ARPES. The much clearer dispersion in (a) indicates the improved energy-momentum resolution as well as many important physical features, such as overall band dispersion, Fermi surface, superconducting gaps, and a kink by electron-boson coupling, are successfully reproduced. It is foreseeable that in the near future the laser-based ARPES will be widely used to help condensed matter physicists get more detailed information about the nature of superconductivity in the exotic materials as well as other novel properties that cannot be observed by the state-of-the-art conventional experimental techniques.
Time-resolved electron dynamics
Femtosecond laser-based ARPES can be extended to give spectroscopic access to excited states in time-resolved photoemission and two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy. By pumping an electron to a higher level excited state with the first photon, the subsequent evolution and interactions of electronic states as a function of time can be studied by the second probing photon. The traditional pump-probe experiments usually measure the changes of some optical constants, which might be too complex to obtain the relevant physics. Since the ARPES can provide a lot of detailed information about the electronic structures and interactions, the pump-probe laser-based ARPES may study more complicated electronic systems with sub-picosecond resolution.
Summary and perspective
Even though the angle-resolved synchrotron radiation source is widely used to investigate the surface dispersive energy-momentum spectrum, the laser-based ARPES can even provide more detailed and bulk-sensitive electronic structures with much better energy and momentum resolution, which are critically necessary for studying the strongly correlated electronic system, high-Tc superconductor, and phase transition in exotic quantum system. In addition, the lower costs for operating and higher photon flux make laser-based ARPES easier to be handled and more versatile and powerful among other modern experimental techniques for surface science.
See also
Photoemission
ARPES
Two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy
Synchrotron radiation
XPS
Fermi surface
List of laser articles
References
Emission spectroscopy
Synchrotron-related techniques |
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Köhnə Xaçmaz (also, Kohna Khachmaz) is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz District of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 3,358.
References
Populated places in Khachmaz District |
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